PursuitOfDataScience/processed-fineweb-edu

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by Rima Khalatyan Whatever happens in the countries of Eastern Europe and the Southern Caucasus affects the European Union. Successive EU enlargements have brought these countries closer to the EU and their security, stability, and prosperity increasingly impact the EU’s. The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is the first comprehensive initiative introduced into the system of the European Union’s relations with Eastern European countries including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The Eastern Partnership is designed to help the countries of Eastern Europe with their integration into the European Union. The initiative was officially launched at the first Eastern Partnership summit in Prague on 7 May 2009, which adopted a Joint Declaration (the Prague Declaration). Platforms are the main tool of the Eastern Partnership (EaP) multilateral track. They reflect four main areas of cooperation between the Eastern Partner countries and the EU, namely: § Democracy, good governance and stability (platform 1); § Economic integration and convergence with EU policies (platform 2); § Energy security (platform 3) and Contact between people is the forum where education, training, researche, youth, media, culture and other issues are discussed. It is headed by the Director General of Education and Culture. The members are the EU member countries and 6 Eastern Partnership countries. They meet twice a year. The Eastern Partnership not only wants to increase interaction between politicians and officials, but also contact between EU citizens and citizens of neighboring countries. Increasing contact between people is one of the best ways to achieve the objectives of the Eastern Partnership. It reduces misunderstandings between different people and cultures. In accordance with the general guidelines and rules of procedure of the Eastern Partnership Multilateral Platforms (point 1.4), the participants of the first meeting of Eastern Partnership Platform 4 identified, on 10 June 2009, the following core objectives: § Education and training: Modernization issues including learning mobility of students, teachers, researchers, youth Language learning as a key tool to promote mobility Establishment of a policy dialogue in culture using existing tools Support of concrete initiatives and projects benefiting youth, notably by highlighting and adding value to the existing opportunities offered by the Youth in Action Program § Information Society Establishment of a regional policy dialogue on the development of the Information Society Taking into account the range of the subject, we will discuss only the four platforms most relevant to Armenia. These are education, culture, Information Society, and volunteerism. Contacts between people and Armenia After the collapse of USSR Armenia was deemed a “democratic state, based on social justice and the rule of law.” It began looking for ways to make its standards and values equivalent to those of Europe. If it took Europe more than two centuries to enjoy what she has now: democracy, prosperity and peace, Armenia has been striving to reach the same goals in two decades. After its declaration of independence, Armenian state officials decided that the educational system that was inherited from the Soviet Armenia was in stagnation and on a path to failure. For Armenians’ education has a vital meaning. The intellectual development of the growing generation is a priority for Armenians at all times. Wishing to improve the situation in the educational system Armenia followed Europe and joined the Bologna Process in Bergen in 2005. On December 22, 2005 the government of RA approved the decision on “the introduction of the credit system in the higher education,” after which they started to take concrete steps to organize the higher education in the framework of the credit system. According to this decision, six Armenian universities were to reform their previous practices of education provision, and introduce the Bologna process and subsequent principles of organizing and delivering higher education. The six universities are Yerevan State University, State Engineering University of Armenia, Yerevan State Linguistic University After V. Brusov, Armenian State Agrarian University, Armenian State Pedagogical University After Kh. Abovyan, Armenian State University of Economics. The educational study was completed after a year in December 2006. After the assessment and the generalization of the gathered experience, MES formed the appropriate guarantees for the slight transition to the credit system. But as Alexis de Tocqueville mentions, there is nothing more dangerous than very quick reforms in a country that has no democratic traditions. So the very quick transition to the credit system just left students, professors and lecturers confused. Most of the lecturers got their professional experience in USSR and they knew that educational system very well. Without getting a proper explanation about the system, each of the lecturers tried to solve the problem by his/herself. As a result we got 128 points in 100-point system, and some students got Fs because of the wrong evaluation. Due to the improper order of the schedule students had to pass 3 modules during unfixed periods. The newly introduced system from Europe should have reduced the cases of corruption in the Universities. However, the practice shows that corruption remains a dominant feature of student-lecturer relations. Unsatisfied with the changes in higher education, Armenian state officials started changes in the secondary education system. As a result, we got 12 years of three-level education in the following sequential steps: 1) 4 years of elementary school (grades 1-4) 2) Middle School for 5 years (grades 5-9) According to the Bologna system one can be accepted to higher education institution in case of he/she got marks higher than 3 Grade Point Average (GPA). Due to recent reform in general education, specifically the introduction of high school, there were no graduate in the academic year 2010-2011. Therefore, to insure at least some quota of studentship, some universities admitted students with less than 3 Grade Point Average (GPA). However, due of the lack of students, some professions were united, creating interfaculty professions. Taking into account the above mentioned, we came to a conclusion that students and lecturers are in a low mobility. The situation will persist until we correct our education system. So far, in our reality it is impossible. It is necessary to take some steps and explain to students and lecturers what the credit system is? What the Bologna Process is? And finally, before initiating any reform and introducing new systems and practices, it is mandatory to analyze what the consequences will be, and how the new approaches will work out in culturally different environments. One of the objectives of EU in relations with Eastern Partnership countries is the cultural cooperation between EU member states and partner countries. All the cultural types are viewed as elements of intercultural communication. In order to develop and strengthen this dialogue during recent years, Armenia joined some important international conventions, such as: the European Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage and European Cultural Convention. As a logical continuation to these documents, Armenia participated in international cultural events, such as Days of European Heritage, Museums' Night, and so on. Armenia itself organizes a series of international events and festivals, such as the “Golden Apricot” and “I Am” film festivals, “Portrait story Fireworks” and “Tango” international festivals, which help Armenia and EU become closer to each other. However, there are also a number of disturbing factors. Armenians are known in Europe and in the world as a strong cultural nation, but Armenia doesn’t have the status of international center of the Armenian culture. Here we see a lack of propaganda and financial input. The existing tension in the region as well as imperfectness of democratic values and institutions hinder the development of today’s Armenian culture. One of the basic objectives of EaP is to develop an Information Society. In Armenia it is hard to talk about development in this sphere, as it doesn’t exist beyond capital Yerevan and some major cities. How can one talk about the information society when the citizens of the border zone switch on TVs and radios expecting Public Television Chanel and Armenian Public Radio, but instead find Azerbaijani and Turkish programs, which they do not understand. T grades he situation is alarming in the secondary schools. Here the computer classrooms are closed in front of the pupils. Here teachers are encouraged to have lessons in theory. Volunteerism in Armenia On 15 November 2006, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Decision No 1719/2006 /EC, which establishes the Youth in Action program for the period of 2007 to 2013. This document is the legal basis of the program for its entire duration. Youth in Action is the EU program for young people aged 15-28 (in some cases 13-30). It aims to inspire a sense of active citizenship, solidarity and tolerance among young Europeans and to involve them in shaping the Union's future. Youth in Action is a program for all! It promotes mobility within and beyond the EU borders, non-formal learning and intercultural dialogue, and encourages the inclusion of all young people, regardless of their educational, social and cultural background. Volunteerism in Armenia is not developed as much as in Europe. Today we are just satisfied doing weekend work and tree planting that is organized by municipalities, which do not often take place during the year. Real volunteerism is based on spending your own time while doing beneficiary work for public. Today a very small part of youth is involved in volunteer work. In Armenia, the main reason for volunteerism is charity. However, we should mention that there are also cases when foreigners from Europe, USA, and Asia want to have their voluntary work in Armenia. In collaboration with European Volunteer Service (EVS) Volunteer Marta Niwczyk, in the Gyumri American Corner has established a club focused on local and international volunteering. The aim of this club is to introduce young people from Gyumri to the idea of obtaining practical skills and life experience through volunteering. Every week Armenian and foreign volunteers from different organizations present information about their work in Armenia. One method of encouraging volunteerism can be offering benefits to the volunteers, such as considering volunteer work as part of professional experience. While trying to reach the rates in Europe in high speed, Armenia loses important experiences. Trying to copy everything from Europe, we don’t take into account what we have inherited from Soviet Armenia, which leaves a huge imprint on copied European values, making them of poor quality. For the success of EaP it is necessary to have a society where the level of awareness is quite high and which is involved in all the processes. This and all the other platforms can’t be closed to a certain number of people. It is necessary to extend and develop it among citizens. For more success in development, attention to education, increased funding, and fresh ideas are required. Finally, consistency within the process is necessary. This announcement is available only in Armenian. This announcement is available only in Armenian. On March 3, 2021, the first meeting of the GreenDeal Task Force created under the Initiative Lisbon-Vladivostok was held. In the videoconference format, more than twenty authoritative experts in the field of ecology and business from Austria, Armenia, Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, Russia, France, as well as the representatives of the largest business industry associations supporting the Initiative Lisbon-Vladivostok, discussed common approaches to harmonizing the activities implemented by the EU and the EAEU on the path to sustainable development, including a radical reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere by 2050.	<urn:uuid:5fc81852-7820-4c55-a29c-0163478ace45>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://ichd.org/?laid=1&com=module&module=static&id=888	2024-03-02T13:08:11Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz	en	0.954362	2,359	2.625	3	[ 2330, 434, 11191, 7158, 280, 271, 93, 282, 203, 2895, 6028, 4301, 288, 268, 1933, 289, 7909, 1994, 291, 268, 7789, 351, 7537, 301, 310, 4238, 268, 3366, 4890, 18, 10726, 464, 6143, 403, 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How are you creating meaningful memories through play and leisure activities? Play is often perceived as something exclusively for children. However, this notion is far from the truth. Play is an enjoyable experience that knows no age limit—it can be a source of ikigai, providing solace from stressful situations. In this episode of the Ikigai Podcast, Nick talks with Dr. Suzy Ross about the importance of leisure and play, not only for the young but for people of all ages. Freedom is a state of mind "If you're really looking deeply at leisure, leisure, as we learned really from Plato and Aristotle, is a state of mind. It means that if we get to the essence of leisure, there's a state of mind that is essentially one of freedom. Freedom from stress, or freedom to love, freedom to joy, freedom to happiness, or it's freedom from something that we want to escape. But either way you look at it, there's an essential element of freedom, and in particular, a freedom of the mind." - Suzy Ross Recreational therapist. At 1:42, Suzy explains the role of recreational therapists, being one herself. Suzy’s definition of leisure. At 6:02, Suzy shares her definition of leisure. Definition of play. At 13:11, Suzy gives her definition of play. Being a contributor for the book, Positive Sociology of Leisure. Contemporary Perspectives - At 16:15, Suzy shares how the opportunity came about. Importance of “playing”. At 20:06, Nick and Suzy discuss the importance of playing, and why it’s deemed unimportant as people get older. Transformation. At 27:08, Suzy defines transformation. How play and leisure transform lives. At 31:49, Suzy explains why play and leisure are integral to transformation. Three activities that can contribute to transformation. At 37:31, the two talk about three activities that play a part in transformation. Sacred play. At 46:40, Suzy explains what sacred play is and its importance. Meaningful play for Suzy. At 52:38, Suzy shares how she plays. Transformative leisure and play, and ikigai. At 58:08, Suzy talks about the connection between leisure and play, and ikigai. - Play as an intellectual activity. At 1:06:27, Nick and Suzy discuss play as intelligence. Dr. Suzy Ross is the Manager of Recreation Therapy at San Jose State University, California. Her primary research examines the underlying archetypal pattern of personal transformation and is the subject of her book: The Map to Wholeness: Real-life Stories of Crisis, Change, and Reinvention. Dr. Ross has several published articles in peer-viewed scholarly journals and has spoken to participants of diverse conferences in local, regional, and international venues. In partnership with indigenous elders, Dr. Ross leads study abroad to ancient sites for healing through sacred play.LINKS: Website - Suzy Ross Suzy is a recreational therapist and describes recreational therapy as “play as a form of medicine.” As recreational therapists, their role is to help people to heal (body, mind, and spirit) by using play experiences: what a person does during his/her free time -- any activity that grants people happiness could be a great tool to help them heal. Suzy’s definition of leisure In a recreational professionals’ world, the terms recreation, leisure, and play all differ from each other. Leisure can be three different things: - Leisure can be defined as an activity; something that people enjoy doing. - Leisure for some is time away from work; time away from stressful activities. - Leisure can also be defined as a state of mind; having that sense of freedom: freedom from stress, freedom to love, joy, and happiness -- freedom of the mind. Suzy believes that the core piece of leisure is that there’s “falling in love.” When people are in love and engaged with what they do, they don’t have to force themselves — they don’t have to put much effort in what they do because they are enjoying the moment. Start by saying what's good about now. And with what's good about now start orienting us to what it is in this experience that we could begin to feel happy and feel good about. That starts orienting the mind toward the good. And then as you enter into the good, you can start to fall in love. And when we fall in love, we enter into a state of mind where there is no effort in. Then we're at leisure. - Dr. Suzy Ross Definition of play Suzy defines play as a state of being; it involves the body and comes out as an impulse. There is spontaneity in playing, people don’t know when it’s going to end and what is going to happen next -- they play with ambiguity with their mind and heart. Being a contributor for the book, Positive Sociology of Leisure - Contemporary Perspectives Positive Sociology of Leisure: Contemporary Perspectives was co-edited by one of Ikigai Podcast’s regular guest, Dr. Shintaro Kono. Suzy co-authored the chapter Transformative Leisure and Play: Bringing Forth Our Reason for Being, on the subject transformative leisure and play. Suzy’s chapter on the book is somewhat similar to the concept of asobigai (playful activities that make people’s lives worth living). Why is play dismissed as people get older? As people get older, play is being deemed unimportant. For Suzy, she sees two main reasons for this: - The world is dominated by Western ways of doing things, which is dominated by masculinity and privilege, with a focus on outcome and money, which is the opposite of play. Playing is something that people do after work and doesn’t involve productivity. - Suzy views play as something feminine; she thinks that people don’t put that much importance on something that is considered feminine -- it is more in the underworld. Play is a way for people to transform themselves. Suzy explains that there are two main aspects to transformation: - Transformation is about autopoiesis: the process of an entity recreating itself. - Transformation is about structure building; it is a long process of becoming a different human being. Transformation requires people to come out with a new structure, and people have three human structures that transform: the ego, mind, and the body. How play and leisure transform lives Transformative leisure and play can be compared to ikigai as being experiential. “Play and leisure are integral to transformation because it unfolds through moments of experience, some of which are extraordinary. Others might be deemed important, and many viewed as mundane. Regardless of the importance assigned by the individual, living life experientially is tantamount to transformation.” - Dr. Suzy Ross Being a spectator, people are not fully having an experience, whereas when the body, mind, and spirit are engaged actively, that is an experience; and as soon as people are in an experience, they are propelling forward to their transformation. This idea of propelling forward connects to the concept of ikigai, because ikigai could be any activities or experiences that make people feel that their lives are moving forward -- transformational experiences. Ikigai could be defined as the activities or experiences in your life that make you feel your life is moving forward. This ties into themes of growth, change and transformation. It's almost like knowledge. If we accumulate knowledge, it can be helpful, but it really doesn't mean anything until we do something with that knowledge. We experience life through using that knowledge. - Nicholas Kemp Suzy wrote about three activities that, when woven explicitly and mindfully into leisure, can contribute to transformation, and one of them is meaning-making. When people are going through the process of transformation, they can use their mind to raise awareness and consciousness to savour and elevate their emotional connection and emotive experience. And then people reflect on these activities that elevated the emotional engagement to help them feel and savour the experiences more deeply. People’s reflection on their experiences enables them to make meaning of it in a larger context which can lead to increased self-awareness that contributes to their transformation. Suzy wrote a paper titled, Sacred play: an ancient contribution to contemporary play theory. When she was in Peru, Suzy met several elders of Inca mysticism and learned about the ancient practices of the Inca. She learnt ancient play practices that had been passed down from the Inca lineage. The elders taught her to use her imagination, to imagine energy as a healing practice that they refer to as “sacred play.”When the Inca play together, the purpose of their play is to reach enlightenment. Their play practices are designed to help people heal themselves and to achieve clarity of the mind, body, and spirit. Meaningful play for Suzy There’s a type of play called serious leisure, and for Suzy, it can be compared to ikigai because when people it is something that people fall in love with, and it also requires learning and sacrifice. A simple way to describe it is a hobby -- something that people dedicate themselves to. As for her, her serious leisure has always been her spiritual and personal growth, learning everything about spirituality and various philosophies. She also loves going on retreats, cycling, and taking walks by the ocean. Transformative leisure and play, and ikigai If people regard play as a state of mind, amazing things can happen even in the middle of working because playfulness can also happen at work. It’s all about the experiences that make people feel fully alive. So when people are in the state of mind of leisure, they can be engaged with something that they really love, that can make a life worth living -- what we could define as a source of ikigai. When people are fully engaged in the moment, they lose themselves to the moment. It is these personal and playful activities where people lose themselves. If we lose ourselves and we're fully engaged into something that's playful or intimate, it is meaningful. And it's not these extrinsically motivated things that we focus on that make our life worth living, it's these intrinsic personal, intimate, playful activities where we lose ourselves. - Nicholas Kemp Play as an intellectual activity “Play’s the only way the highest intelligence of humankind can unfold.” - Joseph Chilton Pearce Suzy thinks that people’s destiny as a human is to be able to know how to play. A great scholar from 100 years ago, said that the mark of a great civilization is whether or not people can handle their leisure play. An example for her was the pandemic, when everyone went into lockdown. Everyone had to adjust to spending more time at home and find ways to entertain themselves. People learned the importance of play during lockdown. When we look deeper into the significance of leisure and play, we understand how important they both are in our lives. They can be a source of our ikigai because they provide blissful and meaningful experiences for us. Whenever we fully engage in play, we forget about the things that trouble us, enjoy the moment, but we also create meaningful memories.	<urn:uuid:26a80691-3ef1-4d72-92a0-23cbd5dc484a>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://ikigaitribe.com/podcasts/podcast33/	2024-03-02T12:58:19Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz	en	0.960163	2,421	2.90625	3	[ 6724, 356, 337, 2435, 6664, 9162, 734, 1152, 291, 417, 277, 469, 1740, 35, 203, 11919, 350, 316, 970, 8605, 352, 1890, 377, 11487, 331, 1024, 18, 1121, 16, 456, 10297, 316, 1904, 427, 268, 4755, 18, 8035, 316, 363, 10592, 1432, 336, 7342, 688, 1722, 3355, 1447, 297, 375, 327, 261, 2088, 289, 225, 2246, 333, 2765, 16, 2352, 904, 570, 427, 1751, 703, 3887, 18, 203, 2983, 456, 7326, 1899, 289, 268, 334, 79, 333, 2765, 382, 370, 6092, 16, 465, 868, 11930, 360, 1698, 18, 2607, 94, 93, 434, 1181, 608, 268, 2557, 289, 417, 277, 469, 291, 1152, 16, 462, 794, 331, 268, 2129, 566, 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In the Battle of Badr, in which Muslims dealt a crushing defeat to the Meccans, 70 prisoners of war were captured. Umar’s considered opinion was that since the Meccans were the worst enemies of Muslims who had treated them in the most barbaric manner, the prisoners of war deserved no mercy. He therefore suggested that they should be executed without any hesitation. Abu Bakr disagreed with Umar’s opinion and suggested that they should be set free on payment of ransom. He reckoned that the payment of ransom would weaken the economic position of the Meccans and strengthen that of Muslims who were badly in need of financial resources. The Prophet agreed with Abu Bakr’s suggestion. The equivalent of a hundred camels was fixed as ransom. A few of the prisoners paid the ransom and secured their freedom. In the case of prisoners who could not afford to pay the ransom, their relatives and friends collected the money and paid the ransom on their behalf. Some of the prisoners were too poor and had no relatives to help them, but they were literate. The Prophet told them that they could secure their release if each one of them taught ten Muslim children to read and write. They agreed to the offer. A few prisoners were neither literate nor had relatives who could come to their rescue. They were set free after they gave an assurance to the Prophet that they would not engage in any kind of aggression or hostility against Muslims in the future. Following the battle of Hunayn, about 6,000 men and women were held prisoner. The Prophet ordered them to be honourably released. Imam Bukhari, in his celebrated work Al-Sahih has narrated this incidence under the caption “Justification for appointing non-Muslims as teachers of Muslims.” A Chapter in the Historiography and Sociology of Islamic Science In his stimulating and deftly argued book The Theft of History (2006), Jack Goody uses an evocative metaphor -- the ‘theft of history’-- to describe a particularly iniquitous aspect of Eurocentrism. The theft of history, according to Goody, refers to the take-over or expropriation of history by the West. He says: “The past is conceptualized and presented according to what happened on the provincial scale of Europe, often Western Europe, and then imposed upon the rest of the world.” The theft of history, according to Goody, is reflected in the widely-held view among Western intellectuals and historians that some of the key institutions of modern times, such as science, democracy, mercantile capitalism and modernity, were invented in Europe. Goody argues that Europe has deliberately neglected or underplayed the history of the rest of the world, as a consequence of which it has misinterpreted much of its own history. He states that the claim that these institutions originated in Europe is historically untenable, and the fact of the matter is that they can be found over a much more widespread range of human societies (Goody 2006:125,215). Goody points out that the underlying assumption behind European uniqueness or exceptionalism, which is reflected in the Eurocentric view of the Renaissance and of much of the history of science in the West, is the clash of cultures, civilizations and religions, popularized by Samuel Huntington. This model of the clash of civilizations, Goody asserts, does not account for very much. I would like to carry Goody’s brilliant argument a little further and draw attention to what may be termed as the theft of the history of science in the Western context. I draw upon the researches of Fuat Sezgin to substantiate and elaborate this idea. The theft of the history of science and medicine is vividly reflected in the plagiarism and expropriation of the researches, discoveries, instruments and devices invented by Muslim scientists by European scientists and scholars in the medieval period, in the fraudulent claims of authorship of books and treatises written by Muslim scientists, and in claims of originality and precedence for European scientists over scientific and medical discoveries made by Muslim scientists and physicians in earlier times. Some of the highly important works in medicine that were written by Muslim physicians and were translated into Latin were wrongly attributed to Galen and other Greek physicians. Thus, Ishaq ibn Imran’s work Kitab al-Malaykhuliya and Ibn al-Jazzar’s book Kitan al-Bah were attributed to Galen (d. 200 CE) and Alexander of Tralles (d. 605 CE) for centuries. It was only in the first half of the 20th century that this theft of the history of science was brought to light. Ibn Sina’s book Kitab al-ahjar was wrongly attributed to Aristotle. Raymundus Lullus (d. 1315) resisted, without success, the dissemination of Islamic science in Europe. He fraudulently claimed the authorship of some books in chemistry and other branches of sciences which were actually written by Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288) was the first scientist who discovered and described the coronary vessels and the pulmonary circulation. He contradicted Galen, who held that blood passes from one side of the heart to the other through septal pores. In one of his major works, Sharh tashrih al-Qanun, Ibn al-Nafis argued that there are no pores in the cardiac septum, and that blood flows from the right side of the heart via the pulmonary artery to the lung, where it is aerated and purified in the alveoli. It then returns via the pulmonary veins to the left part of the heart. Andreas Alpagus (1522), who was a professor at Padua University in Italy and was a great admirer of the contributions of Muslim scientists and physicians, learnt Arabic, undertook extensive travels to Islamic lands and stayed in Damascus for nearly 30 years. In the course of his stay in Damascus, he delved into the treasures of Arabic learning and translated many Arabic works on science and medicine into Latin. One of these translated works was Sharh tashrih al-Qanun of Ibn al-Nafis. This translation was printed in Venice in 1547. Shortly after the publication of the translation, half a dozen works written by European scientists described the pulmonary circulation exactly the way it was described by Ibn al-Nafis, but without acknowledging the source. In 1553, Michael Servitus described the pulmonary circulation in his book Christianismi Restitutu and claimed it as his own discovery. Similarly, the second edition of Vesalius’s book De Humani Corporis Fabrica described the pulmonary circulation, which was evidently lifted from the Latin translation of Ibn al-Nafis’s work. Interestingly, the first edition of Vesalius’s book, printed in 1542, did not mention this ‘discovery’. In the same way, the works of Valvarde (1554), Cesalpino (1554), Realdo Colombo (1558) and William Harvey (1628) described the pulmonary circulation, without revealing the source (Abdel-Halim 2008) Vesalius, who is credited with the discovery of the pulmonary circulation in Western accounts of the history of science, was quite familiar with the works of Muslim scientists and physicians, through Latin translations as well as the original Arabic works. He had a fairly good knowledge of Arabic and had even translated a part of Al-Razi’s celebrated work Kitab al-Mansuri in Latin. For nearly three centuries, the discovery of the pulmonary circulation was attributed to the English biologist William Harvey. In 1924, an Egyptian physician, who was studying medicine at Albert Ludwig University in Germany, discovered a manuscript of Ibn al-Nafis’s book Sharh tashrih al-Qanun. A close study of the manuscript revealed that Ibn al-Nafis had accurately described the pulmonary circulation three hundred years before Harvey. Constantine the African (d. 1087) was a Christian Arab merchant of Algiers who had a keen interest in Arabic works in science and medicine. He travelled to Italy and brought from there many Arabic books written by Muslim scientists and translated some of them into Latin. He not only suppressed the names of the Muslim authors of the books he translated but also shamelessly attributed their authorship to Greek writers and even to himself. For nearly two centuries, Ali ibn Musa’s book Kamil al-sinaa al-tibbiyya was considered to be a work of Constantine the African. Michael Scott (d. 1235), who knew Arabic and was fascinated by the works of Muslim scientists, translated some Arabic works on science and medicine into Latin. These included the work of Nur al-Din al-Batruji on astronomy and Ibn Rushd’s commentaries on some of Aristotle’s works. He then rehashed the contents of some of these books into a new book and attributed its authorship to Nicolaus Damascenus, who lived in the first century CE. The discovery of camera obscura in optics, spherical triangles in mathematics and Jacob’s Staff in astronomy is attributed to the French mathematician and astronomer Levi Ben Gerson (d. 1344). In reality, these discoveries were made by Muslim mathematicians, scientists and astronomers centuries before Gerson. Strangely, people who perpetrated this scientific fraud did not care to reflect as to how a single person could have made such amazing discoveries in three distinct fields of science. The Arabic works on science and medicine that were translated into Latin in the medieval period included the commentaries of Muslim scientists and physicians on the works of the Greek botanist Dioscorides, who lived in the first century CE. The translators attributed the commentaries, which contained valuable botanical information, to Dioscorides, and not to Muslim scientists. Some fair-minded European historians of science, such as Cumston, have noted that many of the medicinal herbs and substances attributed to Dioscorides were in fact of Islamic origin. Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) is considered the father of several sciences, including botany, zoology, chemistry and meteorology. It was believed, until recently, that his scientific knowledge was derived from classical Greek sources. It has now come to light that he was ignorant of Greek and that he became familiar with Aristotle’s ideas through the commentaries of Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina on Aristotle’s works. The Italian scholar Robertus Grosseteste (d. 1253) is considered the most influential defender and exponent of Aristotle in Europe. Historians of science have now discovered that he had no direct access to Aristotle’s original works and that his writings on Aristotle were almost entirely based on the commentaries of Arab scientists on Aristotle’s works. Western historians of science generally maintain that the foundations of trigonometry as an independent science were laid by the German mathematician and astronomer Regiomontanus (d. 1476). Fuat Sezgin has convincingly argued that the real credit for founding trigonometry goes to Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274). It is generally believed that Roger Bacon (d. 1292) was the founder of the experimental method in science. In the 19th century, C. Prantil (d. 1893) took exception to this view and argued that Bacon was greatly influenced by the views of Muslim scientists, mathematicians and physicists, including Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Razi, Ibn Zuhr and Al-Zahrawi, who emphasized, centuries before Bacon, that the experimental method lay at the heart of scientific research. Prantil’s argument was supported by E. Wiedemann and M. Schramm, who pointed out that the credit for the invention of the experimental should indeed go to Muslim scientists. The most important factor in the theft of the history of science and medicine that has been outlined in the foregoing was a deeply entrenched feeling of prejudice, antipathy and hostility towards Islam. A set of ideological, political and cultural factors, including the legacy of the Crusades, confrontations with the Ottoman Empire, the ideology of white supremacy and European colonialism, have been responsible for this perception (Southern 1962; Daniel 1960; Rodinson 1987; Reeves 2000). Mercifully, from the late 19th century, a growing number of European scientists, historians of science and orientalists began to recognize and acknowledge the pivotal role of Muslim scientists in the advancement of science and medicine and the debt of the European Renaissance to their seminal and outstanding contributions. The names of Jean Jacques Sedillot (d. 1840), Joseph Reinaud (d. 1867), Franz Woepcke (d. 1864), Carl Kraus (d. 1946), Eilhard Wiedemann (d. 1925), George Sarton (d. 1956), Heinrich Suter (d. 1922), Carlo Alfonso allino (d. 1938), Ignatius J. Kratchkovsky (d. 1951), Heinrich Schipperges (d. 2003), Julius Hirschberg (d. 1925), M. Ullman and George Saliba are particularly note-worthy in this connection. George Sarton perceptively observed, “We shall not be able to understand our science of today if we do not succeed in penetrating its genesis and its evolution.” Sarton wrote a monumental work An Introduction to the History of Science (1927-48), in which he paid a glowing tribute to the original and wide-ranging contributions of Muslim scientists. In recent years, historians of science, scientific institutions, universities and publishing houses in the West have made admirable efforts at rectifying the injustice done to the monumental contributions of Muslim scientists, astronomers, mathematicians and physicians. The Wellcome Group published The Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library in 1967. The contributors in The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance (1983) have highlighted and documented the outstanding and wide-ranging contributions of Islamic civilization during the medieval period which were a forerunner of the European Renaissance and which exerted a profound and enduring influence on science, medicine, technology, architecture and art in Europe (Hayes 1983). The Dictionary of Scientific Biography (16 vols, 1970-80), edited by C. C. Gillispie, contains useful entries on Muslim scientists. Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Sciences (1996), edited by Rashed Roshdi and Regis Morelon, offers carefully analyzed and painstakingly documented information on the wide-ranging contributions of Muslim scientists. Jack Goody, Jack (2006) The Theft of history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goody, Jack (2010) Renaissance: The One or the Many? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rabie, E. Abdel-Halim (2008) ‘Contributions of Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288 AD) to the progress of medicine and urology’ Saudi Medical Journal, 29 (1), 2008 (www.smj.org.sa) Southern, R. W. (1962) Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Daniel, Norman (1960) Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Rodinson, Maxime (1987) Europe and the Mystique of Islam. (trans. by Roger Veinus) Seattle: University of Washington Press. Reeves, Minou (2000) Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Mythmaking. New York: New York University Press. Hayes, A. J. ed. (1983) The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Dallal, Ahmad (1999) ‘Science, Medicine and Technology’ In John L. Esposito, ed. The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (Extracted from A.R. Momin, ed. 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The Islamic Belief of True Salaf Allah is Attributed with Perfection Bismillah, Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, to Him belong the endowments and the befitting perfections and commendations. I ask Allah to raise the rank of Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, and to protect his nation from that which he fears for it, Thereafter: The saying that Allah, ta^ala, exists without a place is the belief and the creed of the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, the Companions and the True Salaf and Khalaf, those who graciously followed them, and it shall be until the Day of Judgment. The proof of this precious statement is what Allah said in the Qur’an, in Surat ash-Shura, ayah 11 which means: “There is nothing like Him and He has the attribute of Hearing and Seeing.” This ayah absolutely and totally clears Allah of resembling the creation. It comprises that Allah, ta^ala, is different from the creations in the Self, Attributes, and Doings. Hence, it shows that Allah, ta^ala, exists without a place, because the one who exists in a place would, by nature, be composed of atoms, i.e., he would be a body, occupying a space, and Allah, ta^ala, is clear of occupying spaces. Al-Bukhariyy, al-Bayhaqiyy and Ibn alJarud related that the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, said which means: “Allah existed eternally and there was nothing else.” This hadith proves that Allah was alone in al-‘azal, (the status of existence without a beginning,) i.e., before creating any of the creation. There was nothing with Him: no place, no space, no sky, no light, and no darkness. It is determined in the rules of the Religion and the judgments of the sound mind that Allah, the Exalted, does not change. Hence, it is impossible that after having been existing without a place, He would become in a place, because this is a development, and the development is a sign of needing others, and the one who needs others is not God. Imam Abu Mansur al-Baghdadiyy related in his book, Al-Farqu Bayn alFiraq, that Imam ^Aliyy, the fourth of the caliphs, may Allah reward his deeds, said which means: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place, and He now is as He was, i.e., without a place.” Imam Abu Hanifah, who is one of the authorities of as-Salaf, said in his book Al-Fiqh alAbsat: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place. He existed before creating the creation. He existed, and there was no place, creation, or thing; and He is the Creator of everything.” Imam al-Hafidh al-Bayhaqiyy said in his book, Al-Asma’u was-Sifat, on page 400: “…. What was mentioned towards the end of the hadith is an indication of denying Allah has a place and denying the slave is alike to Allah, wherever he was in proximity or remoteness. Allah, the Exalted, is adhDhahir–hence, it is valid to know about Him by proofs. Allah is al-Batin–hence, it is invalid that He would be in a place.” He also said: “Some of our companions used as a proof to refute the place to Allah the saying of the Prophet, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam : ‘You are adh-Dhahir and there is nothing above You, and You are al-Batin and there is nothing underneath You.’ Therefore, if there is nothing above Him and nothing underneath Him, He is not in a place. Imam Ahmad Ibn Salamah, Abu Ja^far atTahawiyy, who was born in the year 237 after Hijrah, and was one of the Heads of Great Salaf wrote a book called Al-^Aqidah atTahawiyyah. He mentioned that the content of his book is an elucidation of the creed of Ahl asSunnah wal Jama^ah, which is the creed of Imam Abu Hanifah, who died in the year 150 after alHijrah, and his two companions, Imam Abu Yusuf al-Qadi and Imam Muhammad Ibn alHasan ash-Shaybaniyy and others. He said in his book: “Allah is supremely clear of all boundaries, extremes, sides, organs and instruments. The six directions do not contain Him–these are attributed to all created things.” Such is the saying of Imam Abu Ja^far who is among the heads of as-Salaf. He explicitly stated that Allah is clear of being contained by the six directions. The six directions are above, below, in front of, behind, right, and left. The linguist and scholar of hadith, Imam Muhammad Murtada az-Zabidiyy, narrated by a continuous chain from himself back to Imam Zayn al-^Abidin ^Aliyy Ibn al-Husayn Ibn ^Aliyy Ibn Abi Talib, (who was among the first of as-Salaf, who earned the title of as-Sajjad, i.e., the one who prays a lot), that Zayn al-^Abidin said in his treatise asSahifah as-Sajjadiyyah about Allah: which means: “O Allah, You are clear of all imperfection. You are Allah, the One Who no place contains You.” He also said which means: “O Allah, You are clear of all imperfection. You are Allah, the One Who is not in boundaries.” In the explanation of al-Bukhariyy in the chapter on Al-Jihad, Hafidh Ibn Hajar said: “The fact that the two directions above and below are impossible to be attributes of Allah, does not necessitate that Allah would not be attributed with aboveness, because attributing aboveness to Allah is a matter of status and the impossibility lies in it being physical.” The scholar Imam Zayn ad-Din Ibn Nujaym, the Hanafiyy, in his book Al-Bahr arRa’iq, on page 129 said: “Whoever says it is possible that Allah would do a doing in which there is no wisdom commits blasphemy, and also he commits blasphemy by affirming a place to Allah, the Exalted.” Imam Muhammad Ibn Hibah al-Makkiyy, in his book Hada’iq al-Fusul wa Jawahir al-^Uqul,–also called Al-^Aqidat-as-Salahiyyah because he gave it as a gift to Sultan Salah-ad-Din al-Ayyubiyy who ordered that this book be taught to the children in schools and broadcast from the top of minarets–said: which means: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place, and the judgment about His existence now is that He is as He was, i.e., without a place.” The great true Salafi, Imam Ja^far as-Sadiq said: “He who claims that Allah is in something or on something or from something, commits ash-shirk. Because if He was in something, He would be contained, and if He was on something, He would be carried, and if He was from something, He would be a creature.” Shaykh ^Abdul-Ghaniyy an-Nabulsiyy said: “He who believes that Allah fills the heavens and earth or that He is a body sitting above al-^arsh (ceiling of Paradise; throne) is a kafir.” Imam Abul-Qasim ^Aliyy Ibnul-Hasan Ibn Hibatillah Ibn ^Asakir said in his ^Aqidah: “Allah existed before the creation. He does not have a before or an after, an above or a below, a right or a left, an in front of or a behind, a whole or a part. It must not be said when was He, where was He, or how was He. He exists without a place.” Imam Abu Sulayman al-Khattabiyy said: “What is obligatory upon us and upon every Muslim to know is that our Lord has no shape or form, because the shape has a ‘how’ and ‘how’ does not apply to Allah or His Attributes.” Know beyond doubt that the question ‘how’ does not apply to Allah, because this is a question about shapes, bodies, places, depths and dimensions; Allah is clear of all of that. Also be firm that it is invalid to say about Allah “… but we do not know how”, because in essence, it falsely indicates that Allah has a color, shape, dimensions, body, place, but one is ignorant of the ‘how’ of it. Imam al-Ghazaliyy said: ” Allah, the Exalted, existed eternally and there was no place. He is not a body, jawhar (atom), or property, and He is not on a place or in a place.” All of these sayings show that attributing the sensuous physical aboveness and place to Allah is contrary to the Qur’an, the Hadith, the Ijma^, and the intellectual proof. The intellectual proof that Allah exists without a place lies in the fact that the one who is in a place would have an area, and the one who has an area is in need of it, and the one who needs others is not God. Moreover, as the mind determines that Allah existed without a place before creating places, the mind determines that after Allah created the places He still exists without a place. The scholars like Imam Ahmad arRifa^iyy determined that lifting the hands and the faces towards the sky when performing du^a (supplication) is because the heavens are the qiblah of du^a just as the Ka^bah is the qiblah of asSalah. From the heavens, the mercies and blessings of Allah descend. Hence, it is clear for the one who seeks the truth that the saying that Allah exists without a place is what complies with the Qur’an, the Hadith, the Ijma^, and the criteria of the sound intellect. Be firm and certain that before creating places, Allah Who created everything (places and others), existed without a place, and after creating places, He still exists without a place. Since we have determined that the creed of the Muslims is that Allah exists without a place and that the question ‘how’ does not apply to Allah, it is clear to us that al-^arsh (the throne) which is the biggest of the creations of Allah and the ceiling of Paradise, is not a place for Allah, the Exalted. Imam Abu Hanifah said in his book, alWasiyyah,: ” … and He is the Preserver of al^arsh and other than al-^arsh, without needing it, for had He been in need, He would not have the power to create the world and to manage and preserve it. Moreover, had He been in a place needing to sit and restbefore creating al-^arsh, where was Allah?” That is, the question ‘where was Allah’ would have applied to Him, which is impossible. Also, in his book, Al-Fiqh al-Absat, Imam Abu Hanifah said: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place; He existed before creating the creation. He existed and there was not a place, a creation or a thing; and He is the Creator of everything. He who says ‘I do not know if my Lord is in the heavens or on the earth,’ is a kafir. Also is a kafir whoever says that ‘He is on al-^arsh, and I do not know whether al-^arsh is in the heaven or on the earth’.” Consequently, the great True Salafi Scholar Imam Ahmad declared a kafir whomever says these last two phrases because they contain attributing a direction, boundary, and place to Allah. Everything which has a direction and boundary is by necessity in need of a Creator. Thus it is not the intention of Imam Abu Hanifah to prove that the heaven and al-^arsh are places for Allah, as those who liken Allah to the creation claim. This is by virtue of the aforementioned saying of the Imam: “Had He been in a place needing to sit and rest, then before creating al-^arsh where was Allah?”, which is clear in negating that Allah has a direction or a place. In his book, Ihya’u ^Ulum ad-Din, Imam alGhazaliyy said: “… places do not contain Him, nor do the directions, earth, or heavens. He is attributed with an istiwa’ over al-^arsh as He said in the Qur’an–with the meaning that He willed–and not as what people may delude. It is an istiwa’ which is clear of touching, resting, holding, moving and containment. Al-^arsh does not carry Him, but rather al-^arsh and those that carry al-^arsh are all carried by Allah with His Power and are subjugated to Him. He is above al-^arsh and above the heavens and above everything–in status– an aboveness that does not give Him proximity to al-^arsh or the heavens as it does not give Him farness from earth. He is higher in status than everything: higher in status than al-^arsh and the heavens, as He is higher in status than earth and the rest of the creation.” Shaykh ^Abdul-Ghaniyy an-Nabulsiyy said: “He who believes that Allah filled the heavens and earth or that He is a body sitting above al-^arsh, is a kafir.” Ayah 93 of Surat Maryam: means: “All those in the heavens and earth must come to Allah as a slave.” In his Tafsir (book of explaining the Qur’an), Imam ar-Raziyy said: “… and since it is affirmed by this ayah that everything that existed in the heavens and earth is a slave to Allah, and since it is obligatory that Allah is clear of being a slave, thus He is clear of being in a place or direction, or on al-^arsh or al-kursiyy.” Hence Surat Taha, ayah 5, in the Qur’an, clearly does not mean that Allah sits on the throne or that Allah is firmly established on the throne. In the Arabic language, the word istawa has fifteen (15) different meanings, among of which are to sit, to subjugate, to protect, to conquer, and to preserve. Based on what we have covered so far it is clear that it is blasphemous to apply the meaning ‘to sit’ to Allah. However the terms to preserve and to subjugate are in compliance with the Religion and the language. And those so-called translations of al-Quran that referred to the term “Istawa” to “Sits” or “Sat”or “Established himself firmly on the throne” contradict Arabic rules, and Islamic bases. Bewarned from such translations and such attribues, Allah is almighty clear from the sitting, movement, size, shape, form or change. Allah is great. 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Aging can be considered as a universal phenomenon which every human goes through all along their lifespan. Every human has high expectation in the aspect of health and life a happy life but not many of the old people get to this reality. In the current decade, there Is the rapid change in different scenarios in the aspect of raising the old people as compare to before. Many developing countries all over the world like Africa and Asian countries a middle east are rapidly affected by different global changes. According to the current drive of trying to help the old live longer, there are fears that this effort seems to be a strategy to create a high rate of loneliness and isolation. In this paper, I will focus on the isolation of the elderly in most of the world and the impact they have on the old people. The paper will give a clear literature review on the reason, effect and also the cause of the alleviated issue in the world. This issue of elderly Is an area of interest particularly to be as I have grown in a rural area with my grandparents and hence have a chance to present my elderly parents. According to a john burke (2017) on the issue of "effect that isolation has to the elderly". According to his finding, he found out that accessibility is one that is vital in the aspect of facilitating an excellent social contact with the elderly. Hence the reason why people who had difficulty to access transport resulted in the being lonely. And hence it mostly not possible to attest that those people who live in the urban area have a chance of being paid. He goes ahead to state that the elderly can sometimes contribute to their loneliness as they are never ready to speak out instead the keep encouraging social interaction in urban areas. John Burke goes ahead to explain the reason why elderly people in the current generation are being isolated. In his reasoning, he explains that some elderly parent is in isolation if they lose their spouse and they might be childless. Isolation has many effects according to Burke he explains that loneliness is, of course, the main effect of elderly isolation. He states that the rate of loneliness is worse in the modern generation as it was in the 60s, 80, and 90s. He stated isolation is severe and can cause depression to the elderly people and other isolation related diseases and this is due to the lousy quality of life. According to Burke isolation affect all people but its worse for the elderly. He concluded by stating that there is a need for the development of government organization like HSE to care for elderly people. He states that day caring center can be essential to reduce the rate of isolation. According to Howard Gleckman (2017) in his article "isolation of the elderly and the risk associated". Howard goes on to state that those elderly who are isolated are more likely to die off due to illnesses sooner than expected. According to the article, the author ties the explain that about 14% in a research that was carried out showed that people who were affected were the white males who had little to no contact with their children or even their relative. According to the research, these people were more likely to have depression and also difficulties in trying to manage their daily activities. Howard goes to explain that Medicare for the isolated is relatively higher than for those who are not isolated. The article stated that Medicare spent over $1,600. This was as a result that these people were more like to be hospitalized and the hospital stay was approximately costlier or perhaps it was as a result of the fact, they were not discharged quicker than the others. The article doesn't conclude that isolation is the actual cause of death. But he states it could be essential to come with solutions and provide reliable steps to help the needy. Which could save cost and reduce Medicare expenses? Howard provides the solution for isolation in the aspect of the elderly making connections to provide support. The article also gives a solution to moving these elderlies to place with other elderly people. According to an article on "the quality of life with the elderly" published in 2017, the author stated that loneliness is one of the causes of impaired life quality and also greater medical institutional care and this result to an increased mortality. According to the article Over the year's loneliness has been used as an indicator to show the quality of life the people live. The article states that this aspect of isolation has been poorly addressed in modern society. According to the article, it was founded that loneliness was mainly attributed to the fact there was poor subjective health. It also found that the activity limitation and also cognitive functions did not affect the elderly loneliness. The article also stated that environmental support is some of the core factors which affect that cause loneliness. The article goes to explain the strategies that can be used to address the factor of isolation for all the old people. There is the need for the elderly involvement in all aspect of developing or even planning and even delivery of various activities that could target the social isolation of the loneliness. the article also addresses the need for the availability of service that can cater for the old people who are impaired and have been isolated in life. Social isolation has been something of main focus lately according to researchers and scholars as well as policymakers shift of attention has majorly been directed social isolation especially to the seniors. This issue has been given a priority in countries such as Canada, where the isolation of the elderly has been a rampant and rooted problem (Sollecito, 2015). According to the article, social isolation in the United Kingdom has feature also to experience the same problem. Regardless of setback, sufficient measures have been put into considerations such as dissemination and distribution of research knowledge. Furthermore, the other approach is to provide information to a service organization in an aim to approach the issue. This issue has hit the headlines showing the degree of concern it needs to the general public. Social isolation has always given a dilution of loneliness in a way, this term has been used in various languages in our daily life activities. Researchers have pointed out that the two concept requires differentiation. The social isolation is always a result of a person having less interaction with others. This can also be referred to as an objective part. Meanwhile, loneliness can be expressed as a subjective distress caused by lacking enough people to interact with. Loneliness has a causative agent which is related to maladaptive thoughts about personal self and others (Weldrick, R. &Grenier, A. 2018). The article state that literature has formed a modest way to demonstrate both social isolations as well as loneliness to pose a health risk to an individual. For instance, meta-analysis provides the result of study between social isolation and mortality. The reports show that interaction with other people in a social environment would result in low mortality rates risk. Based on the findings the authors come into a conclusion that lack of social interaction and relationship is considered an influential factor when it comes to mortality risk. It is evident that lonely adult is likely to die sooner and decline of their mobility compared to those with the company and are not lonely. Though drive to help the elder people in our current society have been rampant, it has escalated the rate of isolation and loneliness instead. (Weldrick, R. &Grenier, A. 2018) focus to help the elderly have remained constant all-over different society, the main aim is to ensure that the physical health of the respondent has been met to the later. It is clear without such social and health intervention, they are exposed to high risk of loneliness and isolation leading to adverse side effects. According to the author, the act of loneliness is brought about by living alone, having disabilities and health problem related to old age as well as impairment of sensory organs such as hearing loss. Apart from that, losing their lovely spouses has left the elderly vulnerable to emotional and social isolation. This article went ahead to elaborate how the worst-case scenario happens as a result of social isolation and loneliness. For instance, if there is a communication breakdown especially with the family and friends or even moving into an unfamiliar area of resident and neighborhood. It happens to be the same when the whole family member moves in seek of work or any personal reasons, growing children and loss of a close friend. Therefore, the emphasis of elderly to be independent in such case increases social disruption, instability, feeling of insecurity and rise in physical isolation. According to (Zohre, M., & Ali, N. 2018), the researcher has studied and found out that elders are vulnerable to abuse. The investigation shows a clear connection between social isolation together with the increasing rates of abuse among the elderly. Though it is not satisfied, elderly people are prone to fall victims of abuse. Another causative agent can be the deliberate isolation of elders by the abusers as they tried to put them behind the shadow. This particular vulnerability of the elder irrespective of their cause forms a significant concern. Nevertheless, various studies have pointed out loneliness to result to depression which is a significant risk factor. This factor has increased symptoms of depression among the middle age and also the older adults. An adult who is socially isolated is more likely to predict their life quality to either get worse or get better. They have a mindset of depending on the community program when they get older to a point of being helpless. The need for home care is an excellent step for long-term care of the elderly. The article (Lin, M. 2018) depicts the need to stop the isolation of the elderly. It is evident that isolation leads to loneliness. The author state that, it easy to spot a lonely face since they are everywhere in our environment; on benches in the park, on the rocking chairs, feeding caged bird on their lawns, alone on the balcony of a building. In this article, they have to define loneliness as an act of deprivation and feeling of sadness as well as emptiness. The sense of isolation is much felt especially during holidays more than on daily basis. Otherwise, loneliness should not be taken for granted since it has an adverse effect with serious consequences which comprise of; dependent traits, depression, suicidal thoughts, disorders in eating practice and insomnia problem (Sollecito, 2015). the article describes the causes of loneliness and isolation to be; constant changing living environment, loss of chain of the network from, fear of becoming a burden to others, finding difficulties in communication, children moving away from home especially when attending schools and the fear involved of falling and going out. Perhaps to be able to conquer isolation and loneliness, teamwork should be incorporated. According to the Council of the American Medical Society on Scientific Affairs (1987), the abuse of the elderly has taken several forms and also definitions which can be defined as follows: any commission or any omission which can cause harm or threat that threatens the health and benefits of the elderly. The Select elderly Committee on Aging nominates the following categories of abuse: physical abuse, also Abandonment, can also consider emotional and financial abuse, and personal negligence. In its most cases use, elder abuse is a comprehensive term that represents all forms of ill-treatment or a... Cite this page Isolation the Elderly Research Paper. (2022, Sep 10). 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528, 1670, 325, 712, 9180, 1234, 8654, 1803, 292, 268, 5552, 9533, 18, 540, 2682, 528, 712, 2050, 261, 7735, 288, 1933, 659, 352, 3938, 16, 853, 268, 8654, 289, 268, 9751, 528, 712, 261, 384, 1705, 438, 291, 3382, 286, 1676, 421, 55, 320, 611, 3384, 16, 5041, 802, 2580, 292, 268, 1989, 16, 1234, 8654, 288, 268, 1855, 7942, 528, 3810, 525, 292, 1432, 268, 1162, 1676, 18, 10296, 1465, 289, 1075, 3252, 16, 5138, 2877, 437, 712, 1927, 636, 7651, 659, 352, 460, 9692, 1277, 291, 4385, 289, 922, 1772, 18, 4343, 16, 268, 586, 1563, 316, 292, 1153, 1009, 292, 261, 2468, 3272, 288, 363, 2517, 292, 1563, 268, 2682, 18, 540, 2682, 528, 5230, 268, 1747, 7173, 5526, 268, 3791, 289, 4621, 362, 1470, 292, 268, 2177, 1376, 18, 203, 55, 10637, 8654, 528, 1775, 2050, 261, 7792, 1068, 289, 7151, 306, 1127, 288, 261, 898, 16, 456, 2085, 528, 712, 724, 288, 1320, 4814, 288, 662, 2438, 943, 1740, 18, 7120, 437, 9601, 628, 336, 268, 881, 3313, 2559, 7790, 318, 18, 203, 1461, 1234, 8654, 316, 1775, 261, 1636, 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What is Sandalwood? The sandalwood tree is considered fairly small, although it grows to a height of approximately 30 feet. The bark can be in hues of brown, black, red, and the heartwood is sometimes white, lending to the nickname. This tree is semi-parasitic. As a sapling, it gathers its nutrients and water from neighboring plants through specialized roots called haustoria, but does so without causing them harm. Some sandals (as they are sometimes called) have even survived off of other sandals. Because of this, if you were ever to come into possession of sandalwood seeds that you wish to plant, you should plant them with neighbors that can support its 'borrowing' nature. The wood of the tree is highly prized as well. It is used in wood carvings and in the furniture industry, and rates in the top 10 most expensive kinds of woods in the world along with others like African blackwood, agar, and ebony. Another popular use for sandalwood is incense. The warm and grounding aroma is useful in meditation. The wood chips are sometimes used for this as well, with the remnants of oil still remaining in scant quantities. Sandalwood powder is also prized in cosmetics. The oil in the tree collects in the heartwood, which can be white but turns darker yellow as the tree matures. The main constituent, santalol, is found in the oil in both alpha- and beta- form and usually comprises approximately 90 percent of total volume. The oil cannot be collected until the tree is many years old. While this can be accomplished as early as 15 years, the older the tree, the higher the quality and quantity of the oil it produces. Due to this limitation and the demand for the oil, the sandalwood species has become heavily overharvested. There are strict regulations in place where the species grows, namely in India, Australia, and Hawaii to help maintain the preservation of these precious trees. Unfortunately, this has created a seedy underground network of people illegally harvesting the tree and its oil as people try to cash in on the supply and demand. Poaching and smuggling have become a problem. For this reason, it is imperative that you only source sandalwood from reputable distributors that practice sustainable harvesting techniques and that adhere to the strict regulations in place. It is also highly recommended to be responsible and not overuse this oil. The genus Santalum includes numerous varieties. The most popular in aromatherapy are: - S. album - Native to India, this is the most popular. It is mainly produced in India and Indonesia. The contents here focus mainly on this oil. - S. austrocaledonicum - Also known as New Caledonian sandalwood, this tree takes a minimum of 20 years to reach maturity and grows on the islands in the South Pacific. It is widely agreed that this is the closest variety to true Indian sandalwood due to the santalol. - S. spicatum - Australian sandalwood is another popular variety; however, with less santalol, it has a drier and more bitter top note and provides different benefits. - S. paniculatum - Hawaiian or Royal Hawaiian sandalwood is native to the islands of the same name. It is also a rich and deep tenacity. There is also another oil that is often called West Indian sandalwood that is of no botanical relation: Amyris balsamifera. It is actually amyris from the Rutaceae family and is also referred to as West Indian rosewood even though it is not rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora). The rarity of the oil lends it to being often adulterated. In Essential Oil Safety, Tisserand states that this is often done with a number of things, such as amyris, sandalwood terpenes, synthetic fragrance, coconut oil, bleached copaiba balsam, glycol, and more. Even though there are no known contraindications for the oil, it can cause sensitization in some people. According to Tisserand in the same text above, the maximum dermal percentage should be two percent. This equates to about three drops per teaspoon of carrier oil. Sandalwood oil can be pale yellow to brownish in color and may have tints of green. The smell is quite tenacious, making it an effective base note for exotic scents. It blends well with spiritual oils like frankincense (Boswellia carterii), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha). It is also great with floral oils like lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and jasmine (Jasminum officinale), spice oils, and other fixatives. Sandalwood Essential Oil Uses In Ayurveda, oils have been used for approximately 3,000 years. Sandalwood was among others like cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi), and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) that were commonly used long ago and is still used to this day. Sandalwood is also used extensively in the fragrance industry for scenting high-quality perfumes, soaps, and cosmetics. This precious wood and agarwood are both used extensively in Japan and China for incense as well. There are many ways to use sandalwood oils at home. However, please remember to use it responsibly. Fragrance & Incense Sandalwood has a warm aroma that is prized in the fragrance industry. If you enjoy making your own perfume and colognes, sandalwood is an excellent fixative, extender, and harmonizer that really rounds out the overall scent. The beauty of sandalwood is that it is not restricted to use as a base note; it can be used as a middle as well. Not only that, it is versatile enough to be considered both masculine and feminine and is loved by both genders. Diffusion During Meditation & Prayer Aromas of all kinds have been revered since the dawn of time. The wood and oil of precious sandalwood have long stood out in the annals of history as being favored by ancient civilizations. The aromatic wood was often used to build temples many centuries ago. In addition to helping you center during meditation or prayer, having the scent with you throughout the day can be balancing. It can act as a reminder that no matter what is going on, there is a power much higher than anything that could possibly drag you down and give you the strength that you need to push on. Certain oils and scents are classic to use for this. If you are still searching for the perfect blend to diffuse that helps you find your peace, try to include some of the following oils in your next spiritual creation: - Cedarwood atlas (Cedrus atlantica) - Frankincense (Boswellia carterii) - Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) - Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) - Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) - Juniper berry (Juniperus communis) - Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) - Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) - Rose Otto (Rosa damascena) - Sandalwood (Santalum spp.) - White sage (Salvia apiana) - Yuzu (Citrus junos) A massage after a long day is relaxing on its own. When you choose essential oils that have an effect on the emotional state, it can bring on a whole new meaning to winding down. Sandalwood is one of these oils. Make the following blend so you have it on hand when the physical and emotional stress of the day has you wanting to pull your hair out. When you need it, simply add 4-5 drops to a teaspoon or two of a carrier oil like coconut (Cocos nucifera). Rub a little onto your shoulders and the back of your neck, as well as your arms and chest area. Better yet, have a loved one give you a massage on your entire back and wherever else is exhausted. Just remember to do the same for them when they need it. - 10 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) - 7 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea) - 7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) - 4 drops Sandalwood (Santalum album) - 3 drops Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Body & Face Care Sandalwood is one of the anti-aging oils and can be used for cleansing oils. It is a nourishing and balancing choice for people with normal to dry skin. To nourish the skin overnight and wake up beautifully, try this oil at night after your normal cleansing routine: - 20 drops Rosehip Seed (Rosa rubiginosa) - 20 drops Evening Primrose Seed (Oenothera biennis) - 8 drops Sandalwood (Santalum album) - 4 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) - 3 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea) - 2 drop Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) Add all of the above to an ounce of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis), argan (Argania spinosa), or Camellia (Camellia japonica). Smooth a light layer on the damp skin of the face and neck, making sure to avoid the eye area. Sandalwood Essential Oil Benefits This oil has been prized for its many benefits throughout history. While you likely won't be using the wood to build temples anytime soon, you can still enjoy many benefits this sacred oil imparts. Soothes Respiratory Issues Sandalwood can be helpful for respiratory congestion. Use with other chosen oils in a bowl of steaming water. Place a towel over the back of your head and breathe in for about 10 minutes, taking breaks if needed. Eases Mental Distress One area where sandalwood really shines is by easing mental distress. Whether you are suffering from depression, mental exhaustion, nervous anxiety, panic attacks, or are just completely run down or having hormonally-induced mood swings, sandalwood can help. Use it in a personal inhaler, add a drop or two to a piece of tissue or cotton ball to carry with you throughout the day, or diffuse the oil to get the benefits. Adding sandalwood to massage blends can also help calm nerves. If you are looking for oils to help spark romance or turn up the heat in the bedroom, sandalwood is a perfect start. Mix it in blends with other romantic oils like patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), rose (Rosa damascena), ylang ylang (Cananga odorata), and more to create a loving mood. Use This Infographic On Your Blog Sandalwood Essential Oil Research, Facts, and Studies There are limited number of studies on sandalwood essential oil in comparison to some of the more popular ones, like citrus oils, lavender, or rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Nonetheless, the oil shows promise in certain areas. Sandalwood has been found to be anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. It is likewise fairly safe, easy to formulate into blends and easy to apply topically. In an abstract from 2017, researchers noted that the oil had shown promise in preliminary trials for the treatment of many skin conditions, ranging from acne and warts to eczema and psoriasis. This could make it a natural choice for dermatological applications. Santanol, one of the main constituents in sandalwood, may prove to be beneficial in treatment as a chemopreventive agent in skin cancers. East Indian sandalwood essential oil, or as the researchers call EISO, blocked cell cycle progression, induced cell death to a point, and was antiproliferative in testing. The study shows that there is promise in using the oil to reduce the probability of precancerous cells turning into actinic keratosis or skin cancer. It may be difficult to believe that the wood and oil of a parasitic tree could be so valued, but that it is what we have in the Santalum genus. While sandalwood is prized, it is becoming increasingly rare. It is over harvested and in danger, so should be used sparingly. Try to substitute it whenever you can, and be sure the company you buy it from practices sustainability. Correct selection and use of essential oils is crucial to ensure that you enjoy the best benefits of oils, without any of the downsides. Remember, some essential oils can be very potent and powerful. We therefore highly recommend this book to all of our readers: Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals 2nd Edition	<urn:uuid:c4bd836e-b9c2-4492-9df8-b66ab6c8c202>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://momprepares.com/essential-oils/sandalwood/	2024-03-02T12:19:04Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz	en	0.946224	2,779	2.78125	3	[ 4688, 316, 9336, 280, 5774, 35, 203, 1461, 4670, 280, 5774, 2907, 316, 2221, 8353, 1139, 16, 3781, 362, 7398, 292, 261, 4733, 289, 4745, 2553, 3207, 18, 365, 11501, 375, 327, 288, 296, 893, 289, 5573, 16, 2541, 16, 2243, 16, 291, 268, 1759, 5774, 316, 2903, 2398, 16, 308, 1753, 292, 268, 11454, 6397, 18, 203, 4326, 2907, 316, 10027, 17, 1541, 301, 77, 410, 18, 760, 261, 269, 429, 1667, 16, 362, 319, 7427, 606, 3600, 291, 770, 427, 6327, 2974, 1648, 734, 6192, 4543, 1478, 393, 310, 441, 563, 16, 566, 1082, 576, 1298, 3736, 622, 2150, 18, 203, 55, 436, 4670, 645, 421, 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As the global community becomes more aware of the need to conserve energy, using renewable, sustainable energy sources rises in popularity. Whether you need electricity in an emergency or in a distant area, portable solar panels are a terrific method to use solar power. This article will look at how portable solar panels can help you reduce energy use and carbon impact. What are Portable Solar Panels? One solar energy source is portable solar panels, which may convert solar radiation into electricity without needing a permanent structure. The most common uses for portable solar panels are in RVs, boats, and private and commercial buildings. The thin silicon photovoltaic cells in the portable solar panels are linked in series. They are protected from the elements by a tempered glass cover, making them similar to other solar energy sources in terms of how they generate electricity. When exposed to sunlight, these solar cells produce an electric current through the photovoltaic effect. Off-grid power is formed when this newly generated electric current is delivered to a battery or device through cables. Various Applications of Portable Solar Panels - Power Electronics: Recharging our devices with solar power is a practical solution. Solar panels are a convenient method to keep your electronics charged when you're away from an electrical outlet, whether at work, on a camping trip, or anywhere else. Also, you will be helping the planet by decreasing your power consumption. - Charging Batteries: Solar panels are used to power up storage devices. Since this doesn't rely on the power grid, it can enable you to stay away from home for longer while keeping your electronics charged. And if you're going to be driving for a while or are in a location with little access to electricity, it can help your car last longer. - Remote Lighting: You might be astonished to know how much more useful solar panels have become as technology advances. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may now be powered by portable solar panels, giving them a convenient option to illuminate remote locations without access to an electrical grid. Solar energy is a sustainable option for lighting, whether you're trying to set a mood or making sure you can see in the dark. - Camping: The compact solar panels are a great addition to any camping trip, whether you're walking through the woods on foot, taking the family on the road in the family vehicle, or sleeping in the back of your van. Solar-powered lanterns, fans, and string lights will brighten up your campground. A place to plug in your electronic devices so you can keep in touch with the office or your loved ones while on the go. Portable solar panels may power camping goods like coffee makers or small refrigerators. And remember to use solar-powered energy sources to help protect the planet. - Hiking: Whether setting out for a day trip or a multi-day trip, portable solar panels make it simple to spend more time in nature and less time worrying about charging your electronics. Take along a small solar panel, attach it to your backpack so you can charge your electronics, and then go on an adventure. Using solar energy, you can keep your electronics going strong in the great outdoors, so you can take photos, send texts, and listen to music even in the middle of nowhere! - Boating & Sailing: A portable solar panel can provide enough energy to run your fish finder or GPS and meet any other charging needs you might have while boating or sailing. Being out on the open sea is a time for solitude and relaxation, and the silence of solar panels won't hinder that. You can do your part for the environment while out on the lake by renting a solar-power station. Besides, there is no danger of exhausting your fuel supply or damaging the marine environment. - Outdoor Events: Festivals, fairs, and other outdoor events are ideal venues to use solar energy. Having a portable solar panel on hand may give you a steady power source to guarantee you're fulfilling your energy demands without relying on generators. This is especially useful during festivals requiring guests to carry equipment like tents and coolers. Even in the great outdoors, you may utilize solar panels to fuel your favorite pastimes, like churning ice cream or beer. Solar panels are a great method to show your support for environmental preservation while allowing guests to have a good time at outdoor events. - RV Trip: Traveling via recreational vehicle (RV) is an excellent way to see the world, and portable solar panels may ensure that you always have access to electricity. Even though most recreational vehicles have solar panels built in, people who need more power can mount portable panels on the top or the rear of their RV. You can keep your RV travel going smoothly and reliably by using portable solar panels to maintain power - Emergency Backup: There is no way to predict when a natural disaster or power outage may occur. Thanks to transportable or portable solar panels, you can always rely on having access to electricity when you need it. Portable solar panels mean you can always have light when you need it. - Off-Grid Living: A great plan is to use lightweight solar panels to provide electricity for your off-grid dwelling. Whether you use them to run a small refrigerator or electric device, solar panels help you live more autonomously. Since solar panels are compact, lightweight, and require little upkeep, you can focus on enjoying your time away from the grid rather than worrying about keeping the energy flowing. - Small Home Power Supply: Portable solar panels that can be taken from one house to another are becoming increasingly popular as a renewable energy source for homes because of their low cost and mobility. Foldable portable solar panels are gaining popularity due to their decreasing cost and growing practicality. The power produced might power electronics, home appliances, and more. Portable solar panels may be invaluable to lessening environmental impact and saving money on monthly power bills. - Solar-Powered Charging Stations: Portable solar panels make it easy to set up your solar-powered charging station anywhere, from a shop to a park bench. These charging stations have provided the public with a convenient and eco-friendly option to power their mobile devices on the move. - Agriculture: Portable solar panels help farmers with a cleaner, more sustainable option for powering irrigation systems and other electronic equipment. Farmers are beginning to realize the financial, operational, and environmental benefits of installing portable solar panels. - Education and Research: Portable power station solar panel have several applications in the academic setting. In the classroom or for research, they are indispensable tools. The power provided by your portable solar panels may be used to run electronics and lab equipment, laptops, and other field devices. Places Where Portable Solar Panels Can Be Used Portable solar panels make clean, sustainable energy accessible virtually everywhere. A portable solar panel can keep your equipment charged and working even if you're far from an electrical grid, in a developing nation, or in the middle of nowhere. Remote AreasPortable solar panels are excellent for places with spotty or no grid-connected power, including rural areas. Portable solar panels are an excellent alternative to permanently installed ones for use in off-the-grid homes and during camping trips. Installing a few solar panels to power your electronic gadgets is a great way to lessen your environmental impact without compromising your ability to use them whenever you choose—as a result of increased solar radiation, generating electricity and maintaining battery life in these remote areas is easier. Developing areasAccess to affordable and dependable electricity is an ongoing challenge in many third-world nations. Because of their mobility, sustainability, and ease of use, portable solar panels are the superior short-term and long-term options. Because they don't require any fuel and release no emissions themselves, solar panels are another valuable instrument in the fight against pollution. Their portability and simplicity of assembly make them perfect for communities that exist independently of the grid. Wilderness AreasWhen camping or venturing to isolated regions, portable solar panels are a terrific way to stay connected. The portability and small size of solar panels make them ideal for outdoor excursions such as camping, trekking, or even a day spent in the woods. Due to the high levels of solar radiation in these regions, solar power may be easily extracted. At OceanBring some portable solar panels to ensure your electronics never die while you're at sea. Portable solar panels are a terrific investment for boat owners who want to make the most of their voyages and are concerned about the environmental impact of their energy needs. Extra electricity may be generated while out on the water by mounting lightweight, portable solar panels on the boat's roof. CampsitesThe campsite provides the best possible environment for employing compact and foldable portable solar panels. A portable solar panel may be attached to your tent or vehicle when camping, whether you stay in a tent, an RV, or even just the back of your car. Portable solar panels are great for camping trips because of their portability and ease of use in the great outdoors. Different Situations Where Portable Solar Panels Are Used For a power outage or blackout, portable solar panels can save your lives. The duration of a power outage might range from a few minutes to many days. During this period, solar panel portable can offer sufficient energy to power your lights, electrical gadgets, and mini refrigerator. Even if the power outage lasts several days, solar energy may continue to power your home. Natural DisastersNatural catastrophes may inflict widespread devastation and leave tens of thousands of homes without electricity for weeks or even months. During this period, portable solar panels can power essential medical equipment, laptops, phones, and other devices. The portable solar panels may power freezers and compressors, reducing food spoiling and disease transmission. Using portable solar panels to brighten previously gloomy regions is another method for enhancing security following a natural catastrophe. Survival SituationsIn survival scenarios, portable solar panels or power stations can be the difference between life and death. Whether you are stuck on a remote w lonely island or abandoned in the wilderness, generating your electricity gives you access to numerous basics, such as light, heat, and communication devices. It also assures that you can avoid danger while waiting for rescue or a change in the weather. With portable solar, you can charge your electrical devices in the middle of nowhere without worrying about running out of power. TravelingWhen out and about, you should not have to worry about your battery expiring. With a small and lightweight portable solar panel, you can charge your electrical gadgets while on the move. Whether you're going camping, mountaineering, or on a lengthy road trip, a portable solar panel is a fantastic travel companion. Utilizing the sun's rays for a few hours each day is a cost-effective way to maintain the functionality of your electrical devices. Positive aspects of portable solar panels Portable solar panels are a fantastic way to utilize sustainable energy sources. They are appropriate for environmentally aware persons who seek to reduce their dependence on conventional fossil fuels. This technology permits the collection of renewable, clean energy in any area. There are several benefits to using mobile solar panels. Here are a few instances: - Low Initial Investment: Portable solar panels are often compact and lightweight, reducing installation and transportation costs. Additionally, neither additional power sources nor wire installation is required. - No Fuel: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. This free energy needs no fuel for electricity generation, greatly reducing your running costs and the bad environmental impact. - Durability: Durable and long-lasting are the best characteristics of portable solar panels. They can provide energy over an extended period with minimum maintenance. - Easily Accessible: Portable Solar panels are perfect for nomadic folks. With a small, lightweight solar panel, you may still generate clean, sustainable power when camping or on vacation. - Easy to Install: Unlike conventional solar systems, portable solar panels may be placed swiftly without needing professional expertise. - Cost-Effective: Utilizing portable solar panels to power your house is economical. Due to the absence of installation expenses, you will save money over time. - Clean Energy: You may contribute to a better future and reduce your carbon footprint by employing renewable energy, such as solar electricity. - Space-Saving: Portable Solar panels are light and take up minimal space. You may easily rearrange them to find the best place for maximum light exposure in your garden. Why Should You Buy From ROCKSOLAR? Are you looking for an environmentally friendly way to power your favorite devices without needing costly electricity or gas? Portable solar panels from ROCKSOLAR could be the perfect solution for you. Not only are ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels great for powering your gadgets, but they also offer several other advantages that make them an attractive choice. ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels are perfect for anyone looking to get energy no matter where they are. Whether camping, on the beach, or even in the backyard, ROCKSOLAR portable solar panels provide a great source of power no matter where you are. ROCKSOLAR's portable panels are also highly durable and built with the highest quality materials to ensure years of reliable service. This makes them a great choice for anyone who needs reliable energy when out and about. But ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels offer more than just convenience and reliability. They also feature built-in safety features, such as overcharge/short circuit protection and overload protection. This means that your devices are safe when you power them, no matter what. The affordability of ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels is another advantage that makes them a great choice. Not only are they quite affordable, but they can also be used to power multiple devices, making them the perfect choice for anyone on a budget. Finally, ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels also have great internal technology. This means you get fast charging speeds and excellent efficiency to power your devices quickly and without any hassles. We hope this article has given you insight into the wonders and possibilities of using a portable solar panel. From powering your next camping trip to charging your laptop outdoors, these panels provide plenty of environmental and convenience benefits. So enjoy the freedom of the outdoors and harness the sun's energy with a portable solar panel. 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In every workplace, safety should be paramount. From the bustling floors of manufacturing plants to the seemingly calm environments of offices, potential hazards lurk, often emerging from unexpected behaviors or overlooked practices. Ensuring a safe work environment isn’t just about ticking off a compliance checklist; it’s about nurturing a culture where everyone is empowered to act responsibly and protectively. This article delves deep into understanding unsafe behaviors—how to spot them, examples of common oversights, the often severe consequences they can lead to, and most importantly, strategies to prevent and address them. By acknowledging and addressing unsafe behaviors, businesses can protect their most valuable assets—their employees—while enhancing productivity, morale, and overall organizational success. Dive in to equip yourself with the knowledge that can make all the difference in ensuring a hazard-free workspace. How To Identify Unsafe Behavior In The Workplace Identifying unsafe behavior in the workplace is essential for maintaining a safe environment for employees, reducing accidents, and complying with regulations. Here’s a step-by-step guide to identifying unsafe behavior: 1. Understand the Standards Every industry has specific safety standards and regulations tailored to unique risks and challenges. Familiarizing oneself with these standards ensures you are up-to-date with best practices and legal requirements. For instance, in the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) offers comprehensive guidelines for many industries, from construction to healthcare. These guidelines serve as a foundation upon which companies can build their safety protocols and ensure that they protect their employees and operate within the law. 2. Regular Observations Consistency is key in safety management. Regular safety walks or audits are proactive strategies to detect potential hazards or unsafe behaviors. Management can gain a firsthand perspective on safety lapses by frequently inspecting different work areas and observing employees during their tasks. This consistent oversight prevents complacency and encourages employees to adhere to safety guidelines. 3. Train Your Eye Observational skills are paramount for those responsible for safety. Spotting an employee without the required PPE, such as helmets, gloves, or safety glasses, can prevent imminent injuries. Moreover, vigilance in identifying shortcuts in safety procedures is essential, as these shortcuts can often lead to accidents. It’s also vital to be aware of employees who seem distracted or are not paying full attention to their tasks, as a lapse in concentration can be dangerous in many job roles. Similarly, noticing employees using tools or machinery in ways they were not intended can indicate a lack of training or awareness. Lastly, horseplay, pranks, or non-professional behavior can be a precursor to accidents and injuries. 4. Feedback Systems Creating an open channel for communication about safety is crucial. A feedback system allowing anonymous reporting empowers employees to voice their concerns without fear. This kind of system can uncover insights that management might not be privy to since peers often observe each other’s behavior closely. Employees can report unsafe actions without fear of backlash by ensuring anonymity, thus providing an authentic view of daily operations. 5. Incident Reports Accidents, regardless of their severity, offer learning opportunities. Every incident should be meticulously documented and investigated to determine its root cause. This isn’t about assigning blame but understanding underlying issues. A minor oversight today, if left unaddressed, could lead to a major accident tomorrow. Hence, analyzing every incident rectifies current issues and pre-empts future risks. 6. Review Procedures Regularly The dynamic nature of industries means that safety procedures may become obsolete or less effective over time. Regularly revisiting, revising, and clarifying safety procedures ensures they remain relevant. Safety protocols must adapt as technologies evolve and new equipment is introduced. Continuous review guarantees that the workforce follows the most recent and effective safety guidelines. 7. Regular Training Safety isn’t a one-time lesson but a continuous learning process. Regular safety training sessions ensure that employees remain updated on best practices. These sessions can also address and rectify any unsafe behaviors observed during regular inspections. Training sessions are a refresher course for experienced employees and an essential foundation for new hires. They instill a safety culture and remind everyone of their role in maintaining a safe work environment. 8. Engage Workers Direct engagement with employees can provide invaluable insights into the safety conditions of a workplace. Those who are on the front lines and engage in daily tasks often have firsthand knowledge of potential hazards that might be overlooked by higher management. Creating open forums or platforms where employees can discuss safety concerns, provide feedback, and offer suggestions can pave the way for a safer work environment. It also fosters a sense of collective responsibility where every employee feels accountable for the safety of their peers. 9. Analyze Trends A systematic approach to safety includes keeping comprehensive records of any safety-related events, including near-misses and minor incidents. Over time, these records can reveal patterns or trends. For example, certain tasks may consistently show higher risks, or specific times of the day might correlate with more accidents. Recognizing these trends allows companies to introduce targeted interventions, perhaps altering work schedules or refining certain processes, ensuring a more effective response to identified risks. 10. Promote a Safety Culture A company’s culture can significantly influence employee behavior. By placing safety at the heart of organizational values and consistently reinforcing its importance, a company sends a clear message to its employees: their well-being is a top priority. When employees feel that their safety is genuinely valued, not just in words but in daily practices and investments, they are intrinsically motivated to act safely and uphold safety standards. This intrinsic motivation can be a more powerful deterrent to unsafe behavior than any external punishment. 11. Use Technology Rapid technological advancements offer many tools to enhance workplace safety. Surveillance cameras can monitor vast areas, ensuring that safety protocols are consistently followed. Wearable technologies can track physiological parameters, indicating when an employee might be tired or stressed. Machines with sensors and safety measures can automatically shut down under unsafe conditions or alert operators to potential hazards. Incorporating these technologies can significantly elevate safety monitoring and intervention in the workplace. 12. Encourage Reporting A transparent and open reporting system is a cornerstone of a safe workplace. There might be a tendency among workers to overlook or not report minor incidents for fear of repercussions. Companies can get a realistic view of their safety status by establishing a culture where reporting is encouraged, and employees understand that their reports will be used for improvement rather than punishment. Every report, including minor incidents or near-misses, can provide insights contributing to a comprehensive safety strategy. 13. Review Environmental Factors The physical environment in which employees work can promote safety or introduce hazards. Factors such as inadequate lighting can lead to trips and falls. Loud noise can hinder communication and lead to auditory health issues, and poor ventilation can result in respiratory problems or a buildup of harmful substances. Regularly reviewing the workplace environment, followed by necessary adjustments, ensures that the workplace space supports their safety and well-being. 14. Hire or Consult Experts Even with the best intentions and efforts, safety aspects might be overlooked simply due to familiarity. Hiring or consulting with external safety experts can provide a fresh and objective perspective. These professionals, equipped with specialized training and experience from diverse environments, can identify potential hazards, suggest best practices from other industries, and help devise effective safety strategies. Their expertise can bridge gaps in a company’s safety approach and foster a more comprehensive safety environment. Different Examples Of Unsafe Behavior In The Workplace Unsafe behaviors in the workplace can vary depending on the specific work environment, the nature of the job, and the industry. However, here are some general examples across various sectors: - Improper Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Personal protective equipment is the first defense against workplace hazards. Not wearing safety goggles in environments with the potential for flying debris exposes workers’ eyes to potential injury. - Unsafe Handling of Tools and Equipment: Tools and equipment are integral to many job roles, but their misuse can be hazardous. When employees operate tools without the necessary training, they may inadvertently create risks for themselves and those around them. Machines without safety guards or with such guards improperly removed can lead to severe injuries. Moreover, using damaged or malfunctioning equipment can unpredictably fail and endanger the user and nearby workers. - Ignoring Lockout/Tagout Procedures: Lockout/Tagout procedures are implemented to ensure machinery isn’t accidentally started during maintenance or servicing. Ignoring these procedures can lead to unexpected machine startups, potentially causing injury to those working on or around the equipment. - Overexertion and Poor Ergonomics: Physical strain and ergonomically unsound work environments can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Lifting heavy objects without aid or proper technique can strain the back or other body parts. Non-ergonomic office settings can lead to repetitive strain injuries, affecting the worker’s long-term health and productivity. - Working Under the Influence: The consumption of alcohol, drugs, or certain medications can impair judgment, reflexes, and concentration. Being at work under such influence greatly increases the risk of accidents, potentially endangering the individual and colleagues. - Bypassing Safety Procedures: In the interest of saving time, employees might sometimes take shortcuts, neglecting standard operating procedures. These procedures exist to ensure safety, and bypassing them can inadvertently introduce risks. - Poor Housekeeping: An unkempt work environment poses multiple hazards. Spills that aren’t promptly cleaned can become slipping hazards. Improper storage of tools or materials after use can lead to tripping accidents or create obstacles during emergencies. - Horseplay or Non-professional Behavior: Engaging in pranks or casual play, especially around machinery or equipment, is a recipe for accidents. Such behaviors divert attention from the task and can compromise safety systems or protocols. - Working on Unsafe Surfaces: Operating on unstable, wet, or cluttered surfaces without taking precautions can lead to falls or equipment mishaps, potentially causing severe injuries. - Ignoring Fire Safety Procedures: Fire safety is paramount in any work setting. Blocking fire exits can impede evacuation during emergencies. Overloading power outlets or malfunctioning electrical equipment can be potential fire hazards, endangering the workplace. - Ignoring Confined Space Protocols: Confined spaces present unique dangers, including limited oxygen or the presence of toxic gases. Entering these spaces without proper training equipment or neglecting entry and exit procedures can be life-threatening. - Improper Handling or Storage of Hazardous Materials: Handling chemicals without the necessary protective equipment exposes workers to potential chemical burns or toxic exposure. Storing flammable materials close to ignition sources or improperly disposing of hazardous waste can lead to fires, explosions, or environmental hazards. - Distracted Working: Being engrossed in non-work-related tasks, such as texting or using the phone while operating machinery, divides attention and significantly heightens the risk of accidents. - Not Reporting Hazards: When employees observe potential hazards but choose not to report them, they leave the entire workplace at risk. Early reporting can prevent larger mishaps in the future. - Exceeding Speed Limits: In places like warehouses, where vehicles are frequently used, exceeding set speed limits or not yielding to pedestrians can lead to collisions, potentially causing injuries or property damage. - Working Beyond Physical or Mental Limits: Continuous work without adequate breaks leads to fatigue. Fatigued workers may have decreased attention spans and slowed reactions, making them more prone to mistakes and accidents. - Ignoring Fall Protection: Working at heights without using safety harnesses or other fall protection measures exposes workers to the risk of severe injuries from falls, a leading cause of fatalities in several industries. Consequences Of Unsafe Behavior In The Workplace Unsafe behavior in the workplace can have dire consequences, affecting both individuals and organizations. Here are some of the significant outcomes of such behavior: - Physical Injuries and Fatalities: The most immediate and severe consequence of unsafe behavior is the potential for physical injury or death. This can range from minor cuts and bruises to major injuries, such as fractures, burns, or even fatalities. - Mental and Emotional Trauma: Even if physical injuries are not sustained, witnessing accidents or being in unsafe conditions can lead to stress, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). - Decreased Worker Morale: A workplace that doesn’t prioritize safety can decrease employee morale and motivation. They may feel that their well-being isn’t valued, leading to disengagement. - Reduced Productivity: With decreased morale and potential injuries, productivity can decline. Employees might work more slowly to ensure their safety or a reduced workforce could be due to injury-related absences. - Financial Implications: Accidents and unsafe conditions can result in significant financial burdens for companies. These can arise from medical expenses, compensation claims, legal fees, equipment repair or replacement, and potential fines from regulatory bodies. - Legal Consequences: Failure to comply with safety regulations can result in legal repercussions, including lawsuits, fines, and, in extreme cases, imprisonment for responsible parties. - Reputation Damage: Serious accidents or a record of unsafe practices can harm a company’s reputation. This can affect its relationship with clients, investors, and the public, potentially leading to lost business opportunities. - Increased Insurance Premiums: A history of workplace accidents can result in higher insurance premiums for businesses, increasing operational costs. - Training and Replacement Costs: Organizations might need to invest in training replacements in severe injuries or fatalities. This not only implies direct training costs but also the time it takes for new employees to reach the productivity level of their predecessors. - Property Damage: Unsafe behavior can damage machinery, tools, and infrastructure. Repairing or replacing these can be costly and time-consuming. - Loss of Skilled Workers: Experienced injured workers may be unable to return to their former roles, leading to a loss of skills and expertise for the company. - Interruptions in Operations: Accidents can cause operations interruptions, leading to production or service delivery delays, which can subsequently affect profitability and customer relationships. - Long-term Health Issues: Exposure to hazardous substances or chronic neglect of safety measures can result in long-term health issues for employees, such as respiratory problems, hearing loss, or chronic pain. In essence, the consequences of unsafe behavior in the workplace go far beyond immediate physical harm. They ripple through various aspects of an organization, from financial health to reputation and operational capabilities. Prioritizing safety is not just a moral duty but a pragmatic one, ensuring the longevity and success of an organization. Prevention And Intervention Strategies Prevention and intervention strategies play a pivotal role in mitigating risks and ensuring safety in the workplace. These strategies can help proactively address potential hazards and unsafe behaviors before they escalate to critical incidents. Here’s a breakdown of some of the most effective prevention and intervention tactics: - Risk Assessment: Before implementing any safety measures, organizations should conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential hazards and evaluate the severity and likelihood of each risk. This assessment serves as a foundation for subsequent safety strategies. - Comprehensive Safety Training: Regular safety training sessions ensure that all employees know the potential hazards associated with their roles and understand the best practices to mitigate these risks. This training should be updated and repeated periodically. - Clear Communication: Establishing open communication channels allows employees to report hazards, near misses, or unsafe behaviors without fear of repercussions. Clear signage and labels also help reinforce safe practices. - Implementing Safe Work Procedures: Clearly defined standard operating procedures (SOPs), which emphasize safety, should be in place. These SOPs should be easily accessible and regularly updated based on feedback and new information. - Regular Safety Audits and Inspections: Periodic safety audits and inspections help identify unsafe conditions or behaviors that might have been previously overlooked. By catching and addressing these early, the potential for accidents can be reduced. - Maintenance of Equipment and Infrastructure: Ensuring all machinery, tools, and infrastructure are in good condition and operating as intended is essential. Regular maintenance checks and prompt repairs can prevent malfunctions that might lead to accidents. - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Supplying and mandating appropriate PPE for specific tasks reduces the risk of injuries. Training should also be provided on the correct usage and maintenance of PPE. - Emergency Response Plans: Every workplace should have emergency response plans for various scenarios (fire, chemical spill, power outage, etc.). These plans should be communicated to all employees and practiced through drills. - Health and Wellness Programs: Health and wellness programs can reduce the risk of injuries related to overexertion, stress, or chronic medical conditions. These programs can include ergonomic assessments, mental health resources, and physical fitness initiatives. - Feedback Loop: Encourage employees to provide feedback on safety measures, potential improvements, and concerns. This collaborative approach can uncover insights that management might not be aware of. - Use of Technology: Advanced technologies, such as wearables that detect fatigue or exposure to hazardous substances, surveillance cameras, and machinery with built-in safety measures, can enhance workplace safety. - Encourage a Safety Culture: Cultivate a workplace where safety is a shared responsibility. Recognize and reward safe behaviors and practices, ensuring safety becomes a core value. - Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs): EAPs support employees facing personal problems, such as substance abuse or emotional distress, that might compromise their safety or that of others. - Incident Analysis and Reporting: After any incident, conduct a thorough analysis to understand its root cause. Lessons learned from these analyses should inform adjustments to existing safety measures. In conclusion, prevention and intervention strategies in the workplace must be holistic, involving not just top-down directives but also grassroots involvement and feedback. When safety becomes a collaborative effort with everyone invested in it, the chances of accidents and injuries can be substantially reduced. Safety is the lighthouse guiding organizational practices in the dynamic realm of workplace environments. Recognizing and addressing unsafe behaviors is not just a legal or moral obligation but a pivotal component of a thriving, productive workplace. Companies can foster a culture of mutual respect, care, and responsibility by identifying these behaviors, understanding their consequences, and implementing robust prevention and intervention strategies. As we’ve explored, unsafe behaviors can have far-reaching implications beyond immediate physical harm. But with awareness, proactive action, and continuous commitment, businesses can navigate these challenges, ensuring that every employee, regardless of their role, is safeguarded. Ultimately, a safe workplace is not just about preventing accidents; it’s about building trust, promoting well-being, and laying the foundation for sustained organizational success. 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What does high functioning autistic mean 10 Symptoms of High-Functioning Autism - Emotional Sensitivity - Fixation on Particular Subjects or Ideas - Linguistic Oddities - Social Difficulties - Problems Processing Physical Sensations - Devotion to Routines - Development of Repetitive or Restrictive Habits - Dislike of Change - Focus on Self - Unusual Movement Patterns In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). This edition of the DSM had some important changes to the way autism is diagnosed. Previously, diagnoses like Asperger’s Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder were used to describe individuals at the extreme ends of the autism spectrum. High-functioning autism and Asperger’s are not an official medical diagnosis, but rather unofficial terms used to describe individuals who have mild symptoms of autism. Parents and providers in the field may still refer to these terms to indicate a level of support or degree of disability. With the DSM-5, those diagnoses all fall under “Autism Spectrum Disorders.” Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder now include a level of severity in their diagnosis. What would have been known as high functioning autism or Asperger’s is now considered ASD Level 1. Regardless of the terms used, early identification of autism spectrum disorders is crucial. Diagnosis rates for autism continue to rise, especially as parents and professionals become more familiar with the symptoms of Level 1 ASD or high functioning autism. Tools like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) help psychologists and other therapists make an official diagnosis. Many patients are getting the assistance they need to live full, productive lives because their unusual behaviors are no longer seen as simple social awkwardness or eccentricity. As more caring medical and mental health professionals learn to recognize the most common signs of high functioning autism, the number of interventions available to people with autism will rise. See Also: What are the 10 Most Common Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Emotional SensitivityAlthough often overlooked, sensitivity to emotions is one of the most common symptoms of high functioning autism. These individuals can function in day-to-day life but struggle to control their emotions the same way that neurotypical, or non-autistic people, are able to do. For example, a frustrating morning experience like running out of milk or being cut off while driving can cause irritability and difficulty concentrating for the rest of the day. People with autism spectrum disorder may also have unusually intense emotional reactions compared to the rest of the population. Fixation on Particular Subjects or IdeasContinually discussing the same topics in conversation, obsessively playing the same song repeatedly, or reading every article written about a certain topic are signs of high-functioning autism in adults and adolescents. These interests can be negative if they take over the individual’s life or interfere with their relationships with others. Of course, these obsessive tendencies can also be helpful; Dan Aykroyd, writer and star in the hit film Ghostbusters, was inspired by his focus on ghosts and the paranormal. Many other high-functioning autistic individuals have used their focus on mathematics, biology, or writing to inspire successful careers. Linguistic OdditiesChildren on the low-functioning end of the autism spectrum usually struggle with: - learning to speak - building vocabulary - holding conversations with others Individuals with signs of high-functioning autism may start talking much earlier than normal and often display an impressive vocabulary. They may find conversations with others boring or difficult to follow and may avoid speaking with their peers. An autistic person may simply seem eccentric during conversations as their diverse vocabularies, frequent interruptions or focus on particular topics seem like oddities rather than neurological symptoms. Social DifficultiesParents and teachers may notice that young autistics have problems interacting with their peers. These high-functioning autism symptoms in children and teenagers can include: - a limited social circle - problems sharing toys or materials - difficulty completing group work Sometimes youth are considered shy, quirky or socially awkward when they are truly dealing with autism spectrum disorder. These kids need counseling services to help them learn social rules, as the problems with interacting with others usually stem from a lack of understanding appropriate behavior with peers. They have a difficult time recognizing social cues and body language. Early intervention from mental health professionals can help autistic youth learn the best ways to interact with their classmates and potential friends. Problems Processing Physical SensationsMany individuals with autism have sensory difficulties. They may have an intolerance to specific: Noisy public places can lead to emotional distress, as can uncomfortable clothing or unwanted touches. These issues can be disruptive and stressful, but according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, autism symptoms can improve over time as children with mild autism learn to regulate their own behavior through work with professionals. Many individuals on the autism spectrum can benefit from occupational therapy to manage sensory issues. An occupational therapist can create goals and strategies for the individual to work on. They might meet with the individual one day a week or a couple days, depending on the person’s needs. Devotion to RoutinesPeople with high-functioning autism are typically devoted to routines. They may stick with routines developed for them by others, such as reading for exactly 15 minutes before going to bed or brushing their teeth exactly five minutes after eating a meal. Any sort of deviation from the routine could cause frustration. Examples include: - A parent needing to help a sick sibling at bedtime instead of reading a bedtime story - The school bus running late and missing first period - A snowstorm causing school to be cancelled The person with high-functioning autism may devote an exorbitant amount of time to performing their routines to the detriment of: Repetitive habits may also be symptoms of high-functioning autism in adults. Those habits could interfere with the person’s ability to do what they need to do or what others want them to do. One type of repetitive habit might be related to movement. The individual might have to tie and untie their shoes multiple times before they are satisfied and are able to start walking or leave the house. Some high functioning autistic people also develop restrictive habits that interfere with socially accepted living. For example, an individual might refuse to wear any other kind of shirt than a tee shirt. This could impact their health and well-being if they live in a place with cold weather. Dislike of ChangeOne of the hallmark high functioning autism symptoms is a strong dislike of change. An individual might eat the same meal every day for breakfast, and they may eat it in the same quantity, on the same dish, and in the same place. Any disruption or change in the routine could cause an outburst in the individual. For example, if the usual brand of peanut butter has run out, and a different brand has been purchased instead, the person with high-functioning autism may have an outburst of anger or frustration. If someone has used their preferred dish, they may have a similar outpouring of volatility. Focus on SelfPeople with high-functioning autism may have trouble developing deep social relationships with others. Part of this issue also includes an inordinate focus on self. A person with high-functioning autism may spend an excessive amount of time talking about themselves, not allowing another person to share a complete thought or response. This makes carrying on a conversation difficult. In the family or household setting, a person with high-functioning autism may only think of themselves when doing activities. For example, they might pour themselves a drink without asking if anyone else would also like a drink. They might take more than what others perceive as a fair share of a snack or treat, genuinely not thinking that others might also want some of the items. Unusual Movement PatternsA person with high-functioning autism may have unusual movement patterns. Toe walking is a common movement disorder. The person may walk on their toes or the ball and the toes of the feet without putting much bodyweight on the other parts of the foot. This can result in foot pain in the ball, hammertoe, or bunion from the excessive pressure. The shoes and socks may wear out in the forefoot area much faster than in the heel area. People who walk on their toes may experience more foot injuries, such as blisters, calluses, and corns on their footpads and toes. Toe walking is more common in young children and people with musculoskeletal, explains the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Related Resource: Top 20 Best Applied Behavior Analysis Programs Not all individuals with autism exhibit physical tics or an inability to maintain social ties. High functioning autistic individuals usually present symptoms not originally associated with autism. Helping professionals must continue to push for recognition of the range of behaviors associated with the autism spectrum. Familiarity with these ten symptoms of high-functioning autism helps providers, parents, teachers and others coordinate the early treatment of a person with this condition. Resources like Autism Speaks can also provide parents and professionals with support and helpful ideas. - 20 Autism Charities Worthy of Your Donations - 30 Great Jobs for People on the Autism Spectrum - How Can Speech Improve in Nonverbal Children with Autism? - What are Distress Tolerance Skills? Asperger's, Autism Levels & More High-functioning autism isn’t an official medical diagnosis. It’s often used to refer to autistic people who read, write, speak, and manage life skills without much assistance. High-functioning autism isn’t an official medical diagnosis. It’s often used to refer to autistic people who read, write, speak, and manage life skills without much assistance. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that’s characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. Some autistic people need minimal support, while others require substantial support on a daily basis. This is why autism is now referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). High-functioning autism is often used to refer to those with lower support needs. Read on to learn more about it. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was updated and released in 2013. Before its most recent update, the DSM used to detail a condition known as Asperger’s syndrome. People diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome had several symptoms in common with autistic people, but they didn’t have delays in: - the use of language - cognitive development - the development of age-appropriate self-help skills - the development of adaptive behavior - the development of curiosity about their environment Their symptoms were often milder and less likely to affect their daily lives than the symptoms of autistic people. They may even have been perceived as “high-functioning.” However, high-functioning autism has never been an official clinical diagnosis, and Asperger’s syndrome was eliminated from the DSM-5 along with some other neurodevelopmental disorders. People who have these types of difficulties with social interaction and communication or who display repetitive or restrictive behavior would now simply be diagnosed with ASD. This is regardless of how much support they may need. ASD is divided into three levels: - Level 1. People at this level may have symptoms that don’t interfere too much with their work, school, or relationships. This is what most people are referring to when they use the terms high-functioning autism or Asperger’s syndrome. - Level 2. People at this level require some outside support on a daily basis. Examples of outside support include speech therapy and social skills training. - Level 3. People at this level require substantial outside support on a daily basis. In some cases, support may include full-time aides or intensive therapy. While it’s difficult to determine a person’s ASD level, trained psychologists have some tools that can help them accomplish this, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). This assessment is typically paired with a thorough developmental history. ASD can be diagnosed as early as 18 months. However, many children, and even some adults, may not be diagnosed until much later. Being diagnosed at a later age can make support more difficult. If you or your child’s pediatrician think they may be autistic, consider making an appointment with an ASD specialist. Learn more about testing for ASD. There aren’t any standardized recommendations for different levels of ASD. Support depends on each person’s unique symptoms. People with different levels of ASD may all need the same kinds of support, but those with level 2 or level 3 ASD will likely need more intensive, long-term support than those with level 1 ASD. Potential ASD support includes: - Speech therapy. ASD can cause a variety of speech issues. Some autistic people might not be able to speak at all, while others might have trouble engaging in conversations with others. Speech therapy can help to address a range of speech problems. Learn more about speech disorders. - Physical therapy. Some autistic people have trouble with motor skills. This can make actions such as jumping, walking, or running difficult. Physical therapy can help to strengthen muscles and improve motor skills. - Occupational therapy. Occupational therapy can help you learn how to use your hands, legs, or other body parts more efficiently. This can make daily tasks and working easier. - Sensory training. Autistic people are often sensitive to sounds, lights, and touch. Sensory training helps people become more comfortable with sensory input. - Applied behavioral analysis (ABA). This is a technique that encourages positive or helpful behaviors while decreasing behaviors that interfere with functionality. There are several types of applied behavioral analysis (ABA), but most use a reward system. - Medication. While there aren’t any medications designed to treat ASD, certain medications can help to manage specific symptoms, such as depression or emotional lability. High-functioning autism isn’t a medical term, and it doesn’t have a clear definition. People using this term are likely referring to something similar to level 1 ASD. It may also be comparable to Asperger’s syndrome, a condition not currently recognized by the APA. If you think that you or your child have any of the symptoms of ASD, see a doctor or specialist. Blogs can be another great source of support. Why is it so hard to live with "high functioning" autism? ASD expert on the myths and challenges of high functioning autism Author: Lisa Jo Rudy The spectrum of autism is very wide. If you think of it as a rainbow (or bell curve), you will notice that a significant proportion of the people on the spectrum do not belong to one side or the other - they are somewhere in the middle. Of course, at this point in history we don't have evidence that MOST people on the autism spectrum are "somewhere in between," but it's clear that the media tends to focus on only the two extremes of autism - the most severely disabled and the most highly functioning people. nine0003 If you look at autism through the eyes of journalists, high-functioning autism is a bunch of eccentric geniuses. Often mentioned are Bill Gates, Albert Einstein, as well as actors Dan Ackroyd and Daryl Hannah. In other words, we are talking about people who simply stand out from the background of others. However, in real life, the concept of "high-functioning autistic" rarely coexists with such epithets as "genius", "business tycoon" and "Hollywood star". In fact, people with high-functioning autism may be no more intelligent than their typical peers. And they may completely lack the motivation to achieve public recognition, which at one time forced Bill Gates to look for investors, and Einstein to publish an article. nine0003 They may also experience significant difficulties in daily activities, employment or personal life, and this often leads to low self-esteem. These problems are greatly exacerbated by the fact that others constantly react to them with bewilderment or indignation. The reason is that in many situations people with high-functioning autism "pass for normal" and are not expected to behave or respond in an unusual way. Also, people with more severe autism are not usually required to "just pull themselves together and act normal" in difficult situations for them, but people on the higher end of the spectrum are often expected to do just that. nine0003 Finally, people with high-functioning autism tend to be very aware of their own difficulties and may be very distressed by the negative reactions of others. Here are just a few common problems people with high functioning autism (including those diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome) often get in the way of their success and happiness: Severe sensory impairment. People with high functioning autism, like everyone on this spectrum, are susceptible to sensory processing disorders. This can include mild to severe hypersensitivity to noise, crowds, bright lights, certain tastes, strong smells, and touch. In practice, this means that even a very gifted and eloquent person may be completely unable to enter a crowded restaurant, go to a movie, or endure going to a supermarket, a stadium, or other public places. nine0003 Social blindness. What is the difference between a polite greeting and a light flirt? How do you know if you're talking too loudly? When is it okay to talk about personal problems or interests, and when is it best to refrain from doing so? When is it important to stop doing what you enjoy and focus on the needs of the other person? Most people have trouble answering these questions, but if you have high-functioning autism, they can become insurmountable barriers to communication, employment, and romance. nine0003 Anxiety and depression. Anxiety disorders, depression, and other emotional disturbances are much more common in people with high-functioning autism than in the general population. We don't know if autism leads to these disorders, or if it's just a natural consequence of frequent failure and social rejection. But whatever the cause, emotional disturbances can be disabling in and of themselves. Lack of skills in planning one's actions. nine0009 The skills we use to organize and plan our lives are called executive functions. They allow NT adults to plan ahead for their daily routine, notice when they run out of shampoo and buy more on the way home, or plan work on a complex long-term project. Most people with high-functioning autism have very severe executive dysfunction. As a result, it is extremely difficult for them to cope with household chores, the slightest change in their usual routine can be a disaster for them, and so on. nine0003 Problems of emotional regulation. Contrary to popular belief, people with autism do not suffer from lack of emotion. Moreover, people with autism can become overly emotional in inappropriate situations. Imagine a teenager crying over a change in plans, or a grown woman having a tantrum because her car wouldn't start. These are examples of typical problems for people with high functioning autism that can be very successful, but ONLY in predictable situations without unexpected obstacles. nine0003 Problems with changes and transitions. Many neurotypicals find it difficult to adapt to change, but for people with high-functioning autism, this is a problem on a completely different level. Once a familiar and comfortable routine has been established, people with autism generally want to keep that routine forever. An autistic adult can go out with friends every Wednesday for nachos without any problems, but the idea of going out on Thursdays for chicken wings instead can cause a panic attack and even anger. nine0003 Difficulties with oral speech perception. A person with high-functioning autism may be ready to do a task given to him brilliantly, but if the instructions were given to him orally, then there is a risk that he simply will not be able to follow them. For example, if a police officer says "stay in the car and hand me your papers," a person with autism might only make out "stay in the car" or only "hand over the papers." The same may apply to instruction in the classroom, in the doctor's office, or in the workplace. As you might guess, this often leads to all sorts of difficulties, ranging from problems with the police to unintentional mistakes at work. nine0003 As you can see, the term "highly functional" means just that. However, this does not mean that high-functioning autism is an “easy” diagnosis. It is important for loved ones, employers, teachers, or others who interact with people on the high end of the autism spectrum to remember that autism is autism. We hope that the information on our website will be useful or interesting for you. You can support people with autism in Russia and contribute to the work of the Foundation by clicking on the "Help" button. nine0003 Autism in Adults, Research Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be diagnosed at 1-3 years of age, but often overlooked or misunderstood by professionals and parents interpret his symptoms. The more high-functioning, milder form of autism (Asperger's syndrome) is especially often overlooked. In this case, the diagnosis is usually not made until school age, and it is not uncommon for such autism to be diagnosed only in adolescence or adulthood. nine0003 Even if the diagnosis was made late, this does not mean that the symptoms of autism appeared at this age, they were present from early childhood. Moreover, it is an official and mandatory criterion for diagnosing autism - symptoms must be present from early preschool age. Listed below are several factors that contribute to the fact that the symptoms of high-functioning autism can be ignored for a long time. People with high functioning autism (Asperger's syndrome) do not have intellectual difficulties, some of them even have unusually high intelligence. This may lead them to learn to camouflage, that is, whether consciously or not, to mask or hide the manifestations of autism. This child may have behavioral problems and unusual features. But at the same time, his or her ability to understand academic subjects well, high IQ test scores, and a large vocabulary can lead educators and parents to start looking for other, incorrect explanations for these problems. Even doctors often miss the manifestations of autism if a child can use spoken language well. nine0003 Often these children's strengths help them cope more or less normally in kindergarten or elementary school, where they have only minor problems. But in middle school, learning tasks become more abstract, require more advanced speech skills, and social interaction becomes more and more multifaceted. At this age, the initial symptoms of autism begin to get more attention as the child has more problems as demands increase. nine0003 Also, many people with high-functioning autism develop skills in how to hide, compensate for, or temporarily suppress the manifestations of autism. If they are often told to “look in the eyes”, “don’t sway” or “don’t shake your hands”, don’t talk too much on the same topic, they may begin to hide these symptoms in the presence of strangers, and also begin to withhold information that may indicate autism. If there are no obvious external symptoms of autism, then this makes diagnosis much more difficult. nine0003 It is not uncommon for children with high-functioning autism to be misdiagnosed, or to be correctly diagnosed with a co-morbid disorder but the associated autism not noticed. As a result, all the child's problems begin to be attributed to this other diagnosis. Children with high-functioning autism are often diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia, and other developmental or mental health problems. nine0003 If a child has a different diagnosis, they may not be diagnosed with autism until adulthood. According to one 2019 study, 10.3% of adults with autism were misdiagnosed with ADHD as children, while 12.1% of children diagnosed with ADHD were subsequently diagnosed with autism. These data are not surprising when one considers that one in three autistic children have serious attention deficits. For adults, the explanation may simply be that, in their childhood, diagnostic criteria did not yet include more high-functioning forms of autism. Asperger's Syndrome only appeared in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1994, even though there were many children with symptoms of high-functioning autism prior to that year. In 2013, the fifth version of the guidelines was published, in which Asperger's syndrome disappeared as a diagnosis, and it was replaced by level 1 autism spectrum disorder. nine0003 Usually these people received other diagnoses, as autism was considered too extreme a diagnosis for a person with a normal level of intelligence and well-developed speech. Often these people did not seek diagnosis in adulthood, so now more and more autism is being diagnosed in middle-aged and even older people. Some studies have shown that girls and women are particularly likely to miss high-functioning autism. Overall, autism is four times more likely to be diagnosed in boys and men than in women and girls, although the reasons for this are unclear. nine0003 Are girls less likely to be autistic? There is evidence that their behavior (discomfort in social situations, problems with motor coordination, avoidance of large groups of people) can be considered feminine, and therefore less likely to be seen as a problem. On the other hand, there is evidence that girls with high-functioning autism may behave differently than autistic boys: they are less aggressive, more likely to imitate other people, and make more efforts to fit in with their peers. nine0003 One 2015 study found that women may have more genetic immunity to some manifestations of autism (this theory is called the female protective effect). According to this theory, the symptoms of autism manifest differently in women and girls, and therefore they may have more functional social behavior than autistic boys. While more research is needed to understand the causes, it is now clear that female gender in autism greatly reduces the likelihood of a correct diagnosis. nine0003 Statistically, children from poor families and/or ethnic minorities are much less likely to be diagnosed with autism. This is due to two main reasons. Firstly, it is obvious that if people have little money, they do not have the opportunity to take their child to paid consultations with specialists, go to another region or city for diagnostics, or find additional classes for early help. This is especially true in cases where the child does not have severe speech delay and the most severe symptoms of autism. As a result, the lower the income of the family, the less likely it is to be correctly diagnosed and the worse the prognosis for autistic children who have been diagnosed. nine0003 The second reason is related to different cultural characteristics. For example, in some ethnic communities, behavioral manifestations of high-functioning autism are not considered particularly problematic, or, conversely, any impairment in a child is considered completely unacceptable, and parents may avoid diagnosis and hide the characteristics of the child. 5 Reasons Why Symptoms of High-Functioning Autism May Not be Noticed • Autism is 1. Camouflage, masking symptoms 2. Misdiagnosis in early childhood 5. 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Discover key insights on 'how long can a bearded dragon go without heat' in pet care. A healthy adult Bearded Dragon can go without food for up to 2 weeks and without water for a few days. However, this does not mean it’s recommended or healthy for them. Younger Bearded Dragons should not go without food for more than a day or two. It’s always essential to ensure your Dragon has regular access to fresh food and clean water at all times to keep it healthy and thriving. If you’re intrigued by the world of pets and want to extend your knowledge further, explore our next read on a fascinating reptile species. Discover and enhance your understanding about “Bearded Dragons Drinking Habits: Learn and Improve Now!” . Understanding the Bearded Dragon's Habitat Having a solid understanding of a bearded dragon’s natural habitat is vital if you’re to keep one as a pet and provide the right care for it. Bearded dragons, reptiles of the Pogona genus, hail from the rugged, semi-arid, and arid regions of Australia. They experience extreme heat during the day, with temperatures soaring above 100°F, while nights can drop significantly cooler. Delving into their habitat will give you a crucial perspective on how long can a bearded dragon go without heat. Their habitat, fraught with rocky outcrops and desert scrub, has fine-tuned the bearded dragons to a life which is intimately tied with heat. In the wild, they are often found poised on rocks and branches, basking under the blistering Australian sun. This heat helps regulate their body temperature, stimulate their appetite, and aid their digestive processes. They also rely on temperature changes to cue different behaviors, such as feeding, basking, and sleeping. Nevertheless, like other ectotherms (cold-blooded animals), bearded dragons lack the capacity to generate body heat internally. They are reliant on external sources, and strategically shift from sunlit to shady areas to regulate their body temperature throughout the day. It is these harsh yet specific living conditions that they have evolved to withstand, which presents a particular set of conditions we must replicate in a domestic setting. Hence, when considering pet care responsibilities, understanding how long a bearded dragon can go without heat is paramount to ensure their survival. In conclusion, appreciating the intricate relationship between bearded dragons and their native habitat offers precious insights into their care requirement. This understanding forms the bedrock of setting up an effective and comforting environment for your bearded dragon at home. If you’ve found this deep dive into the natural habitat and heat needs of bearded dragons intriguing, you might also be interested in exploring other areas of their care and behavior. Discover how much sleep these fascinating creatures need! We also have numerous articles about different pets that you might love. Why Heat is Essential for Bearded Dragons Providing adequate heat for your bearded dragon is a fundamental aspect of creating a conducive habitat that mirrors their natural environment. Given the pivotal role heat plays in their lives, understanding the importance of heat for bearded dragons is crucial when considering their overall well-being. From a physiological perspective, bearded dragons, like all reptiles, are ectothermic or cold-blooded. This means that they depend significantly on external temperature sources to regulate their body functions. They do not produce their body’s heat like mammals; instead, they draw heat from their surrounding environment. Heat regulates their metabolic functions, playing a vital role in diverse processes ranging from digestion and energy production to proper immune system function. - Digestion: One of the primary roles of heat in a bearded dragon’s life is facilitating digestion. Bearded dragons bask in warm areas after meals to aid digestion. The consumed food is correctly processed and nutrients optimally absorbed, thanks to the much-needed warmth. Without it, they struggle with digestion, leading to discomfort, lethargy, and in severe cases, impaction. - Energy Production: Heat is also vital in maintaining the energy levels of bearded dragons. A warm bearded dragon is an active bearded dragon. Adequate heat levels encourage normal behaviors such as exploration, hunting, and social interaction, ensuring the overall well-being of your pet. - Immune Function: Lastly, heat helps in boosting the immune functions of bearded dragons. When exposed to adequate heat levels, their body can effectively combat infections and diseases. An adequately heated environment can thus contribute to a more robust immune system and better health for your Bearded Dragon. Considering these points, it is apparent that heat is not merely a comfort for bearded dragons but rather an existential necessity. Without it, they cannot carry out essential bodily functions, which is why you may often find yourself wondering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat. Upcoming sections will discuss that in detail, along with other aspects of maintaining suitable levels of heat for these delightful creatures. If you enjoyed learning about heat’s importance for bearded dragons, then you’ll likely also enjoy our tips on how to prevent your bearded dragon from overheating. Interested? Get helpful insights at Solutions for Overheated Bearded Dragons . Ideal Temperature Range for Bearded Dragons Understanding the ideal temperature range for your bearded dragon is crucial in setting up a comfortable and suitable pet enclosure. Bearded dragons are cold-blooded reptiles. Unlike mammals, they don’t possess the ability to regulate their body temperature externally. Therefore, they depend heavily on their environment to generate warmth and keep themselves cool. Generally, the recommended temperature for a bearded dragon during the day should range between 75°F to 85°F (24°C to 29°C) in the cooler section of the enclosure. The warmer zone, often referred to as the ‘basking spot’, should have a temperature of about 95°F to 105°F (35°C to 40°C). At night, the overall temperature should drop to around 65°F to 75°F (18°C to 24°C). Mind you, these are average figures and can slightly vary depending on the age and health condition of your bearded friend. The pet’s enclosure should mimic the diversity of temperature experienced in natural habitats. This way, bearded dragons can engage in a behavior called “thermoregulation,” where they move from cooler to hotter areas or vice versa to manage their body temperature. - Maintaining a gradient of temperature within the enclosure is important; it allows bearded dragons to choose their comfort zone thereby aiding their thermoregulation process. - Always monitor the enclosure’s temperature using a well-calibrated thermometer. Remember, every degree matters when it comes to a bearded dragon’s health and survival. - Creating a hot basking spot is necessary, but so is having a cooler area. If the enclosure is 100% hot, it can stress the bearded dragon, leading to severe health issues. If you’re wondering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, remind yourself that these creatures are adapted to endure drastic environmental changes. However, chronic exposure to low temperatures is harmful and may lead to severe health consequences. That is why ensuring the ideal temperature range is a vital part of bearded dragon care and should never be overlooked. So, now that we have covered temperature control for your bearded dragon, why not delve deeper into caring for your pet by exploring diet requirements? Follow through to our comprehensive guide: Feed Your Baby Bearded Dragon Right: The Ultimate Guide! , as you continue your journey towards becoming a responsible and informed bearded dragon owner. Impact of Low Temperature on Bearded Dragon's Health Just as high heat is integral to a bearded dragon’s healthy life, exposure to low temperature can significantly harm their health. Prolonged periods of cold temperature can lead to a state of thermal stress in bearded dragons which can disturb their bodily functions and might even lead to fatal health issues. A cold environment interferes with the digestion process in bearded dragons because of their ectothermic nature. When they’re not able to properly digest their food, it can rot inside their gut. This results in gastrointestinal issues that can range from mild discomfort to severe constipation or impaction. On a more serious note, extended exposure to low temperatures compromises the immune system of bearded dragons. It exposes them to the risk of respiratory infections, which are a common occurrence in colder habitats. - Respiratory Infections: Signs to watch for include fast breathing, wheezing and any form of mucus near nostrils or mouth. - Gastrointestinal Issues: Watch for signs like lack of appetite, uneaten food, or constipated feces. Improper thermoregulation can also lead to a slower metabolism, sluggish movements, and an overall lack of energy. Without adequate heat, a bearded dragon’s bodily functions slow down drastically which can also affect their growth and development, especially in juveniles. Suppose you find yourself wondering, “how long can a bearded dragon go without heat?” It’s important to remember each circumstance can be different. But, as with all pets, prevention is better than cure. Ensuring a bearded dragon has heat support that mimics its natural environment significantly reduces risks for these health issues. Long-lasting exposure to temperatures below their comfortable range can affect a bearded dragon’s lifespan, hence the importance of a carefully regulated enclosure. With this information, it becomes clear that the right temperature plays a crucial role in maintaining a bearded dragon’s well-being. While we have discussed how cold temperatures can affect the health of a bearded dragon, it’s also important to understand their climbing behavior and how to encourage playful physical activity. Learn more in the article, “Promoting Play in Bearded Dragons: The Art of Climbing” . Brumation: The Bearded Dragon’s Natural Survival Instinct When discussing the question of “how long can a bearded dragon go without heat”, we must take into account a unique metabolic process known as brumation. This natural instinct is the reptilian version of hibernation, allowing bearded dragons to survive in colder temperatures for an extended period of time. These fascinating creatures have evolved this strategy as a part of their life cycle to survive in their natural habitat of the Australian Outback, where temperatures can vary greatly. The occurrence of brumation happens generally in the colder seasons when the temperatures decline. During brumation, bearded dragons enter a state of dormancy, which involves slower metabolic activities, reduced body temperature, decreased heart rate, minimal movement and less frequent feeding. This state allows them to conserve energy and survive in cold temperatures without access to their usual heat sources. In contrast to typical daily behavior, a brumating bearded dragon may rest extensively and may even bury itself in a cool, dark place. It’s crucial to understand that brumation is not merely the capability to endure cold but is a natural part of a bearded dragon’s life cycle. It’s an inherent survival strategy that our domesticated bearded dragons continue to exhibit. However, in a domestic setting, brumation can vary greatly from one bearded dragon to another. Some might experience a full brumation cycle as they would in the wild, whilst others might exhibit a more modified version or no brumation at all. With regard to how long can a bearded dragon go without heat during brumation, it usually depends on the individual dragon’s ability to slow down its metabolic processes. Generally, brumation can last anywhere from a few weeks to several months. Throughout this period, they can’ve minimized need for external heat. - It is essential to monitor your pet closely during brumation, as an underheated environment can invite various health complications. - Regular vet check-ups are critical to ensure their health status and to rule out signs of illness that might mimic brumation symptoms. - Although feeding slows down, it is still essential to offer food and water, albeit less frequently, to keep them hydrated and nourished. - Special attention should be given to the enclosure conditions such as ensuring clean surroundings to prevent the risk of bacterial growth during this phase. In conclusion, while the very thought of ‘how long can a bearded dragon go without heat’ might sound alarming to a pet owner, understanding brumation can bring clarity and alleviate concerns. It highlights the hardy, resilient nature of these fascinating reptiles and their ability to adapt to changing environments. However, this doesn’t mitigate the necessity of a heated enclosure to maintain their well-being outside the brumation period. If you’ve enjoyed learning about brumation in bearded dragons and curious on how to train these fascinating pets, feel free to explore Bearded Dragon Training: Your Go-To Guide for Comprehensive Training Techniques! How Long Can a Bearded Dragon Go Without Heat? One of the myriad questions that pet owners often ask – how long can a bearded dragon go without heat? As ectothermic animals, bearded dragons heavily rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature, similar to other reptiles. They can indeed live for short periods without an external heat source but their survival heavily depends on the existing temperatures and other environmental conditions at that time. Under normal room temperatures (around 70-75°F), a bearded dragon can survive without heat for about 24 to 48 hours. However, the longer they are without heat, the more their body functions slow down, which can lead to significant health implications. The abovementioned timeline is purely approximate. It is crucial not to exploit their resilience since this is meant to be a safety net in emergencies – not a regular living condition. Mature bearded dragons usually handle the lower temperature better than younger ones – however, a nutritious diet and a steady heat source are always essential for their overall health. Moreover, how long a bearded dragon can go without heat also significantly depends on their overall health status and innate strength. It’s worth noting that starvation can last longer, extending up to a couple of weeks. However, this does not apply to the absence of heat, as the temperature directly affects the metabolic function, digestion process and the basic activity patterns of bearded dragons. Therefore, bear in mind that these approximations are given in the context of sudden power outages or heater malfunctions, which should not be commonplace for any responsible pet owner. In conclusion, while bearded dragons are certainly resilient creatures, it’s vital to ensure that they live in an environment that closely mimics their natural habitat for optimum health and longevity, which entails a consistent heat source. The absence of heat should not exceed 48 hours and the temperature must always be monitored to prevent irreversible health damage. If you are passionate about these fascinating creatures and curious to know if your bearded dragon can also feel bored, explore our insightful article titled Bearded Dragon Boredom: Stimulating Tips Within! to learn more about keeping your pet happily stimulated. Factors Influencing a Bearded Dragon's Cold Endurance The ability of a bearded dragon to survive without heat can vary greatly. Several factors come into play when determining how long a beareded dragon can withstand colder temperatures. Such factors are integral to understanding the cold endurance of these robust reptiles. The age of the bearded dragon can greatly influence how it deals with cold temperatures. For instance, babies and juvenile dragons are more susceptible to cold due to their smaller size and lesser body mass, unlike their more mature counterparts that have greater body mass, aiding them in heat retention. The size of the bearded dragon plays a role in its ability to conserve or retain heat. Larger bearded dragons have more body mass to generate and maintain heat, thereby making them more resilient to cold environments compared to smaller dragons. The general health of a bearded dragon could greatly affect how it handles cold temperatures. A healthy dragon with a strong immune system and a well-kept diet can combat the cold far better than a weak or sick bearded dragon. The preconditioning of a dragon to cold temperatures also affects its endurance. Bearded dragons that have gradually been exposed to a reduction in temperature often tend to cope better with cold conditions. Sudden exposure to cold can profoundly stress a dragon, thereby obscuring how long the dragon can go without heat. Paying attention to these factors is essential to understanding the question: ‘how long can a bearded dragon go without heat?’ It is a question that doesn’t have a straightforward ‘one-size-fits-all’ answer due to the complex interplay between these influencing factors. It is worth noting that owners should aim to prevent a situation where a bearded dragon goes without heat. Consistently balancing the temperature according to recommended standards is crucial in maintaining the health and overall well-being of these reptiles. Having understood the varying factors affecting a dragon’s ability to function without heat, continue expanding your knowledge about pet health. Learn further by exploring the comprehensive guide on dogs provided by CDC.GOV: Dogs \| Healthy Pets, Healthy People . Symptoms of Thermal Stress in Bearded Dragons It’s important for bearded dragon owners to be alert to signs that their pet is under thermal stress, or, in simpler terms, suffering from cold shock. It is necessary to identify and intervene early to prevent serious health sequelae. The question of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat is complex and varied, depending on each reptile’s age, health status, and their preconditioning to cold environments. However, there are general symptoms which might indicate that the reptile is undergoing thermal distress. - Reduced Activity Levels: One of the most common signs a beareded dragon is cold is a distinct reduction in their activity levels. They may seem listless, lethargic or reluctant to move around much, often preferring to stay in one spot. - Lower Food Intake: Bearded dragons without adequate heat often eat less. The digestive process in these reptiles is highly dependent on external heat. A colder environment might cause slower digestion, even to the point of complete cessation, causing the dragon to lose its appetite. - Changes in Coloration: Bearded dragons have the fantastic capability to change their color to suit their environmental needs. If your dragon is exhibiting darker colors more frequently, it could be a sign that they’re trying to absorb as much heat as possible. - Looking for Hideouts: If the bearded dragon is attempting to burrow or hide frequently, they may be trying to escape the cold. In their natural habitat, burrowing can help them escape from cold winds. Remember, these signs can also be indicative of other health issues. So, it’s crucial to continue to monitor your bearded dragon’s behavior closely and consult a professional reptile vet if there’s any cause for concern. If you’re left wondering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, remember – it’s a potentially dangerous situation that should be addressed as soon as possible. Handling Thermal Stresses and Emergency Situations In the unfortunate event of an emergency, the knowledge of how to appropriately react can be critical for a bearded dragon’s survival. If you’ve been wondering exactly how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, expert opinions vary. Although these resilient creatures are capable of brumating in cold temperatures, without proper heat, they can experience thermal stress or shock that is detrimental to their health. Chill temperatures typically lead to lethargy in bearded dragons, and if the cold conditions persist, their body functions may significantly slow down or cease. In such alarming situations, it’s crucial to understand that immediate heat restoration is the key. Here are some steps you can take: - Restore Heat Gradually: A sudden change in temperature may be more harmful than beneficial. Therefore, it’s crucial to gently bring the reptile back to its optimal temperature over a span of several hours. - Monitor your pet closely: After emergency heating procedures are implemented, keep a careful watch on your bearded dragon. Look for signs of recovery such as regained activity and appetite. - Consult a Herpetologist: In case your pet still seems under the weather, it would be beneficial to consult a professional, to rule out any possible health concerns arising from extreme temperature conditions. Remember, prompt action can help your pet recover faster. Regardless of how long a bearded dragon can go without heat, it’s fundamental to always have a heat source available to keep your pet happy and healthy! Expert Tips to Maintain Ideal Heating Conditions Creating and maintaining appropriate heating conditions for your pet dragon is paramount to its health and wellbeing. Here are some professional recommendations to maintain the right temperature in your bearded dragon’s habitat: - Monitor temperatures closely: Constant and precise monitoring of temperatures inside the enclosure is essential. A good quality digital thermometer or a temperature gun can help you get accurate readings. - Thermal gradient: Create a temperature gradient inside their habitat. The basking zone should be at the high end of their temperature range, while the cooler end should be at the lower end. This allows the bearded dragon to regulate its body temperature by moving within the enclosure. - Basking Spot: Within the enclosure, a basking spot is essential. It can be a smooth flat rock or branch placed under the heat lamp. - Right equipment: Using the right heat source is crucial. Heat lamps, infrared heat lamps, and heating rocks each have their pros and cons. Choose wisely based on your bearded dragon’s specific needs. Equip the enclosure with ceramic heat emitters or reptile heat pads for nighttime heating. - Consider the size of the enclosure: Smaller enclosures are easier to heat, but bigger ones offer more space for temperature gradient. Balance is key. Aim for a setup large enough for a heat gradient but small enough to maintain and regulate heat efficiently. Research about the ideal living conditions and temperature range for your bearded dragon and ensure these conditions are achieved, so your pet can thrive. Remember, the question should not be how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, but rather, how can you consistently provide it with the heat it needs to remain healthy. Providing a Balanced Environment Beyond Heat Owners of bearded dragons often focus a lot on temperature requirements, for good reason. However, while exploring the question, how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, it’s crucial not to forget that overall care for a bearded dragon extends far beyond just providing heat. A balanced environment involves a combination of several factors: - Appropriate Diet: A balanced diet is key to a healthy bearded dragon. They are omnivorous lizards, meaning they eat a combination of plant-based food, as well as insects like crickets and mealworms. Young bearded dragons require more protein in their diet, thus should have a larger proportion of insects. As they grow older, however, their diet should lean more towards vegetables such as leafy greens and select fruits. - Hydration: Bearded dragons also need regular access to water, even though they are naturally adapted to arid conditions. Some bearded dragons prefer to drink from a shallow dish, while others may prefer droplets of water on their skin or enclosure surfaces. - Regular Vet Check-ups: Routine veterinary check-ups are important to ensure your bearded dragon remains in good health. A professional can monitor its growth, weight, check for parasites or other health issues, and provide advice for any needed changes in care. Getting to grips with how long a bearded dragon go without heat is a fundamental part of their care, but owners must recognize the importance of other aspects to ensure their pet’s well-being. Remember, a holistic approach to care is the key to providing a long, healthy life for your pet bearded dragon. Proper Bearded Dragon Care and Lizard Pet Maintenance Bearded dragon care is often a favored topic among reptile enthusiasts due to the unique needs and rewarding relationship that comes with owning these exotic pets. However, it’s important to understand that maintaining a pet lizard, specifically a bearded dragon, goes beyond the basic requirement of providing heat and shelter. There are several aspects to consider when it comes to ensuring the overall well-being of your scaly companion. Feeding is a fundamental aspect of bearded dragon care. However, what and how often you feed your bearded dragon can depend on its size, age, and health condition. A balanced diet for a bearded dragon typically consists of a variety of insects, fruits, and vegetables. Keep in mind that not all food is safe for bearded dragons. Certain foods, like avocados and rhubarb, are toxic and should be avoided. - Younger bearded dragons usually require a diet higher in protein and should be fed once or twice daily. - Adult bearded dragons, on the other hand, do well with feeding every other day, with a diet composed more of veggies. Hygiene and cleanliness are another critical aspect of bearded dragon care. Regular tank cleanings, along with occasional bathing, can help prevent bacterial and fungal infections. It’s advised to spot clean the tank daily and perform a complete cleaning at least once a week. Providing clean, dechlorinated water for drinking and bathing is also necessary for a healthy bearded dragon. Maintaining proper heating, lighting, and humidity are significant for their survival. However, let’s not forget the importance of regular vet check-ups. Regular health assessments can help in early detection of any health issues, ensuring that your bearded dragon lives a long, healthy life. Understanding how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, or what to feed them might seem like the most critical parts of pet care, but nothing replaces proper love, attention, and regular interaction. These creatures can be surprisingly social and often thrive when they feel safe and loved in their human-made habitats. So, whether you’re a seasoned herpetologist or a newbie lizard owner, remember that a bearded dragon’s care involves a wide range of components. This makes their care unique, but also a gratifying experience once you get the hang of it. Choosing the Right Heat Source: Heat lamps, Infrared Heat Lamps, Heating Rocks The proper care of a bearded dragon necessitates a balanced and sustainable heating source. It is well known that bearded dragons are cold-blooded reptiles from the arid regions of Australia, thus, to mimic their natural habitat and ensure their well-being, choosing the right heat source is of paramount importance. The topic of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat is often debated amongst lizard pet enthusiasts. However, the consensus remains that maintaining the right heat conditions is essential for a pet’s health and longevity. Common sources of heat for bearded dragons are heat lamps, infrared heat lamps, and heating rocks. They each have their benefits and limitations; understanding these can help you make the best choice for your bearded dragon. Heat Lamps: Heat lamps are the most commonly used heat source. They not only provide heat but also create a natural lighting cycle, which is integral to a bearded dragon’s physiological functions. However, they need to be used cautiously as an improper setup can result in burns on your pet. Infrared Heat Lamps: Infrared heat lamps are excellent for providing nighttime heat as they do not emit visible light. They ensure that your bearded dragon remains warm during the night without disrupting their light cycle. However, their heat distribution isn’t as consistent as conventional heat lamps. Heating Rocks: Operating on the concept of belly heat, heating rocks aim to mimic the warm rocks found in a bearded dragon’s natural habitat. These rocks are heated electrically and provide a comfortable lounging spot for the lizard. However, they can sometimes get too hot and cause burns, making the heat lamp or infrared lamp a better primary heat source. In conclusion, how long a bearded dragon can go without heat greatly depends on the quality and consistency of their heating source. Therefore, when choosing the right heat source, it is imperative to consider your pet’s safety, comfort, and overall well-being. Remember, maintaining an ideal temperature not only ensures your bearded dragon’s physical health but also contributes to their behavioral wellness and life span. Understanding Bearded Dragon Behavior: Signs and Implications of a Cold Bearded Dragon Understanding the behavior of bearded dragons is key to ensuring their comfort and health. These reptiles are particularly sensitive to temperature changes. In nature, a bearded dragon will alter their activities based on the ambient temperature. As pet owners, it’s imperative to observe these behaviors, especially when it pertains to the question of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat. Monitoring your pet’s behavior can provide valuable insights about their well-being. The following behaviors are common signs that your bearded dragon may be experiencing colder than ideal temperatures: - Slowing Down: When a bearded dragon is cold, it may move less frequently or stop moving entirely. This sluggish behavior is the dragon’s attempt to conserve energy in a cold environment. - Loss of Appetite: Bearded dragons depend on heat for digestion. As such, their appetite can decrease if they struggle to digest due to cold temperatures. - Color Changes: Bearded dragons may change color in response to temperature fluctuations. Typically, your dragon will darken when cold, which helps them absorb more light and heat. - Basking More Frequently or For Longer: If your bearded dragon basks for extended periods or scarcely leaves the basking spot, they are likely trying to raise their body temperature. - Irregular Sleeping Patterns: A bearded dragon who is cold might wake up early from their sleep or not go to sleep at all. Remember, these reptiles require a specific light/dark cycle for proper sleep. Observing these behaviors can alert you to potential issues with your bearded dragon’s ambient temperature. It’s essential to recognize and address these signs promptly as prolonged cold exposure can be harmful. Considering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat becomes significant if you notice any of these signs frequently. It’s crucial not to delay heating provision or veterinary intervention if you suspect thermal stress. Dealing with Crisis: Preparing for Power Outages and Ensuring Bearded Dragon’s Survival Without Heat Power outages can happen unexpectedly and pose a powerful threat to your bearded dragon’s heat-reliant environment. Their ability to regulate their body temperature significantly contributes to their survival, which raises the question: how long can a bearded dragon go without heat? Typically, adult bearded dragons can withstand cooler temperatures for extended periods, potentially up to 24 to 36 hours, before they start showing signs of distress or illness. However, it can vary depending on their overall health condition. Prolonged exposure to cold can lead to respiratory infections, slow digestion, and lethargy. It’s also important to note that juvenile and baby bearded dragons are more susceptible to the cold and cannot go for long periods without heat. In the event of a power outage, there are certain steps to take to ensure your pet’s safety: - Blankets: Use heat-preserving blankets to wrap around the enclosure to keep it insulated. - Heat Packs: Purchase reptile-safe heat packs in advance. These can provide heat for up to 72 hours. - Backup Power: Consider investing in a backup power source or generator. - Temp Relocation: Temporarily move the bearded dragon to the warmest part of your home. - Monitoring: Monitor your bearded dragon’s behavior closely. If they exhibit signs of distress such as lethargy, lack of appetite, or abnormal behavior, contact a veterinarian immediately. Being prepared for emergencies enables you to proactively mitigate the risks associated with unexpected power loss. Planning and understanding how long can a bearded dragon go without heat can be the difference between a minor inconvenience and a major health crisis for your pet. Always keep in mind the welfare of your bearded dragon in all circumstances. Basking Spot and UVB Lights: Bridging the Gap Between Natural and Artificial Environments As a bearded dragon owner, replicating the creature’s natural environment is crucial to its well-being. A central aspect of this replication is the provision of a basking spot and the use of UVB lights. Both components help bridge the gap between natural and artificial environments, offering your pet dragon a little piece of home. Optimal thermal regulation is derived from a precise combination of shadows, radiant heat, and direct sunlight. One of the ways to reproduce this intricate balance within a bearded dragon’s enclosure is by providing a basking spot. This spot is essentially a warmer area in the enclosure where the dragon can thermoregulate—or adjust its body temperature—when it feels cold. It’s also the perfect place for your bearded dragon to digest its food properly. How do you establish a perfect basking spot? Well, in nature, bearded dragons bask on rocks or in open spaces under the sun. So, place a rock, log, or any surface that can absorb heat under the basking light directly. The choice of the object will depend on your individual dragon’s comfort and personal preference. Always monitor the surface temperature, as it should remain within the ideal range of 95-105°F (35-40°C). Always remember a bearded dragon’s capacity to withstand cold is limited, thus asking the question of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat can also depend on the availability of a proper basking spot. Equally important are UVB lights. UVB lighting assists in the synthesis of vitamin D3, which is crucial in calcium absorption for bearded dragons. In their natural habitat, bearded dragons get plenty of direct sunlight, which naturally provides UVB rays. However, within an enclosure, the situation must be artificially replicated. When purchasing a UVB bulb, make sure it covers the entire length of the enclosure and replace it every 6-12 months to ensure the UVB output remains effective. Without the right UVB light setup, your bearded dragon could develop Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) and other health complications. In conclusion, ensuring your dragon gets a proper basking spot and a consistent source of UVB light is critical. While creating an artificial environment might seem challenging, it’s necessary for your bearded dragon’s health – and remember, how long can a bearded dragon go without heat is heavily influenced by the quality of its habitat setup. Conclusion: Ensuring a Healthy Life for Your Bearded Dragon In conclusion, owning a bearded dragon is a wonderful journey but it does come with a serious commitment. Key among these responsibilities is understanding the crucial importance of temperature in a bearded dragon’s life. Key among these are facts like how long can a bearded dragon go without heat in emergency situations. Acknowledging the importance of heat for a bearded dragon brings to focus its role in their digestion, energy level, and overall well-being. In essence, a bearded dragon without a suitable heat source is a lukewarm, sluggish, and possibly inaccessible pet and friend. To prevent such situations, maintaining the ideal temperature range in the bearded dragon’s enclosure is paramount. Responsible ownership also means being prepared for critical situations. Every responsible owner should have the knowledge of how long a bearded dragon can go without heat, recognizing signs of thermal stress, and taking the necessary measures to protect the pet from health complications. In fact, these skills are non-negotiable when experiencing situations such as power outages that may suddenly deprive our beloved pets of their much-needed heat. Looking after a bearded dragon goes beyond just providing a heat source. It also involves creating a well-rounded environment that ensures the pet’s total well-being. A properly balanced diet, good hydration, and regular vet check-ups are equally essential. This creates a healthy, lively, and social pet that provides an enriching experience for the owner. Therefore, it is crucial to keep in mind that your commitment to understanding the special needs of the bearded dragon will make a big difference. This investment will ensure that your bearded dragon lives a happy, healthy life, enriching your experience as a pet owner. 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The American Yawp is an evolving, collaborative text. Please click here to improve this chapter. The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation’s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths.1 The war touched the life of nearly every American as military mobilization reached levels never seen before or since. Most northern soldiers went to war to preserve the Union, but the war ultimately transformed into a struggle to eradicate slavery. African Americans, both enslaved and free, pressed the issue of emancipation and nurtured this transformation. Simultaneously, women thrust themselves into critical wartime roles while navigating a world without many men of military age. The Civil War was a defining event in the history of the United States and, for the Americans thrust into it, a wrenching one. II. The Election of 1860 and Secession The 1860 presidential election was chaotic. In April, the Democratic Party convened in Charleston, South Carolina, the bastion of secessionist thought in the South. The goal was to nominate a candidate for the party ticket, but the party was deeply divided. Northern Democrats pulled for Senator Stephen Douglas, a champion of popular sovereignty, while southern Democrats were intent on endorsing someone other than Douglas. The parties leaders’ refusal to include a pro-slavery platform resulted in southern delegates walking out of the convention, preventing Douglas from gaining the two-thirds majority required for a nomination. The Democrats ended up with two presidential candidates. A subsequent convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas, while southerners nominated the current vice president, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, as their presidential candidate. The nation’s oldest party had split over differences in policy toward slavery.2 Initially, the Republicans were hardly unified around a single candidate themselves. Several leading Republican men vied for their party’s nomination. A consensus emerged at the May 1860 convention that the party’s nominee would need to carry all the free states—for only in that situation could a Republican nominee potentially win. New York Senator William Seward, a leading contender, was passed over. Seward’s pro-immigrant position posed a potential obstacle, particularly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, as a relatively unknown but likable politician, rose from a pool of potential candidates and was selected by the delegates on the third ballot. The electoral landscape was further complicated through the emergence of a fourth candidate, Tennessee’s John Bell, heading the Constitutional Union Party. The Constitutional Unionists, composed of former Whigs who teamed up with some southern Democrats, made it their mission to avoid the specter of secession while doing little else to address the issues tearing the country apart. Abraham Lincoln’s nomination proved a great windfall for the Republican Party. Lincoln carried all free states with the exception of New Jersey (which he split with Douglas). Of the voting electorate, 81.2 percent came out to vote—at that point the highest ever for a presidential election. Lincoln received less than 40 percent of the popular vote, but with the field so split, that percentage yielded 180 electoral votes. Lincoln was trailed by Breckinridge with his 72 electoral votes, carrying eleven of the fifteen slave states; Bell came in third with 39 electoral votes; and Douglas came in last, only able to garner 12 electoral votes despite carrying almost 30 percent of the popular vote. Since the Republican platform prohibited the expansion of slavery in future western states, all future Confederate states, with the exception of Virginia, excluded Lincoln’s name from their ballots.3 The election of Lincoln and the perceived threat to the institution of slavery proved too much for the deep southern states. South Carolina acted almost immediately, calling a convention to declare secession. On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina convention voted unanimously 169–0 to dissolve their union with the United States.4 The other states across the Deep South quickly followed suit. Mississippi adopted their own resolution on January 9, 1861, Florida followed on January 10, Alabama on January 11, Georgia on January 19, Louisiana on January 26, and Texas on February 1. Texas was the only state to put the issue up for a popular vote, but secession was widely popular throughout the South. Confederates quickly shed their American identity and adopted a new Confederate nationalism. Confederate nationalism was based on several ideals, foremost among these being slavery. As Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens stated, the Confederacy’s “foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition.”5 The election of Lincoln in 1860 demonstrated that the South was politically overwhelmed. Slavery was omnipresent in the prewar South, and it served as the most common frame of reference for unequal power. To a southern man, there was no fate more terrifying than the thought of being reduced to the level of a slave. Religion likewise shaped Confederate nationalism, as southerners believed that the Confederacy was fulfilling God’s will. The Confederacy even veered from the American constitution by explicitly invoking Christianity in their founding document. Yet in every case, all rationale for secession could be thoroughly tied to slavery. “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world,” proclaimed the Mississippi statement of secession.6 Thus for the original seven Confederate states (and the four that would subsequently join), slavery’s existence was the essential core of the fledging Confederacy. Not all southerners participated in Confederate nationalism. Unionist southerners, most common in the upcountry where slavery was weakest, retained their loyalty to the Union. These southerners joined the Union army, that is, the army of the United States of America, and worked to defeat the Confederacy.7 Black southerners, most of whom were enslaved, overwhelmingly supported the Union, often running away from plantations and forcing the Union army to reckon with slavery.8 President James Buchanan would not directly address the issue of secession prior to his term’s end in early March. Any effort to try to solve the issue therefore fell upon Congress, specifically a Committee of Thirteen including prominent men such as Stephen Douglas, William Seward, Robert Toombs, and John Crittenden. In what became known as “Crittenden’s Compromise,” Senator Crittenden proposed a series of Constitutional amendments that guaranteed slavery in southern states and territories, denied the federal government interstate slave trade regulatory power, and offered to compensate enslavers whose enslaved people had escaped. The Committee of Thirteen ultimately voted down the measure, and it likewise failed in the full Senate vote (25–23). Reconciliation appeared impossible.9 The seven seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama on February 4 to organize a new nation. The delegates selected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president and established a capital in Montgomery, Alabama (it would move to Richmond in May). Whether other states of the Upper South would join the Confederacy remained uncertain. By the early spring of 1861, North Carolina and Tennessee had not held secession conventions, while voters in Virginia, Missouri, and Arkansas initially voted down secession. Despite this temporary boost to the Union, it became abundantly clear that these acts of loyalty in the Upper South were highly conditional and relied on a clear lack of intervention on the part of the federal government. This was the precarious political situation facing Abraham Lincoln following his inauguration on March 4, 1861. III. A War for Union 1861-1863 In his inaugural address, Lincoln declared secession “legally void.”10 While he did not intend to invade southern states, he would use force to maintain possession of federal property within seceded states. Attention quickly shifted to the federal installation of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was in need of supplies, and Lincoln intended to resupply it. South Carolina called for U.S. soldiers to evacuate the fort. Commanding officer Major Robert Anderson refused. On April 12, 1861, Confederate Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard fired on the fort. Anderson surrendered on April 13 and the Union troops evacuated. In response to the attack, President Abraham Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand volunteers to serve three months to suppress the rebellion. The American Civil War had begun. The assault on Fort Sumter and subsequent call for troops provoked several Upper South states to join the Confederacy. In total, eleven states renounced their allegiance to the United States. The new Confederate nation was predicated on the institution of slavery and the promotion of any and all interests that reinforced that objective. Some southerners couched their defense of slavery as a preservation of states’ rights. But in order to protect slavery, the Confederate constitution left even less power to the states than the U.S. Constitution, an irony not lost on many. Shortly after Lincoln’s call for troops, the Union adopted General-in-Chief Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan to suppress the rebellion. This strategy intended to strangle the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways via a naval blockade. Ground troops would enter the interior. Like an anaconda snake, they planned to surround and squeeze the Confederacy. The border states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky maintained geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and the South. All four were immediately critical to the outcome of the conflict. Maryland was particularly important given its position relative to Washington DC. Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and allowed military commanders to arrest secession-friendly activists without charging them with a crime. Other border states were also important, and Lincoln famously quipped, “I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.”11 Lincoln and his military advisors realized that the loss of the border states could mean a significant decrease in Union resources and threaten the capital in Washington. Consequently, Lincoln hoped to foster loyalty among their citizens, so Union forces could minimize their occupation. In spite of terrible guerrilla warfare in Missouri and Kentucky, the four border states remained loyal to the Union throughout the war. Foreign countries, primarily in Europe, also watched the unfolding war with deep interest. The United States represented the greatest example of democratic thought at the time, and individuals from as far afield as Britain, France, Spain, Russia, and beyond closely followed events across the Atlantic Ocean. If the democratic experiment within the United States failed, many democratic activists in Europe wondered what hope might exist for such experiments elsewhere. Conversely, those with close ties to the cotton industry watched with other concerns. War meant the possibility of disrupting the cotton supply, and disruption could have catastrophic ramifications in commercial and financial markets abroad. While Lincoln, his cabinet, and the War Department devised strategies to defeat the rebel insurrection, Black Americans quickly forced the issue of slavery as a primary issue in the debate. As early as 1861, Black Americans implored the Lincoln administration to serve in the army and navy.12 Lincoln initially waged a conservative, limited war. He believed that the presence of African American troops would threaten the loyalty of slaveholding border states, and white volunteers might refuse to serve alongside Black men. However, army commanders could not ignore the growing populations of formerly enslaved people who escaped to freedom behind Union army lines. These former enslaved people took a proactive stance early in the war and forced the federal government to act. As the number of refugees ballooned, Lincoln and Congress found it harder to avoid the issue.13 In May 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler went over his superiors’ heads and began accepting freedom-seeking escapees who came to Fort Monroe in Virginia. In order to avoid answering whether these people were free, Butler reasoned called them “contraband of war,” and he had as much a right to seize them as he did to seize enemy horses or cannons.14 Later that summer Congress affirmed Butler’s policy in the First Confiscation Act. The act left “contrabands,” as these runaways were called, in a state of limbo. Once an enslaved person escaped to Union lines, their enslaver’s claim was nullified. She was not, however, a free citizen of the United States. Runaways lived in “contraband camps,” where disease and malnutrition were rampant. Women and men were required to perform the drudge work of war: raising fortifications, cooking meals, and laying railroad tracks. Still, life as a contraband offered a potential path to freedom, and thousands of enslaved people seized the opportunity. Fugitives posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers found such a policy unchristian. Even those indifferent to slavery were reluctant to turn away potential laborers or help the enemy by returning his property. Also, enslaved people could provide useful information on the local terrain and the movements of Confederate troops. Union officers became particularly reluctant to turn away freedom-seeking people when Confederate commanders began forcing enslaved laborers to work on fortifications. Every enslaved person who escaped to Union lines was a loss to the Confederate war effort. Any hopes for a brief conflict were eradicated when Union and Confederate forces met at the Battle of Bull Run, near Manassas, Virginia. While not particularly deadly, the Confederate victory proved that the Civil War would be long and costly. Furthermore, in response to the embarrassing Union rout, Lincoln removed Brigadier General Irvin McDowell and promoted Major General George B. McClellan to commander of the newly formed Army of the Potomac. For nearly a year after the First Battle of Bull Run, the Eastern Theater remained relatively silent. Smaller engagements only resulted in a bloody stalemate. But while the military remained quiet, the same could not be said of Republicans in Washington. The absence of fractious, stalling southerners in Congress allowed Republicans to finally pass the Whig economic package, including the Homestead Act, the Land-Grant College Act (aka the Morrill Act), and the Pacific Railroad Act.15 The federal government also began moving toward a more nationally controlled currency system (the greenback) and the creation of banks with national characteristics. Such acts proved instrumental in the expansion of the federal government and industry.The Democratic Party, absent its southern leaders, divided into two camps. War Democrats largely stood behind President Lincoln. Peace Democrats—also known as Copperheads—clashed frequently with both War Democrats and Republicans. Copperheads were sympathetic to the Confederacy; they exploited public antiwar sentiment (often the result of a lost battle or mounting casualties) and tried to push President Lincoln to negotiate an immediate peace, regardless of political leverage or bargaining power. Had the Copperheads succeeded in bringing about immediate peace, the Union would have been forced to recognize the Confederacy as a separate and legitimate government and the institution of slavery would have remained intact. While Washington buzzed with political activity, military life consisted of relative monotony punctuated by brief periods of horror. Daily life for a Civil War soldier was one of routine. A typical day began around six in the morning and involved drill, marching, lunch break, and more drilling followed by policing the camp. Weapon inspection and cleaning followed, perhaps one final drill, dinner, and taps around nine or nine thirty in the evening. Soldiers in both armies grew weary of the routine. Picketing or foraging afforded welcome distractions to the monotony. Soldiers devised clever ways of dealing with the boredom of camp life. The most common was writing. These were highly literate armies; nine out of every ten Federals and eight out of every ten Confederates could read and write.16 Letters home served as a tether linking soldiers to their loved ones. Soldiers also read; newspapers were in high demand. News of battles, events in Europe, politics in Washington and Richmond, and local concerns were voraciously sought and traded. While there were nurses, camp followers, and some women who disguised themselves as men, camp life was overwhelmingly male. Soldiers drank liquor, smoked tobacco, gambled, and swore. Social commentators feared that when these men returned home, with their hard-drinking and irreligious ways, all decency, faith, and temperance would depart. But not all methods of distraction were detrimental. Soldiers also organized debate societies, composed music, sang songs, wrestled, raced horses, boxed, and played sports. Neither side could consistently provide supplies for their soldiers, so it was not uncommon, though officially forbidden, for common soldiers to trade with the enemy. Confederate soldiers prized northern newspapers and coffee. Northerners were glad to exchange these for southern tobacco. Supply shortages and poor sanitation were synonymous with Civil War armies. The close proximity of thousands of men bred disease. Lice were soldiers’ daily companions. Music was popular among the soldiers of both armies, creating a diversion from the boredom and horror of the war. As a result, soldiers often sang on fatigue duty and while in camp. Favorite songs often reminded the soldiers of home, including “Lorena,” “Home, Sweet Home,” and “Just Before the Battle, Mother.” Dances held in camp offered another way to enjoy music. Since there were often few women nearby, soldiers would dance with one another. When the Civil War broke out, one of the most popular songs among soldiers and civilians was “John Brown’s Body,” which began “John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave.” Started as a Union anthem praising John Brown’s actions at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, then used by Confederates to vilify Brown, both sides’ version of the song stressed that they were on the right side. Eventually the words to Julia Ward Howe’s poem “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” were set to the melody, further implying Union success. The themes of popular songs changed over the course of the war, as feelings of inevitable success alternated with feelings of terror and despair.17 After an extensive delay on the part of Union commander George McClellan, his 120,000-man Army of the Potomac moved via ship to the peninsula between the York and James Rivers in Virginia. Rather than crossing overland via the former battlefield at Manassas Junction, McClellan attempted to swing around the rebel forces and enter the capital of Richmond before they knew what hit them. McClellan, however, was an overly cautious man who consistently overestimated his adversaries’ numbers. This cautious approach played into the Confederates’ favor on the outskirts of Richmond. Confederate General Robert E. Lee, recently appointed commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, forced McClellan to retreat from Richmond, and his Peninsular Campaign became a tremendous failure.18 Union forces met with little success in the East, but the Western Theater provided hope for the United States. In February 1862, men under Union general Ulysses S. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson along the Tennessee River. Fighting in the West greatly differed from that in the East. At the First Battle of Bull Run, for example, two large armies fought for control of the nations’ capitals, while in the West, Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the rivers, since the Mississippi River and its tributaries were key components of the Union’s Anaconda Plan. One of the deadliest of these clashes occurred along the Tennessee River at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6–7, 1862. This battle, lasting only two days, was the costliest single battle in American history up to that time. The Union victory shocked both the Union and the Confederacy with approximately twenty-three thousand casualties, a number that exceeded casualties from all of the United States’ previous wars combined.19 The subsequent capture of New Orleans by Union forces proved a heavy blow to the Confederacy and capped an 1862 spring of success in the Western Theater. The Union and Confederate navies helped or hindered army movements around the many marine environments of the southern United States. Each navy employed the latest technology to outmatch the other. The Confederate navy, led by Stephen Russell Mallory, had the unenviable task of constructing a fleet from scratch and trying to fend off a vastly better equipped Union navy. Led by Gideon Welles of Connecticut, the Union navy successfully implemented General-in-Chief Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan. The future of naval warfare also emerged in the spring of 1862 as two “ironclad” warships fought a duel at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The age of the wooden sail was gone and naval warfare would be fundamentally altered. While advances in naval technology ruled the seas, African Americans on the ground were complicating Union war aims to an even greater degree. By the summer of 1862, the actions of Black Americans were pushing the Union toward a full-blown war of emancipation.20 Following the First Confiscation Act, in April 1862, Congress abolished the institution of slavery in the District of Columbia. In July 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation Act, effectively emancipating enslaved people in land that came under Union control. Word traveled fast among enslaved people, and this legislation led to even more runaways making their way into Union lines. Abraham Lincoln’s thinking began to evolve. By the summer of 1862, Lincoln first floated the idea of an Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet. By August 1862, he proposed the first iteration of the Emancipation Proclamation. While his cabinet supported such an idea, secretary of state William Seward insisted that Lincoln wait for a “decisive” Union victory so the proclamation would not appear too desperate a measure on the part of a failing government. This decisive moment that prompted the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation occurred in the fall of 1862 along Antietam Creek in Maryland. Emboldened by their success in the previous spring and summer, Lee and Confederate president Jefferson Davis planned to win a decisive victory in Union territory and end the war. On September 17, 1862, McClellan’s and Lee’s forces collided at the Battle of Antietam near the town of Sharpsburg. This battle was the first major battle of the Civil War to occur on Union soil. It remains the bloodiest single day in American history: over twenty thousand soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing.Despite the Confederate withdrawal and the high death toll, the Battle of Antietam was not a decisive Union victory. It did, however, result in enough of a victory for Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed enslaved people in areas under Confederate control. There were significant exemptions to the Emancipation Proclamation, including the border states and parts of other states in the Confederacy. A far cry from a universal end to slavery, the Emancipation Proclamation nevertheless proved vital, shifting the war’s aims from simple union to emancipation. Framing it as a war measure, Lincoln and his cabinet hoped that stripping the Confederacy of its labor force would not only debilitate the southern economy but also weaken Confederate morale. Furthermore, the Battle of Antietam and the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation all but ensured that the Confederacy would not be recognized by European powers. Nevertheless, Confederates continued fighting. Union and Confederate forces clashed again at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862. This Confederate victory resulted in staggering Union casualties. IV. War for Emancipation 1863-1865 As Union armies penetrated deeper into the Confederacy, politicians and generals came to understand the necessity and benefit of enlisting Black men in the army and navy. Although a few commanders began forming Black units in 1862, such as Massachusetts abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson’s First South Carolina Volunteers (the first regiment of Black soldiers), widespread enlistment did not occur until the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863. “And I further declare and make known,” Lincoln’s proclamation read, “that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.”21 The language describing Black enlistment indicated Lincoln’s implicit desire to segregate African American troops from the main campaigning armies of white soldiers. “I believe it is a resource which, if vigorously applied now, will soon close the contest. It works doubly, weakening the enemy and strengthening us,” Lincoln remarked in August 1863 about Black soldiering.22 Although more than 180,000 Black men (10 percent of the Union army) served during the war, the majority of United States Colored Troops (USCT) remained stationed behind the lines as garrison forces, often laboring and performing noncombat roles. Black soldiers in the Union army endured rampant discrimination and earned less pay than white soldiers, while also facing the possibility of being murdered or sold into slavery if captured. James Henry Gooding, a Black corporal in the famed 54th Massachusetts Volunteers, wrote to Abraham Lincoln in September 1863, questioning why he and his fellow volunteers were paid less than white men. Gooding argued that because he and his brethren were born in the United States and selflessly left their private lives to enter the army, they should be treated “as American SOLDIERS, not as menial hirelings.”23 African American soldiers defied the inequality of military service and used their positions in the army to reshape society, North and South. The majority of the USCT had once been enslaved, and their presence as armed, blue-clad soldiers sent shock waves throughout the Confederacy. To their friends and families, African American soldiers symbolized the embodiment of liberation and the destruction of slavery. To white southerners, they represented the utter disruption of the Old South’s racial and social hierarchy. As members of armies of occupation, Black soldiers wielded martial authority in towns and plantations. At the end of the war, as a Black soldier marched by a cluster of Confederate prisoners, he noticed his former enslaver among the group. “Hello, massa,” the soldier exclaimed, “bottom rail on top dis time!”24 The majority of the USCT occupied the South by performing garrison duty; other Black soldiers performed admirably on the battlefield, shattering white myths that docile, cowardly Black men would fold in the maelstrom of war. Black troops fought in more than four hundred battles and skirmishes, including Milliken’s Bend and Port Hudson, Louisiana; Fort Wagner, South Carolina; Nashville; and the final campaigns to capture Richmond, Virginia. Fifteen Black soldiers received the Medal of Honor, the highest honor bestowed for military heroism. Through their voluntarism, service, battlefield contributions, and even death, Black soldiers laid their claims for citizenship. “Once let the Black man get upon his person the brass letter U.S.” Frederick Douglass, the great Black abolitionist, proclaimed, “and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”25 Many enslaved laborers accompanied their enslavers in the Confederate army. They served their enslavers as “camp servants,” cooking their meals, raising their tents, and carrying their supplies. The Confederacy also impressed enslaved laborers to perform manual labor. There are three important points to make about these enslaved “Confederates.” First, their labor was almost always coerced. Second, people are complicated and have varying, often contradictory loyalties. An enslaved person could hope in general that the Confederacy would lose but at the same time be concerned for the safety of his enslaver and the Confederate soldiers he saw on a daily basis. Finally, white Confederates did not see African Americans as their equals, much less as soldiers. There was never any doubt that Black laborers and camp servants were property. Though historians disagree on the matter, it is a stretch to claim that not a single African American ever fired a gun for the Confederacy; a camp servant whose enslaver died in battle might well pick up his dead enslaver’s gun and continue firing, if for no other reason than to protect himself. But this was always on an informal basis. The Confederate government did, in an act of desperation, pass a law in March 1865 allowing for the enlistment of Black soldiers, but only a few dozen African Americans (mostly Richmond hospital workers) had enlisted by the war’s end. As 1863 dawned, Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia continued its offensive strategy in the East. One of the war’s major battles occurred near the village of Chancellorsville, Virginia, between April 30 and May 6, 1863. While the Battle of Chancellorsville was an outstanding Confederate victory, it also resulted in heavy casualties and the mortal wounding of Confederate major general “Stonewall” Jackson, who was killed by friendly fire. In spite of Jackson’s death, Lee continued his offensive against federal forces and invaded Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863. During the three-day battle (July 1–3) at Gettysburg, heavy casualties crippled both sides. Yet the devastating July 3 infantry assault on the Union center, also known as Pickett’s Charge, caused Lee to retreat from Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg Campaign was Lee’s final northern incursion and the Battle of Gettysburg remains the bloodiest battle of the war, and in American history, with fifty-one thousand casualties. Concurrently in the West, Union forces continued their movement along the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Grant launched his campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the winter of 1862. Known as the “Gibraltar of the West,” Vicksburg was the last holdout in the West, and its seizure would enable uninhibited travel for Union forces along the Mississippi River. Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign, which lasted until July 4, 1863, ended with the city’s surrender. The fall of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two. Despite Union success in the summer of 1863, discontent over the war simmered across the North. This was particularly true in the wake of the Enrollment Act—the first effort at a draft among the northern populace during the Civil War. Working-class northerners were especially angry that the wealthy could pay $300 for substitutes, sparing themselves from the carnage of war. “A rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight,” was a popular refrain.26 The Emancipation Proclamation convinced many immigrants in northern cities that freed people would soon take their jobs. These economic and racial anxieties culminated in the New York City Draft Riots in July 1863. Over the span of four days, white rioters killed some 120 citizens, including the lynching of at least eleven Black New Yorkers. Property damage was in the millions, including the complete destruction of more than fifty properties—most notably that of the Colored Orphan Asylum. It was the largest civil disturbance to date in the United States (aside from the war itself) and was only stopped by the deployment of Union soldiers, some of whom came directly from the battlefield at Gettysburg. Elsewhere, the North produced widespread displays of unity. Sanitary fairs originated in the Old Northwest and raised millions of dollars for Union soldiers. Indeed, many women rose to take pivotal leadership roles in the sanitary fairs—a clear contribution to the northern war effort. The fairs also encouraged national unity within the North—something that became more important as the war dragged on and casualties continued to mount. The northern homefront was complicated: overt displays of loyalty contrasted with violent dissent. A similar situation played out in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress passed its first conscription act in the spring of 1862, a full year before its northern counterpart. Military service was required from all able-bodied males between ages eighteen and thirty-five (eventually extended to forty-five). Notable class exemptions likewise existed in the Confederacy: those who owned twenty or more enslaved laborers could escape the draft. Popular discontent reached a boiling point in 1863. Through the spring of 1863 consistent food shortages led to “bread riots” in several Confederate cities, most notably Richmond, Virginia, and the Georgia cities of Augusta, Macon, and Columbus. Confederate women led these mobs to protest food shortages and rampant inflation within the Confederate South. Exerting their own political control, women dramatically impacted the war through violent actions in these cases, as well as constant petitions to governors for aid and the release of husbands from military service. One of these women wrote a letter to North Carolina governor Zebulon Vance, saying, “Especially for the sake of suffering women and children, do try and stop this cruel war.”27 Confederates waged a multifront struggle against Union incursion and internal dissent. For some women, the best way to support their cause was spying on the enemy. When the war broke out, Rose O’Neal Greenhow was living in Washington, D.C., where she traveled in high social circles, gathering information for her Confederate contact. Suspecting Greenhow of espionage, Allan Pinkerton placed her under surveillance, instigated a raid on her house to gather evidence, and then placed her under house arrest, after which she was incarcerated in Old Capitol Prison. Upon her release, she was sent, under guard, to Baltimore, Maryland. From there Greenhow went to Europe to attempt to bring support to the Confederacy. Failing in her efforts, Greenhow decided to return to America, boarding the blockade runner Condor, which ran aground near Wilmington, North Carolina. Subsequently, she drowned after her lifeboat capsized in a storm. Greenhow gave her life for the Confederate cause, while Elizabeth “Crazy Bet” Van Lew sacrificed her social standing for the Union. Van Lew was from a prominent Richmond, Virginia, family and spied on the Confederacy, leading to her being “held in contempt & scorn by the narrow minded men and women of my city for my loyalty.”28 Indeed, when General Ulysses Grant took control of Richmond, he placed a special guard on Van Lew. In addition to her espionage activities, Van Lew also acted as a nurse to Union prisoners in Libby Prison. For pro-Confederate southern women, there were more opportunities to show their scorn for the enemy. Some women in New Orleans took these demonstrations to the level of dumping their chamber pots onto the heads of unsuspecting federal soldiers who stood underneath their balconies, leading to Benjamin Butler’s infamous General Order Number 28, which arrested all rebellious women as prostitutes. Military strategy shifted in 1864. The new tactics of “hard war” evolved slowly, as restraint toward southern civilians and property ultimately gave way to a concerted effort to demoralize southern civilians and destroy the southern economy. Grant’s successes at Vicksburg and Chattanooga, Tennessee (November 1863), and Meade’s cautious pursuit of Lee after Gettysburg prompted Lincoln to promote Grant to general-in-chief of the Union army in early 1864. This change in command resulted in some of the bloodiest battles of the Eastern Theater. Grant’s Overland Campaign, including the Battle of the Wilderness, the Battle of Cold Harbor, and the siege of Petersburg, demonstrated Grant’s willingness to tirelessly attack the ever-dwindling Army of Northern Virginia. By June 1864, Grant’s army surrounded the Confederate city of Petersburg, Virginia. Siege operations cut off Confederate forces and supplies from the capital of Richmond. Meanwhile out west, Union armies under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman implemented hard war strategies and slowly made their way through central Tennessee and northern Georgia, capturing the vital rail hub of Atlanta in September 1864. Action in both theaters during 1864 caused even more casualties and furthered the devastation of disease. Disease haunted both armies, and accounted for over half of all Civil War casualties. Sometimes as many as half of the men in a company could be sick. The overwhelming majority of Civil War soldiers came from rural areas, where less exposure to diseases meant soldiers lacked immunities. Vaccines for diseases such as smallpox were largely unavailable to those outside cities or towns. Despite the common nineteenth-century tendency to see city men as weak or soft, soldiers from urban environments tended to succumb to fewer diseases than their rural counterparts. Tuberculosis, measles, rheumatism, typhoid, malaria, and smallpox spread almost unchecked among the armies. Civil War medicine focused almost exclusively on curing the patient rather than preventing disease. Many soldiers attempted to cure themselves by concocting elixirs and medicines themselves. These ineffective home remedies were often made from various plants the men found in woods or fields. There was no understanding of germ theory, so many soldiers did things that we would consider unsanitary today.29 They ate food that was improperly cooked and handled, and they practiced what we would consider poor personal hygiene. They did not take appropriate steps to ensure that drinking water was free from bacteria. Diarrhea and dysentery were common. These diseases were especially dangerous, as Civil War soldiers did not understand the value of replacing fluids as they were lost. As such, men affected by these conditions would weaken and become unable to fight or march, and as they became dehydrated their immune system became less effective, inviting other infections to attack the body. Through trial and error soldiers began to protect themselves from some of the more preventable sources of infection. Around 1862 both armies began to dig latrines rather than rely on the local waterways. Burying human and animal waste also cut down on exposure to diseases considerably. Medical surgery was limited and brutal. If a soldier was wounded in the torso, throat, or head, there was little surgeons could do. Invasive procedures to repair damaged organs or stem blood loss invariably resulted in death. Luckily for soldiers, only approximately one in six combat wounds were to one of those parts. The remaining were to limbs, which was treatable by amputation. Soldiers had the highest chance of survival if the limb was removed within forty-eight hours of injury. A skilled surgeon could amputate a limb in three to five minutes from start to finish. While the lack of germ theory again caused several unsafe practices, such as using the same tools on multiple patients, wiping hands on filthy gowns, or placing hands in communal buckets of water, there is evidence that amputation offered the best chance of survival. It is a common misconception that amputation was done without anesthesia and against a patient’s wishes. Since the 1830s, Americans understood the benefits of nitrous oxide and ether in easing pain. Chloroform and opium were also used to either render patients unconscious or dull pain during the procedure. Also, surgeons would not amputate without the patient’s consent. In the Union army alone, 2.8 million ounces of opium and over 5.2 million opium pills were administered. In 1862, William Alexander Hammon was appointed Surgeon General for the United States. He sought to regulate dosages and manage supplies of available medicines, both to prevent overdosing and to ensure that an ample supply remained for the next engagement. However, his guidelines tended to apply only to the regular federal army. Most Union soldiers were in volunteer units and organized at the state level. Their surgeons often ignored posted limits on medicines, or worse, experimented with their own concoctions made from local flora. In the North, the conditions in hospitals were somewhat superior. This was partly due to the organizational skills of women like Dorothea Dix, who was the Union’s Superintendent for Army Nurses. Additionally, many women were members of the United States Sanitary Commission and helped to staff and supply hospitals in the North. Women took on key roles within hospitals both North and South. The publisher’s notice for Nurse and Spy in the Union Army states, “In the opinion of many, it is the privilege of woman to minister to the sick and soothe the sorrowing—and in the present crisis of our country’s history, to aid our brothers to the extent of her capacity.”30 Mary Chesnut wrote, “Every woman in the house is ready to rush into the Florence Nightingale business.”31 However, she indicated that after she visited the hospital, “I can never again shut out of view the sights that I saw there of human misery. I sit thinking, shut my eyes, and see it all.”32 Hospital conditions were often so bad that many volunteer nurses quit soon after beginning. Kate Cumming volunteered as a nurse shortly after the war began. She, and other volunteers, traveled with the Army of Tennessee. However, all but one of the women who volunteered with Cumming quit within a week. Death came in many forms; disease, prisons, bullets, even lightning and bee stings took men slowly or suddenly. Their deaths, however, affected more than their regiments. Before the war, a wife expected to sit at her husband’s bed, holding his hand, and ministering to him after a long, fulfilling life. This type of death, “the Good Death,” changed during the Civil War as men died often far from home among strangers.33 Casualty reporting was inconsistent, so a woman was often at the mercy of the men who fought alongside her husband to learn not only the details of his death but even that the death had occurred. “Now I’m a widow. Ah! That mournful word. Little the world think of the agony it contains!” wrote Sally Randle Perry in her diary.34 After her husband’s death at Sharpsburg, Sally received the label she would share with more than two hundred thousand other women. The death of a husband and loss of financial, physical, and emotional support could shatter lives. It also had the perverse power to free women from bad marriages and open doors to financial and psychological independence. Widows had an important role to play in the conflict. The ideal widow wore black, mourned for a minimum of two and a half years, resigned herself to God’s will, focused on her children, devoted herself to her husband’s memory, and brought his body home for burial. Many tried, but not all widows were able to live up to the ideal. Many were unable to purchase proper mourning garb. Black silk dresses, heavy veils, and other features of antebellum mourning were expensive and in short supply. Because most of these women were in their childbearing years, the war created an unprecedented number of widows who were pregnant or still nursing infants. In a time when the average woman gave birth to eight to ten children in her lifetime, it is perhaps not surprising that the Civil War created so many widows who were also young mothers with little free time for formal mourning. Widowhood permeated American society. But in the end, it was up to each widow to navigate her own mourning. She joined the ranks of sisters, mothers, cousins, girlfriends, and communities in mourning men.35 By the fall of 1864, military and social events played against the backdrop of the presidential election of 1864. While the war raged on, the presidential contest featured a transformed electorate. Three new states (West Virginia, Nevada, and Kansas) had been added since 1860, while the eleven states of the Confederacy did not participate. Lincoln and his vice presidential nominee, Andrew Johnson (Tennessee), ran on the National Union Party ticket. The main competition came from his former commander, General George B. McClellan. Though McClellan himself was a “War Democrat,” the official platform of the Democratic Party in 1864 revolved around negotiating an immediate end to the Civil War. McClellan’s vice presidential nominee was George H. Pendleton of Ohio—a well-known “Peace Democrat.” On Election Day—November 8, 1864—Lincoln and McClellan each needed 117 electoral votes (out of a possible 233) to win the presidency. For much of the 1864 campaign season, Lincoln downplayed his chances of reelection and McClellan assumed that large numbers of Union soldiers would grant him support. However, thanks in great part to William Sherman’s capture of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, and overwhelming support from Union troops, Lincoln won the election easily. Additionally, Lincoln received support from more radical Republican factions and members of the Radical Democracy Party that demanded the end of slavery. In the popular vote, Lincoln defeated McClellan, 55.1 percent to 44.9 percent. In the Electoral College, Lincoln’s victory was even more pronounced: 212 to 21. Lincoln won twenty-two states, and McClellan only carried three: New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky.36 In the wake of his reelection, Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865, in which he concluded: With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.37 The years 1864 and 1865 were the very definition of hard war. Incredibly deadly for both sides, the Union campaigns in both the West and the East destroyed Confederate infrastructure and demonstrated the efficacy of the Union’s strategy. Following up on the successful capture of Atlanta, William Sherman conducted his March to the Sea in the fall of 1864, arriving in Savannah with time to capture it and deliver it as a Christmas present for Abraham Lincoln. Sherman’s path of destruction took on an even more destructive tone as he moved into the heart of the Confederacy in South Carolina in early 1865. The burning of Columbia, South Carolina, and subsequent capture of Charleston brought the hard hand of war to the birthplace of secession. With Grant’s dogged pursuit of the Army of Northern Virginia, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, effectively ending major Confederate military operations. To ensure the permanent legal end of slavery, Republicans drafted the Thirteenth Amendment during the war. Yet the end of legal slavery did not mean the end of racial injustice. During the war, formerly enslaved people were often segregated into disease-ridden contraband camps. After the war, the Republican Reconstruction program of guaranteeing the rights of Black Americans succumbed to persistent racism and southern white violence. Long after 1865, most Black southerners continued to labor on plantations, albeit as nominally free tenants or sharecroppers, while facing public segregation and voting discrimination. The effects of slavery endured long after emancipation. As battlefields fell silent in 1865, the question of secession had been answered, slavery had been eradicated, and America was once again territorially united. But in many ways, the conclusion of the Civil War created more questions than answers. How would the nation become one again? Who was responsible for rebuilding the South? What role would African Americans occupy in this society? Northern and southern soldiers returned home with broken bodies, broken spirits, and broken minds. Plantation owners had land but not labor. Recently freed African Americans had their labor but no land. Formerly enslaved people faced a world of possibilities—legal marriage, family reunions, employment, and fresh starts—but also a racist world of bitterness, violence, and limited opportunity. The war may have been over, but the battles for the peace were just beginning. VI. Primary Sources Confederates had to quickly create not only a government but also a nation, including all of the cultural values required to foster patriotism. In this speech, Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, proclaims that slavery and white supremacy were not only the cause for secession but also the “cornerstone” of the Confederate nation. Self-emancipating people posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers disobeyed the policy. In May 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler went over his superiors’ heads and began accepting freedom-seeking people who came to Fortress Monroe in Virginia. Butler reasoned that these people were “contraband of war,” and he had as much a right to seize them as he did to seize enemy horses or cannons. Later that summer Congress affirmed Butler’s policy in the First Confiscation Act. William Henry Singleton was born to his enslaved mother, Lettice, and her enslaver’s brother, William Singleton. At the age of four, he was sold away from his mother but ran back to her several times throughout his life. When the war broke out, he escaped to Union lines and volunteered for service. After being dismissed, he rallied one thousand Black soldiers and received a promotion as a sergeant. The massive casualty rates of the Civil War meant that nurses were always needed. Women, North and South, left the comforts of home to care for the wounded. Hospital conditions were often so bad that many volunteer nurses quit soon after beginning. After the war, Kate Cumming, a nurse who traveled with the Army of Tennessee, published an account of her experience. She included a poem, written by an unknown author about nursing in the war. Civil War soldiers described the experience of combat as both terrifying and confusing. The American writer, Ambrose Bierce, captures both the confusion and terror of the Battle of Shiloh in the below excerpt of his 1881 recollections of the battle. Music played an important role in the Civil War. Songs celebrated the cause, mourned the loss of life, and bound sings together in shared commitments to mutual sacrifice. These two songs, both written by women, one in the North and the other in the South, show the flexibility of Civil War music. The first is an example of the somber, sacralizing function of music, while the latter is an example of a lighthearted attempt at humor. Abraham Lincoln offered a first draft of history in his second inaugural address, casting the Civil War as a war for union that later became a spiritual process of national penance for two hundred and fifty years of slaveholding. Lincoln also looked to the future, envisioning a harmonious and speedy Reconstruction that would take place “with malice toward none” and “with charity for all.” The Civil War ultimately opened a variety of arenas for Union and Confederate women’s participation. In the North, the United States Sanitary Commission in particular centralized women’s opportunities to volunteer as nurses, donate supplies, and to raise funds at Sanitary Fairs. This 1864 image from popular periodical Harper’s Weekly celebrates women’s contributions on the battlefield, in the hospital, in the parlor, and at the fair. Death pervaded every aspect of life during the years of the Civil War. This gruesome photograph, taken after the battle of Cold Harbor, shows the hasty burial procedures used to reckon with unprecedented death. Dirty jobs like this were often left to Black soldiers or freedpeople in Contraband Camps. VII. Reference Material This chapter was edited by Angela Esco Elder and David Thomson, with content contributions by Thomas Balcerski, William Black, Frank Cirillo, Matthew C. Hulbert, Andrew F. Lang, John Patrick Riley, Angela Riotto, Gregory N. Stern, David Thomson, Ann Tucker, and Rebecca Zimmer. Recommended citation: Thomas Balcerski et al., “The Civil War,” Angela Esco Elder and David Thomson, eds., in The American Yawp, eds. Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018). - Ayers, Edward L. In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859–1863. New York: Norton, 2003. - Berry, Stephen, ed. Weirding the War: Stories from the Civil War’s Ragged Edges. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011. - Blight, David. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. - Brasher, Glenn David. The Peninsula Campaign and the Necessity of Emancipation: African Americans and the Fight for Freedom. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. - Clinton, Catherine, and Nina Silber, eds. Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. - Devine, Shauna. Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014. - Fahs, Alice. The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861–1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. - Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Knopf, 2008. - Foner, Eric. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York: Norton, 2011. - Gannon, Barbara A. The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. - Grimsley, Mark. The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Towards Southern Civilians, 1861–1865. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. - Hess, Earl. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat. Lawrenceville: University Press of Kansas, 1997. - Hulbert, Matthew C. The Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers Became Gunslingers in the American West. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016. - Janney, Caroline E. Remembering The Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. - Jones, Howard. Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. - Lang, Andrew F. In the Wake of War: Military Occupation, Emancipation, and Civil War America. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2017. - Manning, Chandra. What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War. New York: Knopf, 2007. - McCurry, Stephanie. Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. - McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. - Meier, Kathryn Shively. Nature’s Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. - Nelson, Megan Kate. Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012. - Rable, George C. God’s Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. - Richardson, Heather Cox. The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. - Vorenberg, Michael. The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. - Whites, LeeAnn. The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. - This most recent estimation of 750,000 wartime deaths was put forward by J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Account of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History 57, no. 4 (December 2011): 306–347. [↩] - Proceedings of the Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore: Published by Order of the National Democratic Convention (Washington, DC: n.p., 1860). [↩] - William J. Cooper, We Have the War upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860–April 1861 (New York: Knopf, 2012), 14. [↩] - “A Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union,” January 9, 1861, Avalon Project at the Yale Law School. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp, accessed August 1, 2015. [↩] - Alexander Stephens, speech in Savannah, Georgia, delivered March 21, 1861, quoted in Henry Cleveland, Alexander Stephens, in Public and Private. With Letters and Speeches Before, During and Since the War (Philadelphia: National, 1866), 719. [↩] - “Declaration of the Immediate Causes”. [↩] - See Jon L. Wakelyn, ed., Southern Unionist Pamphlets and the Civil War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999). [↩] - Steven Hahn, The Political Worlds of Slavery and Freedom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 55–114. [↩] - Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–1864, Volume 1 (Hartford, CT: Case, Lockwood, 1864), 366–367. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln to Orville Browning, September 22, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 67. [↩] - Excerpt from Benj. F. Butler to Lieutenant Genl. Scott, 27 May 1861, B-99 1861, Letters Received Irregular, Secretary of War, Record Group 107, National Archives. http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/Butler.html. [↩] - “THE SLAVE QUESTION.; Letter from Major-Gen. Butler on the Treatment of Fugitive Slaves,” New York Times (August 6, 1861). [↩] - Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). [↩] - For literacy rates within the armies, see Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952), 304–306; and Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 335–337. [↩] - For more on music in the Civil War, see Christian McWhirter, Battle Hymns: The Power and Popularity of Music in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012). [↩] - Ethan S. Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005). [↩] - Steven E. Woodworth, ed., The Shiloh Campaign (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009). [↩] - Glenn David Brasher, The Peninsula Campaign and the Necessity of Emancipation: African Americans and the Fight for Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012). [↩] - Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863, Presidential Proclamations, 1791–1991, Record Group 11, General Records of the United States Government, National Archives, Washington, D.C. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, August 9, 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - James Henry Gooding to Abraham Lincoln, September 28, 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 862. [↩] - Quoted in Allen Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 247. [↩] - See Eugene C. Murdock, One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1971). [↩] - Laura Edwards, Scarlett Doesn’t Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil War Era (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 85. [↩] - Quoted in Heidi Schoof, Elizabeth Van Lew: Civil War Spy (Minneapolis, MN: Compass Books, 2006), 85. [↩] - Shauna Devine, Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 70–71. [↩] - . Emma Edwards, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: Comprising the Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals, Camps, and Battle-Fields (Hartford, CT: Williams, 1865), 6. [↩] - C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 85. [↩] - Ibid., 158. [↩] - Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008). [↩] - Sally Randle Perry, November 30, 1867, Sally Randle Perry Diary, 1867–1868, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. [↩] - LeeAnn Whites, The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 93–95. [↩] - Presidential Elections, 1789–2008 (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2010), 135, 225. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address; endorsed by Lincoln, April 10, 1865, March 4, 1865, General Correspondence, 1837–1897, The Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. 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1. Nina Simone Birthplace and Childhood Home This home was the birthplace/childhood home of jazz legend and Civil Rights Icon Nina Simone. Simone was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and respected civil rights activist. After being rejected from talent auditions and even school admissions due to the color of her skin, Simone went on to become one of the most respected classical pianists and jazz vocalists in music history. After achieving fame as a musical artist, in the 1960s Simone became active in the civil rights struggle and the course of her life shifted, with her music becoming a driving force in the fight for racial equality. She is a member of the GRAMMY Hall of Fame, the Jazz Hall of Fame, and is a fifiteen-time nominee for the GRAMMY Awards. The home was set to be demolished by the city of Tryon, NC, until a grassroots campaign bought the home with the intent to restore it as a museum and educational resource. Currently, the Simone House is about to undergo a major historical rehabilitation. Nina Simone Birthplace/Childhood Home Tryon, North Carolina Contact: Nina Simone Birthplace, Inc. 2. Old Leon County Jail (Firestone Building) Now owned by the City of Tallahassee's Community Redevelopment Agency, this building served as the Leon County Jail building from the date of its construction in 1936/37 until 1966. The historic jail yields national significance to the American civil rights movement. Tallahassee’s jail was the first in the entire country to play host to a jail-in of the civil rights student sit-in movement. Two months after the jail’s completion, in July 1937, two black prisoners were removed from the new jail by four white men, taken east of town and fatally shot in one of Leon County’s most prominent lynchings. Many of Tallahassee’s most famous civil rights activists spent time in the old county jail. African-Americans in Tallahassee boycotted the bus system after the arrest and incarceration of Wilhelmina Jakes and Carrie Patterson; two Florida A&M University (FAMU) students for sitting beside a white woman on a segregated city bus (May 26, 1956). During the boycott, Tallahassee’s citizens carpooled to get to and from work or used other means of transportation. Twenty-one members of the Inter-Civic Council, including Revs. C.K. Steele, K.S. DuPont, A.C. Redd, Dan Speed, Fr. David Brooks, and H. McNeal Harris, were arrested, jailed and convicted on charges of operating an illegal transportation system for arranging the car pool without a franchise. Reverend Charles Kenzie Steele, Sr., pastor of Bethel Missionary Baptist Church, led the boycott of the city-run bus system. In March 1960, 35 mostly FAMU students were arrested when they attempted to integrate lunch counters at Tallahassee department stores. Led by Priscilla Stephens Kruize, and the late Patricia Stephens Due, eleven of those students were eventually convicted of disturbing the peace and ordered to pay $300 or spend 60 days in jail. Eight of the students chose "jail over bail." Their "jail-in" attracted national attention, and five of the students toured the nation speaking on behalf of civil rights. This marked the first jail-in the United States in the student sit-in movement. Old Leon County Jail (Firestone Building) 409 East Gaines Street Contact: City of Tallahassee Office of the Mayor and City Commission 300 South Adams Street Tallahassee, Florida 32301 3. Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence This building, built in 1847, was in the mid-1850s, the home of Stephen and Harriet Myers. The Myers' led activists on the famous Underground Railroad. As African-Americans, they were among an important element in the Underground Railroad story. They helped thousands of fugitives from enslavement in the 30-plus years of their activity. This site was also a meeting place for the Vigilance Committee of the UGRR. The site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the National Network of Freedom of the National Park Service. The home has been identified as the Myers’ residence and as an UGRR site in several key abolitionist sources. More than 50 people who were referred to the Myers’ are identified in abolitionist documents. The building is in fair condition, though it has suffered from years of neglect. The Underground History Project, which owns the building, has raised more than $750,000 for its restoration and much has been done toward reclamation. It is estimated that more than $1,000,000 is still be needed for further repairs. Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence 194 Livingston Avenue Albany, New York Contact: Underground Railroad Project P.O. Box 10851 Albany, New York 12201 4. The John Coltrane Home in Dix Hills Saved from demolition in 2004, it was in this home that musical icon John Coltrane isolated himself in the second floor guest room with pen, paper and saxophone and composed “A Love Supreme.” This album is listed as one of the greatest jazz albums of all time. As record of its historic significance, the manuscript for the album is one of the National Museum of American History, “Treasures of American History” as part of the collection at the Smithsonian Institution. His residence in the house represents one of the most important musical periods in the evolution of John Coltrane as a musician, and the house literally is sacred ground to his world wide following. This project will create an inspirational museum, archives, and educational center devoted to celebrating John Coltrane’s music, influence, and the diverse musical legacy. Visitors, researchers, scholars from around the world would be able to come and learn about his music and his life, which was devoted to a reverence for life, appreciation for diversity, and creative interconnectedness between people of all backgrounds and cultures. The Friends of the Coltrance Home, utilizing a grant from the 1772 Foundation, in 2013, mold remediation, installation of a new roof, soffits, gutters, and making the home water tight was completed. There is still a great deal of work to be done before the home can be opened to the public. At this time, there is still more mold remediation work to be done. The home does not have heat, electricity or functioning plumbing systems. Most of the interior sheetrock has been removed because of the mold situation. Friends of the Coltrane Home seeks continued public support for this worthy project. Further monetary resources and donations are needed to further stabilize the vacant National Register property for its preservation as a museum and educational center. The John Coltrane Home in Dix Hills will be the living resource where one of the greatest musical artists of all time can make others happy through his music, and the study of his life and legacy. The John Coltrane Home in Dix Hills 247 Candlewood Path Dix Hills, New York Contact: Friends of the Coltrane Home 5. The Cotton Club - Gainesville, Florida The Cotton Club is a two-story wood frame building located in the Springhill neighborhood in Gainesville, Florida. The building was built as a Post Exchange (PX) during WWII (1941) by soldiers at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida from lumber the soldiers cut themselves. In 1946, after the war ended, the building was one of 3,000 that was sold at auction. William and Eunice Perryman purchased the building and had it moved, in several pieces, to a lot near the grocery store they owned on East Depot Avenue in Gainesville. The Perryman Theater became Sarah's Cotton Club in 1949, after it was leased by Black businesswoman Sarah McKnight. Named after the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York, Gainesville’s Cotton Club served as a popular night club and dance hall until the late 1950s. It became a community focal point and showcased entertainment provided by “Negro” performers on the Chitlin’ circuit. James Brown, Brook Benton, Ray Charles, B.B. King, and Bo Diddley, all of whom are now famous artists that are hailed nationally and internationally for their musical contributions to the world, performed in Gainesville’s Cotton Club. The booking of popular artists would draw crowds from Jacksonville, Ocala and Palatka. The Cotton Club also attracted large numbers of white students from the University of Florida who came to listen to the music and dance. It is rumored that the City of Gainesville heard about the “racial mixing” during those times of Jim Crow and refused to renew Mrs. McKnight’s license. As a result, the Cotton Club closed in the late 1950s. The Cotton was reopened as The Blue Note juke joint, but closed in 1959. Afterward, the building served as a warehouse, and sat stagnant. Mt. Olive A.M.E. Church purcased the building in the 1990s. The current effort by the Cotton Club Museum and Cultural Center, Inc. (CCMCC) is the first effort to save the Cotton Club building. The building has been leased to the CCMCC, Inc., a non-profit corporation, by Mt. Olive AME Church, the owner. Under the direction of the CCMCC’s Board of Directors, the restoration has begun. The building’s foundation, floor and walls have been secured. The building has a new roof, siding, windows and doors. A new building has been constructed to house the bathroom facilities for the project. The goal of the CCMCC is to establish a museum and cultural center on the site where the Cotton Club is located. The CCMCC is seeking assistance in locating and applying for grant and other funding to complete the restoration of the Cotton Club building and other buildings on the site. The Cotton Club 837 SE 7th Avenue Contact: Cotton Club Museum/Cultural Center P.O. Box 5534 Gainesville, Florida 32627 Mrs. Vivian Filer, Chair 6. Kershaw-Nims House The Kershaw-Nims House is a historic structure in Tallahassee, Florida, which dates to 1890. It was constructed by the Rev. A.J. Kershaw of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Kershaw was a part of the first class of 15 students to attend the State Normal College for Colored Students in 1887 (now Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University). His son, Dr. A.J. Kershaw, worked as a medical physician in Miami, once serving as Secretary of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and as President of the FAMU National Alumni Association. Dr. Kershaw's son, Joe Lang Kershaw, was also a FAMU Alumnus who would become the first African-American to be elected to the Florida Legislature in the House of Representatives, 1968. Joe Nims, who purchased the home in the 1940s, operated Nims Grocery and Market at 510 W. Brevard St. in Tallahassee's Frenchtown neighborhood for nearly 100 years. He lived to the age of 107. The Kershaw-Nims House 826 Central Street Contact: Zoe Allen Bennett 7. Gibbs Cottage Gibbs Cottage, the oldest and last remaining wooden structure on the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) campus was built in 1892 by Thomas Van Renssalaer Gibbs. Gibbs, a reconstruction-era Representative who served in the Florida Legislature from Duval County, Florida, had authored the bill in 1885 which eventually established the institution. Gibbs served as Vice President of what was then the State Normal College for Colored Students from 1887 until his death in 1900. He was the son of Johnathan Clarkson Gibbs (1821-1874), who had served as Florida's first Black Secretary of State (1868-1872), and was the first African-American to serve as the state's Superintendent of Public Instruction. Additionally, Gibbs had served as a member of the Tallahassee City Council. The cottage was also the home of Everett Booker Jones, a FAMU graduate and Professor of Mathematics for whom Jones Hall is named. 2414 South Adams Street Contact: Florida A&M University Larry Robinson, Ph.D. 1601 South Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard Tallahassee, Florida 32307 8. Geddie-Speed Store Alvin Oliver Geddie took control of the 701 West Brevard Street property in Tallahassee on August 9, 1924. Geddie built several homes in the historic African-American community of Frenchtown, and sold them to local families. Leaving the hands of Alvin Geddie’s children (Thomas ‘TJ’ Geddie and Henry Geddie), 701 West Brevard Street became the property of Reverend Daniel B. Speed in 1946. Floor plans for a new store show the first referring to the property as 701. Before now, the property is identifiable only by its plat name, block number, and lot numbers. In addition, the building permits show that the new store is taking the place of address numbers 703, 705, and 707. It is unclear how early owners may have used the wooden building (yet standing and now marked 709) that also occupies the 701 property. Not only was Reverend Speed a respected storeowner and businessman, but he was very active in the struggle for equal treatment of African-Americans. As a clergyman, he served as assistant pastor to civil rights leader C. K. Steele for three years in the early fifties. While serving as pastor in various other churches, Speed continued to be very involved in the civil rights movement as the NAACP President and founding member of the Inter-Civic Council (ICC). During the bus boycotts in Tallahassee, Reverend Speed was in charge of organizing car pools for boycott participants who needed transportation. The city accused Speed and others of operating vehicles for hire without following regulations. Speed received threatening phone calls at home and at his store. His place of business was often the target of threats and vandalism. During that time, Daniel Speed operated a Real Estate business and rented out houses. One such property he owned was 701 West Brevard Street. The Geddie-Speed Store is currently owned by Watson Temple Institutional Church of God In Christ, which seeks $60,000 in order to complete the building's restoration efforts. 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Find articles and background information related to Native American tribes and First Nations of the Salish Sea region. Federally recognized Native American tribes of the Puget Sound watershed* - Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Nation - Hoh Indian Tribe - Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe - Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe - Lummi Nation - Makah Nation - Muckleshoot Tribe - Nisqually Indian Tribe - Nooksack Indian Tribe - Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe - Puyallup Tribe of Indians - Quileute Nation - Quinault Indian Nation - Samish Indian Nation - Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe - Skokomish Tribe Non-Federally recognized Native American tribes of the Puget Sound watershed* - Duwamish Tribe - Kikiallus Indian Nation - Marietta Band of Nooksack Tribe - Snohomish Tribe - Snoqualmoo Tribe - Steilacoom Tribe First Nations of the Salish Sea watershed in Canada** Can restoring the natural balance of the Nooksack River also reduce flood risks? Officials on both sides of the U.S.-Canada border are taking note as climate change raises the stakes. Years of struggle have led to reduced pollution and a stronger sense of community in the Duwamish Valley. As cleanup efforts there continue, environmental justice has come front and center for the area's diverse populations. The following list includes Native American tribes and First Nations of the Salish Sea region. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), sometimes called Indigenous Knowledge, refers to cumulative knowledge and experience that indigenous cultures have of their environment. In the last thirty years, there has been growing interest in TEK as a resource for restoration and conservation projects. Treaty rights are critical to the sovereignity of Puget Sound area Tribes and are deeply connected to natural resource management. Five landmark treaties in our region were signed during a three-year period from 1854 to 1856 and continue to drive policy to this day. The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community has begun constructing the first known clam garden to be built in modern times. They hope that what was once an ancient way of cultivating shellfish can now be a hedge against climate change. How can Puget Sound generate more salmon? That question has been at the center of ecosystem recovery efforts for decades. But even as scientists and conservationists make progress on many fronts — from breaching dams to cleaning up the water — they have faced one especially complicated and frustrating limitation: Salmon need more estuaries. We look at how local tribes are working to restore this critical habitat. Social Science for the Salish Sea (S4) provides a foundation for future research projects, accessible information for planning or management decisions, and synthesized content to inform ecosystem recovery. A Lopez Island-based nonprofit says the protection of critical habitat for native plants can also preserve a wealth of traditional knowledge. The group is working with private landowners to raise awareness of culturally important plants hidden in the bogs and underbrush of Puget Sound's natural areas. A new book explores our complicated connection to the ecosystem we call home. We interview author David B. Williams about Homewaters: A Human and Natural History of Puget Sound, published this month by the University of Washington Press. An update to state rules regarding the cleanup of toxic pollution is expected to bring more attention to factors like race, ethnicity and income within populations that live near contaminated sites. This report details the outcomes, successes, and reflections of the final two years (2014-15) of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Estuary Program award dedicated to tribal restoration and protection projects in the Puget Sound watershed. A river spawning species of forage fish known as the longfin smelt is rare and getting rarer in the Salish Sea. Biologists are looking into the mysterious decline of the ‘hooligans’ of the Nooksack. The revival of an Indigenous aquaculture practice has come to the southern Salish Sea. Clam gardens could help First Nations in British Columbia and Washington state address issues of climate change and food sustainability. The geoduck has earned an honored place as Puget Sound's largest and most distinctive native clam, but how much do we really know about it? Often seen as a culinary curiosity, the geoduck has only been commercially harvested on a large scale since the 1970s, and the clam's current popularity is based mostly on demand from Asian markets. Nevertheless, this deep-burrowing mollusk has always been a signature part of the Salish Sea ecosystem. They rival tropical forests in their richness and diversity, but Puget Sound's kelp beds have declined steeply in recent decades. Scientists are just starting to understand the extent of these losses. What they are finding is bringing kelp to the forefront of Puget Sound's environmental concerns. Spring and fall Chinook salmon were thought to be alike until researchers discovered a gene for early migration. Now, federal biologists and legal experts are struggling to decide if spring Chinook should be granted their own legal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Scientists believe that herring have been a staple of Salish Sea food and culture since humans first arrived here at least 12,500 years ago. That importance has continued into modern times, even as herring numbers have declined in parts of the region. Puget Sound’s only native oysters were nearly wiped out in the 19th century from overharvesting. Now a network of scientists and advocates is working to restore them to their historical and cultural prominence. Can scientists bring back the lost tidal forests of Puget Sound? It could take generations, but restoring this rare habitat will pay big dividends for Puget Sound’s salmon. Policy pivot in Puget Sound: Lessons learned from marine protected areas and tribally-led estuarine restoration A 2018 paper in the journal Ocean and Coastal Management examines and compares planning approaches used to develop marine protected areas and estuary restoration projects in Puget Sound. It finds that management policies can benefit from increasingly collaborative planning with a focus on multiple benefits such as flood control, salmon recovery, recreation and resilience to climate change. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awarded a Five-year Puget Sound Tribal Capacity Program grant (Grant #PA-00J27701) to the Skokomish Indian Tribe. The tribe received approximately $1 million over a five-year project period (10/1/2010-9/30/2015). The purpose of the Puget Sound Tribal Capacity Program is to assist Puget Sound tribes in participating in the development and implementation of the Puget Sound Action Agenda. A report from the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission describes the results of a series of 97 tribal projects related to Puget Sound recovery funded by the Environmental Protection Agency. In recent decades, hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to restore habitat for Puget Sound salmon. In this article, we look at how scientists are gauging their progress. Are environmental conditions improving or getting worse? The answer may depend on where you look and who you ask. A 2017 course at the UW Jackson School of International Studies examined how to create alliances between the Tulalip Tribes and non-tribal millennials through improved intercultural communication. The students in the course produced a multi-media story describing their experiences. This report describes how funding from the Environmental Protection Agency's National Estuary Program provided fiscal support to allow the Nisqually Indian Tribe to participate in all aspects of the Puget Sound Management Conference. Activities included participation on the region's Ecosystem Coordination Board, The Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Council, a local South Sound LIO (AHSS), Treaty Rights at Risk efforts and various committees and meetings to support the outcomes of the Puget Sound Action Agenda. Social scientists around the Salish Sea are predicting the effects of environmental change through the lens of culturally important foods. Building Squaxin Island Tribe capacity to implement the 2020 Action Agenda for Puget Sound and the EPA region 10 comprehensive conservation and management plan This 2015 report from the Squaxin Island Tribe details the projects it undertook with funds received by the EPA for the implementation of the 2020 Puget Sound Action Agenda. These projects include the restoration of the Shelton Harbor shoreline and a pelagic food web study. Evaluating threats in multinational marine ecosystems: A Coast Salish first nations and tribal perspective A 2015 paper in the journal PLoS ONE identifies ongoing and proposed energy-related development projects that will increase marine vessel traffic in the Salish Sea. It evaluates the threats each project poses to natural resources important to Coast Salish first nations and tribes. The Puget Sound Fact Book brings together statistics and other information about the health and makeup of the Puget Sound ecosystem. Areas of focus include climate change, geography, water quality, habitats, human dimensions and regional species. The fact book was prepared for the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound with funding from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Puget Sound Partnership. Puget Sound is the second largest estuary in the contiguous United States. Today, we understand that estuaries — where freshwater and saltwater merge — are among the most productive places for life to exist. Habitat restoration was undertaken in 2009-2010 on lower Hansen Creek, Washington. The project converted 140 acres of isolated floodplain into 53 acres of alluvial fan and 87 acres of flow-through wetlands. Northwest Coast First Peoples made clam garden terraces to expand ideal clam habitat at tidal heights that provided optimal conditions for clam growth and survival, therefore enhancing food production and increasing food security. Monitoring and adaptive management of the Nisqually Delta after tidal marsh restoration: Restoring ecosystem function for salmon This 2009 report by the Nisqually Tribe establishes key measures of restoration development, habitat processes, and Chinook salmon response for the largest delta restoration project in the Pacific Northwest. Indigenous Community Health and Climate Change: Integrating Biophysical and Social Science Indicators This paper appears in the July 2014 issue of the journal Coastal Management, which focuses on the role of social sciences in Puget Sound ecosystem recovery. A 2014 report describes a study of socio-cultural values associated with blueback salmon in the Quinault Indian Nation. The blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is a unique strain of sockeye that returns primarily to the Quinault river system. The Encyclopedia of Puget Sound spoke with Seattle Times reporter Lynda Mapes about the exhibit Elwha: A River Reborn, which opened at the University of Washington Burke Museum on November 23rd. The exhibit is based on the book of the same title by Mapes and photographer Steve Ringman, and tells the story of the largest dam removal in U.S. history. Browse a collection of shellfish photos provided by the Swinomish Tribe. Extended abstract— Poisoning the body to nourish the soul: Prioritising health risks and impacts in a Native American community This is an extended abstract of Poisoning the body to nourish the soul: Prioritising health risks and impacts in a Native American community by Jamie L. Donatuto, Terre A. Satterfield and Robin Gregory. The full article was published in Health, Risk & Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2011, 103–127. The extended abstract was prepared for the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound by Jamie L. Donatuto. The Salish Sea extends across the U.S.-Canada border, and includes the combined waters of the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound Basin and the San Juan Islands (see map). The name Salish Sea was proposed by Bert Webber in 1989 to reflect the entire cross-border ecosystem. Both Washington State and British Columbia voted to officially recognize the name in late 2009. The name honors the Coast Salish people, who were the first to live in the region. This page includes links to information for Native American tribes with tribal lands found within the boundaries of the Puget Sound watershed. The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe conducts annual surveys of amphibian egg masses in the Reservation Slough wetland near the Sauk River. There are at least 28 species of rockfish in the Salish Sea, but their populations have declined in the past several decades. The proceedings from a 2011 rockfish recovery workshop in Seattle are now available. This page includes links to information for First Nations living along the Salish Sea in Canada. First Nations peoples occupied what is now Canada prior to the arrival of Europeans and Americans, and over 50 cultural groups and unique languages are represented across the country. The State of Our Watersheds Report is produced by the treaty tribes of western Washington, and seeks to present a comprehensive view of 20 watersheds in the Puget Sound region and the major issues that are impacting habitat. The Upper Skagit tribe includes descendants from 11 villages in the Upper Skagit and Samish watersheds. Although the tribe signed the treaty of Point Elliott, no reservation was established, and members refused to leave the region. Today, the tribe's population is scattered among different towns, including Sedro-Woolley, Mount Vernon, and Newhalem. Upper Skagit Area of Concern: The Tulalip reservation is located near Marysville, Washington. It was created after the Point Elliott Treaty of 1855, and currently has a population of 2,500 members. The entire tribal population is approximately 4,000 and growing. Tulalip Tribes Area of Concern: The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community is descended from Coast Salish people that lived in and around the Skagit and Samish Rivers. Their reservation, about 15 square miles, is located on Fidalgo Island, between Skagit Bay, Padilla Bay, and the Swinomish channel. Swinomish Area of Concern: The Suquamish Tribe, whose ancestors have lived in the region for approximately 10,000 years, has 950 enrolled members. About half of them live on the Port Madison reservation, established in 1855 by the treaty of Point Elliott. Suquamish Tribe Area of Concern: The Stillaguamish Tribe is descended from the Stoluck-wa-mish River Tribe, who signed the treaty of Point Elliott in January 1855. Some tribal members moved to the Tulalip reservation, while others remained along the Stillaguamish River. The headquarters for the tribe are in Arlington, Washington. Stillaguamish Area of Concern: The Squaxin Island tribe is made up of several tribes from Squaxin Island and the surrounding inlets. Although no members of the tribe currently live on Squaxin Island year-round, it unites past and future generations and is still an important destination. The tribal headquarters are located in Kamilche. Squaxin Island Area of Concern: The Skokomish Tribe began as the Twana Indians, made up of nine communities living in and around the Hood Canal drainage basin. Skokomish Area of Concern: The original homeland of the Sauk-Suiattle tribe covered the entire drainage area of the Sauk, Suiattle, and Cascade rivers. A village of eight traditional cedar longhouses at Sauk Prairie was destroyed by settlers in 1884. From a tribe of 4,000 in 1855, numbers dropped until 1924, when only 18 members remained. Currently, the tribe has around 200 members. Sauk-Suiattle Area of Concern: The Quinault Indian Nation includes the Quinault and Queets tribes, as well as descendants of five other coastal tribes. The tribe's headquartes are located in Taholah, Washington. Quinault Area of Concern: The Quileute live along the Pacific Coast, in La Push, Washington. The tribe's historical territory stretched up and down the coast. Quileute Area of Concern: The Puyallup Tribe lives in one of the first areas in Puget Sound that was settled by Euro-Americans. For years, they were unable to exercise their fishing rights, until the U.S. vs. Washington court decision, which allowed them access to the usual and accustomed areas. Puyallup Tribe Area of Concern: The Port Gamble S’Klallam reservation covers 1,340 acres. Over half of the nearly 2,000 enrolled tribal members live on the reservation. Port Gamble Bay, the tribe’s ancestral home, has proven to be more resilient than other nearby water bodies, but it still carries a load of toxins from the Pope & Talbot sawmill, which operated on the bank for over 150 years. Port Gamble S'Klallam Area of Concern: The Nooksack are a tribe of about 2,000 members. After signing the Point Elliott Treaty in 1855, they lost ownership of much of their land in exchange for fishing and hunting rights. They were expected to move to the Lummi Reservation, but most refused, and they were eventually granted some homestead claims. Currently, around 2,400 acres remain in trust, administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. After the 1855 treaty, the tribe remained unrecognized until 1973. The tribe's name translates to "always bracken fern roots". Nooksack Tribe Area of Concern: The Nisqually tribe has over 650 enrolled members. Most live on or near the reservation, which was established by the Medicine Creek Treaty in 1854. According to legend, the Nisqually people migrated from the Great Basin thousands of years ago, crossing the Cascades and settling in what is now Skate Creek. The tribe is one of the largest employers in Thurston County. Nisqually Tribe Area of Concern: The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe is named after the prairie where the Muckleshoot reservation was established in 1857. The tribe’s members are descended from the Duwamish and Upper Puyallup people. Muckleshoot Tribe Area of Concern: Makah tribal headquarters are located in Neah Bay, Washington. In the 1800s, the tribe numbered between 2,000 and 4,000, spread between five permanent villages on the Washington Coast. The Makah have a strong whaling tradition and close ties to the ocean. Makah Area of Concern: The Lummi tribe is one of the largest in Washington State, with over 5,000 members. Lummi Tribe Area of Concern: The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe lives on the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula, west of Port Angeles, in the lower Elwha River valley. The land was proclaimed the Lower Elwha Reservation in 1968, and the current tribal lands include approximately a thousand acres. Currently, the tribe has 985 enrolled members, with 395 living on the reservation. Lower Elwha Klallam Area of Concern: The Jamestown S’Klallam tribe is one of several communities originating from the S’Klallam tribe (“strong people”), a cultural and linguistic group in the Salish Sea. The S’Klallam signed the treaty of Point No Point in 1855, which entitled them to a payment of $60,000 over 20 years and fishing rights at the “usual and accustomed places.” In 1874, a band of S’Klallams paid $500 for a 210-acre piece of land near Dungeness, which became the Jamestown community. The Hoh River (chalak'At'sit, or "the southern river") is central to the history, economy and culture of the tribe. Established in September of 1893, the Hoh Indian Reservation covers 443 acres of land on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula. The tribe shares a language with the Quileute. In 2010, additional land was transferred to the tribe under the Hoh Indian Tribe Safe Homelands Act, in order to allow the tribe to move to land outside the tsunami zone if necessary. Hoh Tribe Area of Concern: A botanist believes Coast Salish tribes once favored small islands in the San Juan archipelago for growing camas, an important food staple. 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Algae can become a big problem in freshwater aquariums. Fortunately we have algae cleaners like the Ghost Shrimp to help – they are one of the best algae eaters around. Whilst they are not the most beautiful, they are certainly one of the most useful members of your aquatic community. These voracious little crustaceans eat algae, detritus, and any accumulated biofilm that could otherwise foul up your tank. Many beginners pick them out as their first algae cleaners. If you are thinking of adding these interesting invertebrates to your underwater world then keep reading to learn everything you need to know about them. Ghost Shrimp \| \| Other Common Names: \| Glass Shrimp, Riverine Grass Shrimp \| Scientific Name: \| Palaemonetes paludosus \| Family Name: \| Palaemonidae \| Distribution: \| US east coast \| Size: \| 1-1.5 inches \| Color: \| Clear \| Care Level: \| Easy \| Temperament: \| Peaceful \| Lifespan: \| 1 year \| Minimum Tank Size: \| 5 gallons \| Tank Mate Compatibility: \| Small, peaceful fish and invertebrates \| Table of Contents - What is a Ghost Shrimp? - Ghost Shrimp Appearance - Ghost Shrimp Care Guide - Tank Requirements - Diet and Feeding - Tank Mates For Ghost Shrimps - Ghost Shrimp Breeding and Eggs - Typical Behavior - Species History - Should You Get Ghost Shrimp? (Summary) What is a Ghost Shrimp? Ghost Shrimp are a type of Grass Shrimp and belong to the genus Palaemonetes. While there are many different species the Palaemonetes paludosus is the one you are likely to find in aquariums. This particular species is native to the US east coast, from New Jersey to Florida. They have also been introduced in California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Most people keep Ghost Shrimp because they clean algae. If you are fighting algae in your tank then it is much better to eliminate it naturally instead of using chemical algicides. Using a Ghost Shrimp is the best natural way to remove any excess algae. But these scavengers do not only eat algae. Microbial biofilm, dead plant material, and leftover fish food are also on the menu. All of this tank waste can foul the water quality if allowed to accumulate, but live-in cleaners such as these Shrimp help make sure that this does not happen. Unfortunately though they have one of the shortest lifespans of any aquarium shrimp – they tend to live for around 1 year. You can buy individual specimens for about $1 each, or a group for $5-$10. - Experience Required: None - Nicknames: Riverine Grass Shrimp, Glass Shrimp - Color Forms: Clear - Size: 1-1.5 inches - Tank Size: 5+ gallons - Tank Temperature: 65-80°F Ghost Shrimp Appearance This shrimp is called a ghost for a reason: they are completely transparent. Some however have tiny grey or brown speckles scattered across their bodies. It may look as though their colors are changing to match its environment. However, you are actually looking at what is going on inside their body. You can see this critter’s insides though their skin. When they eat you can watch them digest food. You can also see their individual organs, as well as any eggs that a female may be carrying. Ghost Shrimp are very small and only grow to around 1.5 inches. When they are mixed in with your plants and other décor you will not see very much of them. They have complex organ systems within their tiny bodies. At the front of the cephalothorax are all of the sensory organs, including the long antennae and accompanying antennules, the maxillae and mandible, and two black beady eyes. Their cephalothorax holds the esophagus, heart, stomach, brain, and respiratory system. In the abdomen, you can see the intestines and excretory system. Arteries form a sort of bridge connect the organ systems in the cephalothorax to those in the abdomen. The excretory organs are not as visible as the major organs in the cephalothorax. On the outside are several appendages and each has a different purpose. 5 pairs of walking legs are attached to the cephalothorax (including a pair of modified pinching legs called chelipeds). These are used for grabbing and holding food rather than actually pinching. On the abdomen there are the 5 pairs of swimming legs, or swimmerets. The tail (or telson) is used for maintaining balance while swimming. The fan shaped uropod acts as a rudder that allows them to swim backwards when needed. Clear: The most common variety is completely transparent with no additional marks. They may be sold as a Glass Shrimp in stores. Spotted: Some have a scattering of light grey or brown spots all over their body. This makes it more difficult to see their insides. Ghost Shrimp Care Guide Shrimp are very sensitive creatures and can be difficult to acclimate to a new environment. Unfortunately, deaths from failing to acclimate are very common. The tank must be fully cycled before any shrimp are introduced and the parameters should be stable. You should use the drip method to acclimate a new invertebrate before you add them your tank. To drip them just place your Ghost Shrimp in a small container and fill it partially with your tank’s water. Once they are completely submerged you should check the water parameters and make sure they match those of the tank. Watch them closely for any adverse reactions. If it seems like they are doing well then you can add it to the tank. Most importantly, the tank should be completely free of metals. Copper and zinc (which can be found in medications and fertilizers) are toxic even in trace amounts. They should be removed from a tank that uses copper or zinc based medications, and the tank must be completely free of these metals before re-adding them. Nitrates and ammonium can also cause a big problem. These are introduced to your tank from the waste generated by your fish. A good aquarium filter will keep these waste products from building up, as will a 30% water change every two weeks. In the wild Ghost Shrimp live in temperate and sub-tropical freshwater habitats all over the United States. They thrive in mountain streams. Because they stay in the shallow areas closer to the banks, they are used to slow flowing water. The type of bottom sediment can be anything from mud to gravel to rocks. Let’s now see how you can replicate this wild environment inside your tank. Aquarium Set Up A group of Ghost Shrimp can fit in any tank size, from a 5 gallon tabletop to a large and diverse biotope. They are very hardy but their water parameters must remain consistent. Tank water temperatures can range from 65-80°F, but the best range is between 70-75°F. Consider these ranges while you are looking for an aquarium heater. While they are not technically a cold water shrimp they do tolerate cooler water temperatures better than others. The pH must be basic (7.0 and 8.0) and the water hardness should be between 4-15 dGH. Any light intensity will do but your shrimp are more likely to come out at night when the light is dim. You can use an undergravel filter or another type of low power internal filter (HOB) to generate light currents that replicate a gentle stream. The substrate can be any size from fine grains to larger pebbles. However it must be soft and smooth with no jagged edges. PVC shelters and other hiding places should be provided. Boulders, logs, and driftwood give them a natural place to hide away from potential predators. Above all make sure your bottom levels have plenty of natural plants. These not only provide shelter but also food in the source of algae. Java Moss or Christmas Moss can be grown in mats along the substrate and little bits of algae and biofilm will accumulate over the moss over time. You can also add either duckweed, frogbit, or floating waterweed to the surface to make your tank look just like the shrimp’s natural home. Tank Parameter \| Requirement \| Minimum Tank Size: \| 5 Gallons \| Tank Type: \| Freshwater or brackish \| Temperature: \| 65-80°F \| pH: \| 7.0-8.0 \| Hardness: \| 4-15 dGH \| Flow: \| Light \| Substrate: \| Soft grains or pebbles \| What Size Aquarium Do They Need? Your aquarium size will depend on how many shrimp you want to keep. A 5 gallon tank will hold a group of 3 or 4. If you want to keep more then a 20 gallon tank can hold around 12. Diet and Feeding Algae is not the only thing on the menu for these little omnivores. In the wild Ghost Shrimp also eat detritus, living and dead plant material, and live larvae and zooplankton. Inside your aquarium they will find most of their food on their own. Do not be alarmed if you catch them nibbling on your mosses or leaves – they will not hurt them. You can feed them live and frozen micro-prey, including: insect larvae, water fleas, and brine shrimp. Algae pellets are acceptable too but keep in mind that they need much less than any of your fish. One algae pellet will feed a group of 4. For an occasional treat or supplement try leaving some raw green vegetables or cuttings from your plants at the bottom of the tank. Whenever you trim your tapegrass or waterweed, you can leave the clippings as a treat. Here are all of the things that they will eat: - Plants (living and dead) - Algae flakes and pellets - Shrimp flakes - Brine shrimp (larvae and adult) - Insect larvae - Frozen microworms - Fish and crustacean larvae These tiny shrimp need much less feeding than your fish. You will only need to feed them about once or twice a week because they will find the rest on their own (especially in algae-heavy tanks). Tank Mates For Ghost Shrimps In the wild these shrimp are found living alongside other species of Grass Shrimp, as well as Fundulus and other small minnows. You should consider keeping them in your aquarium with small minnows. In a cooler temperature you could keep them with the White Cloud Mountain Minnow. Cory and Oto Catfish are also safe and can join them at the bottom of the tank. If you want to add a dash of color then you can keep them with a small school of Guppies or Cardinal Tetras. Hatchetfish are also a good choice and should not disturb your shrimp. For other types of tank mates you could keep them with other invertebrates. If you are looking for another fellow algae cleaner you could add a Nerite Snail or two. It is fine to mix different kinds of Grass Shrimp together so consider adding a few other species to your biotope for extra help with algae cleaning too. The Amano Shrimp is also an excellent algae cleaning shrimp that gets along well with them. Just remember that any tank mates must be invertebrate friendly and must not be large enough to swallow a 1 inch shrimp. Avoid Cherry Shrimp and other larger shrimp. While Cherry Shrimp are not usually aggressive they tend to be when around Ghosts. Also keep any rambunctious fish away, including most Barbs. Goldfish are also definitely something to be avoided, so too are most Loaches. Even the little Kuhli Loach can fit this tiny shrimp in their mouth. It is also best to avoid keeping any species of catfish (with the exception of Cories and Otos). Can You Keep Ghost Shrimp Together? Ghost Shrimp are meant to be kept in groups. You will notice they are usually indifferent to one another, but sometimes they will follow each other to the prime feeding spots in your tank. A group of them will most likely congregate in the areas where there are lots of algae and biofilm. It is not uncommon to see them climbing over one another in their mad scramble for food. They scavenge together at the bottom of the tank and may shelter in the same spots too but do not truly interact with one another outside of breeding. Ghost Shrimp Breeding and Eggs Ghost Shrimp are very easy to breed. If you keep enough of them in a tank together then they usually breed on their own without any help. To breed them you should keep a breeding pair in a separate tank. Use a sponge filter and line the substrate with a bit of moss. You will need to simulate their natural breeding season by raising the tank temperature to about 75°F. The male will climb underneath the female and use his first 4 swimmerets to stimulate her. The female’s ovary will turn green when she is about to lay her eggs. It usually takes around 7 hours after copulation for eggs to develop. Once the eggs are laid she will carry them around in her swimmerets until they hatch. A female will carry up to 35 eggs per brood and they take approximately 2 months to hatch. These shrimp do not have a larval stage. They are born as miniature versions of their parents. Juveniles will immediately forage for food and the parents must be removed immediately to prevent cannibalism. You can give them food that is made specifically for baby shrimp, as well as algae flakes crushed into a powder. However, most of their food will be found at the bottom of the tank. After about a month the juveniles will reach maturity and can be added to the main tank. They will be ready to breed about 2 or 3 months after that. Ghost Shrimp are very peaceful and solitary. They are mostly indifferent to the others in the tank (including their own kind). During the day time you can see them resting in shelters and other hiding places, as well as on moss mats and the leaves of your plants. Most of the time they stay hidden, but they will come out whenever food is available. Usually you will see them after the sun goes down. It can be interesting to watch a group of them forage for food. Like all other crustaceans they will shed their exoskeletons in order to grow a new one – this is known as molting. Older shrimp shed about once a month, whereas a younger one will sheds once every week or two. A shedding shrimp will want to remain hidden until their molt is finished. When they are molting they do not move or eat and they should not be disturbed. Once they have finished molting they may eat the leftover exoskeleton. Ghost Shrimp vs Amano Shrimp When beginner’s are considering adding an algae eater to their tank they often think about either the Ghost Shrimp or Amano Shrimp. Both Ghost Shrimp and Amano Shrimp are excellent algae cleaners. The two species have a similar color scheme (transparent with tiny dark speckles) and they also live in the same water temperature. You cannot look at an Amano Shrimp and clearly see their insides, like you can with a Ghost. Also they are an inch longer so they need a larger tank. The two species also come from different parts of the world. The Ghost Shrimp comes from the eastern United States, while the Amano Shrimp is native to Japan, China, and Taiwan. Ghost Shrimp were first described back in 1850 by Mr Gibbes. In those days they were primarily used as bait for fishing. However during the 1950s scientific interest in them increased and they were extensively studied in laboratory settings. Most studies focused on their life cycle and reproductive practices. Around a decade after this they became a well known member of freshwater and brackish ecosystems on the US east coast. Their efficiency as an algae cleaner was recognized even then and it was introduced to the states of Colorado and California to control algae blooms in lakes and rivers. In the 1970s they were introduced to the aquarium trade as an algae eater. They did their job very well which lead to their popularity increasing throughout the coming decades. The 2000s saw a boom in the popularity of these amazing algae eaters too. Now they are one of the most popular species of cleaner shrimp around. Should You Get Ghost Shrimp? (Summary) This is one of the best live-in janitors you can find. They also help to deal with other tank issues like biofilm and detritus. In exchange for their hard work, you will need to keep their home clean and free of nitrates and other waste products. So if you have an algae problem then consider investing in a group of Ghost Shrimp. They may not be the prettiest to look at but they are perfect for the task of keeping algae from growing out of control. Unfortunately because of their size they should only be kept in a tank with small fish. However the benefits of keeping them definitely outweigh the cons. Has a group of Ghost Shrimp helped keep your tank clean? 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Understanding Bend Allowance Concept of Bend Allowance Bend allowance is a critical parameter in sheet metal fabrication that helps determine the accurate flat length of the sheet material required to achieve the desired dimension after bending. It refers to the arc length of the bend as measured along the neutral axis of the material. The neutral axis is an imaginary line within the bend region where the material neither expands nor compresses during the bending process. The calculation of bend allowance depends on various factors, such as the thickness of the sheet metal, the bend radius, and the bending angle. In SOLIDWORKS, users can define bend allowance values to gain precise control over the development of sheet metal parts. Significance of Bend Allowance Accounting for bend allowance is essential in producing accurately bent sheet metal parts. It ensures that the developed size of the part matches the design intent and guarantees that the bends will be made at the correct angles. This significantly reduces errors, material waste, and rework in the fabrication process. Understanding and applying bend allowance values allows designers and fabricators to predict the behavior of the material during bending and avoid common sheet metal issues like over-bending or under-bending. Proper use of bend allowance in SOLIDWORKS enhances the efficiency of simulations and designing complex sheet metal parts. Factors Influencing Bend Allowance The material properties play a significant role in determining the bend allowance in SolidWorks. Different materials have varying degrees of flexibility and resilience, affecting the bend allowance value. For instance, metals like aluminum, steel, and stainless steel have distinct elastic properties, leading to different bend allowance values for each material. The bend angle is another crucial factor influencing the bend allowance. As the angle increases, the bend allowance generally increases as well. A larger bend angle requires more material to be deformed in the bending process, thus necessitating a larger bend allowance. In SolidWorks, the bend angle can be adjusted to generate the desired bend allowance value for the design. The material thickness is directly related to the bend allowance, as thicker materials require more deformation and hence a larger allowance. A correct assessment of material thickness is essential in SolidWorks for accurate calculations and efficient sheet metal design. Thicker materials also demand higher forces for bending operations, resulting in increased requirements for equipment and tooling. Differentiating Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction Definition of Bend Deduction Bend Deduction, or BD, is a terminology used in sheet metal fabrication. It refers to the difference between the bend allowance and twice the outside setback in the material. This value is a key consideration when determining the overall flat length of sheet metal parts during the bending process. It helps fabricators create accurate sheet metal components that adhere to desired dimensions. Bend Allowance Vs Bend Deduction When working with SOLIDWORKS, designers have options to choose between using bend allowance and bend deduction values in their sheet metal designs. Both are useful for determining the final flat pattern of the sheet metal part and are essential for accurate manufacturing. Bend allowance is the arc length of the bend as measured along the neutral axis of the material. It represents the length of the sheet metal being stretched or compressed during the bending process. The neutral axis refers to the region in the material where there is no stress or strain. Parameter \| Description \| Bend Allowance \| Arc length of the bend along the neutral axis of the material \| Bend Deduction \| Difference between the bend allowance and twice the outside setback \| BD \| Bend Deduction abbreviation \| When using SOLIDWORKS, it is essential to input the correct bend allowance value or bend deduction value, depending on the selected method. This ensures that the final sheet metal part will have the desired dimensions and fit properly in assemblies. Both methods have their benefits and considerations. Bend allowance calculations give a more accurate representation of the bending process and consider material behavior during bending. Bend deduction simplifies the calculation process and is easier to understand for those new to sheet metal design. In conclusion, understanding the differences between bend allowance and bend deduction is crucial for accurate sheet metal design within SOLIDWORKS. Accurate input of these values ensures that the final sheet metal component adheres to design specifications and fits seamlessly in the desired assembly. Method to Calculate Bend Allowance You can directly use our bend allowance calculator to calculate the bending allowance. Besides, the fabrication calculator can also help you calculate K-factor, Y-factor, bend allowance, bend deduction, etc. You may be wondering what exactly bend allowance is if you’ve never worked with sheet metal before. When a sheet is bent in a press brake, the part of the sheet close to and in contact with the punch elongates to compensate for the given bend. If you compare the length of this part before and after the bending, you’ll find that they’re different. As an engineer, if you don’t compensate for this variation, the final product won’t have accurate dimensions. This is more critical for parts where you have to maintain a tighter allowance or precision. In this post, I cover some of the basic problems and principles you have to deal with regularly when working with sheet metal. Before we get started, I want to comment on something – there is not really a scientific method or formula for determining the exact calculation of the bend allowance, because there are so many factors at play during the production of your sheet metal part. For example, actual material thickness, an infinite variety of tooling conditions, forming methods, and so on. There are many variables here, and in reality, many methods are used to calculate the bend allowance. Trial and error is probably the most popular method, while bend tables are another commonly used technique. Bend tables are typically available from metal suppliers, manufacturers, and engineering textbooks. Some companies develop their own bending tables based on their standard formulas. Now, let’s return to Solidworks. How does Solidworks calculate bend allowance exactly? Solidworks uses two methods: bend allowance and bend deduction. I’m going to explain what these methods are and show you how they are used in Solidworks. The bend allowance method is based on the formula that appears in my diagram. - Lf = L1 + L2 + BA - BA = Bend Allowance The total length of the flattened sheet is equal to the sum of L1 (the first length), L2, and the bend allowance. The bend allowance region is shown in green on my diagram. This is the region where all deformation occurs during the bending process. Generally, the bend allowance will be different for each combination of material type, material thickness, bend radius, bend angle, and different machining processes, types, speeds, and so on. The list of potential variables is extensive. The value of the bend allowance from sheet metal suppliers, manufacturers, and engineering textbooks is provided in bend tables. A bend table looks like the following Excel spreadsheet. The bend table approach is probably the most accurate method for calculating bend allowance. You can input your data manually into a matrix of the bend angle and bend radius. If you are not sure of the bend allowance value, you can run some tests. You need a piece of the exact same sheet metal you will use to manufacture your part, and then you bend it using the same processes you will use during your machining. Simply take some measurements before and after bending, and based on the same information, you can adjust the necessary bend allowance. Another method that Solidworks uses is the bend deduction method. The formula is as follows: - Lf = D1 + D2 – BD - BD = Bend Deduction The flattened length of the parts, Lf, equals D1 plus D2 minus the bend deduction. Like bend allowance, bend deduction comes from the same sources: tables and manual testing. As you can see, it is easy to understand how these values are related to each other based on the information provided by these formulas. - L1 + L2 + BA = D1 + D2 – BD Another method for calculating bend allowance uses the K-factor. K represents the neutral axis offset. The general principle of this formula is as follows: the neutral axis (shown in red in my diagram) does not change during the bending process. During the bending process, the material inside the neutral axis will compress, and the material outside the neutral axis will stretch. The neutral axis will be closer to the inside bend (indicated in blue in the diagram). The more the part bends, the closer the neutral axis will be to the inside of the part. The bend allowance calculation formula with the K-factor is shown below: BA = 2πA(R+KT)/360 - A=Angle (degrees) - R=Bend Radius - K=Neutral Axis Offset (K-factor) t/T - T=Thickness of Material - BA=Length of Bend Allowance The K-factor equals t, which is the offset distance to the neutral axis, divided by big T, which is the thickness of the material. In this formula, the bend allowance equals 2 times pi multiplied by A (the angle) multiplied by the sum of R (the bend radius) and the K-factor multiplied by T (the thickness of the material). Then, you divide all of this by 360. In theory, the K-factor can be anywhere between 0 and 1, but for practical purposes, it is typically between 0.25 and 0.5. - K-Factor = 0 – 1 (in theory) - K-Factor = 0.25 – 0.5 (practical) For example, hard materials like steel have a higher K-factor, such as 0.5, while soft materials like copper or brass will have a lower K-factor closer to 0. And don’t worry, this is the last formula we will be walking through in this lesson. It might seem a little confusing now, but with some practice, it will become second nature. One last point: let’s take a look at the example. There is a hem on this part that has a K-factor of around 0.3. On the other hand, a soft bend, such as the gradual bend on the other side of this part, has a higher K-factor of about 0.5. And this concludes our lesson on bend allowance.	<urn:uuid:6341f0ce-ea03-44cf-b8a1-ecdd52498eb3>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.machinemfg.com/bend-allowance/	2024-03-02T12:40:32Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz	en	0.894609	2,176	3.046875	3	[ 57, 275, 897, 281, 391, 593, 1771, 329, 515, 203, 39, 266, 1992, 289, 391, 593, 1771, 329, 515, 203, 38, 593, 1059, 515, 316, 261, 2421, 677, 6401, 288, 6800, 3691, 5621, 318, 336, 1780, 2747, 268, 3879, 5664, 3510, 289, 268, 6800, 1193, 2207, 292, 2446, 268, 5554, 11672, 1003, 285, 1753, 18, 553, 4080, 292, 268, 11694, 3510, 289, 268, 285, 593, 352, 5859, 1910, 268, 7783, 11437, 289, 268, 1193, 18, 365, 7783, 11437, 316, 363, 3579, 2749, 2137, 1291, 268, 285, 593, 2225, 853, 268, 1193, 8667, 771, 1863, 3112, 9827, 274, 995, 268, 285, 1753, 833, 18, 203, 1461, 2460, 1218, 289, 285, 593, 1059, 515, 4465, 341, 1320, 1802, 16, 659, 352, 268, 9950, 289, 268, 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Americans have frequently moved: Consider how the geographic center of the population has shifted over the centuries, from east of Baltimore, when the Constitution was written, to west of the Mississippi now. Tales of location and dislocation, voluntary or forced, are at the heart of American history and literature. They range from Lewis and Clark and The Oregon Trail, to O Pioneers! and The Grapes of Wrath—from The Warmth of Other Suns to On the Road, from Easy Rider to Thelma and Louise and Ladybird, and a thousand other illustrations before and after. But of course Americans, like people of any culture, have at the same time craved connection, place, family, roots—the sense of being at home. This is part of our literature and life as well: The Education of Henry Adams in the Boston Brahmin way, and Where We Come From, by Oscar Cásares, as a very different recent illustration, with its account of life along the Rio Grande in Brownsville, Texas. My goal is obviously not to sum up this unending tension in the national life. It is instead to tee up one practical aspect, as a prelude to this evening’s debate among 10 Democratic candidates. Through America’s history, there has been a long dying off of the very smallest hamlets and settlements. In the 1870s, a small rural town might support several farming families, a general store and a school teacher and perhaps a newspaper publisher and an undertaker. Now if that village or settlement exists at all, it might just be a retired farm family, or someone working as an employee for a corporate owner, or someone who drives 50 miles to work in an Amazon or Walmart warehouse. Our literary reference here is Larry McMurtry’s The Last Picture Show, about the withering of his North Texas hometown of Archer City, Texas. As we described in Our Towns and related articles, you can see the evidence of this smallest-town attrition perhaps most easily from above: Even in South Dakota’s fertile East River, you can easily trace from low altitude what the railroads ushered in 150 years ago, and how their impact has ebbed. As we flew along one of the east-west lines that brought settlers into these territories and carried crops out to markets, we would see little settlements every few minutes. In the 1800s they were set up at roughly 10-mile intervals, an efficient distance when farmers were delivering their harvests by wagon. Now it seems that four out of five of those towns are withering, as farms are run with giant combines and crops are hauled by truck. So, there will continue to be some communities—of a few hundred people, or a very few thousand—that are just too small to survive. But what about those settlements that are large enough that they are not going away? Charleston, West Virginia, has lost more than a third its population, compared to its peak before the decline of the coal and chemical industries. Countless mid-sized cities in Pennsylvania and Ohio have fewer people than they did 30 years ago. The same is true in many Plains states. And yet many of these cities, while smaller than they used to be, are still sizable in population terms and richly endowed with the physical legacy of their long decades of boom and growth. Big churches and synagogues; once-grand civic buildings and banks; department stores and concert halls—the many other reminders of the architectural ambitions and grandeur of an earlier American age. In some places across the country, the tattered parts of this heritage are being renewed. (For instance, like this, from Danville, Virginia.) In others, the decay goes on—fewer restored downtown apartments, more tattoo parlors and for-pay blood banks. But even the most struggling of these cities, unlike the Dust Bowl settlement where Caroline Henderson lived, is not simply going to disappear. Many of their people are not just going away. Jason Segedy, of the planning department of the city of Akron, Ohio, wrote recently on his Tumblr—called “Notes from the Underground“—about what he called “the U-Haul school of urban policy.” That is the idea that if you can make people more geographically mobile—moving them out of a place where opportunities are dwindling, and into a place where new possibilities are opening up—you will have done much of the work that matters, toward making the U.S. economy fairer, more open, more inclusive, more dynamic, and so on. People still are going to move, Segedy and others emphasize. But that’s become harder in various ways than it might have been a generation ago (for reasons Segedy goes into), and it doesn’t address the prospect of those who want to, or have to, stay. Segedy’s whole post is worth reading—as is this complementary 2018 reported essay by Alec MacGillis in ProPublica, and Chris Arnade’s powerful and much-discussed book, Dignity. For the moment, I’d like to emphasize this part of Segedy’s argument, as part of his list of the modern limits of the “U-Haul solution” for America: 4) The Enduring Importance of Place: …When people left behind small communities in Appalachia or the rural South, in order to improve their individual economic prospects, it was undoubtedly a hardship for the people who were left behind in those places, but the number of people who were impacted was relatively small …. That obscure, old, abandoned silver mining town in the Colorado mountains that you can’t name might have been a one-industry town, just like Youngstown was, but the similarity ends there. Whether we’re talking about a smaller city like Flint or Youngstown, or a larger one like Cleveland or Detroit, we’re looking at established places with tens or hundreds of thousands of residents, surrounded by hundreds of thousands or millions more. The critical mass of people, and economic activity, even in a massively shrinking city like Youngstown, is staggering. The notion that large numbers of people can just walk away from larger urban regions in the Rust Belt, without disastrous social (and, increasingly, political) implications is naive in the extreme. Encouraging everyone to abandon their friends, family, and community, and head for greener pastures might be a solid course of action for an individual person or household, but it is suicidal as a regional economic development strategy. Nearly everything that matters in life is contradictory. Through our years of living in China, Deb Fallows and I were continually re-amazed about the opposites that were simultaneously true in that country: Rich and poor. Modern and backward. Tender and cruel. Controlled and chaotic—all true, all at the same time. The American version of that outlook that I’ve come to believe, through our travels, involves opportunity and inclusion. America should make it easier for people to move—toward new places and possibilities, toward better versions of themselves. And America should make it better for people who stay. Again, as Jason Segedy put it: In case I haven’t said it enough: I’m not arguing that people should never move away from where they live. But, I am arguing that we need a better answer than “You need U-Haul” for the economically struggling people in the cities of the vast post-industrial heartland of this troubled nation. Formally these two approaches are known as “mobility-based” and “place-based” strategies. As Segedy, MacGillis, Arnade, and many others point out, “mobility” policies have usually seemed more high-brow and respectable than place-based approaches. Helping a talented young person go from a hick town to a research lab is a commencement speech-worthy illustration of the American Dream. Helping that hick town improve itself can seem like more pork barrel. But America’s version of China’s endless contradictions is that both of these opposites matter: Helping people, and helping places. A fairer chance for people who go, and a fairer chance for people who stay. Where this is leading, in today’s installment, is my ever-increasing interest in groups, thinkers, organizations, and others who are trying to systematize “place-based” policies. To give just three illustrations, from many possibilities: - The Orton Family Foundation, based in Vermont, has its “Community Heart and Soul Model,” aimed mainly at smaller and rural communities; - Vibrant Community Partners draws on the work of Quint Studer, who has led a revitalization of Pensacola; - Accelerator for America, which was founded two years ago by Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti and his longtime aide Rick Jacobs, aims to be “a do tank, not a think tank” for place-based strategies. (I went to one of its sessions, in Dayton, early this month.) The latest addition to this list is the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, based in Kansas City, whose focus over the years has been America’s entrepreneurial economy. Recently it released “America’s New Business Plan,” described in detail at this site, with a detailed set of recommendations for how cities and regions can foster the new businesses that, collectively, account for nearly all of the net job growth in the economy. “A lot of policy makers have a misguided emphasis on attracting big, established businesses,” Victor Hwang, Kauffman’s vice president for entrepreneurship, told me about this study. “Think of the big fight over cities trying to get [Amazon’s] HQ2. When you think about what could have been done with a fraction of that money, to foster new businesses, it’s very significant.” What, in specific, could have been done? The Kauffman report, available online here and as a 25-page PDF here is designed especially to redress a funding-and-opportunity gap that has penalized women, people in rural area, and non-whites across the country. “Women, black, and Latinx entrepreneurs disproportionately struggle to raise the funds their businesses need,” the report says. “While 45% of men say that getting the money to start a new business is difficult, 63% of women report the same. On average, black entrepreneurs start with much less capital, have less family wealth to rely on, and are much less likely to get bank loans or other forms of investment than equivalent applicants who are white or of other racial identities.” What makes this report valuable, from my point of view, is that it is chock full of specifics. They come in four main categories: 1) improving financing for new businesses; 2) sharing practical know-how in business operations; 3) streamlining regulations that burden small businesses in particular (as opposed to a general anti-regulation crusade; and 4) buffering some of the external risks that may deter people from taking a plunge-into-the-unknown by starting a business. What’s an example of category four? Health-insurance costs and student-loan burdens. The Kauffman report goes into detail about proposals that could (in theory!) get bipartisan support, and that could create “a safety net that supports entrepreneurial risk-taking.” There is a lot more in the report. Why mention this today? Because one more Democratic debate is about to begin. Lord knows there is a lot of other breaking news right now that is likely to dominate the questioning. But sooner or later, attention will turn again to the economic problems—both person-based and place-based—doing such damage in the country. Whoever emerges from the Democratic field will need ideas and plans for dealing with them. 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Dr. Pushpa Rani Prasad \| by Pushpa Rani Prasad The idea of causation is one of the threadbare problems of philosophy and has been discussed both by the philosophers and the scientists from the dim past to the present age. Its root goes as far back as to Aristole. In the Cartesian philosophy, as in that of the scholastics, the connection of cause and effect was supposed to be necessary, as logical connections are necessary. The first really serious challenge to this view came from Hume. It has rightly been said that with Hume the modern philosophy of causation begins. In the opinion of Hume, no quality of any object which we consider a cause can be the origin of the idea of cause for there is no discoverable quality which is common to all objects. Hume points out that the idea of causation is derived from the relations such as contiguity, priority of time, constant conjunction and necessary connection. In his opinion the relation of cause and effect does not depend much on the relations of contiguity, succession and constant conjunction. The central theme of Hume’s entire argument is to point out how experience gives rise to the idea of necessary connection. He concludes that necessity is something which exists in mind, not in objects. It is nothing but that determination of thought to pass from causes to effects and from effects to causes, according to their experienced union. Belief in causation is due to custom-born association. Necessary connection is not an affair of reason but of imagination. hUME’S VIEW ON CAUSATION: The oldest view on the issue of causation is that of the rationalists. According to them causation is a necessary connection between cause and effect, which is true for all the time. Hume's view of causation keeps an important place in the history of philosophy. Causation has been viewed by Hume both as a philosophical relation and a natural relation. Considering as a philosophical relation cause has been defined by Hume as: "An object precedent and contiguous to another, and where all the objects resembling the former are placed in like relations of precedency and contiguity to those objects that resemble the latter".1 Causation as a natural relation has been defined by Hume as “A cause is an object precedent and contiguous to another and so united with it that the idea of one determines the mind to form the idea of the other, and the impression of the one to form a livelier idea of the other”.2 Hume divides all the objects of human inquiry into 'relations of ideas' and 'matters of fact'. The former includes those ideas which are either intuitively or demonstratively certain. The relations of matters of fact are identity, situation in time and place and causation. Hume says that all kinds of reasoning consist in nothing but a comparison and a discovery of those relations, either constant or inconstant, which two or more objects bear to each other. This comparison may be made either when both the objects are present to the senses, or when neither of them is present, or when only one. When both the objects are present to the senses along with the relation, we call this perception rather than reasoning. In it there is no exercise of thought but admission of impression through the organs of senses only. In the case of comparisons of identity and relation of time and place the mind is concerned with what is actually there. Observations we make concerning identity and time and place cannot be treated as reasoning, since in none of them mind can go beyond what is immediately present to the senses. The relation of cause-effect informs us of existences and objects which we do not see or feel. So, this relation needs philosophical analysis. Hume proceeds to examine the idea of cause by searching for impression or impressions from which it is derived. In the opinion of Hume, no quality of any object which we consider a cause can be the origin of the idea of cause for there is no discoverable quality which is common to all objects. So, the idea that of causation must be derived from some relation among objects which Hume now endeavours to discover. The relations which Hume discovers are: Priority of time (the cause prior to effect) Hume finds that whatever objects are considered as cause and effects, are contiguous and nothing can operate in a time or place which is ever so little removed from those of its existence. Though distant objects may sometimes seem productive of each other, they are commonly found upon examination to be linked by a chain of causes, which are contiguous among themselves and to the distant objects. Hume, thus, considers the relation of contiguity as essential to that of causation. of time (succession): The second relation which we find between cause and effect is that of 'priority of time'. It is generally observed that in the cause and effect series, cause comes earlier in time and the effect follows later in time. Succession in time is always observed. For instance, when we switch on, the lamp is lighted. Here the cause ‘switch on’ comes prior to the effect the 'lightening of lamp'. It would be untrue to say that Hume lays great emphasis on contiguity and on temporal succession as essential elements of causal relation. He says, "An object may be contiguous and prior to another without being considered as its cause. There is a Necessary Connection to be taken into consideration; and that relation is of much greater importance than any of the other two above-mentioned".3 Hume points out that sounds and smells, passions and volitions cannot properly be said to have shapes or positions at all, but do enter into causal relationship. It is not, therefore, his final opinion that spatial contiguity is an essential part of causation as regards the question of time relation between cause and effect, Hume never clears up. He gives what purports to be an argument to show that effect must follow cause in time. Hume finds that the relation of cause and effect depends not in the least on known qualities of objects considered as cause. The relations of contiguity and succession have already been regarded as imperfect The two questions which Hume now proceeds to examine for what reason we pronounce it necessary that everything whose existence has a beginning should also have a cause? why we conclude, that such particular causes must necessarily have such particular effects; and what is the nature of that inference we draw from the one to the other, and of the belief we repose in it? The first question is concerning the necessity of a cause. Hume says it is a general maxim in philosophy that whatever begins to exist must have a cause. This is commonly taken for granted in reasoning without any proof given or demanded. Hume asserts that idea of necessity is neither intuitively nor demonstratively proved to be certain. Hume says that as we cannot derive the opinion of the necessity of a cause to every new production from knowledge or any scientific reasoning, that opinion must necessarily arise from observation and experience. The next question then, should naturally be, how experience gives rise to such a principle? Hume thinks that the answer to this question will be found perhaps in answering the second question. Nature of Causal Inference: According to Hume when we infer effects from causes, we must establish the existence of these causes which can be done only by immediate perception of our memory or senses. It is impossible for us to carry on our inferences in infinitum. So all the reasoning concerning causes and effects are originally derived from some impressions. In causal inference we find that when we have the perception of cause or of effect only, its correlative is inferred in idea. Causal inferences, thus, contain a present perception either of sense or memory, and an idea reached by inference. In the opinion of Hume, the ultimate cause of the impressions which arise from senses is perfectly inexplicable by human reason and that such a question is not in any way material to the present purpose. As regards ideas of memory Hume says, "Since therefore the memory is known neither by the order of its complex ideas, nor the nature of its simple ones; it follows that the difference betwixt it and the imagination lies in its superior force and vivacity".4 Hume says that it is merely the force and liveliness of the perception which lays the foundation of that reasoning which we built upon it, where we trace the relation of cause and effect. Hume says that the belief or assent which always attends the memory and senses is nothing but vivacity of those perceptions they present. Now Hume proceeds to examine the inference which we draw from cause (impression), to effect (idea). Hume is of the view that one does not in fact need to survey particular objects or make any penetration into the real essences of things when we discover causal connections. The discovery is not derived from any such penetration. So, separation of cause and effect implies no absurdity and self-contradiction. Effect being distinct from its cause can never be discovered in it, any conception of it a priori must be entirely Had causation been a logical relation, then the contradictory of every true proposition which asserted a causal connection would be self-contradictory. In that case the proposition which asserted the existence either of general or of particular causal connections would have been analytic, which is not a fact. It is very likely that the course of Nature may change, and our previously experienced result may be attended with different or contrary effects. He cites the example of a body, falling from the clouds that it may resemble snow in all other aspects, but has the taste of salt or feelings of fire. Thus, Hume rightly thinks that it is only by experience that the validity of any synthetic proposition can be determined. It is therefore by experience only, that we can infer the existence of one object from that of another. Hume advances a general description of the experience that is causal inference. Explaining the nature of experience Hume says that we remember to have had frequent instances of the existence of one species of objects; and also remember that the individuals of another species of objects have always attended them and have existed in a regular order of contiguity and succession with regard to them. For example, "we remember to have seen that species of object we call flame, and to have felt that species of sensation we call heat. We likewise call to the mind their constant conjunction in all past instances. Without any farther ceremony, we call the one cause and the other effect, and infer the existence of one from that of the other".5 Thus, a new relation between cause and effect has been discovered. This relation is their constant conjunction. Contiguity and succession are not sufficient to make us pronounce any two objects to be cause and effect, unless we perceive, that these two relations are preserved in several instances. Constant conjunction implies that like objects have always been placed in like relations of contiguity and succession. Hume points out that the newly discovered relation of a constant conjunction seems to advance us very little in our way. In his opinion what we learn not from one object, we can never learn from a hundred, which are all of the same kind, and are perfectly resembling in every circumstance. It is clear that constant conjunction cannot by itself be the origin of the idea of necessary connection. But Hume points out that we make causal inference, which consists in a "transition from an impression or memory of one object to the idea of another which we call its cause or effect, whenever we have experience of constant conjunction. Hume says that if reason determined us to make the transition it would proceed upon that principle "that instances, of which we have had no experience, must resemble those, of which we have had experience, and that the course of nature continues always uniformly the Hume now considers all those arguments upon which such a proposition may be supposed to be founded and which must be derived either from knowledge or probabilities. Hume says that there can be no demonstrative arguments to prove that those instances, of which we have had no experience resemble those, of which we have had experience. It is not an analytic proposition; whose contradictory is inconceivable. A change in course of nature is perfectly conceivable. Probability, in its distinction from demonstration, does, indeed, rest on an appeal to experience, but it concerns only those happenings in regard to which there is a conflict of experience. It is clear that 'reason' can never show us the connection of one object with another, though aided by experience, and the observation of their constant conjunction in all past instances. Giving a solution of this dilemma Hume says that when the mind passes from an idea or impression of one object to the idea or belief of another, it is not determined by reason, but by certain principles, which associate together the idea of these objects, and unite them in imagination. He says: “Thus, in transition from an impression of one object to an idea of another, it is the imagination which is operating, not understanding. It is custom and not reason, habit and not evidence, which is at Custom or habit here operates in and through the laws of association; and it is upon this associative union of ideas that the inference rests. We find that from the constant conjunction the objects acquire a union in the imagination and when an impression of one becomes present to us, we immediately form idea of its usual attendant. The idea of Necessary Connection: After explaining the manner in which we reason beyond our immediate impressions and conclude that such particular causes must have such particular effects, Hume returns to examine the question raised earlier viz. what is our idea of necessity, when we say that two objects are necessarily connected together. As there is no idea that is not derived from some impression, Hume proceeds to find some impression that gives rise to this idea of necessity when the two objects are supposed to be placed in causal relation. It is perceived that they are contiguous in time and place and that the object we call cause precedes the other we call effect. The relation of constant conjunction also does not help much and does not give rise to a new Hume has also examined the question concerning the power and efficacy of causes which has caused much disputes both among ancient and modern philosophers. Hume observes that efficacy, agency, power, force, energy, necessity and productive quality are all nearly synonymous and tries to find impression from which the idea of power or efficacy is originally derived. Thus, according to Hume, if two objects are presented to us, of which one is the cause and other the effect, it is plain from any one instance we never arrive at the idea of cause and effect, of a necessary connection of power, of force, of energy and of efficacy. When we observe several instances, in which the same objects are always conjoined together, we immediately conceive a connection between them and begin to draw an inference from one to the other. This multiplicity of resembling instances, therefore, constitutes the very essence of power or connection, and is the source from which the idea of it arises. The repetition of perfectly similar instances can never alone give rise to an original idea, different from what is found in any particular instance which is also evident from the fundamental principle that all ideas are copied from impression. Hume says after we have observed the resemblance in a sufficient number of instances, we immediately feel a determination of the mind to pass from one object to its usual attendant, and to conceive in a stronger light upon account of that relation. This determination is the only effect of the resemblances, and therefore must be same with power or efficacy, whose idea is derived from resemblance. Necessity then is the effect of this observation and is nothing but an internal impression of the mind, or a determination to carry our thoughts from one object to another. There is no impression conveyed by our senses which can give rise to that idea. It must, therefore, be derived from some internal impression or impression of reflection. There is no internal impression but that propensity which custom produces, to pass from an object to the idea of its usual attendant. So the necessity is something which exists in mind, not in objects. Necessity is nothing but that determination of the thought to pass from causes to effects and from effects to causes, according to their experienced union. Hume's commentators have assumed that Hume questions the validity of the causal maxim. But he cannot be accused of denying causation; rather he was concerned with defining it properly. The question is not whether there are causal relations. Hume's discussions concern only the grounds upon which the causal belief rests. All that Hume denies is that there is any secret tie between cause and effect due to which one can necessarily produce the effect. Hume finds a substitute for this alleged power which he calls 'determination of the mind'. Some modern thinkers have appreciated Hume's views. The concept of regular succession given by Hume can be observed by differentiating two phrases, “after this" and "because of this". The meaning of "because of this", is entirely different from 'after this'. The logical positivists maintain that actually one observes regularity or uniformity of sequence between the events. They would therefore agree with Hume that the only thing which distinguishes a purely temporal sequence i.e. "this after that ", from causal "this because of that", is the greater regularity of the latter. Russell also believes that from practical point of view causation is same as the varying sequence. It means that Russell accepts Hume's view of causation as regular sequence. Smith remarks that if necessary connection is not revealed in one instance, it is also not revealed in any number of similar instances. He says, "It is precisely the similarity of the instances which constitutes the uniformity, and which therefore rules out the possibility of more being revealed by additional instances than is revealed in single Because nothing is given in one instance, repetition or uniformity cannot be made the basis of inference to the future either demonstrative or probable. Smith holds, therefore, that what one requires is that the enlargement of experience which will supply us, what neither single instance not the mere repetition of similar instances can yield. What Hume had done in connection with the idea of necessary connection is to have redefined the idea. By redefining the idea as a feeling of connection in our mind, he saves the idea from the fate of being condemned as meaningless. It follows from the redefined idea that the traditional notion of necessary connection is rejected. The traditional meaning is shown to have no application, since it had no corresponding impression. The most important conclusions which Hume arrives at as regards causal relation are that belief in causation is due to custom-born association and that necessary connection between cause and effect is never perceived. It is not an affair of reason but of imagination. We find that Bertrand Russell has supported Hume's view. In his book 'History of western philosophy' he writes: “So far as physical sciences are concerned, Hume is wholly in the right, such propositions as 'A causes B' are never to be accepted, and our inclination to accept them is to be explained by the habit and association”.9 A.J. Ayer is also of the opinion that causal connection belongs to the class of synthetic propositions. He writes “We have indeed, no a priori ground for either accepting or rejecting the doctrine that every event is causally connected with every other, but there are good empirical grounds for rejecting it".10 It was recognized by Hume that when we look towards external objects we are never able to discover any power or necessary connection. There is, Hume says, nothing in a number of instances, different from any single instance, which is supposed to be exactly similar, except only that after a repetition of similar instances the mind is carried by habit, upon the appearance of an event to except its usual attendant, and to believe that it will exist. This connection, therefore, which we feel in the mind, this customary transition of the imagination from an object to its usual attendant, is the sentiment or impression from which we form the idea of necessary connection. Thus, in my opinion at least this much is important about Hume, that his main interest is neither to provide a psychological nor any objective account of this principle; rather his main effort seems to present a conceptual analysis of causation. It still remains a doubtful proposition whether or not he has unfolded the idea of causation as it lies within the mind, or has he explained it adequately as a natural law? The main reason of all the misunderstandings is the lack of proper appraisal of Hume's position. While providing this account, Hume was very much cautious that he was not going to propound this stupid doctrine that an event can take place without any cause, rather he simply wanted to point out that the notion of causal necessity can neither be known through perception nor through inference, rather it is only the product of our faith, imagination and habit. He intends to dethrone the concept of causation as a necessary connection because the idea of cause has been the bedrock of traditional cosmology, theology and ethics. In fact, Hume's attempt is quite praiseworthy to the extent that he has evoked the scientists and philosophers to think this problem a fresh on empirical light. And this has produced a good effect on the logical empiricists like Russell, Carnap, Ayer etc. Blanshard has pointed out that "Russell and Wittgenstein have almost returned to Hume's conclusion".11 Hume has deduced the conclusion keeping his view on his basic premise that "all the perceptions of human mind resolve themselves into two distinct kind, which I shall call "impressions" and "ideas" and this part of Hume's attempt is still a landmark in the field of recent philosophy which drew the attention of large number of philosophers. Challenging the traditional concept of causation as a necessary connection, Hume attempted a reexamination of the very idea of causation for a correct appraisal. And here again, Hume seems to be the precursor of the logical empiricism whose job is also the same. 1. Hume, David: A Treatise of Human Nature; Ed. by L.A. Selby-Bigge, The Clarendon Press, 2. Ibid: p-170. 3. Ibid: p-77. 4. Ibid: p-85. 5. Ibid: p-87. 6. Ibid: p-89 7. Ibid: Abstract, p-16 quoted in The Philosophy of David Hume, by N.K. 8. Smith, N.K.: The Philosophy of David Hume, London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1964, p-394. 9. Russell, Bertrand: History of Western Philosophy; George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1961, pp-642-643 10. Ayer, A.J.: Languate, Truth and Logic; Victor Gollancz, London, 1967, p-151. 11. Blanshard, Brand: Reason and Analysis, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1962, p-445. About the Writer: Dr. Pushpa Rani Prasad, a Commissioned acting Principal working at S.P. Mahila College, Dumka, Jharkhand (India) writing in both English and Hindi. 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539, 3468, 277, 341, 353, 2416, 9971, 291, 341, 9161, 280, 1577, 305, 352, 1505, 2880, 289, 203, 71, 571, 280, 7692, 18, 915, 1977, 16, 203, 6, 7353, 3904, 602, 327, 353, 2416, 6810, 291, 2676, 292, 1515, 203, 7204, 491, 1018, 2221, 352, 606, 1342, 18, 994, 316, 261, 465, 8566, 6384, 982, 292, 327, 203, 358, 1651, 636, 6748, 31, 291, 336, 7692, 316, 289, 1111, 2796, 2557, 687, 203, 1100, 289, 268, 586, 881, 2159, 17, 4320, 328, 286, 6400, 23, 203, 44, 2945, 3097, 628, 336, 4807, 291, 835, 4983, 16, 1464, 806, 291, 203, 6922, 1158, 2362, 3624, 327, 1211, 292, 437, 6133, 361, 6823, 430, 516, 16, 566, 565, 203, 11103, 636, 1258, 280, 2051, 18, 553, 316, 462, 16, 3281, 16, 615, 3657, 6514, 336, 9573, 203, 1037, 2416, 9971, 316, 363, 1505, 923, 289, 1258, 318, 352, 735, 1519, 268, 2302, 289, 669, 203, 2230, 318, 858, 1342, 291, 2365, 16, 402, 2945, 2270, 1108, 1267, 644, 18, 915, 3581, 768, 1249, 84, 1316, 203, 278, 327, 363, 6346, 292, 1171, 336, 2365, 1204, 1089, 1342, 288, 669, 18, 203, 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8168, 336, 2505, 289, 11210, 316, 8667, 203, 263, 400, 8371, 3112, 2988, 2874, 9105, 292, 327, 1575, 18, 402, 2945, 1977, 336, 352, 445, 203, 5270, 1960, 4164, 464, 268, 6514, 289, 268, 11210, 289, 261, 1342, 292, 953, 733, 1815, 203, 10207, 1772, 361, 723, 3181, 9763, 16, 336, 6514, 1204, 6608, 7534, 203, 10207, 8467, 291, 1432, 18, 365, 2033, 2302, 1023, 16, 788, 5001, 327, 16, 203, 7831, 1432, 3581, 3573, 292, 659, 261, 5725, 35, 402, 2945, 264, 3274, 336, 268, 3257, 292, 203, 262, 277, 2302, 513, 327, 986, 4810, 288, 2369, 1489, 268, 1901, 2302, 18, 203, 50, 920, 289, 351, 571, 280, 450, 3701, 30, 203, 37, 916, 1400, 292, 402, 2945, 649, 445, 8216, 1814, 427, 2384, 16, 203, 2878, 1204, 3577, 268, 5682, 289, 629, 2384, 518, 375, 327, 2217, 794, 419, 203, 7850, 2086, 381, 7361, 289, 662, 3354, 361, 11020, 18, 553, 316, 6037, 331, 407, 292, 3375, 203, 266, 662, 8216, 1091, 288, 582, 263, 297, 408, 18, 1426, 516, 268, 9763, 8123, 2384, 291, 203, 4683, 798, 356, 6980, 6781, 427, 579, 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Beware Of Low Blood Sugars Remember, above all else, its very easy to over-treat a high blood sugar and wind up low. Then youll be tempted to binge-eat and wind up high again. This blood sugar roller coaster is exhausting and dangerous, too. Frequently finding yourself on the blood sugar roller coaster means your approach to taking insulin and/or how you treat low blood sugars isnt working and needs some fine-tuning. Work with your healthcare team to reduce and prevent these wild swings to ensure your overall safety and quality of life! Broccoli And Broccoli Sprouts Sulforaphane is a type of isothiocyanate that has blood-sugar-reducing properties. This plant chemical is produced when broccoli is chopped or chewed due to a reaction between a glucosinolate compound called glucoraphanin and the enzyme myrosinase, both of which are concentrated in broccoli . Test-tube, animal, and human studies have shown that sulforaphane-rich broccoli extract has powerful antidiabetic effects, helping enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar and markers of oxidative stress . Broccoli sprouts are concentrated sources of glucosinolates like glucoraphanin, and theyve been shown to help promote insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes when supplemented as a powder or extract ( Keep in mind that the best way to enhance the availability of sulforaphane is to enjoy broccoli and broccoli sprouts raw or lightly steamed, or to add active sources of myrosinase like mustard seed powder to cooked broccoli ( You May Like: Does Goodrx Cover Diabetic Test Strips What Causes A Drop In Blood Sugar Levels Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells where it is used for energy. The pancreas releases insulin in response to high blood sugar levels. When glucose enters the cell, it leaves the bloodstream, causing a blood sugar drop. There are several potential causes of low blood glucose levels, which well discuss below. Don’t Miss: What Is S Normal Blood Sugar Level Why Is It Important To Reduce The Size And Duration Of These Spikes Reducing these spikes may help you to increase the amount of time you spend in your target blood sugar range , which will have a positive impact on your future health. You should consult your healthcare team to understand the best target range for you, as this will differ from person to person. However, the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes recommends a target of 5.0-10.0 mmol/L . Symptoms of a high blood sugar level also vary in individuals, but they may cause you to feel thirsty, tired, stressed and need to go to the toilet a lot. In the short term, by avoiding prolonged high blood sugar readings after eating, you should also reduce the occurrence of these symptoms and improve your energy, cognitive and athletic ability and overall mood. Great Bedtime Snacks For People Living With Diabetes For some people, a healthy bedtime snack helps to prevent glucose swings during the night. By eating a small snack that is full of protein and healthy fats , your body may be better able to avoid an overnight high but if you take insulin, be sure to cover the carbohydrates in your snack even if it only requires a small dose of insulin. Here are some snack ideas: Plain nuts or seeds try eating a small handful Raw vegetables, such as carrots, celery, cucumbers, or tomatoes, with a small amount of hummus or peanut butter Plain yogurt, and you can add berries or cinnamon Remember, a bedtime snack is only helpful for some people. To see if it works for you, youll have to carefully monitor your glucose before bed, during the night, and when you wake up. Recommended Reading: How Many Grams Of Sugar In Milk Managing Diabetes In The Heat How to keep your cool during the hottest time of year. Take steps to stay cool when the weather heats up. - Certain diabetes complications, such as damage to blood vessels and nerves, can affect your sweat glands so your body cant cool as effectively. That can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, which is a medical emergency. - People with diabetes get dehydrated more quickly. Not drinking enough liquids can raise blood sugar, and high blood sugar can make you urinate more, causing dehydration. Some commonly used medicines like diuretics can dehydrate you, too. - High temperatures can change how your body uses insulin. You may need to test your blood sugar more often and adjust your insulin dose and what you eat and drink. - Get medical attention for heat-related illness. - Make a plan in case you lose power. - Have a go-bag ready for emergencies. Early Signs And Symptoms Of Diabetes 1. Frequent urination When your blood sugar is high, your kidneys expel the excess blood sugar, causing you to urinate more frequently. One of the early warning signs of diabetes is frequent urination that is urgent enough to wake you up to go to the bathroom during sleep. 2. Increased thirst While your kidneys are working overtime and youre urinating more frequently, valuable fluids will be pulled from your tissues. Frequent urination will make you feel constantly thirsty. When your blood sugar is high, your body works hard to get rid of the excess sugar. Not only does this process take a toll on your body, but it also alters the way that your body uses glucose for energy. Excessively high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, has fatiguing effects among other symptoms. Additionally, the dehydration that accompanies more frequent urination is a common cause of fatigue in diabetics. 4. Blurred vision High blood sugar can cause damage to the small blood vessels of the eye, resulting in a swollen lens that can cause blurred vision. As blood sugar levels rise and lower, your vision may return to normal or worsen, respectively. 5. Increased hunger When you have high blood sugar, your body is actively looking to get rid of it. Because your body expels so much of the glucose youâre getting from your food, you may have increased feelings of hunger. 6. Unexplained weight loss 7. Slow healing cuts and wounds 8. Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet 9. Skin discoloration You May Like: How Do You Treat Low Blood Sugar Where Can I Find Support The Hypoglycemia Support Foundation, established nearly 40 years ago, is a national group that offers many resources, including advocacy. They offer salons so that you can personally connect with people like you who are also dealing with bouts of low blood sugar. Occasionally blood sugar crashes are so extreme they require emergency room care for an immediate dextrose IV treatment. If you have diabetes, wear a medical bracelet that does TK thing? What will this bracelet have on it? A number of one of your contacts? Can you answer and smooth out with this line? have a circle of people who serve as close contacts and are aware of your condition and how to help. Think About Whats Going On Irene Dunbar, 73, of Durham, N.C., woke up one morning recently to discover her blood sugar was at 119, which is high for her. I had a cold and had had orange juice yesterday and I normally do not drink orange juice and I thought, I better not do that,’ she said. When she gets a high blood sugar reading, she tries to remember if she had anything recentlylike breadthat she knows are triggers, and avoids them next time. Don’t Miss: How To Bring Blood Sugar Down Without Meds Causes Of High Blood Sugar The leading causes of high blood sugar or hyperglycemia include: Diet: Glucose comes from food, so what you are eating causes high blood sugar. Carbohydrates are the most common culprit as they are broken down into glucose very quickly in the body. High-sugar foods, high-fat foods, and processed foods also cause blood glucose spikes and should be replaced with healthier options. Stress: When you are stressed, more stress hormones and chemicals are released, which drives blood sugar levels up too. If the stress is only temporary, this is not a serious issue, but if you experience chronic stress or an anxiety disorder, you may experience high blood sugar levels more often. Metabolic Syndrome: These are a collection of conditions that occur at the same time and increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. High blood pressures, excess fat around the waist, and high cholesterol or triglycerides are examples of these conditions. When these occur in the body together, your risk for diabetes increases as does your blood sugar and the risk for potential complications. Physical Inactivity: A lack of physical activity contributes to elevated blood sugar. When you are physically active each day, insulin works more efficiently, and your blood sugar can be maintained. Try Doing More Exercise Working out uses blood glucose for fuel, moving it from your blood to your muscles. A 2021 review found that exercise helped people living with and without diabetes control their fasting blood glucose. If you find that you tend to wake up with high blood sugar, try going for a run, following a YouTube workout, or booking yourself into gym classes. This could help you bring down your morning blood sugar spikes. Don’t Miss: Can High Blood Sugar Cause Muscle Cramps High Blood Sugar: Causes Complications And How To Lower Blood Sugar Your body breaks down glucose for energy using the insulin produced by the pancreas. This is required for our bodies to function. Illness can have an impact on the way our pancreas functions. Read this to learn how high blood sugar can affect your health. 7 minute read Your body requires energy to function, and this energy comes from food. Specifically, your body breaks down glucose for energy using the insulin produced by the pancreas. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes cause impairment to this breakdown of sugar in the body, causing blood glucose levels to become irregular. When glucose is not broken down into energy, it can build up in the bloodstream and then becomes a health problem. Your pancreas produces insulin, which breaks down glucose. With type 1 diabetes, the cells that produce insulin are mistakenly attacked by your immune system. As a result of this autoimmune condition, blood sugar levels can become dangerously high without intervention. Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body no longer responds to insulin as well as it should and then also causes glucose to accumulate in the blood. What Happens To Blood Sugar While You Sleep Itâs tied to whether the hormone insulin, which removes glucose from the blood, is working the way itâs supposed to. Blood sugar levels surge while youâre sleeping, usually around 4 to 8 a.m. for someone with a normal sleep schedule. In a healthy person, insulin can handle the surge by telling muscle, fat, and liver cells to absorb the glucose from the blood, which keeps your levels stable. For people who have diabetes or who are likely to get it, insulin canât do that job very well, so blood sugar levels will rise higher. Don’t Miss: Can Low Blood Sugar Cause Confusion Engage With Your Blood Glucose Levels With Nutrisense Your blood sugar levels can significantly impact how your body feels and functions. Thatâs why stable blood glucose levels can be an important factor in supporting overall wellbeing. With Nutrisense, youâll be able to track your blood glucose levels over time using a CGM, so you can make lifestyle choices that support healthy living. Ready to take the first step? Start with our quiz to see how Nutrisense can support your health. Find the right Nutrisense program to help you discover and reach your health potential. Leading A Healthy Lifestyle may be able to maintain stable blood sugar levels without needing medication. Regular exercise that is light to moderate in intensity uses up some of the excess blood glucose and brings down overall levels. Likewise, following a low glycemic index diet with strict portion sizes can help reduce the amount of glucose in the body and the accompanying risk of spikes. The GI ranking indicates the extent to which carbohydrates in a given food will affect blood sugar levels. Foods with a high GI, meaning a ranking of 70 or higher, include bagels, popcorn, and crackers. Low GI foods, which have a score of 55 or less, include barley, bulgur, corn, and sweet potatoes. People with type 1 diabetes should also do their best to lead a healthy lifestyle. However, these individuals will also need to take supplemental insulin on a lifelong basis. Recommended Reading: Is 84 Blood Sugar Low Symptoms Treatments And Prevention Hyperglycemia means high glucose in the blood . Your body needs glucose to properly function. Your cells rely on glucose for energy. Hyperglycemia is a defining characteristic of diabeteswhen the blood glucose level is too high because the body isnt properly using or doesnt make the hormone insulin. Eating too many processed foods may cause your blood sugar to rise. Recommended Reading: Is Pure Cane Sugar Good For You Take A Pass On The Bread Bowl Its obvious that sugary stuff leads to an increase in blood sugar, but starchy foods can do the same thing. Your body processes simple carbs quickly and turns them into sugar, and it needs a lot of insulin to absorb them. That means a bag of Doritos is as likely as a candy bar to cause a spike. If youre in the middle of a blood sugar spike, its best to curtail your carb intake. Check the glycemic index if youre not sure about a food. Surprisingly, popcorn and white potatoes are worse than ice cream, according to the index. If you stick to low-carb/low-glycemic-index foods, your blood sugar will return to normal much more quickly. Ultimately, its best to limit your carb intake. A 2004 study found that a diet of 20 percent carbs, 30 percent protein, and 50 percent fat lowered fasting blood sugar and kept blood sugar from spiking after meals. This was a very small study, but the results suggest that lower carb intake can lead to generally lower blood glucose. In general, most people with diabetes eat 40 to 45 percent of their calories in the form of carbohydrates. Choosing nutrient-rich sources of carbs is best. Another promising study found that after two years on a low-carb diet, many participants with type 2 diabetes were able to manage their condition without medication or resolve it entirely. The occasional baked potato isnt a problem, but frequent trips to the drive-through are not a good idea. Find a few veggie-and-protein-heavy meals and make them your go-tos. Read Also: What Do I Eat If I Have Low Blood Sugar Keto Shrimp Guacamole And Bacon Appetizers Image: Jennifer Banz Heres a crafty cooking tip for you: Any main dish can be made into a snack with the use of toothpicks. Meatballs? Stab em with a toothpick. Buffalo chicken? Grab your toothpicks. Little smokies? Of course. These shrimp stacks combine bacon, guacamole, and seared shrimp on a single toothpick, making gourmet diabetic snacks youll love. You May Like: How To Reduce High Sugar Level Immediately The Classic Symptoms Of High Blood Sugar Are Polyuria Polydipsia And Polyphagia In plain English, that means excessive urination, excessive thirst, and excessive hunger. Any doctor who hears this trio of complaints will reach for a blood glucose meter. But often, the person experiencing these symptoms doesnt notice them right away. This is partly because they often creep up on a person in a gradual fashion, and partly because the signs and symptoms of high blood glucose arent well known among people who dont have diabetes or dont know they have diabetes. You May Like: Can You Test Blood Sugar Without Drawing Blood Lets Add A Step 4 For Ones On Medications If you are on diabetes medications, make sure to continue to take your diabetes medications as prescribed and if you continue to see a trend of higher readings, share these blood sugar levels with your doctor to see if you need a change in your medication . That calls for step 4 in my recommendations: to speak to your doctor if you are seeing trends in higher blood sugar readings. Thanks for watching and until next time, cheers to your health. You May Also Enjoy Read Also: Sugar Tablet Before Or After Food Watching For Symptoms Isnt Enough Although you may think youll know from experience when your blood sugar is out of whack, regular monitoring is the only way to truly make sure. Its important to keep in mind that the symptoms of high or low blood sugars may fade away after several years of living with diabetes, especially if your blood sugars havent been well controlled, says Garvey. Also, some of the symptoms of high blood sugars and low blood sugars are the same, so its important to check your blood sugar first, if possible, before treating it, she says. Dont Miss: How To Reduce Diabetes Instantly You May Like: Can Jardiance Cause Low Blood Sugar High Blood Glucose: Diabetic Ketoacidosis If your insulin level is too low, your blood glucose could become so high that it is unsafe. You might develop a serious problem called diabetic ketoacidosis . This usually happens in people with Type 1 diabetes and those with glucose levels over 500. If you have DKA, chemicals called ketones start to make a lot of acid in your body. The acid and high blood glucose can make you very sick. You might also become dehydrated . You can prevent DKA by carefully giving yourself the correct insulin dose every day. If you have any of the following symptoms of DKA, get to your local emergency department right away. 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261, 1364, 2980, 5639, 18, 203, 6695, 356, 1520, 1439, 2384, 289, 1488, 1364, 6719, 1506, 16, 518, 767, 1868, 2321, 18, 203, 40, 266, 372, 88, 6437, 30, 1021, 1358, 343, 465, 2229, 8146, 10022, 294, 7886, 203, 59, 2626, 1358, 553, 10630, 1122, 3292, 1036, 365, 343, 918, 1256, 413, 6386, 2721, 948, 1384, 8568, 203, 54, 286, 405, 281, 629, 440, 8568, 602, 617, 337, 292, 1643, 268, 1944, 289, 669, 337, 4417, 288, 424, 2886, 1364, 2980, 1749, 3942, 518, 513, 437, 261, 2262, 1393, 341, 424, 1571, 661, 18, 990, 788, 4072, 424, 2689, 1675, 292, 992, 268, 1274, 2886, 1749, 331, 337, 16, 352, 456, 513, 728, 427, 959, 292, 959, 18, 1121, 16, 268, 3765, 5335, 331, 382, 69, 8215, 291, 1167, 2969, 1243, 10750, 10734, 261, 2886, 289, 1016, 18, 20, 17, 2316, 18, 20, 8799, 320, 19, 48, 2353, 203, 55, 93, 755, 1385, 289, 261, 695, 1364, 2980, 966, 525, 3360, 288, 1578, 16, 566, 502, 602, 1342, 337, 292, 1350, 264, 773, 93, 16, 10350, 16, 10470, 291, 648, 292, 679, 292, 268, 11106, 261, 1774, 18, 450, 268, 1912, 2085, 16, 419, 7042, 9780, 695, 1364, 2980, 1078, 762, 1003, 3104, 16, 337, 788, 525, 1590, 268, 11044, 289, 629, 1614, 291, 1434, 424, 1138, 16, 4085, 291, 5588, 298, 410, 1882, 291, 2114, 5215, 18, 203, 43, 554, 391, 286, 2130, 8859, 1968, 906, 3395, 10491, 1440, 10750, 203, 8679, 579, 689, 16, 261, 1702, 3885, 2130, 3007, 583, 1780, 292, 1463, 6719, 1370, 762, 995, 268, 3018, 18, 1285, 3104, 261, 1139, 3007, 583, 336, 316, 2052, 289, 3106, 291, 1702, 6737, 3942, 424, 1073, 602, 327, 1326, 1542, 292, 1833, 363, 658, 8501, 695, 566, 717, 337, 1071, 6486, 16, 327, 1850, 292, 1955, 268, 8930, 288, 424, 3007, 583, 919, 717, 362, 794, 2559, 261, 1139, 7543, 289, 6486, 18, 203, 44, 387, 356, 579, 3007, 583, 2854, 30, 203, 11919, 412, 7526, 361, 3902, 2644, 3104, 261, 1139, 1129, 703, 203, 54, 738, 4059, 16, 659, 352, 877, 10012, 16, 273, 306, 2504, 16, 273, 405, 10790, 16, 361, 11595, 16, 360, 261, 1139, 1944, 289, 931, 81, 310, 361, 600, 282, 371, 6417, 203, 11919, 412, 11676, 4994, 16, 291, 337, 375, 769, 11957, 361, 273, 263, 5490, 266, 203, 54, 539, 1871, 16, 261, 3885, 2130, 3007, 583, 316, 794, 4374, 331, 579, 689, 18, 1122, 901, 717, 362, 1854, 331, 337, 16, 337, 660, 437, 292, 5104, 2591, 424, 6719, 1134, 3885, 16, 995, 268, 3018, 16, 291, 649, 337, 9625, 644, 18, 203, 54, 312, 1837, 286, 7659, 30, 784, 2255, 2409, 2817, 2721, 10022, 294, 450, 6049, 79, 203, 49, 282, 1516, 10750, 450, 365, 11039, 203, 6724, 292, 1288, 424, 3078, 995, 268, 3075, 1110, 669, 289, 715, 18, 203, 56, 1387, 2845, 292, 2503, 3078, 649, 268, 3266, 431, 1378, 644, 18, 203, 17, 9254, 3370, 5921, 16, 659, 352, 2183, 292, 1364, 6093, 291, 9857, 16, 375, 2242, 424, 1370, 3611, 11864, 576, 424, 1073, 375, 88, 3078, 352, 2992, 18, 2015, 375, 912, 292, 2164, 7535, 328, 291, 2164, 6558, 16, 518, 316, 261, 1804, 4380, 18, 203, 17, 3395, 360, 3370, 886, 9198, 2095, 488, 512, 2640, 18, 3217, 4699, 1982, 4011, 1406, 375, 5151, 1364, 2980, 16, 291, 695, 1364, 2980, 375, 804, 337, 2112, 5704, 512, 16, 3736, 9198, 6991, 18, 1399, 3224, 724, 8701, 730, 1135, 469, 1187, 375, 9198, 2095, 381, 337, 16, 1232, 18, 203, 17, 3194, 3798, 375, 1317, 667, 424, 1073, 2600, 6486, 18, 990, 602, 648, 292, 1265, 424, 1364, 2980, 512, 970, 291, 3886, 424, 6486, 7543, 291, 768, 337, 2564, 291, 4946, 18, 203, 17, 4114, 1804, 2383, 331, 2164, 17, 3621, 3545, 18, 203, 17, 4007, 261, 1200, 288, 1731, 337, 4987, 1056, 18, 203, 17, 5370, 261, 679, 17, 70, 484, 4054, 331, 2351, 3195, 18, 203, 41, 294, 325, 11078, 1256, 6915, 2721, 10750, 203, 21, 18, 8283, 302, 2112, 1277, 203, 7508, 424, 1364, 2980, 316, 695, 16, 424, 11064, 771, 306, 268, 3321, 1364, 2980, 16, 3736, 337, 292, 2112, 5704, 512, 3983, 18, 1507, 289, 268, 1568, 6344, 3085, 289, 3370, 316, 6019, 2112, 1277, 336, 316, 11175, 1982, 292, 9625, 337, 644, 292, 679, 292, 268, 5933, 2275, 995, 1954, 18, 203, 22, 18, 10272, 264, 773, 203, 2895, 621, 424, 11064, 356, 1795, 658, 2130, 291, 337, 267, 2112, 4564, 512, 3983, 16, 3435, 9552, 513, 327, 4491, 1041, 427, 424, 6272, 18, 8283, 302, 2112, 1277, 513, 804, 337, 1350, 5957, 264, 773, 93, 18, 203, 7508, 424, 1364, 2980, 316, 695, 16, 424, 1073, 1854, 1656, 292, 886, 6978, 289, 268, 3321, 2980, 18, 3217, 794, 1082, 456, 833, 1071, 261, 292, 660, 341, 424, 1073, 16, 566, 362, 525, 366, 1736, 268, 898, 336, 424, 1073, 2600, 6719, 331, 1138, 18, 1206, 555, 2084, 695, 1364, 2980, 16, 361, 5063, 75, 325, 339, 7729, 16, 528, 2272, 333, 5980, 1814, 1694, 586, 1614, 18, 2848, 16, 268, 9198, 6991, 336, 7951, 423, 512, 6019, 2112, 1277, 316, 261, 1112, 1342, 289, 6670, 288, 1135, 397, 73, 1187, 18, 203, 24, 18, 1964, 11690, 3548, 203, 44, 396, 1364, 2980, 375, 1342, 2183, 292, 268, 1139, 1364, 6093, 289, 268, 2592, 16, 3932, 288, 261, 1370, 3086, 270, 7631, 336, 375, 1342, 725, 11690, 3548, 18, 760, 1364, 2980, 1506, 3573, 291, 1898, 16, 424, 3548, 602, 2608, 292, 2910, 361, 5570, 270, 16, 8860, 18, 203, 25, 18, 10272, 10573, 203, 7508, 337, 437, 695, 1364, 2980, 16, 424, 1073, 316, 6315, 2639, 292, 886, 6978, 289, 362, 18, 3428, 424, 1073, 771, 1137, 576, 1111, 289, 268, 6719, 337, 9974, 267, 2657, 427, 424, 934, 16, 337, 602, 437, 2161, 4197, 289, 10573, 18, 203, 26, 18, 522, 707, 92, 476, 1953, 2146, 1866, 203, 27, 18, 343, 693, 5457, 9520, 291, 276, 3198, 203, 28, 18, 307, 281, 1667, 361, 955, 70, 822, 288, 268, 3237, 361, 3207, 203, 29, 18, 11316, 896, 320, 4165, 203, 7556, 2924, 4467, 30, 784, 2094, 990, 4241, 6638, 8146, 10022, 294, 203, 2895, 387, 1680, 334, 6852, 6475, 203, 1461, 402, 1250, 446, 325, 339, 7729, 6475, 5965, 16, 3413, 3999, 3633, 935, 3656, 16, 316, 261, 2511, 1730, 336, 2767, 772, 1793, 16, 1118, 5110, 1495, 18, 900, 1529, 2016, 625, 576, 336, 337, 375, 959, 523, 3728, 360, 689, 730, 337, 650, 356, 525, 6485, 360, 285, 6816, 289, 1488, 1364, 2980, 18, 203, 51, 916, 4187, 523, 1364, 2980, 793, 9005, 356, 576, 4657, 502, 1131, 4380, 3090, 1066, 331, 363, 5572, 386, 1098, 299, 401, 9056, 1412, 18, 829, 337, 437, 3370, 16, 4110, 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Agricola is a popular strategy board game that has gained a strong following among board game enthusiasts. In this introductory section, we will explore the history of Agricola and provide a brief overview of what makes this game so engaging for players. Understanding the rules and developing a winning strategy are essential components of success in Agricola, and we will delve into these aspects in further detail in the following sections. The Agricola board game revolves around the challenge of building and managing a farm, making strategic decisions to ensure its prosperity. Players must carefully allocate resources, expand their family, and prioritize various tasks to outmaneuver their opponents and emerge victorious. With the keyword “strategy agricola board game” at the forefront, this article aims to provide insights into effective strategies for playing Agricola. Throughout this article, we will discuss the importance of resource management in Agricola, as well as key decisions and considerations when building your virtual farm. Additionally, we will explore advanced strategies for experienced players looking to elevate their game to the next level. By analyzing the impact of strategy in Agricola, we hope to equip both new and seasoned players with valuable knowledge to enhance their gameplay experience. Understanding the Rules Agricola is a popular board game that involves strategic planning, resource management, and effective decision-making. The game is designed for 1-4 players and typically takes around 30 minutes per player to complete. Each player becomes the head of a farming family and must work to improve their farm’s efficiency and productivity while caring for their livestock, growing crops, and expanding their house. Understanding the basic rules of Agricola is essential before diving into developing winning strategies. The game is played over a series of rounds, broken down into various stages where players take turns choosing specific actions such as plowing fields, building fences, or collecting resources. Players must also ensure they have enough food to feed their families at harvest time. A key component of playing Agricola successfully is understanding how these actions interact with one another and impact future decisions. It’s important to note that each space on the board can only occupy one player, so there is always competition for resources. One crucial rule in Agricola pertains to occupation cards and minor improvement cards, which grant players special abilities or advantages throughout the game. These cards can significantly impact a player’s strategy agricola board game success by allowing them to perform additional actions or increase their resource production. Therefore, mastering the rules related to these cards can be pivotal in developing a winning strategy in Agricola. Agricola Key Rules \| Importance \| Resource Management \| Understand how resources are used and replenished during gameplay \| Action Spaces \| Recognize the importance of strategically claiming action spaces \| Ocupation Cards/Minor Improvement Cards \| Maximize use of these cards for advantages in the game \| Developing a Winning Strategy Understanding the Objective In Agricola, the main objective is to build a successful and self-sufficient farm. This means managing your resources effectively and efficiently to ensure the well-being and growth of your family. To develop a winning strategy, it is important to have a clear understanding of this objective and how each decision you make will contribute to achieving it. Early Game Focus One key tip for developing a winning strategy in Agricola is to focus on securing food sources early in the game. Without an adequate supply of food, you will be penalized, hindering your ability to expand your family or develop other aspects of your farm. Additionally, focusing on acquiring certain types of resources early on can give you an advantage as the game progresses. Adaptability and Flexibility While having a plan is important, it is also crucial to remain adaptable and flexible in your strategy. The game’s dynamics are influenced by various factors such as the actions of other players and the cards drawn from the deck. Being able to adjust your strategy based on these variables can greatly increase your chances of success. By understanding the objective, focusing on early-game priorities, and maintaining adaptability, players can greatly improve their chances of achieving victory in Agricola Board Game. These tips and tricks are essential for developing a successful strategy that will lead to an enjoyable gaming experience for all involved. The Importance of Resource Management in Agricola Resource management is a crucial aspect of the Agricola board game. Players must carefully prioritize and allocate their resources in order to build and expand their farms effectively. Here are some key considerations for resource management in Agricola: - Food: Ensuring a steady food supply is essential to sustain your family and avoid penalties at the end of each harvest. One strategy is to focus on acquiring cooking improvements or livestock that can provide a consistent source of food. - Wood and Clay: These resources are necessary for building fences, renovating your home, and constructing various rooms and renovations. It’s important to plan ahead and acquire these resources early on to avoid getting stuck without the means to expand your farm. - Grain and Vegetables: Growing grain and vegetables allows players to feed their family members without depending solely on animal breeding or gathering food from other sources. Balancing the cultivation of these crops with other aspects of farm development is key. Efficient resource management in Agricola not only ensures your survival but also sets the stage for successful long-term planning. Careful allocation of resources enables players to gradually build up their farms, expand their families, and ultimately achieve victory in the game. Strategic decision-making extends beyond simply acquiring resources; it also involves anticipating future needs and planning accordingly. In Agricola, players must weigh short-term gains against long-term benefits when determining how to manage their valuable resources effectively. By understanding the importance of resource management, players can optimize their chances of success in this engaging board game. Building Your Farm Choosing the Right Combination of Crops and Livestock In Agricola, the decisions you make when building your farm can greatly impact your success in the game. One key decision is choosing the right combination of crops and livestock to cultivate. While livestock can provide a steady source of food, crops can also be valuable for feeding your family and earning additional points. It’s important to carefully consider the benefits of each option and how they align with your overall strategy agricola board game. Expanding Your Farm Efficiently As you progress through the game, expanding your farm becomes essential for achieving success. However, it’s important to do so in an efficient manner. This means making strategic decisions about which rooms to add to your house and which improvements to invest in. Each expansion should serve a specific purpose that contributes to your overall strategy agricola board game, whether it’s providing more living space for additional family members or increasing productivity on your farm. Long-Term Planning and Adaptation Finally, when building your farm in Agricola, it’s crucial to think about long-term planning and adaptation. The game poses various challenges such as limited resources and competing demands, so adapting to changing circumstances is key. Additionally, having a clear long-term plan for how you want your farm to develop can help guide your decision-making throughout the game. By considering both short-term needs and long-term goals, you can build a well-rounded and successful farm in Agricola. Expanding Your Family In the Agricola board game, expanding your family is a crucial aspect of the gameplay. As you progress through the rounds, you will have the opportunity to expand your family by having more children. This expansion allows you to take more actions each round, increasing your productivity and efficiency on your farm. However, it’s important to carefully consider the timing of expanding your family, as doing so too early or too late can have a significant impact on your overall strategy agricola board game. When considering when to expand your family in Agricola, it’s essential to assess the current state of your farm and resources. Expanding too early can stretch your resources thin, making it difficult to sustain and feed all members of your growing family. On the other hand, waiting too long can limit your ability to take full advantage of the additional family members’ actions in later rounds. Therefore, it’s crucial to find a balance that aligns with your overall strategy agricola board game while ensuring sustainable growth and development on your farm. Another key consideration for expanding your family in Agricola is understanding its long-term implications. More family members mean more mouths to feed and more work to be done on the farm. This requires careful planning and resource management to ensure that you can meet the needs of your growing family while also striving for success in other areas of the game. Balancing these competing demands is at the heart of successful growth and development in Agricola. Aspect \| Consideration \| Timing \| Assess current state of resources \| Long-term implications \| More mouths to feed and work needed \| Advanced Strategies for Experienced Players After mastering the basic rules and strategies of Agricola, experienced players may be eager to take their game to the next level. These advanced strategies require a deeper understanding of the game mechanics and an ability to think several moves ahead. Here are some tips and tricks for experienced players looking to improve their skills in Agricola: 1. Specialization: Instead of trying to do everything at once, consider specializing in certain areas of gameplay. This could involve focusing on growing a particular type of crop or raising specific animals. By specializing, you can maximize your efficiency and gain a competitive advantage. 2. Occupation and Minor Improvement Cards: As an experienced player, it’s crucial to carefully select your occupation and minor improvement cards at the beginning of the game. Look for cards that will complement your overall strategy and provide long-term benefits. Pay attention to the synergy between your cards and how they can work together to streamline your farm’s operations. 3. Flexibility: While having a clear strategy is important, experienced players should also be prepared to adapt their plans based on the actions of other players and the developments in the game. Being flexible allows you to capitalize on unexpected opportunities and mitigate potential setbacks. With these advanced strategies in mind, experienced players can elevate their gameplay in Agricola board game by honing their skills, making strategic decisions, managing resources effectively, and adapting to changing circumstances throughout the game. By employing these advanced techniques, players can increase their chances of success and enjoy a more competitive and rewarding gaming experience. Analysis and Discussion When it comes to the Agricola board game, strategy is a crucial aspect that can make or break a player’s success. The impact of strategy in Agricola cannot be overstated, as it determines how efficiently players can build and manage their farms while competing against others. This section will delve into the various aspects of strategy in Agricola, discussing how different approaches can lead to diverse outcomes and ultimately shape the overall gaming experience. One of the fundamental elements of strategy in Agricola is resource management. Players must carefully plan and allocate their resources to ensure that they can support their growing family and expand their farms. This requires astute decision-making and foresight, as mismanaging resources can lead to setbacks and hinder a player’s progress. Understanding how to effectively gather, store, and utilize resources is essential for achieving success in Agricola. In addition to resource management, another critical aspect of strategy in Agricola is the ability to adapt and evolve throughout the game. Successful players must be able to assess their opponents’ moves, anticipate potential obstacles, and adjust their strategies accordingly. Flexibility and versatility are key traits that can give players an edge in Agricola, allowing them to capitalize on opportunities while mitigating risks. By continuously analyzing the evolving dynamics of the game and making strategic adjustments, players can position themselves for victory in Agricola. In conclusion, Agricola is a complex and engaging board game that offers players the opportunity to develop and execute various strategies to build and manage their farm. Throughout this article, we have explored the history of Agricola, the rules of the game, and tips for developing a winning strategy. We have also discussed the importance of resource management, key decisions in building your farm, and strategies for growth and development. One of the most crucial aspects of Agricola is devising a winning strategy. Players must carefully plan their moves, prioritize their actions, and adapt to changing circumstances in order to be successful. Whether it’s focusing on growing their family or expanding their farm, every decision must be made with strategy in mind. Understanding how to efficiently manage resources such as food, livestock, and crops is essential for achieving victory in the game. Overall, Agricola offers an immersive and challenging gameplay experience that rewards strategic thinking and careful planning. By mastering different tactics and understanding the dynamics of resource management, players can elevate their game to advanced levels. We encourage further exploration of Agricola as there are always new strategies to discover and tactics to master. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced player, Agricola invites you to immerse yourself in its rich gameplay and explore the countless possibilities for strategic decision-making. Frequently Asked Questions What Is the Best Farm Layout for Agricola? The best farm layout for Agricola is one that maximizes efficiency and resource production. This typically involves a balanced approach to cultivating fields, raising animals, and adding improvements to your farm. How Do You Play Agricola Well? Playing Agricola well requires careful planning and strategic decision-making. It’s important to prioritize food production early in the game, while also expanding your family and optimizing your farm layout to score as many points as possible. What Age Is Agricola Board Game For? Agricola is recommended for players ages 12 and up, due to its complex rules and strategic gameplay mechanics. Younger players may struggle to grasp all the nuances of the game, but it can still be enjoyable for older kids and teenagers. I love playing all kinds of games – from classics like Monopoly to modern favourites like Ticket to Ride. I created this blog as a way to share my love of board games with others, and provide information on the latest releases and news in the industry.	<urn:uuid:e126f826-0caf-47fd-924f-546ea11890f2>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.thegamersguides.com/strategy-agricola-board-game/	2024-03-02T14:13:56Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz	en	0.954995	2,917	3.09375	3	[ 37, 2637, 7127, 316, 261, 2029, 3976, 4302, 2800, 336, 528, 6504, 261, 1806, 1685, 1694, 4302, 2800, 10747, 18, 450, 456, 2561, 861, 3396, 16, 445, 513, 2408, 268, 1550, 289, 7329, 7127, 291, 1153, 261, 5715, 8341, 289, 768, 1892, 456, 2800, 576, 4797, 331, 4783, 18, 3793, 268, 3566, 291, 2528, 261, 8278, 3976, 356, 1505, 3008, 289, 1577, 288, 7329, 7127, 16, 291, 445, 513, 7315, 636, 629, 3378, 288, 1902, 5470, 288, 268, 1685, 7058, 18, 203, 1461, 7329, 7127, 4302, 2800, 10619, 973, 1149, 268, 3659, 289, 1649, 291, 4641, 261, 2434, 16, 1355, 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Australia can only achieve herd immunity from COVID-19 if it changes its vaccine strategy, Quentin Grafton, Zoë Hyde, Tom Kompas, and John Parslow write. The world has now reached the grim milestone of about 160 million total confirmed cases of COVID-19. More than 20 million cases have been reported by India, which has been devastated by a second wave driven by the premature relaxation of public health measures and more transmissible variants of the virus. Even some countries with high vaccination rates haven’t been spared. Chile is battling a new wave of infections despite more than one third of its population being fully vaccinated, mostly with CoronaVac. By comparison, Israel is now only carefully easing restrictions, despite having fully vaccinated 56 per cent of its population, and given at least one dose to 60 per cent, with the high-efficacy Pfizer vaccine. So far, Israel’s world-leading vaccination strategy and cautious reopening of its economy has avoided a renewed surge in cases. The lessons for Australia are obvious. The country won’t be truly safe until we’ve reached herd immunity. Reaching this threshold ensures an outbreak won’t spread rapidly in the community and lead to an epidemic. It also protects the millions of Australians who can’t be vaccinated due to medical reasons, or aren’t currently eligible for vaccination, such as children and adolescents. To protect Australians, there are four key things policymakers must do. First, they must strengthen the country’s quarantine system by acting on the latest evidence of the role of airborne transmission in quarantine breaches. Second, the country needs to aim for herd immunity by using vaccines with the highest possible efficacy, such as Moderna, Novavax, and Pfizer. These vaccines provide security against even concerning new variants of the virus. Real world experience shows the Pfizer vaccine is 75 per cent effective against infections caused by the South African (B.1.351) variant and 90 per cent effective against the UK (B.1.1.7) variant. In contrast, the AstraZeneca vaccine has 10 per cent efficacy against the South African variant, although it’s probably still reasonably effective against severe disease. Third, Australia should not relax international border restrictions until everyone has had the opportunity to be vaccinated. Fourth, the country should establish mass vaccination hubs in major centres to maximise the number of people who can be vaccinated each day, as Victoria is doing. Australia needs to revise its strategy due to the emergence of more transmissible and more virulent variants, which have substantially changed who is at risk from COVID-19. Variants threaten both young and old, because they advance the age-related risk of hospitalisation by one to two decades. In other words, the risk for a 20 to 39-year-old is now similar to the risk previously faced by a 40 to 59-year-old. Variants also markedly increase the likelihood of dying from COVID-19; the United Kingdom variant raises this risk by 64 per cent. It’s been claimed the vaccines in Australia’s portfolio are 100 per cent effective at preventing severe illness and death, but that’s not supported by science. There were too few severe cases in the AstraZeneca trials to accurately assess this endpoint, and the estimated efficacy lies somewhere between 72 and 100 per cent for severe illness. In contrast, real world experience from Israel has shown the Pfizer vaccine is 97.5 per cent effective against severe disease, with a confidence interval of 97.1 to 97.8 per cent. We’ve learned that death or full recovery aren’t the only outcomes of COVID-19, and this should also change our vaccination strategy. The United Kingdom’s Office for National Statistics reported that more than one in 10 people are left with persistent symptoms lasting at least 12 weeks. A United States study of over 70,000 people who had COVID-19, but weren’t unwell enough to be hospitalised, found that many survivors were left with substantial chronic health problems. This syndrome, now known as long COVID, is estimated to affect over one million people living in the United Kingdom, and more than 400,000 of them experience limitation in their daily activities because of it. The syndrome affects young and old alike, and there is growing evidence of children with long COVID. Australia’s vaccination strategy must, therefore, also aim to prevent long COVID, and we stand the best chance of doing it with high-efficacy vaccines. Australia has ordered 40 million doses of the Pfizer vaccine and 51 million doses of Novavax, more than enough to vaccinate the entire population with these highly effective vaccines. But Australia is persisting with the rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine and has, by default, imposed AstraZeneca as the only vaccine for almost all of those 50 years of age and older because those under 50 years have priority over the limited supplies of Pfizer. This is inequitable because it knowingly gives older people, who face a higher risk of severe disease and death from COVID-19, a less effective vaccine. It also runs the risk of creating a situation where the South African variant could spread in Australia’s older population should border controls be relaxed or if an outbreak should occur. The South African Government abandoned their rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Denmark stopped using AstraZeneca in April. Seychelles, which has fully vaccinated the highest proportion of its population than any country at 61 per cent – 40 per cent of these with a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made under license in India – is now facing a surge of cases in which the South African variant appears to be playing a role. New Zealand changed its vaccination rollout in March and is now using Pfizer exclusively because of its higher efficacy over AstraZeneca. Australia is persisting with the use of AstraZeneca for Australians aged 50 years and over despite the well-documented risk of blood clots, albeit at low rates of around one in 100,000. The continued use of AstraZeneca for older Australians is based on the recommendations in April of the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI). In justifying its decision, ATAGI compared the risks of severe blood clots with the risk of intensive care unit admission due to COVID-19 by age group under two scenarios over the next 16 weeks. In scenario one, Australia suffers another outbreak equivalent to its first wave – approximately 7,000 cases and 100 deaths – and COVID-19 risks then exceed blood clot risks for those 50 years and over but not for those under 50. In scenario two, Australia suffers a Victorian-like outbreak, with around 20,000 cases and 800 deaths, and COVID-19 risks exceed blood clot risks for all age groups. The ATAGI recommendation is sensitive to assumptions about risks of both COVID-19 and blood clots. The European Medicines Agency recently doubled its estimate of the risk of blood clots for older people since ATAGI carried out its original analysis and this probability – one in 100,000 – is similar to the blood clotting risk experienced with AstraZeneca in older Australians to date. Critically, if the ATAGI had used the revised and higher estimates of blood clot risks, and its scenario one COVID-19 outbreak, it would have also recommended against AstraZeneca for those aged between 50 and 60. Australia last major COVID-19 outbreak ended in October 2020. Small outbreaks from hotel quarantine have necessitated short lockdowns, contact tracing, and self-quarantine measures, which have succeeded so far. But an outbreak of the kind assumed by ATAGI would cause multiple fatalities and require a severe and prolonged lockdown that would cost the domestic economy tens of billions of dollars. Vaccine hesitancy towards the AstraZeneca vaccine has increased in the 50 and older age group since the new policy was announced last month. It seems that many Australians have done their own risk assessment, and concluded, based on the track record of the last six months, that the risk of infection and hospitalisation is much lower than the risk of blood clots. Given its inferior efficacy and the risk of blood clots, the continued rollout of AstraZeneca can only be justified as an emergency measure to prevent an imminent third wave before Pfizer and Novavax doses are delivered to all Australians. However, if Australians genuinely face a high risk of a third wave, they should be told because this would help overcome vaccine hesitancy toward AstraZeneca. Further, if a third wave is imminent, governments should also be doing everything in their power to avoid a major outbreak. This would include: strengthening border controls by constructing or extending purpose-built air-gapped quarantine facilities, such as at Howard Springs; building mass vaccination hubs in all major centres; and promoting continued cost-effective social distancing measures, such as wearing masks on public transport, and not allowing large public events. If AstraZeneca is being used as an emergency stop-gap measure, as implied by the ATAGI risk-benefit probabilities, then people aged 50 years and over should be prioritised to get Pfizer as they have a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 than those under 50 years of age. Further, it is almost certain that people will need to be revaccinated periodically as new variants of concern are identified, much like the annual flu jab. This is possible with the Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax vaccines but can’t be done with AstraZeneca, because people develop immunity to the adenovirus vector, making successive doses less effective. The Australian Government must reassure the public that the emergency use of AstraZeneca for those 50 years and over is necessary under current border controls and is not being imposed to allow earlier reopening of international borders. Crucially, an AstraZeneca only vaccination strategy for those aged 50 and over will not provide the level of protection necessary to safely relax border controls, nor will it deliver herd immunity. While there are low-cost border controls available such as rapid testing on arrival, vaccination passports, and self-isolation, there are serious deficiencies with each. Notably, there is a much larger proportion of false negatives with rapid testing, there is an increasing black market for false vaccination certificates, and home self-isolation is not nearly as effective as supervised quarantine at reducing growth in infections. Moreover, those vaccinated with AstraZeneca may still be infectious with the South African variant because of its low efficacy for that variant and some fully vaccinated travellers can still be infectious. A three-to-six month delay in reopening the international border until everyone can be vaccinated with Pfizer or Novavax would impose a burden on the economy of around $6-12 billion. This cost, however, is much less than a prolonged lockdown needed to control a major outbreak, or the costs associated with an increased frequency of short and long-term city lockdowns should the international border reopen under the current vaccination rollout. Australia’s vaccination strategy must change as the facts change. Herd immunity is the only way to eliminate community transmission for good and to avoid costly lockdowns. This can be achieved with a Pfizer or Pfizer-Novavax vaccination strategy, but not with the country’s current approach because it will be impossible to achieve herd immunity against one of the world’s most concerning variants using AstraZeneca. With the emergence of more transmissible new variants, Australia’s current COVID-19 vaccination strategy doesn’t make sense from either a public health or an economic perspective. It must change or Australia risks a future epidemic and/or very large costs from lockdowns when its international border reopens. The information provided in this article does not substitute for, nor does it replace formal medical advice in relation to individual COVID-19 vaccinations. 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292, 1833, 261, 1670, 9707, 18, 540, 830, 1226, 30, 11250, 7381, 6693, 419, 4211, 542, 361, 6775, 526, 3094, 17, 5242, 6503, 1294, 17, 75, 2188, 286, 11629, 438, 475, 4831, 16, 659, 352, 430, 784, 485, 1384, 86, 762, 31, 1649, 2390, 9275, 296, 9715, 288, 516, 1670, 1047, 379, 31, 291, 4636, 4336, 1923, 17, 7816, 1234, 1655, 3113, 2877, 16 ]
Medical Tourism in Egypt 1 Tourism is generally considered the most important sources of national income in Egypt and the Egyptian people, accustomed to the presence of tourists in their midst since antiquity. As Egypt is one of the most prominent tourist countries in the world where the number of tourists visiting Egypt more than 9.79 million tourists in 2007. In addition, Egypt was ranked 58 globally among 124 countries in tourism competitiveness index. The spread in Egypt and mineral sulfur springs, which features the unique chemical installed. Which exceeds the rate of all mineral and sulfur springs in the world. Furthermore the availability of silt in the pools of these sulfur springs with its therapeutic properties of cured many diseases, bone diseases, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract and skin diseases, etc., as also proven treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis by burial in the sand. Research also confirmed that the waters of the Red Sea, its contents and the presence of chemical coral reefs which helps healing of psoriasis. There are various tourist areas, which has the advantage of medical tourism in Egypt, areas of famous historical roots, such as : Helwan, Ain El Sira, Al Ain Sokhna, Hurghada, Fayoum, the oasis, Aswan, Sinai, and finally the city of Safaga stationed on the beach of the Red Sea, which has all the elements of tourism therapeutic and tourist groups that visit and the fame that comes black sand have the ability to get rid of some skin diseases. Ancient Egyptians believed that the human will send a second after his death to live a life of immortality and so were keen to keep the bodies of the dead through the stuffed, and mummification process means the ancient Egyptians, as Raawa bury the dead bodies away from water infiltration and placed them in graves of the vulnerable in dry places in the desert and in the inside pyramids, and these operations are under the advanced medical science and qualified doctors are able to use all the largesse of the nature of the chemical and pharmaceutical substances. Before the birth of Jesus gave birth to three thousand years Egypt “Aamahotb” Dean of Medicine and pioneering the first global consensus of historians. The name means hieroglyph, which comes in peace, “the minister that the doctor architectural high priest singers, and above all, Rafie said the first stone in history: the pyramid of King” Zoser “Saqqara. With the increasing archaeological discoveries, which left over time emerged as important medical and therapeutic for many of the sites in parts of Egypt, such as Helwan, Fayoum and South Sinai and Safaga as enjoyed by these places of mineral water, sand and dunes are able to treat and cure many incurable diseases in our world today, such as skin diseases and rheumatic. The state has realized the importance of medical and therapeutic for these places arose on the care and attention which has become of the finest places of healing the world. Egypt holidays occupied a privileged position on the map of medical tourism has become a popular destination for those who want treatment from all over the world, come for the tourists to enjoy the climate of health and medical treatment, natural under the auspices of medical specialists in all branches and modern hospitals, which is available with the latest equipment the world supported by specialists in exercise and physical therapy at the highest level of service. Egypt’s natural healing: Spread to Egypt, hundreds of natural springs and wells of mineral water and sulfur, differ in the depth and capacity, and the temperature between 30.73 degrees Celsius. The analysis has shown the laboratory to contain many of these natural springs at the highest rate of elemental sulfur compared to wells located in various parts of the world as containing this natural water on several metal salts and some metals of therapeutic value such as sodium carbonate and varying proportions of some metallic elements such as magnesium and iron. Also showed Experimental Measurements suitability salinity in the natural water resources for the purposes of hospital and added to the proliferation of water wells, natural clean drinking water, which has expanded Egypt’s investment and production as economic in recent years under the control of rigorous scientific quality and standards in terms of purity of impurities and parasites and bacteria, and the degree of water hardness and chemical composition, which has led many national and foreign companies to compete for major investment in this area. It was not the sands of Egypt are less affluent than water studies have shown to contain desert sand dunes Egyptian proportions safe and a great interest of the radioactive elements, has resulted in treatment bury the body or painful situation it with sand for extended periods of deliberate and specific to the unprecedented results in several diseases, rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and pain resulting from spinal diseases and other causes of acute and chronic pain, which puzzled the modern medicine. The objectives of medical tourism a visit to Egypt, where they are in the province of New Valley, oases, and areas of the Sinai treatment burial in the sand and hot water treatment as well as to the presence of natural springs such as the eyes of Moses and Ain Helwan Adopted the medical tourism and hospital in Egypt for a long time on natural ingredients and is considered one of the richest environments where there are natural elements of interest as therapeutic spread by natural springs sulfur, and mineral sands and warm. The most important places for medical tourism in Egypt: Egypt tours has 16 locations internally and coastal available in natural remedies for many diseases, especially the rheumatic diseases and psoriasis of the most famous of those areas of Helwan, famous as the city of healing the sacred and the Valley Mariot and Wadi Natrun Oasis semen Western Desert and Oasis of Amun and Ain Sukhna baths of Cleopatra in the Red Sea, and others . And estimated the number of eyes distributed in most parts of Egypt with 1356 eyes, including five in the eyes of Helwan and 3 in the Ain El Sira and 36 in Fayoum and 4 in Wadi Rayan and 33 in the Sinai Peninsula and 315 in the oasis of marine and 106 in Siwa, in addition to the huge number an estimated 564 on-Dakhla Oasis and 188 in emerging and 75 in Farafra and the rest is spread in the Gulf of Suez and the Qattara and Wadi Natrun and neighbor. The spread in Egypt, sulfur springs and mineral features installed chemical unique and which exceeds the rate of all the sulfur springs and mineral in the world in addition to the availability of silt in the pools of these sulfur springs with its properties of therapeutic cures of many bone diseases and diseases of the digestive system, respiratory and skin diseases, etc., as also widely hospitalization for patients with rheumatic arthritis by burial in the sand also confirmed research that the waters of the Red Sea its contents chemotherapy and the presence of coral reefs which helps healing of psoriasis and multiple tourist areas which have the advantage of medical tourism in Egypt, which are areas of known historical roots, such as: Helwan , Ain El Sira, Al Ain Sokhna, Hurghada, Fayoum, the oasis, Aswan, Sinai, and finally the city of Safaga stationed on the shore of the Red Sea and which possesses all the elements of medical tourism, which Tamha all tourist groups come her celebrity status that the black sand have the ability to get rid of some skin diseases . . Salinas Burj Al Arab. Medical tourism has become an integral part of the global tourism system and despite the availability of the elements of medical tourism in Egypt, but the features had not been completed so far, despite its success on multiple areas of the Red Sea, such as Mount Sinai on the Gulf of Suez and Sharm el-Sheikh on the Gulf of Aqaba .. And still Arab tourists who seek treatment go to the Dead Sea in Israel because of the potential tourist progress there although the Dead Sea full of pollutants that cause the metal to reduce the success rate of treatment required. The student scientific research conducted recently and the need to exploit the potential of Salinas site of the Burj Al Arab, where the presence of natural brines high concentration and the right atmosphere in the field of environmental treatment for psoriasis and other diseases. The water salt works out of a natural, a sea water and is characterized by water Salinas Burj Al Arab, the existence of special conditions related to the environment, construction, design and organization of basin focus and shape and drainage, can control the degree of focus, either mitigation or focus, Burj Al Arab in the case of use for the purposes of treatment of psoriasis and that access to the required focus in time for this, as characterized by Salinas Burj Al Arab, the existence of hills north and south of navigation works bulwark blocking a natural against wind and sand storms, and the atmosphere of the region free from pollution and impurities that dispersion sunlight, and there are also basins like bays (calm waters) is not the wave function as a mirror reflecting the rays of the sun to the earth’s surface, in addition to the salinity of a very high increase of up to seven times the water in the Gulf of Safaga, and thus ease of buoyancy and reduce the forces of gravity, which leads to a significant improvement in the activity of blood circulation within the body and thus increase the amount of blood that reaches the skin and thus happens balance between the amount of salts within the body and outside it, and this balance has a significant impact in the speed of healing psoriasis. In addition to this entire region by the breathtaking beauty of natural elements and is conveniently helps to relax the patient and improve his mood. These features of the Salinas Burj Al Arab makes it a competitor is important in the healing natural for patients with psoriasis, especially for areas of the Dead Sea, which has the disadvantages of such critical lack of sun in the region during the autumn and winter, and lower the Dead Sea area from the sea 390 meters, making it unsuitable for heart patients, and increase the proportion of component bromine that causes skin allergies.. To all this can be used to the climatic conditions and environmental salt concentration Bmlahh Burj Al Arab for the treatment of patients with psoriasis and the development of the Burj Al Arab on the map of medical tourism. And the intervention of Alexandria in the field of tourism therapeutic alternative, especially that Joe Borg El-Arab fit well with this project because the humidity medium with a temperature between 15 and 20 ° C, which affects mood and health for the tourist who wants to hospitalization, especially as tourists therapeutic advantage for the tourist the normal length of residence in the city treatment of this period ranging between two to four weeks, in addition to the rate of spending is double that for the tourists .. I must emphasize that it is not necessary to serve the medical tourism patients only , but extend to healthy people and businessmen who would like to recreation and away from the rhythm of modern life, where tourists enjoy the calm and beauty in the flood of mineral water salinity was appropriate and then practice some sports light. I would like to point out that the first to develop the scientific basis for medical tourism in Egypt is Dr. “Hassan Bek Mahmoud wise” through the manuscript, which was discovered in the municipal library haraam and your entitled to “the fountain brink of chilling in the bathrooms, Helwan,” which placed nearly 127 years. 2. Medical tourism in Sinai. Is the South Sinai area high characterized by quiet, low humidity and the presence of the water sulfur suitable for treatment and cure of many diseases and also the hot sand soft in some areas which are particularly useful in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in addition to what is known by the species of many herbs and natural plants that are used in medicine and treatment. There is Sinai a lot of eyes to water warm like bath Pharaoh and bathrooms Moses of historical interest as that of the baths the importance of treatment due to the containment of water sulfur, in addition to all this mild climate and unique location on the shore of the Gulf of Suez and the sanctity of the area and its own from the heart of adherents of the three monotheistic religions to alike. A. Bath of Pharaoh: Located bathrooms Pharaoh on the Gulf of Suez, 250 km from Cairo, a group springs of water sulfur hot has a temperature of 27 Celsius and flowing from Mount Bath of Pharaoh in the form of a pond strong 3000 meters cubic per day to roughly stretching on the beach a length of 100 meters, a adjacent to the sea, and there is the highest mountain cave carved rock sauna due to the emission of heat from the hot sulfur water from the bottom of the cave above. An analysis of water in terms of their chemical properties and bacteriological and natural proven and effectiveness of the excellent in the treatment of many diseases, most notably rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatism of various kinds, and diseases of the digestive system, kidney disease, and the sensitivity of the lung, and liver diseases, skin diseases, and injuries sidelined , that the benefits used for the purposes of beauty , with a concentration of sulfur in the water rate is one of the highest rates of this element in the mineral water in the world. In addition to this entire mild climate throughout the year, and air dry, and large areas of sand, warm, which can be used in physical therapy, which is surrounded by a chain of mountains? This was the ingredient wonderful impetus to the creation of spa tourism in the name of “Spa Resort Pharaoh” (still under construction) is the first and unique in its kind in Egypt and the Middle East, a tourist village and a center for treatment of environmental, combining medical tourism, entertainment and sports. Potential treatment center: – Lots of exercises and massage therapy. – Water treatment. – Treatment of the body. – Treatment of the face. B. Bath Moses: The city of Mount Sinai and the waters flowing from the eyes of five are in the bath tub in the form of a building surrounded by water, according to sulfur that bring the temperature of 37 ° C in the healing of many rheumatic diseases and skin and Gary create a spa bath global area of Moses. 3. Medical Tourism in Aswan. There is also a medical tourism enjoyed by the Aswan is hugely popular destination in addition to being interested in the treatment of various diseases mainly arthritis who was treated in ways that primitive to inform the patient’s body hot desert sand. Research has been conducted many the knowledge of experts and international institutions have proved the validity of an atmosphere of Aswan in the treatment of chronic diseases due to its high levels of ultraviolet radiation, low humidity, where up to 43.4% during the period from December to March, while the ratio in England during the same period between 75% to 100%. The rays of the sun throughout the year with dry weather Akunan a climate ideal for the treatment of rheumatic diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, chronic inflammation of the kidneys. There Aswan centers for the treatment of sand and water, it is proposed to establish a tourist village in the area stretching between the Hotel Cataract and Aswan Reservoir include special centers for physiotherapy, and clinics for patients with rheumatism and skin diseases, and places for the establishment of theaters, cinemas and sports stadiums, building berths for boats Nile cruises and cruise ships. As is known, the region has known treatment primitive manner of burial in the sand. 4. Medical Tourism in Helwan. Located suburb of Helwan, thirty kilometers from the heart of Cairo to the east of the River Nile, which lies on its bank about four kilometers, rising from the sea about forty meters. Characterized by very dry, Helwan, and the percentage of moisture does not exceed 58% in addition to the eyes of several metal and sulfur are unmatched in the world in terms of the degree of purity and therapeutic interest, has been established by the Centre for Natural Medicine of sulfur and treatment of pain and rheumatic diseases. Due date of treatment water Helwan to the year 1899, then renovated bathrooms in 1955, founded the Center Helwan sulfur for rheumatism and natural medicine in the style of an Islamic Arabic stylish, which includes 38 room for treatment of water sulfur and rooms to rest, and chalets, to establish a patient steps away from the places of treatment, all surrounded by beautiful gardens, making it the perfect place to set up patients and convalescents. The center includes a group of doctors specializing in rheumatic diseases and natural medicine are the signing of the exact medical examination of patients before initiation of treatment, and after to determine the appropriate treatment for each case the patient is placed under medical supervision for the full duration of treatment and place of residence. It is a special file for each patient saves archives of the Medical Center to return to him when needed to facilitate patient follow-up in their reluctance to the center. Helwan Center is equipped with the following: • ray diagnostic device. • An integrated medical laboratory for all laboratories tests and analyzes. • Department of Internal Medicine, heart, equipped with modern ECG. • Electric water bath for water treatment. • Steam bath. • Bathroom sulfur only in the Middle of the movements and underwater sports. • Bath of carbon dioxide for the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, a special section for treatment of silt sulfur • A special section lean and weight loss. • Department of the massage. • Massage under water. • Department of wax. Diseases that address the status of Helwan: Medical Tourism in Egypt • Inflammation of the nerves and the pain it caused. • Paralysis and a weakening of the parties. • Neurological and psychiatric diseases. • Chronic gout disease (disease of kings). • Respiratory diseases (chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, chronic bronchial asthma). • Skin diseases (scabies, eczema, acne, psoriasis. ( • stiffness in the joints, and fractures healed uncomplicated healing wrong. • Chronic session arterial insufficiency of the Parties. • Inflammation of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, which results in primary and secondary infertility. • Obesity and disease. 5. Bahariya Oasis. Follow the Bahariya Oasis Giza Governorate, located about 365 miles to the south west of the city of Giza. Combines the elements of the region to tourism historical and archaeological elements of a great medical tourism and wellness ecosystem. The most important monuments in the Oasis Marine graves of family 26, and cowardly bird sacred and the remnants of the Arc de Triumphed Roman, and the ruins of the Temple of Isis, and the ruins of the temple due to the age of Alexander the Great also contains the tomb of the Valley Golden Mummies, which shed light on the critical history of Egypt at the beginning of the Roman era , where he discovered a huge number of golden mummies of ten thousand. He was the author of this disclosure the great Egyptologist, Dr. Zahi Hawass, the famous. In the cemetery governor oases (Pharaonic family 26) discovered a hundred gold pieces a wonderful addition to many of the golden statues of the gods. There are oases of marine about 400 eye for mineral water and sulfur warm and cold, which proved to research conducted by the Egyptian universities and national centers of research and scientific centers of foreign therapeutic value in diseases Romatiom and rheumatoid arthritis, which leads her to become one of the most important spa treatment in the world to distinguish dry weather mild and the sun shining throughout the year.	<urn:uuid:db72be86-ac49-4dbb-be01-dee58f05134f>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://alshamel-kh.com/medical-tourism-in-egypt-1/	2024-03-03T18:17:40Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.946132	4,095	2.609375	3	[ 49, 286, 466, 307, 455, 997, 288, 7034, 433, 203, 56, 455, 997, 316, 2918, 2221, 268, 710, 851, 2419, 289, 2511, 3871, 288, 7034, 291, 268, 10877, 689, 16, 765, 310, 1049, 286, 292, 268, 3550, 289, 4402, 978, 288, 444, 4188, 503, 1812, 1743, 395, 380, 18, 203, 5190, 7034, 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What is a Faraday Pouch and How Does it Help? An Outlook for 2024 Today, we live in a world dominated by digital connectivity, so protecting our electronic devices from potential threats is more important than ever. So what can be the solution? Faraday pouches – a compact yet powerful item designed to shield our electronic devices from unwanted access and electromagnetic interference. But what exactly are Faraday pouches, and why do we need them? These cases are made with a special lining that blocks electromagnetic signals, creating a secure cocoon around your devices to protect your sensitive information from malicious hacking attempts. Keep on reading to know more about them! What is a Faraday Pouch? Faraday pouch is a special case or pouch with a protective enclosure designed to shield electronic devices from external electromagnetic signals. The name "Faraday" pays homage to the renowned scientist Michael Faraday, whose groundbreaking work laid the foundation for understanding electromagnetic fields. Faraday discovered that a conductive enclosure can block electromagnetic signals, giving rise to the concept of Faraday cages. For our digital security, a Faraday pouch adopts this principle, using conductive materials to create a barrier that prevents electromagnetic signals from entering or escaping the enclosed space. This shielding effect has made Faraday pouches invaluable for safeguarding sensitive information (like our credit card information) and devices from potential cyber threats. Faraday pouches operate on the principle of electromagnetic shielding. The pouch's interior is lined with conductive materials, typically copper or nickel-coated fabric, creating a protective barrier that disrupts the flow of electromagnetic fields. This interference blocks signals, rendering the enclosed device effectively invisible to external electromagnetic influences. It protects your smartphone, credit cards, or key fobs against potential hacking attempts and unauthorized access. Ultra Armour Technology The efficacy of Faraday pouches is further amplified by innovations like Ultra Armour technology. Developed by pioneers in the field, such as Defendershield, Ultra Armour enhances the pouch's ability to provide an impenetrable barrier against electromagnetic signals. This advanced technology ensures that your devices remain secure, even in the face of modern cyber threats. Applications of Faraday Pouches Faraday pouches find application in various aspects of our tech-centric lives, serving as a reliable shield against unwanted intrusions. One primary use is preserving privacy by blocking signals that could compromise sensitive information stored on devices. The applications extend to everyday device security. Faraday pouches are widely used to secure smartphones, tablets, and laptops from hacking attempts and unauthorized access. Keeping your device in a Faraday pouch when not in use ensures that it remains off the radar of cybercriminals, providing peace of mind in an interconnected world. Safeguarding Against Key Robbery Faraday pouches also play a vital role in thwarting key robbery attempts. These pouches prevent the relay of signals between key fobs and vehicles, making it significantly more challenging for thieves to execute keyless entry or ignition attacks. This application has become increasingly important as car theft tactics evolve with advancing technology. Defending Against EMP Attacks Faraday pouches act as a frontline defence that shields devices from the potentially devastating impact of electromagnetic pulse (EMP). This makes them an essential tool for individuals and organizations looking to safeguard critical electronics in the event of unforeseen disruptions. Anonymity and Tracking Prevention Faraday pouches offer a layer of anonymity, preventing your devices from broadcasting signals that could be exploited for tracking purposes. With a Faraday pouch, your digital interactions are further protected from location tracking and targeted advertising. Comprehensive Security in a Compact Package The compact and portable nature of Faraday pouches makes them a convenient and effective security solution. They provide comprehensive protection without compromising on usability, making them an ideal choice for individuals who prioritize both security and convenience in their daily lives. Choosing the Right Faraday Pouch Below are some key tips to guide you in making the appropriate choice for your specific needs: Size Matters: Ensure the pouch provides a snug fit without being too restrictive. A well-fitted pouch enhances the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding. Material Quality: The material of the Faraday pouch is very important for its performance. Look for pouches made from high-quality, conductive materials such as copper or nickel-coated fabric. These materials are proven to provide robust electromagnetic shielding, ensuring that your devices remain secure. Intended Use: Different Faraday pouches are used for different use cases. If you're looking for a pouch to secure your smartphone, options like the DefenderShield® 5G EMF Protection Phone Faraday Pouch may be ideal. For laptops and tablets, the DefenderShield® 14-inch 5G EMF Faraday Laptop Sleeve offers comprehensive protection. Consider your daily activities and choose a pouch that aligns with your specific needs. When it comes to Faraday pouches, buying from a trusted brand is essential. Brands like Defendershield have established themselves as leaders in the field, offering products with cutting-edge technology such as Ultra Armor™ Shielding Technology. A pouch from a reputable brand ensures not only superior protection but durability and reliability as well. At Anti-Radiation, we proudly offer top-of-the-line Faraday pouches designed to meet the highest standards of protection. Explore three of our standout products: DefenderShield® 5G EMF Protection Phone Faraday Pouch This advanced Faraday bag incorporates Ultra Armor™ Shielding Technology, the pinnacle of scientifically proven EMF military-grade protection. Offering 360° protection from wireless EMF radiation, phone tracing, card/ID hacking, and more, this pouch is perfect for those who prioritize privacy and digital health. Ultra Armor™ Shielding Technology: Utilizes the highest scientifically proven EMF military-grade protection, ensuring 360° defense against wireless EMF radiation, phone tracing, and card/ID hacking. Versatile Usage: Perfect for travel, work, festivals, crowded events, commuting, school, business, and military applications, as well as no-zip outfits. Faraday Cage Protection: Creates a Faraday cage that effectively blocks all radio and Wi-Fi signals, safeguarding your privacy in various environments. Compact and Portable: Small accessory designed for on-the-move use, offering convenience without compromising on protection. Lightweight Construction: Easy to carry, ensuring comfort during daily activities while providing top-tier digital security. Durable Design: Protects your phone from scratches, drops, and other damage, ensuring long-lasting functionality. Peace of Mind: Bid farewell to worries about digital hacking and tracking, experience the highest quality EMF protection on the market at a reasonable price. Ideal for festivals, travel, work, and everyday use, the ConcealShield® Faraday Travel Pouch provides the ultimate peace of mind against digital threats. DefenderShield® 14-inch 5G EMF Faraday Laptop Sleeve: Experience unparalleled protection with our Faraday Bag & EMP Attack Shield, engineered with Ultra Armor™ Shielding Technology. This cutting-edge sleeve provides a complete 360° signal-proof shield, blocking all wireless EMF and 5G frequencies up to 90 GHz. Ultra Armor™ Shielding Technology: Engineered with cutting-edge technology, providing a complete 360° signal-proof shield against all wireless EMF and 5G frequencies up to 90 GHz. Comprehensive Defence: The Intrusion-Proof Laptop Faraday Sleeve features the latest Ultra Armour Shielding Technology, protecting devices from incoming and outgoing signals, including RFID, NFC, Cellular, GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, EMP, and UTS. Versatile Protection: Ideal for personal security, law enforcement, investigators, armed services, military, government workers, and executive travel/commuting. Suitable for use at home or on the go, ensuring data and laptop security against RF and EMP cyberattacks. Military-Grade Materials: Crafted with durability in mind, ensuring longevity and robust protection for your electronic devices. Spacious Interior: Accommodates a range of laptops and tablets, providing flexibility in device compatibility. Anti-Radiation Technology: Reduces exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), enhancing overall safety for users. Total Signal Blockage: Blocks all electronic signals, including Wi-Fi, GPS, and cellular signals, ensuring comprehensive protection against potential cyber threats. Secure Your Data Today: Invest in ultimate laptop protection with the Cybersecurity & Privacy Laptop Faraday Bag & EMP Attack Shield. Take control of your security and order now to safeguard your sensitive information and devices from the risks of cyberattacks. With military-grade materials for durability and a spacious interior fitting a range of laptops and tablets, this laptop sleeve is your go-to solution for safeguarding your devices from interference. DefenderShield® Cybersecurity RFID Faraday Duffel Bag Our DefenderShield® Cybersecurity RFID Faraday Duffel Bag is a great solution for those who demand the utmost in digital security while on the go. It ensures that your devices remain invisible to Wi-Fi, GPS, and cellular signals. This Faraday Duffel Bag seamlessly blends comfort with functionality, allowing you to steer your day without compromising on ease of use. Ultra Armor Shielding Technology: Equipped with advanced technology providing a 360° signal-proof shield against all wireless EMF and 5G frequencies up to 90 GHz, ensuring ultimate protection against digital hacking and tracking. Total Signal Blocking: This Faraday Duffel Bag blocks all incoming and outgoing signals, including RFID, NFC, Cellular, GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, EMP, and UTS, making it an ideal solution for government workers, military personnel, investigators, or anyone valuing their privacy. Complete Device Enclosure: The Faraday pouch enclosed in the duffel bag fully encloses your device, leaving no room for signals to penetrate. Cellular service and connectivity become unavailable, ensuring comprehensive protection against digital threats. Stylish and Functional Design: Perfect for gym use, airplane travel, personal security, law enforcement, military, and executive travel. Its stylish and functional design makes it suitable for anyone concerned about their digital security. Versatile Application: Ideal for use anytime confidential data is vulnerable to RF and EMP cyberattacks. A perfect accessory for those prioritizing digital security in various settings. DefenderShield Leadership: Invest in the ultimate protection with DefenderShield, a leader in scientifically proven EMF protection. Safeguard your confidential data and prioritize your digital security today with the DefenderShield Cybersecurity & Privacy Faraday Duffel Bag & EMP Attack Shield. With hidden and easily accessible pockets, it provides a streamlined solution for organizations. Keep your belongings secure and within reach, enhancing both convenience and efficiency. Order today! Now let’s have a look at some other products of the highest standards! WaveWall™ EMF Blocking Laptop Sleeve Case For those seeking a sleek and practical solution to shield their laptops or slim electronic devices from the effects of electromagnetic radiation, the WaveWall™ EMF Blocking Laptop Sleeve Case is a game-changer. Its portable and on-the-go-friendly design ensures that you can carry your devices securely wherever life takes you. Not only does it boast a 100% Vegan construction, but its versatile design and 24-month durability guarantee make it a reliable choice. Order today! Why You Need this Laptop Radiation Shield: Radiation Protection: WaveWall’s innovative radiation-blocking fabric shields you from the laptop's electromagnetic field, offering comprehensive protection against potential health risks. Heat Reduction: Doubles as a heat barrier, reducing the heat transferred from the laptop to the body, particularly beneficial for men to prevent potential damage to the reproductive system. Stylish Carrying Case: Functions as a stylish carrying case, preventing scratches and damage to your device while providing a sleek design suitable for any setting. Versatile Protection: Ideal for use at home, on the move, in coffee shops, or any remote working location, safeguarding against wireless technology's electromagnetic field. Reproductive Health: Recognizes the lap as a poor place to keep a laptop due to potential damage to the reproductive region. Protects against infertility risks linked to wireless radiation and heat. Scientifically Proven: Based on sound scientific principles, the anti-radiation fabric has been independently tested and verified, blocking 85% of electromagnetic radiation, offering crucial protection against infertility and potential cancer risks. How to Use: Softly Lined Case: Slide your laptop into the softly lined case to protect it from scratches, functioning as a normal laptop case or protective sleeve. Portable Design: Stylish black with red stitching design makes it suitable for work, coffee shops, or at home—ideal for on-the-go use. Lap Shield: Lay the case on your lap and set the laptop on top when you want to work. It creates a barrier, reflecting electromagnetic radiation away from you, acting as a Faraday cage for your laptop or tablet. EMF Radiation Blocking Hip Bag or Fanny Pack With Ultra Armor® Shielding Technology, this EMF Radiation Blocking hip bag blocks up to 99% of wireless Radio Frequency (RF) EMF radiation, covering the entire 5th Generation spectrum (300 Hz-90 GHz). Crafted with durable nylon, it features a spacious main compartment, polyester mesh pockets, and exterior zippered pockets for all your essentials. Ultra Armor® Shielding Technology: Blocks up to 99% of wireless Radio Frequency (RF) EMF radiation, covering the entire 5th Generation spectrum (300 Hz-90 GHz). Shields against Cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, and more. Body Protection: Shielding placed in the back safeguards your body from EMF emissions while ensuring your phone maintains signal connectivity. Durable Design: Crafted from durable nylon, featuring a spacious main compartment, polyester mesh pockets, and two exterior zippered pockets for all your essentials. Versatile Wear: Adjustable nylon strap with a plastic buckle allows for cross-body or hip wear, providing flexibility for different activities. Rotating Key Hook: Convenient rotating key hook in the main compartment for added practicality. Fit and Extensibility: Accommodates cell phones and devices up to 8". Waist/chest strap extends up to 42". Wear it cross-body or on your hip with the adjustable strap, and benefit from the rotating key hook and the convenience of a waist/chest strap that extends up to 42 inches. Order today! With so many options available, choosing a trusted brand becomes important. Defendershield, with its commitment to excellence and cutting-edge technology like Ultra Armour™, emerges as a beacon of reliability in the realm of Faraday protection. Safeguard your devices, protect your information, and stride confidently into the connected future with the assurance that your electronic world is in capable hands.	<urn:uuid:3a8d5ac0-57c3-469d-8bcb-f37a71e58760>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://anti-radiation.co.uk/blogs/articles/what-is-a-faraday-pouch	2024-03-03T19:21:04Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.894022	3,083	2.9375	3	[ 4688, 316, 261, 9427, 354, 350, 382, 290, 355, 291, 784, 5156, 362, 7092, 35, 854, 5579, 80, 838, 331, 7945, 203, 56, 370, 350, 16, 445, 2180, 288, 261, 887, 3115, 4231, 419, 2256, 10596, 16, 576, 5953, 662, 5229, 2450, 427, 1439, 5141, 316, 512, 851, 687, 2577, 18, 1426, 768, 375, 327, 268, 2966, 35, 9427, 354, 350, 279, 290, 1957, 796, 261, 11479, 2770, 3184, 7808, 2298, 292, 11980, 662, 5229, 2450, 427, 11166, 1310, 291, 11084, 9965, 630, 3701, 18, 203, 11207, 768, 4743, 356, 9427, 354, 350, 279, 290, 1957, 16, 291, 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Minimising the Risks of Major Industrial Accidents The UK Government has recognised large industrial accidents as major risks to infrastructure in the UK. Serious accidents (and near misses) still regularly occur worldwide in all ‘high-hazard’ industries. They have the potential for major loss of life, environmental damage, and a massive impact in terms of lost production, company value, and reputation. About the research At first sight, major ‘events’ such as the Columbia Shuttle disaster, the Texas City oil refinery accident and the collapse of a pedestrian walkway at the Port of Ramsgate may appear to have little in common. They occurred in different industrial settings, involved very different engineering failures, and happened in different operational contexts. However, analysis of the findings from the investigations that took place following these disasters reveals significant similarities in the organisational and cultural precursors. Various well-established and widely used tools are available to address engineering and human performance failures. However, the recurrence of these organisational and cultural failures in events spanning many decades, suggests that current preventative approaches are not sufficient. New approaches and associated tools are required to minimise the organisational and cultural precursors leading to events. This is being addressed by multidisciplinary research at the Safety Systems Research Centre at the University of Bristol, working closely with Dr Andrew Weyman of the Psychology Department at the University of Bath to ensure that both a systems engineering and social science perspective is taken. Industry and regulators have supported the research and remain involved. Twelve major events have been studied based on published investigation reports, including several from the petrochemical and nuclear industries, and some from transport and major civil engineering projects. It has allowed common organisational and cultural findings to be brought together based on actual experience and should enable this important and sometimes neglected area to be addressed more systematically and enable greater sharing of knowledge between industries. Identified recurring factors have been grouped under ten headings or repeating ‘themes’ which were observed in the events studied: 1. Leadership issues 2. Operational attitudes and behaviours (operational ‘culture’) 3. Safety management systems 4. Impact of the business environment (often commercial and budgetary requirements) 5. Oversight and scrutiny 6. Competence and training (at all levels) 7. Risk assessment and management (at all levels) 8. Organisational learning 9. Communication failures 10. Supply chain (management of contractors) Shortfalls in safety leadership have been a precursor to nearly all events studied. If excellence in safety is to be achieved, it is vital that leaders at all levels ‘set the tone at the top’ and reinforce this through their own actions and visible commitment. In many, commercial pressures (such as the need to complete a project to a very tight schedule or carry out major organisational change) have led to shortcuts being taken and other deficiencies. Good safety performance requires the presence of a well-understood management system that makes clear who is accountable for what and where the workforce follows clear and respected procedures. In some of the events studied, a culture of ‘casual compliance’ has developed over time without management awareness or action. Even where procedures are followed, however, there is a danger that errors have built up in them often as a consequence of changes elsewhere in the plant or process. This calls for continuous vigilance with a good understanding of the wider system. The build-up of problems such as these commonly reflects a shortfall in safety culture within the organisation. This is often characterised by a failure to adopt a questioning attitude, breakdowns in communication and a failure to learn from events both within and outside the organisation. It has also led to a failure to assess risks in plant or system design and construction as well as in operations. These shortcomings have frequently been exacerbated by reductions in training and competence, often a result of budgetary pressures. In some of the events studied, contractors have been used to carry out major tasks. Contracts have not always been formulated in such a way as to encourage the reporting of emerging issues and the client-contractor interface has been poorly managed. Finally, providing strong oversight and scrutiny in the organisation should allow the shortfalls discussed above to be addressed before major problems develop. In many cases, this has been absent or weak, or findings have not been addressed or fully implemented. These ten themes are being followed-up by developing statements of good practice designed to provide a basis for organisations to compare their own ‘expectations’ for performance in each area. The intent is that these are put into operational practice at all levels from the boardroom to the workplace. To check that this occurs, ‘penetrating’ questions are being developed to enable organisations to explore whether ‘reality aligns with expectation’. Use of these statements and questions will help organisations to identify their vulnerabilities. 1. Port of Ramsgate walkway collapse (UK, September 1994) 2. Heathrow Express NATM tunnel collapse during construction (UK, October 1994) 3. Longford gas plant explosion (Australia, September 1998) 4. Tokai-Mura criticality accident (Japan, September 1999) 5. Hatfield railway accident (UK, October 2000) 6. Davis Besse nuclear reactor pressure vessel corrosion event (USA, February 2002) 7. Loss of the Columbia Shuttle (USA, February 2003) 8. Paks nuclear plant fuel cleaning event (Hungary, April 2003) 9. Texas City oil refinery explosion (USA, March 2005) 10. Loss of containment at the THORP Sellafield reprocessing incident (UK, 2005) 11. Nimrod air crash (Afghanistan, 2006) 12. Buncefield oil storage depot explosion (UK, 2005) New systematic approaches are also needed to address these vulnerabilities. However, the analysis shows that these will need to model complex processes. Contributory factors exist within a complex network of causes and thus, what appears to be a straightforward change (such as improving a procedure) can lead to unintended consequences. A simple example illustrates this. A technique known as Causal Loop Modelling is used to depict the interactions between causal factors and the potential consequences of intended changes. It can explain why consequences can be subtle or hidden, how time lags can be important, and expose unforeseen long-term trends. The figure below shows how the approach can be used to analyse the possible consequences of actions to improve learning by increasing the number of ‘events’ being reported. The arrows represent causality. An ‘S’ means a similar change is caused (i.e. an increase causes an increase and a decrease causes a decrease). An ‘O’ means an opposite change is caused. The right-hand loop shows that more reporting leads to more investigations and more corrective actions. Unless carefully controlled, prioritised and resourced, this may lead to a significant increase in the workload and as this increases, the number of visible improvements and completed actions may go down because people cannot cope. This can lead to disillusion, cynicism from the workforce and a decrease in efforts to report events. Thus a worthwhile initiative can leave the organisation worse off than before it was launched, unless actions are taken at the outset to mitigate these unwanted consequences. Diagnosing current vulnerabilities based on the ‘library’ of findings obtained from the events studied, combined with new approaches to plugging vulnerabilities, can help to make organisations more resilient to major events in all ‘high hazard’ industries. ‘The importance of investigating and understanding the organisational causes of accidents cannot be overstated’ (Page 459, ‘Inquiry into the loss of RAF Nimrod XV230 - a failure of leadership, culture and priorities’ - Charles Haddon-Cave QC, HMSO, 2009. • Organisations should move towards to a more holistic approach to risk management policy, which takes account of behavioural and psychological responses to change. • To achieve this, it is necessary to use a ‘whole system’ approach that engages staff at all levels with different approaches, aspirations and levels of motivation, and which anticipates their different reactions to proposed initiatives and thus minimises unexpected ‘knock-on’ effects. • Regulatory bodies will benefit from developing a greater appreciation of these organisational and cultural factors and will then be able more effectively to scrutinise new proposals and to hold duty holders to account when failings occur. • In investigating ‘events’ there is sometimes a tendency to identify an immediate ‘cause’ (e.g. people were not sufficiently competent) without asking ‘why’? By exposing the mechanisms of underlying organisational and cultural factors, our research can provide a basis for deeper, more effective investigations. Finally, the approach we are developing may apply more widely - for example, when failures occur in areas such as the financial sector or in health and social care. • A Study of the Precursors Leading to ‘Organisational’ Accidents in Complex Industrial Settings, Taylor, R. H., Van Wijk, L. G. A., May J. H. M., and Carhart N.J.,2016, Process Safety and Environmental Protection (PSEP), I.Chem. E, Vol. 93, 50-67. • Understanding Organisational and Cultural Precursors to Events, 2017, Taylor, R, H, May, J, Weyman, A, Carhart, N,J, Forensic Engineering (ICE), 170(3), 1-10. Contact the Researchers Dr Richard (Dick) Taylor, Visiting Professor, Safety Systems Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1TR Dr John May, Reader, Director of the Safety Systems Research Centre, South West Nuclear Hub, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1TR Dr Neil Carhart, Lecturer in Infrastructure Systems, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1TR Richard Voke, Visiting Research Fellow, University of Bristol; Partner, Ashfords LLP Dr Richard Taylor, Visiting Professor, Dr John May, Reader, Dr Neil Carhart, Lecturer, Richard Voke, Visiting Research 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The effect of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) on climate change could increase significantly in a few decades unless emissions are controlled or the compounds are phased out. HFCs were broadly commercialized as refrigerants in the 1990s, and their global-warming effects were known then. But they were seen as eco-friendly because they replaced substances that deplete stratospheric ozone. Now, scientists say the globally expanding use of HFCs is a significant environmental threat. HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere that otherwise would be lost to space. They remain in the atmosphere for times that vary from years to centuries. And they have global-warming potentials (GWPs) that, on a mass basis, are hundreds to thousands of times more powerful than that of carbon dioxide. Participants at the 2011 International Year of Chemistry Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone & Climate Change, held last month in Washington, D.C., discussed efforts to address the global-warming effects of HFCs. On the diplomatic front, nations are seeking a way to act on HFCs despite the glacial pace of international talks on curbing greenhouse gas emissions. On the industrial front, various chemical companies have found, and continue to develop, alternatives that have refrigerant properties without ozone-depleting and global-warming consequences. Humanity’s need for refrigeration and desire to cool indoor environments have been fraught with unintended consequences. Early air-conditioning and refrigeration systems required the use of ammonia, methyl chloride, or propane. These toxic compounds were eventually replaced by a new class of refrigerants that seemed to be comparatively benign: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their cousins hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Over time, however, atmospheric chemists figured out that CFCs and HCFCs had a downside: They break down stratospheric ozone, which helps screen Earth’s surface from the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Without ozone in the stratosphere, life on Earth as we know it would not exist. In response to the ozone-depletion crisis, governments all over the world agreed to phase out the production of the ozone-depleting substances. Chemical makers resisted this change at first, but innovation led to HFCs. Now the market for HFCs is booming globally as demand for refrigeration and automobiles with air-conditioning grows. But if current growth in demand for HFCs continues, the non-ozone-depleting but high-GWP refrigerants could become a serious contributor to human-caused climate change by 2050, Daniel Reifsnyder, a U.S. government negotiator, said at the symposium. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the concentration of HFCs in the atmosphere is rapidly increasing. Levels of HFC-134a, the most widely used HFC, rose about 10% per year between 2006 and 2010. And worldwide emissions of HFCs have the potential to become very large in the future and to contribute significantly to human-caused global warming, UNEP says in a report. Curbing worldwide emissions of HFCs over the coming years can buy some time for countries to transition to low-carbon economies without causing major disruption of the climate, said Durwood Zaelke, president of the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development. Controlling HFCs, he said at the symposium, is “the single and best opportunity the world has for getting climate relief.” Seeking cooperative international action on HFCs, as was done for ozone-depleting refrigerants, makes sense, Reifsnyder, deputy assistant secretary for environment with the State Department, told the conference. But it is proving problematic because HFCs are listed among the greenhouse gases countries agreed to control under the Kyoto protocol, a global climate-change treaty requiring emissions cuts by industrialized nations. Negotiations under that pact are moribund, in large part because the U.S. Congress continues to reject any binding international commitments to reduce the U.S.’s greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S., Canada, and Mexico recently proposed talks on a new international accord to cap and then reduce the production of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Reifsnyder said. This environmental treaty is what led to the phasing out of ozone-depleting refrigerants. However, Reifsnyder said, some countries oppose the proposal because HFCs are specifically named in the climate-change accord. Nonetheless, some in the chemical industry, particularly the companies that are positioning themselves to profit from a switch from HFCs, are supporting the proposal by the three North American nations. DuPont is one. Mack McFarland, environmental fellow at DuPont, explained that the company backs the idea of controlling HFCs under the Montreal protocol because industry is familiar with what’s needed to adhere to action under that treaty. And such a move would allow companies time to make plans for the switch away from HFCs, he said. Moving away from HFCs, however, requires finding suitable substances that have the desired properties but don’t harm ozone and have little or no potential for global warming. Chemists and companies are working on such next-generation refrigerants. Currently, several conference speakers noted, hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are at the top of the potential replacement list. One replacement is trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, also known as HFO-1234ze, noted Mark W. Spatz, refrigerant technology leader at Honeywell. Already on the market, he said, this chemical can replace HFC-134a and HFC-152a for two key uses: as a blowing agent and as a propellant. HFO-1234ze has a 100-year GWP of 6, compared with 1 for CO2, and has low toxicity, he said. In contrast, the GWP of HFC-134a is 1,300 and that of HFC-152a is 140. Another HFC replacement is 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, commercially known as HFO-1234yf, said Mario J. Nappa, a senior research fellow at DuPont. This HFO is the leading contender as an alternative to HFC-134a in automobile air conditioners, he said. HFO-1234yf has performance characteristics similar to those of HFC-134a and could directly substitute for it, according to Nappa. Earlier this year, the Environmental Protection Agency gave its blessing to HFO-1234yf as an automobile air-conditioning refrigerant (C&EN, March 7, page 11). Last year, Honeywell and DuPont announced a manufacturing joint venture to produce HFO-1234yf. Spatz of Honeywell noted that this new compound also has potential for use in chillers. HFO-1234yf has a 100-year GWP of 4 and has low toxicity. Companies are also exploring trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, also known as HFO-1233zd, said M.P. Sulbaek Andersen, a postdoctoral researcher at California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. HFO-1233zd has potential use as a blowing agent for foams, replacing HFCs or CFCs that are still used in some developing countries. This compound has a 100-year GWP of 7, he said. Although HFO-1233zd contains chlorine, an element linked to ozone depletion, the compound itself has an ozone-depletion potential of nearly zero, says David J. Williams, a senior research manager at Honeywell. Meanwhile, the refrigerant market—once dominated by a handful of CFCs and HCFCs—is fragmenting. Customers are increasingly seeking blends or individual chemicals tailored for specific applications, said Brett L. Van Horn, global project leader for refrigerant development at Arkema, a chemical manufacturer. They are seeking balances among a number of characteristics, he said, such as performance, efficiency, safety, durability, ozone-depleting potential, and GWP, as well as physical properties such as density, conductivity, and viscosity. Further complicating a phaseout of HFCs is the cost of the next-generation chemicals. According to DuPont’s Nappa, the new compounds are more expensive than the HFCs they are replacing. Cost and even environmental impact may be minimized with advanced chilling engineering that uses much less refrigerant in tighter, or less leaky, systems, said Cindy Newberg, chief of EPA’s Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch. Such systems will lead to less loss of any refrigerant into the atmosphere, she said, and likely require fewer recharges of the chemical than current systems.	<urn:uuid:feda5f4c-af1e-4af5-a116-8bfe51c00e2c>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://cen.acs.org/articles/89/i49/Replacing-Replacements.html	2024-03-03T18:13:42Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.951062	1,912	3.734375	4	[ 1461, 2365, 289, 6624, 74, 519, 283, 415, 294, 70, 625, 421, 44, 11488, 87, 13, 341, 1907, 1317, 911, 1643, 3105, 288, 261, 1374, 4295, 6774, 3255, 356, 5254, 361, 268, 5927, 356, 719, 790, 628, 18, 402, 11488, 87, 664, 3121, 325, 4082, 963, 352, 10151, 862, 288, 268, 7240, 87, 16, 291, 444, 2106, 17, 91, 8378, 1814, 664, 1261, 1023, 18, 1163, 502, 664, 2279, 352, 7530, 17, 5350, 971, 502, 6829, 5471, 336, 11516, 359, 637, 271, 2712, 6374, 272, 10556, 18, 3014, 16, 3152, 1856, 268, 8887, 9116, 666, 289, 402, 11488, 87, 316, 261, 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Internet network is a global information system functioning as a medium for cooperation and communication between people and the world’s way of broadcasting and transmission, as well as a powerful tool for business. It is difficult to find any kind of human activity which would not need to use the Internet. The Internet is an indispensable tool in tourism. Tourist business in recent years has changed significantly due to the development of computer and information technologies. The full application of Internet technologies is becoming one of the most urgent problems in the tourism industry. Booking of accommodation and transport, sightseeing and cultural-recreational services, packet or individual tours, acquiring information about the presence of various tours, dates of flights, and routes – this set of questions becomes relevant to the organization of the current and future activities of the tourist enterprises. Nowadays, the presence of a working website becomes a sign of professionalism and stability. Internet has already become not only a means of communication but also a major area for commercial activities (Plummer et al, 2007). The importance of a digital advertising can be viewed by using a fictional travel agency as an example. Travel agency “Tour Planet” was established in 2006 in Nashville, Tennessee. It works as a tour operator in the organization of tourist routes and weekend recreation for groups of American tourists. The main activities of the agency are tourist and excursion services: - Provision of accommodation services in hotels, tourist centers, boarding houses, motels, recreation centers. - Rent of the rooms in hotels, tourist complexes, resorts, motels, recreation centers. - Providing services on nutrition in restaurants, cafes, cafeterias, bars and other public catering organizations. - Reservation of railway and airline tickets, travel documents for sea and river vessels. - Vehicle rental (trains, cars, aircrafts, etc.). - Providing services for visas, passports, insurance policies, vouchers for trips of citizens, delegations, individual tourists and tourist groups. The agency is mostly targeting the local market of travel services because of its small size. The choice of this market is also reasonable because the company is still not very well known due to its rather passive advertising policy, which was mostly limited by publishing the advertisement in the local newspapers and giving out promotion flyers. However, managers of the agency hope to change this soon, with the implementation of a new advertising strategy, which is focused on the digital advertising. Reasons for using the Internet in the agency are providing information support to the customers, product advertising and brand promotion of the organization on the market. Such a trend has emerged in late 2006, and it has gained momentum since then. Of course, such support must be provided through the use of a corporate site. Analysis of the impact of the site on a number of clients who have turned to it via the Internet indicates that the mere presence of a website increases the number of customers almost twice. In this case, the site of high quality doubles the number of customers compared with companies with low quality site (Tibbs, 2010). Companies working in the travel sector, such as “Tour Planet”, are characterized by an even stronger impact site on the number of customers who contacted the company via the Internet. In order to organize an advertising campaign in the Internet, the company should have its own server or a web page where potential customers would be able to get acquainted with the company, find information about interesting proposals of the firm, and ask their questions. Business website is a complete analog of a corporate brochure with an unlimited access. In the case of the e-commerce, the site can simultaneously be an office and a store as well. From a marketing standpoint, a website is a collection of information blocks and tools to interact with one or more segments of the target audience. What information will be presented on the site, what tools will be used, how they will interact with each other depends on two aspects: - The chosen business model, short-term and long-term objectives; - The type of segment targeted audience and the means of interaction with it in any other way in order. Imagine that one of the sites is simply a text on a white background divided into paragraphs and the other has an interesting stylish design, nice selection of colors and friendly text layout and navigation. About 85% of visitors would choose the site with an appealing design (Plummer et al., 2007). After all, the designer is trying to the convenience of visitors. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze websites of other travel agencies in order to create a successful and attractive one. The best option is to conclude the analysis of websites of the company’s competitors – travel agencies “Dynatour” and “Vega”. Travel Agency “Dynatour” The basis of the site is to provide information on the activities of the agency, types of tours it provides and its contacts. The site is not very functional, however, because there is only a single module to search from. As for the site interface, it is easy to use, has well-chosen color scheme that blends well with the theme of the site. - Presence of a search module; - User-friendly interface; - Nice palette; - Full information about the activities of travel agency; - The site has a minimum number of functions, which does not simplify the work of the operator, as well as user actions, such as ordering a tour. Travel Agency “Vega” The site contains mostly information about tours and the travel agency that provides them. It has only a function of the use’s communication with the operator. Basically, this site is based on the information function. The site’s interface is not the best example of selection of colors and size of the text. - Feedback to the operator agency; - Information about the agency’s activities and tours that it provides. - Minimum number of functions meaning the website does not simplify the activity of both operator and user; - The site’s interface is poorly designed; it is overloaded with plain text, and it has an inappropriate color scheme (text printed in different colors, which leads to irritation of the eyes). After analyzing and considering the disadvantages of the competitors’ sites, a project of the company’s website will be created. It will supplement competitor’s sites in terms of functionality, as well as with a simple interface, which is not overloaded with information, with an appealing design. For the travel agency “Tour Planet”, the most suitable choice is a website that will combine the following functions: information and remote application. Information function will be presented in the form of providing relevant materials on the activities of the agency, so users can learn about this information any time by only having access to the Internet. Function of remote application will be to create specific modules that simplify actions of the user, as well as a customer of the agency. The website will also contain the following features: - Giving the visitors an opportunity to specify search criteria and get only a list of tours that meet the specified criteria. If desired, the visitor can send a request for a service he/she is interested at. - Attractive headlines for offered tour. Title and price – that is what the user will see in the first place. The most interesting offers will be displayed as separate lines. - Creating a constantly updated list of proposals offered by the agency. - Special offers will be displayed above the usual search results. They sometimes can be more expensive than the usual accommodation tours, but these offers will not go unnoticed. As a conclusion, it can be said that creating a website will play a vital role in implementation of the company’s advertising strategy. However, advertising opportunities on the Internet are not limited to tourist sites. Another very useful advertising platform for a travel agency is a search engine like Google (Springer, 2009). The company’s goal is to make its website be first on all relevant requests free of charge. However, it is quite difficult to achieve as competition between travel agents is very high. To work this out, it is necessary to turn to the professionals, such as advertising agencies, that can help find the right phrases to advertise certain tours. Another method is the usage of the opportunity to place paid advertisements for specific requests. The most affordable and most accepted way of Internet advertising is a banner, so the agency should consider this opportunity, as well. The price of such advertising may be determined depending on time and place of the banner or is calculated in the price per 1,000 banner displays (Springer, 2009). On some sites, there is a possibility of placing a banner with payment not by displaying but by clicking on it. In other words, the agency will place its banners on the maximum number of local sites, thus increasing the number of visitors of its corporate website and potential customers as well. The company’s banners will use calls inciting action, such as “Press it!”, “Move it!”, “Let’s go!”, which can significantly increase the rate of the banner. The agency will use animated advertising banners, response of which is higher than that of static ones. During last years, the rapidly increasing popularity of various social networks has been spotted. Considering this fact, the company’s management made a decision of utilizing the opportunities offered by social networks in its advertising strategy. The agency is planning to use Facebook and Twitter in achieving its goals. The Twitter account will give users a possibility to monitor any changes in the services of the company like hot tours, special offers, or discounts. Facebook page of the company will offer the users basic information of the agency and the services it offers, as well as contain a link to the company’s website. It is also will give all visitors a possibility to subscribe in order to receive the latest news considering the agency. The company is also planning to hold a lottery among all its Facebook subscribers, with a chance of winning a free tour to a place chosen by the winner. In conclusion, it can be said that traditional media in all their clarity and familiarity are no longer able to provide the level of efficiency required by a modern man. Therefore, more and more people are turning to the Internet to get the latest information about services and prices, or just news. The information on the website can be changed several times a day, so it will always be up to date. This attracts millions of Internet users (and potential customers) every day. Thus, the companies working in the services sector such as abovementioned travel agency “Tour Planet” must consider this fact when designing their advertisement strategy.	<urn:uuid:d8584450-faae-4407-94d3-d1c7a723d815>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://cheap-essay-writing.com/essays/business/digital-advertising-strategy-for-a-small-business/	2024-03-03T18:34:27Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.949986	2,201	2.796875	3	[ 2983, 843, 364, 2465, 316, 261, 2106, 1009, 892, 6407, 352, 261, 5232, 331, 8017, 291, 2413, 858, 689, 291, 268, 887, 372, 87, 898, 289, 3121, 11455, 291, 5540, 16, 352, 767, 352, 261, 3184, 1438, 331, 1433, 18, 553, 316, 2203, 292, 1255, 723, 2066, 289, 1195, 2067, 518, 830, 462, 648, 292, 666, 268, 4868, 18, 365, 4868, 316, 363, 612, 10304, 614, 541, 1438, 288, 8643, 18, 307, 455, 588, 1433, 288, 2650, 935, 528, 4339, 3105, 1504, 292, 268, 1208, 289, 2496, 291, 1009, 3041, 18, 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Imagine if you could play a significant role in the battle against climate change, improve your health, and navigate the city streets with ease, all at the same time. This is actually completely achievable just by preferring to ride a bicycle. Opting for a bicycle over your car for daily transportation can reduce your carbon footprint by a staggering 10%. This simple change is a powerful step towards preserving our beautiful planet for future generations. In this article, we dive into the fascinating environmental benefits of cycling. From reducing greenhouse gas emissions and boosting air quality to conserving energy, cycling provides a sustainable and effective solution to many environmental challenges we face today. Cycling Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions Bicycles Produce Zero Tailpipe Emissions Bicycles do not have an exhaust system or a tailpipe. This means they do not generate harmful gases or particulate matter that contribute to air pollution and climate change. When you ride a bicycle, there are no emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or any other greenhouse gases, unlike in combustion engines where fuel is burned to power the vehicle. Let’s consider an example to illustrate the significant difference in emissions between a car and a bicycle. On average, a gasoline-powered car emits approximately 120 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilometer. In contrast, a bicycle, owing to its zero tailpipe emissions, generates no CO2 at all. This means if you replaced a 10 kilometer car drive with biking, you would prevent the emission of around 1.2 kilograms of CO2. That’s a substantial reduction in greenhouse gases just for a short distance, truly underscoring the environmental benefits of choosing a bicycle over a car for daily transportation. Cycling Reduces Emissions from Vehicle Manufacturing and Maintenance Another often overlooked aspect where cycling surpasses cars is in reducing the emissions associated with vehicle manufacturing and maintenance. The manufacturing process of a car, from mining the raw materials to assembly, all contribute to significant greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, regular maintenance, engine oil changes, and tire replacements further add to its carbon footprint. On the other hand, bicycles require much fewer resources to produce and maintain. The manufacturing process of a bicycle involves less energy-intensive operations and generates fewer emissions. The maintenance of bicycles is simpler and requires less frequent interventions, reducing the associated environmental impact. Bicycles Reduce Traffic Jam and Emissions Traffic jam is a common issue in many cities, leading to a multitude of problems like increased travel times, heightened stress levels and, importantly, elevated emissions due to idling vehicles. This is where the benefits of bicycles truly shine. Bicycles, by being compact and efficient, take up significantly less space on the road compared to cars. This smaller footprint means that more bicycles can fit on a stretch of road, translating to fewer traffic jams. It’s important to note that idling is a major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The smaller size of bicycles also means more efficient use of parking spaces, thereby reducing the environmental and urban costs associated with large-scale parking infrastructure. Let’s take a closer look at how cycling can significantly reduce emissions in a city. Suppose a mid-sized city has approximately 50,000 daily car commuters, each driving an average of 20 kilometers to and from work. That’s 1 million kilometers traveled by car each day. Given that a typical car emits around 120 grams of CO2 per kilometer, this results in 120,000 kilograms of CO2 emissions daily just from commuting. Now, if we imagine that half of these commuters switch to bicycles, the total daily distance traveled by car drops to 500,000 kilometers. At the same rate of emission, this would reduce CO2 emissions to 60 tonnes daily, saving 60 tonnes of CO2 every single day. Annually, this amounts to a remarkable saving of approximately 21,900 tonnes of CO2 emissions. This example clearly demonstrates the substantial emissions-saving potential of switching from cars to bicycles for daily commuting, even in a medium-sized city. Cycling Enhances Public Transport Efficiency Apart from the direct environmental benefits, bicycles can also indirectly contribute to the greening of our cities by improving the efficiency of public transportation. This is achieved through a twofold approach: reducing demand and increasing accessibility. By choosing to cycle, we decrease their reliance on public transport systems, thus reducing the demand for these services. This reduced demand can alleviate congestion on public transport routes, particularly during peak hours, leading to more efficient operation and less energy consumption per passenger. Bicycles can also significantly increase the accessibility of public transport. Often, in sprawling urban landscapes, the “last mile” problem – the challenge of traveling the final stretch from a bus stop or train station to one’s final destination – can deter people from using public transport. Cycling can provide an effective solution to this problem. With bicycles, individuals can swiftly and conveniently cover these last-mile distances. Cycling Improves Air Quality and Health Bicycles Reduce Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Smog and acid rain are primarily caused by the release of Sulphur dioxides (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Bicycles do not burn any fuel, so they emit no such pollutants. This lack of emissions directly translates to cleaner air, reducing the occurrence of smog and acid rain, phenomena that are harmful to both the environment and human health. Air pollution is also known to cause health problems. Fine particulate matter, for example, can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing respiratory issues, heart diseases, and even cancer. Let’s examine the city of Copenhagen, Denmark, often hailed as one of the world’s leading cycling cities. Approximately 62% of the city’s population commutes by bike, translating to about 1.44 million kilometers cycled daily. If these same commuters switched to cars, given the average emission rate of 120 grams of CO2 per kilometer, it would result in around 173 tonnes of CO2 emissions each day. Over a year, that’s an astronomical 63,000 tonnes of CO2! However, by choosing to cycle, the citizens of Copenhagen are preventing these emissions, leading to cleaner air and a healthier environment. Bicycles Promote Physical Activity and Wellbeing In addition to all the environmental benefits, bicycles also offer an excellent avenue for physical activity and maintaining health. Cycling is a low-impact exercise that is enjoyable and suitable for people of all ages. Unlike some forms of exercise that may put a lot of stress on joints, cycling provides an aerobic workout without the hard impact, making it an ideal choice for individuals looking for a moderate, sustainable means of staying fit. The rhythmic and aerobic nature of cycling can increase cardiovascular fitness, improve muscle strength and flexibility, and boost endurance. It also promotes mental well-being, with the fresh air and changing scenery serving as a natural mood enhancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends adults aged 18–64 to do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week. Cycling falls into the category of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. Thus, if an individual cycles for 30 minutes to and from work five days a week, they are already meeting the WHO’s minimum recommendation for physical activity. Cycling Saves Energy and Resources Bicycles Use Less Energy and Fuel Than Cars Bicycles, by virtue of their design and operation, are significantly more energy-efficient than cars. A bicycle requires only the energy or power exerted by the human body to propel it forward, which is considerably less than what is required to operate and move a car. When powered by a well-fed human, a bicycle can travel up to 15 kilometers on the energy equivalent of a single liter of gasoline. In contrast, the average car can only travel about 9 kilometers on the same amount of energy. This means that bicycles are about 60% more energy-efficient than cars. Bicycles Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuels and Foreign Oil Imports The utilization of bicycles as a primary means of transportation also reduces our reliance on fossil fuels and foreign oil imports. Cars, which primarily operate on gasoline or diesel, are significant contributors to the global demand for oil. With the shift to cycling, the demand for these oil-based fuels decreases significantly. This reduction in demand not only conserves valuable fossil fuel resources but also lessens the dependence on oil imports, particularly for countries that do not have their own oil reserves. In the long term, this can contribute to energy security and economic stability by reducing the financial resources expended on importing fuel. Thus, bicycles not only contribute to environmental sustainability but also to energy and economic resilience. Cycling reduces noise pollution Noise pollution is a significant issue in urban areas, contributing to stress, sleep disturbances, and other health issues among city dwellers. Transitioning to bicycles for short-distance travel can significantly decrease the ambient noise levels in our cities. Quieter cities not only mean less stress and better sleep for inhabitants but also a more favorable environment for urban wildlife, which often suffers from the constant barrage of noise in and around cities. By promoting the use of bicycles, we can contribute to both human health and biodiversity conservation, enhancing the overall quality of city life. Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, is a prime example of the numerous benefits offered by widespread cycling. Known as the “City of Bicycles,” Amsterdam boasts a cycling infrastructure that is second to none. With around 880,000 bicycles in the city, bicycles outnumber cars by four to one. The World Health Organization has highlighted Amsterdam as a city that has successfully managed noise pollution, largely attributing this success to the dominance of bicycles over motor vehicles. Promoting the use of bicycles as a primary means of transportation presents numerous advantages for both individuals and cities. It fosters environmental sustainability, enhances public health, improves city infrastructure efficiency, and contributes to energy and economic resilience. Therefore, it’s essential for cities to encourage cycling, perhaps by developing comprehensive biking infrastructure, implementing policies that favor cyclists, and initiating awareness programs emphasizing the benefits of cycling. 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Evaluation is an increase in the quality of education (based on learning outcomes) compared to traditional education. - Evaluate the quality standards and curriculum to meet the level of output standard (in terms of course) by accessing CDIO better than traditional teaching. - Evaluation of positive feedback from students about teaching activities of teachers and learning environment. Experiments show that improvements with CDIO approach have a positive impact on the quality of training vocational teacher to meet professional 27 trang \| Chia sẻ: honganh20 \| Ngày: 25/02/2022 \| Lượt xem: 260 \| Lượt tải: 0 Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang tài liệu Cdio approach in training vocational teachers at undergraduate level major: Theory and education hi, để xem tài liệu hoàn chỉnh bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên oretical research has suggested objectives, content, learning environment and especially aimed at clarifying the nature of the acquisition of knowledge, as well as models of teaching techniques to make changes according to the study-defined objectives. If the theory Behavior, Perception, Tectonics highlight the truth: the acquisition of knowledge takes place inside a human, the theory of learning Reconnect attention to the acquisition of knowledge takes place inside outside people (i.e. knowledge is stored and processed by technology). In addition, it cannot be deflected if an insight into all learning theory so far, because each theory reflects its own philosophy and instruction to individual objects. However, in higher education, the theories aimed at forming behavior, perception, ability to create new knowledge, the autonomy, adaptation work, creative environment, promote and learning through experience introduction to the study will be useful to design appropriate adult-based teaching model, to facilitate personal development to meet the requirements of the profession and society. Ideological views about teaching integrated, proactive, experience with the philosophy expressed in tectonic CDIO approach, which is fully consistent with the basis of learning theory presented above, and our approach is the establishment of teaching model in training vocational teachers applied in training. 22.214.171.124. Traditional teaching models Traditional teaching is understood as the traditional way of teaching, it has become a habit and nature of transmitting knowledge from faculty’s teaching staff to students. It is a popular form of instruction in most college classes around the world. The job of the teacher is to teach and work of SV is received, understood, and receptive "teaching" - his words and his actions. We can see clearly the characteristics of traditional teaching model through the following elements: Teaching objectives: Guide to convey all the knowledge specified in the program. Preparing for exams students achieve high results and completion of the course, the graduation. Teaching content: Design mainly logical scientific content of the courses, usually expressed in the form of formulas, definitions, theorems, principles, rules, laws; focus on memorizing facts, objective information, true knowledge is paramount; little or no attention to social development. Teaching method: Mostly presentation explaining, he said game record. GV lo thoroughly presented the lesson content, which enlisted transmitting knowledge and his experience. Students acquire passive, trying to understand and remember what went GV, GV answer questions about issues raised taught. Organization in teaching: Organized by all classes. School students are arranged in layers in accordance with discipline, age and ability. All students in a class is taught the same material. Assessment: the teacher is the exclusive assessment of student learning outcomes, attention to retention and reproduction of the information provided by 126.96.36.199. Competence-based model (output standards) Access to power is actually approaching to output standard in the world of education has been mentioned for nearly five decades. It is a global trend and inevitable in schools at all levels. In competence-based teaching model, teaching objectives of the program are described through the development of group abiltiy: competence development; competence on method; social competence; and individual competence. Action-based competence is formed on the basis of the combination of these competences. Content-based development perspective is not limited capacity of knowledge and expertise that includes the content group to develop the field of energy. Teaching method of competence development does not only pays positive attention of students of intellectual activity, but also pay attention to train the capacity to solve the problem associated with situations of life and career, and associated activities intellectual activity with active practice, practice. Assessment of study outcomes focused on the ability to creatively apply knowledge in different application scenarios. 188.8.131.52. Development trend of teaching model in training vocational Along with the rapid development of all aspects of society, higher education has shifted dramatically from elite education to mass education, to meet the increasing demands of cultural life and qualified human resources. Several trends are evident in the world and will grow significantly in the future are: - Teaching philosophy aims to humanity, democracy, and sustainable - Change the target training requirements of social development - Contents of teaching that emphasizes individual capacity development and flexible organization structure enables students to adapt easily - Change the role of the teacher and students' learning. PPDH outlook is based on the school and its activities - Increased use of information technology, electronic goods in the development of materials, design and organization of the teaching process is a - Trends authentic assessment, based on competence standard will replace traditional assessment - based on the content. 1.2.3. Suggested teaching models based on CDIO approach in training 1) Ensures that reflects the achievements of modern learning theory and in accordance with the requirements of practical vocational teacher training in Vietnam in the context of international integration 2) Ensures flexible application thoroughly understand the basic points of the CDIO approach based on inheriting and developing existing teaching model. 3) Ensures the generalized and specific teaching model 4) Ensures the effective and feasible in practical application 1.2.4. Basic views on CDIO approach to form teaching model in training vocational teachers 184.108.40.206. Nature and points of view on CDIO approach CDIO approach (referred to as the CDIO approach) is defined as an approach to a theoretical model of training oriented output competences in technical universities. This theoretical model provides a scientific basis and the system 12 standards of quality assurance for higher education institutions, technical training of engineers to meet the needs of the stakeholders in the context of business and society. Twelve standard targeting philosophy of the program (Standard 1), development programs (Standard 2, 3 and 4), the experience design - implementation and learning spaces (Standard 5 and 6 ), the teaching methods and learning new (Standard 7 and 8), faculty development (Standards 9 and 10), student assessment and evaluation of curriculum (Standards 11 and 12). 12 In this standard, the standard 7 (*) are considered essential because they distinguish CDIO program with the proposed education reforms else. In other standard support CDIO program significantly and reflect best practices in technical education. 220.127.116.11. Output standard from a curriculum with CDIO approach Output standard from a curriculum is shown that what student need to know, understand, be able to work after a course completed. Teaching towards output standard is also objectification of learning based on competence-approached; it is an inevitable trend of modern teaching process. However, in many universities in Vietnam, the design of the output standard program has not been properly concerned with the superficial, built on the basis of the current program, not entirely derived from the needs of society; or are general, not specifically describe the capacity to be achieved by learners. CDIO approach has overcome the shortcomings pointed out that through a process of construction and development of output standard; it designs framework (called CDIO outlines) for the training sector with 4 levels of detail sufficient for the development of curriculum design, teaching and assessment. Level 1 of four outlines the expectations, demonstrating that a mature individual intends to develop careers in technical fields should own a set of personal skills, communication skills and the elements nature, as the focus for practice. To develop the complex technical systems with benefit, students must master the foundation of knowledge and techniques necessary arguments. To work in a modern environment and in groups, the students need to develop the communication skills to work in groups and communicate with others. Finally, to build and operate the products, processes and systems, students must understand at a certain level of conceptualization, design, deploy and operate in the context of business and society. Level 2 shows the detailed content of each component in level 1. Level 3 and Level 4. This level of detail required for the transition from the high-level goals towards to output standards can be taught and assessed. 18.104.22.168. Designing integrated programs - CDIO approach explained specific theoretical basis for an integrated curriculum, raises the important features of an integrated CDT, which is: - Curriculum is organized around subjects, was restructured so that subjects can connect and support each other more, as opposed to the separate and independent of each other. - The personal skills and communication skills create products, processes, and systems closely intertwined nature subjects to support each other, to relieve the potential conflict between the technical expertise and these skills. - Each course or learning experience and outcomes set out in detail the specialized knowledge, skills for personal and communication skills to create products, processes, and systems, to ensure sure students get the appropriate foundation for their future role of the engineer. In the process of developing the current curriculum, one has to focus on the content and structure of the program, just interested in the training process innovation and innovation of teaching methods, while referring to media teaching and assessment procedures, confirm the study results. Integration of the program will be represented in the content, structure and its training methods. - Program integrated emphasizes on creating learning project in which the integration of knowledge, skills, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and - Integrated program, sources of knowledge will not framed in the context of the subject / subjects that tend beyond the textbook, this creates openness in cognitive study activities. - Program enables integrated awareness - learning of students became more active and more flexible. - Integration also facilitates the learner is engaged in flexible groups of 22.214.171.124. Teaching method, integrated learning and activeness to meet CDIO model suggests teaching and learning to meet output standards of training programs through the integration of learning and teaching initiative (2 Standard 7 and 8 of the CDIO initiative), namely: The integrated learning experience (integrated learning) is the pedagogy to promote learning specialized knowledge and learning individual skills, communication skills and create products and specifications the system in the context of professional engineering practice. The approach emphasizes active learning attracting with the participation of students directly in the act of thinking and problem solving, participate in discovery, application, analysis, and evaluation of the idea. Active learning in courses may include methods: discussion with peers or in small groups, making demo, debate, and feedback from students about what they are learning. Active learning experiences is considered when students take on the role of simulation practice professional engineering, for example, the projects: design- implementation, simulations, and case studies. 1.2.5. Teaching model with CDIO approach in training vocational Teaching model with CDIO approach in vocational teacher training is a theoretical model describing the structure and function of a system of teaching, learning philosophical reflection is created, directed at top capacity the teacher's job to meet the requirements of the teaching profession in the field of vocational training. (Box diagram below) Structure of teaching model with CDIO approach in training vocational (a simulation of teaching theory by Bernd Meier) Teaching model with CDIO approach in training vocational teachers has elements including: Philosophy and learning goals; The content and organization structure of the educational content; Principles, methods and techniques of teaching; Learning and teaching facilities; Assessment of learning. 1.3. Current situation of teaching quality and model in training vocational teacher in Vietnam 1.3.1. Introduction to vocational teacher training in Vietnam 126.96.36.199. Education institutions in training vocational teachers at At present, education institutions where train vocational teachers at undergraduate level (system of technical education) is rapidly growing in number. Among them, there are five universities of technical education, seven faculties of technical education of all universities. In 2013 alone, there were 1960 students enrolled in system of technical education, this has contributed timely to meet the needs of teachers in the field of professional education. However, there is no unity and systematic investment in professional training and complete vocational pedagogy. 188.8.131.52. Model and method of training vocational teacher Education institutions where trains vocational teacher are in two main methods are parallel (simultaneously) and two-stage (serial) Philosophy and objective Materials and tools Principle and method Social context and profession 1.3.2. Current situation on teaching quality and model in training 184.108.40.206. Evaluation on the teaching model in training vocational teacher Models present teaching traditional, according to access the content, lack of philosophical training vocational teachers, lack of standardized training professional capacity; The relationship between these elements: objectives, contents, methods, ... in teaching fragmentary, inconsistent; The reform model is not uniform; The methods and teaching techniques of slow innovation. 220.127.116.11. Objective and aims The design and expression of learning goals in training vocational teachers predominantly described by the required knowledge, skills, attitudes needed to reach the SV (traditional), has not demonstrated the minimum power required to reach the end of the school curriculum of courses, courses, lessons (GPA average only poor: 2 to 2.03). The content of the program is to teach teachers and students assess the relative fit of the body of knowledge, but a bit light on the theory of professional knowledge, pedagogical knowledge. Especially practical knowledge skills are very mild and mild even practical knowledge and pedagogical bias toward light, while the general theoretical knowledge in favor of heavy level. 18.104.22.168. Teaching method and assessment, evaluation, testing study outcome from curriculums The method is mainly applied in teaching with "presentation" (GPA achieved at the highest level in the table). Meanwhile, the method associated with the integration of teaching, action-oriented than the less used. Especially the forging skills practice very little attention, namely: Practice at production facilities; Practice implementation capacity; Coaching, individual help; Use the online classroom; Visit reality (GPA of each method are evaluated at least in the table). Assessment of learning is mainly through essay exam, little attention was paid to the assessment process and the product under study. Efficiency of teaching method mainly aimed at helping students to acquire new knowledge (highest GPA: 2.6), less attention to developing the capacity of individuals, society and the profession of school (lowest GPA). 22.214.171.124. Self- evaluation from lecturers and students on training products in curriculum of vocational teachers Both students and teachers have noticed the development of moral superiority of the learned through training programs (highest GPA in the table and reached a fairly: 2.92), and the ability to see clearly the most restrictive they are "foreign language" (the lowest GPA in the table and only 2:10 point). In addition to language skills were rated the lowest, should also pay attention to the possibilities are evaluated at the average level or less. That is Skill practice / skills (2:45); Ability Informatics (2:36); Ability to manage and educate students (2:43); Creativity techniques (2:34); the ability to switch occupations (2:36). 1. CDIO is a model of higher education based on their competence to meet the requirements of the labor market in the new era. Access to CDIO to suggest teaching model in training vocational teacher is an appropriate way and necessary in the context of fundamental innovation, comprehensive education in our country towards modernization, democratization, and social cultural and international 2. Through academic research shows teaching model be understood as a theoretical model reflects the structure and function of a system of teaching; reflect the views, ideas, approaches to build a system of teaching in schools serving the needs of society in every period of history. The model was developed that linked to the achievement of learning theory, theories of learning and the reform of education in the world. Teaching is based on the output capacity (including CDIO is one such model) is replacing the traditional model, is the inevitable trend of higher education today. From the perspective of teaching theory, accessible through the basic thesis of CDIO to establish the structural elements of the teaching model in training vocational teachers appropriate theoretical and practical conditions of higher education in Vietnam , namely: 1) Design output standard of detailed program (level 4); 2) Design teaching content integration to deliver output standard issued; 3) teaching method with activeness, experience and academic assessment consistent with output standards. 3. Through the survey the status of teacher training in technical education - Models present teaching traditional, according to access the content, lack of philosophical training vocational teacher, lack of standardized training professional capacity; The relationship between these elements: objectives, contents, methods, ... in teaching fragmentary, inconsistent; The reform model is not uniform; The methods and techniques of teaching slow innovation. - The quality of teacher training at undergraduate level in technical ducation system currently not appreciated by the limitations also highlight: The content taught in curriculum was not reasonable (emphasis on the general theory of knowledge, light of practical knowledge and practical pedagogical skills); The efficiency of the selection, use the methods and means of teaching and assessment in curriculum is low, failing to meet the expectations of the participants on the need of it during training; Quality of training products do not really bring self- confidence to graduates after courses. CHAPRTER 2 –TEACHING MODEL WITH CDIO APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN TRAINING VOCATIONAL TEACHER 2.1. Teaching model with CDIO in training vocational teacher 2.1.1. Teaching philosophy in training vocational teachers Teaching philosophy in training vocational teacher towards excitement and passion from trainees about what teachers will teach as the role of "soul engineers" in the professional education institutions; this is aimed at developing pivotal competence for graduates: forming ideas - designing - implementation - completing the process of teaching and education in the context of oriented education reform in a way of normalization modernization, socialization, democratization and international integration. 2.1.2. Teaching aim setting and expressing In this section, we will present the establishment and expression of learning goals as output standard, performing at grade level and subject program in a unified structure to ensure that graduates will meet its after each course and at the end of program, level of output standards will be structured into four levels with outlined CDIO frame, and output standard will be specific subjects at level 4. 126.96.36.199. Output standard at curriculum level (in the field of vocational The content and structure of output standard Level 1: Includes four themes of knowledge, skills and qualities required of vocational teacher that social expectations for graduate students in the university environment and society, as described in the following table: The content and structure of output standard level 2: Level 2 of Part 1. Knowledge and Technical Education industry argues that the themes associated with the specific requirements of training vocational teachers of professional competence in a particular field. It is the body of knowledge of basic science in the fields of mathematics, natural techniques, humane society, political theory; blocks technical knowledge base and enhance the core of the industry, and the methodology of intensive industries. This section is a priority objective in training with CDIO approach because it aims to bring students the skills needed to start a career. Three rest towards the knowledge, skills and attitudes more generally that all graduates of the industry should have. We believe in training vocational teacher, part 3 - communication skills, will emphasize the peculiarities of communication pedagogy and interactive nature of teaching. The level of interaction and cooperation are essential skills in communication of vocational teacher because it is a factor in the success of teacher education in the school. Part 4 forming the basic competence of vocational teacher in their professional activities. That is, 1) Forming the idea of building projects, strategies: curriculum and education. This capacity reflects the thinking of the system level teachers, helping them to have a comprehensive view of the implementation of its mandate and confirmed their leading role in the process of teaching and education. 2) Design: As one of the capability to characterize the teaching profession. vocational teachers need to design a system specific learning goals and feasible; design curriculum, lessons, learning materials; design methods, teaching techniques; design of learning activities of students; design learning environments. 3) Implementation: vocational teacher is the direct implementation of the activities of teaching and educating students in the model was designed; implementation of monitoring, evaluating learning outcomes; and leadership, management trainees and learning to achieve the objective of teaching and education set. 4) Complete the process of teaching and education: After implementing the activities of teaching, education, the teacher must be based on performance and update feedback from learners to constantly 4. Formation of ideas, design, deployment and operation Improving teaching and education in the school setting and society 2. Skills and personal qualities in their 1. Knowledge and 3. The ability to improve and perfect the process of teaching and education in different contexts of school and society. Contents and structure of the output standard level 3: Includes topics included in output standard details to the subjects and skills in the curriculum. At this level, we will specify the areas of knowledge of the subject, the capacity of individual sectors, occupations and competencies that are specific CDIO skills into specific actions that learners should form when participating in curriculum. 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Germany is a popular destination for foreign students to study and work. As part of the German education system, there is an important institution known as the Berufsschule. The Berufsschule is a vocational school that provides practical and theoretical training to students who are pursuing a vocational career path. It is an essential component of the dual education system that is unique to Germany. This is Berufsschule in Germany The dual education system in Germany combines both academic and practical training in order to produce highly skilled workers. The Berufsschule is an integral part of this system, as it provides the theoretical knowledge that students need to succeed in their chosen profession. The practical training is provided by the companies that students work for as part of their apprenticeships. The Berufsschule offers a wide range of vocational training programs, which can vary depending on the region and industry. Some of the most popular vocational training programs include healthcare, engineering, hospitality, and automotive technology. These programs are designed to provide students with the skills and knowledge they need to enter the workforce and succeed in their chosen career. One of the unique features of the Berufsschule is that it is free of charge for students. This is because it is funded by the German government as part of its commitment to vocational education and training. Students are also paid a salary during their apprenticeship, which is typically between 25-50% of what a fully qualified worker would earn in the same profession. How can I join a Berufsschule in Germany? In dual vocational training programs in Germany, employers play a crucial role in the education of their apprentices. Employers are responsible for providing practical training in their workplace, while the Berufsschule provides theoretical instruction to complement the practical experience. Therefore, it is the employers who ultimately choose the Berufsschule where their apprentices will receive theoretical instruction. When an employer decides to take on an apprentice or trainee, they will typically select a Berufsschule that is located near their workplace and offers relevant programs in their industry. This ensures that the apprentices can easily attend classes and that the curriculum is aligned with the practical training provided by the employer. However, employers may also consider other factors when choosing a Berufsschule. For example, they may look at the quality of instruction, the reputation of the school, and the resources and support provided to apprentices. Employers want to ensure that their apprentices receive a comprehensive education that prepares them for a successful career in their chosen profession. Once an employer has chosen a Berufsschule, they will typically notify their apprentice and provide them with the necessary information to enroll in the program. The apprentice will then attend classes at the Berufsschule while also working at the employer’s workplace to receive practical training. There may be options for the apprentice to influence on the selection of the Berufsschule, but better expect it to be fixed. While employers choose the Berufsschule, apprentices still have some choice in their education. For example, they can choose the specific vocational training program they want to pursue and may have the option to select certain electives or courses within the program. Additionally, apprentices may have the opportunity to attend different Berufsschule locations for certain courses or modules, depending on the requirements of their program. How is learning at a Berufsschule? When it comes to learning at a Berufsschule in Germany, students can expect a unique blend of theoretical knowledge and practical training. The goal of the Berufsschule is to prepare students for the workforce, and as such, the curriculum is designed to be highly relevant to the skills needed in the industry. The theoretical knowledge is taught in the form of lectures, seminars, and workshops. Students learn about the theoretical aspects of their chosen profession, such as the principles and concepts that underlie the practical work they will do. This knowledge is crucial for students to understand the reasoning behind the practical applications they will learn during their apprenticeship. In addition to theoretical learning, students also receive hands-on training in their chosen field. This practical training is provided by the companies that students work for as part of their apprenticeships. During their time at the Berufsschule, students will spend some of their time in the classroom and some of their time in the workplace. The practical training is designed to give students real-world experience and enable them to apply the theoretical knowledge they have learned. The structure of learning at a Berufsschule can vary depending on the program and the region. Some programs may require students to attend classes for a full day, while others may have classes in the morning and practical training in the afternoon. The curriculum is typically divided into modules, which are taught sequentially over the course of the program. Assessments at a Berufsschule can take many forms, including written exams, practical assessments, and project work. Students are evaluated on their theoretical knowledge and practical skills, and must pass both in order to complete the program. About participants in Berufsschule The participants in a Berufsschule in Germany can vary depending on the program and region. Generally, students who attend the Berufsschule are those who are pursuing a vocational career path through an apprenticeship. This includes both young people who have just completed their secondary education and are starting their vocational training, as well as adults who are returning to education to retrain or upskill. Class structures at a Berufsschule can also vary depending on the program and region. In some cases, students may attend classes with others in their field of study, while in other cases, they may attend classes with students from different professions. The structure of the classes may also vary, with some programs offering lectures and seminars, while others may offer more practical, hands-on learning experiences. Regardless of the structure of the classes, there is typically a strong emphasis on individualized learning at a Berufsschule. Teachers are often available to provide one-on-one support to students who are struggling with the material, and there may be opportunities for students to work at their own pace. This individualized approach to learning is designed to ensure that each student has the support they need to succeed in their chosen profession. In addition to the students, there are other participants in the Berufsschule who play an important role in the education and training of students. This includes teachers, who are responsible for delivering the theoretical knowledge and providing support to students, as well as trainers from the companies where students are completing their apprenticeships. These trainers are responsible for providing practical training to students and helping them to develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in their chosen profession. Questions and answers Are there any internship or apprenticeship opportunities available at Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, many Berufsschule in Germany offer internship or apprenticeship opportunities to students as part of their vocational training. What is the attendance policy at Berufsschule in Germany? Attendance policies vary depending on the specific school and program. However, attendance is generally mandatory and students must attend a certain percentage of classes in order to pass. Can students apply for a work visa after graduating from a program at Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students may be able to apply for a work visa after graduating from a program at Berufsschule in Germany, depending on their individual circumstances and qualifications. What kind of job placement assistance is available to graduates of Berufsschule in Germany? Many Berufsschule in Germany offer job placement assistance to graduates, including career counseling, job search support, and employer networking events. How does the grading system at Berufsschule in Germany compare to other grading systems? The grading system at Berufsschule in Germany is similar to other grading systems used in Europe, such as the ECTS grading system. Can students with disabilities attend Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students with disabilities can attend Berufsschule in Germany. Schools are required to provide accommodations to students with disabilities in order to ensure equal access to education and training. What kind of financial support is available to students attending Berufsschule in Germany? There are various financial support programs available to students attending Berufsschule in Germany, including scholarships, grants, and loans. Students should check with their school’s financial aid office for more information. Can students transfer between different Berufsschule in Germany? It depends on the policies of the specific schools and programs. In some cases, students may be able to transfer between schools, but they may have to meet certain requirements. Are there any extracurricular language courses available at Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, many Berufsschule in Germany offer extracurricular language courses for students who want to improve their language skills or learn a new language. What kind of support is available to non-German speaking students at Berufsschule in Germany? Many Berufsschule in Germany offer support services to non-German speaking students, including language assistance, cultural orientation programs, and academic support. Can students from non-EU countries attend a Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students from non-EU countries can attend a Berufsschule in Germany, but they must have a valid residence permit and meet certain requirements. Are there any online courses available at Berufsschule in Germany? Some Berufsschule in Germany offer online courses for certain programs, but this varies depending on the specific school and program. How are exams conducted at Berufsschule in Germany? Exams at Berufsschule in Germany may be conducted in various formats, including written exams, practical exams, or oral exams. What kind of student support services are available at Berufsschule in Germany? Student support services at Berufsschule in Germany can include academic support, counseling, financial aid, and career services. How can students apply to attend a Berufsschule in Germany? Students can typically apply to attend a Berufsschule in Germany directly through the school’s admissions office. Some schools may have additional application requirements or deadlines. What kind of safety measures are in place at Berufsschule in Germany? Berufsschule in Germany have safety measures in place to ensure the wellbeing of students and staff, including emergency protocols, safety drills, and security personnel. Can students from other countries obtain a student visa to attend Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students from other countries may be able to obtain a student visa in order to attend Berufsschule in Germany. However, they must meet certain requirements and apply for the visa in advance. Data and statistics about Berufsschulen in Germany - There are approximately 1,600 Berufsschulen in Germany. - They are located in cities and towns of all sizes, ranging from small rural communities to large urban areas. - Berufsschulen offer vocational training programs in a wide range of professions, including trades such as mechanics, electricians, and carpenters, as well as programs in business, health care, and social work. - Berufsschulen can be either state or private institutions, but most are run by the government. - The average number of participants in a Berufsschule program varies depending on the program and the school, but can range from a handful of students to several hundred. - The number of subjects offered at Berufsschule also varies depending on the program and the school, but can include subjects such as mathematics, science, German language and literature, social studies, and vocational training courses specific to the chosen profession. Get more information In case you want to inform yourself more in detail you may start your research with one of the following Berufsschulen (selection): German State \| Type of Vocational Program \| Berufsschule / Vocational school \| Baden-Württemberg \| Skilled Trades \| Gewerbliche Schule Im Hoppenlau – Stuttgart http://www.gs-hoppenlau.de/ \| Baden-Württemberg \| Healthcare \| Medizinische Berufsfachschule Ravensburg https://www.medizinische-berufsfachschule.de/ \| Bavaria \| Business \| Wirtschaftsschule am Oswaldsgarten – Regensburg https://www.oswaldsgarten.de/ \| Bavaria \| Information Technology \| Berufsschule für Informatik – München http://www.bsi-muenchen.de/ \| Berlin \| Social Work \| Alice-Salomon-Berufskolleg – Berlin https://www.asberlin.de/ \| Berlin \| Tourism and Hospitality \| Oberstufenzentrum Gastgewerbe Berlin https://www.osz-gastgewerbe.de/ \| Brandenburg \| Agriculture \| Oberstufenzentrum Landkreis Ostprignitz-Ruppin http://www.osz-o-r.de/ \| Brandenburg \| Engineering \| Oberstufenzentrum Havelland – Technik https://www.osz-havelland.de/ \| Bremen \| Healthcare \| Gesundheit Nord – Akademie für Gesundheitsberufe https://www.gesundheitnord.de/ \| Bremen \| Maritime \| Berufsbildende Schule Seefahrt und Technik – Bremerhaven https://www.bbs-seefahrt-technik.de/ \| Hamburg \| Media \| Berufliche Schule für Medien und Kommunikation – Hamburg https://www.bsmk.de/ \| Hamburg \| Aviation \| Berufliche Schule für Luftfahrttechnik – Hamburg https://www.bsl-hh.de/ \| Hesse \| Automotive \| Berufliche Schulen Bebra – Kfz-Technik https://www.bs-bebra.de/ \| Hesse \| Cosmetology \| Landesberufsschule für das Friseurhandwerk – Frankfurt https://lbs-frankfurt.de/ \| Lower Saxony \| Logistics \| BBS 3 Oldenburg – Logistik und Verkehr https://www.bbs3ol.de/ \| Lower Saxony \| Woodworking \| Berufsbildende Schule Handwerk und Technik – Lüneburg https://www.bbs-handwerk-lueneburg.de/ \| North Rhine-Westphalia \| Energy \| Berufskolleg für Technik und Informatik – Bochum https://www.bkti-bochum.de/ \| North Rhine-Westphalia \| Fashion \| Friedrich-List-Berufskolleg für Bekleidung und Mode – Düsseldorf https://www.friedrich-list-berufskolleg.de/ \| Rhineland-Palatinate \| Construction \| Berufsbildende Schule Trier – Bau- und Holztechnik https://www.bbs-trier.de/ \| Rhineland-Palatinate \| Food and Beverage \| Hotelfachschule Kaiserhof – Bad Kreuznach https://www.hfs-kaiserhof.de/ \| Saarland \| Metalworking \| BBZ St. Ingbert – Metalltechnik https://www.bbz-st-ingbert.de/ \| Saxony \| Electrical Engineering \| Berufliches Schulzentrum für Elektrotechnik – Dresden https://www.bsze-dresden.de/ \| Saxony \| Retail and Sales \| Berufsschulzentrum für Wirtschaft und Technik – Riesa https://www.bszt-riesa.de/ \| Saxony-Anhalt \| Automotive \| Berufsbildende Schulen Stendal – Kfz-Technik https://www.bbs-stendal.de/ \| Saxony-Anhalt \| Healthcare \| Krankenhaus St. Elisabeth und St. Barbara – Halle https://www.krankenhaus-elisabeth-st-barbara.de/ \| Schleswig-Holstein \| Maritime \| Berufsbildungszentrum Lübeck – Seefahrt https://www.bbz-luebeck.de/ \| Schleswig-Holstein \| IT and Communications \| Berufliche Schule des Kreises Nordfriesland – Informatik https://www.bsnf.de/ \| Thuringia \| Woodworking \| Berufsbildende Schule Saalfeld – Holztechnik https://www.bbs-saalfeld.de/ \| Thuringia \| Health and Social Care \| Diakonie Bildung Thüringen – Pflege https://www.diakonie-bildung.de/ \| Keyword search: Apprenticeship in Germany	<urn:uuid:2a786949-ace3-4985-a522-fb4418cb9db2>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://en.life-in-germany.de/berufsschule-in-germany-what-is-it/	2024-03-03T18:01:21Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.886523	3,676	2.984375	3	[ 43, 1348, 1100, 316, 261, 2029, 8911, 331, 4562, 1052, 292, 1147, 291, 716, 18, 760, 923, 289, 268, 4026, 1637, 892, 16, 686, 316, 363, 851, 8725, 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Pages That Mention sierra The geographical and historical dictionary of America and the West Indies [volume 1] ABANCAY, a province and corregimiento of Peru, bounded on the E by the large city of Cuzco, (its jurisdiction beginning at the parish of Santa Ana of that city), and on the W by the province of Andahuailas; N by that of Calcaylares, forming, in this part, an extended chain of snowcovered mountains ; S by the provinces of Cotabamba and Aimaraez; S W by Chilques and Masques. It extends 26 leagues from E to W and is 14 broad. Its most considerable river is the Apurimac, which is separated from it at the N W and bends its course, united with other streams, towards the mountains of the Andes. This river is crossed by a wooden bridge of 80 yards long and 3 broad, which is in the high road from Lima to Cuzco, and other provinces of the sierra. The toll collected here is four rials of silver for every load of goods of the produce of the country, and twelve for those of the produce of Europe. The temperature of this province is mild, and for the most part salubrious, with the exception of a few vallies, where, on account of the excessive heat and humidity, tertian agues are not uncommon. It produces wheat, maize, and other grain in great abundance, and its breed of horned cattle is by no means inconsiderable; but its principal production is sugar, which they refine so well, that it may challenge the finest European sugars for whiteness : this is carried for sale to Cuzco and other provinces, and is held in great estimation. It also produces hemp, cloth manufactures of the country ; and in its territories mines of silver are not wanting, especially in the mountain which they call Jalcanta, although the natives avail themselves not of the advantages so liberally held out to them. Its jurisdiction comprehends 17 settlements. The repartimento, quota of tribute, amounted to 108,750 dollars, and it rendered yearly 870 for the alcabala. The following are the 17 settlements : The capital, Limatambo, Huanicapa, Mollepata, Curahuasi, Pantipata, Cachora, Pibil, Antilla, Chonta, Anta, Pocquiura, Ibin, Surite, Chachaypucquio, Huaracondo. Sumata, Abancay, the capital of the above province, founded in a spacious valley, which gives it its title: it is also so called from a river, over which has been thrown one of the largest bridges in the kingdom, being the first that was built there, and looked upon as a monument of skill. In the above valley the jurisdiction of this province, and that of Andahuailas, becomes divided. It is also memorable for the victories gained in its vicinity by the king's troops against Gonzalo Pizarro, in the years 1542 and 1548. It has a convent of the religious order of St. Dominic ; this order being the first of those which established themselves in Peru. 20 leagues distant from the city of Cuzco. Lat. 13° 31' 30" S Long. 72° 26' W.7 ABANES, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, in the plains of San Juan, to the N of the Orinoco. They inhabit the woods on the shores of this river, as well as other small woods ; and are bounded, E by the Salivas, and W by the Caberres and Andaquies. They are docile, of good dispositions, and are easily converted to the Catholic faith. ABANGOUI, a large settlement of the province and government of Paraguay. It is composed of Indians of the Guarani nation, and situate on the shore of the river Taquani. It was discovered by Alvar Nuñez Cabezade Vaca, in 1541. ABBEVILLE County, in Ninetysix district, S. Carolina, bounded on the N E by the Saluda, and on the SW by the Savannah, is 35 miles in length and 21 in breadth ; contains 9197 inhabitants, including 1665 slaves. ABEICAS, a nation of Indians of New France, bounded on the N by the Alibamis, and E by the Cheraquis. They live at a distance from the large rivers, and the only produce of their territory is some canes, which are not thicker than a finger, but of so hard a texture, that, when split, they cut exactly like a knife. These Indians speak the Tchicachan language, and with the other nations are in alliance against the Iroquees. Tlacolula, from whence it is distant a league ant a half to the N. ACATEPEQUE, S. Franciso de, a settlement of the head settlement of St. Andres de Cholula, and alcaldía mayor of this name. It contains 140 Indian families, and is half a league to the S of its capital. ACATLAN, a settlement and capital of the alcaldía mayor of this name. It is of a mild temperature, and its situation is at the entrance of the Misteca Baxa. It contains 850 families of Indians, and 20 of Spaniards and Mustees. In its vicinity are some excellent saltgrounds, in which its commerce chiefly consists. The jurisdiction of this alcaldía, which contains four other head settlements of the district, is fertile and pleasant, abounding in flowers, fruits, all kinds of pulse and seeds, and is well watered. They have here large breeds of goats, which they slaughter chiefly for the skin and the fat, salting down the flesh, and sending it to La Puebla and other parts to be sold. In its district are many cultivated lands. It is 55 leagues leagues to the E S E of Mexico. Long. 275° 10' W Lat. 19° 4' N. another settlement of the same name, with the dedicatory title of S. Andres, in the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Xalapa, in the same kingdom, situate on a clayey spot of ground, of a cold moist temperature, rendered fertile by an abundance of streams, which in a very regular manner water the lands; although,it being void of mountains and exposed to the N winds, the fruits within its neighourhood do not come to maturity. It contains 180 Indian families, including those of the new settlement, which was established at a league's distance to the S of its head settlement, and which is called San Miguel de las Aguastelas. Acatlan is a league and a half distant from its head settlement. another settlement, having the dedicatory title of San Pedro, belonging to the head settlement of Malacatepec and alcaldía mayor of Nexapa, in the same kingdom. It contains 80 Indian families, who trade in wool and in the fish called bobo, quantities of which are found in a large river which runs close by the settlement, and which are a great source of emolument to them. It is four leagues N of its capital. another settlement of the head settlement of Atotonilco, and alcaldía mayor of Tulanzingo in the same kingdom. It contains 115 Indian families, and a convent of the religious order of St. Augustin. — Two leagues N of its head settlement. ACATLAZINGO, Santa Maria de, a settlement of the head settlement of Xicula, and alcaldía mayor of Nexapa, situate in a plain that is surrounded on all sides by mountains. It contains 67 Indian families, who employ themselves in the culture of the cochineal plant. ACAXEE, a nation of Indians of the province of Topia. It is well peopled, and was converted to the Catholic faith by the father Hernando de Santaren, and others of the abolished society of the Jesuits, in 1602. They are docile, of good dispositions and abilities. In the time of their idolatry, they used to bend the heads of their dead with their bodies and knees together, and in this posture inter them in a cave, or under a rock, giving them provisions for the journey which they fancied them about to make ; also laying by them a bow and arrows for their defence. Should an Indian woman happen to have died in childbed, the infant was put to death ; for they used to say, it was the cause of her death. These Indians were once induced by a sorcerer to make an insurrection, but it was quelled by the governor of the province, Don Francisco de Ordinola, in the year 1612. ACAXETE, Santa María de, the head, settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Tepcaca, situate on the slope of the noted sierra of Tlascala. It is of a cold and dry temperature, contains seven Spanish families, 10 of Mustees and Mulattoes, and 176 of Mexican Indians. In its vicinity is a reservoir, formed of hewn stone, which serves at once to catch the waters as they come down from the sierra, and to conduct them to Tepcaca, three leagues N N W of its capital. ACAXUCHITLAN the head settlement of the alcaldía mayor of Tulazingo, to the N E. It contains 406 Indian families, and is a curacy of the bishopric of La Puebla de los Angeles. Distant four leagues to the E of its capital. ACAYUCA, the alcaldía mayor of Nueva España, and of the province of Goazacoalco. Its jurisdiction is very extended, and consists, for the most part, of places of a hot and moist temperature, but so fertile is it that it gives annually four crops of maize; and as there is no demand for this production in the other provinces, it follows, of course, that the Indians here are little given to industry. Indeed the ground never requires the plough, and the whole of their labours during the seedtime consist merely in smoothing the surface of the mountains, and in scratching up the ground with a pointed stick. It is at times infested by locusts, which destroy the plants and crops ; and having never been able to find a remedy against this evil, the inhabitants had recourse to the protection of the virgin of La Conception, which is revered in the head settlement of the district of the Chichimecas ; and it is said that, owing to her mediatory influence, the plague has been thought to diminish. This province is watered by the abundant river of the Goazacoalco. The settlements of this alcaldía are, Xocoteapa, Macayapa, Menzapa, Molocan, Theimanquillo, Tinantitlan, Chinameca, Zoconusco, Olutla, Otcapa, Pochutla, Ostitan, Cozolcaque, Ixhuatla, Macatepeque. another, the capital of the above, situate on the coast of the N. sea. Its inhabitants are composed of 30 families of Spaniards, 296 of Indians, and 70 of Mustees and Mulattoes. It lies a little more than 100 leagues S E of Mexico. Lat. 17° 53' N Long. 94° 46' 30" W. Acacingo, the head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Tepcaca, situate in a plain of a mild temperature, and watered by two streams which run close to all the houses of the settlement, to the great comfort of the inhabitants. In the middle of the above plain there is a beautiful fountain, a convent of the religious order of St. Francis, a very ancient building, and some other buildings, which have been erected since the conquest of the country. The parish church is a piece of the most ancient architecture. The inhabitants are composed of 150 families of Spaniards, 104 of Mustees, 31 of Mulattoes, and 700 of Indians; 3 1/4 leagues E to the NE of its capital. ACAZUTLA, a port of the S sea, on the coast of the province of the alcaldía mayor of Zuchitepec, in the kingdom of Guatemala, between the point of Los Remedios, and the settlement of Guapaca. [Lat. 14° 42' N Long. 90° 3'.] ACCHA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chilques and Masques in Peru, situate on the skirt of a mountain, which has a prominence, seeming as though it were about to fall upon the settlement. This mountain is constantly dwindling away without any assignable cause. Lat. 13° 19 s. Long. 71° 13' W [ACCOCESAWS. The ancient town and principal place of residence of these Indians is on the W side of Colorado of Rio Rouge, about 200 miles S W of Nacogdoches, but they often change their place of residence for a season : being near the bay, they make great use of fish, oysters &c.; kill a great many deer, which are the largest and fattest in the province ; and their country is universally said to be inferior to no part of the province in soil, growth of timber, goodness of water, and beauty of surface; they have a language peculiar to themselves, but have a mode of communication by dumb signs, which they all understand: number about 80 men. Thirty or forty years ago, the Spaniards had a mission here, but broke it up, or moved it to Nacogdoches. 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356, 1444, 621, 16, 289, 1060, 460, 2027, 1158, 16, 291, 356, 2619, 9480, 292, 268, 7169, 4780, 18, 203, 37, 38, 3940, 43, 8335, 45, 16, 261, 1452, 9492, 289, 268, 10391, 291, 1654, 289, 2441, 484, 89, 350, 18, 553, 316, 7686, 289, 10371, 289, 268, 2750, 4628, 77, 3501, 16, 291, 1967, 381, 341, 268, 10786, 289, 268, 4815, 307, 69, 395, 8285, 18, 553, 454, 4266, 419, 996, 90, 294, 465, 89, 11264, 73, 94, 351, 397, 73, 94, 783, 720, 313, 69, 16, 288, 2063, 11504, 18, 203, 37, 38, 38, 41, 58, 8718, 8068, 5391, 16, 288, 465, 263, 364, 483, 1156, 6903, 16, 343, 18, 8711, 16, 3951, 286, 341, 268, 465, 416, 419, 268, 5029, 1327, 69, 16, 291, 341, 268, 343, 59, 419, 268, 11513, 2586, 1469, 16, 316, 6573, 4772, 288, 3510, 291, 4440, 288, 7028, 262, 225, 31, 3387, 1717, 1689, 27, 10932, 16, 1118, 2648, 10094, 10172, 18, 203, 37, 38, 41, 4033, 2815, 16, 261, 3501, 289, 10371, 289, 1525, 5088, 16, 3951, 286, 341, 268, 465, 419, 268, 996, 449, 348, 277, 16, 291, 416, 419, 268, 654, 4256, 9951, 18, 900, 2180, 430, 261, 4227, 427, 268, 1452, 7359, 16, 291, 268, 794, 2346, 289, 444, 7211, 316, 579, 375, 274, 16, 518, 356, 462, 4460, 265, 687, 261, 7274, 16, 566, 289, 576, 1656, 261, 7520, 16, 336, 16, 649, 9081, 16, 502, 2333, 4743, 730, 261, 5304, 812, 18, 948, 10371, 3534, 268, 307, 355, 300, 492, 282, 1719, 16, 291, 360, 268, 586, 5630, 356, 288, 516, 3275, 1573, 268, 334, 299, 395, 3383, 18, 203, 56, 80, 313, 320, 3829, 16, 427, 342, 514, 362, 316, 10450, 261, 417, 6036, 9448, 261, 2947, 292, 268, 465, 18, 203, 3897, 3151, 7728, 41, 53, 57, 41, 16, 343, 18, 6858, 277, 83, 386, 16, 261, 9492, 289, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 908, 18, 1256, 379, 386, 654, 320, 3829, 16, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 456, 1932, 18, 553, 3387, 2967, 20, 3479, 3286, 16, 291, 316, 2947, 261, 417, 6036, 292, 268, 343, 289, 606, 3507, 18, 203, 3897, 3151, 48, 3940, 16, 261, 9492, 291, 3507, 289, 268, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 456, 1932, 18, 553, 316, 289, 261, 5497, 2263, 16, 291, 606, 3118, 316, 430, 268, 11354, 289, 268, 383, 588, 312, 69, 391, 1894, 69, 18, 553, 3387, 1570, 2520, 3286, 289, 10371, 16, 291, 731, 289, 1384, 8285, 1519, 291, 3494, 9704, 18, 450, 606, 3463, 7294, 356, 579, 4139, 5353, 3398, 87, 16, 288, 518, 606, 580, 265, 339, 7437, 325, 5347, 18, 365, 10385, 2597, 289, 456, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 16, 518, 3387, 1958, 586, 1747, 5838, 652, 289, 268, 6903, 16, 316, 2805, 5302, 291, 3034, 7780, 16, 459, 655, 281, 288, 4557, 16, 4308, 16, 516, 5255, 289, 4491, 401, 291, 3902, 16, 291, 316, 767, 770, 286, 18, 900, 437, 1671, 1452, 9893, 289, 679, 1378, 16, 518, 502, 1580, 6218, 7437, 325, 331, 268, 1903, 291, 268, 2272, 16, 2016, 542, 1190, 268, 11798, 76, 16, 291, 9470, 362, 292, 5342, 382, 610, 640, 69, 291, 586, 2287, 292, 327, 3826, 18, 450, 606, 6903, 356, 772, 4884, 488, 7065, 18, 553, 316, 10088, 417, 6484, 417, 6484, 292, 268, 416, 343, 416, 289, 6017, 18, 5801, 18, 5778, 25, 5106, 1474, 11, 388, 5038, 18, 789, 5106, 988, 11, 465, 18, 203, 282, 1099, 9492, 289, 268, 1162, 1932, 16, 360, 268, 3721, 300, 1692, 6663, 289, 343, 18, 1256, 379, 16, 288, 268, 1747, 9492, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 2928, 280, 429, 69, 16, 288, 268, 1162, 9096, 16, 1967, 381, 341, 261, 9138, 7600, 4337, 289, 2107, 16, 289, 261, 3302, 8717, 2263, 16, 7549, 2142, 2805, 5302, 419, 363, 9833, 289, 9963, 16, 518, 288, 261, 1040, 1998, 4901, 770, 268, 7065, 31, 3781, 16, 297, 1018, 385, 1246, 289, 9145, 291, 4504, 292, 268, 465, 10497, 16, 268, 4308, 1291, 606, 4142, 455, 2700, 565, 462, 1631, 292, 3732, 1597, 18, 553, 3387, 10098, 3479, 3286, 16, 1118, 1014, 289, 268, 733, 9492, 16, 518, 454, 3413, 430, 261, 417, 6036, 743, 4227, 292, 268, 343, 289, 606, 1747, 9492, 16, 291, 518, 316, 1478, 4930, 383, 333, 2394, 386, 308, 301, 330, 2531, 603, 306, 301, 18, 2058, 271, 80, 282, 316, 261, 417, 6036, 291, 261, 2947, 10450, 427, 606, 1747, 9492, 18, 203, 282, 1099, 9492, 16, 2054, 268, 3721, 300, 1692, 6663, 289, 4930, 382, 286, 299, 16, 10144, 292, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 4858, 313, 381, 1084, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 465, 1389, 429, 69, 16, 288, 268, 1162, 9096, 18, 553, 3387, 4988, 3479, 3286, 16, 650, 3631, 288, 276, 859, 291, 288, 268, 2034, 1478, 285, 875, 83, 16, 9103, 289, 518, 356, 986, 288, 261, 1452, 4815, 518, 7282, 2828, 419, 268, 9492, 16, 291, 518, 356, 261, 1312, 2088, 289, 639, 320, 1799, 292, 622, 18, 553, 316, 1958, 417, 6484, 465, 289, 606, 3507, 18, 203, 282, 1099, 9492, 289, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 330, 278, 1448, 309, 4552, 16, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 307, 346, 282, 4253, 83, 288, 268, 1162, 9096, 18, 553, 3387, 2912, 25, 3479, 3286, 16, 291, 261, 5047, 302, 289, 268, 3849, 1544, 289, 908, 18, 4724, 263, 18, 1691, 5383, 417, 6484, 465, 289, 606, 1747, 9492, 18, 203, 3897, 3151, 7285, 62, 7015, 51, 16, 11394, 2406, 563, 386, 16, 261, 9492, 289, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 2928, 300, 3829, 16, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 465, 1389, 429, 69, 16, 1967, 381, 288, 261, 8626, 336, 316, 10599, 341, 516, 6063, 419, 9145, 18, 553, 3387, 1278, 27, 3479, 3286, 16, 650, 1798, 2315, 288, 268, 2484, 289, 268, 742, 355, 475, 280, 1380, 18, 203, 3897, 37, 60, 9188, 16, 261, 3501, 289, 10371, 289, 268, 10391, 289, 6615, 563, 18, 553, 316, 767, 600, 389, 1041, 16, 291, 454, 9480, 292, 268, 7169, 4780, 419, 268, 4818, 402, 1605, 481, 83, 386, 11394, 591, 16, 291, 1548, 289, 268, 459, 320, 1341, 2429, 289, 268, 596, 274, 3179, 16, 288, 2648, 20, 22, 18, 900, 356, 1444, 621, 16, 289, 1060, 460, 2027, 1158, 291, 5384, 18, 450, 268, 669, 289, 444, 1191, 320, 271, 1080, 16, 502, 724, 292, 285, 593, 268, 8542, 289, 444, 3751, 360, 444, 3910, 291, 11688, 274, 1875, 16, 291, 288, 456, 9774, 630, 622, 288, 261, 11549, 16, 361, 1064, 261, 4216, 16, 3851, 622, 11274, 331, 268, 3405, 518, 502, 284, 797, 870, 622, 608, 292, 804, 225, 31, 525, 2131, 281, 419, 622, 261, 5167, 291, 598, 4405, 331, 444, 1175, 514, 18, 7637, 363, 3479, 4293, 4106, 292, 437, 4719, 288, 739, 4646 ]
Statistical Account of Cahircorney A statistical account or parochial survey of Ireland William Shaw MASON c181520 Parish of Cahircorney, (Diocese of Emly, county of Limerick) By the Rev. Patrick FITZGERALD, Vicar I. The Name of the Parish, Situation, Extent, &c. Cahircorney is the ancient and present name of the parish. It is situated in the county of Limerick, barony of Small County, and diocese of Emly. It was united by authotity of the diocesan, in the year 1795, to the small parish of Kilkellane. The union thus formed is bounded by the parish Aney on the south-east: on the west by Grange; by Carireeely on the east; and by Rochestown on the north. Its contents may be estimated at sixteen thousand acres. The parish of Cahircorney is divided into the townlands of Balingoola, Raleighstown, and Cahircorney. It contains 1000 acres, and is the estate of Edward CROKER of Ballinguard, Esq. The river Comogue, or Crooked River, which runs through the parish, takes its rise near the ancient cathedral of Emly, and after a direction nearly westerly, umites with the Maigue, near Croom. A small stream that joins the Comogue within a few yards of the Glebe of Balingoola, divides the diocese of Cashel from that of Limerick on the south-west. Two-thirds of the aprish are meadow and pasture lands. A chain of the most beautiful and verdant hills, consisting of limestone soiul, runs through it. There is a natural fall for springs and rain from these hills into the Comogue, on the the opposite side of which river, and parallel to it, is another range of hils,m consisting of very rich pasture. The immediate space is a level plain consisting of corcasss lands1, covered with water for nearly six months in the year; caused by the overflowing of the Comogue. The consequence is, that the air is very cold, and the houses and furniture very damp; and in the spring time, when the quantity of stagnant water thus collected is drying up and exhaling by the sun'sheat, the inhabitants are very subject to colds, coughsand sore throats. The sinking and widening of the river would in great measure prove a remedy to this evil,and could be effected by lowering the bed of the streamfive or six feet, for about sixty yards near LongfordBridge, and also at the Glebe of Balingoola. At present the river is on a level with these two place, so that cutting drains to convey the water from them into it is of no use. The parish has adjoining it on the west, Lough Gun, which is four miles in circumference, surrounded by lofty hills, some rocky, others covered with a thick and beautiful herbage. In the lake are three islands, one of which, called knock-a-doom, or the Fortress, is a beautiful hill of about 60 acres; the approach to it on the side nearest the land, was defended by a castle. This lake, together with the adjoining estates containing 4000 acres of very richland, belongs to the Count de Salis. Under this head very little can be noticed, as there are no indications of mines or minerals of any kind,unless indeed limestone be excepted, of which there are some bery fine quarries. It forms the substratum of the hills already described. The parish does not contain any public buildings, such as workhouses or infirmaries. An excellent slate house near the church has been lately buitl for the parish clertk, by general subscription of the gentlemen of the country, as a reward to him for shooting the leader of a banditti, which disturbed this neighbourhood in the year 1800. They assembled in large parties at night, mounted on horseback, and severely flogged those obnoxious to them, making farmers around comply with certain injunctions, and obliging them to have horses ready bridled and saddled at a certain hour everynight. These they abused very much by riding them constantly till morning. The captain of one of these parties named HOARD, coming one night to the house of FLOOD the clerk, demanded entrance, which FLOOD refused, remonstrating strongly at the same time, on the impropriety of such conduct. But as HOWARD persisted in his determination, FLOOD shot him dead on the spot; on which his party went off, leaving behind the dead body of their leader. In consequence of this, the country has never since been disturbed. FLOOD also received one hundred pounds from the Government, for his spirited conduct. The high road from Limerick to Hospital, (famous for its horse fairs,) passes through Herbertstown, a long village consisting of thatched houses. About a quarter of a mile to the west of the Glebe-house, but on the opposite side of the Comogue, and near the high road between Cork and Limerick, is the very beautiful and highly improved seat of Standish O'GRADY, Esq. And about a mile north of this, is Balinnaguard, the fine and extensive demise of Edward CROKER, Esq. It is highly ornamented with extensive plantations of aged oak, ash, beech, and elm. On the opposite bank of the river, near the glebe-house of Balingoola, are the remains of a small abbey, called Little Friarstown. About four miles to the west of this, on the banks of the same river, are the ruins of a very large and magnificent building, called in Irish, Monister-a-Nenagh, or Monastery of the Friars. Mr ARCHDALL, in his Monasticon Hibernicum, gives a fine description of it, and says, there were two great battles fought near it, in one of which the Irish were totally defeated by the then Lord Deputy commanding the English forces, but in the second the Irish were victorious, and many English officers and soldiers were slain. A gentleman who lived near this abbey, on making a trench in onee of the fields adjoining, found a vast quantity of human bones promiscuously thrown together, which probably were the remains of those slain in these battles. Near Balinguard is Rockstown Castle, built on a hill within two miles of Balingoola; at a short distance gfrom which place, are also the castles of Cahireely, Ballybricken, Skule, Williamstown, Rathmore, Glenogna, Kilpeacon, Lic-a-doon, Ballygrennan, Knockany, and Baggotstown. In the church is abeautiful monument belonging to the CROKER family, with the following inscription. "This burying place and monument were both made and erected at the charges of Edward CROKER, Esq. For him and his to be deposited in, till the resurrection of the dead, in the year of our Lord 1723, and in the 70th year of his age, being blessed with a numerous issue of his children's children, and an honest handsome provision for them. Which being done, it may be truly said Edward CROKER" In Ralieghstown are the remains of an ancient building, defended at its four angles by four small square towers. It is not known by whom it was erected, but from the window frames and flankers, its date seems to be about the reign of Elizabeth or James I. On the summit of the hills, mentioned in Sec. I are the remains of a kind of fortress or watch tower, from which stone walls seem to have extended in different directions, they have been connected by other walls, and these again fortified by small triangular buildings. They extend four or five miles, and seem to have been a strongly fortified Danish settlement. In one of the islands of Lough-Gun, on the side nearest the land, stands a strong castle nearly perfect; on another side, at the termination of a causway, are the fine ruins of what the inhabitants call Black Castle. A small island in the middle of the lake was also strongly fortified, and the English troops were much annoyed from it at a different period of time, on their march between Cork and Limerick, as the old road between these places passes near it. These castles, if the tradition deserves credit, were built by the Lords of Desmond, one of whom, as related by the Abbé MC GEORGHEGAN in his history of Ireland, fought a desparate battle with the BUTLER family, but being defeated, he fled to his fortress in the lake of Gun, in the county of Limerick. Near the lake are three stone circles, whether Druidical places of worship, or Scythian, introduced by the Danes, is doubtful. On the top of one of the highest hills adjoiniing the lake, called Knockfennel, is a Danish mound, and also a Cromleach. In one side of this hill which I very steep, and near the su,,it, is a deep cave called the foxes' den, to which some persons implicated in the rebellion of 1798, retired every night for fear of being arrested, if they slept in their own houses. Nearly opposite to this, in the island of Knock-a-doon, is a very large and deep cave, called red celler. On the top of a very steep and craggy hill, called Carrigfeagh, or the Reven's Rock, about a mile from Balingoola, are the remains of a very strong circular stone building, around which are many raths or moats.2 A report being prevalent, that there was near this a stone on which is delineated some ancient characters, on examonation it is found to be a large rudely shaped rock, on one side of which were raiesed some lines scarcely discernible, crossing each other at right angles, somewhat like the old Irish Ogham, which are to be seen in VALLANCEY's Irish Grammar3. In the parish of Kilellane, are the walls of an old church; and also a handsome house, built by the BOUCHIER family. At a place called Doon, about five miles distant, is buried the famous Irish outlaw Emun-a-knock, or Edmund of the hill, whose song of "Cool ahandas," so much admired and sung by the Irish, is beautifully translated by Miss BROOKE, in her Reliques of Irish poetry, into "Bright her locks of beauty grew." The number of houses in Cahircorney is 65; in Kilkellane, 55; and in that part of Herbertstown which lies within the parish of Kilkellane, 78; making a total of 198. The number of inhabitants in the union, therefore at an average of six a house, is 1188; an increase of more that two to one in the last tweny years. The middling classes of people are comfortable and well dressed; but the lower orders are in general very poor. Their usual food is potatoes and milk. They pay £8. Per acre for a small cabin and garden, while their daily hire is on shilling without food. Those who chance to have a house and garden without being obliged to pay for them by task-work, live more more cleanly and comfortably; they receive more wages, and are more at home to improve their cabins and gardens. Fuel is vary scarce in the parish of Cahircorney, as there is no bog attached to it. It is with much difficulty, and at a great expense, they can procure any from the neighbouring parishes. They cut what is called slane turf4 in March and April; this can be done by a few hands, and on dry ground. To make hand turf many men are necessary. This work is put off till June or July, for two reasons; first, because the people are generally employed during the former months, in cultivating their corn and potatoes; and next, because they could not without great danger stand in the cold water from morning to night, until the warm weather sets in. The siseases pecular to this district, and the causes are generally those mentioned in Sec. I. In February 1813 died in the parish of Kilkellane, John RYAN, aged 105; until a few days before his edeath he enjoyed the best health, and the use of all his faculties; he never wore spectales, and bled those who applied to him as skilfully as a regularly bred surgeon. Dennis HAYES lived in the parish of Cahircorney till the last four years; he is now 107 years old, goes regularly every Sunday to his place of worship, walks occasionally from his own house, a distance of 12 miles, and back again the same day, and is still healthy, lively, and intelligent. Potatoes and milk are his usual food. The middling classes speak English; the lower classes generally Irish. They are attentive and friendly to each other when sober. Their place of worship is at Herbertstown, at which they regularly attend both on Sundays and Holydays. After prayers many of them betake themselves to the different houses that retail spirrtis and beer, several of which the vilage contains; here they regale themselves and their friends, often continuingingg in them till night, and they seldom separate without fighting. They constantly fight at fairs, hurling matches, and race-courses; nay, oftentimes at their chapels,though their clergy do all in their power to prevent it, both by exhortation and ecclesiastical censures. In this parish, and indeed in all those around it, assemblages are held on the tops of the highest hillson every St. John's eve, when they light up clears, which are bundles of straw tied on long poles, and as all the most elevated places for forty miles around appear one blase of fire, the effect is very brilliant. It is a pagan custom, and is conjectured to have been a mode of worship paid to the heathen diety Baal, as the irish at this day call the 1st of May "La Baal tine," that is, "the day of Baal's fire." The inhabitants of these parishes have a great wish to have their children instructed, and pay from two shillings to half-a-guinea a quarter for their tuition. There are two Roman catholic schools in Herbertstown, one for the instruction in classics, the other for aritmetic, &c. Neither of these is endowed. The average number of pupils in each school may be calculated at seventy, fofty of which are boys. They attend about nine months in the year. The younger people, both male and female, with very few exceptions, know how to read and write. Many of the old men know the Irish language, and have some Irish manuscripts on various subjects of very old date; these are so black with smoke, and tattered and old, that it is often impossible to know the title, date, or subject of them.5 There are no nativemendicants in the parish; those that beg here are from other parts of the country. This parish, as has already said, is united to the small parish of Kilkellane: the ancestors of Lord Kenmare presented it, but since the revolution, it has been the gift of the Government. The glebe-house was built by one of the CROKER family, who gave it together with eight acres of land to the church; at an annual rent of £14 sterling. The impropriate tythes belong to Edward CROKER of Balinnaguard, Esq. The tythe has not encreased much in this parish, in consequence of a penalty of £10 for every acre turned up, over and above a certain number allowed by lease. For the tythe of potatoes, flax, wheat, and barly, the farmers pay on an average of ten shillings per acre, for meadows six, and for oats eight: the tythe for sheep is seldom demanded. Eight guineas per acre was paid by the present incumbent, for some meadow in this parish, which he had occasioned to take. For the tythe of these meadows the ususl price was paid, which is the one thirtieth part instead of the tenth. The farmers made thirty pounds per acre by their wheat last year, clear of all expenses. They paid as usual ten shillings per acre tythe, which is but one sixtieth:here therefore is no extraction in the collection. This is the node not only for Cahircorney, but also in sixteen parishes around it, with all of which the writer is well acquainted. The tythe is never asked for, nor paid in kind. The farmers generally meadow the low ground in this parish. They cultivate all kinds of grain, flax and potatoes. About the village of Herbertstown in particular, they raise a large quantity of flax, which when dressed they carry to the counties Kilkenny and Waterfordto sell. For the ground on which they raies it, they pay twelve guineas per acre, for which they take two crops, first of potatoes, the second of flax. The lands have been leased for the last ten years on an average of five pounds per acre. The old takes are set at very moderate rents. The parish is divided into farms, containing from 100 to 10 acres. The land is extremely rich. The first crop is potatoes; the second wheat or flax;then barley or oats: of the latter they can raise many crops, and this without any manure. A large field in this parish had been turned up for potatoes, which gave a crop of very fine flax the following year; they then let it run into heart three years, then turned it up for potatoes and flax again, never putting any kind of manure during the whole time. As this is an inland country, little can be said with respect to commerce or navigation; nor is there any domestic spinning or weaving carried out in the parish. Whatever relates to any of these heads has been alc\ready taken notice of in the preceding sections. List of Incumbents, from the First Fruits' Records. Ecclin. De Carkorney, rect. impropriat. Vic. Ibm. Donaldus MC FEIG. Richus MAYNE admiss. 29o, Junii 1638, per presentat. Johannis BROWNE, mil. Ad vicar. De Cahircorney et Kilkellan, 3l. 13s.2d. Georgius BRICE admiss. Fuit 17o, die April, 1661, ad vicar, de Ballynord, Kilfrush, Kilkillan, Cahircorney, Any, Ballymonamore, Ballynloghy, et Dunmoore, als Knocklong, com Tipperary, et Dioc. Predict. Constantin. KIEFFE, cler. Admiss. Fuit 12o, die Julii, 1681, ad vicarias de Cahircorney, et Kilcullane dioc. Imolacen. et com. Limerick. Alphonsus CULLEN, collat. Fuit 20o, die Julii, 1681, ad vicariam de Cahircorney et Killcullane, com Limerick. Henry BAYLY, A.M. Vicar Cahircorney and Kilkellane, 27 Jan. 1758, co. Limerick. Thomas RYAN, V Cahircorney et Kilkelane 9 Aug. 1769, Limerick. Patrick FITZGERALD, collated and instituted 8th October, 1807, V. Cahircorney et Kilkellane, vice Thomas RYAN, who eld from 9th of August 1769, and vacated by death, 10th June, 1807. The people are improving rapidly in manners and dress; their houses are in general comfortable and clean; their farms well stocked and cultivated. There are few prone to drink; none to disaffection. They are much attached to their own clergy and religion, yet highly respectful and attantive to those of the established church, and greatly gratifiied when they walk with or talk familiarly to them. Their greta fault is their propensity to fighting; but time will do away with this, as the people are becoming more sober and industrious, the magistrates more active, and the clergy more instructive. The parish of Cahircorney has many advantages; there is a large and fine mill at Ballingoola, where all the oats raised in this and the adjoining parishes are readily brought up. It is intersected by excellent roads, and is within eight miles of Limerick, and four of the market town of Bruff; yet its want of fuel is a great check on the encrease of its population, and the penalty already mentioned on that of its agriculture. The latter of these could be removed by the liberality of the landlord. The use of coal, which could behad on easy terms from Limerick, (particularly if the river Maigue were rendered navigable, which might be done,) would do away the impediment to the former. II. Mines, Minerals, &c. III. Modern Buildings &c. IV. Ancient Buildings, &c. he did provide for living and for dead; For which, to God be thanks and praise due, And the meet help he gave me so to doeV. Present & former State of Population, Food, Fuel &c. VI. Genius & Disposition of the Poorer Classes, &c. VII. The Education and Employment of Children, &c. VII. State of Religious Establishments, Tythes, &c. IX. Modes of Agriculture, Crops, &c. X. Trade, Manufactures, Commerce, &c. X1. Natural Curiosities, remarkable Ocurrences, &c. XII. Suggestions for Improvement, and Means for meliorating the Condition of the People Townlands of Cahircorney Name \| Probable Derivation \| Ballingoola \| 'Baile,' town. Cool, geul.' Back, 'awa,' river or perhaps 'gual.' Coal, which may merit atention \| Raleighstown \| Of obvious signification \| Mobawn \| 'Moee or Magh,' a field, 'bawn,' white. \| Broughaugh \| 'Bruach,' border or margin, 'aha or fatha,' field. \| Kilkellane \| 'Leile,' a church, 'quoillawn,' a small wood \| Herbertstown \| Of obvious signification \| Kilkellane parish is the estate of the present Chief Baron O'GRADY Cahircorney that of Edward CROKER of Ballinaguard, Esq. Annual produce for 1813. Cahircorney \| Kilkellane \| \| Acres 10 \| Oats \| 33 \| 50 \| Potatoes Bere and Flax \| 140 \| 46 \| Meadow \| 180 \| \| Stock in 1813 \| \|\| Cows \| 200 \| 186 \| Sheep \| 80 \| 100 \| 1 This term is applied to designate low marshy ground, covered with water during part of the year. 2 Lord Lyttleton, in his history of Henry II, hs remarked that raths are generally found situated in low or wet ground. One near the glebe of Balingoola, is surrounded by a very large and deep quagmire. The like has been observed by the writer of this account on the estate of the late Mr FITZGERALD of Balinand, near Herbertstown, and in the parish of Glenogara, the estates of the Count De Salis, in the deepest and wettest grounds. There are also to be seen in the west of the county of Clare, on the driest and most elevated points over the Atlantic, many of these not more than two feet high, and perfectly circular. These low raths have not been noticed either by BOATE or MOLYNEUX in the natural history of Ireland: whether they were places of meeting or of retreat and safety, it is now for the antiquarians to decide. About siz miles from this parish, at a place called Dun-a-man, near Croom, there is a round tower, of which no account is to be found in Rd LEDWICH's catalogue of Irish antiquities. This is so very narrow and confined at ist summit, that it is impossible a bell placed within it, (for which use the Doctor supposes them to have been erected) could be heard at any distance.If they were intended for a certain set of Anchorites called Inclisi, as Dr. MILNER thinks, the poor anchorite could scarcely incline his head, or help himself to food in this. It also gives such indications of Christian times and founders, an is at such a distance from the coast, that it does away VALLANCEY's opinion, that they were built by the Phenicians in their commercial visits to Ireland as Pyratheia or fire-altars. Many of the Irish from the fifth to the ninth century, built monastaries and abbeys on the continent of Europe; may it not be supposed that they built the like in Ireland, and also round towers, both for ornament and use? They are always found near old churches, or the site of old churches, composed many of them of the same kind of stone, and seemingly of the same antiquity. If the number of these places of worship were only in proportion to the number of round towers now extant, was it not very necessary to point out their situations by something of this kind, in the then state of the country, thickly covered by wwoods. Lighted lamps, it is said, were hauled up occasionally at night, and the light cround by means of the four apertures at the top , to pilgrims and travellers, and such of the inhabitants adjacent as chose to assemble at the place of worship next day. 3 Since this account was written the stone has been reexamined by the writer, with great accuracy, but nothinmg was discernable that could throw more light on its origin or purpose. 4 Turf cut in the form of a brick, by means of a sharp edged instrument called a slane. 5 We are told that the Saracens under Caliph Omar destroyed the famous Egyptian library. The Goths and Vandals, according to ROBERTSON, in the 1st volume of his history of Charles V. Destroyed all the works of science, taste, and grandeur in the Roman empire during their incursions into it. If the danes, as Mr WARNER observes, burnt the libraries of the ancient Irish, and such monastries and places of antiquity as came in their way, and what they spared, or what was afterwards compiled went to wreck when the English took possession of the island, where are we to look for the proper documents to illustrate the ancient history of the Irish people? 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The coastline embracing the vast land of Africa and holding together the Arab North and the Sub-Saharan South, the East and the West, measures something over 30’000 kilometers and defines the shape of Africa. The distinct and clear-cut form of Africa has become a recognizable logo for the continent itself. It is printed on tee-shirts, artisans sell it as keyring and necklace pendants, and tourists buy its replica in leather, wood or gold and silver in any African country they visit. Geologically, the shape of Africa shows us what a continent is meant to be: A discrete landmass separated by water. At the time of early Homo sapiens, this was not completely the case. In the very North of Egypt, East of the Nile Delta, the Sinai Peninsula attached Africa to the Levant on the Arabian Peninsula. Already 1’400 years BC, the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt realized this imperfection and started digging a canal through the terrestrial connection. It took almost a thousand years until the waters of the lower Nile through a canal joined those of the Red Sea. But the shifting sand of the desert soon covered the canal and it disappeared. Around 600 AD it was reopened but two hundred years later, it was deserted again. Literally, left to the desert sand. In the middle of the nineteenth Century, the French who had occupied Egypt as ‘La Grande Nation’, cut the Suez Canal through the 200 kilometers of the Sinai Desert between Port Said and Suez. Shortly after completion of the works, the British took over. Rule Britannia! Anyway, the waters of the Mediterranean Sea were now permanently joined with those of the Red Sea. And ever since, Africa is a perfect continent, a landmass separated by water. Emphasize landmass. A Swiss friend with whom I climbed Mt Kenya once, knows much more about the Red Sea than I do. He goes diving there. His training being confined to the cold and murky waters of the Swiss lakes, he raves of the warm and sunlit water of the Red Sea. And the colorful marine life in the blue-green water, schools of fish and coral gardens. But not all is well, the Red Sea is on the list of the Global 200 Ecoregions of the World Wildlife Fund. And there it is evaluated as being ‘vulnerable’. This is a little bit better than many other African ecoregions on the list, like the rainforests of the Congo and West Africa, the Acacia Savannas of East Africa, the Niger Delta and the Lakes of the Great Rift Valley, which are all evaluated as being ‘critical’ or ‘endangered’. But my friend who goes diving in the vulnerable Red Sea is himself vulnerable. Diving gives him headache. And so did climbing Mt Kenya. In the evening before we went up to the 4’985 meters of Point Lenana, I overheard his conversation with an Austrian mountaineer in the hut where we spent the night. They had found out that both were also divers and exchanged their diving experiences in the Red Sea. And they found out that both of them got headache from diving below a certain sea level and both of them got headache from mountain climbing above a certain sea level. They brought out a hip flask and asked me to join them for a toast to their headaches. We all laughed and exchanged other stories, long into the night. But falling asleep, I wondered why people would do anything for the fun of it, when they get a headache doing it. The Red Sea is actually an inlet of the Indian Ocean, the seawater of which presses into it from the Gulf of Aden through the Strait of Bab el Mandab between Africa’s Djibouti and Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula. Due to tectonic movements and varying sea levels over the last few hundreds of thousands of years, the Strait of Bab el Mandab, which is dotted with many small islands, has at times been a land bridge between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. And it seems that ever since he mastered technology, Homo sapiens wanted to change Africa’s connection with Arabia. The Pharaohs and then later the French wanted to detach the continent by digging a canal and putting water between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. And today, working counter purpose, the Saudis want to reinstate the land bridge connecting the two. In 2008, they presented plans for a bridge across the Strait of Bab el Mandab. Judging by the time it took the Pharaohs and French to separate the continent, I am not betting on this project to reconnect Africa to the Arabian Peninsula to be realized in my lifetime. Nevertheless, the small francophone harbor state of Djibouti is the logic African bridgehead for the project. Tectonically, it is the point at which Africa, on the geological African Plate, pushes onto the Arabian Peninsula, on the Arabian Plate to its North. The fault line between the two plates creates the basin of the Red Sea. And due to the pressure of these two plates bumping together, under the ‘Island of the Devil’ in Djibouti’s Gulf of Tadjoura, the African Plate splits into an immense Nubian Plate to the West and a smaller Somali Plate to the East. The fault line between these two African plates runs from Djibouti southward all the way to the Mozambique Channel. Under the ground, it is called the African Rift, and what we see of it on the surface is called the Great Rift Valley. Djibouti is an important hub for Africa in many respects. Personally, it introduced me to Africa. In 1961, when I was ten years old, my father was transferred to Bangkok. He had chosen to do the trip together with the whole family by ship, on a freighter. We boarded in Marseilles and crossed the Mediterranean Sea, our first stop in Africa was Port Said but there, we were not allowed to go on land. Having then shipped through the Suez Canal and the full length of the Red Sea and now stopping there, Djibouti became the place where I first put foot on African soil. In the evening of the first day of our stop, we went on land. My father took me and my brother to town for dinner. In the dock, they were still off-loading and loading, it was already dark and on the way to town, my father asked a French legionary for a restaurant. We walked a few more busy streets, and I was a little bit scared. Back aboard in my bunk in the night, I dreamt of a mysterious language which I recognized as the one my parents spoke when we children were not supposed to understand what they were talking about, there were lean black men with curved knives in their belts carrying bags on their shoulders, there were soldiers in white uniforms and women with long black hair wearing colorful dresses, and a wobbling ceiling fan over the table was threatening to fall and chop me into pieces. But my dream did not foretell that Djibouti would repeatedly play a role in my later professional life. Politically, Djibouti always was and remains to be an important hub for international dealings with troubled Somalia. In 1998, two teams of two Frenchmen each were cruising their yachts in a race from Marseilles to Madagascar. They had both passed the Strait of Bab el Mandab at Djibouti and were sailing along the coast of Somaliland toward the apex of the Horn of Africa, Cape Guardafui. There, the trailing yacht was intercepted by Somali pirates and taken hostage. ‘Guardafui’ comes from the French ‘gardez-vous’, ‘be aware’ – not of pirates, but of the heavy sea as you enter the Indian Ocean. This hostage situation would bring me to the French legionaries in Djibouti again. As I was then the United Nations Coordinator for Somalia, the French government consulted me on the feasibility of a commando operation of the French Legion for the relief of the two Frenchmen. I advised against any forceful intervention and, the Legion not being in the line of business of negotiation, they gave the mandate to negotiate the release of the hostages to me. I remembered the seminar in Marrakesh and knew that somehow, I would have to apply the negotiation tool that Somalis know best, the Kalashnikov. We were in the middle of the constitutional conference for the formation of the federal Puntland State of Somalia, at the coast of which the pirates operated. We had already agreed that the UN would assist the new federal state in the transformation of the militia into the governmental police and security forces, so I convinced the warlord who wanted to become the president of Puntland that in this sense, the release of the French hostages was actually a first policing responsibility for him. We interrupted the conference and together with some of the brass of his militia and some Kalashnikovs he went to ‘talk to the pirates’, as he put it. The words and Kalashnikovs of the warlord swayed the pirates. I know that no shots were fired but I never learned whether any camels changed hands. Never mind, three weeks after their capture by the pirates, I handed over the hostages to the French Legion in Djibouti. The legionaries were not wearing white uniforms and the hostages were very impolite. Instead of saying thank you, they complained that we had not negotiated also the release of their yacht. We resumed the constitutional conference and founded the Federal Puntland State of Somalia. Courtesy of the United Nations, two missions had been accomplished. The warlord became the President of Puntland and later, Interim-President of Somalia. And in Nairobi a few months later, – I had already forgotten the Frenchmen and the legionaries – I received a luncheon invitation from the French Ambassador. With the words, ‘le Ministre a parlé’, he handed to me a personal ‘lettre de recommandation’ from the French Foreign Minister. Now, as a Swiss diplomat, beat that! Ten years later when I was the Swiss Ambassador to the country, I would get to know Djibouti yet from another side. I visited the Island of the Devil in the Gulf of Tadjoura – around which the Chinese were building a complex of industrial plants and ports. I saw the Chinese setting up their first military presence in Africa and building the railway terminal for the new Djibouti train that climbs to Addis Ababa in landlocked Ethiopia. I met all my Somali friends from Somaliland who did business there between Somaliland, Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and whose families lived there in a safe environment with public services. And I licked the salt of Lac Assal which lies 150 Meters below sea level, the deepest depression of Africa. If ever the ocean breaks into the Great Rift Valley, it will be the Red Sea at Djibouti breaking into this depression of the ‘Afar Triangle’ between Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. 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As the baby boomer generation ages, a new phenomenon called “gray divorce” has emerged, characterized by couples divorcing later in life. This increasingly common trend brings unique challenges and considerations that may not be present in divorces among younger couples. Factors driving the spike in gray divorce are complicated, multi-faceted, and often based on cultural or societal changes. From the the impacts of Empty Nest Syndrome to the retirement and financial implications of a divorce late in life, this complex terrain deserves special attention. - The “Gray Divorce Revolution” is a trend of increasing divorces among baby boomers, largely attributed to societal shifts and the pursuit of personal fulfillment. - Gray divorce can come with significant legal and financial implications including spousal support (alimony), navigating social security benefits, issues related to prior marriages, healthcare concerns, economic security, and other important ramifications. - Mediation in gray divorce is an effective method for reducing costs and stress while providing both parties an increased pace and control over proceedings. The Gray Divorce Revolution: Understanding the Trend The gray divorce revolution refers to the growing trend of divorces among baby boomers, with research from the U.S. Census Department and studies conducted by Bowling Green State University revealing that the rate of divorce has doubled for the over-50 age group, accounting for 34.9% of divorces. The rise in divorce rates among older spouses may be due to societal shifts that started in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, along with the motivations of the pursuit of personal fulfillment and an independent and freer life. Why is there an increase divorce rate among seniors? Baby boomers have been shown to contribute to the increasing divorce rate as a result of the propensity for remarriage and the reduced stoical stigma associated with divorce. Several factors may contribute to the increased prevalence of divorce among baby boomers, including: - Drifting apart over time - Abuse no longer tolerated - Remarriage is an option - Empty nest syndrome - Increased social acceptance of divorce among seniors Studies indicate that one in four individuals going through a divorce are over the age of 50, suggesting that the aging of the baby boomer generation and the rise of divorce in middle age are correlated. Societal shifts and their impact on gray divorces Factors such as increased financial autonomy for women, the rising societal acknowledgment of abusive behavior among spouses, and changes in relationship ideals are likely to be impacting the prevalence of gray divorces. With women now earning college degrees more than men and making up almost half of the American workforce, women have gained more financial independence and reduced their reliance on their spouses. This can contribute to higher divorce rates and can allow people to rediscovery their identities. The result is a financial harm to women and to men, however, the financial impact of gray divorce can still be slanted against men and can have devastating consequences. The changing role of women in society likely plays a part in the growing number of gray divorces. One’s marital status has become less of a constraint, allowing for more freedom in making such decisions with increased independence. This is especially true, considering that Illinois law states that all assets that are acquired during the course of a marriage are presumed to be assets that are marital in nature. In other words, the person who has their name on the title, their name on the deed, or their name on the retirement account, is not necessarily determined to be the person who will be awarded that asset in the divorce. Confronting Unique Challenges in Gray Divorce Gray divorces present unique challenges, particularly when it comes to complex asset division, the need to reevaluate retirement plans, and issues pertaining to financial security during the sunset years. When a couple divorces later in life, their accumulated retirement assets must be divided, potentially resulting in a decrease in the overall retirement savings for both parties. Moreover, divorce can significantly impact future retirement plans and savings, potentially halving assets, potentially doubling the expenses and leading to reduced economic security and a lower standard of living. Complex asset division and its implications Complex asset division in gray divorces can present financial complications and disputes. Common assets typically divided include: - Business ownership - Retirement accounts - Social security benefits - Real estate - Cars or furniture - Investment holdings - Burial plots - Other financial assets The division of these assets can be particularly intricate and may necessitate an appraisal to guarantee an equitable division. The most frequent financial complications associated with complex asset division in gray divorce involve dividing retirement assets accumulated over a lengthy marriage and underestimating the costs of the divorce, such as legal fees and asset division. Retirement planning and gray divorce Retirement planning is essential during gray divorce, as it can have a considerable effect on both parties’ financial futures. Gray divorce can have a substantial impact on retirement savings, with statistics showing that women can experience a 45% decrease in their standard of living post-gray divorce, and men may also be affected. It is important to note that retirement accounts, which are viewed as marital property, may need to be divided between the spouses, and a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) is typically used to divide retirement accounts such as 401(k)s and pension plans. Empty Nest Syndrome and Its Effect on Gray Divorce Empty Nest Syndrome can potentially lead to gray divorces, as couples may experience emotional adjustments and marital strain. Significant adjustments are often required when the child related goals that were the center of their gravitational force for decades is no longer at play. These adjustments can involve feelings of purposelessness, despair, loss, and the magnification of unresolved issues. These factors can cause couples to reevaluate their marriage and consider divorce. The empty nest can expose a gap in the relationship as couples might find they’ve grown apart without a common purpose. This can lead to communication difficulties, a loss of connection, and may increase the chance of divorce. Legal and Financial Considerations in Gray Divorce Legal and financial considerations in gray divorce include spousal support or alimony, the division of complex assets, issues relating to healthcare, and navigating social security benefits. Gray divorce can involve legal and financial implications, which can include the requirement that one spouse pay for their former spouse’s health insurance. The judge can require one spouse to pay for the cost of the insurance premiums for the other spouse’s healthcare insurance. Divorce courts can also order that one spouse’s pension must be cut in half and awarded to the other spouse, regardless of how secure or complex the pension plan is for the spouse named on the plan. The judge in divorce court can also order that burial plots be divided, that they be sold, or that they be awarded to the spouse who has the family connection to the particular cemetery where the plots are located. Navigating social security benefits during divorce Grasping and managing social security benefits during gray divorce is important to maintaining financial stability. In the event of a divorce, Social Security benefits are not considered marital property and thus cannot be divided between spouses. Social security benefits are also not considered to be guaranteed, since they are entitlements. However, social security monies received by your former spouse are considered income, which can have significant legal consequences in a divorce. Furthermore, divorced spouses may be eligible to receive benefits based on their former spouse’s earnings and social security contributions, provided that certain criteria are met. The Benefits of Mediation in Gray Divorce Utilizing mediation in gray divorce has numerous advantages, including cost-effectiveness and decreased stress. Engaging divorce lawyers with Certified Divorce Financial Analyst credentials can also be highly beneficial in gray divorce mediations. This can help both parties reduce costs, plan for the future, and avoid unforeseen expenses. The use of a mediator, who fills the role of a third party neutral arbitrator, can help the parties facilitate an agreement and avoid costly litigation. In conclusion, divorce presents a unique set of challenges for baby boomers, from emotional adjustments to complex asset division and retirement planning related or unrelated to social security. It is important to understand these complexities and to be aware of the vulnerabilities connected to those joining the “gray divorce revolution.” By understanding the factors driving this trend and seeking professional guidance, individuals can navigate the gray divorce terrain with confidence and secure a fair and equitable outcome as they embark on the next chapter of their lives. Schedule a Consultation with Attorney Zachary Townsend Call or text today – (815) 200-8802 Frequently Asked Questions What is considered a gray divorce? A gray divorce is a separation or divorce of older adults without minor aged children, which is becoming increasingly common in the United States. Gray divorces typically come with special circumstances that are specific to those that seek divorce later in life. What is the main reason for gray divorce? Psychological and emotional factors often have consequences that can lead to gray divorce, including the “Empty Nest Syndrome.” Financial disputes are also an important factor behind gray divorce. These can include disagreements about investments, budgeting, and how to spend retirement funds. What factors contribute to the rising trend of gray divorces among baby boomers? The rise in gray divorce is a cultural phenomenon that relates societal changes and shifts in cultural norms. 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18, 553, 316, 851, 292, 992, 629, 1874, 647, 291, 292, 327, 2337, 289, 268, 10487, 3947, 292, 1014, 11817, 268, 538, 671, 350, 3436, 283, 339, 4076, 1053, 1285, 1616, 268, 1802, 4462, 456, 3674, 291, 4840, 2497, 4587, 16, 1578, 375, 5881, 268, 10855, 3436, 283, 339, 1589, 4841, 360, 5124, 291, 3447, 261, 3819, 291, 1222, 2855, 6811, 352, 502, 11628, 341, 268, 2033, 6600, 289, 444, 2136, 18, 203, 55, 7713, 1984, 261, 1895, 740, 318, 360, 1545, 11417, 1929, 492, 556, 11569 ]
In today’s interconnected world, routers and servers play a crucial role in networking. Whether you are browsing the internet, streaming videos, or accessing files on a shared network, routers and servers are the backbone of these operations. In this post, we will delve into the world of routers and servers, exploring what they are, how they work, and the key differences between them. We will also discuss the scenarios where one may be more appropriate than the other, and the advantages of using each in a network. What is a Router and How Does it Work? A router is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a network and directs data packets between them. It acts as a central hub, allowing devices to communicate with each other and access the internet. When a device sends a data packet to another device within the network or to an external network like the internet, the router analyzes the packet’s destination address and determines the most efficient path for it to reach its destination. Routers work by using routing tables that contain information about different networks and their associated addresses. These tables help the router make decisions about where to send data packets based on their destination addresses. Routers also use protocols such as IP (Internet Protocol) to ensure that data packets are properly addressed and delivered to their intended recipients. There are different types of routers available in the market, including wired routers, wireless routers, and enterprise-grade routers. Wired routers connect devices using Ethernet cables, while wireless routers use Wi-Fi technology to enable wireless connections. Enterprise-grade routers are designed for larger networks and offer advanced features such as load balancing and virtual private network (VPN) support. What is a Server and How Does it Work? A server is a computer or system that provides services or resources to other devices within a network. It stores and manages data, applications, and other resources that can be accessed by client devices. Servers are designed to handle multiple requests simultaneously and provide reliable and efficient access to resources. Servers work by running specialized software that allows them to perform specific tasks or provide specific services. For example, a file server stores and manages files that can be accessed by client devices, while a web server hosts websites and delivers web pages to users. Servers are typically more powerful than client devices and have more storage capacity, memory, and processing power. There are different types of servers available, each serving a specific purpose. Some common types include file servers, web servers, database servers, email servers, and game servers. Each type of server is optimized for its specific task and may have different hardware and software requirements. Key Differences between Routers and Servers While both routers and servers play important roles in networking, there are key differences between them in terms of their functions and capabilities. Routers primarily focus on directing data packets between devices within a network and between networks, while servers provide services or resources to client devices. Routers are responsible for managing network traffic and ensuring that data packets are delivered to their intended destinations. They use routing tables and protocols to make decisions about the most efficient paths for data packets. On the other hand, servers store and manage data, applications, or services that can be accessed by client devices. They respond to requests from client devices and provide the requested resources. Another key difference is that routers are hardware devices specifically designed for networking purposes, while servers can be both hardware and software-based. Routers are physical devices that connect devices within a network, while servers can be physical machines or virtual machines running on a host computer. Router vs. Server: Which One Do You Need? When it comes to choosing between a router and a server, there are several factors to consider. The decision depends on the specific needs of your network and the services or resources you require. If you are setting up a home network or a small office network, a router is essential. It allows you to connect multiple devices to the internet and enables communication between them. Routers also provide security features such as firewalls and network address translation (NAT) to protect your network from external threats. On the other hand, if you need to provide services or resources to client devices within your network, a server may be more appropriate. For example, if you want to host a website or store and share files within your network, a web server or file server would be necessary. Servers offer more advanced features and capabilities compared to routers, making them suitable for specific tasks. Can a Router Function as a Server? While routers and servers have distinct functions, some routers can also perform basic server functions. For example, many routers have built-in USB ports that allow you to connect external storage devices and share files within your network. These routers can act as file servers, allowing you to access files from different devices connected to the network. However, it is important to note that routers with server capabilities are limited in terms of their performance and features compared to dedicated servers. They may not have the same level of processing power, storage capacity, or software capabilities as dedicated servers. Therefore, if you require more advanced server functionalities or need to handle a large number of requests, it is recommended to use a dedicated server. Advantages of Using a Router Routers offer several advantages in networking: 1. Network Connectivity: Routers enable multiple devices within a network to connect to each other and access the internet. 2. Traffic Management: Routers manage network traffic and ensure that data packets are delivered efficiently. 3. Security: Routers provide security features such as firewalls and NAT to protect your network from external threats. 4. Wireless Connectivity: Wireless routers enable wireless connections, allowing devices to connect without the need for Ethernet cables. 5. Advanced Features: Enterprise-grade routers offer advanced features such as load balancing, VPN support, and quality of service (QoS) capabilities. Advantages of Using a Server Servers offer several advantages in networking: 1. Resource Sharing: Servers allow you to store and manage data, applications, or services that can be accessed by client devices within your network. 2. Scalability: Servers can handle multiple requests simultaneously and can be scaled up to accommodate growing network demands. 3. Performance: Servers are typically more powerful than client devices and have more storage capacity, memory, and processing power. 4. Centralized Management: Servers provide centralized management of resources, making it easier to control and monitor access to data or services. 5. Specialized Functions: Different types of servers offer specialized functions such as hosting websites, managing databases, or handling email services. Choosing the Right Router or Server for Your Needs When choosing a router or server for your needs, consider the following factors: 1. Network Size: Determine the size of your network and the number of devices that need to be connected. 2. Bandwidth Requirements: Consider the bandwidth requirements of your network, especially if you have high data transfer needs or multiple users accessing the network simultaneously. 3. Security Needs: Assess the security features offered by routers or servers and choose one that meets your security requirements. 4. Specific Services or Resources: Identify the specific services or resources you need to provide within your network and choose a server that offers those capabilities. 5. Budget: Consider your budget and choose a router or server that offers the best value for your money. Understanding the Importance of Routers and Servers in Networking In conclusion, routers and servers are essential components of any network. Routers enable devices to connect with each other and access the internet, while servers provide services or resources to client devices within a network. Understanding the differences between routers and servers, as well as their respective advantages, is crucial in choosing the right device for your networking needs. Whether you need to connect devices within a network, share files, host websites, or manage databases, routers and servers play a vital role in ensuring efficient and reliable network operations. By considering factors such as network size, bandwidth requirements, security needs, and specific services or resources, you can choose the right router or server that meets your networking requirements. If you’re wondering whether a router can also function as a server, you might find this article on routersreviews.org interesting. It explores the capabilities of routers and delves into the question of whether they can double as servers. Check it out here. What is a router? A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is responsible for directing network traffic based on its routing table. What is a server? A server is a computer program or device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called “clients”. It serves data to clients and manages network resources. Is a router a server? No, a router is not a server. While both devices are used in networking, they serve different functions. A router directs network traffic, while a server provides services to clients. What are some examples of servers? Some examples of servers include web servers, email servers, file servers, and database servers. These servers provide services such as hosting websites, sending and receiving emails, storing and sharing files, and managing data. Can a router act as a server? Some routers have built-in server functionality, such as a file server or media server. However, this does not make the router a server. 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Did you know that there are tons of fruits that start with C? It is actually pretty surprising how many fruits begin with this letter! If you are trying to eat your way through the alphabet, these letter C fruits will definitely help you on that quest. You can also just take a look at all the fruits that begin with C and remember them for your next trivia night or crossword puzzle. It is always good to have extra food knowledge! Fruits that Start With the Letter C Each fruit beginning with C on this list is unique and exciting. Check out each one and let us know which letter C fruits you are going to try first! 1. Cashew Apple Fruit The cashew apple fruit is also known simply as cashew apple. Either way, it is a great fruit to begin our list of fruits that start with C. The cashew tree is a tropical evergreen tree. The fruit is considered a false fruit since the seed grows outside rather than in the fruit. In the case of the cashew apple, the seed is the cashew! The cashew is harvested, shelled, and eaten while the rest of the apple is discarded. 2. Carob Fruit The carob tree is a flowering evergreen shrub that grows in the Mediterranean and middle east. It is popular due it its delicious, edible pods. Carob fruit is often compared to chocolate because of its nutty flavor and smooth texture. Carob fruit can be made into carob chips or powder. It can be used in place of chocolate chips or cocoa powder as a healthier alternative. The seeds look similar to a dark brown pea. 3. Citrus Fruits There are tons of fruits that fall into the category of citrus fruits. Citrus fruits have a thick peel with a juicy, pulpy center. They are often very acidic but also sweet. From hybrid fruit like a mandarin orange to a regular yellow lemon, tons of citrus fruit are to be tried! 4. Cantaloupe Fruit Cantaloupe fruit is a juicy, orange, round fruit that ripens in the summer. Cantaloupe fruit is related to watermelon and honeydew melon. It grows on low-lying vines and becomes a tannish color when ripe. Cantaloupe fruit is very sweet and juicy. It has a honey-like taste that is delicious when eaten raw. We had to include cantaloupe on our list of fruits beginning with C! 5. Capulin Cherry Fruit The capulin cherry fruit is cherry with dark red skin. It grows in subtropical regions on tall trees. Capulin cherries have firm flesh and a sweet taste. They have a single pit in the center of the fruit and a long stem easily removed. 6. Cherry Fruit Cherry is a round stone fruit that is typically red. Cherries can range from being light red with a hint of yellow to a deep maroon color. Cherry fruit is delicious when eaten fresh, baked into pies, or cooked as a sweet sauce for savory meat. Roasted pork with a cherry fruit sauce is a fantastic idea! 7. Cedar Bay Cherry Fruit Cedar bay cherry fruit is a type of Australian cherry. The fruit is pleasantly sweet with a berry and grape flavor. Cedar Bay cherry fruit has lots of antioxidants. It is a healthy fruit and one that is perfect for our list of fruits that start with C! 8. Chayote Fruit Chayote fruit was first cultivated in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Chayote fruit has a mild taste that is similar to a cucumber or squash. The texture of the chayote is crisp, like an apple. Chayote can be eaten fresh like a piece of celery or braised in a sweet syrup. It is a very versatile fruit that starts with C. 9. Crab Apple Crab apples are small, decorative apples. They are edible but not often eaten since they have a mealy texture and sour taste. Crab apples are often planted to help pollinate other nearby apple trees. The fruit is very small and best used to make cider or crab apple jelly. 10. Canary Melon Canary melon is the next fruit on our list of fruits that start with C. It is also called winter melon since the inner flesh is pale white like the snow. Canary melons are large, round fruit with bright yellow skin. They taste like a mix of Asian pear and cantaloupe. The sweet melon is great when eaten fresh. The tough outer skin is removed, and the soft, pear-like fruit in the center can be eaten right away. Canary melons are delicious in fruit salads or served as slices at a summer cookout. 11. Coco Plum Fruit The coco plum fruit is found throughout tropical Africa. They are also popular in the Caribbean and the Bahamas. The coco plum fruit is quite invasive but luckily also quite tasty. The coco plum is often made into jelly or canned. The fruit has a very mild, subtly sweet flavor. 12. Cacao Fruit The cacao fruit is what cocoa powder and chocolate are made from. The long pod is full of cacao seeds that can be eaten raw. Most cacao is dried, ground, and processed into chocolate products. Cacao is sweet, sour, and also slightly tropical. The fresh pulp tastes similar to citrus or mango. The cacao needs to be correctly cooked to taste like true chocolate! 13. Calamansi Fruit Calamansi fruit is a small citrus fruit that is used to flavor foods and drinks. It is also called a Philippine lemon. The calamansi fruit is bright green with an orange-colored pulp. The taste is a mixture of lemon, lime, and sweet orange. 14. Cluster Fig Fruit Cluster figs are an amazing fruit on our list of fruits that start with C. They are native to Australia and tropical Asia. The fruits grow on the stem and trunk of large trees. Cluster fig fruit can be picked young and made into a tasty condiment. They are often mixed into soup or curry. 15. Canistel Fruit Canistel fruit is cultivated in Southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador. They are orange-yellow fruit that is often called sapote fruit or egg fruit. Canistel tastes like hard-boiled egg yolk. The fruit is cut in half, and the brightly covered flesh is scooped out and eaten raw. Coconuts may be called a nut, but they are actually a fruit! Coconuts grow on a tropical tree that is in the palm tree family. Coconuts have a hard brown shell with a bright white center. The fruits are full of coconut milk which is also edible. The coconut flesh can be eaten fresh, toasted into chips, or pureed into a smoothie. It is one of the most versatile fruits on our list of fruits that start with C! 17. Cornelian Cherry Fruit This English type of cherry is an edible fruit that ripens in late summer. They are quite tart, making cornelian cherry fruit best for jam, jellies, pies, and wine. Cornelian cherry fruit is high in vitamin C. They have a berry-like taste that is known for preventing the common cold and flu. 18. Cranberry Fruit Cranberries are a popular super fruit. They are extremely versatile and can be used in juice, desserts, casseroles, and stuffings. The small, round fruit is quite tart. The edible berries grow in vines in and near water. The fruit is rich in antioxidants and is an excellent source of vitamin C. 19. Cape Gooseberry Fruit Cape gooseberry fruit is also known as Rasbhari. They are small, orange, berry-like fruit. The golden-colored fruit has a tropical flavor that is tart and sweet. Cape gooseberry fruit looks like small, golden tomatoes. They grow inside a paper wrapper. 20. Cucumber Fruit Cucumbers are often thought of as a vegetable. They are actually fruit! The tiny seeds inside the cucumber classify the long, green food as a tasty fruit. Cucumbers grow on vines and are ripe in the summer. The edible fruit is typically eaten fresh. Cucumbers can be preserved in a vinegar mix, turning them into pickles. 21. Calabash Fruit The calabash fruit is green with a cream-colored center. It has a sour and bitter flavor but barely any taste at all. Calabash fruit tastes similar to pineapple and guava but much less potent. It is often compared to soursop fruit, but it is much sourer. 22. Calamondins Fruit This small citrus fruit originated in China. It looks like a clementine but much smaller. Calamondins fruit is also called acid orange. They taste like a lemon but with a slight sweetness like an orange. 23. Cupuacu Fruit Next up on our list of fruits that start with C is the cupuacu fruit. It is closely related to cacao and has a chocolatey pineapple flavor. The juice of the cupuacu fruit tastes like a pear and banana. It is quite unique! Carambola is more commonly known as star fruit. The sweet and sour fruit is shaped like a five-pointed star. Star fruit is mild, sour, and crunchy. It turns bright yellow when ripe. Carambola is popular to use in fruit salads since they add a very pretty shape to the dish. 25. Caper Berries Caper berries are salty and sour. They are often used as a garnish for savory meals. Caper berries can be roasted or pan-fried to crisp. They are best when cooked rather than eaten fresh and taste similar to salty olives. 26. Chinese Quince The Chinese Quince is a hard and astringent fruit. It is used often in traditional Chinese medicine. Chinese Quince is eaten as food but is inedible when raw. It needs to be cooked in order to remove the strong, bitter taste. 27. Cherimoya Fruit Cherimoya fruit tastes like a banana and a pineapple mixed together. There are even hints of strawberry and kiwi mixed in. The creamy texture is similar to pudding. Cherimoya fruit is a great sweet snack. 28. Chokecherry Fruit Chokecherry fruit is a stone fruit similar to the common cherry and plums. Chokecherries are edible, but the seeds can be toxic when eaten in large quantities. Chokecherry fruit is mildly sweet and often used to make jam and pies. 29. Cloudberry Fruit Cloudberry fruit is golden yellow and very high in vitamin C. The juicy flesh has a distinct tart taste. The small berries look similar to a raspberry or blackberry. The sweet flavors are great in a fruit salad or cooked into a jam. 30. Custard Apple Custard apples are the next fruit on our list of fruits that start with C. They are sweet and native to central and south America. Custard apples have dark green skin and are loaded with beneficial nutrients that have been shown to improve your mood. 31. Conference Pear The conference pear is a type of green pear. It is named after the National British Pear Conference, where it won first prize in 1885. Conference pear tastes sweet with a nice crunch when ripe. Crowberries grow in the northern hemisphere in cold-weather regions. The small, dark berry is found on evergreen shrubs. The juicy fruits have edible, sweet flesh and are quite acidic in taste. The sour berries are popular in Alaska and are often made into jam or jelly. 33. Conkerberry Fruit Conkerberry fruit is also known as Australian plums or native currant. The small berries are dark green and turn bluish-black when they ripen. Conkerberries have a pleasantly sweet taste but will leave your mouth dry. You are going to need a big glass of water after eating a lot of these little berries! 34. Common Apple Berry Fruit The common apple berry fruit is also known as apple dumplings. They are edible fruit that turns purple as they ripen in the summer. Apple berries taste like a mixture of kiwi and cooked apples. They are often dried and eaten like a prune or sultana. 35. Charichuelo Fruit Charichuelo is often called lemon nerf balls. The small yellow fruit has a soft, white center that will melt in your mouth. Charichuelo is sweet and tart with the texture of mangosteen. Amazing Fruits that Start With C There are so many types of edible fruit that start with C. Give them all a try and let us know what fruit that starts with C is your favorite! 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Get your little ones ready to count the ways they love Valentine’s Day! Our printable for preschoolers and toddlers brings together three fun activities that will help them practice counting and graphing. This is a must-add to your Valentine’s Day math activities for preschoolers! Hands On Math Activities for Valentine’s Day Button drop counting isn’t just a counting activity for preschoolers and kindergarten students; it’s a fun preschool math activity that teaches several different skills, such as the following: - one-to-one correspondence - rote counting - composing ten - color sorting Read the entire post to see how this one Valentine’s Day printable can teach all the above skills, and be sure to grab your free printable math game at the end of this post. FAQ About Composing 10 and Graphing with Preschoolers This printable will teach your preschooler how to compose ten as well as how to graph data. Yes, you read that correctly. Preschoolers are born mathematicians. Here are some frequently asked questions about teaching math preschoolers. The answers to these questions will serve as tips for helping you teach these skills to your preschooler. Composing ten means to join two numbers to make a set of ten in total. In its more simple explanation, composing ten means to add two numbers together to make ten. This is a basic addition skill that is introduced in late preschool and mastered in kindergarten. Being able to compose ten is an important math skill since our math system is based on sets of ten. Composing ten activities for preschoolers pair well with ten frame activities. If a preschooler has experience in ten-frame math, they are more likely to quickly catch on to composing ten activities. Addition activities in preschool are somewhat advanced math activities and shouldn’t be taught until one-to-one correspondence has been mastered. Preschool addition activities are best introduced as hands-on counting activities, where preschoolers count two separate sets of objects and then join them together. During the preschool years, the actual algorithm means very little to preschoolers and shouldn’t even be taught when introducing addition to preschoolers. When introducing graphing to preschoolers, it’s important to keep activities hands-on, allowing preschoolers to move real objects onto a printed graph. Keep the graph simple, offering only three choices at first and then growing to five or six choices in the data. It’s a popular practice to teach graphing skills during circle time with question of the day activities. It’s important to also teach a graphing preschool unit and to practice graphing in thematic lesson plans. Valentine’s Day Counting Activities for Preschool & Kindergarten Some of my favorite counting activities for preschoolers are button drop counting games. They’re quick and easy to prepare, and can be adapted to almost any theme. Here’s one to go along with my apple printable activities. Today I’m sharing a Valentine’s themed button drop game–including three variations in difficulty–that’s appropriate for both preschoolers and kindergarteners. We are completely skipping the Valentine’s Day math worksheets because these math Valentine games are so much more fun! Add these preschool counting activities for Valentine’s Day to your Valentine’s Day printable activities, too. Preschool Counting Activities for Valentine’s Day This Valentine’s Day button drop game is a fun way to teach slightly advanced math skills to preschoolers. But like all of my free printables, there are many different ways to use the printable, so be sure to read them all in this post. We also have this fun Valentine’s Counting & Addition Game, too! - free Valentine’s Day button drop game - small manipulatives in red, white, and pink This game is really easy to prepare. After printing in color on heavy cardstock, just make a single cut down the center of the graphing card, and set aside the extra graphing sheet or give it to another preschooler. Place the button drop counting mat on a tray. You’ll want a try to catch all the buttons as they are dropped. Set out your small Valentine manipulatives in red, white, and pink next to the tray with the graphing card and you’re ready to play. Count out ten manipulatives in a single color and set aside. It should look like the photo below. You’ll notice in the photos that I didn’t use buttons as I mention. Instead I found these cute, heart-shaped pony beads, and they worked just as well. The most important thing is to have the same manipulative in the three colors: red, white, and pink. Here are Some Materials to Consider You don’t have to be too picky about what materials you use for this, but these are what I have used and count on. How to Play Invite your preschooler to play the original button drop counting game. (Always supervise young children, since button sand beads can cause choking! Never leave your child or students unattended). The child gathers the buttons in his or her hand, holds the hand 6-8 inches above the heart-shaped mat, then drops the handful of buttons onto the tray. Preschoolers will have trouble identifying how high 6-8 inches is from the table, so I just tell my preschoolers to put their elbows on the table and then drop. The buttons or beads will scatter about, some landing on the mat, some not. The child then counts how many buttons fell onto different parts of the mat and graphs the results. For example, if four of the ten fall onto the red part of the heart, the preschooler then counts the same number of colored buttons or beads and adds them to the corresponding column on their graphing card. To help my preschoolers “transfer the data,” I have them collect the beads from the red part of the heart first and place them in a row below the mat. Then we count the number of beads. After that, we count out the same number from the bowl and add them to the graphing card. Then repeat these last steps with each color on the heart mat. After the results are recorded on the graphing card, gather up the ten beads and drop them again. Continue the process until one of the colors reaches ten on the graphing card. Don’t Forget Fun Valentine Picture Books! Any preschool theme can be enhanced by the use of carefully selected picture books for Valentine’s Day. Here is part of my personal book list. How to Simplify This Activity This game can easily be simplified by removing the graphing card. Have your preschooler drop the ten beads or buttons onto the mat and count how many fell onto the heart and how many fell outside the heart. If ten beads is too many, then start with only five, or for young preschoolers, start with three. How to Make This Even More Advanced If you have advanced preschoolers–or if you have kindergarteners or first graders–there are variations for you, too. For kindergarten students, practice more with composing ten. This counting activity makes a fun small group or morning meeting activity in kindergarten. Practice composing and decomposing ten by recording “happy” sets of numbers on the whiteboard. For example, if seven buttons fall onto the mat, the student records that in a chart, with the number of buttons that did not fall onto the mat (three) recorded in a second column. This helps students recognize set of numbers that compose–or add up to–ten. More advanced kindergarten students can be challenged to write the algorithm for each set of numbers on the chart (7+3=10). Tips for Doing Graphing Activities for Preschoolers Graphing can sometimes be a little tricky for preschoolers, which is why if you’re looking to simplify this Valentine’s Day math activity you can eliminate the graphing element. The preschoolers can just focus on counting and number recognition. There are several different types of graphs, not all of which will be appropriate to teach in preschool. Here are the graph types that preschoolers will have most success with. - bar graph (vertical and horizontal) - line graph - tally chart - pie chart Get Your Free Heart Drop Counting Mat Here Think you can use these preschool counting activities for Valentine’s Day? You betcha’! Grab you own copy by clicking the image below and the PDF will be sent to your email. Then keep reading for more counting activities for preschoolers. I’m Sarah, an educator turned stay-at-home-mama of five! I’m the owner and creator of Stay At Home Educator, a website about intentional teaching and purposeful learning in the early childhood years. I’ve taught a range of levels, from preschool to college and a little bit of everything in between. Right now my focus is teaching my children and running a preschool from my home. 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A story of love torn apart by wars between nations, or stories of gut-wrenching pain. It probably seems easier to not love at all; having nothing to lose seems like a better prospect than knowing your love is gone forever. The reason to advocate for nothingness over love was born out of the enduring love and pain that the poem “Ajj Aakhan Waaris Shah Nu” boldly puts forth – a true grit that stirs the imagination and sheds light on the fables of war that we only heard as stories, stories that lay the foundation of patriarchy. If “Still I Rise” awakened the strength of the woman inside its reader, then Amrita Pritam‘s Punjabi poem “Ajj Aakhan Waaris Shah Nu” awakens the endurance that pain provides. What makes this poem a memorable and celebrated piece is the fact that it is written by a woman, for women, in a society where war stories conventionally celebrate or lament men. It does not narrate the story of beautiful creatures like a bird or cloud but sings boldly of how society failed to protect its people, the people who were divided, families torn apart, women not considered human enough to exist and abused. It is a poem about women who witnessed Punjab blowing in the wind and everything burning down, a home they built all their life was gone in a day. It is a poem about how humans failed to live up to each other, for their own expectations, a poem that is unable to find happiness. So, what is love gone wrong? Hate? Or just nothingness? “Ajj aakhan Waris Shah nu kiton qabraan vichon bol Te ajj kitaab e ishq da koi agla warqa phol Ik roi si dhi Punjab di tu likh likh maare vain Ajj lakhaan dhiyyan rondiyan tenu Waris Shah nu kehn” Dedication, accusation, and invocation. This stanza sets the tone for the poem, where multiple things are happening simultaneously. First, she is invoking a poet who inspired her, Waaris Shah, like Don Mclean did in his song “Vincent” for Van Gogh. The song opens with the lines: “starry starry nights/paint your palette blue and grey/look out on a summer’s day/with eyes that know the darkness in my soul….” In the fourth stanza, he calls him by his name. Like Mirabai does in her poem “I have found my Guru” to Raidas: “I have found a guru in Raidas/he has given me the pill of knowledge/……” But unlike these two poems, where they are praising their talents or scholarship, Amrita Pritam is challenging Waaris Shah’s legacy. This invocation shows how deeply the partition has affected women. Instead of singing songs of praise or appreciation, she approaches him with a voice forged in pain, unheard, unnoticed. Hence, she creates a strong sense of juxtaposition to bring out the unseen or lesser comprehended side of division. Building her context over the love story of Heer & Ranjha, she writes on behalf of all women of Punjab and their lost love and ravages. “Uth dardmandaan dya dardiya uth tak apna Punjab Ajj bele laashaan vichiyaan te lahu di bhari Chenab Kise ne punjaan paniyan vich ditti zehar rala Te onhaan paniyan dhart nu ditta pani la” She is asking the poet to rise from his grave and write the stories of these women who are enduring pain and suffering for no fault of their own. As a writer of pain and tragic stories, Pritam wants him to speak for these women too, make their voices be heard. She wants to immortalize their suffering, bring poetic meaning to their lives. There is a parallel story to the events described in Pritam’s poem: during the Kalinga war, when Ashoka was ruthlessly killing soldiers, it was believed that the river Daya, where the war took place, turned red. At the war’s end, when Ashoka went to wash his face, he witnessed streams of red water flowing down the riverbank in an endless motion. Rivers and their tributaries have held significant positions in India’s mythology, making them sacred and revered. When river Daya was poisoned with blood, Ashoka is known to have changed his approach to life. India is a farming-oriented country. Punjab is known to have abundant lands and long flowing rivers, but during partition, these lands of lush green farms and strong water currents had become grounds for lifeless bodies waiting to decompose. While wives and daughters faced abuse, homelessness, and merciless treatment, devoid of any compassion or respite. Chenab river currently doesn’t flow through Indian Punjab. It used to flow through undivided Punjab before partition. So, Pritam is writing this at the cusp of the wars unfolding in a nation that was being divided at that time into two. Just like the fables of river Daya, the five rivers of Punjab from which its name comes were poisoned too with blood and scraps of war. “Es zarkhez zameen de loon loon phuttya zehar Gith gith charrhiyan laaliyan phutt phutt charrya qehar Dih vilsi da pher van van waggi ja Onhe har ik sans di wanjhali ditti naag bana” The poison that flowed in the rivers of Punjab has now thickened and permeated the depths of the water. This intensifies the impact of the war, revealing the fragile nature of humanity, its vulnerable mortality, and the haunting silence filled with screams and horrors. This poison has now evaporated into the air, poisoning the entire atmosphere. Punjab is fertile because of its water and this is bringing into the lands its poison where the fertile soil is now barren and dead. Ravages of war. The spread of the impact of partition is so deep that even human skin is unable to tolerate it and is bleeding metaphorically as well as physically. She draws an image of a city where Ranjha used to play flute and the air was filled with melodious joy. Punjab’s joy was robbed from it because of partition. Something that T.S Eliot does in his poem, “The Wasteland,” where he talks of the London bridge where soldiers marched with pride into the war and people who were left behind after the war walked with their heads low, in a ‘done with life’ sense. The rhythm of life is dead in both Amrita Pritam and T.S Eliot’s poem. “Pehla Dang Madaariyan, Mantar Gaye Guwaach, Doojey Dang Di Lag Gayi, Janey Khaney Nuu Lag Naagan kile lok munh bis phir dang hi dang Palo pali Punjab de neele pe gaye ang” In these lines, her development of the imagery of the ravages of war is stronger. She compares the destroyers with snakes, who are biting people relentlessly and this is happening because the first line of defense that was supposed to protect its people is down, the government is responsible for the partition. So, the spree of killing got wider, and the lands became pale and lifeless. It was morphing into the pale yellow effect that a dead body gives when it dies of a snake bite. There is a sense of frenzy and madness in these lines that she is talking about, a ruthlessness that the enemy seems to have been granted without limits. Laden with wounds throughout, Punjab is described to be so helpless that it could not even shed a tear without bloodshed or poison. “galeyon tute geet phir traklio tuti tand trinjhno tutiyaan saheliyan charakhde ghuukar band sani sej de beriyan luddan ditiyaan rohar sani daliyan peengh aj piplaan diti torr ajj aakhkha warish shah nu kito qabraan vicho bol” In these stanzas, she is acknowledging the absolute downfall of the nation, she is taking a regional example to talk about the entire country’s scenario. The farmlands of Punjab were destroyed, its cotton production was affected. Similarly, ‘Trinjna’ (a group of women who sit together to spin the charkha) couldn’t come together to use ‘traklio’ (which is a spindle used to produce threads from balls of cotton) to weave clothes together. They sang work songs to enrich their weaving time. This had instantaneously turned into a farfetched dream because the thread that builds the clothes was as broken as the thread that weaves the nation together. They were both falling apart. So, these spaces that weaved joy were broken and closed, just like the country at that point of time. One cannot weave after the thread is broken and a nation burned with screams that continue to haunt it. These women lost more than their livelihoods. Pritam further says that their wedding beds had floated away in the rivers of Punjab, so mighty was the water of the land. This metaphor simply reflects upon the countless broken marriages as the death toll was rising everywhere. Like one gives away the ashes of the dead body, like Kunti gave away Karna into the hands of Ganga, but here the marriages of these women of Punjab floated away without ash or body. Similar acts definitely but a different pain. The women who were left behind had very little option of escape, it was either ravage or death. So, the family life that prevailed before the partition was destroyed, the veranda that was earlier used for socializing had a broken swing, families torn apart. Whatever remains is being consumed by the powerful at the expense of the weak. “Jithe vajdi si phook piyar di oh vanjali gai gawach Ranjhe de sab veer ajj bhul gaye us di jaach Dharti te lahu wassya qabraan paiyyan chon Preet diyan shehzadiyan aj vich mazaran ron” She says the people who are causing the destruction are the same brothers who were with their friends and families living a melodiously loud life, playing flute and other instruments, naïve of societal destruction, harmless like the brothers-in-arms of Ranjha. These men have been soiled with war and are murdering each other without a thought. This was a harsh reality where dreams couldn’t breathe. These people were unable to rise over hate, limiting their minds and killing their souls. Was it fear or anger that made them do this? No reason can compensate for the loss of life, the graves that won’t bury anymore because they were outpouring death and horror. While the graves could not accommodate bodies anymore, the city markets were filled with young girls beating their hearts out with tears of pain and loss, nothing to love. “Ve ajj sab ‘gaido’ ban gaye, husn ishq de chor ajj kithon liyaiye labh ke waaris shah ek hor Ajj aakhan waaris shah noon kito qabraan vicho bol! Te ajj kitab-e-ishq da koi agla varka phol!” ‘Gaido’ is the villain in the story of ‘Heer and Ranjha’, so here Pritam is saying that everyone has turned into villains, humanity has turned against itself. Women of this time needed hope to live the life bestowed upon them, they required immense strength because a part of the loss they had to endure was more than death. For some, death seemed to be a better option. So, Amrita Pritam asks Waaris Shah again after narrating the horrors of the war during partition, to give them the strength that he provided to Heer. She asks him again to wake from his grave and write them stories of strength. Do you see how love went wrong here? I guess the pursuit of this essay is trying to underline all conflict resolution, be it at the scale of nations, communities or individuals. What would you pick to define love gone wrong? Born and brought up in Bhubaneswar, Ankita is an architectural historian with a master’s degree from CEPT, Ahmedabad. Professionally, Ankita’s passion lies in exploring conventional and unconventional spaces, writing about them, and adding a touch of graphics. During her masters, she underwent intensive research and academic writing, which she intends to apply to various fields of interest related to art, architecture, and literature. 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The point of this post is to highlight, with reference to the sources, some of the less widely known beliefs among Jews around the time Christianity was emerging, and that would seem to have some resonances among Christian ideas we find in Paul and other early letters and gospels. The Jewish world from which Christianity emerged is infinitely more complex than our traditional readings of the Old Testament and the beliefs of current Judaism. I would love to compile an outline of all its variations — or better still, find a book where this is already done. Till then, here are a few snippets that are worth keeping in mind whenever the subject of Christian origins is addressed. - The human form of the Logos, God’s first-born, and Heavenly Man - The Heavenly Man and the Earthly Man - The human form of Wisdom - The heavenly Adam - Melchizedek and other vice-regents of God - Divine Heavenly Patriarchs The following is taken primarily from a chapter on Jewish sectarian texts (and from a few references in a chapter on Philo) in Alan Segal’s Two Powers in Heaven. 1. The Logos in Human Form The Logos [=Word] is a human figure: Wisdom of Solomon 18:15-16 Thine Almighty word [Logos] leaped down from heaven out of thy royal throne, as a fierce man of war into the midst of a land of destruction, And brought thine unfeigned commandment as a sharp sword, and standing up filled all things with death; and it touched the heaven, but it stood upon the earth. Philo identified the Logos with the Heavenly Man — see below. Philo also describes the Logos as God’s partner in creation Now, Bezaleel, being interpreted, means God in his shadow. But the shadow of God is his word, which he used like an instrument when he was making the world. And this shadow, and, as it were, model, is the archetype of other things. For, as God is himself the model of that image which he has now called a shadow, so also that image is the model of other things, as he showed when he commenced giving the law to the Israelites, and said, “And God made man according to the image of God.” . . . as the image was modelled according to God, and as man was modelled according to the image, which thus received the power and character of the model. What, then, can it be except the Word, which is more ancient than all the things which were the objects of creation, and by means of which it is the Ruler of the universe, taking hold of it as a rudder, governs all things. And when he was fashioning the world, he used this as his instrument for the blameless argument of all the things which he was completing. For if it was necessary to examine the mortal body of the priest that it ought not be imperfect through any misfortune, much more was it necessary to look into his immortal soul, which they say is fashioned in the form of the living God. Now the image of God is the Word, by which all the world was made. Logos is The Beginning, The Ruler of the Angels, the Name of God Confusion of Tongues, 146 And even if there be not as yet any one who is worthy to be called a son of God, nevertheless let him labour earnestly to be adorned according to his first-born word, the eldest of his angels, as the great archangel of many names; for he is called, the authority, and the name of God, and the Word, and man according to God’s image, and he who sees Israel. Logos is first-born of God and the Heavenly Man As an emanation of God he is also God’s offspring, the first-born son of God. As such he is a kind of immortal heavenly man or the true father of men. For, in fact, the one God alone is the sole Creator of the real man, who is the purest mind; but a plurality of workmen are the makers of that which is called man, the being compounded of external senses; (72) for which reason the especial real man is spoken of with the article; for the words of Moses are, “The God made the man;” that is to say, he made that reason destitute of species and free from all admixture. But he speaks of man in general without the addition of the article; for the expression, “Let us make man,” shows that he means the being compounded of irrational and rational nature. Therefore, the faculty which is common to us with the irrational animals, has blood for its essence. And it, having flowed from the rational fountain, is spirit, not air in motion, but rather a certain representation and character of the divine faculty which Moses calls by its proper name an image, showing by his language that God is the archetypal pattern of rational nature, and that man is the imitation of him, and the image formed after his model; not meaning by man that animal of a double nature, but the most excellent species of the soul which is called mind and reason. What is the man who was created? And how is that man distinguished who was made after the image of God? (Ge 2:7). This man was created as perceptible to the senses, and in the similitude of a Being appreciable only by the intellect; but he who in respect of his form is intellectual and incorporeal, is the similitude of the archetypal model as to appearance, and he is the form of the principal character; but this is the word of God, the first beginning of all things, the original species or the archetypal idea, the first measure of the universe. Moreover, that man who was to be created as a vessel is formed by a potter, was formed out of dust and clay as far as his body was concerned; but he received his soul by God breathing the breath of life into his face, so that the temperament of his nature was combined of what was corruptible and of what was incorruptible. But the other man, he who is only so in form, is found to be unalloyed without any mixture proceeding from an invisible, simple, and transparent nature. In reference to which I admire those who say, “We are all one man’s sons, we are men of Peace,” because of their well-adapted agreement; since how, I should say, could you, O excellent men, avoid being grieved at war, and delighted in peace, being the sons of one and the same father, and he not mortal but immortal, the man of God, who being the reason of the everlasting God, is of necessity himself also immortal? one of them being the archetypal pattern and above us, and the other being the copy of the former and abiding among us. (231) And Moses calls the one which is above us the image of God, and the one which abides among us as the impression of that image, “For,” says he, “God made man,” not an image, “but after that Image.” So that the mind which is in each of us, which is in reality and truth the man, is a third image proceeding from the Creator. But the intermediate one is a model of the one and a copy of the other. 2. The Heavenly Man and the Earthly Man (Two Adams in Eden) Allegorical Interpretation, 1, 31, 53, 55 “And God created man, taking a lump of clay from the earth, and breathed into his face the breath of life: and man became a living soul.” The races of men are twofold; for one is the heavenly man, and the other the earthly man. Now the heavenly man, as being born in the image of God, has no participation in any corruptible or earthlike essence. But the earthly man is made of loose material, which he calls a lump of clay. On which account he says, not that the heavenly man was made, but that he was fashioned according to the image of God; but the earthly man he calls a thing made, and not begotten by the maker. “And the man whom he had formed,” Moses says, “God placed in the Paradise,” for the present only. Who, then, is he in reference to whom he subsequently says that “The Lord God took the man whom he had formed, and placed him in the Paradise to cultivate it and to guard It.” Must not this man who was created according to the image and idea of God have been a different man from the other, so that two men must have been introduced into the Paradise together, the one a factitious man, and the other modelled after the image of God? Therefore, he calls that man whom he only places in Paradise, factitious; but him whom he appoints to be its cultivator and guardian he calls not factitious, but “the man whom he had made.” And him he takes, but the other he casts out. And him whom he takes he thinks worthy of three things, of which goodness of nature especially consists: namely, expertness, perseverance, and memory. Now, expertness is his position in Paradise; memory is the guarding and preservation of holy opinions; perseverance is the effecting of what is good, the performance of virtuous actions. But the factitious mind neither remembers what is good, nor does it, but is only expert, and nothing more; on which account, after it has been placed in Paradise, in a short time afterwards it runs away, and is cast out. The virtuous were descended from the higher Adam– see Allegorical Interpretations, 53; On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile, 35, 38f, 42, 43, 45, 78; On Flight and Finding, 64; That the Worse is Want to Attack the Better, 32, 68, 103. 3. Divine Wisdom or Sophia had a human form Wisdom found no place where she might dwell; Then a dwelling-place was assigned her in the heavens. Wisdom went forth to make her dwelling among the children of men, And found no dwelling-place: Wisdom returned to her place, And took her seat among the angels. And unrighteousness went forth from her chambers Whom she sought not she found, And dwelt with them, As rain in a desert And dew on a thirsty land. 4. Adam enthroned in heaven The Testament of Abraham ch.11 So Michael turned the chariot and brought Abraham to the east, to the first gate of heaven; and Abraham saw two ways, the one narrow and contracted, the other broad and spacious, and there he saw two gates, the one broad on the broad way, and the other narrow on the narrow way. And outside the two gates there he saw a man sitting upon a gilded throne, and the appearance of that man was terrible, as of the Lord. And they saw many souls driven by angels and led in through the broad gate, and other souls, few in number, that were taken by the angels through the narrow gate. And when the wonderful one who sat upon the golden throne saw few entering through the narrow gate, and many entering through the broad one, straightway that wonderful one tore the hairs of his head and the sides of his beard, and threw himself on the ground from his throne, weeping and lamenting. But when he saw many souls entering through the narrow gate, then he arose from the ground and sat upon his throne in great joy, rejoicing and exulting. And Abraham asked the chief-captain, My Lord chief-captain, who is this most marvelous man, adorned with such glory, and sometimes he weeps and laments, and sometimes he rejoices and exults? The incorporeal one said: This is the first-created Adam who is in such glory, and he looks upon the world because all are born from him, and when he sees many souls going through the narrow gate, then he arises and sits upon his throne rejoicing and exulting in joy, because this narrow gate is that of the just, that leads to life, and they that enter through it go into Paradise. For this, then, the first-created Adam rejoices, because he sees the souls being saved. But when he sees many souls entering through the broad gate, then he pulls out the hairs of his head, and casts himself on the ground weeping and lamenting bitterly, for the broad gate is that of sinners, which leads to destruction and eternal punishment. And for this the first-formed Adam falls from his throne weeping and lamenting for the destruction of sinners, for they are many that are lost, and they are few that are saved, for in seven thousand there is scarcely found one soul saved, being righteous and undefiled. 5. Melchizedek (= Elohim, Messiah, Principal Angel) The following Dead Sea Scroll excerpts speak of a Prince of Light. This prince appears to be identified with Melchizedek in the subsequent passages — where he is depicted as the Messianic Saviour of Israel, and the Principal Angel. 1 QS 3:20 All the children of righteousness are ruled by the Prince of Light . . . . For in ancient times, Moses and Aaron arose by the hand of the Prince of Lights and Belial in his cunning raised up Jannes and his brother when Israel was first delivered. . . . Melchizedek, who will return them [the captives] there and will proclaim to them liberty, forgiving them the wrong-doings of all their iniquities. . . . And the Day of Atonement is the end of the tenth Jubilee, when all the Sons of Light and the men of the lot of Melchizedek will be atoned for. . . . For this is the moment of the Year of Grace for Melchizedek. And he will, by his strength, judge the holy ones of God, executing judgment as it is written concerning him in the Songs of David, who said, ELOHIM has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgment (Ps. 82:1). And it was concerning him that he said, How long will you judge unjustly and show partiality to the wicked? Selah (Ps. 82:2). . . . its interpretation concerns Belial and the spirits of his lot who rebelled by turning away from the precepts of God to . . . And Melchizedek will avenge the vengeance of the judgements of God . . . and he will drag them from the hand of Belial . . . And all the gods of Justice will come to his aid to attend to the destruction of Belial. . . . And your ELOHIM is Melchizedek who will save them from the hand of Belial. Compare Michael, who also acts as the chief angel: The Testament of Abraham, 1, 7 Therefore the Lord God, summoning his archangel Michael, said to him: Go down, chief-captain Michael, to Abraham . . . The chief-captain said to him, I am the chief-captain Michael, that stands before the Lord, . . . Yahoel, an angel bearing God’s name, and vice-regent to God, second only to God himself, Apocalypse of Abraham 10 And the angel whom He had sent came to me in the likeness of a man . . . . I am called Jaoel by Him who moves those who exist with me on the seventh expanse over the heavens, a power in virtue of the ineffable Name that is dwelling in me. 6. Heavenly Israel Origen refers to a Jewish Prayer of Joseph in his Commentary on the Gospel of John, 2.25 Should the piece entitled “The prayer of Joseph,” one of the apocryphal works current among the Hebrews, be thought worthy of credence, this dogma will be found in it clearly expressed. Those at the beginning, it is represented, having some marked distinction beyond men, and being much greater than other souls, because they were angels, they have come down to human nature. Thus Jacob says: “I, Jacob, who speak to you, and Israel, I am an angel of God, a ruling spirit, and Abraham and Isaac were created before every work of God; and I am Jacob, called Jacob by men, but my name is Israel, called Israel by God, a man seeing God, because I am the first-born of every creature which God caused to live.” And he adds: “When I was coming from Mesopotamia of Syria, Uriel, the angel of God, came forth, and said, I have come down to the earth and made my dwelling among men, and I am called Jacob by name. He was angry with me and fought with me and wrestled against me, saying that his name and the name of Him who is before every angel should be before my name. And I told him his name and how great he was among the sons of God; Are you not Uriel my eighth, and I am Israel and archangel of the power of the Lord and a chief captain among the sons of God? Am not I Israel, the first minister in the sight of God, and I invoked my God by the inextinguishable name?” It is likely that this was really said by Jacob, and was therefore written down, and that there is also a deeper meaning in what we are told, “He supplanted his brother in the womb.” Consider whether the celebrated question about Jacob and Esau has a solution. We read, Romans 9:11-14 The children being not yet born, neither having done anything good or bad, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works but of him that calls, it was said, “The elder shall serve the younger.” Even as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.” What shall we say, then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. If, then, when they were not yet born, and had not done anything either good or evil, in order that God’s purpose according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calls, if at such a period this was said, how if we do not go back to the works done before this life, can it be said that there is no unrighteousness with God when the elder serves the younger and is hated (by God) before he has done anything worthy of slavery or of hatred? We have made something of a digression in introducing this story about Jacob and appealing to a writing which we cannot well treat with contempt; but it certainly adds weight to our argument about John, to the effect that as Isaiah’s voice declares Isaiah 40:3 he is an angel who assumed a body for the sake of bearing witness to the light. The last emphasized section of Origen’s discussion shows us that some early Christians also thought of John the Baptist as an angel in human form. (Did they take his identity as Elijah literally?) Alan Segal explains further that “almost any righteous person in the past could be called an angel.” (p.186). We find this not only in 1 Enoch but throughout the Jewish scriptures themselves, where righteous ones are promised “ascent to angelhood” and to be with the angels in heaven. Details will have to be reserved for another post. I also omit the many references to more well-known archangels Michael and Gabriel, and their heavenly colleagues such as Uriel. Latest posts by Neil Godfrey (see all) - Bruno Bauer’s “Christianity Exposed” now open access - 2024-02-28 02:30:32 GMT+0000 - The Idol of Zionism, the Negation of Judaism — 1904 - 2024-02-23 21:29:36 GMT+0000 - How Moving Jesus’ Cleansing of the Temple to the Beginning of the Gospel of John Rebuked the Gospel of Mark - 2024-02-14 03:33:48 GMT+0000 If you enjoyed this post, please consider donating to Vridar. 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The critical importance of preventive health care is more evident now than ever. Preventive measures enhance our quality of life and alleviate the strain on healthcare systems. It also transcends individual benefits, laying the groundwork for a healthier society. However, health care is often reactionary and sought after only in response to illness or injury. This reactive approach is a trait I’ve seen too frequently, both personally and in the broader American medical landscape. I hope to empower you to take charge of your health and future by sharing my insights on preventive healthcare here. The Importance of Preventive Healthcare What is preventive health care? Simply put, preventive health care involves taking measures to prevent diseases rather than treating them after they have occurred. Why is preventive health care important? Preventive health care is vital for early disease detection, disease prevention, reduced healthcare costs, and a healthier life. Kinds of Preventive Health Care Primary Medicine refers to basic or general healthcare typically provided by primary care physicians. It is the first point of contact for patients and includes routine health screenings, management of chronic diseases, and treatment of acute conditions. Examples of Prevention Health Care in Primary Medicine - Immunizations against diseases like measles, flu, and HPV. - Promoting balanced diets, regular physical activity, and no tobacco use. - It is ensuring clean water and reducing pollution to prevent diseases. - Implementing safety norms like seat belts, helmets, and workplace safety guidelines. Benefits of Preventive Health Care in Primary Medicine - By preventing diseases from occurring, primary prevention significantly reduces the overall disease burden in the population. - Preventing diseases is often more cost-effective than treating them. - Effective primary prevention measures can increase life expectancy by decreasing the risk of life-threatening diseases. - By lowering the incidence of diseases, primary prevention reduces the demand for medical services, easing the burden on healthcare systems. - Primary prevention initiatives can target at-risk populations, helping to reduce health disparities, and promote health equity. - Focusing on wellness creates a culture that values health, encouraging healthy behaviors throughout the community. This approach, also called personalized medicine, tailors medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. It often involves the use of genetic or other molecular analyses to inform the best treatment strategies for a particular patient’s condition. Examples of Preventive Health Care in Precision Medicine - Uses genetic and molecular information for disease understanding, individually targeted therapies, and individualized treatment plans. - Precision medicine aims to optimize efficiency and therapeutic success by ensuring the right treatment at the right time. Benefits of Preventive in Precision Medicine - Precision medicine allows for more effective treatment. Medications and therapies can be tailored to work best for each individual, improving the chances of successful outcomes. - Precision medicine can increase patient engagement and satisfaction by involving patients more closely in their treatment plans and providing tailored information. Precision medicine also faces challenges, including high costs, ethical and privacy concerns, and the need for extensive genetic and health data for effective implementation. This is a relationship between a patient and a primary care physician in which the patient pays an annual fee or retainer. In exchange, they receive enhanced care, including more accessibility to the doctor, longer consultations, and more personalized and attentive medical care. Examples of Concierge Care Services - Patients often have their doctor’s phone number or email, allowing for quick and direct communication. - Longer appointment times ensure comprehensive discussions about health concerns, treatment options, and wellness planning. - In-depth health evaluations and personalized wellness plans tailored to individual health needs and lifestyle goals. - Emphasis on preventive care, including regular health screenings, risk assessments, and lifestyle counseling. Benefits of Concierge Care - With more time for each patient, care is highly personalized, addressing individual health concerns in depth. - Reduced appointment waiting times and direct communication channels offer convenience and peace of mind. - A strong emphasis on prevention can lead to early detection of health issues and a greater focus on maintaining long-term health. - Knowing that readily available healthcare support can provide patients with significant mental and emotional relief. Concierge care is particularly beneficial for those wanting a close relationship with their healthcare provider, value immediate and direct access to medical services, and are willing to pay extra for these conveniences. However, it’s important to note that concierge care costs are typically in addition to regular health insurance premiums and is not affordable or necessary for everyone. Barriers to Preventive Health Care Despite its benefits, preventive health care can face issues like overdiagnosis, false test results, cost burdens, psychological impacts, time commitments, and accessibility challenges. Barriers include cost, limited access, lack of awareness, cultural factors, healthcare system priorities, time constraints, insurance coverage, medical procedure fear, lifestyle challenges, and health literacy. How Can I Engage in Preventive Health Care? We can engage in preventive health care by regularly visiting our healthcare providers for check-ups and screenings appropriate for our age and risk factors. You should stay updated with vaccinations and follow guidelines for health screenings like mammograms, colonoscopies, and blood pressure checks. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is also a key component of preventive care, including maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress. Additionally, staying informed about health issues and understanding family health history can help identify personal health risks. Understanding and engaging in preventive health care is vital for maintaining good health and quality of life. It focuses on proactive health management, aiming to reduce the risk of illness and overall healthcare costs. Improving Your Own Preventive Care You can and should start by advocating for yourself. Advocating for yourself in preventive health care means taking proactive steps to ensure you receive appropriate and timely care to prevent diseases and maintain good health. Advocating for Yourself - Learn about preventive health care and its benefits. Understand what screenings, vaccinations, and lifestyle changes are recommended for your age, gender, and health history. Reliable sources include CDC, WHO, and healthcare providers. - Be aware of any health issues that run in your family. This information can guide you and your healthcare provider on specific preventive measures. - Regular visits to your healthcare provider are crucial. Use these appointments for immediate health concerns and to discuss preventive care. - Write down any questions or concerns you have before your appointment. Bring a list of all medications you’re taking and any symptoms or changes in your health. - Don’t hesitate to ask your healthcare provider for clarification on any advice or instructions. Understanding the ‘why’ behind their recommendations can help you make informed decisions. - Inquire about which screenings are appropriate for you based on age, sex, health history, and family history. Discuss the frequency of these screenings and their potential benefits and risks. - Familiarize yourself with what your health insurance covers regarding preventive care. Discuss this with your healthcare provider or insurance company if certain necessary screenings or vaccinations are not covered. - Talk to your healthcare provider about lifestyle changes that can improve your health, such as diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption. - After screenings or tests, ensure you understand your results and follow up on any recommended actions or further tests. - If you face barriers to accessing preventive care, bring them up with your healthcare provider. They may know of resources or alternatives to help. - Healthcare guidelines and recommendations can change. Stay updated with the latest information regarding preventive health care. - Surround yourself with friends, family, or support groups who encourage a healthy lifestyle and support your preventive health efforts. - Do you need clarification or a second opinion if you’re unsure of the free care provider’s advice? Get it. - Record your health history, including past illnesses, treatments, surgeries, and vaccinations. This is particularly useful when seeing new healthcare providers. By taking these steps, you can be a proactive participant in your healthcare, ensuring that you do your part to prevent diseases and maintain your best health. 15. Be aware of key biomarkers Understanding your health is crucial, and knowing key biomarkers can be a significant part of this. Biomarkers are measurable indicators of health status or disease presence. Here are some essential biomarkers that everyone should be aware of. High or low blood pressure can be a sign of various health conditions, including heart disease, kidney problems, or hormonal disorders. High levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Blood Sugar Levels Elevated blood sugar can indicate pre-diabetes or diabetes, conditions that can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly. Body Mass Index (BMI) While not a direct measure of health, a high or low BMI can indicate potential health risks associated with obesity or being underweight. Percent visceral fat Visceral fat is the fat that surrounds your internal organs in the abdominal cavity. High levels of visceral fat are associated with a range of metabolic problems, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and even certain cancers. This is measured in a DEXA scan. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) This is a marker of inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation can be a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease. Liver Function Tests These tests assess the health of your liver and can detect conditions like hepatitis or the effect of medications or alcohol on the liver. Kidney Function Tests Measures how well your kidneys are filtering blood and can detect kidney disease. Thyroid Function Tests These tests can reveal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, which affect metabolism. Vitamin D Levels Low levels of Vitamin D can lead to bone problems and has been linked with other major health issues. This test measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months, important for diagnosing and managing diabetes. Especially important for postmenopausal women, bone density tests can help diagnose osteoporosis. It’s important to note that the ideal levels for these biomarkers can vary based on age, gender, and other individual factors. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring these biomarkers and understanding what they mean for your personal health. FAQs: Importance of Preventive Health Care A preventive system in healthcare offers early disease detection, reduce the risk of severe health issues, lowers long-term healthcare costs, and promotes healthier lifestyles. It focuses on averting diseases before they start and improving overall health and wellbeing. Prevention healthcare leads to reduced disease risk, early detection and treatment of conditions, improved quality of life, longer life expectancy, lower healthcare costs, and reduced burden on healthcare systems. It emphasizes a proactive approach to maintaining health and preventing illness. A preventive health screening is a medical test conducted before symptoms appear, aimed at early detection of diseases. They identify health issues earlier when they’re often more treatable, leading to better health outcomes and potentially lower healthcare costs. Prevention in healthcare, it refers to measures taken to prevent diseases rather than treating them after they occur. It is essential because it helps reduce the risk of diseases, thereby improving the quality of life. It often involves lifestyle changes, vaccinations, and regular health screenings. Prevention is crucial as it can lead to early detection of diseases, reduce healthcare costs, and lower the overall burden on the healthcare system. The benefits of prevention include reduced risk of disease, early detection, long-term savings, and lower healthcare costs. Preventive health screenings are medical tests conducted when you’re symptom-free to check for potential health issues or diseases. They are essential because they can identify diseases or risk factors early. Early detection often leads to better outcomes, as many diseases are more effectively treated when caught early. Final Thoughts on Preventive Health Care The power of preventive health care lies in its ability to transform our perspective from merely reacting to health issues as they arise to proactively safeguarding our health. This shift benefits all of us and is pivotal in easing the burden on healthcare systems worldwide. We contribute to a healthier, more resilient society by adopting preventive measures. Whether scheduling that overdue health screening, opting for healthier food choices, or simply educating ourselves and others about health risks and prevention strategies, every action counts. In the evolving healthcare landscape, where technology and policy continue to shape our options and understanding; the core principle remains steadfast: Prevention is better than cure. 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Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma Jews around the world study the same page of Talmud each day as part of the 7-year cycle of the Daf Yomi. Join Rabbanit Dr. Tamara Spitz each week as she reviews the key topics of the previous week’s seven pages, gaining an overview of the entire Talmud while also doing a deeper analysis of one of the core issues in that week’s text. We will combine breadth and depth to gain insights into each Tractate being studied, and enjoy the benefits of moving through topics at a quicker pace. Whatever your background in Talmud, this shiur will allow you to connect to the worldwide phenomenon of Daf Yomi study, whether you learn the daf each day or just want to gain an overview of the entire Gemara. For the previous tractate, masechet Kiddushin, please visit HERE. For the next tractate, Bava Metzia, click HERE. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 1: Intro+Daf 2-6 Welcome to Baba Kama and Seder Nizikin. In this Masechet we are going to learn about damages that are caused by a person or their property. We will also learn the liability and consequences of these damages. This week we will learn about the four main categories of damagers. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 2: Daf 7-13 This week we will learn about different people who are owed money and what type of land they can collect from (superior, average, poor). We will also learn that if you have the responsibility to guard something, and it does damage, you are liable to pay for that damage. The Gemara will also list types of damages that one is exempt from reimbursing. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 3: Daf 14-20 This week we will learn the difference between a Tam (innocent) ox and a Muad (warned) ox. The payment of damages is based on the nature of the animal that did the damage. We are also going to learn the parameters of Regel (foot) which include damage done by normal animal behavior. We will then learn about Shen (tooth) which includes damage done while the animal is receiving benefit. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 4: Daf 21-27 This week we will outline when an animal causes damage through normal behavior as compared to damage from abnormal behavior, and what the payment would be for each. We will also learn that an animal, after behaving aggressively three times becomes “Muad” (warned), but it can revert to its “Tam” (innocent) status. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 5: Daf 28-33 This week we will learn a person’s liability if one puts objects in the public domain. Is the person responsible for paying for damages to property or is the person also liable to pay for any injuries to another person? What if you had permission to place the objects there in the first place? Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 6: Daf 34-41 Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 7: Daf 42-48 This week we will learn that if an ox meant to kill an animal but killed a person instead, the ox isn’t killed but the owner does need to pay Kofer. We will also learn that if a potter places his pots in someone’s courtyard without permission, and the owner of the courtyard breaks them, he is exempt from reimbursing the potter. If someone was injured by the pots. the potter is liable to pay for damages. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 8: Daf 49-55 This week, we will learn that if a person accidentally injures a pregnant woman and causes her to miscarry, he must pay an extra penalty to her husband or his heirs. We will then learn the parameters of liabilities when damage is caused by a pit in the public domain. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 9: Daf 56-62 This week we will learn about the liability one has to guard his fire. One is liable for anything that gets burned in someone else’s property, even scorched earth and stones. If a person lit a fire on his property and it crossed a river or a road, one isn’t liable for those damages. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 10: Daf 63-69 This week we will start the 7th chapter of Baba Kama. In this chapter, we will learn the penalty for stealing. If a person steals an item, he must pay twice the value. If a person steals an ox or a sheep and then sells it or slaughters it, he needs to pay back the owner 5 times or 4 times its value. If a person steals a stolen item from the thief, they do not have to pay double. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 11: Daf 70-76 This week we will learn about a person who stole an animal and then killed it or sold it. If there are witnesses that testify to this, the thief must pay 4 or 5 times the value of the animal. If he sold it on Shabbat or killed it on Yom Kippur, he still pays 4 or 5 times the value. If a set of witnesses say he stole an animal but only 1 witness says he killed or sold it, the thief only pays double the value and not 4 or 5 times. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 12: Daf 77-83 This week we will learn about a thief who stole an animal and then sold it but retained some ownership. He is liable to pay double the value but not 4 or 5 times the value. We will then learn about decrees made at different times in Jewish history to help settle the land and to make society more attuned to communal needs. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 13: Daf 84-90 This week we continue discussing the 5 payments a person makes if he injured another person. One needs to pay for the actual damage, the pain inflicted, medical bills, unemployment, and the embarrassment one experienced due to the injury. The Gemara explains each of these 5 payments and how they are determined. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 14: Daf 91-97 This week we will learn that even if a person pays for embarrassment, God doesn’t forgive the person till they ask for forgiveness. We will also learn that if a person steals wood and then makes it into a utensil, he acquires the object and only pays back the value of the item he stole. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 15: Daf 98-104 This week we will learn that if someone gave wool to a dyer, and it was dyed the wrong color or in an inferior way, the dyer must pay back the value of the wool. We will also learn that if a person stole an item and then swore falsely that he didn’t steal it, he must return the item directly to the owner, pay an additional fifth, and bring an Asham sacrifice. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 16: Daf 105-111 This week will continue learning about a thief who swears falsely that he didn’t steal an item or a collateral that he was holding on to. If he later admits to his crime, he not only pays back the item, but he must pay an addition fifth of the value and bring an Asham sacrifice. If the person he stole from was a convert who didn’t have any living relatives, the money was given to the Kohen who was working in the Temple on the day he arrives to bring his sacrifice. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 17: Daf 112-119 + Siyum This week, as we finish Masechet Bava Kama, we will learn about different cases involving an owner’s despair about his lost or stolen object. We will also learn that if a person ruins his own property to save his friend’s property, he is compensated for either his time or his lost property. Congratulations on finishing Masechet Bava Kama! Rabbanit Dr. Tamara Spitz is the Rosh Beit Midrash and Mashgicha Ruchanit of Midreshet Torah v'Avodah. She lectures on various topics in Gemara, including Daf Yomi, Halacha, and Tefilah. Dr. Spitz has held academic and administrative positions at various Midrashot and served as the Jewish Studies Principal of Instituto Yavne, one of the main Jewish day schools of Montevideo, Uruguay. She also runs a Chiropractic practice specializing in Women’s Health in Gush Etzion and is a Hip-Hop dance teacher.	<urn:uuid:5ab9df6b-f1f9-4d79-b299-4e3c749d5131>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://webyeshiva.org/course/daf-yomi-one-week-at-a-time-bava-kama/	2024-03-03T19:18:59Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.950393	2,031	2.515625	3	[ 40, 1621, 663, 311, 77, 1507, 10406, 430, 261, 5894, 30, 391, 6176, 696, 1724, 69, 203, 46, 1015, 87, 1149, 268, 887, 1147, 268, 1162, 3492, 289, 9752, 81, 1327, 1011, 1196, 352, 923, 289, 268, 1499, 17, 4103, 3853, 289, 268, 413, 1621, 663, 311, 77, 18, 10606, 10214, 2902, 297, 1698, 18, 307, 348, 4351, 1384, 6301, 1011, 2569, 352, 1353, 9947, 268, 1558, 4702, 289, 268, 2773, 2569, 372, 87, 4554, 5938, 16, 9318, 363, 8341, 289, 268, 2414, 9752, 81, 1327, 1020, 525, 2776, 261, 5037, 2286, 289, 597, 289, 268, 4144, 1659, 288, 336, 2569, 372, 87, 2631, 18, 924, 513, 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Dr. Beljanski’s interest in a remedy for immunodeficiency led him to exploit the discovery that RNA fragments are essential for DNA replication. He prepared small RNA oligonucleotides that enabled DNA synthesis in bone marrow stem cells triggering normal white blood cell production and the restoration of full immunity. These fragments solve the problem of immunodeficiency for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and provide critical support for individuals with weakened immune systems no matter the cause. “Your ideas and results are simply fascinating,” wrote Sten Friberg (Karolinska University) in 1980 to Dr. Mirko Beljanski, speaking of his discovery regarding the RNA fragments. BREAKING NEWS:A new clinical trial for Long COVID patients The Beljanski Foundation is sponsoring a new clinical trial for patients with Long COVID because of the urgent need for a new and successful treatment. Anecdotal reports from patients experiencing lingering symptoms from an infection with SARS-CoV-2 started to emerge shortly after the beginning of the pandemic, and the term “Long Covid” was coined to name this condition and alert the scientific community. Upwards of 65 million people worldwide are now suffering from this condition. The goal is to test whether the administration of a special preparation of small RNA fragments, originally developed by Dr. Mirko Beljanski, will work by stimulating stem cells in the bone marrow to produce new immune cells. Previous research conducted on this special preparation at Cancer Treatment Centers of America confirmed its safety and effectiveness for treating thrombocytopenia (low platelets) caused by chemotherapy. Thrombocytopenia has been seen in a significant number of Long COVID patients, and low platelets are associated with fatigue – a major symptom of Long COVID. The trial will also reveal the potential of the RNA fragments to re-balance immunity in these patients. Support Long COVID Research While the critical role of RNA primers was first discovered by Okazaki, those short segments of RNA acting as primers for initiating the synthesis of new strands of DNA were originally developed by Dr. Beljanski, a French Biologist from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France. The fragments work by stimulating stem cells in the bone marrow to produce our immune cells. They have been available as dietary ingredients in the US since the 90s, and it is a commercial preparation made available by Maison Beljanski, which will be used for the clinical trial. Enrollment for the clinical trial is already on its way in Europe. The findings are expected to provide valuable insight into whether improving bone marrow function and patient immunity is a pathway for successful Long COVID treatment. Read more “Platelet levels have been measured in depressed patients and have been found to be decreased when compared to normal controls. Therefore, interference in this process might be a promising avenue for further research to address mild thrombocytopenia in people with Long COVID, along with the most common side effects of this condition, which are fatigue and depression,” says Dr. John Hall, Director of Research at the Beljanski Foundation. Sylvie Beljanski and Dr. John Hall talk about the new clinical trial RNA Fragments and Cancer Support A clinical trial at Cancer Treatment Centers of America demonstrated that Beljanski’s RNA fragments (ReaLBuild) prevents the devastating loss of white blood cells in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy—a treatment that damages the generation of our immune cells. With Beljanski’s RNA fragments, platelet counts returned to normal. None of the patients protected by Beljanski’s RNA fragments required dose reduction, suspension of treatment or transfusion. All of the patients completed the full course of treatment without any negative side effects. Our immune systems are constantly challenged by environmental factors, stress and fatigue. Loss of white blood cells makes us vulnerable to all sorts of pathogens including viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Neutrophils are the white blood cells that respond first to these infections and if the response is strong the infection can be resolved. Beljanski’s RNA fragments provides a natural way to rebuild our immunity and boost low neutrophil counts into normal range. This enables an effective immune response. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SUPPORT There is increasing evidence that the immune system has gone awry in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A small set of doctors and families have seen striking improvements in language skills and reduced hyperactivity in autistic children who take low doses of Beljanski’s RNA fragments. They stimulate production of white blood cells and this fortification of the immune system gives rise to a neurological benefit in children with ASD. The precise mechanism of this profound result has yet to be determined. How it works Dr. Beljanski made a preparation of short RNA fragments and discovered that they function as primers that specifically initiate DNA duplication in bone marrow stem cells. When these stem cells divide and differentiate they give rise to white blood cells. Note that RNA primers are required for DNA replication and Beljanski thought that his fragments would provide critical immune support in individuals whose white blood cell counts are low. The clinical trial proved him right as the fragments restored normal counts in cancer chemotherapy patients with severe white blood cell loss. The trial also showed that the source of the specially prepared RNA fragments is critical—the fragments that work are prepared from E. coli K-12, a strain of bacteria normally present in a healthy intestinal tract. RNA fragments prepared from yeast cells functioned poorly by comparison. COMPARISON STUDY RNA FRAGMENTS BELJANSKI METHOD VS RNA FRAGMENTS FROM YEAST The activity of the RNA fragments is physiologic—administering RNA fragments to cancer patients with myelosuppression simply supplies RNAs that are normally present in the body to act as stimulators of white blood cell production. The RNA fragments are derived from a safe strain of E. coli and so may replace bacterial RNAs normally available from turnover of the intestinal flora that is commonly lost (as is bone marrow function) as a side effect of chemotherapy. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A NEW FRONTIER The Beljanski Foundation is planning to assemble more case histories that document the effects of RNA Fragments in children with ASD. The reports to date are extremely encouraging and additional case histories will provide a basis for a formal study and enable us to learn more about how the RNA fragments show neurological benefits. Clinical Trial and Other Publications RNA Fragments And their Effectiveness With Different Cancers Since 1999, The Beljanski Foundation has worked toward a natural cure for cancer following the steps of Dr. Mirko Beljanski’s research and discoveries. The Foundation has worked to prove the efficacy of RNA fragments to support a healthy immune system even when severely challenged by chemotherapy drugs. A Successful Clinical Trial Demonstrated that Natural RNA Fragments Can Help Maintain a Normal Level of White Blood Cells, Even Under Chemo Low platelet counts, a condition called Thrombocytopenia, is a side effect of chemotherapy drugs that damage the bone marrow stem cells that normally produce platelets. A Phase I clinical trial showed that Beljanski’s RNA fragments could prevent thrombocytopenia by inducing the production of new platelets. Read more Dr. Mirko Beljanski was the first scientist to develop RNA primers as a treatment for immunodeficiencies. This enabled chemotherapy patients and individuals with weakened immune systems to regain normal immune cell numbers and function. The drugs that are often prescribed to treat myelosuppression are associated with serious side effects whereas no negative side effects are associated with Beljanski’s RNA fragments. Additionally, they provide improvement in the symptoms of children with autistic spectrum disorder. “Beljanski’s RNA fragments are natural oligoribonucleotides. These are small fragments of building blocks in a cell. They offered, for the first time, a means not only of maintaining normal white blood cell or platelet levels during radiotherapy or chemotherapy, but also of preserving normal ratios among the various kinds of white blood cells, notably those that fight infection. And that makes them, in my view, far superior.” Professor Shmuel Shoshan \| Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital of Jerusalem What it says about RNA Fragments “Rabbits received daily intravenous injections of Endoxan, each dose being forty times greater, proportionally in terms of weight, than the dose normally taken by a human in the course of one week, causing a drop of white blood cells expected to induce death of the animal within ten days. Then, RNA fragments were administered. The leukocyte count rose, and within twenty-four to forty-eight hours was normal again. Once the experiment was finished, the rabbits continued in good health, despite having received antimitotic doses far beyond the doses given in human therapy. Follow-up studies conducted one to two years after the experiment showed no side effects in the rabbits.” P.64-65 Winning The War On Cancer: The Epic Journey Towards a Natural Cure “Beljanski prepared his RNA fragments from E. coli K-12, a bacterial strain that is safe for human consumption. As seen in the results in the clinical trial at CTCA the E coli preparation stimulates platelet production very efficiently. When they are prepared from yeast cells they fail to stimulate platelet production as shown in this slide. The source of the RNA is critical to success.” Dr. John Hall RNA Fragments in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy \| Dr. John Hall, Research Director at The Beljanski Foundation and Dr. James F. Grutsch \| Researcher at Cancer Treatment Centers of America RNA Fragments \| Sylvie Beljanski \| The Beljanski Foundation Latest Chemotherapy Innovation \| Dr. James F. Grutsch \| Research at Cancer Treatment Centers of America RNA Fragments & DNA Synthesis \| Sylvie Beljanski \| The Beljanski Foundation Awarded Gold Seal of Transparency 5 Years in a Row The Gold Seal has been awarded to The Beljanski Foundation by GuideStar. GuideStar by Candid’s Gold Seal is given only to those non-profits displaying the highest level of transparency with financial reports, board governance and community engagement. This seal reveals our diligence with maintaining up to date data honestly and with integrity. 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In the UK and many other Western countries, breast-feeding rates fell throughout the first half of the 20th century and remain at low levels. Over the past decades, work conducted to raise the rates of breast-feeding has met with some successReference Hamlyn, Brooker, Oleinikova and Wands(1, Reference Bolling, Grant, Hamlyn and Thornton2), but serious problems remain internationally as highlighted in the second Innocenti Declaration on the protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding(3). In the UK around 24 % of babies will be formula-fed from birth, and by 6 weeks following birth 79 % of babies will be fed exclusively or partially on infant formulaReference Bolling, Grant, Hamlyn and Thornton(2), with the highest rates of formula feeding among women of lower socio-economic status. The situation is similar in other Western countries including the USA(4), while in other countries, including China, previously high breast-feeding rates are declining rapidlyReference Xu, Binns, Nazi, Shi, Zhao and Lee(5). Worldwide, many millions of babies will be fed breast milk substitutes, usually by use of a plastic bottle and teat. The health consequences of this are enormous, and result in increased mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countriesReference Edmond, Zandoh, Quigley, Amenga-Etego, Owusu-Agyei and Kirkwood(6, Reference Quigley, Cumberland, Cowden and Rodrigues7). Risks to the baby from formula feeding not only include the intrinsic nutritional and immunological deficiencies of formula compared with breast milk. They also include risks that could potentially be reduced, such as errors in the manufacturing process, contamination during storage and transport(8), errors in reconstitution of infant formula in the homeReference Renfrew, Ansell and Macleod(9), and ensuring effective cleaning and sterilisation of the equipment used. Article 1 of the WHO Code on the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes endorses ‘the proper use of breastmilk substitutes, when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate information’(10). What are the evidence-based ways of ensuring the ‘proper use’ of such substitutes? Unlike the evidence base for the promotion and support of breast-feeding, which has been strengthened considerably in recent decadesReference Fairbank, O’Meara, Renfrew, Woolridge, Sowden and Lister-Sharp(11–Reference Renfrew, Dyson, Wallace, D’Souza, McCormick and Spiby13), the evidence base for reducing the risks of formula feeding seems to be scanty. It is not clear from the epidemiological literature what proportion of common diseases such as gastroenteritis is an inevitable consequence of the use of a product of lower quality than breast milk and what proportion could be prevented by improved practice. One recent studyReference Quigley, Cumberland, Cowden and Rodrigues(7) has suggested that, in formula-fed infants, there was significantly more diarrhoeal disease in those infants whose carer did not sterilise bottles and teats with steam or chemicals, particularly in infants under 6 months of age (adjusted OR = 9·13; 95 % CI 1·17, 71·39; P = 0.012). No information was available, however, on the relative effectiveness of the different methods being used. Milk is the perfect medium for growth of bacteria, and therefore poorly cleaned feeding equipment can be a potent source of infection for babiesReference Thompson(14). The organisms of most concern are reported to be Salmonella (8) and Enterobacter sakazakii (8, Reference Forsythe15). To reduce contamination with these organisms, the Food Standards Agency and Department of Health in England have recently recommended that formula feeds are made up using boiled water that is >70°C (water that has been boiled and left to cool for no more than 30 min) and that formula is made up fresh for each feed(16). A report by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)(8) concluded that cleaning and sterilisation of equipment in the home is a critical part of the avoidance of infection; recommendations include the use of ‘sterile bottles, achieved by heating and chemical methods’, although no evidence is provided on the relative effectiveness of these methods. The recent WHO guidelines published in 2006 and updated in 2007(17) are consistent with the EFSA recommendations and suggest that manufacturer’s instructions should be followed for chemical or steam sterilisation procedures. These guidelines are stated (p. 2) to be ‘largely based on the findings of a quantitative microbiological risk assessment for Enterobacter sakazakii’. Effective cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment offers the opportunity to minimise risks to the baby and could result in significant clinical and cost benefitsReference Rowan and Anderson(18). Various methods of cleaning and treating infant feeding equipment are used internationally (Table 1). Potential problems in using these methods routinely include cost, the time-consuming and complex nature of some methods, confusion over the length of time equipment should be boiled, left to soak or left in the microwave, whether or not equipment left to soak in hypochlorite should be rinsed, and how equipment immersed in boiling water or hypochlorite should be removed and dried. Such confusion, expense and the time needed may result in a lack of compliance. It is also not clear if basic hygiene measures such as hand-washing are seen by parents and carers as important in the face of more complicated approaches. Furthermore, use of dishwashers has been implicated in the release of plasticisers following a relatively small number of washesReference Mountfort, Kelly, Jickells and Castle(19, Reference Brede, P Fjeldal, Skjevrak and Herikstad20). It is not surprising, therefore, that there is variation in the information and advice given by health professionals. One survey conducted in Scotland found that, before the birth of their baby, only 40 % (n 25) of women considering bottle feeding had been given any information on sterilising equipmentReference Cairney and Alder(21). It is essential to maximise the opportunities for women to breast-feed, and it is also very important to offer opportunities for parents to learn about minimising the risks of formula feeding. Two brief investigations were undertaken to inform this review and to search for unpublished studies. First, UK-based manufacturers of infant feeding equipment and formula who made recommendations for cleaning and sterilising techniques in the literature accompanying their product were identified. The health advisor for each company was contacted by telephone by one of us (M.M.); all agreed to be interviewed. They were asked for information about the evidence base that informed their published recommendations. Responses are summarised in Table 2. Although two infant formula companies and two manufacturers of feeding equipment reported that they based their instructions on Department of Health guidelines or policy, at the time of the interviews (2003) no such guidelines existed on the cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment. No relevant studies were identified. Second, we contacted the UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative Co-ordinator in similar developed countries and requested copies of relevant national guidelines and information about the evidence base used. The results for these six countries are summarised in Table 3 and demonstrate variation in whether sterilisation was recommended for all babies (UK, Ireland)(22–24), only for those under 3 months of age (New Zealand(25), Norway(26), USA(27)), or only on the recommendation of a health professional (Canada)Reference Younger-Lewis(28). In the USA and Norway the use of a dishwasher was recommended as an alternative to sterilisation. There were also variations in the detailed instructions for cleaning teats (i.e. use of salt or not), and in whether bottles and teats sterilised by the chemical method should be rinsed before use. No international respondent was aware of any evidence of effectiveness informing the guidelines from their country. The aim of the systematic review described in the present paper was to assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of different methods of cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment used in the home. The first search was conducted in 2003 on the following databases: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Psycinfo, British Nursing Index (BNI), Allied and Complementary Medicine, Premedline, Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), EBM reviews, SIGLE and the Cochrane library database (which included CDSR, ACP Journal Club, CCTR and DARE). Electronic database searches were supplemented with hand searches of the references of selected papers, relevant policy documents and consultation with the key professionals and companies in this field. Grey literature and unpublished studies not recorded on SIGLE were identified by searching the National Research Register and the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination database. A broad search strategy was used to identify all relevant literature, using the following keywords and Mesh terms: bottle$, artificial feed$, formula feed$, infant feed$, teat$, sterili?$, clean$, wash$, prepar$, disinfect$, saniti$, hygien$, breastfeeding, breast pump, germ free, spotless, infection, uncontaminated. A second, structured search was run on Medline in 2006 which identified only one additional paper; the full search strategy is shown in Table 4. No date limits were set on either search. The review included research studies from developed countries that examined methods of cleaning and/or sterilisation of infant feeding equipment, either in the home or applicable to home conditions, regardless of the research design used. Studies from developing countries were excluded, as the sterilisation and infection issues are different in such dissimilar settings. Outcomes of interest included clinical outcomes in infants; results of microbiological tests of bottles and teats; behavioural outcomes for carers; and costs. Data were systematically extracted by one reviewer (M.M. or A.M.) using pre-designed data extraction forms, and were checked by a second reviewer (M.J.R.). Included studies were assessed for quality using criteria published by the Centre for Reviews and DisseminationReference Khan, ter Reit, Glanville, Sowden and Klieijnen(29). Of the 1520 references identified, only nine studies published in eight papersReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Anderson and Gatherer30–Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36) met the inclusion criteria; all but oneReference Rowan and Anderson(18) were identified in the early search. The majority of the other citations were not research studies. No systematic reviews were identified. Details of the nine included studies are given in Table 5 and the quality of the included studies is summarised in Table 6. Eight were conducted between 1962 and 1987Reference Anderson and Gatherer(30–Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36) and one in 1998Reference Rowan and Anderson(18). Three were conducted in the USAReference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn(33, Reference Hughes, Sauvain, Blanton and DeLoache34, Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36) and six in the UKReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Anderson and Gatherer30–Reference Gatherer32, 35). One was a randomised controlled trialReference Hughes, Sauvain, Blanton and DeLoache(34), four were non-randomised controlled trialsReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Gatherer32, Reference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn33, Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36), and four were surveysReference Anderson and Gatherer(30–Reference Gatherer32, 35). The number of participants ranged from twenty-six to 758 (median, sixty-three). No studies examined cost-effectiveness. All studies had serious methodological weaknesses. ITT, intention to treat. * Using criteria in Khan et al.Reference Khan, ter Reit, Glanville, Sowden and Klieijnen(29). Two studies examined infant morbidity related to the cleaning method usedReference Gatherer(32, Reference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn33). No significant difference in the incidence of infections or illness was identified, although no studies were of appropriate design or sufficient quality or size to answer these important questions. The largest studyReference Anderson and Gatherer(30), conducted in 1970, took place across four different geographical areas in the UK, each selected because of proximity to a public health laboratory. Methods used in the home differed across the four areas; these included the hypochlorite method alone (48 %), boiling (30 %), hypochlorite and boiling together (11 %), and the remainder either used another method (not stated) or nothing (12 %). Bottles and teats sterilised using the hypochlorite method had lower colony counts (bacterial count ≤5: 63 % (n 475) of bottles; 52 % (n 395) of teats) when samples were tested in the laboratory. The majority of mothers who used the hypochlorite method lived in rural areas and also spent more time washing and sterilising the equipment. The majority did not carry out sterilisation procedures as recommended, in spite of the fact they had received health education in this field. Clegg et al.’s study in England in 1977Reference Clegg, Duke and Prosser-Snelling(31) found similar results. The most recent studyReference Rowan and Anderson(18) examined the effectiveness of commonly used cleaning and disinfecting procedures on the removal of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus from feeding bottles. This non-randomised experimental study was conducted in the laboratory, but included subjecting bottles to storage conditions which may occur in the home. The results showed that thorough cleaning reduced, but did not completely eliminate, all microbes. All of the three disinfection procedures tested (one chemical and two thermal) eliminated the organism at low levels of contamination (<105 organisms/ml) but the chemical method failed to eliminate B. cereus at potentially hazardous levels (≥105 organisms/ml) which may occur with improper use in the home. Authors of several of the included studiesReference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn(33, Reference Hughes, Sauvain, Blanton and DeLoache34) suggested that the ‘clean’ (washed with hot soapy water and rinsed with hot running water) method is a safe alternative to traditional ‘sterilisation’ techniques, provided the safety of the water is assured. However, three studiesReference Anderson and Gatherer(30, Reference Gatherer32, 35) found higher numbers of organisms on teats, suggesting that they are more difficult to clean effectively than bottles. GathererReference Gatherer(32) indicated that bacteriology results were excellent using either thorough cleaning or sterilisation; this was attributed to the education provided for mothers. Other studiesReference Anderson and Gatherer(30–Reference Gatherer32, 35) identified a link between the failure to correctly sterilise and prepare formula feeds and a lack of ante- and postnatal education from health professionals, multiparity (mothers with two or more children) and low socio-economic status. Several authorsReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Anderson and Gatherer30, Reference Clegg, Duke and Prosser-Snelling31, Reference Gatherer and Wood37, Reference Wharton and Berger38) have suggested that improved teaching for mothers and consistent advice from health professionalsReference Wharton and Berger(38) are key factors in improving sterilisation and cleaning of infant feeding equipment. The striking finding from the present study is the lack of good-quality information on clinical and cost-effective ways of cleaning and sterilising infant feeding equipment in the home, especially under conditions relevant to families in developed countries in the 21st century. Only two studies examined clinical outcomes for the babies. Design flaws identified included lack of randomisation, inadequate sample size and selection bias. This lack of high-quality evidence probably explains the variation in international guidelines that we identified. The majority of studies identified were conducted in the 1950s to the 1980s, before the introduction of microwaves and the widespread use of dishwashers in the home. It was during the 1950s that there was a steady improvement in infant mortality rate due to the reduction in deaths from childhood infectious diseases, including gastroenteritisReference Anderson and Gatherer(30, Reference Lucas and Cole39, 40). This was in part due to the recognition of the dangers of contaminated water and the introduction of chemical sterilisation methods for infant feeding equipmentReference Gerber, Berlinger and Karolus(41), and forms of sterilisation used in the 1950s are still recommended. Only one studyReference Rowan and Anderson(18) tested more recent approaches (electric and microwave steam sterilisation) and found both to be more effective than chemical sterilisation. The contribution of microwaves, with the potential for overheating, and dishwashers, with the possible hazards of salt and detergent residues and the release of plasticisers, remains to be examined. Our preliminary work found that the evidence base for the current advice given by some infant formula or feeding equipment manufacturers in the UK is unclear. Several respondents stated that they based their advice on Department of Health guidelines, but we were unable to identify the existence of such guidelines at that time. Since we conducted this preliminary work, limited guidelines have been issued by the Food Standards Agency in the UK(16) and by EFSA(8) in Europe, in response primarily to recent concern about E. sakazakii and Salmonella. The recommendation in those guidelines to make up each feed as required is likely to have implications for compliance with complex sterilisation procedures. In the absence of a secure evidence base, it is not clear what advice health professionals should be giving. Such information as we have from the included papers in this review, however, suggests that input from health professionals does have the potential to make a difference, probably in promoting compliance with whichever method is used. We found no studies that examined the views and experiences of parents and carers about the problems of cleaning and sterilising in the home environment, or ways in which the process might be simplified and made more efficient and effective. Unanswered questions remain: what are parents and carers actually doing? Which methods are easier and achieve best compliance? Which methods achieve the best clinical outcomes for the babies? Are basic hygiene measures such as thorough hand-washing, cleaning of equipment and a clean water supply sufficient? Bottle feeding carries inherent risks for the baby and is a potential source of bacterial contamination. There is scanty of evidence, however, on clinical and cost-effective ways of cleaning and sterilising infant feeding equipment, including both bottles and teats, in the home, and there is a risk that some parents may reject current methods as cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive. Further, the focus on ‘sterilisation’ procedures could have a paradoxical effect of reducing basic hygiene procedures such as hand-washing and thorough washing and drying of equipment, as it could induce complacency about the possibility of infection. The current evidence base provides little information about effectiveness of the range of old and new methods used, and there is no evidence that either manufacturers or health policy makers have identified the problems parents might face in their own homes. Studies are old, of poor quality and largely irrelevant to circumstances in the home in the early 21st century. Research is needed to determine which methods of cleaning or sterilisation of infant feeding equipment are most effective and efficient, for both bottles and teats. Epidemiological studies could contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of the risks of poor practice and the likely effects of improved procedures in this important public health issue. Further surveys and qualitative studies could provide updated information on what parents and carers actually do in the home environment and what the barriers to good practice are. Such information would inform the design of a randomised controlled trial, adequately powered, of the range of methods in common use, measuring clinical and cost outcomes, as well as the views of parents and carers. None of the authors has any competing interests. We are grateful for the input of international colleagues in providing and translating their national guidelines: Cindy Turner-Maffei, National Coordinator, Baby Friendly, USA; Julie Stufkens, Executive Officer, New Zealand Breastfeeding Authority, New Zealand; Pat Martz, Project Manager, Population Health Strategies Branch, Alberta Health and Wellness, Canada; Rachel Myr, Staff breastfeeding specialist midwife, Sørlandet Sykehus, Kristiansand, Norway; Elisabeth Tufte, Norwegian Resource Centre for Breastfeeding, Norway; Genevieve Becker, National Coordinator, Baby Friendly, Ireland. 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Introduction: The Influence of Colors on Human Perception and Emotion Colors have a remarkable influence on our emotions and perceptions. This fascinating field of study, known as color psychology, delves into the psychological impact that different colors have on our moods and behaviors. Whether we realize it or not, colors hold a significant power to evoke specific feelings and convey symbolic meanings. Color symbolism further adds depth to this intriguing subject. Throughout history and across cultures, certain colors have been associated with specific meanings or concepts. For example, red often symbolizes passion or danger, while blue is frequently linked with tranquility or trustworthiness. With such profound effects on human psychology and perception, harnessing the power of colors can significantly enhance communication, evoke desired emotions, and create memorable experiences. By leveraging this knowledge in copywriting efforts, businesses can effectively engage their target audiences by strategically selecting the right colors that align with their brand identity and messaging. Fortunately, AI writing assistants are here to lend a helping hand in this endeavor. These advanced tools possess an extensive knowledge base on color psychology principles which they utilize to generate persuasive copy that resonates with your desired audience. By collaborating with an AI writing assistant who understands how different colors impact emotions and symbolism in various contexts, copywriters can save valuable time while ensuring their content effectively communicates the intended message. In conclusion, embracing the fascinating realm of color psychology allows us to tap into the powerful influence that colors exert over our emotions and perceptions. With AI writing assistants at our side providing expert guidance based on these principles, we can create compelling copy that captivates audiences, enhances brand messaging, and ultimately drives desired outcomes. The Impact of Colors in Marketing and Branding Strategies In the fast-paced world of marketing and advertising, creating a strong brand identity is crucial for businesses to stand out from the competition. One powerful tool that copywriters and marketers have at their disposal is color branding. By strategically using colors to influence consumer behavior, companies can effectively communicate their message and build a lasting connection with their target audience. Color psychology plays a significant role in advertising campaigns as different colors evoke specific emotions and associations. For example, warm colors like red and orange are often associated with excitement, passion, and energy, making them ideal choices for brands targeting a young and adventurous demographic. On the other hand, cool colors such as blue and green exude calmness, reliability, and trustworthiness – qualities that can be appealing to consumers seeking stability or eco-friendly products. Choosing the right color palette for a brand involves careful consideration of various factors such as target audience demographics, industry norms, cultural influences, and desired brand personality. A knowledgeable copywriter understands how to leverage these elements to create an impactful visual identity that resonates with consumers on both conscious and subconscious levels. Fortunately, AI writing assistants are now available to help copywriters streamline this process even further. With access to vast databases of color psychology research combined with their ability to generate engaging content rapidly, these AI assistants provide invaluable support in crafting compelling narratives that align seamlessly with chosen color schemes. In conclusion, leveraging color branding techniques in advertising campaigns allows businesses to tap into the power of human emotions and perceptions effectively. By understanding the psychology behind different colors’ impact on consumer behavior and utilizing AI writing assistants’ capabilities efficiently – copywriters can create persuasive content that not only captures attention but also builds long-lasting connections between brands and their target audience. Incorporating Color Psychology into Visual Content Creation and Graphic Design In the visually-driven world we live in today, choosing the right colors for your visuals has never been more important. Whether it’s designing a website, creating social media posts, or even developing a brand identity, understanding color harmony and contrast principles is crucial for making a lasting impression on your audience. Colors have the power to evoke emotions, convey messages, and enhance the overall user experience. When used effectively, they can capture attention and create a sense of harmony that resonates with your target audience. Contrast is another essential aspect when it comes to choosing colors. It involves using different shades or tones to create visual interest and make certain elements stand out. High contrast can be used to grab attention or highlight important information, while low contrast can be employed for a more subtle and sophisticated look. By leveraging these AI writing assistants’ capabilities in color selection algorithms based on color theory principles like harmonious palettes or contrasting combinations; you can save valuable time and energy while ensuring your visuals make a powerful impact. In conclusion, understanding color harmony and contrast principles is essential in creating visually captivating content across various platforms. With AI writing assistants at your disposal to assist in selecting the perfect hues for your visuals based on proven theories; you’ll not only save time but also create stunning designs that leave a lasting impression on your audience. Embrace this technological advancement today for efficient creation of visually appealing content! Developing Your Skills in Color Psychology: Resources and Techniques to Deepen Your Knowledge Discover the power of color psychology and unlock a world of endless possibilities in your marketing and design efforts. Color plays a vital role in influencing human emotions, behavior, and perception. It can be the subtle difference between capturing attention or being overlooked. Color psychology books provide an in-depth exploration of how colors impact our minds and emotions. These carefully curated works offer valuable knowledge on color selection, brand identity development, and effective communication through design. By studying case studies on successful use of color psychology, you can gain practical insights into how businesses have leveraged specific hues to evoke desired responses from their target audience. In addition to books and courses, numerous online resources provide valuable information on color psychology. Websites dedicated to this subject matter serve as treasure troves for designers, marketers, and copywriters seeking inspiration or guidance when incorporating colors into their work. These resources often include articles featuring real-life examples that demonstrate the successful implementation of color psychology principles across various industries. Investing time in studying case studies on successful use of color psychology will give you a competitive edge in effectively communicating your brand message. By understanding how different colors influence consumer behavior and perception, you can make informed decisions when selecting palettes for your designs or crafting persuasive copywriting. So whether you’re an aspiring designer wanting to create impactful visuals or a copywriter looking to enhance your persuasive writing skills, exploring books, courses, and online resources dedicated to color psychology will undoubtedly prove invaluable. Embrace the power of color psychology and let it propel your creative endeavors to new heights. Conclusion: Harnessing the Power of Colors for Personal and Professional Success In conclusion, it is evident that harnessing the power of colors can greatly contribute to both personal and professional success. The psychology of colors plays a significant role in influencing human emotions and behaviors. By understanding the symbolism behind different colors and making conscious color choices, individuals can create environments that enhance their mood, productivity, and overall well-being. In a professional setting, selecting the right colors for branding materials or office spaces can have a profound impact on how customers perceive a business or how employees feel motivated and engaged. Colors can evoke specific emotions and associations that align with desired outcomes or brand values. On a personal level, incorporating certain colors into one’s wardrobe or living space can positively affect mood and self-confidence. For example, wearing red may boost feelings of energy and assertiveness during important presentations or interviews. It is crucial to note that individual preferences for colors may vary based on cultural backgrounds and personal experiences. Therefore, it is essential to consider the target audience or context when utilizing color strategies. By harnessing the power of colors consciously and strategically in both personal and professional realms, individuals can unlock their full potential for success. Whether it’s through creating visually appealing marketing materials or establishing an inspiring home environment – the possibilities are endless when it comes to leveraging the psychological impact of colors. So why not embrace this powerful tool for achieving your goals? Start exploring the world of colors today! - The Role of Attention and Perception in Image Processing: Understanding How our Brain Interprets Visual InformationIntroduction: Exploring the Fascinating Connection between Attention, Perception, and Image Processing In the vast realm of image processing, attention and perception play a pivotal role in unlocking the true potential of visual interpretation. As humans, our eyes are naturally drawn to certain elements within an image, focusing our attention on what is most important. Similarly,… Read more: The Role of Attention and Perception in Image Processing: Understanding How our Brain Interprets Visual Information - Making Informed Decisions: The Key to Success in Every Area of LifeIn every area of life, making informed decisions is the key to success. Whether it’s in our personal relationships, career choices, or financial matters, the ability to gather relevant information and analyze it critically is crucial. Making informed decisions allows us to consider all available options and weigh their potential outcomes. It helps us avoid… Read more: Making Informed Decisions: The Key to Success in Every Area of Life - The Role of the Psychological Association in Advocating for Mental Health AwarenessIntroduction: Understanding the Importance of Mental Health Awareness In today’s fast-paced and demanding world, mental health has become more important than ever. The global conversation surrounding mental health awareness has grown exponentially in recent years, shedding light on the significance of promoting mental wellness and advocating for those who may be struggling.The importance of mental… Read more: The Role of the Psychological Association in Advocating for Mental Health Awareness - Unlocking the Power of Color Psychology: Why Understanding Color Psychology is a Valuable SkillIntroduction: The Influence of Colors on Human Perception and Emotion Colors have a remarkable influence on our emotions and perceptions. This fascinating field of study, known as color psychology, delves into the psychological impact that different colors have on our moods and behaviors. Whether we realize it or not, colors hold a significant power to… Read more: Unlocking the Power of Color Psychology: Why Understanding Color Psychology is a Valuable Skill - The Ultimate Guide to Creating Irresistible Membership Applications that ConvertOur membership application process is designed to be absolutely irresistible, making it a breeze for potential members to convert into loyal supporters of our community. We have developed a comprehensive and user-friendly guide that takes applicants through the entire process step-by-step, ensuring that they have all the information they need to make an informed decision.… Read more: The Ultimate Guide to Creating Irresistible Membership Applications that Convert - Unlocking the Power: Exploring the Psychological Effects of Static Images on Consumer BehaviorIntroduction: The Influence of Visuals in Consumer Decision Making In today’s fast-paced and visually driven world, marketers understand the power of images in influencing consumer behavior. The psychological effects of images have a profound impact on how consumers perceive brands, make purchase decisions, and engage with marketing content. Static images, in particular, play a crucial… Read more: Unlocking the Power: Exploring the Psychological Effects of Static Images on Consumer Behavior - Exploring the Role of Psychological Associations in Understanding Human Behavior and Mental HealthIn the field of psychology, understanding human behavior and mental health is a complex and multifaceted endeavor. One crucial aspect of this exploration is the role played by psychological associations. These organizations play a vital role in advancing our knowledge and understanding of the human mind and behavior through research, therapy, diagnosis, and other essential… Read more: Exploring the Role of Psychological Associations in Understanding Human Behavior and Mental Health - The Power of Static Images: How They Play a Crucial Role in Generating Emotional ResponsesIntroduction: Understanding the Impact of Static Images on Emotional Responses In today’s visually driven world, the power of static images to evoke emotional responses and communicate messages is undeniable. From advertising campaigns to social media posts, visuals play a crucial role in capturing our attention and leaving a lasting impact. Understanding the psychology behind visuals… Read more: The Power of Static Images: How They Play a Crucial Role in Generating Emotional Responses - Unleashing the Power and Importance of Still Images: How Visual Content Drives Engagement and Enhances CommunicationIntroduction: The Influence and Impact of Still Images in the Digital Age In today’s digital landscape, the power of images cannot be underestimated. Visual content has become an integral part of our daily lives, playing a crucial role in effective communication. 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Your donation will support the student journalists of the Evanstonian. We are planning a big trip to the Journalism Educators Association conference in Philadelphia in November 2023, and any support will go towards making that trip a reality. Contributions will appear as a charge from SNOSite. Donations are NOT tax-deductible. Governmental action on Sand Creek in recent years Content warning: The following article contains graphic, disturbing descriptions of the aftermath of the Sand Creek Massacre. February 27, 2023 After 149 years of oppression and ignorance from the government, Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, the first Native American to ever serve in Congress, created a bill in hopes of preserving the site and Sand Creek. The bill aimed to kindle the memorialization of the site at Sand Creek, protecting the area for the purpose of honoring the many Cheyenne and Arapaho people who were victims of the massacre. Campbell, who is American Cheyenne, was one of Colorado’s representatives of its third congressional district prior to becoming one of the state’s two senators, made the first governmental move toward preserving the historical site, making a statement on March 2, 1998. Introducing the importance of the Sand Creek Massacre sight, Campbell highlighted the importance of preserving the land as a protected place. “This bill authorizes the government to preserve such a significant piece of history that I believe is needed to remind us not just of the horrible deeds that took place in this country, but to the native Americans and to honor their memory.” Campbell then described the atrocious events of the Sand Creek Massacre. Starting with the unsuspecting demeanor of the familiar peace chief, Black Kettle, he described the vulnerable state of the tribes going about their day. With the impending wave of soldiers taking over, Campbell touched on the large difference in scale between soldiers killed from the Colorado militia and the large number of Native Americans brutally murdered. He describes the grotesque forms of torture used on many people and the inhumane actions of such soldiers after the massacre eventually subsided. This action will provide remembrance to the event and allow present and future generations of Americans to learn from our history—including much more glory and grace. — Former Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell on the preservation of the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site “When the skirmish ended, the Colorado volunteers then scalped and sexually mutilated many of the bodies of these people and proudly displayed their trophies to jeering crowds on the streets of Denver while desecrating the Cheyenne heritage,” explained Campbell. By examining the relentless torture and cultural denigration, Campbell made clear the justice and healing that has yet to become present for many descendants of the Cheyenne and Araphaho tribes. He recounted the lack of reparations or attempts at remembering the tragedies that took place at Sand Creek over the 149 years. Campbell encouraged the preservation of the site by pointing out the unique opportunity of the government. With the site being sold, there is no better moment to do whatever the government can to obtain the land. “This action will provide remembrance to the event and allow present and future generations of Americans to learn from our history—including much more glory and grace.” Sand Creek National Historic Site In October 1865, the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes signed the Treaty of Little Arkansas, which offered them reparations for the Sand Creek Massacre in addition to access to the lands south of the Arkansas River. Less than two years later, however, the original treaty was essentially scrapped, and the Medicine Lodge Treaty reduced the allocated reservation lands by 90 percent. The promised reparations were never paid or even kept track of by the U.S. government, despite more than a hundred attempts to account for them over the last century. Efforts to establish a Sand Creek National Historic Site began with the passage of Public Law 105-243, which mandated that the National Park Service determine the exact location of the massacre. Using historical documentation, oral history, aerial photography and archeology, a team of researchers pieced together answers and found the exact locations where the events of the massacre took place. The bill was sponsored by Campbell. On Nov. 7, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed Public Law 106-465, which created the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. The site was dedicated and formally opened on April 27, 2007. It consists of 3,025 acres, of which about 1,560 acres are owned by the National Park Service and 1,465 acres are owned by the park service in connection with the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. The site, located in southeast Colorado, includes a bookstore, a visitor picnic area and Monument Hill, upon which one can overlook Sand Creek. “Throughout all of that process, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes were very much involved. Every time they would study at the site, there were tribal representatives here,” Teri Jobe, a park guide at the site, notes. “There were a lot of meetings between National Park Service Representatives, the tribal representatives and also local people from some of the towns nearby like Eve and Lamar.” For about a hundred years, the people living in the territory, and later the state of Colorado, felt that what John Chivington had done, while not great, was justified [because] it helped the state become what it was. — Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site guide Teri Jobe Today, through the work of the site, people from all walks of life are educated on the atrocities that occurred at Sand Creek. “It’s not a conflict that a lot of people know about, and so it’s helpful for people who are even just driving by on the road, they sometimes see the sign and will go, ‘Oh, National Park. Let’s go,’” Jobe says. “Some people have prior knowledge. There has been a movement in Colorado to put this into schools. Some people have studied, and some people have come back many times over the years because they feel a connection to this place. We do not let people go into the site itself where the camp was and where the massacre actually took place because that is considered sacred ground to the tribe today. People can see that site from what we call a monument hill, looking down into the valley and the same Big Sandy Creek, and you can see that area really well from monument hill.” Another significant change made by the bill was the name of the site itself. Previously, the site had been marked by a red granite headstone, referring to Sand Creek as a battleground. This often skewed public perception in favor of Chivington. “For about a hundred years, the people living in the territory, and later the state of Colorado, felt that what John Chivington had done, while not great, was justified,” Jobe says, “[because] it helped the state become what it was.” Steps Towards Healing Every November since 1999, about 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho Sand Creek descendants have gathered at the Sand Creek Massacre Historic Site to run a 173-mile relay. As they make their way to the Colorado State Capitol, participants follow the route that soldiers took when returning to Denver after the massacre, reflecting on the atrocities that happened to their ancestors more than a century ago, even taking a moment to pause for Captain Silas S. Soule at the intersection of Arapaho and 15th Street in Denver, who told the truth about the military’s motivations during a military court hearing and was subsequently murdered. When they arrive at the building, tribal members engage in tributes and prayers to honor their historical roots. This event is called the Spiritual Healing run, and up until the surge of COVID-19, had been an integral part of the Sand Creek Massacre Historic Site’s programming. “Before COVID, it was usually a very large event. We could have up to 200 people or more who would come to [the run]. There would be prayers offered by some of the elders of the Cheyenne and Arapaho, and it would be followed by a relay run from the site of Sand Creek to Denver,” Jobe reflects. “Now, I’ve never followed that whole route, and I don’t think it was quite the complete route, but it was large chunks of it. Then a couple days afterward, when the group got to Denver, there would be a further ceremony at the steps of the Capitol building. With the onset of COVID, that has changed a bit for health and safety reasons. Many of the tribes only send a few people to do prayers and ceremonies here at the site just to protect their communities.” In 2014, then-governor John Hickenlooper took the healing run as an opportunity to finally apologize for the harm he and preceding government officials have inflicted on the native tribes. When I go to Colorado or other places in America, it’s clear that there are still so many people who do not know anything about Sand Creek or other massacres that happen around the country. There is so much that needs to be done to heal. — Gale Ridgley, member of the Northern Arapaho tribe “Today, we gather here to formally acknowledge what happened: the massacre at Sand Creek. We should not be afraid to criticize and condemn that which is inexcusable, so I am here to offer something that has been too long in coming, and on behalf of the State of Colorado, I want to apologize,” Hickenlooper said on that day in 2014. “On behalf of the good, peaceful, loving people of Colorado, I want to say we are sorry for the atrocity that our government and its agents visited upon your ancestors.” Before issuing the apology, Hickenlooper collaborated with former governors to ensure that the speech was coming from an accurate, genuine place. “That was from the state of Colorado. It wasn’t the federal government that did that, and he spoke on behalf of himself and all prior Colorado governors,” Jobe elaborates. “He’d actually spoken with the previous governors who were still living at the time just to make sure that all the governors that he could speak to were on board with that apology.” While the apology made strides in terms of government accountability for the massacre, most feel it is merely the first step in making amends for the generational trauma and pain that descendants have endured for a century and a half. Gale Ridgley, member of the Northern Arapaho tribe, reflects on the long-standing need for the government to do more. “As an Arapaho person, an educator and former principal, I do believe that politics and power are stories of education,” Ridgley says. “I believe that when I go to Colorado or other places in America, it’s clear that there are still so many people who do not know anything about Sand Creek or other massacres that happen around the country. There is so much that needs to be done to heal.” After 149 years of generational trauma, loss and poverty, of broken promises and deception, descendants of the Sand Creek Massacre sought to gain reparations for the United States’ betrayal. In 1865, federal representatives joined Arapaho and Cheyenne tribal members to develop the Treaty of Little Arkansas, which renounced the massacre and promised compensation for family members of the victims. However, 149 years later in 2013, the Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Trust—backed by more than 15,000 identified descendants—filed a class action lawsuit under the belief that little of the money actually made it into the hands of their ancestors. There was a congressional appropriation [following the massacre], so Congress appropriated monies to pay for part of the damages. Those monies never made it to the Indigenous people; some of it actually went back into the U.S. Treasury. — Dave Askman, lawyer of the Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Trust “First of all, there was a congressional appropriation [following the massacre], so Congress appropriated monies to pay for part of the damages,” explains Dave Askman, the trust’s lawyer and adopted father of two possible descendants of the massacre. “Those monies never made it to the Indigenous people; some of it actually went back into the U.S. Treasury. That may have been because they couldn’t find tribal representatives who wanted to take the money, or they couldn’t find the individuals, or they just didn’t know how to do it. I don’t know what the motives would have been of an agent of a Bureau of Indian Affairs in the 1870, but we know that the monies did not make it to the individuals who are identified in the treaties. We also found that some monies were paid to tribes. That seems on its face to be partial fulfillment of the obligations in this treaty, but paying the money to the tribes is like paying it to the government—you’re not giving it to the individuals who have agreed to get it, and no tribes are identified to receive monies in the treaty. There are individuals identified in the treaty.” Before the lawsuit even began, the trust ran into a few challenges. Back when the search for reparations started brewing in 2012, Eric Gorski, then a reporter for the Denver Post, published an in-depth look into the case. At the time, there were four different groups all seeking justice, with arguments developing over who would qualify for the compensation. “I think the number of different groups is a very tangible sign of the divisions within that community and frankly, so many communities,” Gorski notes. “In this case, it involves very profound disagreements—disagreements about which tribes were wronged and about when to stop counting the number of folks who would be eligible for reparations. That’s tough.” In terms of its legal argument, the team had to find justification to sue. All the way back to the United States’ founding, a doctrine known as sovereign immunity was established, mandating that the government could not be sued without its consent or an express waiver. While no explicit language designated an express waiver in either the Treaty of Little Arkansas or the Appropriations Act that allocated its funds, much of the legislation within the Appropriations Act inferred a statute of limitations—a time limit on how long a person can sue someone for a particular cause. Thus, the trust’s legal team argued that the presence of these statutes implies consent to sue. Ultimately, the trust’s case was not enough to convince the Colorado court. Their opinion stated that the government had not established an explicit trustee relationship with the tribes, nor was there unequivocal consent to sue in either of the cited documents. Later, in an appeal to Colorado’s Tenth Circuit Court, the lawsuit’s dismissal was upheld. “The United States unfortunately argued successfully that the treaty did not create what they call a trust relationship between the persons identified in the Treaty and the United States. Now, I just think that that’s a gross miscarriage of justice. I think it’s absolutely wrong, and I think that the United States, when it makes a promise in a treaty, especially [with] tribes it’s in control of, [has to] fulfill those promises. Anyway, a district court decided if there was no enforceable agreement, no enforceable trust created, then the United States didn’t have to account for those monies,” Askman elaborates. I think that the United States, when it makes a promise in a treaty, especially [with] tribes it’s in control of, [has to] fulfill those promises. — Dave Askman For Askman, the loss was hardly a surprise. “When you’re a lawyer like I am, who practices Indian law, you get used to cases where you’re absolutely right on the facts, and you’re absolutely right on the equities involved in the case,” Askman says. “You’re on the right side of issues that somehow courts in the United States seem to always rule against, and they sometimes bend over backwards in order to rule against tribes. What it meant was we had to go back to the drawing board and figure out a different way to try to make our clients whole.” The interests of the U.S. government in a case like this can’t be pinpointed, but it can be assumed that its lawyers will always protect the interests of the country. “I can’t really speak to their motives, because I don’t know exactly what they are. There are a lot of lawsuits out there where tribes are making claims about violations of the United States trust responsibility to them, and I’m guessing they don’t want bad law on the books that might be precedent in another case. I think that, anytime you’re talking about the amounts of money that might be involved in a case like this, or if you’re talking about the amount of effort it would take to do and accounting for 150 years of mismanagement or non-payment of funds, that’s something they obviously don’t want to do,” Askman notes. “We fully expected the United States to put up a defense, and I honestly believe that, sometimes, lawyers, who are charged with defending the United States, their first reaction is not, ‘Is this right or wrong?’ but ‘How do we defend this case?’ instead of trying to figure out whether or not what they’re doing is correct.” The battle for reparations isn’t over yet. After the legal team was struck down by yet another loss when the supreme court refused to hear their case in 2016, the plaintiffs sought out other methods to receive justice. “There are other options available to us. I can’t really talk in detail about all of those because we’re working on them right now, but there are other branches of government. It’s not just the judicial system. If you can convince the legislature that the United States ought to keep its promises, especially to Native peoples, then maybe legislation could solve our problem. That’s certainly possible,” Askman elaborates. “There’s a possibility that an international court may hear this issue at some point. The United Nations is already aware of this case, and they sent an official to take a history from my clients, and they actually came up with the opinion that this was a wanton abuse of human rights in one where the United States really needed to make reparations.” For the descendants of the massacre, the people that felt a duty to find justice for their slaughtered ancestors, winning the lawsuit would mean more than just money—it would mean finally living in peace. “They’re not people who have dollar signs in their eyes. They’re not looking to get rich. They are quite the opposite, actually. They are people who are much more concerned with the United States fulfilling its obligations to the tribes and trying to close a chapter in their life which these people feel every day,” Askman says. “It’s hard to imagine, from my perspective, being so affected by events that happened to my ancestors 150 years ago, but that is absolutely the case here. It would bring closure. I know that my clients, the trust itself, would be very interested in setting up educational facilities, tribal lands or lands for persons who are affected. “It’s now been 159 years, and they’re still looking for justice.” On Oct. 5, 2022, Michael Bennet, a Colorado senator and American attorney, joined Hickenlooper and multiple leaders from the Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes in remembering the tragic events of 1864 at the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. Along with live music and multiple speakers from the members of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, Bennet and Hickenlooper proudly announced the additional funds and 3,500 extra acres of land to the site. With them was Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland, the first Native American to serve as a member of a presidential cabinet. “It is our solemn responsibility at the Department of the Interior, as caretakers of America’s national treasures, to tell the story of our nation,” said Haaland at the event. “The events that took place here forever changed the course of the Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.” Bennet and Hickenlooper hoped that by adding land to the site, there would be more access to the public. Creating more publicity will increase the acknowledgement and education of what happened during the Sand Creek Massacre. “This is a long overdue step to respect and preserve land sacred to the Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes,” said Bennet. “We will never forget the hundreds of lives that were brutally taken here—men, women and children murdered in an unprovoked attack,” Haaland said. “Stories like the Sand Creek Massacre are not easy to tell but it is my duty—our duty—to ensure that they are told. 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The ‘Unique Construction’ interview series takes a deeper look into the challenges faced by unique construction companies and managers. Throughout this series interviews with construction professionals and experts from these fields will give readers first-hand accounts of and deep insights into the safety, security, and management challenges faced by these remarkable industries and individuals. The ‘Unique Construction’ series begins with ‘Site Safety Over (and under) the Sea.’ It features Kevin Wheatcroft, the Safety Director at Advanced American Construction and overviews the shocking safety challenges of a marine construction company. Over 96 people died while building the Hoover Dam. Many of these individuals were “high-scalers,” workers that climbed down the canyon wall using only a small rope to jackhammer and blast away loose rock. Frequently, these workers fell into the waters below, sometimes to their death. Others were injured or killed from falling rocks above. These were obvious hazards, yet surprisingly, protective equipment was not freely provided. To ensure their safety, the dam workers had to create their own head protection. Dipping cloth hats into sticky tar, they used the Nevada desert sunlight to warm and harden the tar into makeshift hard hats. The equipment and environmental challenges of working on the Hoover Dam were second to none in marine construction. Thankfully, much has changed since the 1930’s construction of the Hoover Dam. Mainly, the formation of The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1971. On marine construction sites today, safety nets and safety harnesses are required. Life vests and life preservers are always on-site. Adequate toilets and wash stations must be readily available, and companies need to submit health and safety plans. The marine construction processes have significantly changed too. Modern companies use 3D visualization systems to understand and survey surrounding waters and coasts before and during the construction process to detect potential hazards. Before starting some projects, advanced cofferdams are used to pump out water from the site. During nighttime construction, boat lighting and detection is used to prevent collisions. Some companies, like the one interviewed in this article, even complete underwater construction with specialized diving sets. Needless to say, the industry has seen considerable advancement from tar hard hats. Despite these significant improvements, however, marine construction safety still challenges even the most experienced safety managers. This construction niche ranks as one of the most hazardous occupations, largely due to the unpredictable nature of the weather. In the winter, water might freeze, breaking equipment and creating major slip hazards. In rainy seasons, the wind can get heavy and cause long delays in the construction schedule. In some areas, tide swings can be up to 12-feet tall and powerful enough to rock ships. As if weather was not challenging enough, local citizens sometimes live, work, and walk close to or on worksites, requiring safety managers to focus beyond just their own workers. With these many potential hazards, it is necessary for contractors to be prepared for each step in the marine construction process. Yet, there is no singular construction process in the marine niche. From coastal homes to expansive bridges to underwater pipelines, the situations contractors face change drastically from site to site. To ensure each unique site is safe, contractors must look at the weather, local environment, bystanders, and water accessibility, amongst countless other factors. Undoubtedly, marine construction safety is a unique and demanding niche of the industry. Based out of Portland, Oregon, Kevin Wheatcroft is the Safety Director at Advanced American Construction. His company is a recognized leader in the Safety and Marine Construction fields. Wheatcroft has been a safety professional for over 16 years, having had the opportunity to take positions as a safety chairman, safety director, and safety consultant. It is fair to say he is an expert in safety. In character with his profession, Wheatcroft conducted his interview on a tugboat. While discussing the uniqueness of the marine construction industry, we were treated to the background sounds of seagulls squawking and water whooshing. From stories of 12-foot-tall tide swings to underwater explosions, Wheatcroft had lots to share about his experiences in marine construction. Wheatcroft explained how his three years as Safety Director for Advanced American have been challenging. “The water adds a whole layer of risk,” he stated, especially with commercial diving. Welding steel underwater can produce combustible gas. If too much gas is trapped in a small area, the result can be massive underwater explosions. On top of that, divers face risks when surfacing, and need hyperbaric chambers for recompression. If the divers come up too fast, there is a real threat for them getting bends, a decompression sickness. Wheatcroft explained, “it can mess divers up if they get the bends and do not know how to treat it.” The divers have to be sure to get the correct oxygen treatment, or else it can be life-threatening. Overall, divers face a workplace fatality rate nearly 40x higher than the national average across industries. Wheatcroft pointed out many over-the-water challenges too. He explained that his company uses “small steel boats, 20 ft long workboats.” The risk of smashing hands between the boats or a steel piling of another boat is always on a worker’s mind. Falling out of the boat and drowning is a big concern as well. With these many risks, Wheatcroft uses specialized Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), like life jackets, and techniques and training to keep his teams safe. With all these risks, workers need copious training. Every member of the diving team, for example, needs certification for commercial diving. This can take around eight months of preparation. They must also receive extensive medical training. Divers need to know how their bodies will react underwater, and how to keep themselves safe if an accident does occur. “There is a lot that goes into it,” Wheatcroft said. While being able to watch from a tv screen, he still finds it hard to understand all the hazards commercial divers face underwater. He explained, “you cannot know exactly what they face without being down there with them.” Like with any marine contractor, the weather is a major concern of Wheatcroft. Last September, he oversaw a project on the windiest section of the Columbia River Gorge. “The wind was just blowing,” Wheatcroft explained. The whole project fell days behind schedule simply because they could not use the cranes in the wind. In some other bays, the tides become a big factor. Some workers have to fight tides 10–12 feet tall, or worse, according to Wheatcroft. Beyond concern for the crew, Wheatcroft has a lot to think about with pedestrians. Currently, Advanced American is replacing access for the commercial fishing fleet in Newport. One of the requirements of the jobs is to give fishermen access to the [dock/port] 100% of the time throughout the 5–6 month job. Thus, the safety of the fisherman, or whoever else may be around, plays a big role in the construction process. In Newport, they have hundreds of people walking up and down the boardwalk. This adds an element overlooked by many when thinking about the responsibilities of marine contractors. When working with water, contractors are forced to come up with clever solutions to solve their building problems. When constructing bridges over the water, it is often too difficult to build a temporary track as one might do on land. For one, support systems cannot be transported by truck underneath the bridge like what may happen on land. Instead, the building materials need to be transported over the water. Wheatcroft maintains that on land strategies are “just not feasible” over the water, so alternative strategies must be used. His company hires subcontractors to drill foundation piers with steel and concrete. Once the foundational piers are in place, they then use a big barge to float the 330-foot bridge span. The visual of sending a multi-million-pound bridge up a river is extraordinary. Using cranes, the company lifts the bridge pieces one by one from the barges to on top of the foundational piers. The construction process, with all its complications and responsibilities, is what Wheatcroft finds most interesting and exciting. While on projects with drastically different sites and setbacks, he gets to see water problem-solving skills at work, and witness individuals figure out safe solutions to the challenges of water. “It’s safety — period. The rules are not to make your job harder. The rules are there to make you go home safe at the end of the day. We all work for our time off, the way I look at it. There’s an old song, right, ‘Working for the Weekend.’ I think that’s very true with anybody, you know. I don’t come to work just so I can pay my bills and keep the electricity on. I come to work so I can have enough money and time to spend with my family… Anybody can get hurt, whether you’re at home, whether you’re on the job, injuries happen and they can all really impact your quality of life. Keeping people safe, whether they understand it or not, is for the future and for their families as well. I have seen some pretty bad injuries and have seen how they can really impact people’s lives. And, almost everybody out here in this trade gets paid by the hour. So, let’s take the time to do it right, do it safe… No amount of money would make me want to get injured for the rest of my life, and not be able to, you know, walk around or hike, hang out with your kids or grandkids, or whatever it may be.” Marine construction holds safety challenges that most construction professionals will never have to face. Wheatcroft may have summarized it best and most simply: “the water just adds a whole layer of risk.” Perhaps the most interesting part of these unique challenges is the ability for these companies to find ways to adapt and overcome with one-of-a-kind solutions. From using hyperbaric chambers to huge barges, maritime construction companies like Advanced American Construction find ways to complete their projects over and under the water safely. Thanks again to Kevin Wheatcroft and Advanced American Construction for participating in the “Unique Construction” interview series. The “Unique Construction” Series will be back with more captivating interviews with individuals across the construction industry. Stay tuned for future posts and updates! Wheatcroft has been a safety professional for 16 years and is based out of Portland, Oregon. Before becoming a safety professional, he was a truck mechanic, welder, fabricator, and millwright. He worked in a large fabrication company located outside of Portland and was on the safety committee. Soon, he came to be the committee chairman. He spoke of a particular incident during that time when “one of their machinists dropped a pretty sharp chuck of stainless steel on his hand from about 8'’ or a foot — maybe higher.” Unfortunately, the machinist cut his fingers off at a 45-degree angle. Wheatcroft researched the incident, striving to make a game plan that would ensure it did not happen again. What did he find? The company he worked for was not doing any kind of training on the equipment the machinist had used. Furthermore, they were not using the equipment according to the manufacturer’s instructions. He wrote up a training program and saw positive safety results. Having done a good job on the mitigation, the company asked if he wanted to be the new safety leader. After eight years of being the Safety Director, Wheatcroft became a Safety Consultant. As a safety consultant, he worked with Associated General Contractors in Oregon-Columbia. 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BERNTSON FAMILY NARRATIVE NOTE: The Berntson family also went by the last name Benson. Their name is also found as Berntsen. Andrew Berntson (Anders Berntson) was a native of Norway, born 15 January 1845. He emigrated to the United States around 1870 with his brother, James Berntson, and other siblings. The Berntson siblings settled in San Francisco, where Andrew worked in the shipyards. In 1872, Andrew married Bertha Olson (Berte Oleson), also a native of Norway, on 7 October in San Francisco. The family attended church at the Ascension Lutheran Church, which is likely where they were married. Bertha emigrated to the United States in 1870 with many of her siblings, including: August Olson, Kund Olson, Samuel Olson, and Regenheldt Olson and possibly their parents. At least one sibling remained behind in Norway. She was born 4 April 1849. The Berntson and the Olson families were part of a post-Civil War Norwegian emigration surge. Between 1825 and 1925, Norway lost over one-third of its population to those that had “America Fever.” Most of the Norwegian immigrants in America found their way to the newly opened lands of the Midwest, settling in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas. Some, like the Berntson’s and the Olson’s made their way to the Pacific Coast. By 1879, Andrew and Bertha had migrated north to Stewarts Point, Sonoma County, California. They likely lived with or near Bertha’s sister, Regenheldt Olson, who had married Michael Williams. The Williams Ranch was located near Clarks Crossing (between Stewarts Point and Annapolis), and was passed down through Regenheldt’s daughter, Regenheldt Williams Rasmason’s family, and was purchased by the Richardson family in 2002. Moving to Gualala by 1881, Andrew worked at the Gualala Mill, and then the family had moved up to Elk Prairie by 1883. On 1 July 1884, while working in the woods near Gualala, Andrew was killed by a falling tree. An inquest was held, and his death was determined accidental. The owners of the Gualala Mill allowed Bertha and her children to have a lifetime estate in their home at the Gualala Mill. Bertha and Regenheldts children were close, and often spent time with each other. The Williams family held at least one dance, when the Berntson’s daughter, Anna Belle, came to visit. Life for this family was typical of those that worked in the Mill. They migrated where the work was, attended church at the Gualala Church, and the children attended the Gualala School. After Andrew’s death, Bertha continued to live in Gualala, but would spend the winters in Willits and/or San Francisco with her daughters, Ida Berntson Johnson and Anna Berntson. Bertha died 11 February 1930 at home in Gualala, after being ill for five years. Andrew, Bertha, and their son Andrew Bearnhart are all buried in the Gualala Cemetery. Andrew and Bertha had seven children: Emma Berntson (1874-1874): Emma was born in San Francisco on 9 Mar 1874. She died on 10 July 1874. Her cause of death is unknown. She was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in San Francisco, and later removed to the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Colma. Oscar Olson Berntson (1875 – 1960): Oscar was born in San Francisco on 25 October 1875. He died on 12 August 1960 in Crescent City, Del Norte County, California. He lived much of his life in Crescent City on fifth street and worked as a janitor at Del Norte High School. He later took over his uncle’s job as janitor of the Del Norte County Courthouse. Oscar is buried in the IOOF Cemetery in Crescent City. Ida Adeline Berntson (1877 – 1931): Ida was born in San Francisco on 16 April 1877. She died on 27 August 1931 in San Francisco. She was the only child of Andrew and Bertha who married. Her husband was Charles W. Johnson, an emigrant from Sweden. They lived in Little Lake (present day Willits), Mendocino County, California, where Charles was an edgerman in the mill. Eventually they moved back to the coast, living in Point Arena. Both Adeline and Charles are buried at the Cypress Lawn Garden Cemetery in Colma. They had no children. Andrew Bearnhart Berntson (1879-1938): Andrew was born in the Salt Point Township on 28 September 1879. He worked throughout his life in the timber industry, winding his way through Mendocino and Humboldt Counties. He first worked in the mill in Little Lake (Willits) along with his brother, Harry, and brother-in-law, Charles Johnson. In 1917, he was working for the Pacific Lumber Company in Scotia, and then by 1920 found himself in the town of Newburg, just east of Fortuna, established and built by the Eel River Valley Lumber Company in 1884. Today, Newburg no longer exists, the buildings, mill pond, and railroad tracks have all disappeared. He worked in Newburg for a few years, and then Andrew migrated to Metropolitan, working at the Metropolitan Lumber Company as a millhand. This small company town consisted of 25 homes, a hotel, and store. Like Newburg, it no longer exists, having been destroyed by the Eel River Flood of 1964. Like so many in the timber industry, Andrew found himself in the storied company town of Samoa, working for the Hammond Lumber Company. By the time he arrived here, he was working as a skilled millman, and lived in the company owned homes on the peninsula. Samoa, originally known as Brownsville, served as a prisoner of war camp for Native Americans captured in the Bald Hills War, and then a dairy farm, before it became the heart of Humboldt County’s timber industry. The sawmill was built in 1892, and the Samoa became the largest mill site in Northern California. Today, it is one of the very few company towns that still have inhabitants. Around 1827, Andrew moved ashore to Eureka, living on Summer Street, with some of his co-workers from the mill. Moving back to Mendocino County in the 1930’s, worked in Albion and then shortly before his death in 1938 moved to Stewarts Point, likely living with his Williams cousins. Andrew never married and had no children. He is buried in the Gualala Cemetery. Anna Belle Berntson (1880/1-1958): Records conflict as to Anna’s exact year of birth, but she was born on 30 July in either 1880 or 1881. As a young woman, she moved to San Francisco, and then returned to the coast, working as the Chief Operator for the telephone exchange in Gualala, and then later as the post mistress, retiring in 1951. She lived in the family home until her death in 1958. Anna is buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Point Arena. Anna never married and had no children. Harry William Berntson (1883-1953): Harry was born at Elk Prairie, Mendocino County, California on 9 July 1883. He migrated to Little Lakes (Willits), where he worked in the mill and lived with his brother, Andrew, and next door to his sister Ida, and her husband Charles. At some point, he moved to Crescent City, living with his brother Oscar and uncle James, probably still working in the timber industry, before he moved back to the coast and lived with his sister, Anna, until her death. Harry died after a series of strokes, in Fort Bragg, California on 7 July 1953. He is buried in a shared plot in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Point Arena. Harry never married and had no children. Unknown Child: Census records indicated that Bertha had seven children, and five of them were alive in 1900. The unknown child was either born before Emma, or sometime between 1880 and 1900, and died young. 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Animate that Haiku! - Preview \| - Standards \| - Resources & Preparation \| - Instructional Plan \| - Related Resources \| Although some students insist they cannot write poetry, the haiku's short form and its lack of rhyme will make the students less apprehensive of the task. Because of their brevity, haikus are perfect for teaching students how to use Animoto, an online web tool to create short slideshows. After reading haikus and examining the haiku format, students write their own haikus that they then animate using Animoto. - Haiku Poem App: TThis free mobile app from ReadWriteThink will be used for students to write their haikus. - Animoto: Students will use this online web tool to create slideshows to illustrate their haikus. From Theory to Practice Cheney points out that English teachers have oftentimes taken away their students’ enthusiasm for poetry by overanalyzing the literary qualities of poems. In particular, he suggests that teachers who concentrate on form have not instructed their students on the true essence of haiku poetry. He believes instructors should focus on the haiku’s quality of capturing a “moment, image, or feeling drawn from the close observation of nature.” Likewise, according to Parr and Campbell, teachers need to find low-anxiety methods to teach poetry that allows students to delve into poetry without the emphasis on form and rhyme. Additionally, by tying in technology elements with poetry, students may be more motivated to write as Hutchison, Beschorner and Schmidt-Crawford noted that students were highly engaged when using iPads in the classroom. Furthermore, Parr and Campbell state that students need to be given opportunities to share their own poetry. By using the Haiku Poem App and then creating short slideshows through Animoto, students have two unique platforms to communicate their poems. Common Core Standards This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. This lesson has been aligned to standards in the following states. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. NCTE/IRA National Standards for the English Language Arts - 1. Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; to acquire new information; to respond to the needs and demands of society and the workplace; and for personal fulfillment. Among these texts are fiction and nonfiction, classic and contemporary works. - 2. Students read a wide range of literature from many periods in many genres to build an understanding of the many dimensions (e.g., philosophical, ethical, aesthetic) of human experience. - 4. Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. - 5. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. - 6. Students apply knowledge of language structure, language conventions (e.g., spelling and punctuation), media techniques, figurative language, and genre to create, critique, and discuss print and nonprint texts. Materials and Technology - Samples of haiku poetry from books and/or websites - Classroom computer with projection capabilities - Computers with Internet capabilities and headphones - Items from nature such as pinecones, pebbles, and dried flowers At this website teachers can sign up for a free educator account which provides six-month access for fifty students. This is the website for noted children’s science author Seymour Simon where each week he posts a "Cool Photo of the Week," which can serve as inspiration for writing haikus. Although this website is geared for elementary students, it can serve as an introduction to haiku poetry and most of the haikus are illustrated with at least one image. The portions of the current issue of this society’s journal Frogpond is online. Since the haikus are not illustrated, the haikus at this website would be useful to have the students identify the descriptive, concise language of haikus. At this website you will find several haikus under the section Featured Haiku, some traditional and some not. None are illustrated, so again students can explain what images the language of the haiku evoke. This website features haikus from children around the world. You may want to invite your students to add their haikus to this website. - Sign up for a free educator account at Animoto, and then create student accounts. Instructions for creating student accounts came be found at How Do I Set Up Accounts for My Students?. - Familiarize yourself with Animoto using the Animoto Instructions printout. Depending on the level of your students, you might want to make one copy of this for each student. - Decide where you will post the students’ finished slideshows. One possibility is to create a classroom wiki at Wikispaces or a class website at Google Sites. Both tools are free - Reserve time in your school’s computer lab for one session. If possible, bookmark Animoto or post the link on the class wiki or website. If neither option is feasible, simply have the students type in the address in the browser. - Select several haikus from the websites listed and/or from the Suggested Haiku Books printout to use during the first class session. Choose haikus that follow the traditional format as well as ones that do not. If you use haikus online without images, find at least one image per haiku online that could correspond with these selected haikus. Save these images to the classroom computer that will be used for projecting. Least Things: Poems about Small Nature by Jane Yolen and Jason Stemple is an excellent resource for showing haikus combined with photography. - Using one of the selected haikus, create an Animoto slideshow to share with the students. - Collect nature items, such as pinecones, pebbles, and dried flowers, for your classroom to serve as inspiration during the writing process. - Find nature images online that you can print or use actual photographs to serve as additional inspiration. If you search “Cool Photo of the Week” at Seymour Simon’s website, you will find many interesting nature images that will engage students. - Make one copy of first page of the Haiku Starter and the Haiku Rubric for each student. - Secure the tablets that students will use in session three. Download the Haiku Poem App on these tablets. Familiarize yourself with the app, especially how to customize the background image. - identify the format and topic of traditional haiku poetry. - create haikus using concise and descriptive language to evoke images. - create haikus using a mobile app. - create a slideshow through the use of Animoto to illustrate the descriptive language of a haiku. - Begin by projecting one of the traditional haikus on the board. Read the haiku together. - Ask students questions about the traditional format of a haiku. Cover the following areas: - Number of syllables per line (5-7-5 pattern) - Number of lines (three lines) - Typical nature theme - Ask students to circle on the board the descriptive words they find in the haiku. - Show the image(s) you found for the haiku and reread the haiku. Discuss the following about the image: - How does this image fit the descriptive language of the haiku? - What emotions does the image invoke? - Do these emotions fit the mood of the haiku? - Divide the class into small groups and give each group a traditional haiku to examine and present to the class. Ask them to discuss the following in their small groups and then share with the class while the haiku is projected (write these on the board or project them for students to see): - The traditional 5-7-5 syllable line format - Number of lines - The nature theme - The descriptive words - The mood of the haiku - What image(s) they imagine would fit their haiku - Project a non-traditional haiku on the board. Read the haiku together and discuss the following: - Number of syllables per line - Number of lines - The theme of the haiku - The concise, descriptive language that is present in all haikus - Project the image(s) you found for this haiku and reread the haiku. Ask students how this image fits the haiku. - Have students return to their small groups and give each group a non-traditional haiku to present to the class using the same topics above. If this is not completed during this session, give students time to finish with their groups at the beginning of the next session or require them to finish it out of class. - Share with the students that in the next session they will write their own haikus on tablets using Haiku Poem App. Explain that after they have written their haikus, the students will then use Animoto to create slideshows of their haikus. Give the students the Haiku Rubric and show the students the Animoto slideshow you have created to compare to the rubric. - Before the students arrive for this session, lay out your nature items (or items that students provided) and hang your images/photos in the classroom. - Connect one tablet to the projector and project the Haiku Poem App. Together read through the descriptions in the app about What is a Haiku? and How to write a Haiku. Take one of the nature items or images, and solicit from the class suggestions for the Brainstorming section. Then together create a haiku using the ideas from brainstorming. Remind students that because of the brevity of a haiku, not every item on the brainstorming list needs to be included in the finished poem. Model for the students how to change the text and customize the background to match the haiku. Model for the students how to save their final poem as well as e-mail to you for printing. - Hand out the tablets with the mobile app to the students. Tell them they may use one of the nature items or images to create their list, or they may choose any other nature-related topic. Also, remind them that only traditionally formatted haikus require the strict 5-7-5 syllable pattern. Allow time for students to complete their haikus. Circulate throughout the classroom, helping those who have trouble with the app and probing those who have problems writing the haiku. - Check that all students have completed their haikus and sent them to you. Print each student’s haiku for use in the next session. Check that all students completed their haikus in the last sessions. If not, allow time for those who have not finished to complete the assignment. Again play the Animoto slideshow you have created but do not project the slideshow. Therefore, the students are just hearing the soundtrack you have selected. Discuss what emotions the music evokes. Show the slideshow with projection and discuss how the music and images complement the haiku. Model for the students how to find images online that will correspond to their haikus. Discuss the following: - Searching using specific words (for example, using tulip instead of flowers) - Copyrighted images cannot be used Model of the students where you want them to save their images. Hand out the students’ haikus that they created on the tablets and you have printed. Provide each student with a user name and password for Animoto. Allow students time to work on their slideshow. While students are working, discuss with students individually the following: - Use of descriptive language Images that reflect the descriptive language Music that mirrors the mood of the haiku Problems they have in creating their slide show When students complete their slideshows, have them work with a partner to check each other’s slideshow against the Haiku Rubric. Allow students to make any necessary changes. Collect the students’ printed haikus at the end of the hour, so that this can be used as part of their assessment and for possibly displaying these in the classroom or in the school building. - Allow time for students to continue to work on/finish up their slideshows. - When students complete their slideshows, have them work with a partner to check each other’s slideshow against the Haiku Rubric. Allow students to make any necessary changes. - Collect the Haiku Starter at the end of the hour as part of the student assessment and remind students that they will be presenting their slideshows to the class in the next session. - Have each student share his/her slideshow. - Allow time for students to comment on each other’s haikus and choice of images as well as music (you may either have students fill out a rubric for each presenter, or provide some sort of guiding questions that students should use to give constructive feedback). - If possible, post the students’ slideshows to the class wiki or website and encourage the students to share these with members of their families. - Have the students draw their own pictures for their haikus. Using digital cameras, take pictures of their artwork and upload these to Animoto. - Use the tablets to take pictures of the students’ own drawing. Use these images as background in the Haiku Poem App. - Have additional books from the Poetry Books with Good Illustrations printout in the classroom and encourage students to read these. - Try other forms of poetry and create Animoto slideshows for these poems. - Use the mobile app Word Mover to create “found poetry.” - Have students share their slideshow with a younger class at school. - Invite parents to a Poetry Coffeehouse and share the students’ work. - Display the students’ haikus creating using the Haiku Poem App on a class bulletin board or in the hallways for others to enjoy. - Invite students to post their haikus to the website Kids on the Net for an even larger audience to enjoy their creative writing. Student Assessment / Reflections - Examine the completed haikus made with the app. - Use the Haiku Rubric to assess students’ finished slideshows. - Keep notes on students’ participation in group work and time on task. - Ask the students to explain (in a few sentences/paragraph) the relationship between the images and the music they choose for their haikus.	<urn:uuid:fdf69cef-0476-46e9-b440-0088a91974ae>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/animate-haiku	2024-03-03T20:31:02Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00585.warc.gz	en	0.929548	3,158	3.78125	4	[ 7353, 1609, 336, 8965, 2246, 89, 5, 203, 17, 2412, 2614, 869, 203, 17, 11188, 869, 203, 17, 7851, 1884, 2412, 1541, 318, 869, 203, 17, 1674, 1026, 1556, 4521, 869, 203, 17, 4273, 488, 7851, 869, 203, 8804, 1858, 579, 1052, 685, 588, 502, 2362, 3562, 9665, 16, 268, 393, 2246, 89, 743, 1912, 926, 291, 606, 2850, 289, 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Did you know that over half of domestic cats are overweight or obese? This can lead to health problems such as diabetes, joint issues, and heart disease. However, with proper care and attention, it’s possible to help your cat lose weight and maintain a healthy lifestyle. In this article, we’ll provide a comprehensive guide to putting your cat on a diet, including tips for choosing the right food, creating a feeding schedule, and monitoring your cat’s progress. The Ultimate Guide to Putting Your Cat on a Diet Putting your cat on a diet requires a step-by-step process to ensure that your cat remains healthy while losing weight. 1. Consult with a Veterinarian Before making any changes to your cat’s diet or exercise routine, consult with a veterinarian. They can advise you on the right type of food and the appropriate number of calories your cat should consume each day. 2. Calculate Your Cat’s Daily Caloric Needs Once you have consulted with a veterinarian, you can calculate your cat’s daily caloric needs. This will help you determine the appropriate amount of food to give your cat to support their weight loss goals. 3. Choose the Right Type of Food Choosing the right type of food is crucial to helping your cat lose weight. Look for high-protein, low-calorie foods that don’t contain fillers or by-products. Wet food can also help your cat feel fuller for longer. 4. Create a Feeding Schedule Create a feeding schedule that involves feeding your cat smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day. This can help prevent overeating and promote weight loss. 5. Monitor Your Cat’s Progress Regularly monitor your cat’s weight and behavior to ensure that they are losing weight at a healthy rate. Use a food scale to measure portions, and weigh your cat regularly to track their progress. Advice on How to Choose the Right Type of Food 1. Look for High Protein, Low Calorie Foods High-protein, low-calorie foods are the best type of food to help your cat lose weight. Look for foods that contain real meat as the first ingredient, as these will provide your cat with the protein they need to feel full and satisfied. 2. Avoid Foods with Fillers or By-Products Foods with fillers or by-products can contribute to weight gain and provide little nutritional value for your cat. Read the ingredient list to ensure that the food you choose is free from these ingredients. 3. Consider Feeding Your Cat Wet Food Wet food can help your cat feel full for longer and can provide hydration that dry food does not. It can also be a good option for cats who are prone to overeating, as the added water can help them feel full without consuming too many calories. Tips for Monitoring Your Cat’s Progress 1. Use a Food Scale to Measure Portions Measuring your cat’s food portions with a food scale is one of the most accurate ways to ensure that you are giving them the appropriate amount of food each day. 2. Weigh Your Cat Regularly Weigh your cat every few weeks to track their progress and ensure that they are losing weight at a healthy rate. This will also help you adjust their feeding schedule if necessary. 3. Keep Track of Your Cat’s Behavior and Energy Level Keep an eye on your cat’s behavior and energy level throughout the day. If your cat seems lethargic or isn’t showing interest in their food, they may need a different type of food or a change in their feeding schedule. Why Your Cat Might Need to Lose Weight Obesity can increase the risk of developing diabetes in cats. By helping your cat lose weight, you can lower their risk of developing this condition. 2. Joint Problems Carrying excess weight can put additional stress on your cat’s joints. This can lead to joint problems such as osteoarthritis or injuries that can be costly to treat. 3. Heart Disease Cats who are overweight or obese are at a higher risk of developing heart disease. By maintaining a healthy weight, you can reduce the likelihood of your cat developing this condition. Tips and Strategies for Helping Your Cat Lose Weight 1. Encourage Playtime and Exercise Playing with your cat and providing them with opportunities to exercise can help them burn calories and lose weight. Try playing games that encourage your cat to run and jump, such as chasing a feather wand. 2. Gradually Increase Your Cat’s Activity Level If your cat is overweight or obese, it may be difficult for them to start exercising right away. Instead, gradually introduce more activity into their daily routine to avoid overwhelming them. 3. Increase the Frequency of Feeding to Help Your Cat Feel Full Feeding your cat smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day can help them feel full and avoid overeating. This can also help them maintain a healthy weight over time. How to Make Mealtime Fun for Your Cat 1. Introduce New Flavors and Textures Introducing new flavors and textures can make mealtime more exciting for your cat. Try switching up their usual food with a different flavor or protein source to keep them interested. 2. Use Puzzle Feeders Puzzle feeders can make mealtime more engaging for your cat. These special bowls or toys require your cat to work for their food, which can help them burn calories and feel more satisfied after eating. 3. Incorporate Playtime into Feeding Time Combining playtime with feeding time can help your cat associate food with positive experiences. For example, you could hide pieces of kibble around the house for your cat to find, or play with them using a food puzzle toy. The Top 10 Foods to Help Your Cat Lose Weight Feeding your cat the right type of food is crucial to helping them lose weight. The following foods are high in protein and low in calories, making them a great choice for cats on a diet: - Blue Buffalo Wilderness High Protein Grain-Free, Natural Adult Dry Cat Food - Hill’s Science Diet Adult Perfect Weight Cat Food - Wellness Complete Health Natural Grain-Free Wet Canned Cat Food - Merrick Limited Ingredient Diet Grain-Free Wet Cat Food - Purina ONE Ideal Weight Adult Dry Cat Food - Instinct Original Grain-Free Recipe with Real Chicken Freeze-Dried Raw Coated Dry Cat Food - Royal Canin Feline Weight Care Thin Slices in Gravy Canned Cat Food - ACANA Regionals Wild Atlantic Cat & Kitten Grain-Free Dry Cat Food - Nulo Freestyle Grain-Free Cat Food - Fancy Feast Classic Pate Tender Beef Feast Canned Cat Food The Do’s and Don’ts of Putting Your Cat on a Diet 1. Do Create a Feeding Schedule Creating a feeding schedule can help your cat maintain a healthy weight and prevent overeating. 2. Do Measure Portions Measuring your cat’s food portions with a food scale can ensure that you are giving them the appropriate amount of food each day. 3. Do Monitor Your Cat’s Progress Regularly monitoring your cat’s weight and behavior can help you determine whether your cat is losing weight at a healthy rate. 1. Don’t Drastically Reduce Your Cat’s Food Intake Reducing your cat’s food intake too quickly can be harmful to their health. Instead, gradually reduce their daily calorie count over time, with the guidance of a veterinarian. 2. Don’t Feed Your Cat Human Food Feeding your cat human food can be extremely harmful to their health, as it often contains ingredients that are toxic to cats. Stick to commercial cat food to ensure that your cat is getting the nutrients they need to be healthy. 3. Don’t Feed Your Cat from the Table Feeding your cat from the table can encourage bad habits, such as begging for food or overeating. Instead, keep your cat’s meals separate from your own and avoid giving them table scraps. Putting your cat on a diet requires attention to detail and a willingness to commit to your cat’s health and wellness. By choosing the right type of food, creating a feeding schedule, and monitoring your cat’s progress, you can help your feline friend lose weight and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Remember to consult with a veterinarian before making any changes to your cat’s diet or exercise routine, and to be patient and persistent in your efforts to help your cat lose weight. Final Advice for Cat Owners Putting Their Cat on a Diet Remember to always consult with a veterinarian before making any changes to your cat’s diet or exercise routine. Be patient and persistent in your efforts to help your cat lose weight, and remember that every cat is different – what works for one cat may not work for another. 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numera oftast kallad 1983 was a big year for Sweden. We were able to celebrate a new holiday, our first National Day on the sixth of June, and on the same day our Queen, Silvia, for the first time wore ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN (the Swedish National Costume). ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN is not a new invention, but it took eighty years for it to be accepted. It was another Swedish Queen, Viktoria, also like Queen Silvia born in Germany, who unwittingly inspirered ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN (the Swedish National Costume). In line with the patriotic and romantic ideas common in Sweden at the turn of the century (1900) Queen Viktoria decided that the court and employees at the Royal Castles should wear appropriate folk dresses in line with the traditional dress worn in the areas. In 1900 a young gardening pupil came to the Royal Castle of Tullgarn in the province of Södermanland. Her name was Märta Palme. The daughter of a wealthy merchant in Norrköping. She was dressed in the typical middle-class woman's fashion of the time - tight fitting at the waist and long skirt wich dragged in the dust of the street. At the Royal Castle of Tullgarn Märta Palme came into contact with the folkdress that then Crown Princess Viktoria had introduced. This Costume was both romantic as well as more comfortable then her own middle-class clothes. Märta married the son of the Gardener at Tullgarn and under her new name, Märta Jörgensen, they moved to the province of Dalarna. As a teacher in a rural domestic college at Falun she was forced to return to using her tightly laced middle-class clothes. But her experiences at the Royal Castle of Tullgarn of Crown Princess Viktoria had awoke a strong feeling in Märta Jörgensen for traditional Swedish dress. Together with similarly inclined woman she started "SVENSKA KVINNLIGA NATIONALDRÄKTSFÖRENINGEN" (The Swedish Wopman's Society for National Costumes) in 1902 to further the use of traditional Swedish Folk Dress. But as man of the Society's woman came from parts of Sweden with no local or provincial costumes, (mostly towns), it become necessary to create a new one. In 1903 Mörta Jörgensen designed the first ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN! (The Swedish National Costume), a name wich she shortened to "din SVENSKA DRÄKT" (your Swedish Costume). Here soma quotes from a series of articles from 1909 in wich she describes her creation: ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN (the Swedish National Costume) hs bees designed in accordance with the principle of granting as much room as possible to differente tastes, "naturally within the limits of style, cut and fabric." (As far as we know, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN has originally only been made of wool). "This means that the costume can be made in two "The first model is orginally accepted design with the skirt and the bodice (=laced vest) as separate pieces and the second way, accepted later, is the (short) bodice and the skirt to be worn (and sewn) together (LIVKJOL), a design wich originates from Vingåker in the province of Södermanland (and the style used of Crown Princess Viktoria) and the apron in yellow". "The skirt and bodice can both be made of cloth in the established 'Swedish' blue color, or with the skirt alone in this hue and the bodice in bright red." (Both the blue and the yellow must be in the more subdued tones of the turn of the century Swedish flag in wool, not the bright colors of today's flag in "In addition we need the bright colors of the peasant costumes. They have an invigorating effect on our censes that is all to often underestimated and 'they are necessary as a contrast to the deep green pine forest and teh white snow' - as the great artist Carl Larsson writes in "ETT HEM" (A Home)." "there are two different headgears wish can be worn." "The stockings should be black unless red is used in teh costume in wich case they should be red." "Shoes, preferably with straps or laces, in black, never yellow (=brown)." Unfortunately, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN did not catch on, in spite of the patriotism of that time. After the First World War, nationalism declined and the idea of a National Costume was forgotten, although Märta Jörgensen continued to use hers until her death in 1967. But in the last few years SVENSKA DRÄKTEN has experienced a renaissance which we wish Märta Jörgensen could have witnessed. It is becoming increasingly popular and will probably become the single most used form of folk dress in Sweden. The woman's and the girl's costume we provide material for are faithful copies of the oldest exemples of SVENSKA DRÄKTEN of wich we are aware, both in style and fabric. We have a very light wool in skirt and bodice, and a slip in pure cotton to keep you cool and comfortable even when the weather is warm. And it does not crumpled as much as a costume in cotton. Photo on a daughter / granddaughter of the pupill at the school in Falun with Märta Jörgensen as teacher. BUT WHAT ABOUT THE MEN AND THE BOYS ?? After having written a number of articles in LAND (one of the largest weekly papers in Sweden) we receives so many questuins that Bo Skräddare (=Bo 'Tailor') created a SVENSKA DRÄKTEN for men (NYA SVENSKA MANSDRÄKTEN, The New Swedish Costume for Men) in 1982. Bo Skräddare's guiding principle was to design a costume for men that would agree in both style and period with Marta Jörgensen's costume for women. The result was an embroidered vest in the some colors as the woman's bodice in 'Swedish blue' and bright red, with pants in navy blue or black and a silk kershief to a stiff-collared shirt. An elegant escort to a stylish woman in the beautiful SVENSKA DRÄKTEN ! Nationalism and fashion come and go. now, both 'National Costumes' and 'Folkdräkter' are more popular then ever, and our new Queen Silvia did what Queen Viktoria never did, she wore SVENSKA DRÄKTEN on our first National Day, the sixth of June 1983, (and our second 1984 and all following, as well). And in August 1984 Sweden got a new Queen, the Queen of Beauty, Miss Universe, former Miss Sweden, the then 21-year old Yvonne Ryding from Eskilstuna, Of course she wore SVENSKA DRÄKTEN, made by SVENSKA DRÄKTEN. 'The beautiful smile and the National Costume gave her many extra points' as a Swedish paper wrote. With love from Bo Skräddare, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN, Sweden. Especially for: BO SKRÄDDARE / SVENSKA DRÄKTEN. Ågestavägen 27, STUVSTA. S-141 37 STOCKHOLM-HUDDINGE. SWEDEN. Phone 46 (0)8 711 4060. Åter till sida ett. Back to Main page. This article may be copied freely, provided the source is given. 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“Equal Rights to All Men” Divergent coverage of Jim Crow– and Civil Rights–era violence in Louisiana Young had fled slavery in Kentucky but was later reclaimed by his owner and sold to a Natchez planter who banished him to the cotton fields of Concordia Parish. After the Civil War, Young was elected to several offices and positions, including the school board and the Louisiana legislature, serving in both the House and the Senate. He also became a merchant in Vidalia, the parish seat. Young’s name appeared in the top left corner of the front page of the Eagle, the official journal of the parish. This distinction meant that public bodies were required by the state legislature to publish their minutes and other business in the Eagle. The designation of “official journal” also provided the publication credibility as well as a modest income in advertising revenue from governmental bodies. In the pages of the Eagle, Black people received positive newspaper coverage for the first time in the parish. Prior to the Civil War, coverage of African Americans typically included articles defending slavery or advertisements seeking runaway slaves. In the Eagle, in 1875, Young published an article praising the work of W. G. Brown, Louisiana’s first Black Superintendent of Education. Meetings of the school board were held in Young’s home, where applicants for teaching positions were interviewed. Information on the meetings was published primarily in legal notices, but this was significant for members of the Black community because now they were positively portrayed as educators and leaders. But before the decade of the 1870s ended, Young was no longer publisher of the Eagle, and gains made for Black people were quickly erased when various white supremacy groups took over the political arena. During the 1878 election, armed white men tampered with ballot boxes in Concordia Parish and threatened Black community members to prevent them from voting, resulting in the old regime of white planters, or their handpicked choices, regaining control of local government. This disenfranchisement of Black voters was revealed in January 1879, when a US Senate committee investigating the election of 1878 held a hearing in New Orleans. The committee found that in Concordia and Tensas Parishes, an orchestrated move by former Confederate officers and Klansmen resulted in a violent purge of Black officeholders and Black voters. The hearings made public that at least twenty-five Black men, maybe as many as hundred, were slaughtered by the Klan in the two parishes. As the Jim Crow era was born, David Young relocated to New Orleans. Not long afterward, the Eagle folded. The Concordia Sentinel took over the title of official journal. For the next eighty-nine years, until 1965, one white family owned the Sentinel, the parish’s only weekly. The last family publisher, Percy Rountree, grandson of the first owner, died in 2015 at the age of ninety-four. In the Sentinel, as in most Louisiana weeklies and dailies, news about sports, church, or schools in Black communities was basically nonexistent prior to 1950. If African Americans were mentioned at all, it was usually to report fears of a Black uprising or the murder of a white person allegedly at the hands of a Black man. During the 1950s to the mid-1960s, the Sentinel criticized the Civil Rights Movement and the politicians who supported it, instead promoting continued segregation. There was periodic coverage of the Black community but always under the headline of “Colored.” These articles in almost every case were submitted by Black citizens. In 1950, an article in the Sentinel headlined “Among the Colored” listed community, school, and church events. In 1963, another story under the headline “Colored School News” discussed the local Black school’s recent programs involving history, social studies, and 4-H. That same year, a Black family thanked the community for support following the loss of a loved one. It was published under the category “Colored Card of Thanks.” By the mid-1960s, when the Rountree family’s nine decades of ownership of the Sentinel came to an end, the state, like much of the South, was in turmoil. The Ku Klux Klan had become a feared terrorist organization, and in Ferriday, Louisiana, in 1964, the Klan murdered African American Frank Morris, who for three decades had operated a shoe shop with a loyal Black and white clientele. On December 10, 1964, a front-page headline in the Sentinel announced: “Fire Destroys Frank’s Shoe Shop in Ferriday Thursday.” The article noted, “[O]wner Frank Morris (colored) is reported to be in critical condition from burns. The building was completely demolished.” There would be no follow-up on the Morris murder case in the Sentinel until 2007. Four days after the fire, Morris died at the hospital in Ferriday. After his second day as a mortally wounded patient, he had gone into a coma, but not before talking to FBI agents. In a morphine daze, he gave a somewhat confusing physical description of the two Klansmen who torched his shop. That was historic. It was the only time during the era that a victim of Klan violence lived long enough to describe his attackers. Though the Sentinel abandoned this local story, the NAACP publication the Crisis, other Black newspapers and periodicals, and major national newspapers continued to report on the Morris murder. The Crisis found an informant who said “there was a burst of flames, a loud pop and Mr. Morris came running out of the building, his clothes on fire. The flames were beaten out, but he later died at the hospital.” In Memphis, the Black-owned Tri-State Defender picked up some of its coverage from the New York Times but added its own conclusion concerning the probability of resolution: “Frank Morris is dead and there seems every likelihood that his death will come no nearer solution than any of the atrocious racial crimes, which are plaguing the Deep South.” When another white journalist, Sam Hanna, a longtime political reporter in Louisiana, bought the Sentinel from Percy Rountree in 1965, there had been, inclusive of Morris, at least two Klan murders of Black men in Concordia Parish. The other was Joseph Edwards, whose body has never been found. Since there were no investigations by local law enforcement, the FBI moved in, but agents would not comment on the cases to the press. The Justice Department would not comment either. Instead, Hanna aimed his press coverage at the sheriff, Noah Cross, and his violence-prone chief deputy, Frank DeLaughter. Both lawmen were Klansmen, the FBI learned through its investigation into the murder; they considered DeLaughter a leading suspect in the murder of Frank Morris. Although Hanna was not privy to that information, he knew that the sheriff and deputy were otherwise involved in criminal activities. Hanna’s long-term coverage of the corruption in the sheriff’s office helped lead to the federal conviction of the sheriff and the deputy in the early 1970s—the sheriff for racketeering in connection with the operation of a brothel and casino in the parish, and the deputy for police brutality. Both went to federal prison, and perhaps more importantly, they were forced to turn in their badges forever. (In 2007, two of Hanna’s children, now operating three Louisiana weeklies, supported a multi-year investigation by the Sentinel into the Frank Morris murder as well as other murders linked to a Klan cell known as the Silver Dollar Group. The Sentinel published approximately two hundred stories in the series.) In 1960, four years before the murder of Frank Morris, the horrendous shotgun murder of four Black men (Marshall Alfred Johnson, Ernest McFarland, and brothers Albert Pitts and David Lee Pitts) and the wounding of a fifth made news in Monroe. The men’s employer, Robert Fuller, a future state Klan leader and the owner of a septic tank pumping service, was arrested for the killings, but a grand jury refused to indict him. The case drew both statewide and national coverage, most of it concentrated on Fuller’s claim of self-defense and police accounts of Fuller’s story. But the African American publication the Louisiana Weekly, based in New Orleans and founded in 1925 by Orlando Capitola Ward Taylor and Constant C. Dejoie Sr., reached out to the Black community and the dead men’s families. The paper’s story on the killings revealed a major contrast in coverage. The paper reported that the true story of the “wholesale slaughter” by a white businessman “may never be known.” A reporter for the paper talked with friends and relatives of the victims, who were aged nineteen to twenty-four. Those interviews alleged that Fuller was abusive and violent toward his Black employees, who were underpaid and sometimes cheated out of their earnings. When the men attempted to peaceably confront Fuller about their pay and the fact that Fuller had hit another Black employee the day before, Fuller pulled a shotgun from his truck and opened fire. In less than a minute, all five Black men were lying on the ground bleeding, three apparently killed instantly. The murder scene was reported to be horrific. Fuller was one of only two Klansmen arrested by police for a racial murder in Louisiana in the 1960s. Both men walked free; the grand jury hearing Fuller’s case refused to indict, and in the other case, the grand jury was never asked to indict. The murder in this second case happened six miles north of Bogalusa in 1965. The first two Black deputies in Washington Parish were patrolling in their police car through the village of Varnado when they were shot up by a group of Klan assassins passing by in a pickup. The driver, Oneal Moore, a father of four daughters, died instantly. His partner, Creed Rogers, severely wounded, broadcast news of the attack over the police car radio, providing a detailed description of the pickup. Less than an hour later, Ernest Ray McElveen, a forty-one-year-old Klansman and decorated World War II veteran, was apprehended driving through Tylertown, Mississippi, just north of the Louisiana line, in the pickup Rogers had vividly described. The white sheriff who hired the Black deputies, Dorman Crowe, traveled to Mississippi and escorted McElveen to Franklinton, the seat of Washington Parish, where he charged him with murder. Without enough evidence to hold him, however, the district attorney released the suspect eleven days after his arrest on $25,000 bond paid primarily by Klansmen. Although a grand jury looked into the matter, no action was taken. After a half century of intensive investigation, the FBI and Justice Department could do no better. In Bogalusa, which combined with the rest of Washington Parish had the largest Klan membership in the state, the white publisher of the Daily News wrote multiple stories on the murder of Oneal Moore during the 1960s. Critical of the Klan, the publisher, Lou Major, was himself the victim of cross burnings, threats, and harassment. A white television reporter from Baton Rouge, beaten by the Klan in 1964, told FBI agents that Klansmen planned to beat Major as well. The Klan boycotted the Daily News, threatened advertisers who did business with the paper and sometimes followed Major about town. The Daily News also covered the Civil Rights Movement in Bogalusa—the marches and demonstrations and the federal court cases testing the newly passed civil rights laws. If Major did not write the story himself, he printed articles provided by United Press International. Overall, Major’s coverage of the murder and the racial turmoil in Bogalusa may have been the most courageous and comprehensive by a white publisher in the state during that era. But, like most white editors in Louisiana and the South, Major occasionally editorialized against civil rights groups, particularly the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), which assisted in community activism. And even the Bogalusa Daily News, whose coverage was exceptional, failed to reach out to Black residents for comments on the attack on the two Black police officers or gauge their feelings on the progress of civil rights legislation, not to mention their economic and educational needs. Fourteen decades have passed since David Young was robbed of his vote and his office. But during his time as editor and publisher, the Concordia Eagle reflected the astounding changes and hopes for Black people that came immediately after the Civil War. Although Young was forced to leave the parish during the Klan takeover in the late 1870s, African Americans continued in the following decades to publish newspapers that provided comprehensive coverage of the Black community. Notably, the Louisiana Weekly’s coverage of the Klan murders during the 1960s are relied upon today by journalists who are still working to unravel the many unsolved cases. Stanley Nelson is editor of the Concordia Sentinel in Ferriday and author of the book Devils Walking: Klan Murders Along the Mississippi in the 1960s (Louisiana State University Press, 2016). A finalist for thethe Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting in 2011 for his coverage of the Frank Morris and other civil rights–era murders, he is an adjunct professor at the LSU School of Mass Communication. In that role, he is co-leader of a team of students that actively investigate and report on Klan murders and on African American organizations from the civil rights era. This article is part of Split Press: Democracy, Race, and Media in Black and White, a four-part multimedia series exploring the relationship between the media and African American and Afro-Creole experiences of citizenship and civil rights in Louisiana. Part of the Democracy and the Informed Citizen initiative, Split Press is a project of the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities made possible by a grant from the Federation of State Humanities Councils with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. 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Let’s talk about how you can create a sustainable kitchen, even if you currently have an average run-of-the-mill one. - Building a Sustainable Kitchen Haven - 3 Sustainable Kitchen Practices - Cooking with Ethical Ingredients in Your Sustainable Kitchen - Energy-efficient kitchen practices to include in your sustainable kitchen - Waste reduction and recycling – the power behind a sustainable kitchen - Fun Sustainable Kitchen Challenges A sustainable kitchen is what helps keep you afloat while helping the environment. And don’t worry. If that’s not on your priority to-do list just yet, it’s still a great way to setup your kitchen. Building a Sustainable Kitchen Haven Why should you want to revolutionize your kitchen? Glad you asked! Part of enjoying a self-sufficient life is building a sustainable and ethical kitchen. One where every meal becomes a conscious choice, not just for our taste buds but for the planet. And all the bits and bobs tied to that are intentional too. This may be trendy right now, but transforming your kitchen into a sustainable haven is a powerful step towards making a positive impact. So check this out. Your kitchen not only serves up delicious meals but also contributes to a healthier environment and supports ethical practices. It’s no longer just about what’s on your plate. It’s about the journey those ingredients took to get there and the footprint they leave behind. I read an amazing book that opened my eyes to the impact of making small food changes, even just one home cooked meal a week would make a difference. The book is Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life by Barbara Kingsolver. We can’t know what we haven’t been taught. – Barbara Kingsolver So, even if you’re just starting to really explore your kitchen, this is one place where sustainability and ethics come together. Sustainable practices = longevity. And that means that ethically sourced ingredients and tools support community and clean consciences for a long time! 3 Sustainable Kitchen Practices #1 Mindful Meal Planning Planning is the root of sustainable practices. Not only does having a plan keep you on track, practicing the plan simplifies things and reduces food waste. When you realize the delicious purpose an item has, you minimize the chances of it being forgotten in the back of your fridge or pantry. Here’s how you can tackle it. - Start by jotting down a simple meal plan for the weekend. Or if you can manage it, do a 5 or 7-day meal plan. - Consider your ingredients. - Use what you already have first & what’s nearing it’s expiration/best-by date. - Lean towards ingredients that can be used in multiple recipes. This streamlines your grocery shopping & maximizes each item. Bonus tip: when you arrange your meals, do so thinking of how you can use leftovers. Chicken left over from one meal can be added to a salad or soup of another. Something like that. #2 Eat Local: Farm to Table You may hear this a lot. But here it is again. Eating locally will turn your kitchen into a portal to the world. So when you actively choose to source products locally, that brings the world closer to home. Support local farmers not only for the fresh & vibrant produce but also for the positive impact on your community. This way you won’t just enjoy seasonal flavors. You become a crucial part of a sustainable cycle that supports the livelihoods of those around you who also are doing their best to nourish the Earth. And what’s more, you cut down on some of the environmental impact of long-distance food transportation too. Bonus: Plus, shopping with a small farmer helps you build community and connection. This is so valuable. You might not be ready or able to grow your own food yet, but the goal is that someday you will. It’s these very connections that will help you do it. #3 Waste Less, Compost More Composting is like giving your kitchen scraps a second chance at life. And it won’t cost you anything more than whatever you’ve been doing with them (likely tossing them am I right?). Meanwhile, you can start creating nutrient-rich soil for your own windowsill or balcony garden. OR you can donate these precious food scraps at most farmers markets or community gardens. Diverting food waste from landfills isn’t just a sustainable kitchen practice. It minimizes your environmental impact & contributes to the cycle of renewal. All you need to do is collect your food scraps in a sealed container and store them either in your fridge or pantry. If you’re able to actually compost them yourself, just transfer them to your composting container. And if you’re donating them, be sure to keep do so frequently to avoid less-than-pleasant smells. Bonus tip: Use reusable containers and try to reduce single-use plastics here. Make a small investment in quality reusable food storage containers or alternatives. And when possible, minimize packaging waste by buying in bulk. That saves you money in the long run too! Cooking with Ethical Ingredients in Your Sustainable Kitchen Shifting gears a bit, let’s talk about food. Being ethical in the kitchen means making thoughtful choices about what you buy. It’s like being a superhero for farmers and the environment. First, there’s conscious consumerism. Be a mindful shopper. Maybe you’re early on in your self-sufficient living journey like me. We can’t be 100% self-reliant so when purchases are made, it’s important to do the best you can with what you have. Understanding food labels and certifications is one way to do that. Whether it’s “Fair Trade” (meaning fair wages for farmers) or “Organic”, the label signals sustainable farming practices. Decoding these labels means you get to make choices that align with your values. And that’s HUGE. Here’s the caveat. You have to do your research. The little conspiracy theorist in me is doubtful about how much any of these labels truly mean. But that’s why I said you have to do the best you can with what you have. Knowledge is your defense. Use it wisely. Then there’s animal welfare. I’m a meat and dairy eater. So is the rest of my family. Thus, in this category of a sustainable kitchen with ethical values, it’s important to understand labels like “free-range”. That term is a sliding scale though. Sometimes it means the animals have access to roam freely. However, they may only have that access for a small part of the day and not the full day as you may think. You can read the governing agency literature on it. Or simply ask your farmer to explain their practices. This is an area where it’s important to consider the humane treatment of an animal. And also the impact that industrial farming has on animals. If you’re opposed to it all, you can try a plant-based diet or experiment with meatless meals to cut back on the amount of animal products you’re using. Energy-efficient kitchen practices to include in your sustainable kitchen Opt for energy-saving cooking to reduce your carbon footprint. If you’re not generating your own energy yet, here are a couple tips to minimize energy consumption. - Optimize oven and stovetop usage for efficiency. - Use lids on pots and pans to retain heat and reduce cooking time. - Explore cooking methods like slow cooking for energy savings. Now, for the benefits of using energy-efficient appliances. If you’re renting (and that’s fine, btw!), use what you have. But don’t be afraid to have a conversation with your landlord about swapping out some appliances (within reason). Upgrading to Energy Star-rated appliances, for instance. They may be interested in the environmental impact and cost savings too. The best time to bring it up is when an older model naturally needs replacing. You can advocate for that! Reducing Water Waste Saving water in the kitchen isn’t just about turning off the tap – it’s a lifestyle. And here are some practical ways to conserve water while cooking and cleaning. - Use a basin or stop your sink when washing fruits and vegetables instead of running water. - Collect and reuse water from rinsing fruits and veggies for plants. Or flushing toilets. - Opt for efficient dishwashing practices to minimize water usage. - Install water-saving devices and faucets. - Explore faucet aerators to reduce water flow without compromising pressure. - Consider installing a low-flow kitchen faucet for efficiency. - Learn about smart technology that optimizes water usage in the kitchen. Reducing Food Waste Food waste is huge in America, but there are simple practices we can do to reduce that. - Kitchen Inventory – This is the EASIEST way to reduce food waste. Keep track of the food on hand. Because “out of sight, out of mind.” Keeping food visible gives it a higher chance of being used before it requires composting. Use our basic kitchen inventory management worksheets to get started. - Meal plan – Keep it simple. Whether it’s one day, one week or just one ingredient. Make a plan for the food you just identified you have & needs to be used. For example, if you find you have 5 potatoes reaching the end of their prime, decide what to do with them. Maybe make a breakfast skillet hash or bake a couple for roasted potatoes. And if you really won’t eat them, make a plan to preserve them! Preserving food at home as a beginner is as easy as using vacuum seal bags to stash something in the freezer without it getting the dreaded freezer burn. - Proper storage – This helps maintain the freshness of food for a longer period, preventing premature spoilage. Keep perishables like fruits and vegetables in the refrigerator, store dry goods in airtight containers and freeze or preserve items that you won’t use immediately. - Get creative with leftovers – turn last night’s chicken into today’s quick stir fry or cozy chicken noodle soup. Repurposing leftovers also adds variety to your meals. It’s a win-win – less waste and a chance to discover new flavor combinations or practice some basic cooking techniques. Waste reduction and recycling – the power behind a sustainable kitchen Zero-Waste Kitchen Challenges When I make space for my competitiveness in the kitchen, it becomes exciting. So turning waste reduction into a game was so much fun! Remember, zero-waste practices don’t mean you have to be perfect. Everything I’m sharing is about progress. And here specifically, we’re looking for creative ways to repurpose kitchen scraps, minimize waste and just enjoy the journey we’re on. So here’s a few tips on zero-waste practices and repurposing kitchen scraps (before they need to be composted). - Take on weekly or monthly zero-waste challenges. - Set achievable goals to gradually reduce kitchen waste. - Explore the zero-waste movement and its principles. - Transform vegetable scraps into flavorful broth. - Transform fruit peels into powerful vinegars for cleaning surfaces. - Explore DIY projects using repurposed kitchen items. Effective recycling strategies for your new kitchen We’ve reached the point where it’s time to start sorting and recycling materials like paper, plastic, and glass. Just maybe, you can repurpose them into functional storage solutions! Just be sure to thoroughly clean and dry them first to avoid contamination. You can turn glass jars into all sorts of storage vessels. Cardboard boxes can be used for freezer & pantry organization. And you can even upcycle some packaging material in other parts of your home too! The game is “how many lives can this item live before its final resting place?” Fun Sustainable Kitchen Challenges (plus a downloadable game card too!) - Make mindful choices one at a time. From reducing single-use plastics to choosing eco-friendly kitchen products. - Try dedicating the first week of each month to something like “plastic-free week” or “reusable shopping challenge”. - Host a product swap get-together with a few friends. - Maybe even break out a small pot of dirt to plant some herbs! Whatever you do, start small. Overwhelm never helped anyone do anything. I should know. Your sustainable kitchen is now underway! These practices are going to have a long-lasting impact on not only you, your home and family, but on your community too. You’ve got this, lovely. I’m glad you’re on this journey with me. Comment below how your kitchen transformation is going. I’d love to know! 🌱 Start Small. Start Now. Start where you are with what you have. The rest will follow.🌱 Is being more self-sufficient is something you’re interested in but you’re not sure where to begin? Then check out the Self-Sufficient Living Roadmap! 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The ancient settlement of Taxila in the western outskirts of the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad is a UNESCO World Heritage Site; it is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of South Asia, and for good reason. There is a modern town with the archaeological sites scattered nearby. Taxila began as Takshashila meaning the hill capital of the Takshakas, a Bronze Age (3rd and 2nd millennium BCE) tribe. In its glory days it was one of the main cities of the Kingdom of Gandhara, which existed from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE and included much of what are now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was part of the Persian Empire from the 6th BCE century until Alexander the Great took it in the 320s BCE. The Taxilan leader joined Alexander peacefully and assisted him against Gandharan leaders who did not. What makes Taxila unique and fascinating is the mainly Buddhist art and architecture of the Gandharan period, though there are also a few attractions that date from earlier or later periods. This art, especially the sculpture, shows a strong Greek influence. Taxila is easily the most important Buddhist site in Pakistan; it was a centre of learning from the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE with many large monasteries and one of the earliest universities in the world. The city attracted monks, nuns, pilgrims and students from across Asia; even today it attracts Buddhist pilgrims from as far as Southeast Asia and Japan. However, it was never exclusively a Buddhist city; there is a Jain temple among the ruins and the Hindu scholar Pāṇini — who wrote the definitive grammar of Vedic Sanskrit — was certainly a Gandharan and quite likely worked in Taxila. There is also much to interest modern non-Buddhists; almost anyone with an interest in archaeology, history, art or architecture will find the place fascinating. It was occupied by various empires and was a regional or national capital for many dynasties over the centuries. Persians, Greeks, Central Asians and Hindus have all left their marks on the area. Taxila is on several trade routes which have been important since ancient times. It was one of the main centres from which Buddhism spread along the Silk Road, most notably to China and Mongolia. The main trade routes were: - going southeast, a route that even in ancient times connected Gandhara to the Ganges Valley. The Maurya Empire, 322 – 185 BCE, improved this into a good highway from Taxila to their capital in what is now Patna. - going west, the road to Peshawar (the other main city of Gandhara), and up the Khyber Pass to Kabul. Beyond Kabul, roads lead on west to Persia (now Iran) or north to Bactria and Central Asia. - Later those roads became parts of the Grand Trunk Road running all the way from Chittagong, now in Bangladesh to Kabul, Afghanistan. This was built by various Indian kings before the British arrived, was important through the British Raj, and is still a major road in four countries. Today Taxila is just off the Grand Trunk Road. - going north, multiple routes over different passes: All these routes remained in use into modern times though the separation of India and Pakistan reduced trade on some routes, the pass north of Ladakh is not much used today, and recent troubles in Afghanistan have greatly reduced trade there. Today the region around Taxila remains well-connected to anywhere in Pakistan by road and rail, and the Karakoram Highway is an important trade route. British army engineer Alexander Cunningham excavated the area and discovered the ruins of an ancient city in the mid-19th century, and the renowned archaeologist John Marshall — who was at time the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India and was also behind the discovery of once-thriving ancient city of Mohenjo-daro — carried out excavations at Taxila over a period of twenty years between 1913 and 1934. There is archeological evidence of early settlement in the area first by prehistoric neolithic people and later by the Indus Valley Civilization around 2000 BCE, but not of a city in those time periods. Taxila is mentioned as a city in the Hindu epic poem the Mahabarata, which describes events around 1000 BCE. Guides Around the archeological sites, self-deputized tour guides may offer to show you around. Frequently their English is not very good and they don't really tell you anything you can't read from the signs, then strongly imply that they want a tip. If you want some local color, go ahead, but otherwise tell them "no thanks" immediately. You may be approached by numerous "guides" at each site. In addition, people selling trinkets like small statues and allegedly old coins may come up to you. \| The main excavated ruins are all from Taxila's glory days, after 600 BCE. They are divided into three major cities, each of which belongs to a distinct time period: - The oldest area is Bhir Mound. Bhir and the nearby Hathial mound date from the 6th century BCE when the Persian king Darius took Taxila, and belong to the Achaemenid Empire or First Persian Empire. - The second city is Sirkap, which was built by the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius in the 2nd century BCE. - The third and last city is Sirsukh, which was founded by the Kushan king Kanishka after 80 CE. Later Taxila gradually waned in importance, and the town was eventually destroyed by nomadic Hun tribesmen in the 5th century CE. For a more detailed history, see the Guide to Historic Taxila online at the Pakistani government's national heritage site. The story given there is considerably more complex than just the three main excavated areas mentioned above. Pakistan's longest highway N-5, which runs between the southern city of Karachi and the northwestern city of Peshawar, also passes by Taxila, making the town easily accessible from anywhere in Pakistan. The nearest major cities are Rawalpindi and Islamabad, both of which are less than 50 km away, and it is quite feasible to base yourself in either and visit Taxila on one or more day trips. See those city articles for more information. If you hire a taxi from Rawalpindi or Islamabad, make sure the taxi driver is familiar with the locations of sites in Taxila; otherwise, be prepared to hire a local taxi driver from Taxila who knows the sites well. Air-conditioned buses mostly bound for major cities such as Peshawar and Abbottabad can drop you at Taxila but charge full fare, whereas non-aircondioned buses and vans leave at intervals of no more than an hour from Rawalpindi. May not be very comfortable but cheap. Buses from Rawalpindi usually leave from Pir Wadhai and Saddar otherwise you can always take transport moving towards Taxila on the Grand Trunk Road. Taxila railway junction near the museum building serves the town. Two daily trains, both non-air-conditioned, make brief stops at the railway station. Awam Express runs between Karachi and Peshawar while the Hazara Express runs between Karachi and the scenic town of Havelian. Both are economy-only trains without air conditioning which make a lot of stops at stations along the route, so the journey can be uncomfortably long. Both trains leave from Karachi early in the morning around 6 and reach Taxila around noon the next day. An economy class seat on either train can cost less than Rs 1,500. If you are travelling from southern Pakistan, particularly Karachi, a better option is to first travel to Rawalpindi on an air-conditioned train and then travel to Taxila either by road or train. - 1 Taxila Cantonment Junction railway station (ٹیکسلا کینٹ جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن). Ruins and structures of archaeological sites are spread over a vast area of 20 to 25 km2 scattered around the modern town of Taxila, but most of the main ones are close to town within 2km of the museum building which is your first stop when starting a tour of Taxila and is likely the last one when you finish the tour. Taxila has a good network of paved roads, and most of the sites are easily accessible by road. The distances between sites are long enough to make walking difficult and time-consuming, and with the frequent hot weather it can also be seriously uncomfortable and sometimes dangerous. Taxis, auto rickshaws and tangas (horse-drawn carriages) can be easily hailed near the museum. Tangas and auto rickshaws are convenient for getting from one site to another. Most of the sites are off the main road and are properly marked, so even if you're in your own car, you won't have a problem in locating the sites. A GPS device can make things even easier. From a vehicle, most of the sites can be seen within a couple of hours; if you're walking, it could perhaps be done in one very hectic day. A taxi can be hired for as high as Rs 2,000 to see most of sites whereas a rickshaw can cost around Rs 1,000. Entry ticket Tickets can be purchased at the museum building. Tickets for the museum and for three archeological sites (Dharma rajika, Sirkap and Mohra Moradu) are sold separately. For foreigners, it is Rs 500 for each ticket and for locals, Rs 50. Taxila is near the border of two provinces Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, so to get access to sites such as Jaulian, which are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, you may have to purchase a separate ticket for entry. Entry to Bhir mound is free. \| The Kingdom of Gandhara had its own unique style of art, and many of the best examples are at Taxila. In its heyday the region was predominantly Buddhist; for a time in the 3rd century BCE it was part of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka, India's greatest Buddhist king. However, it was also very strongly influenced by the Greek culture of Alexander and his Graeco-Bactrian successors who ruled the area starting in the 3rd century BCE. The Kushan Empire, which ruled Gandhara and a large chunk of Central Asia from the 1st century CE to about 375, was also heavily influenced by Greek culture. The best-known art objects are Buddhist statues and rock carvings, with Greek influences often clearly visible in the style. World Heritage Sites There are some three dozen large and small sites which include stupas, monasteries, and other ancient buildings spread out over a wide area. The UNESCO World Heritage listing for Taxila includes 18 of these and assigns a unique identification number to each. The 18 are: - 1 Khanpur Cave (near Mohra Murado Cave). is a Mesolithic period archaeological site which reveals that Taxila was inhabited in prehistoric times. The 10ft deep and 25ft wide Mesolithic period cave high up on the hill and has produced microlithic made tools as well Buddhist stupas and monastries. - 2 Sarai Kala (near railway station). The mound of Sarai Kala has evidence of the earliest prehistoric settlement, in the Mesolithic period, and also later Bronze age and Iron age settlements. It preserves Neolithic remains going back to 3360 BC and Early Harappan (Indus Valley Civilisation) remains of 2900-2600 BC. - 3 Bhir Mound (near the museum). is an archaeological site which was once a major city founded around the 6th century BC, the oldest ruins of a city at Taxila. The oldest part of ruins, from the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, are believed to be the remains of Persian/Achaemenid Taxila. Later ruins are from the 4th century BCE, after the invasion of Alexander the Great, and the 3rd, during the time of the Maurya kings of India. There are also some ruins from after the Mauryan period. - 4 Sirkap. This was once a major thriving walled city. It was founded by the Greek king Demetrius I in the 2nd century BCE and was later rebuilt by king Menander I of the Indo-Greek kingdom. Sirkap houses a round stupa which is one of the oldest stupas in the Indian subcontinent, a large sanctuary building known as Apsidal Temple, a magnificent Double-Headed Eagle Stupa as well many houses. - 5 Sirsukh. The fortified ruined city of Sirsukh was once a major city, and was among the last ancient cities of Taxila. The city was founded by the Kushan king Kanishka the Great after 80 CE. - 6 Dharma rajika stupa and monastery (2.5 kilometers from the museum on PMO Colony Rd). The Buddhist stupa at Dharma rajika is also known as "Chir Tope", and is the largest stupa at Taxila. It is believed that this 15-meter-high circular structure was built during the 3rd century BCE by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka The Great. The area also has Gandhara-style monasteries and some smaller stupas. It is one of the well-preserved and important sites. - 7 Khader Mohra (Akhuri) (to the south-east of Dharmarajika). Limited excavation shows marks of a monastery foundation. - 8 Kalawan group of buildings. Consists of some stupas and monastic cells as well as a few caves. - 9 Giri complex of monuments. Consists of Buddhist monasteries, a mosque, a tomb and a Middle Ages period fort. - 10 Kunala stupa and monastery (above Sirkap). contains the remains of an extensive monastery and a stupa nearby. - 11 Jandial complex. Contain the ruins of a Greek temple and is believed to have been location of a Zoroastrian (Parsi) tower. - 12 Lalchak and Badalpur Buddhist stupa (north-eastern corner of Sirsukh). contains the ruins of some mounds that reveals some monasteries, stupas and chapels. - 13 Mohra Moradu stupa and monastery (Jinnan Wali Dheri?). a well-preserved complex where there are the remains of two Buddhist stupas (one main and other one votive) and an ancient Buddhist monastery. The city is believed to be from the Kushan age as it was built in the 2nd century CE and later renovated in the 5th century. The double story monastery building is an impressive structure which consists of 27 rooms for students, a pool, kitchen and assembly hall. - 14 Pippala stupa and monastery. consists of the ruins of a stupa and a monastery. - 15 Jaulian stupa and monastery (7 kilometers from the museum on Taxila Rd). Fifth century CE ruins on a hill with a Buddhist stupa, a Buddhist monastery and what is believed to have been a university. The courtyard and foundation of ancient buildings are still well-preserved which make it an important site. - 16 Lalchak mounds. Consists the remains of a stupa, and monastery. - 17 Buddhist remains around Bhallar stupa. location of where there was an impressive Buddhist stupa. - 18 Giri Mosque and tombs. contains the remains of few tombs, a three-dome mosque and a madrasa (Islamic school) from the 10th-14th century CE. It was known to Persians as the Madrasa of Margalla. While Taxila is the main source for Gandharan artifacts and the Taxila Museum has a fine collection, it is not the only such collection. In Pakistan, both the National Museum in Karachi and the Lahore Museum have much Gandharan art. In Kipling's novel Kim the Tibetan Lama comes to Lahore mainly to see the Gandharan sculpture in the museum there. Outside Pakistan, India's National Museum in Delhi and the British Museum in London both have some Gandharan art. The huge Buddhist statues at Bamiyan were another famous example of Gandharan art. However, Taliban considered them idolatrous and un-Islamic, so they destroyed them almost completely. - 19 Taxila Museum (ٹیکسلا میوزیم). This century old museum is dedicated solely to the remains of the Gandhara civilisation. It has an extensive and impressive collection of Gandhara art such as stone Buddhist sculpture, and has thousands of objects on display. Most of the artifacts were excavated around Taxila and date from the period 600 BCE to 500 CE. The museum gives a good overview of Taxila and is certainly worth a visit. Entrance is Rs 200 rupees for foreigners, Rs 20 for locals. - 20 Nicholson's Obelisk (نکلسن کی ابلیسک) (In the Margalla Pass, above the Grand Trunk Road between Rawalpindi and Taxila). Captain John Nicholson, from Ireland, was one of the most colourful characters of the East India Company's army in Victoria's time, a decorated officer and an effective administrator, but also a bit of a madman. He hunted tigers armed with only a sword and personally went after one bandit chief, cut off his head, and kept it on his desk for months as a warning to others. At one point he learned of a plot to poison the British officers, hanged all the cooks, then calmly proceeded to dinner. During the Mutiny of 1857 Nicholson planned a bold attack on Delhi, and bullied the aged and conservative General in charge into approving it. He was shot while leading the attack and died a few days later, aged 35, but the British took Delhi and ended the mutiny. The British considered him a major hero, and some of the natives (much to his dismay) treated him as a rather odd sort of saint, creating a cult of "Nikal Seyn" which lasted well into the 20th century. His tomb is in Delhi and there are statues in both Delhi and Ireland, but this monument is on the frontier where he spent most of his career. The unique souvenirs of Taxila are mirrored objects; the "disco cat" is the most popular. This is a plaster statue of a cat or panther, covered in small square pieces of mirror, much like a disco ball. They make a great conversation piece or gift. Sizes range from 1 foot to 3 feet and prices from Rs 500 for a small one to Rs 2,500. Among other popular souvenirs are statues of Buddha, artifacts, coins, trinkets, pots and many replicas. You'll find locals and many shacks selling these souvenirs outside the museum, along the highway and outside of various sites. There are plenty of shops lined up on Taxila Rd where you can buy many kinds of souvenirs as well. Post cards, photographs and books on Taxila can also be purchased both from the gift store and local sellers. Taxila is also known for good quality but low-priced mortars and pestles. Eat and drink As Taxila is quite a large town, modern eateries are plentiful and basic Pakistani food can be found anywhere in town, mostly concentrated on Khanpur Rd, near the railway station and outside the museum building. There are also plenty of roadside dhabas on Khanpur Road, on the Grand Trunk Road, and near archeological sites, serving street food from fish to kebabs. A few recommendations are: - 1 Food City Taxila, HMC Rd, Near Overhead Bridge. Serve delicious Pakistani dishes, Bar BQ as well as seafood. - 2 Royalson, Grand Trunk Road. Restaurant with pleasant ambience inside the Hotel Royalson, has some mouthwatering Pakistani and Chinese dishes on the menu. - 3 Gandhara hotel and restaurant, Khanpur Rd. Serves some of the most delicious Pakistani food and fried fish in town. A few other establishments that serve basic but hygienic Pakistani food are Sherazi Restaurant, Dream Land, Krispo fast food, all on Khanpur Rd, or Hang In, Kabli Hotel and Valley Food scattered along the National Highway within the town limits. As in other Pakistani cities, any decent restaurant will be happy to serve you good chai, juice or coffee. Given that Taxila is close to the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, where there are a plenty of options to stay, there are few lodging facilities in Taxila as majority of visitors visit Taxila as a day trip. But for those who decide to stay, here are some recommendations: - 1 PTDC Motel. Government-owned motel with six spacious room and a good restaurant, adjacent to the museum. - 2 Royalson Hotel, GT Rd, ☏ . It has a good in-house restaurant serving delicious Pakistani Bar BQ. It has quite spacious rooms equipped with basic amenities. Rs 7,500. - 3 POF Hotel, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, ☏ . Owned and run by a Government-owned corporation in the adjacent military town of Wah Cantt (Cantonment). Has spacious rooms equipped with basic amenities. - Youth Hostel (near Taxila museum), ☏ , . A budget and basic accommodation with some 30+ beds, run by Pakistan Youth Hostel Association. Non-members can stay as well. - Murree — a popular hill station and summer resort just 100km northeast. - Abbottabad - also in the hills, but not as high as Murree and a larger town	<urn:uuid:b0f4394a-dfce-40ab-96dc-9e96b05ea065>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Taxila	2024-03-05T00:58:54Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00485.warc.gz	en	0.969197	4,637	3.515625	4	[ 1461, 3315, 9492, 289, 10690, 11397, 288, 268, 6891, 2424, 79, 338, 340, 289, 268, 808, 263, 4083, 289, 434, 738, 280, 84, 578, 77, 291, 8589, 397, 354, 316, 261, 4563, 3214, 5649, 2461, 10197, 343, 674, 31, 362, 316, 2221, 597, 289, 268, 710, 851, 7867, 1496, 3922, 289, 2705, 5257, 16, 291, 331, 1060, 2190, 18, 994, 316, 261, 2332, 3846, 360, 268, 7867, 1496, 3922, 10736, 286, 6911, 18, 203, 56, 1894, 11397, 3035, 352, 307, 3377, 76, 1219, 11397, 2442, 268, 296, 399, 3507, 289, 268, 307, 3377, 76, 761, 301, 16, 261, 391, 1554, 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The design and modeling of digital systems sometimes employ the potent language VHDL (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). It offers a methodical, systematic way of expressing how electronic circuits behave and are built. The process, which acts as the core functional unit for modeling concurrent behavior, is one of the essential building blocks in VHDL. For successfully developing and implementing digital systems using VHDL, understanding processes is crucial. Processes give you the ability to concurrently and event-driven define the activity of your circuits. You may record the intricate relationships and interactions between various signals and system components by using processes. We will delve into the concept of processes in VHDL and examine their function in modeling digital systems in this blog post. We’ll look at a process’ syntax and structure, how they’re used to define both combinational and sequential logic, and how they’re used to distinguish between concurrent and sequential execution within processes. What is a Process in VHDL? A. Definition of a process in VHDL: A process in VHDL is a key component for modeling and describing the behavior of digital systems. It is an illustration of a concurrent control structure that specifies a series of sequential statements that are carried out in response to specific occurrences. These occurrences may include adjustments to the input signals or the fulfillment of particular time requirements. B. Role of processes in modeling digital systems: In order to fully capture the concurrent nature of digital systems, processes are essential. They let designers express complicated behaviors and interactions between various components of a design by enabling the description of both combinational and sequential logic. Designers can produce modular, reusable parts that can be combined to form larger systems by applying procedures. C. How processes are used to describe concurrent behavior: Multiple statements may run concurrently in VHDL because it is a concurrent language by nature. In VHDL, processes offer a means to specify the timing and sequence of these concurrent operations. Sensitivity lists enable processes to be launched in response to changes in predefined signals or events, providing fine-grained control over the execution flow. D. Comparison with sequential behavior in VHDL: While VHDL processes provide a means to describe concurrent behavior, they can also be used to model sequential logic. Sequential processes represent a sequence of statements that are executed one after another, simulating the behavior of flip-flops, registers, and other sequential elements in a digital system. By combining concurrent and sequential processes, designers can accurately represent the behavior of complex systems that exhibit both concurrent and sequential aspects. Understanding the concept of processes in VHDL is essential for effectively designing and simulating digital systems. In the next section, we will explore the syntax and structure of a process, providing a foundation for implementing behaviors using this fundamental VHDL construct Syntax and Structure of a Process A basic building component for defining the behavior of digital systems in VHDL is called a process. It enables you to specify concurrent behavior, which enables many processes to run simultaneously and communicate with one another via signals. In this section, we’ll look at the syntax and organization of a process in VHDL. A. Process Declaration and Begin/End Keywords: In VHDL, a process is declared using the “process” keyword followed by a sensitivity list. The sensitivity list specifies the signals that the process is sensitive to, meaning that the process will be triggered whenever a change occurs on any of the listed signals. The process body is enclosed between the “begin” and “end” keywords. process (clk, rst) begin — Process statements go here end process; \| B. Sensitivity List and Signal Events: The sensitivity list plays a crucial role in determining when a process is executed. It consists of a comma-separated list of signals enclosed in parentheses. Whenever a change, known as a signal event, occurs on any of the signals in the sensitivity list, the process is triggered and its statements are executed. process (a, b) begin — Process statements go here end process; \| C. Sequential Statements within a Process: Inside a process, you can write a sequence of sequential statements that define the behavior of the digital system. These statements are executed sequentially within the process body. Common sequential statements include variable assignments, conditional statements (if-else), loops, and procedure calls. process (a, b) begin if (a = ‘1’) then c <= b; else c <= ‘0’; end if; end process; \| D. Importance of Process Sensitivity and Event Triggering: The sensitivity list and event-triggering mechanism are crucial for the proper simulation and synthesis of VHDL designs. By accurately specifying the signals in the sensitivity list, you ensure that the process is triggered only when necessary, conserving simulation resources. Additionally, precise sensitivity lists help the synthesis tool infer the correct hardware structure for the described behavior. Behavioral Modeling with Processes Behavioral modeling is a crucial aspect of VHDL that allows designers to describe the functionality of digital systems. Processes play a vital role in this modeling approach by enabling the representation of both combinational and sequential logic. A. Describing Combinational Logic using Processes: Combinational logic circuits are those in which the outputs depend solely on the current values of the inputs, without any memory or feedback. Processes in VHDL provide an effective way to model such circuits. To describe combinational logic using processes, you can follow these steps: - Declare a process using the process keyword, specifying the input and output signals. - Inside the process, use the beginning and end keywords to enclose the sequential statements. - Use signal assignments (<=) or conditional statements (if-then-else) to define the relationship between the input and output signals. - Ensure that all necessary signals are included in the sensitivity list to trigger the process when their values change. For example, let’s consider a 2-input AND gate modeled using a process in VHDL: architecture Behavioral of AndGate is begin process (input1, input2) begin output <= input1 and input2; end process; end Behavioral; \| B. Describing Sequential Logic using Processes: Sequential logic circuits have memory elements, such as flip-flops or registers, where the outputs depend not only on the current inputs but also on past inputs and internal states. Processes in VHDL are well-suited for modeling such sequential behavior. To describe sequential logic using processes, you can follow these steps: - Declare a process with the necessary signals and variables. - Inside the process, use the beginning and end keywords to enclose the sequential statements. - Utilize variables to store internal states or intermediate values. - Use signal assignments (<=) or conditional statements (if-then-else) to define the relationship between the input, output signals, and internal states. - Include all relevant signals in the sensitivity list to trigger the process when their values change. Let’s take an example of a D flip-flop modeled using a process in VHDL: architecture Behavioral of DFlipFlop is signal d, clk, q, qn: std_logic; begin process (clk) begin if rising_edge(clk) then q <= d; qn <= not d; end if; end process; end Behavioral; \| In this example, the process triggers when a rising edge is detected on the clock signal (clk). It updates the output signals (q and qn) based on the value of the input signal (d). By using processes, designers can effectively capture the behavior of various digital circuits, including more complex sequential elements like registers and state machines. Understanding how to use processes for behavioral modeling is essential for implementing accurate and efficient digital systems in VHDL. Concurrent vs. Sequential Execution in Processes In VHDL, processes can be executed concurrently or sequentially, depending on their sensitivity list and the events that trigger them. Understanding the difference between concurrent and sequential execution is crucial for designing reliable and efficient digital systems. A. Concurrent Execution in VHDL: Concurrent execution refers to the simultaneous execution of multiple processes or statements. In VHDL, concurrent execution allows multiple processes to run concurrently, with each process potentially influencing the others through shared signals. Concurrent execution offers the advantage of modeling systems with parallel behavior, where different components or modules can operate independently and concurrently. This can lead to more efficient designs and better use of hardware resources. B. Sequential Execution in VHDL: Sequential execution refers to the ordered execution of processes or statements, one after the other, following a specific control flow. In VHDL, sequential execution is used to model behaviors that require a specific order of operations or have dependencies between different stages or states. Sequential execution is commonly employed in modeling sequential logic, where the outputs depend on the current and past inputs or internal states. By controlling the order of execution, sequential processes can accurately model the flow of data and timing within a system. C. Handling Concurrent Events and Event Triggering: In VHDL, processes are triggered by specific events or changes in the signals included in their sensitivity list. Understanding how events are handled during concurrent execution is essential for the proper modeling of digital systems. - Concurrent Event Handling: - When an event occurs on a signal in the sensitivity list of a process, the process is triggered and its statements are executed. - Concurrent processes with overlapping sensitivity lists can execute concurrently, potentially leading to race conditions or unexpected behavior. - To avoid race conditions, proper care must be taken to ensure that concurrent processes do not access or modify the same signals simultaneously. - Event Triggering and Process Sensitivity: - The sensitivity list of a process determines which events can trigger the process. - Adding all the necessary signals to the sensitivity list is crucial to ensure that the process is triggered when the expected events occur. - Missing signals in the sensitivity list may result in incorrect or incomplete behavior of the design. Understanding the distinction between concurrent and sequential execution in VHDL is vital for designing accurate and efficient digital systems. Proper handling of concurrent events and thoughtful selection of process sensitivity lists are essential to avoid race conditions and ensure the desired behavior of the system. Process Attributes and Configurations In VHDL, process attributes and configurations provide additional flexibility and customization options when working with processes. Understanding process attributes and how to configure processes can enhance the design and improve the overall functionality of digital systems. A. Introduction to Process Attributes: Process attributes in VHDL provide metadata or additional information about processes, allowing designers to access and utilize specific characteristics of processes during simulation or synthesis. B. Commonly used process attributes include: - ‘EVENT: This attribute returns the current event causing the process to execute, providing information about the event triggering the process. - ‘ACTIVE: This attribute indicates whether the process is currently active or idle. - ‘STABLE: This attribute checks if a signal’s value has remained unchanged since the last time the process was triggered. - ‘LAST_EVENT: This attribute returns the last event causing the process to execute. Process attributes enable dynamic behavior based on the context and can be utilized to optimize or control the execution of processes. C. Configuration Options for Processes: Configuration statements in VHDL allow customization and fine-tuning of processes to suit specific design requirements. - Process Configuration: - Processes can be configured using the configuration block to override default settings or customize their behavior. - Configuration blocks specify different process attributes, such as sensitivity lists, delay values, or resolution functions. - By configuring processes, designers can modify the process behavior without modifying the process itself, promoting reusability and flexibility. - Conditional Compilation and Configuration: - Conditional compilation directives, such as ifdef, ifndef, and elsif, can be used to conditionally include or exclude specific process configurations based on predefined conditions. - Conditional compilation allows designers to adapt processes based on different design scenarios or target platforms. Process attributes and configurations enable designers to fine-tune the behavior of processes and adapt them to specific design requirements. They provide flexibility and control over process execution, enhancing the overall functionality and efficiency of digital systems. Processes are the fundamental building blocks in VHDL that enable the modeling of digital systems. They play a crucial role in capturing both combinational and sequential logic, allowing designers to accurately describe the behavior of complex circuits. Understanding processes, their syntax, and execution are essential for creating effective VHDL models. By utilizing process attributes and configurations, designers can customize the behavior of processes and enhance their functionality. Mastering processes empowers designers to create robust and efficient digital systems. 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A recent study following 346 pregnant patients found that 63 percent of the women were admitted into the hospital for uncertain diagnosis or delivery—all because preeclampsia has many of the same symptoms of other diseases. The good news, however, is that there’s a new test currently underway that could make the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia easier in order to prevent potentially dangerous outcomes for the mother and baby, as OB/GYN Dr. Kara Rood explains. MR. NACINOVICH: I am Mario Nacinovich, and joining me today on the Clinician's Roundtable is Dr. Kara Rood. We will discuss her focus in maternal fetal medicine and focus our conversation on a complex disease in pregnancy that is difficult to diagnose, the progressive disease of preeclampsia. Dr. Kara Rood is a Board-Certified OBGYN specializing in maternal fetal medicine at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio. We will be discussing the symptoms and diagnosis of preeclampsia. Evidence tells us that preeclampsia is truly a dynamic process and difficult to diagnose. We will discuss some of Dr. Rood's recent research with her colleagues on a simple, rapid, noninvasive test for early recognition of preeclampsia. Dr. Rood, welcome to the program. It is a pleasure to be speaking to with you about such complicated topic that can produce such devastating adverse outcomes for both mother and children. DR. ROOD: Thank you so very much for having me. MR. NACINOVICH: What is preeclampsia and what causes this progressive disease? DR. ROOD: Preeclampsia is a disease that occurs in pregnancy or the immediate postpartum period after preeclampsia. It is normally characterized by elevated blood pressure, protein in the urine, and symptoms of different organ systems that it affects, such as headache, changes in vision, right upper quadrant pain. It affects the liver and the kidneys. Preeclampsia, itself, is known very much in the disease of hypothesis. I would say none of us exactly know the underlying cause of preeclampsia. We do infer that it has to do with abnormal functioning of the placenta. However, the exact mechanism is not known. MR. NACINOVICH: Who gets preeclampsia and how common is the disease? DR. ROOD: About eight to ten percent of pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia. It is somewhat difficult to predict who indeed is going to get it, but there are some known risk factors, such as women with a history of preeclampsia, women with a history of high blood pressure, first pregnancies, as well as ones with multiples like twins and triplet pregnancies. MR. NACINOVICH: When does this occur during pregnancy? DR. ROOD: The majority of the diagnoses of preeclampsia come in the third trimester of pregnancy. However, it can happen any time after 20 weeks, and some of the earlier onset preeclampsia are some of more concerning and more progressive forms of the disease. MR. NACINOVICH: How many women would you say have signs or symptoms of preeclampsia during their pregnancy that may require medical attention? DR. ROOD: Depending on the population that you serve, the population that I most likely look after is the high-risk population, and there about 25 to 30 percent of those women have some signs or symptoms that could be concerning for preeclampsia. MR. NACINOVICH: I understand that there is actually two forms of preeclampsia, and there are also other forms of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. What is the difference between preeclampsia, toxemia, PET, and PIH? DR. ROOD: Currently the working definitions of them are the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy spectrum whereas those range from gestational hypertension, meaning just high blood pressure in pregnancy, to preeclampsia without severe features to preeclampsia with severe features and then a progressive form called HELLP disease. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and toxemia are some of the past definitions and terminology that we used. MR. NACINOVICH: We have HELLP syndrome. As you mentioned, it is one of the most severe forms of preeclampsia. It can occur in about 5% to 12% of preeclamptic patients. Tell us a little bit more about this syndrome. Do you truly see it in 5% to 12% of your patients? DR. ROOD: HELLP is definitely a more severe form of preeclampsia. It is characterized by elevated liver function tests as well as low platelets. Once we have identified this, delivery has to occur pretty quickly thereafter, given the high risk of rupture of the liver capsule and spontaneous bleeding secondary to low platelets. MR. NACINOVICH: We know this is a very complicated topic and certainly, as I mentioned earlier, it can produce very devastating adverse outcomes for both mother and child. What is the impact of preeclampsia in terms of the health to the mother and the unborn child? DR. ROOD: Preeclampsia, itself, is the number one reason of why we, as providers, initiate preterm births here in the United States of America. Therefore, it does have all of the risk associated with prematurity for the unborn child. Also it increases the risk of placental abruption, which can result in stillbirth for the child. Then for the mother and herself, not identifying preeclampsia early and it progresses to some of the worsening state can cause eclamptic seizures as well as stroke for the mother. MR. NACINOVICH: Recent evidence strongly suggests that preeclampsia is also attached with later life cardiovascular events for these women. This is not just an issue restricted during their pregnancy or the postpartum period. This is something that could potentially come back in another form later in their life. DR. ROOD: That is one of the new focuses on preeclampsia with emphasis on some of the primary care providers and internal medicine providers asking those questions about prior pregnancies, identifying women whose pregnancies were complicated with preeclampsia, therefore, so they can screen appropriately due to that risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. MR. NACINOVICH: For those just joining us on the Clinician's Roundtable, this is Mario Nacinovich on ReachMD. I am with Dr. Kara Rood, a specialist in the area of maternal fetal medicine at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. We spoke earlier about getting to understand a bit about the disease of preeclampsia and its impact. Now we are going to shift to how preeclampsia is actually currently diagnosed and discuss some of the recent newsworthy events with the release of data regarding a diagnostic that Dr. Rood and her colleagues have been focused on. First, help us understand how patients with preeclampsia are currently diagnosed. DR. ROOD: Currently we do screening at routine prenatal visits where blood pressures are obtained and for a majority of the patients, we are still obtaining a urine dipstick to assess for protein in the urine. If any of these factors are identified, then we do a symptoms screen, asking about some of the common symptoms, like headache, changes in vision, right upper quadrant pain. If at this point here we have a suspicion for preeclampsia, then they would either go on serial blood pressure monitoring and collection of a larger volume of urine to assess for protein as well as a venipuncture to assess their liver functions, their kidney functions, and their platelets. MR. NACINOVICH: Dr. Rood, can you speak to how difficult this is to diagnose at its current stage? DR. ROOD: Giving our increasing complexity of our patients with more comorbidities, with hypertension, underlying kidney disease, the diagnosis of preeclampsia has become a bit more challenging as a lot of these other diseases can produce the exact same signs and symptoms as preeclampsia. Therefore, it makes it challenging from a physician standpoint to make sure that it is preeclampsia and a delivery is warranted rather than just a flair in their underlying disease, which can be managed by medication and to continue with the pregnancy. MR. NACINOVICH: That is actually a great segue to my next question. I understand preeclampsia is called the disease of exceptions and the great masquerader, which are great monikers attached to this because it can look like so many other diseases, symptoms not specific, and it does not behave consistently. Sometimes it takes longer to progress. Other times it progresses to dangerous levels almost instantly. Tell us and the audience a little bit how this progresses. How does preeclampsia actually progress? DR. ROOD: It is very difficult to predict how preeclampsia is going to progress. We do know that the earlier that the disease is present, a lot of the times that progresses a lot faster whereas people who are diagnosed later in the pregnancy, near the end of it, those ones do not seem to progress as quickly. That may be due to the fact that at that point there we recommend delivery for them. MR. NACINOVICH: How difficult is it to rule out and address some of the various underlying conditions? DR. ROOD: It can be very challenging. You can imagine we do not want to get it wrong because of the devastating effects of preeclampsia if we do misdiagnose it. As a provider, there are many times that we try to weigh the risk with benefits to try to get the mother and the baby to a gestational age where they will both have favorable outcomes, but it is very challenging. MR. NACINOVICH: How important is it for yourself and for some of your colleagues to address the underlying conditions that are being presented? DR. ROOD: I think it is very important. With the invention of the electronic medical records, we are fortunate to at least have some of the prior history of women, but it does take an investigative tact to figure out if somebody does have underlying chronic hypertension as the women do not always know themselves that they have been diagnosed with this, especially in some of the populations where routine medical care is not something that they have participated in prior to pregnancy. MR. NACINOVICH: Before we discuss the specifics of your recent research, can you tell us about the collection of proteins that are misfolded and aggregate together in urine of women who have preeclampsia? DR. ROOD: This is a very fascinating finding. We know that protein are in the urine of women with preeclampsia. However, we did not understand the confirmation in the misfolded part of these proteins in the urine. That is what was identified in the basic science component prior to creating this point-of-care test that women with preeclampsia, their proteins are actually misfolded in their urine in comparison to women without preeclampsia. They do not have these misfolded proteins. One of the most interesting parts about the misfolded proteins is the ability for it to attach to this Congo Red dye, which is kind of the premise of the test. MR. NACINOVICH: What is the role of the Congo Red Dot Rapid Paper test or CRD paper test in identifying this collection of proteins. DR. ROOD : Given the misfolded confirmation of these proteins, the Congo Red dye has the ability to attach to them, and that makes this test very specific for these misfolded proteins in the urine of women with preeclampsia. Whereas other non-misfolded proteins, the Congo Red dye would not attach to. MR. NACINOVICH: You recently conducted a rather pragmatic study in 346 consecutive pregnant patients. What did you and your colleagues uncover in your research? DR. ROOD: We identified that we as physicians do have a lot of uncertainty in diagnosing preeclampsia where, out of the 346 women that presented, 217 or about 63% of them were admitted to the hospital for further evaluation to determine if they did or did not have preeclampsia. When we looked at this population too, we found out that the test, which appeared to other biomarkers and was much more closely able to predict a diagnosis of preeclampsia based on providers reviewing the charts and also giving a diagnosis of preeclampsia. It actually showed a sensitivity of 80% specificity of 89% with a negative predicted value of 92%. I think the most impressive part is that it had an 87% accuracy to correctly diagnose preeclampsia. MR. NACINOVICH: Everyone involved in these studies were blinded to the test results, the providers, the nurses, patients themselves. Each diagnosis of each of these patients was independently adjudicated. Why was this such an important aspect of this research? DR. ROOD: It really does help minimize bias and ensure that the results are true results. If we knew the results of the test and especially for us that have worked with the test and had the confidence in the fact that we know that the test works, we may be less likely to diagnose someone with preeclampsia if we knew the test was negative. For those more challenging cases where we are on the fence, is it preeclampsia or is it another medical condition, that test may have swayed our management. While hopefully once the test is approved for use, that will help guide management. We would need to undergo the study without that bias involved to ensure the accurate results. MR. NACINOVICH: You and your colleagues were working with a prototype of the Congo Red Dot Rapid Paper test that is currently under clinical development. Can you tell us a little bit about the trial that is currently underway? DR. ROOD: Since the results of our study were extremely promising, and it does support the value of noninvasive point of care, Congo Red dot urine diagnostic test to establish or rule out preeclampsia in the clinical setting. Due to that, the enrollment for our large multicenter U.S. trial supported by GestVision has already actually achieved one-third of its target goal, and we are hoping that upon successful completion of this trial, the gestation plans to seek an FDA premarket clearance for the GestAssured test. While there are no current placebo barriers with the FDA, progress can obviously be affected by risks and uncertainties relating to a number of other important factors, which could include requests for more analysis or our ability to enroll patients in the study. MR. NACINOVICH: That is a great way to round out our discussion with Dr. Rood. We have discussed her recent work in the diagnosis of preeclampsia, and we have certainly learned quite a bit about the signs and symptoms of this incredibly complex and progressive disease that is also associated with later-life cardiovascular events. We also were able to hear about her latest research and how a simple urine test could save lives of both mothers and unborn children. I want to thank my guest, Dr. Rood, for joining me today on the Clinician's Roundtable. Dr. Rood, it was great having you on the program. Thank you for sharing not only your thoughts, but on behalf of all of us, thank you for your truly lifesaving research and for all the work you do each day in maternal fetal medicine. I certainly want to wish you and your colleagues much continued success. I know so many lives are depending on it. DR. ROOD: Thank you so much. MR. NACINOVICH: I am Mario Nacinovich. To access this episode of the Clinician's Roundtable and others focusing on women's health and some of the pioneering work to advance maternal fetal medicine, I invite you to visit ReachMD.com where you can be part of the knowledge. 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4865, 1596, 3265, 352, 767, 352, 1488, 6222, 5407, 18, 3126, 445, 437, 4090, 456, 16, 5605, 528, 292, 1595, 6540, 2640, 686, 11145, 16, 2050, 268, 695, 1238, 289, 384, 987, 718, 289, 268, 4865, 9221, 1984, 291, 440, 2192, 10473, 8094, 5900, 292, 1488, 6222, 5407, 18, 203, 49, 54, 18, 465, 3897, 3746, 51, 58, 4033, 44, 30, 924, 698, 456, 316, 261, 1040, 7017, 3800, 291, 5707, 16, 352, 334, 4565, 4235, 16, 362, 375, 2346, 1040, 10859, 7781, 4041, 331, 1079, 3974, 291, 739, 18, 1021, 316, 268, 1393, 289, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 288, 2560, 289, 268, 661, 292, 268, 3974, 291, 268, 543, 6734, 739, 35, 203, 40, 54, 18, 434, 51, 10193, 30, 2412, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 16, 2635, 16, 316, 268, 1289, 597, 2190, 289, 1768, 445, 16, 352, 5683, 16, 2101, 381, 561, 950, 3475, 87, 1671, 288, 268, 1855, 2023, 289, 2792, 18, 3481, 16, 362, 1082, 437, 516, 289, 268, 1238, 2062, 360, 561, 4976, 1597, 331, 268, 543, 6734, 739, 18, 3337, 362, 3675, 268, 1238, 289, 452, 313, 1130, 459, 9496, 16, 518, 375, 1636, 288, 1356, 70, 8946, 331, 268, 739, 18, 3574, 331, 268, 3974, 291, 11031, 16, 462, 5678, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 1568, 291, 362, 2674, 274, 292, 579, 289, 268, 5570, 1981, 1247, 375, 1342, 303, 1215, 1705, 410, 9744, 889, 352, 767, 352, 6558, 331, 268, 3974, 18, 203, 49, 54, 18, 465, 3897, 3746, 51, 58, 4033, 44, 30, 2602, 302, 2495, 8116, 4299, 336, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 316, 525, 7054, 360, 2135, 943, 6568, 2616, 331, 629, 1565, 18, 540, 316, 462, 1039, 363, 2682, 10067, 995, 444, 4919, 361, 268, 2215, 1541, 4195, 1604, 18, 540, 316, 1890, 336, 911, 4113, 1631, 1103, 288, 1515, 926, 2135, 288, 444, 943, 18, 203, 40, 54, 18, 434, 51, 10193, 30, 2015, 316, 597, 289, 268, 733, 5835, 341, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 360, 7747, 341, 579, 289, 268, 2818, 1066, 5683, 291, 4180, 4014, 5683, 7100, 1014, 2212, 608, 2676, 3483, 797, 423, 16, 5678, 1565, 4060, 3483, 797, 423, 664, 7017, 360, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 16, 3281, 16, 576, 502, 375, 4420, 11693, 1504, 292, 336, 1238, 289, 6568, 1413, 2135, 288, 943, 18, 203, 49, 54, 18, 465, 3897, 3746, 51, 58, 4033, 44, 30, 906, 1014, 1039, 11817, 407, 341, 268, 6466, 300, 779, 743, 434, 655, 1576, 16, 456, 316, 2406, 981, 465, 313, 263, 878, 477, 341, 942, 492, 11163, 18, 334, 792, 360, 1698, 18, 696, 4351, 434, 509, 16, 261, 8078, 288, 268, 1494, 289, 293, 10741, 9143, 280, 4014, 430, 365, 10351, 3156, 1832, 924, 92, 1331, 5392, 3842, 18, 924, 10662, 4235, 608, 2657, 292, 992, 261, 3263, 608, 268, 1413, 289, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 291, 606, 1393, 18, 3014, 445, 356, 2118, 292, 5327, 292, 667, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 316, 2545, 3794, 6522, 291, 1868, 579, 289, 268, 2650, 3359, 8664, 93, 2616, 360, 268, 4133, 289, 863, 4353, 261, 8674, 336, 1698, 18, 434, 509, 291, 954, 7140, 437, 712, 4474, 341, 18, 3029, 16, 617, 407, 992, 667, 1945, 360, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 356, 3794, 6522, 18, 203, 40, 54, 18, 434, 51, 10193, 30, 10565, 445, 565, 7725, 430, 4485, 561, 82, 9403, 8974, 853, 1364, 11588, 356, 6259, 291, 331, 261, 4176, 289, 268, 1945, 16, 445, 356, 1356, 3456, 281, 261, 7762, 295, 2444, 3823, 292, 2123, 331, 3106, 288, 268, 7762, 18, 829, 723, 289, 629, 1802, 356, 4090, 16, 1023, 445, 565, 261, 1614, 4420, 16, 7100, 608, 579, 289, 268, 1112, 1614, 16, 730, 1747, 6182, 16, 1703, 288, 3548, 16, 1328, 5069, 626, 354, 11115, 1293, 18, 829, 430, 456, 1813, 1671, 445, 437, 261, 4115, 300, 305, 331, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563, 16, 1023, 502, 830, 2447, 679, 341, 1263, 439, 1364, 1987, 3816, 291, 3792, 289, 261, 3080, 4765, 289, 7762, 292, 2123, 331, 3106, 352, 767, 352, 261, 9510, 517, 10837, 292, 2123, 444, 4865, 3632, 16, 444, 6197, 3632, 16, 291, 444, 6222, 5407, 18, 203, 49, 54, 18, 465, 3897, 3746, 51, 58, 4033, 44, 30, 1698, 18, 434, 509, 16, 375, 337, 3534, 292, 667, 2203, 456, 316, 292, 9047, 430, 606, 1619, 3282, 35, 203, 40, 54, 18, 434, 51, 10193, 30, 461, 1159, 662, 2204, 7116, 289, 662, 1945, 360, 512, 378, 283, 70, 323, 647, 16, 360, 11776, 16, 4908, 6197, 1413, 16, 268, 4291, 289, 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261, 1936, 3263, 667, 456, 2674, 274, 18, 784, 1082, 561, 312, 80, 6021, 563 ]
This study of the development of Marx’s theory of revolution–using Marxism as its method–focuses on the formative years of 1842-1848. Although I will raise some criticisms concerning the treatment of dialectics, it is unusual and especially valuable in drawing connections between Marx’s theoretical concepts and his deepening involvement in this early, ideologically vibrant period of European working class activity. PART 1. REVOLUTION: POLITICAL AND/OR SOCIAL? This study of the development of Marx’s theory of revolution–using Marxism as its method–focuses on the formative years of 1842-1848. Although I will raise some criticisms concerning the treatment of dialectics, it is unusual and especially valuable in drawing connections between Marx’s theoretical concepts and his deepening involvement in this early, ideologically vibrant period of European working class activity. Michael Löwy successfully shows how Marx’s distinctive theory of revolution–the self-emancipation of the working class — crystallized, at least in part, out of his actual interactions with workers and their organizations in conjunction with his profound critique of Hegel’s philosophy and of other Young Hegelians.(1) Löwy’s The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx (Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2003) was originally published in French in 1970. It has only recently been translated into English (by an unnamed translator) as part of the Historical Materialism Book Series sponsored by the London-based quarterly of that name. This publication is timely in light of the growing, international movement that urgently seeks an alternative to capitalism. At least some in that movement have put revolution back on the agenda after decades in which it was scornfully dismissed as poppycock. Löwy makes it abundantly clear that the kind of revolution Marx came to conceptualize is a social revolution, which goes far deeper than a political grab for power. Michael Löwy is a well-known sociologist in France. He was born in Brazil and his work is widely discussed in Latin America as well. He was a student of Lucien Goldmann who himself was influenced by Georg Lukács. He has written on an unusually wide variety of cultural/political topics. This book is a well-constructed, lucid, readable, largely chronological account of the events, persons and ideas in Marx’s milieu, and how they affected the course of his thought. The author follows several distinct themes in the development of Marx’s thought while, in the spirit of totality, delineating their interconnections with each other and with his ripening theory of revolution. In the process, Löwy introduces us to writings by the young Marx that are, sadly, rarely cited. Löwy views Marx’s actual meetings with workers, starting in late 1843 when he arrived in Paris, and his increasing involvement with revolutionary socialist associations, as major formative experiences in his theoretical/political evolution. Löwy’s monograph fills in the gap between strictly biographical studies of Marx, which give little attention to his thought, and, conversely, studies that treat his intellectual/political growth apart from the workers’ movements of that day. Marx was caught up in the swirl of intellectual and political currents that were bred by the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and Hegel’s philosophical revolution. From these seemingly disparate elements, Marx, in the remarkably short space of a few years, was able to develop what Raya Dunayevskaya called “a new continent of thought” (Philosophy and Revolution, Lexington Books, Third Edition, 1989, p. 53). Löwy considers Marx’s political activities “not a biographical detail but the necessary complement of his writing, since both the one and the other had the same purpose, namely, not just to interpret the world but to change it, and to interpret it in order to change it.” (p. 12) This theme of praxis is central to both Marx’s thinking and Löwy’s book. Biography, when considered in this light, becomes more than an historical adjunct but is rather a necessary component for comprehending the genesis of theory. Full Human Emancipation Löwy convincingly documents Marx’s sharp distinction between the realms of the political, on the one hand, and of civil society, on the other, in modern capitalist society. Marx posited the primacy of civil society in initiating revolutionary change. Marx first articulated the cleavage between civil society and the state in his 1843 “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law.” According to Marx, Hegel saw the state as the pinnacle and unifier of society–the unity of the particular and universal. For Marx however civil society was the arena for battle between particular interests, and further, imparted “dynamism” to all parts of society, including the state. Hegel’s conception of the state represented an ideal, but alien, universality. Marx argued that capitalist civil society is an undergirding for the modern state. The political form of the state therefore does not alter the essential character or “content of” its civil society. For example: “…the entire content of the law and the state, is the same in North America as in Prussia, with few modifications. The republic there is thus a mere state form, as is the monarchy here. The content of the state lies outside these constitutions (“Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, NY: International Publishers, 1975ff [hereafter CW], vol. 3, p. 31).” The antithesis between the material content of civil society and its political constitution was introduced in the bourgeois era that followed the French Revolution. For Marx it followed that: “The atomism into which civil society plunges in its political act follows necessarily from the fact that the community, the communal being in which the individual exists, is civil society separated from the state, or that the political state is an abstraction from it” (“Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law,” CW 3, p. 79). Thus the state is not organically linked with but is rather abstracted from the divisions within an already abstracted, divisive, competitive, bourgeois civil society. Marx argued throughout his life that fundamental societal change thus depended on change in the mode of production, the prime determinant of the social relations of civil society, rather than in power relations within the state. Löwy shows that Marx’s 1843 essay “On the Jewish Question” takes pains to distinguish the limited political emancipation available to the citizen of the state from full human emancipation. Civil society, as defined by the French Constitution’s “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,” remained the sphere of egoism, of the bellum omnium contra omnes. Therefore the furthest the state can go in granting liberty is “the liberty of man viewed as an isolated monad.” Marx concluded: “Political emancipation is the reduction of man, on the one hand, to a member of civil society, to an egoistic, independent individual, and, on the other hand, to a citizen, a juridical person. Only when the real, individual man re-absorbs in himself the abstract citizen, and as an individual human being has become a species-being in his everyday life, in his particular work, and in his particular situation, only when man has recognized and organized his own powers as social forces, and consequently no longer separates social power from himself in the shape of political power, only then will human emancipation have been accomplished” (CW 3, p. 168). By implication, radical individual/societal transformation will involve the re-connection of the isolated individual with her alienated social powers; this could be achieved only by a revolution which dissolves those powers in their abstract, juridical, alienated, political form. True Human Community At this point, Löwy brings to the fore another, rarely-cited essay written by Marx in early 1844, “Comments on James Mill, Elemens d’économie politique.” In this critique of the classical political economists, Marx again contrasts the estranged community of individuals considered as atomized citizens of the state and as owners of private property, with real community. In the purchase and sale of private property: “The social connection or social relationship between the two property owners is therefore that of reciprocity in alienation, positing the relationship of alienation on both sides…it is the opposite of the social relationship” (CW 3, pp. 218, 219). Marx contrasted this alienated, detached relationship with a truer relationship, which involves social activity and social enjoyment. He argued: “Since human nature is the true community of men, by manifesting their nature men create, produce, the human community, the social entity, which is no abstract universal power opposed to the single individual, but is the essential nature of each individual, his own activity, his own life, his own spirit, his own wealth. Hence this true community … is produced directly by their life activity itself…as long as man does not recognize himself as man, and therefore has not organized the world in a human way, this community appears in the form of estrangement, because its subject, man, is a being estranged from himself. Men, not as an abstraction, but as real, living, particular individuals, are this entity” (CW 3, p. 217). Marx is often misunderstood as valuing the collectivity over the individual person, of subordinating the individual to society. But here we see Marx’s intense interest in the distinctive individual although that individual is broadly conceived as “the social entity,” not the estranged individual. The Uprising of the Silesian Weavers: Of What Significance? Löwy next examines the consequences for Marx’s political thinking of his theoretical separation between the state and civil society: Marx voiced vigorous support for the 1844 revolt of the Silesian weavers. Marx’s comments, called “Critical Marginal Notes on the Article ‘The King of Prussia and Social Reform’ by a Prussian’” were published in August 1844, in the Paris newspaper Vorwärts. Marx exposed the fact that the original article in that newspaper was written not by a Prussian, as claimed, but rather by Arnold Ruge, his co-editor of the newly founded Deutsch-Französische Jahrbucher. For Löwy, the “Critical Notes” are not yet appreciated as “the point of departure for the intellectual journey that led to the Theses on Feuerbach and The German Ideology… in which his theory of the revolutionary self-emancipation of the proletariat took shape” (p. 91). On what basis did Löwy make that judgment? Ruge viewed the uprising in Silesia as merely a local occurrence in politically backward Germany. In contrast, Marx argued that the revolt ushered in a new phase of revolt and class consciousness among European workers, led by workers from his homeland, Germany. The modern state is powerless, Marx wrote, to correct any debasement in the economic relations of civil society because the modern state is premised, as we have seen, on that very separation between public and private life. What is needed, Marx contended, is not so much political revolt as social revolution involving “the standpoint of the whole because it is a protest of man against dehumanized life.” “The state is based on the contradiction between public and private life, on the contradiction between general interests and private interests…. Indeed, confronted by the consequences which arise from the unsocial nature of this civil life, this private ownership, this trade, this industry, this mutual plundering of the various circles of citizens, confronted by all these consequences impotence is the law of nature of the [state] administration” (CW 3, p. 198). Marx’s very positive attitude toward the uprising of the Silesian weavers can serve as an example of Löwy’s methodological point that the significance and meaning of an objective event will be determined, in large part, by the theorist’s ideological “receptivity.” The Consciousness of the Weavers What of the thought of the weavers themselves? Ruge disparaged their social consciousness. He claimed that they could not see beyond their hearth, their district, or their factory. Hence, Ruge maintained, the whole question of poverty “has so far still been ignored by the all-penetrating political soul” (CW 3, p. 200). Marx retorted, “that not one of the French and English workers’ uprisings had such a theoretical and conscious character as the uprising of the Silesian weavers…. The Silesian uprising begins precisely with what the French and English workers’ uprisings end, with consciousness of the nature of the proletariat” (CW 3, p. 201). Marx concluded that the weavers’ revolt had implicitly announced its opposition to the society of private property. On what basis did Marx reach such a broad and far-reaching conclusion? The Silesian workers had destroyed not only the machines but also account books and titles to property. Their struggle had thus been directed not only against the visible enemy, the factory owner, but also against the hidden enemy, the banker, and thus capital itself. Hence Marx proudly called the proletariat of his native Germany “the theoretician of the European proletariat…. A philosophical people can find its corresponding practice [Praxis] only in socialism, hence it is only in the proletariat that it can find the dynamic element of its emancipation” (CW3, p. 202). Löwy uses the term “Praxis” rather than “practice” in his translation. For Löwy, the decisive development in Marx’s theory of revolution was that socialism was no longer presented as pure theory, an idea “born in the philosopher’s mind,” a “philosophical communism,” but rather as praxis. Löwy remarks: “In discovering in the proletariat the active element of emancipation, Marx, without saying a word about Feuerbach or philosophy, breaks with the schema to which he had still adhered” in his critiques of Hegel’s philosophy of the state. “By this practical stand taken on a revolutionary movement the path is opened to the Theses on Feuerbach” (p. 95). What then is the role of the thinker in relation to such struggles? Marx chided the arrogance of the intellectual: “Confronted with the first outbreak of the Silesian workers’ uprising, the sole task of one who thinks and loves the truth consisted not in playing the role of schoolmaster in relation to this event but instead in studying its specific character”(CW 3, p. 202). Marx discerned in the uprising of the Silesian workers the expression of a philosophical people; the self-awareness of the proletariat; and its bent toward socialism. By contrast, when the proletariat thinks in exclusively political terms, it “sees the cause of all evils in the will, and all means of remedy in violence and in the overthrow of a particular form of state” (CW 3, p. 204). Once again Marx differentiates between political revolution with its “narrow-minded spirit” and “the universal soul” of social revolution. PART 2. LÖWY’S METHOD Löwy tells us that he will attempt a Marxist analysis of the origins of Marxism. The Preface and Introduction are largely devoted to how he intends to accomplish this task and are well worth reading from a methodological standpoint alone. We have seen that Löwy highlights the impact on Marx’s thinking of his actual interactions with politically conscious workers. It is Löwy’s thesis that it is “through an active exchange with this social environment (as well as with the Left-Hegelian currents) that the young Marx formulated the seminal kernel of a new world-view, the philosophy of praxis, which provides the theoretical foundation for his conception of revolution as proletarian self-emancipation” (Preface, p. vii). Löwy posits that the exploration of “socio-historical settings” is indispensable for fully comprehending a theory, in this case Marx’s theory of revolution. This exploration of the socio-historical settings of Marx’s theory is necessary “for understanding the very content, the internal structure and precise significance of what is being studied” (p. 3). It is not merely a historical adjunct. The concept of “settings” includes the socio-philosophical doctrines and political theories of the day. I would add that virtually all of Marx’s published theoretical writings were written in response to–and often in debate with– the ideas of his contemporaries, including those on the Left. An obvious example is Marx’s The Poverty of Philosophy written in response to the socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s Philosophy of Poverty. Settings, Events, and Ideas Löwy cites Marx’s dictum that ideas themselves can become material forces. Löwy also avoids a rigid base-superstructure dichotomy. Instead he embraces the notion of totality: thought and social settings are not “congealed in abstract oppositions.” Rather they are “dialectically linked together and integrated in the historical process” (p. 3). Further, objective events carry more or less significance to political thinkers depending on the state of their theory building. We have already seen the very different significance that the revolt of the Silesian weavers held for Arnold Ruge, who considered it a local, unimportant matter, as opposed to Marx who considered the revolt an important early expression of working class consciousness and a likely forerunner of future working class activities. Marx refers to the revolt as a “literary debut of the German workers” and speaks of their “gigantic infant shoes” (CW 3, 201). Their divergence is especially telling because, until that point, Ruge and Marx had been intellectual companions. Indeed, before this public debate they had teamed up to establish a journal and were its co-editors. Thus the importance of an event depends in large measure on “its significance in relation to the theory…. We thus perceive that, very often, it is not an historical event or a philosophical or political theory ‘in itself’ that influences the development of a doctrine, but the event and the theory as these are grasped and interpreted by that doctrine.” This interplay underscores the active role for the theorist in assimilating the outside event. Löwy suggests that “the doctrinal system ‘selects’ and interprets the settings, events and ideas which are to condition its development” (pp. 5,6). I find this a felicitous perspective. Yet I believe that it was not only the state of Marx’s theory at that moment which was decisive but rather the broad trajectory of his growing allegiance to the working class. In dialectical philosophy, thought reaches out to the future. From this perspective, Marx came to view the Silesian uprising as a forerunner of other activities yet to be undertaken by an increasingly active and self-aware working class. Löwy, too, terms Marx’s support for the Silesian weavers “anticipatory” in light of the immaturity of the workers’ movement organizationally and theoretically at that time. PART 3. BIGGEST SHORTCOMING: THE PHILOSOPHI DIMENSION Löwy credits Engels with recognizing in the development of ideas the reciprocal character of condition and receptivity, of the external event and how it is registered internally. But Löwy neglects to trace this insight to its true author, Hegel. Hegel said of teleological activity that: “in it the end is the beginning, the consequent the ground, the effect the cause, that it is a becoming of what has become, that in it only what already exists comes into existence…”(Cf. Hegel’s Science of Logic, translated by A. V. Miller, Humanities Press International, 1969, p. 748). More generally, Löwy overlooks Marx’s selective appropriation — a term coined by Norman Levine — of Hegel’s dialectical philosophy. This is not to deny that Löwy is a nuanced and comprehensive historian of ideas who is aware there is a philosophical dimension of Marxian thought. For instance, in his essay, “From the ‘Logic’ of Hegel to the Finland Station in Petrograd,” Löwy demonstrated the practical impact of Lenin’s reading, while in exile, of Hegel’s Logic on his political thinking at the fateful moment of his return to Russia (See his On Changing the World, Humanities Press International, 1993). Yet Löwy stands apart from the “Hegelian Marxists” of the twentieth century, such as Lukács, Korsch, Marcuse and Dunayevskaya, who see in that philosophical dimension the very essence of Marx’s concept of revolution. Dunayevskaya identified Marx’s concept of “revolution in permanence” as a red thread that ran through his lifetime of political work; she interpreted that concept as rooted in Hegel’s dialectic of negativity. She wrote: “Marx dug deep into revolution, permanent revolution. Marx’s unyielding concentration on revolution, on revolutionary praxis–revolutionary ruthless critique of all that exists–reveals that dialectical philosophy was the basis of the totality of Marx’s work, not only in philosophy but in practice, and in both politics and economics…. Marx transformed Hegel’s revolution in philosophy into a philosophy of revolution” (Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation, and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution, University of Illinois Press, second edition, 1991, p. xxiii). Löwy, in contrast, tends to downplay the relation between Marx’s philosophical perspective and his theory of revolution. For Löwy it was an important advance in Marx’s concept of revolutionary agency–and there is much truth in this– when he gave up the idea of “philosophical communism” in which “revolution begins in the brain of the philosopher.” Revolutionary impulses and ideas, Marx said explicitly only a few years later in “The Communist Manifesto,” have their source in a revolutionary class, the proletariat. But it is important to keep in mind that Marx characterized the revolutionary proletariat as both independent and “self-conscious,” that is, aware of its historical role, not a thoughtless mass. Recall, too, that Marx had seen in the uprising of the Silesian weavers a “consciousness of the nature of the proletariat,” the expression of a “philosophic people” (CW 3, p. 201). Marx added: “As philosophy finds its material weapons in the proletariat, so the proletariat finds its spiritual weapons in philosophy” (CW 3, p. 187). According to Löwy, however, this well-known formulation is “not yet Marxist” (p. 59). I would argue that for Marx there was no contradiction between recognizing the proletariat as the agency of revolution, and, recognizing the philosophical dimension in revolution. The 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts It is in his treatment of the 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts that Löwy most clearly falls short in his recognition of the philosophic dimension in Marx’s theory of revolution. Löwy’s appreciation of the Manuscripts lies primarily in their economic analysis of the proletarian condition. Because Löwy tends to avoid discussing the philosophic aspect of Marx’s theory of revolution, he shrinks away from many of the assertions in the manuscript, “Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole.” Dunayevskaya, in contrast, hailed that manuscript. She saw both its criticism of Hegel in limiting transcendence only to the realm of thought, and, at the same time, its embrace of Hegel’s dialectic method, which Marx “praises, takes over, develops…” What Hegel calls “the dialectic of negativity,” Dunayevskaya wrote, Marx affirms as “the moving and creative principle.” She insisted “that for Marx as for us today, nothing short of a philosophy, a total outlook–which Marx first called, not ‘Communism’ but ‘Humanism,’ can answer the manifold needs of the proletariat” (Marxism & Freedom, Humanity Books, 2000, pp. 57-59). Löwy criticizes the Manuscripts as “still somewhat Feuerbachian.” Why? Because, Löwy claims, Feuerbach’s critique of religious alienation is simply applied to economics by Marx: Feuerbach’s God is transposed into private property; atheism is transposed into communism. I see this as an oversimplification of Marx’s dialectical and complex train of thought. The Relation between Alienated Labor and Private Property To demonstrate this I will focus on one such abridgment of the dialectic by Löwy. Löwy claims that this unwarranted parallelism of Marx’s analysis of society with Feuerbach’s analysis of religious alienation led Marx to mistakenly attribute private property to the alienated quality of the labor that produces it rather than the more obvious other-way-around: “This parallelism even leads him [Marx] to see in private property not the cause but the consequence of the alienation” (p. 86). While Löwy’s effort to correct Marx’s purported error may appear to be of little consequence, it is connected to a significant political difference: Seemingly, Löwy sees property ownership as more fundamental than the activity of laboring. From Löwy’s standpoint, socialism is essentially the elimination of private property and its replacement with public or state ownership of the means of production. This sharp theoretical difference makes it worthwhile to follow Marx’s dialectical thinking in order to evaluate properly Löwy’s claim that Marx made an error of reversal. In the manuscript on “Estranged Labour” Marx made it clear: “Thus through estranged labour man not only creates his relationship to the object and to the act of production as to powers [men] that are alien and hostile to him; he also creates the relationship in which other men stand to his production and to his product, and the relationship in which he stands to these other men. Just as he creates his own production as the loss of his reality, as his punishment; his own product as a loss, as a product not belonging to him; so he creates the domination of the person who does not produce over production and over the product…. Through estranged, alienated labour, then, the worker produces the relationship to this labour of a man alien to labour and standing outside it. The relationship of the worker to labour creates the relation to it of the capitalist… Private property is thus the product, the result, the necessary consequence, of alienated labour…though private property appears to be the reason, the cause of alienated labour, it is rather its consequence, just as the gods are originally not the cause but the effect of man’s intellectual confusion. Later this relationship becomes reciprocal. Only at the culmination of the development of private property does this, its secret, appear again, namely, that on the one hand it is the product of alienated labour, and that on the other it is the means by which labour alienates itself, the realisation of this alienation” (CW 3, pp. 279, 280). This passage demonstrates, I believe, that Marx is more fundamentally concerned with human activity, with the “relationship of the worker to labour,” than property forms per se. While Marx did use an analogy from religion, his attention is steadily fixed on social relations of production. Dunayevskaya reaffirmed that: “In the alienation of the object of labor is only crystallized the alienation in the very activity of labor. It follows that: The struggle against private property is the struggle not only against the alienation of the product of labor but against the alienation of the very activity of labor as any kind of self- development” (Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation, and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution, Second Edition, University of Illinois Press, 1991, p. 126). In Dunayevskaya’s view, Marx held that property forms are derived from social relations in production. She wrote additionally: “For Marx the abolition of private property was a means toward the abolition of alienated labor, not an end in itself…. He never tired of stressing that what is of primary importance is not the form of property, but the mode of production. Every mode of production, he said, creates a corresponding form of property…” (Marxism & Freedom, Humanity Books, 2000, p. 61). The Place of Alienation in Marx’s Thinking In keeping with his slighting of the alienation of labor, Löwy shows an overall failure to recognize the crucial role played by Marx’s concept of alienation not only in the early writings but also in his more decidedly political-economic works as well. Drawing from “Results of the Immediate Process of Production,” written some twenty years after the 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts and intended as the concluding chapter of volume 1 of Capital, Marx wrote: “The activity of labour-power, i.e. labour, objectifies itself in the course of production and so becomes value. But since the labour has ceased to belong to the worker even before he starts to work, what objectified itself for him is alien labour and hence a value, capital, independent of his own labour-power” (Penguin edition, p. 1016). Alienation is also integral to Marx’s concept of labor power as a commodity to be sold and bought, and thereby to wage labor, perhaps capital’s most distinctive feature. And the recuperation of our alienated human powers both as individuals and collectively as members of the human community remains, I believe, central to the Marxian goal of social revolution. Istvan Meszaros in his never-outdated Marx’s Theory of Alienation shows the tremendous range of Marx’s concept of alienation–expressed in humanity’s relation to nature, in the person’s relation to herself and to others, and in relation to all humankind. Further, Meszaros points to Marx’s originality and creativity in making the concept of alienation the keystone of his critique of capital. Lastly, Meszaros demonstrates that it was Hegel rather than Feuerbach who provided the philosophic inspiration for Marx’s concept of alienation: “Consequently Hegel anticipated to a much greater extent than Feuerbach the Marxian grasp of history, although even Hegel could only find ‘the abstract, logical, speculative expression for the movement of history” (Marx’s Theory of Alienation, The Merlin Press, 1970, p. 43). Dunayevskaya likewise saw alienated labor as “the most fundamental contradiction of capitalism”: “Marx’s analysis of labor–and it is that which distinguishes him from all others, not only the tendencies in Marx’s day, from which he had to break, but the Socialists and Communists of our day–goes much further than the economic structure of society. His analysis goes not only to class relations, but to actual human relations. What is wrong with other critics is that they speak of labor as an abstraction instead of seeing that labor under capitalism “materializes itself in an inhuman way…” (Rosa Luxemburg, p. 126). Löwy acknowledges that the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts consider the proletariat as an alienated class. He is critical nonetheless of Marx for not approaching the proletarian revolution “except through the abstract angle of the relation between the proletariat as an alienated class and [of] communism as a movement of disalienation” (p. 90). In light of Löwy’s tendencies to downplay both the centrality of Marx’s concept of alienation and the philosophic dimension of his theory of revolution, it comes as no surprise that Löwy chafes at Marx’s concepts of disalienation and of the “self-transcending of communism.” The Negation of the Negation Löwy maintains that some themes of the 1844 Manuscripts “were to be flatly abandoned by Marx in his later writings” (p. 90). These themes include “positive humanism” and the idea that communism is not the final goal but “merely the ‘revolutionary moment’ beyond which lies ‘truly human society’” (p. 90). These issues turn on the all-important concept of the negation of the negation. Löwy, again, sees Marx as recapitulating Feuerbach’s line of thought by conceiving a direct parallel between religious alienation and the alienation of labor. This would transpose the goal of disalienation to atheism, on the one hand, and, in the case of labor, to communism. But Marx takes pains in his “Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole” to distinguish his appreciation of the negation of the negation from both Feuerbach’s stunted, abbreviated concept and from Hegel’s abstract concept. Löwy notes Marx’s favorable assessment of Feuerbach for “his opposing to the negation of the negation, which claims to be the absolute positive, the self-supporting positive, positivity based on itself.” Marx does hold onto this aspect of Feuerbach’s thinking — positivity based on itself — and goes further with it. It appears in Marx’s 1844 writings as the idea of “the creation of man through human labour…his birth through himself, of his genesis” (CW 3, p. 305). This amounts to a positive humanism based on itself, not on some other foundation. However, Marx is critical of Feuerbach’s concept of negation of the negation when it is viewed “only as a contradiction of philosophy with itself–as the philosophy which affirms theology (the transcendent, etc.) after having denied it…” (CW 3, p. 329). Marx sees no need to remain with atheism as a negation of God which then “postulates the existence of man through this negation; but socialism as socialism no longer stands in any need of such a mediation. It proceeds from the theoretically and practically sensuous consciousness of man and of nature as the essence” (CW 3, p. 306). This does not mean a rejection of the Hegelian concept of negation of the negation, however. For in his 1844 “Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic,” Marx also identifies Hegel’s concept of negativity as the most crucial point for his own dialectical vision. He does so early in the essay, when he refers to “the outstanding achievement of Hegel’s Phenomenology and of its final outcome, the dialectic of negativity as the moving and generating principle…” (CW 3, p. 332). Marx affirms the real human being and practical sensuous consciousness in the following stirring passage: “Whenever real, corporeal man, man with his feet firmly on the solid ground, man exhaling and inhaling all the forces of nature, posits his real, objective, essential powers as alien objects by his externalization, it is not the act of positing which is the subject in this process: it is the subjectivity of objective essential powers, whose action, therefore, must also be something objective” (CW 3, p. 336). As we might expect, Marx takes Hegel to task for considering the negation of negation solely in the sphere of ideas. Yet Marx also credits Hegel with discovering the only true and positive concept of the negation of the negation. We can discern both sides of Marx’s critique of Hegel in the following passage: “But because Hegel has conceived the negation of the negation, from the point of view of the positive relation inherent in it, as the true and only positive, and from the point of view of the negative relation inherent in it as the only true act and spontaneous activity of all being, he has found the abstract, logical, speculative expression for the movement of history, which is not yet the real history of man as a given subject…” (CW 3, p. 329). Löwy reads Marx’s notion of disalienation far too narrowly. Marx conceives of disalienation as a process by which the human being’s “objective essential powers” are recuperated into the self. Alienation in this context consists of humanity’s separation from the products through which “he can express his life in real, sensuous objects.” The negation of this alienation in the labor process would transform it not narrowly, but grandly, into an activity for individual self-expression as well as for meeting social needs. It includes a social aspect because Marx’s concept of disalienation includes an objectivity of one person for another person. “To be objective, natural and sensuous, and at the same time to have object, nature and sense outside oneself, or oneself to be object, nature and sense for a third party, is one and the same thing” (CW 3, p. 336). The human being’s hunger after “objects” includes hunger for other persons.(2) For Marx, the supersession of alienation considered generally comes about “through the supersession of the objective world in its estranged mode of being,” and most fundamentally in the alienated labor that characterizes the capitalist mode of production. Marx returns to the metaphor of religion to explain his concept of positive humanism: “…atheism is humanism mediated with itself through the supersession of religion, whilst communism is humanism mediated with itself through the supersession of private property. Only through the supersession of this mediation–which is itself, however, a necessary premise–does positively self-deriving humanism, positive humanism, come into being” (CW 3, pp. 341,342). Löwy sees “positive humanism” and the related notion of the limitations of communism and of its transcendence, as ideas of the young Marx “that were to be flatly abandoned in his later writings” (p. 90). Löwy is troubled and perplexed by Marx’s assertion that: “Communism is the position as the negation of the negation, and is hence the actual phase necessary for the next stage of historical development in the process of human emancipation and rehabilitation. Communism is the necessary form and the dynamic principle of the immediate future, but communism as such is not the goal of human development, the form of human society” (CW 3, p. 306). Once again, we find Löwy unappreciative of this dialectical and open-ended dimension of Marx’s theory of revolution. Löwy likewise sounds critical of the idealistic tenor of Marx speaking “even of the ‘self-transcending’ of communism and its ‘transcendence’ by consciousness” in the following passage: “It takes actual communist action to abolish actual private property. History will lead to it; and this movement, which in theory we already know to be a self-transcending movement, will constitute in actual fact a very rough and protracted process. But we must regard it as a real advance to have at the outset gained a consciousness of the limited character as well as the goal of this historical movement — and a consciousness which reaches out beyond it” (CW 3, p. 313). The Marxist-Humanist project of conceptualizing a society beyond capitalism is precisely an exercise of “a consciousness which reaches out beyond” the existing social order. The impetus to reach beyond is essential to dialectical philosophy. Did the concept of positive humanism disappear in Marx’s later writings as Löwy asserts? I think not. In Capital, volume 3, to take just one example, Marx stated: “The realm of freedom really begins only where labour determined by necessity and external expediency ends; it lies by its very nature beyond the sphere of material production proper…. The true realm of freedom, the development of human powers as an end in itself, begins beyond it, though it can only flourish with this realm of necessity at its basis. The reduction of the working day is the basic prerequisite” (Penguin edition, 1981, pp. 958, 959, my emphasis). This statement is breathtaking in its vision yet practical enough to speak to American workers today who are overburdened by long hours. It is drawn from Capital, Marx’s theoretically most mature work. In sum, the most important deficiency in Löwy’s treatment of the 1844 Manuscripts is that he diminishes the extent and significance of Marx’s appropriation of Hegel’s dialectical philosophy with its core concept of the negation of the negation. In contrast, Dunayevskaya uncovered Marx’s appreciation and use of Hegel’s dialectic in both the early writings and in his later “economic” works. She wrote: “From the very beginning Marx, in his critique of the Hegelian dialectic, dug so deeply into its roots in thought and in reality that it signaled a revolution in philosophy and at the same time a philosophy of revolution” (Philosophy and Revolution, Lexington Books, 1989, p. 48). PART 4. WORKING CLASS SELF-EMANCIPATION Löwy’s thesis is that Marx’s actual experiences with workers and their socialist organizations which began when he arrived in Paris in November, 1843, transformed him from a “philosophical communist,” one of the several Left Hegelians who believed that their ideas would penetrate and give direction to workers. Within the framework of philosophic communism, workers were seen as passive and lacking political consciousness. Within four years, Marx had achieved the idea of workers’ self-emancipation through their independent thought and organization. Marx became reoriented to “the communist movement considered as an independent expression of the worker masses…” Löwy credits this intellectual/political development largely to “his direct contacts with the workers’ societies” (pp. 79, 68). Marx now conceptualized a dialectical reciprocity between socialist theory and the revolutionary proletariat. Thus in The Holy Family which Marx and Engels wrote together in August 1844, they criticize “all political ideologies that counterpose an ‘enlightened minority’ to the ‘ignorant masses’” (p. 98). Rather the workers recognize in their associations that they have needs beyond their immediate, concrete needs as workers; they have needs as human beings. Further, unlike the Left Hegelians Marx and Engels were criticizing, “the mass-minded, communist, workers employed, for instance, in the Manchester or Lyons workshops, do not believe that by ‘pure thinking’ they will be able to argue away their industrial masters and their own practical debasement. They are most painfully aware of the difference between being and thinking, between consciousness and life. They know that property, capital, money, wage-labour and the like are no ideal figments of the brain but very practical, very objective products of their self-estrangement and that therefore they must be abolished in a practical, objective way…” (CW 4, p. 53, emphasis added). In short, Marx was impressed by the consciousness of the working class as well as its political dedication. He wrote: “One must know the studiousness, the craving for knowledge, the moral energy and the unceasing urge for development of the French and English workers to be able to form an idea of the human nobility of this movement…. a large part of the English and French proletariat is already conscious of its historic task and is constantly working to develop that consciousness into complete clarity” (p. 102; see also CW 4, p. 37). PART 5. CONCLUSIONS Löwy has demonstrated that this period of social, political and intellectual ferment; this place, Paris; and these direct encounters with radical workers, served as the inspiration for Marx’s 1844 writings. What then is the role of the theoretician who is not a manual worker? The role of the theoretician becomes, in Löwy’s words, “to help the proletariat in its intellectual labour, in the evolution of its consciousness, as yet vague and formless, towards complete clarity and coherence” (pp. 102, 103). Marx was to attempt and succeed in doing precisely that by authoring the Communist Manifesto at the request of the Communist League. Earlier, while in Brussels after the government forced him to leave France, Marx gave lectures on political economy to workers, later published as Wages, Price and Profit. Also in Brussels in February 1846, Marx together with Engels organized their first political organization, the Communist Correspondence Committee, with the intent of establishing links between communists throughout Europe. We find no separation of Marx the philosopher from Marx the organization man, of Marx the theoretician and Marx the educator. Löwy considers Marx’s 1845 Theses on Feuerbach as the first text to outline the foundations of the philosophy of praxis. Löwy writes: “Marx thus finds in the revolutionary praxis of the proletariat the prototype of truly human activity, which is neither purely ‘theoretical’ nor egoistically passive, but objective and practical-critical: ‘Feuerbach wants sensuous objects, really distinct from conceptual objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective activity’” (p. 104). For Löwy, the Theses on Feuerbach establishes the concept of revolutionary praxis as the foundation in theory for self-emancipation of the proletariat through revolution. Is this revolution to be political or social? In answer to this question, which I posed at the start concerning the relation between political and social revolution, Löwy concludes that Marx saw both political and social aspects in every socialist revolution. It is political in that it overthrows the old power; it dissolves the old society. More specifically, Marx states in his “Critical Marginal Notes on the Article by a Prussian”: “Revolution in general–the overthrow of the existing power and dissolution of the old relationships–is a political act. But socialism cannot be realizes without revolution. It needs this political act insofar as it needs destruction and dissolution. But where its organizing activity begins, where its proper object, its soul, comes to the fore–there socialism throws off the political cloak” (CW 3, p. 206). Löwy has shown clearly that Marx had dismissed the idea of a solely political redress of society’s ills as early as the 1844 revolt of the Silesian weavers. In this spirit, I think we need to emphasize the need for a philosophical, social revolution. Following the thinking of Marx depicted in this book, I argue that we need a social revolution that will take humankind beyond the rights of isolated citizens in a bourgeois state, to full human emancipation in a stateless society. Only then will the narrow, abstract mandates of civil rights be superseded. Only then will the individual be able to take root in society’s soil and develop into a full member of the human community, into a “social individual.” In conclusion, despite deficiencies in its discussion of the relation of Marx’s theory of revolution to dialectical philosophy, this book makes an important contribution to revolutionary Marxist thought. It does so particularly by richly documenting its thesis of an integral connection between the development of Marx’s theory of revolution and the early thinking and activity of the working class which he interacted with after his arrival in Paris in 1843. This close connection itself reflects Marx’s distinctive theory of social revolution: the self-emancipation of the working class through its own praxis. 1. My thanks to Kevin Anderson, Alex Hanna, Matt Garrett, and Chris Waldron for their help in preparing this for publication. 2. Virtually all contemporary schools of psychoanalysis highlight this insight, most notably by the interpersonal theories of Harry Stack Sullivan and the object relations school of Margaret Mahler and D. W. Winnicott (cf. Jay R. Greenberg and Stephen A. 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Metacognitive therapy (MCT) can be highly effective in improving mental health, but it’s important to be aware of the common reasons for failure to maximize the benefits of this therapeutic approach. Factual data: Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is often effective in improving mental health, but there are common reasons why some people fail to succeed with this therapy. One reason is giving up too quickly, expecting quick results without consistent practice. Another reason is not doing the homework assigned between therapy sessions, which is necessary for reducing rumination and worry. Using MCT to get rid of negative emotions is another way to fail, as it is not meant to eliminate them but rather let the mind self-regulate them. Expecting immediate happiness is also a mistake, as focusing on eliminating negative emotions can actually amplify them. Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others instead of taking responsibility for one’s own reactions can hinder progress in therapy. Trying to solve a specific problem instead of focusing on reducing rumination and worry is also a common pitfall. Lastly, self-sabotage in the form of self-limiting beliefs can hinder progress in MCT. It is important to recognize and challenge these beliefs. Overall, consistency, acceptance of negative thoughts and feelings, and focusing on external goals are key to success in MCT. - Giving up too quickly can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. - Neglecting homework assignments between therapy sessions can impede success. - Trying to get rid of negative emotions instead of self-regulating them is a common mistake. - Expecting immediate happiness can intensify negative emotions in metacognitive therapy. - Denying problems and blaming others hinder personal growth and progress. Giving Up Too Quickly in Metacognitive Therapy One common reason for failing at metacognitive therapy is giving up too quickly and expecting immediate results without putting in the necessary effort and commitment. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a therapeutic approach that requires consistency and patience, as the process of rewiring cognitive patterns takes time. When individuals embark on MCT, they often hope for quick relief from their emotional distress. However, it is important to understand that sustainable change in thoughts and emotions requires consistent practice and self-reflection. Giving up prematurely may result in missed opportunities for growth and improvement. In MCT, it is crucial to recognize that change does not happen overnight. It requires a commitment to regularly practicing metacognitive techniques, such as thought monitoring and cognitive restructuring. By engaging in these practices consistently, individuals can develop the skills needed to effectively manage their thoughts and emotions. As the saying goes, Rome wasn’t built in a day, and the same applies to metacognitive therapy. It is essential to embrace the process and understand that progress may not always be linear. By persevering and remaining dedicated to the therapy, individuals can increase their chances of success and achieve the desired outcomes. Neglecting Homework Assignments Neglecting the homework assigned between metacognitive therapy sessions is a common mistake that can impede progress in therapy and limit its effectiveness. The homework assignments in metacognitive therapy are designed to reinforce the skills and strategies learned in therapy sessions and provide opportunities for practicing and integrating these techniques into daily life. Failing to complete the assigned tasks can hinder the development of new habits and hinder progress in therapy. One of the primary goals of metacognitive therapy is to reduce rumination and worry – repetitive and unproductive thinking patterns that contribute to anxiety and depression. The homework assignments often involve engaging in activities that interrupt these negative thinking patterns and promote more adaptive cognitive processes. By neglecting to do these assignments, individuals miss out on valuable opportunities to challenge and restructure their thoughts, thereby limiting the potential benefits of the therapy. Effects of Neglecting Homework Assignments \| Solutions to Overcome Setbacks \| Slower progress in therapy \| Make a commitment to complete the assigned tasks and allocate dedicated time for homework \| Less consolidation of therapy insights \| Set realistic goals and break down assignments into manageable tasks \| Missed opportunities for cognitive restructuring \| Seek support from a therapist or support group to stay accountable \| Persistent rumination and worry \| Practice self-compassion and avoid self-judgment when setbacks occur \| To overcome the setback of neglecting homework assignments, it is essential to prioritize and commit to completing the assigned tasks. This can be achieved by setting specific goals, breaking down assignments into manageable tasks, and allocating dedicated time for homework each day or each week. Seeking support from a therapist or a support group can also help individuals stay accountable and motivated to complete their assignments. Furthermore, it is crucial to practice self-compassion and avoid self-judgment when setbacks occur. Progress in therapy is not always linear, and having setbacks is a normal part of the process. By acknowledging and accepting these setbacks, individuals can learn from them and continue to work towards their therapeutic goals. Consistency and commitment to the homework assignments are key to overcoming setbacks and achieving success in metacognitive therapy. Trying to Get Rid of Negative Emotions One way to fail at metacognitive therapy is by expecting it to completely eliminate negative emotions, which goes against the principles of this therapeutic approach. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) does not aim to eradicate negative emotions but rather to develop the ability to self-regulate and manage them effectively. It is important to understand that experiencing negative emotions is a normal part of being human, and trying to suppress or eliminate them entirely can actually intensify them. In MCT, the focus is on changing your relationship with negative thoughts and feelings, rather than trying to make them disappear. By accepting and acknowledging the presence of negative emotions, you can learn to observe them without getting overwhelmed or caught up in them. This process allows you to gain a better understanding of their underlying causes and develop healthier coping strategies. Instead of trying to get rid of negative emotions, MCT encourages you to cultivate a metacognitive stance by examining your thoughts and beliefs about these emotions. By challenging negative and irrational beliefs, you can work towards developing a more balanced and adaptive way of thinking. This approach helps you develop resilience and a greater sense of control over your emotions, leading to long-term emotional well-being. Common Mistakes in Metacognitive Therapy \| Expecting complete elimination of negative emotions \| Suppressing or denying negative emotions \| Not addressing underlying beliefs and thoughts \| Overlooking the importance of self-regulation \| “The goal of metacognitive therapy is not to rid yourself of negative emotions but to develop the skills to regulate them effectively.” – Dr. Sarah Cooper, Psychologist By understanding and accepting the purpose of negative emotions in MCT, you can avoid the pitfall of trying to get rid of them completely. Instead, embrace them as a valuable part of your emotional experience and focus on developing the skills to manage them in a healthy and constructive way. Expecting Immediate Happiness in Metacognitive Therapy Expecting immediate happiness and fixating on the goal of eliminating negative emotions can be counterproductive in metacognitive therapy, potentially leading to setbacks and frustrations. While it is natural to desire relief from distressing emotions, metacognitive therapy (MCT) focuses on developing a healthier relationship with these emotions rather than trying to eradicate them entirely. By understanding the pitfalls associated with unrealistic expectations and negative emotions, you can navigate the challenges of MCT more effectively. MCT is designed to help individuals gain insight into their thinking processes and develop metacognitive skills to regulate their thoughts and emotions. It involves recognizing unhelpful thinking patterns, such as rumination and worry, and learning techniques to manage them more effectively. However, expecting immediate happiness may set unrealistic standards for progress in therapy. Metacognitive therapy is not a quick fix, but rather a gradual process that requires consistent effort and practice. Instead of focusing solely on eliminating negative emotions, it is important to accept that they are a normal part of life. By adopting a more accepting and compassionate approach, you can learn to regulate your emotions, rather than being overwhelmed by them. To troubleshoot the issue of expecting immediate happiness, it can be helpful to shift your focus to the broader goals of metacognitive therapy. Rather than seeking happiness as the ultimate outcome, consider focusing on external goals, such as improving relationships, achieving personal growth, or enhancing overall well-being. By redirecting your attention and energy towards these goals, you can find a greater sense of fulfillment and progress in therapy. Common Pitfalls in Metacognitive Therapy: \| Expecting immediate happiness \| Fixating on eliminating negative emotions \| Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others \| Not doing assigned homework between sessions \| Trying to solve specific problems instead of addressing rumination and worry \| Self-limiting beliefs and self-sabotage \| Overcoming Setbacks and Achieving Success In order to avoid failure in metacognitive therapy, it is essential to recognize and address these common pitfalls. By acknowledging the importance of consistency, patience, and accepting negative thoughts and emotions, you can enhance your progress in MCT. Additionally, seeking support from a qualified therapist or seeking out a support group can provide valuable guidance and encouragement along the way. Remember that metacognitive therapy is a journey, and setbacks are a normal part of the process. Instead of viewing setbacks as failures, see them as opportunities for growth and learning. By embracing the challenges and staying committed to the therapeutic process, you can overcome obstacles and achieve success in metacognitive therapy. Denying the Problem and Blaming Others Progress in metacognitive therapy can be impeded when individuals deny the existence of a problem, placing blame on others instead of taking responsibility for their own reactions and emotions. This common mistake can hinder the therapeutic process and prevent individuals from achieving success in metacognitive therapy. By refusing to acknowledge personal accountability, individuals limit their ability to develop self-awareness and make meaningful changes in their thinking patterns. Denial and blame can create a cycle of negativity and stagnation, preventing individuals from addressing the underlying issues that contribute to their distress. It is essential to recognize that metacognitive therapy requires self-reflection and active participation in order to achieve positive outcomes. By acknowledging the presence of a problem and taking responsibility for one’s own reactions, individuals can begin to break free from negative thought patterns and work towards productive change. In order to overcome this barrier, it is crucial to challenge self-limiting beliefs and embrace a growth mindset. Engaging in open and honest self-reflection allows for the identification of thought patterns and behaviors that perpetuate negative emotions. By taking ownership of these reactions, individuals can develop strategies for coping and flourishing in the face of adversity. - Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. - Taking responsibility for one’s own reactions and emotions is crucial for personal growth. - Challenging self-limiting beliefs and embracing a growth mindset can lead to positive change. - Open and honest self-reflection is necessary for identifying and addressing negative thought patterns. Metacognitive Therapy Failure: \| Common Mistakes in Metacognitive Therapy: \| Avoiding Failure in Metacognitive Therapy: \| Denying the problem and blaming others \| Giving up too quickly \| Consistent practice and patience \| Neglecting homework assignments \| Trying to get rid of negative emotions \| Developing self-regulation skills \| Expecting immediate happiness \| Focusing on specific problems instead of rumination and worry \| Addressing underlying issues \| Focusing on Specific Problems Instead of Rumination and Worry A common mistake in metacognitive therapy is fixating on solving specific problems without addressing the underlying patterns of rumination and worry that contribute to overall distress and impaired functioning. While it is important to address immediate concerns, such as relationship issues or work-related stress, it is equally crucial to delve deeper into the cognitive processes that perpetuate these problems. Rather than solely focusing on specific problems, metacognitive therapy encourages individuals to examine their thinking styles and metacognitive beliefs. By exploring how rumination and worry play a role in amplifying negative thoughts and emotions, individuals can gain a greater understanding of the cognitive patterns that contribute to their distress. “Rumination and worry are like fuel for the fire of negative emotions. By addressing these underlying patterns, individuals can learn to regulate their thoughts and emotions more effectively.” A helpful strategy in metacognitive therapy is to use cognitive restructuring techniques to challenge negative thoughts and beliefs, while also developing metacognitive awareness to identify and interrupt rumination and worry. This broader focus allows individuals to work towards reducing distress in a more comprehensive and sustainable way. Metacognitive Therapy Pitfalls \| Common Mistakes in Metacognitive Therapy \| Reasons for Metacognitive Therapy Failure \| Troubleshooting Metacognitive Therapy \| Fixating on specific problems \| Giving up too quickly \| Trying to get rid of negative emotions \| Expecting immediate happiness \| Ignoring underlying patterns of rumination and worry \| Neglecting homework assignments \| Denying the problem and blaming others \| Overcoming Setbacks and Achieving Success in Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy offers great potential for improving mental health, and by understanding and avoiding common pitfalls, individuals can overcome setbacks and achieve success on their therapeutic journey. One common reason for failure in metacognitive therapy is the tendency to give up too quickly. It’s important to remember that progress takes time and consistent practice is essential. Avoid the mistake of expecting quick results and instead, focus on developing patience and perseverance. Another common pitfall is neglecting the homework assigned between therapy sessions. These assignments are designed to help reduce rumination and worry, which are often underlying issues that need to be addressed. By actively engaging in the assigned tasks, individuals can make significant strides towards better mental health. It’s also important to understand that metacognitive therapy is not about getting rid of negative emotions completely. Instead, the goal is to develop the ability to self-regulate and manage these emotions effectively. Trying to eliminate negative emotions entirely can lead to frustration and disappointment. Embracing the process of learning to navigate and understand these emotions is key to success. Expecting immediate happiness is another mistake to avoid. Focusing solely on eliminating negative emotions can actually intensify them. Instead, it’s important to adjust expectations and recognize that progress is a gradual process. By accepting and working through negative thoughts and feelings, individuals can pave the way for more long-lasting positive change. Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others instead of taking personal responsibility can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. Self-reflection and accountability are crucial for growth and healing. Acknowledging one’s own reactions and working towards constructive solutions is essential for success. Additionally, it’s important to focus on reducing rumination and worry rather than solely solving specific problems. By addressing the underlying issues that contribute to these patterns, individuals can experience more lasting change. The ability to redirect focus and develop a broader perspective is key. Finally, in order to overcome setbacks and achieve success in metacognitive therapy, it is vital to recognize and challenge self-limiting beliefs. These beliefs can sabotage progress and hinder growth. By actively working to replace negative self-talk with more empowering and positive beliefs, individuals can create a foundation for success. Consistency, acceptance of negative thoughts and feelings, and the pursuit of external goals are fundamental to achieving success in metacognitive therapy. By understanding and avoiding common pitfalls, individuals can overcome setbacks and experience the transformative power of this therapeutic approach. What are common reasons why some people fail to succeed with metacognitive therapy? Some common reasons include giving up too quickly, not doing the assigned homework, trying to get rid of negative emotions, expecting immediate happiness, denying the problem and blaming others, focusing on specific problems instead of rumination and worry, and self-sabotage through self-limiting beliefs. Why is giving up too quickly a mistake in metacognitive therapy? Consistent practice and patience are crucial for success in metacognitive therapy. Expecting quick results without consistent effort can hinder progress in therapy. How important is doing the assigned homework in metacognitive therapy? Doing the assigned homework between therapy sessions is necessary for reducing rumination and worry. Neglecting these homework assignments can hinder progress in therapy. Can metacognitive therapy eliminate negative emotions? Metacognitive therapy is not meant to eliminate negative emotions entirely. It focuses on developing the ability to self-regulate and manage negative emotions effectively. Is immediate happiness an achievable goal in metacognitive therapy? Expecting immediate happiness in metacognitive therapy can be a mistake. Focusing solely on eliminating negative emotions can actually intensify them. Adjusting expectations and focusing on broader goals is important. What hinders progress in metacognitive therapy? Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others instead of taking responsibility for one’s own reactions can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. Self-reflection and personal accountability are important for growth. Why is it important to focus on reducing rumination and worry in metacognitive therapy? Focusing solely on solving specific problems instead of addressing underlying issues of rumination and worry can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. Maintaining a broader focus is important for success. How can setbacks be overcome in metacognitive therapy? Overcoming setbacks in metacognitive therapy requires consistency, acceptance of negative thoughts and feelings, and focusing on external goals. 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Standard III: TEACHERS PLAN AND DELIVER EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION AND CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT THAT FACILITATES LEARNING FOR THEIR STUDENTS B. Assessments – Teachers plan and consistently deliver instruction that draws on results of student assessments, is aligned to academic standards, and advances students’ level of content knowledge and skills \| H. Feedback – Teachers use appropriate methods to assess what each student has learned, including formal and informal assessments, and use results to plan further instruction \| Wed. 9-17-14: First, the day before, a student was asked to run fast, then slow down, then walk medium speed over three different distances that we measured out on the floor. Each distance segment was 3 meters. Then, three students timed how long it took the student to cross each segment. Then, on this day, the students were shown a quick , then I demonstrated on the board how to plot the points and construct the graph. I then told them that they were going to go outside with their teams and gather their own times for distances that they would set on the ground. But, before we went outside, I wanted to know if everyone understood how we were going to do it. So, I asked students to volunteer random numbers that I would plot on the board as examples of times and distances for plotting. I had students pair-share with their partners, and used thumb signals to identify where they were with the understanding before proceeding to the Plotting points on the board and asking students for understanding by using “thumbs up” for full understanding, “thumbs sideways” for slight understanding but need help, and “thumbs down if they don’t understand at all. \| \| Soliciting student example numbers for more points to plot on the continuous motion graph. This time, I would ask something different. Since I made this number a negative distance, “how would it look on the graph?” Students had to do a “pair share” with their table partner before I plotted it on the board. I would call on someone to see if they could predict where it went. Then plotted it while explaining. Then, asked for a thumbs up, sideways, or down. \| \| Finally, I asked for another number, made it the denominator. But added a numerator of zero over it. They had to say which number was distance and time: numerator was distance, and denominator – time. Then, asked the class to share with their partners how would this look on the graph. After a debate ensued, I asked for a volunteer to share how that would look. Then, plotted it in front of the class while explaining that time doesn’t stop, it just keeps right on ticking, as you are stationary, so it makes a flat horizontal line on the graph. Then, asked for a thumbs up, sideways, and down for a final check for understanding. \| \| This is a short vid clip of my third period. They have been asked to Pair Share about how they think a plot on a continuous motion line graph would look for the time of 2 and the distance of zero. So the point to plot on the graph is 0/2. It ends up being a straight horizontal line. \| \| Then, we went outside to set down tape at three measured distances. Each team used three timers, and had one student run, walk, trot at three speeds to graph continuous motion that changes three times over the three distances. \| \| September 22nd: Gave Clicker Quiz on Aspects of Speed in a formative style. Students were allowed to talk to each other, use their notes we had taken over the past week, their books where I gave related page numbers, and calculators for speed calculations. 1/6-7/15: Before the winter break students had learned about how we had derived the Kinetic Energy Formula 1/2MV^2. I recreated the experiment Thomas Young had done in 1801. But, we had not actually done anything with the formula. I felt that we needed to do something formative with the formula, and decided upon a demonstration, which would then lead to all of the students doing the same calculation and helping each other to find the kinetic energy. So, I had one student measure the distance between a row of desks. Another would find the mass of a golf ball on a scale. And, another would time the ball with a stopwatch as it rolled between the desks and hit the timer’s foot. The students used our classroom set of computers to answer two questions from my website about the energy that the ball carried on its roll. ENERGY QUESTIONS I used an exemplar to help the students see what an “A+” paragraph would be as they calculated and wrote their answers on a google form. ENERGY EXAMPLARS block (A) days, Monday March 2nd, and Wed. March 4th A first time experiment with my 6th graders. Transition time of year between physical science and chemistry. We had learned 3 column note technique and were taking notes on the differences in physical and chemical changes the day before. I had them look on p. 42 and 43 of their textbook at schematic of the physical separation of a three chemical mixture; Iron, Sulphur, and Salt. I decided to make a contest out the recreation of the separation of substances on those pages. But, since we no longer have Sulfur, I substituted pepper, it being mostly insolvent in water. The class separated into teams and followed the textbook’s example of the mixture separation by using magnets to pull out the Iron, adding water to dissolve the salt, and filtering out the third insoluble ingredient with coffee filters inserted into funnels. I chose to give a minimum of instruction, though I showed where everything was located. I gave them a template for writing down their masses, and told them the goal of first measuring the mass of the mixture given to their group, then separating everything out into the three pure substances, measuring each separate mass, and adding them together to compare the original mass of the mixture to the sum of the separate masses. The team with the best match of mixed mass compared with the separate summed masses would win and each winning team member would get a prize. I had them answer questions from their book on this topic during the lab, whenever they weren’t needed immediately for measurements. We debriefed on the second day before starting, and after finishing up. Students learned what they had done right and wrong from doing the lab, and were able to discuss what they would do differently the next time, or what were good ideas to share. Some of the things they learned were; don’t put the magnet directly into the mixture, because it’s quite difficult to get the iron off of the magnet. Better to put paper around it, or place it in a ziplock bag, extract the iron, then drop it onto a pre-massed piece of paper to find its mass. Also, when boiling off the water, the salt begins to pop, so cover it with paper towels. An interesting result of this experiment was that each class had teams that would get closer. The closest in the first period was off by one gram. The closest the next was 2 tenths, then two teams tied with one tenth, then in the final class, two groups had the exact same mass before and after! This whole process was invaluable to our upcoming chemistry labs, and using the block period was super helpful to get through it all. Test on Friday 13th March Almost every student got the mixture separation question, number two, correct! Quiz 7 page 1 \| STANDARD V: TEACHERS DEMONSTRATE LEADERSHIP F. Student Collaboration – Teachers provide students with opportunities to work in teams and develop leadership qualities \| September 25th: On day 2 of Inclined Roll Lab. Instead of giving a debrief to the class, then saying, “go”, which is my normal technique; today, I had teams do a group-think before they started with materials. I wanted them to plan out how the lab is going to work; who gets the ruler and measures, who gets the tape, who is getting the books to stack for the plank and angle, who gets the car. I wanted them to get used to planning ahead before jumping into things. They also checked each other’s data tables to see that everyone in their group had it right. Then, they looked at the graph and discussed how they would probably plot it later. Also, some group dynamics were worked out before the “heat of the battle”. I told them that some are leaders that push others to do things, and that the others should respect that. Also, that there are “silent” leaders who watch, know, understand, and have good stuff to offer when people allow them to give their ideas. And of course the “doers” who love moving the stuff around. They’re important too. So, this will hopefully help out group dynamics in a general way. Only after the group-think meetings did they then get materials and continue on with the lab. Most teams were able to get the time data for all of the 5 angles they had chosen I asked each class afterwards if they thought the group-think meeting at the beginning of class helped, and they mostly all agreed that it was in fact effective! B. Professional Leadership – Teachers contribute knowledge and skills to educational practices and the teaching profession LMS Tech Contact 2013-14-15 Science representative for Louisville Middle’s LCC 2014-15 Jan. 21: 30 min. morning Presentation on Educator Effectiveness to the LMS staff Feb. 4: 10 min. morning Presentation on experience with Consensus Training, from the previous week’s BVSD sponsored workshops, to the LMS staff	<urn:uuid:f079719d-c133-4b43-80b9-807c9641b406>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://mrcrowder.us/calendar/eval-14-15/	2024-03-05T01:10:39Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00485.warc.gz	en	0.977427	2,070	4.15625	4	[ 55, 682, 485, 9112, 30, 307, 41, 3897, 44, 2798, 55, 382, 48, 3940, 9251, 413, 5831, 4533, 2798, 416, 42, 42, 4665, 56, 4533, 41, 6770, 5430, 54, 57, 10097, 7055, 9251, 351, 5597, 3151, 41, 6376, 416, 50, 58, 9063, 4279, 49, 10081, 4896, 3151, 418, 3897, 8718, 4393, 3151, 3214, 458, 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Acute: New, often rapid onset of a medical condition. In comparison to chronic which is longer lasting and often gradual in onset. For example acute kidney failure refers to new onset kidney failure. Very different to a cute medical condition, which may see your kidney develop into a fluffy kitten — you should still consult a doctor if this happens. Atonic bladder: Loss of bladder muscle tone due to a chronic blockage or delayed urination over many years. An atonic bladder is no longer able to generate an adequate muscle contraction. This leads to poor bladder emptying and persistent urine left in the bladder. Atrophy: Scarring or shrinkage of an organ. This may be caused by chronic blockage of a kidney (renal atrophy), poor development (congenital testicular atrophy) or inflammation (vaginal atrophy from low estrogen levels). Azoospermia: Lack of sperm in the semen leading to male infertility. May be due to a blockage along the path from the testicles to the semen (obstructive azoospermia) or due to an inherent issue with production of the sperm in the testicles (non-obstructive). This should not be confused with the colloquial “weak swimmers”, which generally refers to the sperm’s ability to progress toward the egg, rather than the number of sperm. Balanitis: An infection or inflammation of the penis. Most often seen in uncircumcised men due to an entrapment of bacteria or fungi underneath the foreskin. Can also occur due to random inflammatory conditions. Not to be confused with an erection, which is a perfectly natural inflammation of the penis. Benign: Non-cancerous medical condition or growth of tissue. In contrast to malignant which refers to a cancerous tissue or growth. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate. It is often used to describe any urinary symptoms in men due to prostate enlargement (more accurately described as LUTS or lower urinary tract symptoms). Bladder Tuck: Term commonly used by women to discuss any vaginal repair to the urethra or bladder. Technically refers to a cystocele repair. e.g. The surgeon did a bladder tuck at the time of my hysterectomy. Blue Balls: Colloquial term used for the pain and congestion felt in the testicles and epididymis when ejaculation is delayed for a period of time. More commonly seen in teens and men in their 20’s. Brachytherapy: A type of radiation, often for prostate cancer, in which radioactive seeds are placed into the prostate during an outpatient procedure. The high-energy seeds emit radiation over several months and kill prostate cancer cells. This exposure to radiation is not known to give you superpowers, but you should certainly inform your oncologist if you find that you’re suddenly able to fly. Chronic Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland. May refer to repeated urinary tract infections in men which originate in the prostate. Often used to describe chronic male pelvic pain regardless of whether an infection is ever found. Cryotherapy: A procedure that rapidly freezes (-50°C) cancerous tissue to cause cell damage. A probe is placed through the skin or during a surgery under ultrasound or CT scan guidance. Used to treat prostate and kidney cancer. Cryptorchidism: A hidden (crypto) testicle (orch). This is the result of either the testicle failing to descend completely into the bottom of the scrotum (sac) during fetal development, or the testicle never formed or died during development. Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder most often due to a bacterial infection (e.g. acute bacterial cystitis or the technical term for a bladder infection or UTI). Cystitis may also be caused by radiation, viruses, medications or inflammatory conditions. Cystocele: Bulging of the bladder through the upper vagina. Presents as a mass or lump a woman can see or feel at the vaginal opening. It’s not always painful, but it can be quite uncomfortable. It is fixed with a “bladder tuck” or resupporting of the vaginal wall and surrounding tissues. Cystectomy: Surgical removal (-ecctomy) of the bladder (cyst). A radical cystectomy is complete removal for invasive bladder cancer. A partial or simple cystectomy may be performed for a localized cancer or a non-functioning bladder. Cystoscopy: A diagnostic procedure where a scope is inserted into the urethra and bladder to determine abnormalities of the lower urinary tract. Usually performed in the office under local anesthesia or mild sedation. Not usually appropriate for sharing on social media, but that would be a judgement call. #cystoscopy. Cystogram: An imaging test in which the bladder is filled with contrast material to check for a “bladder leak”. Performed after some surgeries (prostate removal) and to rule out a urinary fistula. Usually undertaken by inserting a catheter into the bladder and moving dye through the bladder. Pictures or live video may be taken both during the process and shortly afterward. Down There: This is a term usually used by embarrassed patients to describe any problem of the male or female genitalia. e.g. “Doc, I’ve got a problem down there that I need help with.” Rest assured, your urologist will not blush if you choose to use either the medical or colloquial names for your genitalia. They may even have heard them called things you haven’t; so don’t be afraid to ask if you want to add some new ones to your vocabulary. Dyspareunia: Painful sexual activity in women. Most often due to a narrowed, inflamed vaginal opening or pelvic muscle tightness. Causes include: vaginal surgery, pelvic radiation or low estrogen levels post-menopausal. Aside from the physical symptoms, this can also affect your sexual desire, which in turn can impact your general mental wellbeing. Speak to your doctor if you feel discomfort. Remember, despite what the 1950s would have women believe, sexual activity is supposed to be pleasant for everyone involved. Enuresis: Another term for incontinence. Most commonly used to describe nocturnal enuresis or unintentional bedwetting. Nocturnal enuresis is more common in boys and usually resolves by 18 years old. There can be a variety of causes. Some of these are physical — bladder development, constipation putting pressure on the bladder — while others are psychological in nature. Erectile Dysfunction: ED is any difficulty in obtaining or maintaining an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. The #1 cause is a blood vessel blockage (atherosclerosis) from other medical conditions. It can also be caused by nerve damage, medications and low hormone levels. Too many men are so embarrassed about this that they delay speaking to a physician. The conversation doesn’t have to be awkward; remember that everyone involved wants you to have a happy, healthy sex life! Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): A procedure that uses sound waves to break-up kidney stones without inserting any device or tool inside your body. Performed under anesthesia as an outpatient, ESWL uses live x rays to locate and “bust-up” the stone. It’s like having a superpower, except the superpower is science and the capes are optional. Fellowship: Subspecialty training performed by some doctors after completion of residency. These doctors focus on a particular area of medicine within their field (e.g. urogynecology, urologic oncology, male infertility). Not the same kind of fellowship you’d find Hobbits involved with. Except, maybe, Hobbit urologists. Fistula: An abnormal connection between two organs that are not normally connected. For example, a colovesical fistula (colon and bladder) due to diverticulitis, or a vesicovaginal fistula (vagina and bladder) due to a pelvic surgery complication. Usually detected via a cystoscopy, and requires surgical repair. Hematospermia: Blood seen in the semen or ejaculatory fluid. Maybe pink, red or dark brown. While it can be alarming to discover these symptoms, it is almost always benign and requires no further evaluation. Hematospermia usually resolves on its own and is not dangerous. Hematuria: Blood in the urine that is either microscopic (detected on urine test) or gross (visible to the naked eye). Requires evaluation by a urologist and depending on the specifics may require further testing. The causes are numerous, ranging from simple vigorous physical activity, to more serious bladder cancer or polycystic kidney disease. As such, symptoms should not be ignored. Hydrocele: An abnormal build-up of fluid around the testicle. A congenital hydrocele is seen in children due to an open sac in the groin area. An adult hydrocele most often occurs for no reason but can be caused by infection or cancer. While symptoms usually take the form of painless swelling of either or both of the testicles, there can be discomfort, and it’s important to consult a doctor to rule out the more serious causes of a hydrocele. Hydronephrosis: Swelling of the ureter and/or kidney (hydro – water, nephrosis – abnormality of kidney). May be caused by an obstruction (e.g. kidney or ureteral stone) or reflux of urine from the bladder (congenital reflux or blockage of bladder outlet). As a result, the urine is unable to drain from the kidneys, and causes a build up. In severe cases, surgery may be required to fix a blockage or correct the reflux. Hypospadias: Birth abnormality in which the male urethra opens on the underside of the penis. The urethra in these cases is usually located in one of three areas. Subcoronal, when the opening is located just below the head of the penis (glans). Midshaft, as the name suggests, sees the opening somewhere along the penis shaft. Penoscrotal refers to hypospadias where the opening occurs where the scrotum and the penis meet. This is usually repaired by a pediatric urologist. Impotence: Another term for ED or erectile dysfunction. Incontinence: Unintentional loss of bladder of bowel contents. Urinary incontinence types include stress, urge and overflow incontinence. Bowel or fecal incontinence can be addressed by a colorectal surgeon or at times a urologist. Interstitial Cystitis: A poorly understood, chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder. Symptoms include pain with bladder fullness, urinary frequency and urgency. Sometimes known as IC or chronic bladder pain syndrome. Kegel Exercises: Also known as pelvic floor exercises. Kegels involve squeezing and relaxing the pelvic muscles (perineum) in order to improve stress urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction. Also a form of exercise you can be doing in public and nobody would know you were doing it. It’s like you’re working out in incognito mode. Kidneys: Two bean-shaped organs located in the upper back that filter the blood and create urine. The “meat” of the kidney (parenchyma) consists of microscopic filtration systems (glomeruli) and the “plumbing system” (renal pelvis and calyces) carry the urine to the ureter. Veal kidneys are considered to be delicious with Roquefort and walnut butter. Your urologist is unlikely to be able to provide you with human kidney recipes, but it doesn’t hurt to ask. Kidney Stone: A hard, painful rock that develops in the kidney from excess crystals and/or inadequate urine production (dehydration). Range in size from 1 mm to 2-3 cm. Kidney stones may pass on their own or require surgical removal. The largest known kidney stone was 13cm at its widest point — needless to say it did not pass naturally. Thankfully this kind of nightmare fuel is extremely rare. Laparoscopy: Minimally invasive surgery performed through keyhole incisions (5-12 mm) in the abdomen using a camera and long, narrow instruments. Robotic surgery for prostate and kidney cancers are types of laparoscopic surgery. Rest assured that these robots are guided by medical professionals, and not attempting to take over the human race one small surgery at a time. Lithotripsy: Any procedure that breaks up kidney stones. Shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is performed with sound waves. Laser lithotripsy is performed with a laser fiber under direct visualization of a stone during ureteroscopy. Nephrectomy: Removal of the kidney. A radical nephrectomy is removal of the entire kidney and surrounding fat for the treatment of kidney cancer. Can be performed through an open incision or laparoscopically. In some cases, there is also the potential for a Partial Nephrectomy, in which the surgeon removes only the diseased tissue. Nephrolithiasis: Medical term for kidney (nephro-) stones (lithiasis).Kidney stones can be non-obstructive and not cause pain. When they “pass” down the ureter they cause hydronephrosis and severe pain. While some stones pass without intervention, you should consult a doctor if you are experiencing severe pain, blood in the urine, nausea and vomiting, fever, or chills. Nephrologist: A kidney specialist who focuses on the function of the kidney. Begins training as a primary care doctor and then completes a fellowship in nephrology. Further specialist pediatric training is required for those who wish to qualify as a pediatric nephrologist. Neurogenic Bladder: Any abnormal condition of bladder function caused by nerve damage. Can be: congenital (e.g. spina bifida), traumatic (e.g. spinal cord injury) or autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Orchalgia: Fancy doctor term for testicular (orch-) pain (-algia) of any source. Most causes of testicular pain are musculoskeletal or neurologic in nature with no abnormality of the actual testicle. This doesn’t mean that you can go out, swinging them around as if they’re invulnerable. Be kind to your testes. Orchiectomy: Removal of a testicle. Radical orchiectomy is performed through a groin incision for testicular cancer. Simple orchiectomy is performed through a scrotal incision for benign conditions. If the patient so wishes, a prosthetic testicle can be inserted during an orchiectomy, to retain some of the feel and appearance of their testicles prior to surgery. No bionic testicles though, you can’t be Iron Man-parts just yet. Orchitis: Infection of the testicle. STDs like gonorrhea may lead to epididymo-orchitis (infection of the testicle and epididymis). Orchitis is also seen with urinary tract infections (E. coli). Resolves if treated with antibiotics quickly, so it’s in your best interest to go and speak to your physician as soon as possible. Penile Fracture: A rupture of the internal erectile chamber of the penis typically during sexual activity. Symptoms include an audible “pop”, immediate severe swelling and bruising. It requires immediate medical attention to surgically repair the tear. In the future, you and your partner will be laughing about that pop. Feel free to have a little cry about it first, though; you fractured your penis, after all. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): A minimally invasive kidney stone surgery performed through small incisions in the back. A tube and instruments are placed directly into the kidney. Typically performed for kidney stones greater than 2 cm or for patients with abnormal anatomy. Pelvic prolapse: A general term used to describe any bulging from the vaginal opening. Includes a cystocele (bladder bulging), rectocele (rectal bulging), vaginal vault prolapse (bulging after a hysterectomy, and complete uterine prolapse (cervix and uterus bulging). Who knew there were so many options for bulging from your vaginal opening? Now you have something to talk to your kids about over dinner. Pessary: A plastic ring that is inserted into the vagina for non-surgical treatment of pelvic prolapse. It supports the vaginal wall preventing vaginal bulging. It is placed in the office by a female urology specialist. As the greatest philosopher of our time, Beyonce, once famously told us: “If you didn’t want a pelvic prolapse, you should have put a ring on it.” Peyronie’s Disease: Also known as PD, Peyronie’s is caused by plaque formation on the erectile chamber of the penis. This leads to penile pain or curvature during an erection. In severe cases of PD, it may cause shortening of the penis or erectile dysfunction. Having a bent penis is no fun for anyone; the novelty of ejaculating around corners soon wears off. Phimosis: An abnormal tightening of the foreskin that causes pain and/or difficulty retracting the foreskin. Normal to see in children and usually resolves during puberty. Reappears in adulthood due to obesity, diabetes and poor hygiene. Can be treated through the use of topical steroids, though in severe cases a circumcision may be required. Priapism: An abnormal erection not associated with sexual desire or stimulation. Most commonly painful and caused by medications or sickle cell anemia. Requires immediate medical attention. Prostate: A gland that starts at the bladder opening, contains the prostatic urethra, and ends at the urethral sphincter. The prostate contributes 15% of the semen volume. It enlarges with age and can cause urinary symptoms (BPH) or develop into cancer. Prostate cancer: The most common solid organ malignancy in men. Has various forms including slow-growing, insignificant types and very aggressive types that spread and cause death to over 30,000 men a year in the U.S. As a result, it is usually advisable to have yearly prostate exams from the age of 50. However, if you are in an at-risk group (more than one of your relatives experienced prostate cancer at an early age, for instance), you should start screening as early as the age of 40. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA): A protein made specifically by the prostate gland. It is used as a screening tool for prostate cancer. When elevated may require further blood/urine testing, MRI or a prostate biopsy. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland. Acute bacterial prostatitis is a serious bacterial infection causing fever and painful urination in men. Requires immediate medical treatment with antibiotics. Prostrate: Incorrect term for prostate. ProstRate means lying motionless on the floor often when you’re dead. That’s not good. The good news is you can still get a prostrate exam, but we tend to call that an autopsy. Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine which is often a sign of kidney disease. Often requires evaluation by a nephrologist to determine the function of the kidney and underlying cause. Pyuria: White blood cells in the urine seen on urine samples. Often defined by cloudy, discolored, or different smelling urine. Would also be a great name for a mythical land — does anyone have George R. R. Martin’s phone number? Pyelonephritis: A bacterial infection of the kidney. Acute pyelonephritis presents with fever, back pain and nausea/vomiting. Usually begins as a bladder infection (bacteria travel up to the kidney) but may also start from an infection elsewhere in the body (bacteria spread via bloodstream). Pyeloplasty: A surgical procedure to repair a blockage of the kidney where it connects to the ureter (ureteropelvic junction). Usually performed laparoscopically, the surgeon will cut and reconnect the ureter to the kidney relieving any obstruction. Radiation: An invisible high-energy source that is used to treat cancer. It is focused on the cancerous organ and delivered through multiple sessions using a sophisticated machine. Radiation is commonly used to treat prostate and testicular cancer. Imagine; the same thing that created Godzilla can treat your cancer. What an age we live in! Radical Prostatectomy: Removal of the entire prostate gland and seminal vesicles for the treatment of prostate cancer. May be performed through an open incision or robotically through small incisions. Renal Pelvis: Main part of the plumbing system in the kidney that collects urine produced by the kidneys and connects to the ureter (at the ureteropelvic junction). Can be dilated from hydronephrosis or reflux of urine. Robotic surgery: A minimally invasive surgery typically performed laparoscopically with the use of a robotic surgical system. From a console, the surgeon controls the surgical instruments and the “robot” the entire operation. We cannot emphasize this enough — we wouldn’t let an unsupervised robot perform surgery on you. That’s how apocalypses happen. Sacral Neuromodulation: A therapy for the treatment of urge urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence. After a trial evaluation, a permanent lead and battery are placed in the upper buttocks area to “rewire” the communication pathway between the brain and the bladder/bowels. That’s right; not only does your incontinence get treated, but you now have bionic buttocks. You might need to get a t-shirt made so your voice doesn’t get tired from telling everyone about it. Seminal Vesicles: The paired organs that produce 85% of semen. They connect to the prostate and vas deferens. Sperm travel to the seminal vesicles and are stored in the semen until ejaculation occurs. Sling: A surgical procedure treating stress urinary incontinence. Involving placement of a “hammock” underneath the urethra to provide missing support. Slings can be man made (synthetic) or created from your own tissue (fascia). Yes, you’re right, it does bring a whole new meaning to the term “banana hammock”. Snip: a slang term for a vasectomy. A snip is performed to ensure men are shooting blanks (no sperm in the semen) such that a natural pregnancy is no longer possible. Despite the name, your urologist is very unlikely to use scissors as part of the procedure — although a weed whacker isn’t out of the question. Stress Urinary Incontinence: (SUI) Involuntary leakage of urine during coughing, laughing, sneezing, or lifting. When stress is placed on the bladder, the urethra cannot hold the urine in. It is especially common following childbirth or prostate surgery. Usually caused by a weakening of the muscles which provide support to the urethra. As such, it can be treated with pelvic floor exercises or surgery. Ureter: The urinary tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. When urine is created by the kidney, the ureter carries the urine into the bladder. Distinguished from the ure-THRA which is the tube where urine passes from the bladder outside your body. Trust us, you don’t want to get those two mixed up during dinner party conversations. So embarrassing. Ureteral Calculus: A kidney stone which has passed into the ureter. A ureteral calculus typically causes an obstruction, leading to hydronephrosis and pain. Other potential symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (blood in the urine). They will either pass spontaneously or require surgical removal. Still, we’re sure you’d agree that this is the least painful type of calculus you’ve ever faced. Ureterocele: A congenital swelling and obstruction of the ureteral opening. It causes a blockage of the kidney and can present with pain, recurrent urinary tract infections or as an incidental finding on imaging. While this issue is most commonly discovered while the patient is an infant, it can still be found in older children and adults. Can be treated with various types of surgery, depending upon the age of the patient and how the kidney has been affected. Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ): Where the ureter joins the renal pelvis. A UPJ Obstruction occurs when there is a blockage of this connection. Can be caused by scar tissue or abnormal location of the kidney blood vessels (crossing vessels). Ureteroscopy: A surgical procedure under anesthesia where a small scope is placed into the urethra, bladder and up the ureter. Most commonly performed to remove kidney stones or to inspect the inside of the ureter or kidney. Not all types of kidney stones can be easily located using x-ray procedures, as such this provides a more agile and thorough examination. Urethra: The tube through which urine passes from the bladder during urination. In women it is a short (4 cm) muscular tube. In men the urethra includes the prostate, sphincter muscle and portion that runs behind the scrotum and the underside of the penis. Urinalysis: A lab test of the urine to identify the presence of blood cells, protein or bacteria. A dipstick urinalysis is performed at the point of care and usually less accurate than a microscopic urinalysis. Urinary Incontinence: The involuntary loss of urine (enuresis). Characterized as stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence. Affects over 30 millions Americans and can be treated by a urologist. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Any infection of the urinary system. Most commonly due to bacteria. Can be used to describe bladder (cystitis), kidney (pyelonephritis) and prostate (prostatitis) infections. Urodynamics: Bladder function tests used in the evaluation of complex urinary difficulties. In the office, small catheters are placed in the urethra while the bladder is filled with fluid. Measures bladder size, compliance and urine flow rates. Urogynecologist: A female urology specialist who has usually completed a Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) fellowship. May have originally trained as a urologist or obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN). Urolithiasis: Stones anywhere in the urinary system (from the kidney to the urethra). The most general term to describe all urinary stones. Compared to terms kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), ureteral stones (ureterolithiasis) or bladder stones. Urologist: A specialist trained in treating conditions of the male and female urinary tract and male genitalia. Urologists have completed a 5-6 year surgical residency and see patients in clinic, ER and inpatient settings. Sometimes misheard as “neurologist”, but trust us, you don’t want a urologist messing around with your brain. Varicocele: Dilation (enlargement) of the veins draining the testicles. Seen in 15% of men most commonly on the left side. May lead to sperm abnormalities (male infertility) and/or chronic testicular pain. Often doesn’t present obvious symptoms, and as such may go unnoticed until investigations into fertility are undertaken. Can be repaired with surgery. Vas Deferens: The tube’s sole purpose is to carry sperm (swimmers) from the testicle/epididymis to the seminal vesicles (swimming pool). It is severed during a vasectomy and plays no role in the transport of testosterone. Vasectomy: A form of permanent sterilization performed in men. Using a variety of techniques, a vasectomy involves an incision in the scrotum after which the vas deferens are disconnected preventing the sperm from reaching the ejaculatory fluid. Vasectomy (no-needle, no-scalpel): A minimally invasive vasectomy. Local anesthesia is injected via a needleless device. A skin poke is then performed without the use of a scalpel. Leads to less pain and a quicker recovery. Vasovasostomy: Vasectomy reversal performed for men now desiring to father children via natural conception. The procedure is performed as an outpatient surgery by a fellowship-trained infertility specialist using a surgical microscope. It is considered to be around 95% effective. Vesicovaginal Fistula: An abnormal connection between the bladder and the vagina. Most commonly seen as a complication to pelvic surgery. 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Top 10 Biggest & Most Beautiful Offshore Wind Farms in the World Off the Danish coast, the first offshore wind farm in history was put into operation in 1991. The facility, called Vindeby, had just 11 turbines and had a nameplate capacity of 4.95 MW. Modern turbines that are 300 m tall would be dwarfed by the 35 m rotor diameter of Vindeby’s turbines. This list only includes wind farm projects that have already begun producing electricity. There are many more that are either being built or are being considered as proposals. Off the coast of South Korea, the biggest of these could produce more than 8 GW of electricity. The term “wind power” describes the electricity produced by wind-driven turbines, most frequently windmills. In contrast to oil, which requires burning fossil fuels, wind energy is considered to be a clean and renewable source of energy because it is produced by natural forces. The wind drives a turbine, which uses a number of mechanisms to alter its rotational speed as it travels to a generator, to produce electricity. In most cases, the amount of power produced by wind is measured in gigawatts. In contrast to coal or natural gas, using the wind to generate electricity has no costs, but it is challenging for nations to use wind power as their main source of energy. The cost of purchasing or producing wind turbines and other necessary infrastructure is the first drawback. Furthermore, it may be difficult or even impossible to rely heavily on wind power due to logistical issues like shifting wind directions and an abundance of wind. Investigate the information in the map and charts to learn more about wind power usage by nation. The Hornsea 2 wind farm started up for the first time on August 31, 2022, and started producing electricity. It quickly surpassed all other offshore wind farms as the biggest in the world. Nearby to the smaller Hornsea 1 wind farm, Hornsea 2 is situated in the North Sea about 89 km off the northeastern coast of England. It can provide electricity to more than 1.4 million homes in the UK thanks to its nameplate capacity of over 1.3 GW. It will cover 462 km2 with its 165 Siemens Gamesa 8MW SG 8.0-167 DD turbines. It not only has the biggest offshore wind farm in the entire world, but it also has the biggest offshore substation. The second offshore wind farm to be put into operation so far is the 630MW London Array, which is situated in the UK’s outer Thames Estuary. The London Array is also the sixth-largest total wind farm in the world. A partnership between Masdar, E.ON, and DONG Energy created the array. The wind farm’s offshore area is about 100 km2, and there are about 450 km of cables there. Siemens is providing 175 turbines for phase one, along with an onshore substation and two offshore substations. The first turbine was put in place in January 2012, and the final one was put in place within a year, with the official opening taking place in July 2013. At its current capacity, the wind farm eliminates 900,000 t of carbon dioxide annually. The third-largest offshore wind farm in the world by installed capacity, the 500MW Greater Gabbard offshore wind farm, is also situated in the UK. The wind farm is located 25 kilometers (km) off the Suffolk coast in the North Sea. Together, Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) and RWE npower (RWE) own the Greater Gabbard wind farm. A joint venture between Airtricity and Flour was responsible for its initial launch. The wind farm has 140 turbines with a 3.6MW capacity each. On steel monopoles drilled 24 to 34 meters deep in the ocean, the turbines are mounted. The Leviathan vessel operated by Seajacks completed offshore installations. Siemens was the supplier of the turbines. The fourth-largest offshore wind farm in the world is Bard Offshore 1, which is situated in the North Sea 100 kilometers to the northwest of Borkum Island. The wind farm has 80 turbines totaling 5MW in a 60km2 area. The wind farm was built by Bard Engineering. The wind farm’s construction was finished by the end of July 2013 with the installation of the final turbine. August 2013 marked the official opening of the wind farm. Currently, it provides 80% of the offshore power generated in Germany. Bard Offshore 1’s turbines are made of more than 120,000 tonnes of steel. The German wind farm is credited with having the longest shore connection in the world at 200 kilometers. Using a variety of jack-up and support vessels, the first 40 wind turbines of the wind farm were installed in a record-breaking seven months. The 400MW Anholt offshore wind project is the biggest offshore wind farm in Denmark and ranks fifth in the world in terms of total installed capacity. It received its formal inauguration in September 2013. The majority stake (50%) in the Anholt wind project is owned by Danish utility company DONG Energy, which also manages the wind farm. Pension Danmark and PKA, two pension fund companies, each own 30% and 20% of the project. 111 Siemens wind turbines with a 3.6MW each make up Anholt. The rotor has a 120m diameter. Danish engineers designed the turbines, towers, and foundations. Nearly 4% of Denmark’s total energy requirements are met by the wind farm. Walney, the sixth-largest offshore wind farm in the world, is run by DONG Energy. The wind farm is situated 15 kilometers west of Barrow-in-Furness in the East Irish Sea in the UK’s Cumbria. The wind farm, which was constructed in two stages, has a 367.2MW installed capacity. In January and November 2011, the two phases of the offshore wind farm were connected to the grid. Early 2012 saw the beginning of both phases’ commercial operation. 102 Siemens 3.6MW wind turbines total, 51 installed in each phase, make up the Walney wind farm. The wind farm will be expanded with an additional 120 turbines, bringing its total installed capacity to over 1,000MW. The first offshore wind farm in Belgium, called Thornton Bank, is situated 30 kilometers off the Belgian coast in the North Sea, in water as deep as 30 meters. The wind farm has a 325.2MW installed capacity and was built in three stages. The seventh-largest offshore wind farm in the world as of right now. 2009 saw the commissioning of the first phase of the offshore wind farm owned and run by C-Power. In 2013, the second and third phases were put into operation. Thornton Bank 1 has six REpower 5MW turbines installed. There are 24 REpower 6.15 MW turbines in Thornton Bank 2. Thornton Bank 3 also has 24 REpower 6.15MW turbines, which were put into service in September 2013. Around 600,000 people can receive electricity from the wind farm. The Sheringham Shoal wind farm, with a nameplate capacity of 317MW, is the eighth-largest offshore wind farm in the world and is situated 17 to 23 kilometers off the coast of Norfolk in Greater Wash, United Kingdom. The wind farm is situated 35km2 offshore in a diamond-shaped layout. There are 88 3.6MW turbines on Sheringham Shoal. The turbines are supported by monopole foundations with a diameter of 4.2 to 5.2 meters. Wells Harbour on the coast of Norfolk serves as the wind farm’s operational headquarters. The project includes one onshore substation and two offshore substations. The Sheringham Shoal wind farm was constructed by Scira Offshore, a joint venture between Statkraft and Statoil, with an estimated $1.8 billion in funding. The wind farm is currently run by Statoil, but Statkraft will take over management in January 2014. With a 300MW installed capacity, the Thanet Offshore Wind Farm is situated 11 km offshore of Thanet, Kent, United Kingdom. Vattenfall owns and manages the 35 km2 wind farm, which is located in water between 20 and 25 meters deep. The £780 million ($1.25 billion) wind power project’s construction started in 2008 and was finished in 2010. In September 2010, Thanet Offshore Wind Farm opened for business. The world’s eighth-largest offshore wind farm is currently located there. There are 100 Vestas V90 3MW wind turbines in the wind farm. The distance between rows and along each row of the turbines is measured at 800 meters. The highest point of each turbine is 115 meters high. The Lincs wind farm is currently the ninth largest offshore wind farm and is owned and operated by the British company Centrica. In August 2013, the 270MW wind farm, which is eight kilometers off the coast of Lincolnshire, was formally opened. The Lincs wind farm’s 75 Siemens 3.6MW turbines provide clean energy to more than 200,000 homes. The wind farm’s construction began in 2010, and by the end of March 2013, the final turbine had been installed. In ten to fifteen meters of water, the turbines were set up. DONG Energy and Siemens Project Ventures each own 25% of the Lincs wind farm, which is owned by Centrica to the tune of 50%. The wind farm will run for at least 20 years before being decommissioned. With a 209MW installed capacity, Horns Rev 2 is currently the 11th largest offshore wind farm. When Horns Rev 2 was inaugurated in September 2009, it was the largest offshore wind farm in the world. The 160MW Horns Rev wind farm was expanded by the wind farm owned by DONG Energy. Siemens provided 91 wind turbines with a 2.3MW rating for Horns Rev 2. The two Horns Rev wind farms have a total nameplate capacity of 369 MW. The first offshore wind farm with an accommodation platform was Horns Rev 2. 24 on-site employees are housed on the offshore platform, which is connected to the transformer platform by an outer gangway. This weekend marks the beginning of the installation of the first 13 megawatt (MW) turbines at Dogger Bank, the largest offshore wind farm in the world and located in the UK. The Voltaire, the biggest offshore jack-up installation vessel ever built, will install the 277 13 MW Haliade-X turbines from GE Renewable Energy about 80 miles off the coast of Yorkshire. The lifting capacity of the ship with ultra-low emissions is 3,200 tonnes. The height of the Haliade-X turbines is 260 meters (853 feet). Each is the same height as New York’s Rockefeller Center, to put that in perspective. Their 107-meter-long (351-foot-long) blades can generate enough clean energy in one rotation to supply an average UK home with power for two days. The Dogger Bank Wind Farm will be built on a seabed that was once a land bridge connecting the UK and Europe, taking up an area nearly the size of Greater London. The 3.6 gigawatt (GW) offshore wind farm will be able to generate enough clean energy each year to power the equivalent of 6 million homes once it is operational. It will result in annual CO2 emissions savings equal to those of almost 1.5 million typical gas-powered cars. The largest offshore wind farm in the world is being developed and constructed by SSE Renewables of the UK in a partnership with Equinor and Vrgrnn of Norway (a partnership between Eni Plenitude and Hitec Vision). This 600 MW offshore wind farm is currently under construction in the Baltic Sea on the Danish waters. It will be part of the planned 400 MW interconnector between Denmark and Germany. The Danish Energy Agency found a favourable site with ideal wind conditions back in 2010. Kriegers Flak is also in close proximity to the German offshore wind farm ″EnBW Baltic 2″. Kriegers Flak thus has the location advantage to connect with the Danish grid and the ″EnBW Baltic 2″ German grid. Naturally divided into two portions by a sand dredging area, the wind farm has a west 200 MW side as well as an east 400 MW capacity side. If we were to ground all the four Borssele wind projects together, it can technically generate well over the largest. Netherlands’ Borssele Wind Farm though is divided into Borssele I & II and Borssele III & IV respectively for business and commercial reasons. Borssele I & II is a 752MW offshore wind power project peppering the Dutch North Sea, owned and operated by Ørsted. It has been fully operational since November 2020. Ørsted bagged the Netherlands Government tender at an approximate price of £65.7 (€72.7) per MWh. Approximately 190km of inter-array cables transmit the electricity generated by each wind turbine to a Borssele Alpha offshore substation. The Borssele III and IV are also in proximity and has a capacity of 731.5MW. Owned by the Blauwwind consortium, the Borssele III & IV has many partners Group including Shell (20%), Mitsubishi Corporation’s subsidiary Diamond Generating Europe (15%) and other biggies. They installed the last of the 77 wind turbines last year, and it has the potential to generate 3,000 GWh of green electricity a year; enough to power 825,000 Dutch households or 2.3% of the country’s total electricity demand. Until recently, offshore wind farms have not found favour in Australia, cited as being too expensive and difficult to build. That has changed recently, however, with the country’s first offshore wind project, Star of the South. The proposal for the facility suggests that up to 200 turbines could be installed as close as 7 km to the Victorian coast line, passing over the Basslink cable. If developed to its full potential capacity of 2.2 GW, Star of the South could provide a fifth of Victoria’s electricity requirements – that’s around 1.2 million homes. It would also easily move to first place in our list of the world’s five largest offshore wind farms. The Australian Government is currently seeking feedback on whether the proposed area is suitable for development. Join KnowInsiders.com to find out the top largest wind farms around the world. These farms not only provide electricity, but also are places that many … The largest salt fields in the world not only provide salt, but also a famous tourist destination that you should explore. Looking for a good water tanker supplier? You are at the right place as KnowInsiders will show you the list of Top 10 Best Water … One of the oldest and most popular renewable energy sources is hydropower. 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1. CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT As far as the law is concerned over 80 per cent of people who work in the UK are employees. This means that they have a contract of employment with their employer, with the duties and privileges that that implies. The employer may be an individual, as with most small businesses, or the contract may be with a large corporation. Throughout this book we use terms like ‘organisation’ and ‘business’ more or less interchangeably and ‘employer’ is the legal term to describe the dominant partner in the employment relationship. This derives from the old notion of a master and servant relationship and indicates that the employee (or servant) has obligations to the employer or master and vice versa. In contrast, those who are self-employed or subcontractors have greater autonomy, but no one standing between them and legal accountability for their actions. The law makes an important distinction between the two groups, employees having access to a wider range of legal rights than non-employees. While some areas of employment law apply to all workers, others only apply to employees. Non-employees are deemed to be working under ‘a contract for services’ rather than ‘a contract of service’ as is the case for employees. In 2007 the main statutory rights that applied to each were those shown in Table 6.1. In addition to the statutory rights conferred by Acts of Parliament, a range of common law duties are owed by employers to employees and vice versa which do not apply in the case of other forms of relationship. The major obligations are as follows: 1. Owed by employers to employees: - a general duty of care - a duty to pay agreed wages - a duty to provide work - a duty not to treat employees in an arbitrary or vindictive manner - a duty to provide support to employees - a duty to provide safe systems of work 2. Owed by employees to employers: - a duty to cooperate - a duty to obey reasonable/lawful instructions - a duty to exercise reasonable care and skill - a duty to act in good faith 3. Owed by employers to employees and vice versa: - to maintain a relationship of mutual trust and confidence 4. Owed by employees and ex-employees: - duty of fidelity A contract of employment, contrary to common perception, need not exist in written form. It is much more satisfactory for both parties if there is documentary evidence of what terms and conditions have been offered and accepted, but a contract of employment exists whether agreed verbally on the telephone or sealed with no more than a handshake. Where there is any doubt about whether someone is an employee or not, the courts look at the evidence presented to them concerning the reality of the existing relationship between the two parties. If they consider, on balance, that it is governed by a ‘contract of service’ rather than a ‘contract for services’, they will consider the worker to be an employee and entitled to the full range of rights outlined above. An employment contract comes into existence when an unambiguous offer of employment is made and is unconditionally accepted. Once agreed neither side can alter the terms and conditions which govern their relationship without the agreement of the other. An employer cannot therefore unilaterally cut employees’ pay, lengthen their hours of work, reduce their holiday entitlement, change their place of work or move them to another kind of work. To do so the employer either has to secure the employees’ agreement (by offering some kind of sweetener payment) or has to ensure that the right to make adjustments to terms and conditions is written into the contract by means of flexibility clauses. Where an employer forces changes through without securing the agreement of employees directly, or in many cases through negotiation with union representatives, legal action may follow. An employee may simply bring a claim for breach of contract and ask that the original contract be honoured. In such circumstances compensation may or may not be appropriate. Alternatively, where the employer’s breach is serious or where it is one of the implied duties listed above that has not been honoured, employees are entitled to resign and claim constructive dismissal in an Employment Tribunal, in which case their situation is treated as if they had actually been dismissed (see Chapter 10). Table 6.2 provides a checklist for preparing a contract of employment. 2. WORKING PATTERNS Aside from payment arrangements, for full-time workers the pattern of hours which they are expected to work is the most important contractual issue. The total number of hours worked by the average full-time worker in the UK fell substantially for much of the past 150 years, but started to rise again in the 1990s (Harkness 1999). In 1850 the normal working week was established as 60 hours spread over six days of 10 hours each. Now, the average number of hours worked each week by full-time workers, including paid and unpaid overtime, is 45 hours for men and 40 hours for women (Walling 2007, p. 40). Interestingly, in the last five or six years there is evidence that people have started working rather fewer hours again, the number working in excess of 45 hours a week falling by 20 per cent (Office for National Statistics 2006). A return to the downward trend in terms of hours worked may be a direct response to new regulation in this area. The European Union’s Working Time Directive was introduced into UK law in 1998 as a health and safety initiative (see Chapter 22). Among other measures, it seeks to ensure that no one is required to work more than an average of 48 hours a week against their will. In some countries legislation limiting working hours is primarily seen as a tool for reducing unemployment. In recent years the most extreme example of such regulation has been the ‘loi Aubry’ which was introduced in 2000 in France limiting people to an average working week of only 35 hours (EIRR 1998). In the view of many economists, however, such laws tend to reduce productivity over the long term because they limit the capacity of highly productive people to put their skills at the disposal of the national economy. For this reason during the French presidential election of 2007 President Nicholas Sarkozy argued that he would be happier if 35 hours was the minimum number of hours that people worked rather than the maximum. The past two decades have also seen some increase in the proportion of the working population engaged in shiftworking. This is nothing new in the manufacturing sector where the presence of three eight-hour shifts has permitted plants to work round the clock for many years. Recently, however, there has been a substantial rise in the number of service-sector workers who are employed to work shifts. Over 32 per cent of workplaces now employ shiftworkers, their numbers being most heavily concentrated in health and social work, hotels and restaurants, and the energy and water industries (Kersley et al. 2006, p. 79). They, unlike most factory-based staff, are not generally paid additional shift payments to reward them for working unsocial hours. The change has come about because of moves towards ‘a 24-hour society’ which have followed on from globalisation, the emergence of e-commerce and consumer demand. Each year more and more people are reported to be watching TV and making phone calls in the early hours of the morning, while late-night shopping has become the norm for a third of adults in the UK. Banks, shops, airports and public houses are now round-the-clock operations. The result is a steadily increasing demand for employees to work outside the standard hours of 9-5, Monday to Friday, a trend long established in the USA, where fewer than a third of people work the standard weekday/daytime shift (IDS 2000, p. 1). While some people remain attached to the ‘normal’ working week and would avoid working ‘unsocial hours’ wherever possible, others like the flexibility it gives them, especially where they are rewarded with shift premia for doing so. Shiftworking particularly appeals to people with family responsibilities as it permits at least one parent to be present at home throughout the day. Several types of distinct shift pattern can be identified, each of which brings with it a slightly different set of problems and opportunities. Part-timer shifts require employees to come to work for a few hours each day. The most common groups are catering and retail workers employed to help cover the busiest periods of the day (such as a restaurant at lunchtime) and office cleaners employed to work early in the morning or after hours in the evening. This form of working is convenient for many and clearly meets a need for employers seeking people to come in for short spells of work. Permanent night shifts create a special category of employee set apart from everyone else. They work full time, but often have little contact with other staff who leave before they arrive and return after they have left. Apart from those working in 24-hour operations, the major categories are security staff and maintenance specialists employed to carry out work when machinery is idle or when roads are quiet. There are particular problems from an HR perspective as they are out of touch with company activities and may be harder to motivate and keep committed as a result. Some people enjoy night work and maintain this rhythm throughout their working lives, but for most such work will be undertaken either reluctantly or for relatively short periods. Night working is now heavily regulated under the Working Time Regulations 1998. Double day shifts involve half the workforce coming in from early in the morning until early afternoon (an early shift), while the other half work from early afternoon until 10.00 or 11.00 at night (a late shift). A handover period occurs between the two shifts when everyone is present, enabling the organisation to operate smoothly for 16-18 hours a day. Such approaches are common in organisations such as hospitals and hotels which are busy throughout the day and evening but which require relatively few people to work overnight. Rotation between early and late shifts permits employees to take a 24-hour break every other day. Three-shift working is a well-established approach in manufacturing industry and in service-sector organisations which operate around the clock. Common patterns are 6-2, 2-10 and 10-6 or 8-4, 4-12 and 12-8. A further distinction can be made between discontinuous three-shift working, where the plant stops operating for the weekend, and continuous three-shift working, where work never stops. Typically the workforce rotates between the three shifts on a weekly basis, but in doing so workers suffer the consequences of a ‘dead fortnight’ when normal evening social activities are not possible. This is avoided by accelerating the rotation with a ‘continental’ shift pattern, whereby a team spends no more than three consecutive days on the same shift. Split shifts involve employees coming into work for two short periods twice in a day. They thus work on a full-time basis, but are employed on part-timer shifts to cover busy periods. They are most commonly used in the catering industry so that chefs and waiting staff are present during meal times and not during the mornings and afternoons when there is little for them to do. Drawbacks include the need to commute back and forth from home to work twice and relatively short rest-periods in between shifts in which staff can wind down. For these reasons split shifts are unpopular and are best used in workplaces which provide live-in accommodation for staff. Compressed hours shifts are a method of reducing the working week by extending the working day, so that people work the same number of hours but on fewer days. An alternative method is to make the working day more concentrated by reducing the length of the midday meal-break. The now commonplace four-night week on the night shift in engineering was introduced in Coventry as a result of absenteeism on the fifth night being so high that it was uneconomic to operate. 3. FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS Another way of dealing with longer operating hours and unpredictable workloads is to abandon regular, fixed hours of working altogether. This allows an organisation to move towards the ‘temporal flexibility’ we discussed in Chapter 5. The aim is to ensure that employees are present only when they are needed and are not paid for being there during slack periods. However, there are also advantages for employees. Three types of arrangement are reasonably common in the UK: flexitime, annual hours and zero-hours contracts. A flexitime system allows employees to start and finish the working day at different times. Most systems identify core hours when everyone has to be present (for example 10-12 and 2-4) but permit flexibility outside those times. Staff can then decide for themselves when they start and finish each day and for how long they are absent at lunchtime. Some systems require a set number of hours to be worked every day, while others allow people to work varying lengths of time on different days provided they complete the quota appropriate for the week or month or whatever other settlement period is agreed. This means that someone can take a half-day or full day off from time to time when they have built up a sufficient bank of hours. There are great advantages for employees working under flexitime. Aside from the need formally to record time worked or to clock in, the system allows them considerable control over their own hours of work. They can avoid peak travel times, maximise the amount of time they spend with their families and take days off from time to time without using up holiday entitlement. From an employer’s perspective flexitime should reduce the amount of time wasted at work. In particular, it tends to eliminate the frozen 20-minute periods at the beginning and end of the day when nothing much happens. If the process of individual start-up and slowdown is spread over a longer period, the organisation is operational for longer. Moreover, provided choice is limited to a degree, the system encourages staff to work longer hours at busy times in exchange for free time during slack periods. 3.2. Annual hours Annual hours schemes involve an extension of the flexitime principle to cover a whole year. They offer organisations the opportunity to reduce costs and improve performance by providing a better match between working hours and a business’s operating profile. Unlike flexitime, however, annual hours systems tend to afford less choice for employees. Central to each annual hours agreement is that the period of time within which fulltime employees must work their contractual hours is defined over a whole year. All normal working hours contracts can be converted to annual hours; for example, an average 38-hour week becomes 1,732 annual hours, assuming five weeks’ holiday entitlement. The principal advantage of annual hours in manufacturing sectors, which need to maximise the utilisation of expensive assets, comes from the ability to separate employee working time from the operating hours of the plant and equipment. Thus we have seen the growth of five-crew systems, in particular in the continuous process industries. Such systems are capable of delivering 168 hours of production a week by rotating five crews. In 365 days there are 8,760 hours to be covered, requiring 1,752 annual hours from each shift crew, averaging just over 38 hours for 46 weeks. All holidays can be rostered into ‘off’ weeks, and 50 or more weeks of production can be planned in any one year without resorting to overtime. Further variations can be incorporated to deal with fluctuating levels of seasonal demand. The move to annual hours is an important step for a company to take and should not be undertaken without careful consideration and planning. Managers need to be aware of all the consequences. The tangible savings include all those things that are not only measurable but capable of being measured before the scheme is put in. Some savings, such as reduced absenteeism, are quantifiable only after the scheme has been running and therefore cannot be counted as part of the cost justification. A less tangible issue for both parties is the distance that is introduced between employer and employee, who becomes less a part of the business and more like a subcontractor. Another problem can be the carrying forward of assumptions from the previous working regime to the new. One agreement is being superseded by another and, as every industrial relations practitioner knows, anything that happened before, which is not specifically excluded from a new agreement, then becomes a precedent. 3.3. Zero hours A zero-hours contract is one in which individuals are effectively employed on a casual basis and are not guaranteed any hours of work at all. Instead they are called in as and when there is a need. This has long been the practice in some areas of employment, such as nursing agencies and the acting profession, but it has recently been used to some extent in other areas, such as retailing, to deal with emergencies or unforeseen circumstances. Such contracts allow employers to cope with unpredictable patterns of business, but they make life rather more unpredictable for the individuals involved. The lack of security associated with such arrangements makes them an unattractive prospect for many. 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The mistake by researchers on Pattani and Ayutthaya is that they always thought that Thais are descendent of the Siamese and all Thais themselves today think they are Siamese. In terms of people to country relationship this is correct but in term of monarchy to country relationship this is not so. The ruling Thai monarchy only came into power when Rama I, a Buddhist general was nominated as King after the attacked by Burmese Alaungphaya in 1767. Before this date, Siam was a Muslim empire ruling from Ayutthaya to the tip of peninsular Malaya and from Cambodia to Acheh. It form part of the Muslim Monggol Empire in India which is tributary to the Emperor of China (see map below, "Empire of the Great Monggol,1744") Today, the Malays of peninsular Malaysia especially in the northern state of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Pattani in Thailand are the descendent of that Siamese Kingdom, before Ayutthaya was attacked. Siamese language, not thai is still spoken in this state, up to Haadyai in Thailand. Meanwhile, the Thai's originate from Lannathai where the Sukhothai Kingdom, led by their king, Alaungpaya (and later on by Prince Hsinbyushin) was allowed to set up their small kingdom within Ayutthaya borders as a tributary state to Siam. They then attacked the Toung Oo Kingdom (in Burma) which is tributary to Siam in 1758, then in 1767 invade Ayutthaya from Burma. Historically today, the Burmese takes the blame for attacking Ayutthaya in 1767. During the invasion, they burnt all documents, art treasures, the libraries and its literature, and the archives housing its historical records pertaining to Muslims Ayutthaya and claim the Ayutthaya Kingdom to be Theravada Buddhist simply because the Siamese Muslim history started much earlier in Kedah (pls. refers to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa). From Burma they purchased weapons from the British through an agreement in 1760. With these new weapons they then attacked Muslims Ayutthaya in 1767. Therefore after 1767, the Siamese should be address as Thai because Sukhothai (the invaders of Siam), are Theravada Buddhist. Thaksin or Mukhtar Hussin (governer city of thak, hence thaksin) the Ayutthaya Muslim military tactician and strategist, sided with Alaungpaya and ruled for a few years in Lopburi. He was soon killed in the years to come for ridiculous reasons and replaced by the Chakri Rama I, Yot Fa Chula Lok, the first Buddhist King of Siam, of Sukuthai descendent. In Siamese (not Thai) Chula Lok carries the meaning 'son of a minister'. Historical records have shown that religious tolerance in administration in a multi religion and multi culture society only existed in Muslim Ayutthaya (during Narai tenure as King) but not in Buddhist Thailand under the Chakri Kings. If they do exist, like in Muslim Malaysia today, then the situation in Pattani will not be like it is today. Human Right’s Watch claimed that Thai police and armies practice ‘ethnic cleansing’ in Pattani. Theres nothing new about this tactics because the same technics were used much earlier when attacking Kedah, Patani and Kelantan, the northern state of peninsular Malaysia in 1821, 1832 and 1876. Since 1992 Thailand HRW has consistently been reporting to the Geneva-based UN Commission on Human Rights, 34 cases of disappearance, excluding Somchai’s, the human right lawyer disappearance. This tactic is not new to the Thais when they came down to Kedah in 1821, under Rama II instruction to hunt and killed the last King of Ayutthaya, Boromoraja Ekataat V, Sultan Sharib Shah Monggol, and his relatives in order to finish off his bloodline. He was ruling as the Raja of Ligor from 1767 to 1821. Durind the attacked, even innocent children and pregnant women in Kedah were not spared and brutally massacred (Read Sherrard Osbourne, "My Jounal in Malayan Waters: Blockade of Quedah", 1861). On the Ayuttahaya Kingdom, MAHA TAMMARAJA II “Siamese King Chau Pija Si Thammarat, Sultan Sarib Shah Monggol, Siamese King , render of Islamic Emperor Pasai Siam which is in Siamese language known as Cau Pija Si Thammarat, Sultan Sarib Shah Monggol, Hereditary from Raja Siam of Dynasty Pija Maha Zin Tadhu Toung Oo Siam and Raja Ayu The Ya India, Sultan Bahador Shah Monggol, Son in law of Raja Siam Toung Oo Siam”. The Islamic Siamese King started from 1350 - 1767 - , An Assumption Of Prof D.G.E Hall,“A HISTORY OF SOUTH EAST ASIA”, 1955 by Datuk Ismail Salleh, Kedah Historian. In 1876 the Thai’s invaded Kedah again and murdered Ekataat’s grandsons, Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah (then ruling in Nagara Kedah) and his younger brother, Tengku Nai Long Abu Taha and they ruled Kedah for 5 years until 1881. During the 5 years period of ruling Kedah, they demolished not less than 15 palaces belonging to the King of Siam, their ancestors palaces, carted away furniture’s, documents and valuables possessions belonging to the King and murdered his relatives in order to stop his bloodline. All this happens under the nose of the British who did nothing but support the slaughter. Conspiracies such as this should be expose not hidden from the knowledge of current generations. Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah or better known as Long Jaafar descendent today is Tuanku Nai Long Kasim ibni Tuanku Nai Long Ahmad, the last surviving Muslim King of Siam. Meanwhile the descendent of Tuanku Nai Long Abu Toha (Raja of Bagan Serai), the younger brother of Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah is non other than the current Malaysian Prime Minister, Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Seeing on local TV, Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi’s official visit to Thailand in early 2007 and meeting up with King Bhumiphol Adulyadej, I wonder who should bow down to whom. Some of the royal Siamese families in the 1800’s survived by changing their names and become a commoner, living out of fear whether their identities have been discovered. The King’s tomb is now located in Kedah, well taken care by his ancestors and so is the sword and Crown of Ayutthaya with Islamic writings inscribed around the crown. Meanwhile, the people of Pattani are not of Thai’s origin but actually Muslims Siamese just like the Malays of Kedah, Kelantan and Perlis. With the British propaganda in Malaya all Siamese, Minang, Bugis, Banjar, Javanese are known as one common race that is Malays or Melayu. Hence the people of Patani is also known as Melayu while in fact they are also Siamese like their cousins in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia. The Patani people clearly state that they do not want to be ruled by the Buddhist Chakri kings and prefers and autonomy Muslim state. It is their right to do so because historically they were a tributary state under ‘The Muslim Empire of the Siamese Continent of Kedah Pasai Ma’. Local and foreign historical researchers making claims that Thai are Siamese are the same simply shows their blatant disregard and insight into the actual fact of history. The Siamese people still exist today in the northern state of peninsular Malaysia. They are just like the Malays of other Malay states who have Javanese, Bugis or Achenese ancestors. The Siamese language which is spoken daily is totally different from the Thai language although it sounds almost similar to the ear. The writings have however, disappeared. The Siamese in Kedah, Kelantan and Perlis were not forced to change their cultural identity through the 'Phibul Songgram' and‘Rathaniyom Policy’ of one race, one language, as what happen to the people of Pattani who doesn’t speak Siamese anymore (they speaks thai) but maintain their Muslim’s religion. Until today certain culture of the Siamese like washing their feet before going to bed, taboo to touch one’s head, yellow attire for the ruling Sultan’s is still practiced in Malaysia. Meanwhile upon completing these policies, the country of Siam was change to Thailand, ‘land of the free’. With the killing in Pattani today, the international nation of the world wonder how does the government of Thailand today define the word free. The muslims cannot even use their Muslims names, unlike in Malaysia where non Muslims can use their own names. According to a former British officer of the Colony negotiating independence in the 1950’s, “If the affairs in this world were settled by common sense and equity, I personally have no doubt what ever that Patani ought to be seperated from Siam (read as thai) and become part of Malaya. The inhabitants are 90% Malays and 90 % Mohamedans (in a Buddhist county). All their connections are with the south, and particularly with Kelantan, and the Siamese (read as Thai) record in Patani is one of dreary mis-rule interspersed with sporadic outbursts of actual tyranny. There is no doubt that where the wishes of the inhabitants lie, and a fair plebiscite (if one could be arranged) could only have one result. In the complex affairs of international politics, however, mere practical considerations of this mind do not find much place”. Marcinkowski, M. Ismail, wrote, “Apparently there exist other fragments of Thai chronicles which survived the sack of the Ayutthaya in 1767 at the hands of Burmese invaders but to which the present author has had no access”. In “Kidnapping Islam? Some Reflections on Southern Thailand's Muslim Community between Ethnocentrism and Constructive Conflict-Solution”, Marcinkowski, M Ismail also wrote, “Today, more than 50 mosques are still extant in Ayutthaya and its environs. Although the Muslim population in that region seems to be nowadays entirely Sunnite, the existence of such a large comparatively number of mosques in that area bears witness to the importance of Ayutthaya for the Muslims in the past”. The Ayutthaya Siamese King history has to be revealed because their bloodline has strong relationship with the ruling Raja of Perlis, Sultan of Kedah (queda), Perak (beruas), Selangor, Johor (klangkeo), Pahang (paham), Terengganu (talimgano)Kelantan, Riau (banqa), Acheh, Pattani, Brunei, Sulu, Persian, Rome, the Monggol of India and the Emperor of China. No claims over any territory is necessary. Furthermore without the revealation, history of countries in the Malay Archipelago seems unfinished. The history of Ayutthaya in Thailand and History of Malaysia should be rewritten in a truthful and sincere manner. List of references Farouk, Omar. "Shaykh Ahmad: Muslims in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya," in: JEBAT Journal of the History Department of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 10 (1980-81), pp. 206-14. The Muslims of Thailand, vol.1: "Historical and Cultural Studies" (Gaya, Bihar/India: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1988). Muhammad Rabi‘ Ibn Muhammad Ibrahim. The Ship of Sulayman, transl. J. O’Kane (New York NY: Columbia University Press, 1972). Kraus, Werner. "Islam in Thailand. Notes on the History of Muslim Provinces, Thai Islamic Modernism and the Separatist Movement in the South," in: Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 5, no. 2 (July 1984), pp. 410-25. Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. "Persian Religious and Cultural Influences in Siam/Thailand and Maritime Southeast Asia: A Plea for a Concerted Interdisciplinary Approach," in: Journal of the Siam Society, vol. 88, pt. 1-2 (2000), pp. 186-94. Pipes, Daniel. The Hidden Hand. Middle East Fears of Conspiracy (Houndsmills and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1996). Wyatt, David. K. Thailand. A Short History (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999, reprint). T.N.L Kasim, T.N.L. 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Tonight we conclude our consideration of what is often referred to simply as “the long psalm.” We’ve said that it was a psalm meant to be memorized, internalized as an instrument of spiritual enculturation. We said that it was a lament, a fact that alters our understanding of the psalm and its purpose. We spoke of what it has to teach us about the nature of what nowadays we all refer to as our “relationship with God.” And finally, last time, we considered what is meant by the meditation on the Word of God of which the psalm frequently speaks and of which it is itself an illustration. Tonight I want to consider one of the most prominent notes of the psalm, again something said throughout the poem and in many different ways. I’m speaking of the psalmist’s love of the Bible or his delight in the Bible, which, I gather, are two ways of saying the same thing. It is one thing to recognize the importance of the Word of God, even its divine authority. But surely it is another to love it and to take delight in it. Look at the characteristic expressions in just the section we read this evening. - “My heart stands in awe of your words.” - “I rejoice at your word, like one who finds great spoil.” - “I love your law.” - “Great peace have those who love your law…” - “I love your testimonies exceedingly.” Remember, the man isn’t talking simply about the commandments of the Law of Moses, the Ten Commandments and so on, even when he speaks of loving God’s law. All the terms he uses – word, testimony, law, and a number of others throughout the psalm – in this context they all refer to the entire Word of God: its historical narrative, its legal texts, its songs and poems, the sermons of the prophets, and all the rest. All of it is designed to teach theology, ethics, worship, and wisdom, no matter the genre of the particular biblical literature. After all, there is theology even in the Ten Commandments – e.g. the nature of God in commandments 1 and 2 and his work as the Creator in the fourth commandment – as there is law in biblical narrative. There are theology and wisdom in Job as there are ethics and instruction in worship, history, and law in the Psalms. The members of John and Charles Wesley’s “society” or, in modern parlance their “small group” at Oxford in the 1730s, what their detractors called “the Holy Club” – were maligned as “Bible moths.” The slur suggested that they ate up the Scripture as moths eat up wool clothes. Well, that is what this man did and continued to do and making it all so much easier to be a Bible moth was the fact that he loved the Bible. Reading it and studying it and pondering its teaching was something he genuinely enjoyed. Every Christian should ponder this fact. Why did he love the Bible, delight in the Bible. And since it is obvious that this attitude toward the Word of God is being commended to us, why should we love the Bible? I can you tell, as a matter of personal testimony, that I can’t remember really loving the Bible when I was a young man and a young Christian. I knew that it was important. I knew it was the Word of God. I had no doubt about its authority. I grew up in a Bible family. But I don’t remember ever thinking that the Bible was a sheer delight to me or that I loved it. But I do now. I think part of the index of my growth as a Christian man, such as it has been, is the fact that I have come more and more to love the Bible and to take real pleasure in reading and studying it. I wish, frankly, that I had come as far in the life of prayer as I have in the life of the Word of God. But I am immensely thankful that I feel about the Bible as I do now. You might well think – I think I probably thought myself at one time – that having to study two different biblical texts every week and write a sermon on each would grow very tiresome. But, strange to say, it has not. I never resent having to study the Word of God or having to think about how to preach it to you. Whether I did at the beginning of my ministry, now I find Holy Scripture perpetually fascinating and satisfying, and it is the great privilege of my calling that morning, noon, and night the Bible is in my hands. Why should it be so? Why was it so for this man? Before we descend to particulars, let’s begin here, with the fact that the Bible is the Word of God. It is from God and by it we come to know God. In a very real sense the Bible can be identified with God himself. To be sure, the Bible as a book full of pages on which ink is printed, cannot be identified with God. We do not worship the Bible as if it were God. No one can fairly accuse Protestant believers as bibliolaters as has sometimes been done, as if Christians worship the Bible instead of God. But the fact is that the Bible itself identifies God and his Word. Consider a few classic examples. In Galatians 3:7-8, at the beginning of Paul’s defense of justification by faith and not by works, we read: “Know then that it is those of faith who are the sons of Abraham. And the Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, ‘In you shall all the nations be blessed.’” Now, to be precise, it wasn’t the Scripture that made that promise to Abraham – the Scripture had not yet been written – but God himself speaking directly to the man he had chosen. It wasn’t the Scripture that foresaw the salvation of the Gentiles, it was God, who later had that prophecy written down in his book. But to say that God said something and the Scripture said something is to say the same thing. Or consider Romans 9:17, where we read that “the Scripture says to Pharaoh, ‘For this very purpose I raised you up, that I might show my power in you, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.’” Well it wasn’t the Scripture that said that to Pharaoh, it was the Lord himself speaking through Moses. But once again, it is a distinction without a difference. There are other examples of this phenomenon. Again, to say that God said something and the Scripture said something is to say the same thing. We identify God with his Word. We have biblical authority to identify God with his Word. And, of course, there is nothing particularly unusual or controversial in that. We do the same thing ourselves all the time: identify a person with the words he or she speaks. We understand that in a very real sense the words a person speaks are that person, they are the expression and embodiment of his life, his personality, his purposes, his convictions, his opinions, and so on. We wouldn’t know anyone without knowing what he or she says. If the eyes are the window of the soul, the words are the door! So there is both biblical justification for and an obvious logic to the identification of the Word of God with God himself. And surely, above and beyond anything else, that is why any Christian loves the Bible. He loves the Bible because he loves God and the Bible is God’s word! But there are other reasons why a man like the author of Psalm 119 would love the Bible and delight in the Bible. A number of very good reasons. - Let’s begin with a very obvious fact, but one we grow accustomed to and may not appreciate as much as we should: the Bible is a remarkable book; a most remarkable book. It is an extraordinary book, unlike any other book in the world. Written by a variety of authors, over the course of some 1500 years – a millennium and a half! – in three different languages representing quite different historical and cultural circumstances, the Bible is in fact a library of books, books of very different type but, at the same time, it is a single book. Its diversity and unity are both obvious to any interested reader. “From the literary standpoint these books are a heterogeneous mix, histories and biographies rubbing shoulders with visions, sermons, poems, philosophical reflections, genealogies, statistics, rituals, and much else. But the books are bound together by a common purpose and by an extraordinary unity of subject matter as they fulfill [a] common purpose.” [J.I. Packer, Truth and Power, 149] For all the diversity of literature which it contains, and for all the ages over which it was written, and for all the human authors that contributed to it, the Bible contains a coherent narrative plot from beginning to end, what we nowadays call a metanarrative, an explanation of the history of the world from its origin to its final destiny. Indeed, the Bible in one reading is simply the ever-unfolding of that metanarrative with ever increasing detail. “No other anthology of literature in the history of the world even attempts to undertake [such a task].” [Craig Blomberg, Can We Still Believe the Bible? 5] But there is more. The Bible, alone among the holy books of the world, is a book of serious history. It makes a host of historical assertions. It places its story within the ordinary history of human life in the world. In that respect it leads with its chin. But so many of those assertions have been confirmed or at least made entirely plausible by modern archaeological and historical research. There exists today not one demonstrated error of historical reporting in the Bible. Do you have any idea what an astonishing fact that is? I don’t say that scholars don’t claim this or that assertion of historical fact is in error – they certainly do –, but for each of those claims there are counter-claims by scholars of all stripes. What is one scholar’s mistake is another’s accurate, often surprisingly accurate historical datum. Fact is, still, after all these years of study and minute examination, we really can go to the Bible – no matter its theological purpose – to find out what happened in history. In a way that is both utterly brilliant and wonderfully satisfying the great message of the Bible is woven into the fabric of human history. That is one reason to love the Bible: it is such an extraordinary, unique performance of human literature. - Second, the Bible’s tremendous influence for good makes it delightful. The Bible, without question, has exercised a greater influence upon human beings individually and entire cultures and peoples, a greater influence for human betterment than any other book, indeed perhaps than any other influence in the history of mankind. The story of that wonderfully wholesome influence is undeniably one of the great themes of human history. We cannot overstate how much better human life is today because of the influence of the Bible. People understandably have attempted to deny this, but the effort is futile because the fact is so obvious. A man whose life is shaped by the teaching of the Word of God is invariably a better man; a culture whose life is shaped by the teaching of the Bible is invariably a more just, a more stable, a more happy, and a more prosperous culture. We have only to ask whether anyone could possibly think that a person would be poorer for learning to live honestly, chastely, faithfully, and humbly, for cultivating a grateful spirit, to bear the afflictions of life with courage and a sense of purpose, and understanding himself or herself obliged to live with regard to the welfare of others, not simply for himself or herself. Few would contest the fact that a life of love ought to be the supreme goal of our daily life. What American public figure would stand up and say, “We need less love in our world today. The world would be better off with a lot less love.”? But that is the Bible’s definition of a human life well lived. Few would dispute that such is the definition of a good life, but many fail to realize how unique to the Bible that definition actually is and how in the Bible alone sufficient motivations are provided to keep a man or woman striving for exactly that kind of life, difficult as it is to live it with our sort of hearts. Why, after all, is cunning not a chief virtue of human life as it was among the ancient Greeks? Why is torture thought to be evil in our culture when it is widely practiced, even celebrated in many other cultures in our world today? Why is sexual libertinism still regarded very widely, even in our culture, as a betrayal of humanity? Because we know what is right and wrong and, to a large extent, we know why. Men may love to look at porn, but they know very well that women will never respect them for that and no woman will be content to marry a man whose idea of pleasure is looking at pictures of naked women on a computer screen. This technology does not make him more of a man, but less; indeed, it emasculates him. And the fact is, everybody knows it! Why? Because the Bible has left its indelible mark on our culture. The man who wrote Psalm 119 knows very well that he had been made better by the Word of God. That much is clear and that must have been a principal reason for his love of the Word of God and his delight in it. It had done him such wonderful good! - There is more. Another reason to love the Bible is that in it we find the truth about the most important things human beings must know. I have myself come more and more to love the Bible for this attribute, perhaps the more as we enter into a time when the Bible’s account of reality has come under increasing public attack. Do you realize what a privilege it is actually to have a grasp of reality? Readers of the Bible know the answers to the great questions of human existence: where did we come from, what are we here for, and where are we going? We have been given to know why human life takes the form that it does, why we are the persons we are. It is astonishing, even as it is so wonderfully confirming of the Bible’s truth and authority, that all the other attempts to answer those questions are such pathetic substitutes for the searching and satisfying answers provided in the Word of God. I have made a point of emphasizing this in my preaching over the past several years because I want you to be thoroughly convinced of this point and able to articulate it to others. As I pointed out in a recent sermon, the new atheists may claim that human life is simply a gigantic, utterly improbable accident, that human beings are simply biochemical machines, that our lives mean nothing and are going nowhere, but they don’t live as if any of that were true. They may argue that truth and falsehood, right and wrong, good and evil, are actually merely words we use to express our opinions our nothing more than our biological sensations, that they have no independent existence, that moral judgments are not real things, but they don’t live as if any of that were true either. Our human nature itself is the evidence that what we are taught about reality in the Word of God is true. We know, as all human beings know – whatever they may say when standing on their feet in a debate – that we are extraordinary creatures, that human consciousness is an absolutely unfathomable reality and cannot be explained as an accident, that the personal cannot come from the impersonal, that consciousness cannot come from the unconscious, that our moral natures are not a fantasy but reflect the nature of reality itself, which is and continues to be an absolutely moral affair. That human beings should think themselves intrinsically important, that we are obliged to use the tremendous gifts we have been given in a responsible and loving and honest way, these are facts of life as we know life to be, indeed as all men know life to be judging by the way they actually think and speak and behave. We also know that our failures to live an honest and loving life are genuine faults and that we ought to do better than we do. No animal thinks that way. There are no associations of lions meeting to devise alternate sources of food that will not require the killing of prey. But we do and cannot help to do all manner of things just like that. The world rings with man’s effort to improve his life morally. We have crusaders everywhere. We’re exhausted from all the crusading that goes on around us. Why for goodness sakes? Because we cannot help but evaluate our lives in moral terms and we know very well that we find ourselves falling short morally. Human sin, selfishness, and stupidity may corrupt the improvement process, but that there is such a process and an unending commitment to it no one can deny. That such a process of improvement is one of the great, unchanging realities of social life no one can deny. We are never satisfied with the level that we have already attained. We must strive for what is better. Again, why? The Bible explains this and its explanation is so much more consistent with the facts of human experience than any other explanation ever offered, which is why those explanations come and go but the Bible’s remains a constant and why it remains the conscience of the world. Left to themselves human beings have proved themselves to be capable of the worst forms of cruelty, corruption, criminality, and hatred. They are entirely capable of making life utterly miserable for themselves and vast numbers of other people. But the world never accepts this as a normal state of affairs. We crave justice, and kindness, and honesty, and admire sacrifice on behalf of others. We celebrate it. Again, why? The Bible explains all of this with its metanarrative of creation in the image of God, the fall of man into rebellion and sin, and the redemption of sinful humanity by the sacrifice of God the Son. No other explanation is nearly so profound, so satisfying, or so consistent with the ordinary facts of human life that are before you every time you open your eyes. Still today, in our so-called scientific age, the worldview taught in the first book of the Bible, is a much more convincing explanation of the world in which you and I actually live than any of those myriad of counter-explanations that have come and gone and will continue to come and go in human history. The new atheists – Dawkins, Hitchens, Daniel Dennett and others – are actually not at all “new.” Their arguments are retreads – you can read most of those arguments in the critics of Christianity who wrote in Greek or Latin in the Patristic period of church history — and are convincing only to those wanting to be convinced. Even serious professional philosophers who would identify as atheist are embarrassed by their efforts to demonstrate that religion is bad and God does not exist. Brothers and sisters, the simple fact is, with your Bible in your hand, you know more about reality that 98% of the professional philosophers now working in the American academy, or the vast majority of the professional scientists. And that is a reason to love your Bible. It gives you the truth; it gives you your place in the world; it gives you meaning and purpose and hope, what so many human beings crave but struggle to believe is possible. Before publishing his commentary on Galatians, the late John Stott, had preached through the book to his congregation at All Souls in central London. In the preface to the commentary, Stott writes: “During the months when I was preaching this series, I kept saying this kind of thing to myself: ‘Here we are, a comparatively sophisticated congregation in twentieth-century London, giving ourselves week after week to the systematic study of a short letter written in the first century by a then more or less unknown Jewish Christian to obscure little congregations tucked away in the mountains of Galatia.’ … This study has left me more deeply convinced than ever of the divine inspiration, and therefore the permanent authority and relevance of the Scriptures.” Do you see his point? The Bible explains what always needs to be explained about human life. It teaches us and shows us reality as we know it to be. Its great message is based on the only truly satisfying account of reality there is and certainly the only one that has remained unchanged and yet massively influential from the beginning of human history to our own day. This explains, by the way, the peculiar place of the Bible among the holy books of the world. In Islam there is no critique of the Quran that is permitted. If you ask hard questions of the Quran, you run the very real risk of being branded an infidel and, in some parts of the world, you risk your very life. But the Christian church has always been willing to subject Holy Scripture to the severest critique and test. Why? Partly because God himself, in his Word, records the confusion and doubt that his people have often had and he obviously shows sympathy and concern for that state of mind. But more to the point the church has always been absolutely confident that the Bible will continue to pass every such test to which it is subjected, as it always has before. Underneath everything the Bible says is the diamond-hard surface of reality! - Of course, another reason to love your Bible, a supreme reason, is that it shows you the path to eternal life. We have been made to live forever, every human being knows that down deep. We were made for life, not death. Consciousness is the demonstration of that fact. Death is an intruder, something from outside. What is more, we all know that we were made for a better life. We have within us the aspiration to that better life. We all know the difference between what we are and what we ought to be. We all know immediately how our lives should be and could be better. We could be less selfish, more loving; we could be more ready to suffer for what is right – the very same sacrificial spirit we admire in others –; we could be more faithful to our callings as spouses, as parents, as children, as workers, and so on. We would be happier, very much happier, to be better people than we are now. Why on earth should we think this way except that we were made for perfection, we have the image of it in our souls because we were made in God’s image, and we have the longing to be like God, to be worthy of God because that God-likeness is the very thing we lost in our rebellion against God. There is something both impossibly beautiful and intensely satisfying in the biblical account of redemption – from the cross to the changed heart – an account that has captivated untold multitudes of human beings through the ages. It is a solution so utterly unlike the cheaper, often bizarre, and always insufficient proposals made in other religions and philosophies of the world. John Wesley put it best: “I am a creature of a day, passing through life as an arrow through the air… I want to know one thing – the way to heaven; how to land safe on that happy shore. God himself has condescended to teach the way, for this very end he came from heaven. He hath written it down in a book. O give me that book! At any price, give me the book of God! I have it; here is knowledge enough for me. Let me be homo unius libri (a man of one book). Here then I am, far from the busy ways of men. I sit down alone; only God is here. In his presence I open, I read his book…” [Preface to Sermons on Several Occasions] It is this nature of the Bible as a map to heaven, as an explanation of the way of God’s grace, that explains why so many have been saved, have entered eternal life by reading the Bible. J.C. Ryle, the great Anglican bishop of the 19th century became a Christian simply hearing Ephesians 2 being read in a church service. Augustine, long before him, crossed from death to life reading the last verse of Romans 13. Some of us in this church have found life reading the Bible’s account of how life is found. We find in the Bible the hard, even unwelcome truth about ourselves. We find there an account of what God did, and only God could have done, to deliver us from sin and death. The more honest people reckon with the Bible’s gospel, its explanation of salvation, the more necessary this salvation seems to become and the more perfect the solution to our problem that God contrived. And here too, we find some proofs within ourselves. We are not simply souls, but souls and bodies. Our best and our worst parts are both spiritual and physical. True and perfect humanity can never be the escape of the soul from the body or a disembodied human life because that’s not what human beings are; and that’s not the true and full goodness of a human being. And yet only Christianity reflects those universal convictions and supports them with the historical fact of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the promise of our own bodily resurrection in due time – a message that was completely out of accord with the intellectual atmosphere and philosophical thought of the Greco-Roman world of the early centuries of the first millennium that only the power of God can explain why so many people embraced that message when they did. In a similar way, what every human being wants is not less love, but more. Buddhism, for example, is a betrayal of human nature in its supposing that human perfection is found in the abolition of emotion and of passion. Every human being, down deep, knows it would be altogether better to feel more pain if only we could have more love. That is perhaps unexpected and certainly in some respects the astonishing message of the Bible but you find it nowhere else in the world. Why, after all, does the Dali Lama so ardently desire the liberation of Tibet, when according to his Buddhism, desire is the mother of all sin and sadness? He doesn’t live according to his religious understanding of the world; no one lives according to that understanding. No one can. There is so much more to say in explaining why a person might love the Bible and delight in the Bible. We have said nothing about its beauty. True enough, there are passages that are not particularly beautiful – think of the liturgical regulation in Leviticus or the genealogies that begin the book of Chronicles (though that anchoring of the Bible’s message, its account of reality, and its proclamation of the grace of God in the life of flesh and blood individuals like ourselves — whose names we know but of whose life we know nothing, as our names may be known to a subsequent generation but of our lives they will know comparatively little or nothing — is hugely important and thrilling; for we are just as they were, ordinary people, living ordinary lives at a particular moment in the history of the world) – but there are many, many passages in the Bible that are heartrendingly beautiful. Think of the 23rd or the 121st psalm, those and other psalms that have been so beautifully said and sung at untold thousands of deathbeds, and on battlefields, as in church services. Or think of 1 Corinthians 13 or Isaiah 55 or so many of the episodes from the Lord’s ministry recorded in the four Gospels, such as, for example, his dealing with the proud Pharisee and the poor grateful woman at the end of Luke chapter 7. Or think of Job, of which Alfred Lord Tennyson said it is “the greatest poem of ancient or modern times.” Or think of Paul’s so gentlemanly letter to Philemon about the latter’s runaway slave Onesimus. Or, for that matter, think of the majestic first chapter of the Bible, so many of its phrases and cadences having entered forever into the imagination of the human race. Compare that ancient literature to other great literature of the period, Semitic or Greek or Latin, compare it to the other holy books of the world, and you will immediately see the difference. Those books belong to their time and, while undoubtedly in some respects may be great literature, they have little to nothing to teach us about the meaning of life today. No one looks to them to teach any such things, the way that untold multitudes of people look to the Bible. Compare the heroes of the Bible to those of the Iliad or Odyssey, or the heroes of some of the ancient near eastern epics and you find yourself in a wholly different and so much higher moral and spiritual atmosphere. The heroes in both the great works of the ancient world and of the Bible have feet of clay, because human beings do, but in the Bible there is none of the silliness, none of the absurd that you find everywhere in those other works. The high morality, the deep spiritual sobriety, the grace and compassion, the sheer goodness of the Bible’s teaching and all so beautifully and powerfully served by its prose and poetry makes Holy Scripture utterly unique and powerfully captivating. If you have not read the Quran – not all of it but enough to give you a good sense of the book, I urge you to do so. As a Christian in today’s world you ought to know something of its teaching, but, more than that, it will give you still more of a living sense of how different and how much more beautiful and captivating the Bible is, with its many literary genres, its fascinating and instructive biographical detail, its capacity to teach reality and the way of salvation through historical narrative, its realistic portrayal of the ups and downs of believing life, the temptations and afflictions of life, indeed, its panorama of human life, its magnificent hymns and songs, and above all its transcendently beautiful and awe-inspiring description of the living God and of Jesus Christ his son. It appeals to every human power: of thought, of emotion, of will. Compared to the Bible the Quran reads like a table of algorithms. But beautiful as the Bible is, it is also earthy, worldly in the best sense of the word. Whether in its practical instruction for life such as we find in Proverbs or Paul’s letters, in its unabashed recounting of the sins of some of its heroes, or in its honest reckoning with the ponderous pace of divine grace in the transformation of believing life, we get the cold, hard facts in the Bible in a way you do not get them anywhere else. You may imagine you do, but the fact of the matter is you do not, except in those books that are repeating the teaching of the Bible. Anyone who reads the Bible often, thoughtfully, and intentionally, and learns its lessons, is prepared for what he or she will find in life and in the world. Think of its accounts of sexual temptation, or its frank admission of the power of the love of money to misshape a life, or the often punishing mystery of God’s providence. This is earthy realism of the sort that every human being needs, much more every Christian. And finally may I say that I love the Bible and you should too for the way it perpetually repays study. It is a well of truth and no one has yet got to the bottom. John Robinson, the pastor of the Plymouth pilgrims who remained in Holland, famously promised: “The Lord has more truth yet to bring forth from his Word.” That was in the early 17th century. And that has proved true. Every faithful generation of Christians has found more in the Bible than its spiritual ancestors found. The great message is the same, of course, but who would have imagined the revolution in the study of biblical narrative that has taken place over the last forty years or so. The histories of the Old Testament sparkle in a way they never did before, now that we see how brilliantly they were written. We understand the Song of Songs much better than it has ever been understood in the Christian period because of advances in the translation of cognate or related literature from Egypt and Babylon and the new appreciation of Hebrew literary technique. We know more about the history of Israel’s kings than previous generations even imagined being able to know. And as one discovery piles on top of another the coherence and unity of the Bible remains not only absolutely unchanged, but brilliantly highlighted. Brothers and sisters, we ought to love the Bible and we ought to be nothing short of thrilled to have this book in our hands. It ought to send shivers up and down our spine! There is every reason for it to do so. If we don’t feel this way about Holy Scripture it is only because we don’t fully appreciate what an extraordinary gift God has given to us in his Word and how utterly remarkable it is as the revelation of the truth to the world. The man who wrote the 119th psalm understood this about the Bible and he treasured it accordingly. 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by Matt Gibson Wondering about whether to use egg shells in your garden, and how you’d do it? As the planet is shifting to a greener way of living, the spotlight is on ways to recycle our trash, repurpose our waste, and find new ways to utilize those everyday household items that are all too often tossed into the wastebasket without a second thought. Just one great way each of us can live more sustainably is to recycle and reuse our “trash,” like the eggshells we feature here. This article delves into how you can give the eggshells you have left over from cooking a new purpose in the garden. At the same time, you’ll be decreasing your own contribution to the landfill. Recycling is not a modern invention. (The concept and practice actually dates back to ninth-century Japan.) Despite recycling’s extensive history, curbside recycling services didn’t become available in the United States until the 1960s. Citizens are now asked to toss paper, plastic, glass, aluminum, and other recyclable materials into their own container, completely separate container from the other household waste, so these items can be recycled and made into new products. Many gardeners are taking the green life one step farther by repurposing kitchen waste (also known as food scraps) to create compost heaps, effectively turning their trash into healthy, nutrient-rich soil. You know what they say about trash and treasure. As with any subject, you’ll find as much misinformation out there on the Internet about reusing eggshells in the garden as you’ll find truthful information you can use. There are more than a few widespread myths about ways for gardeners to repurpose the shell of a chicken egg they would otherwise throw away. That’s why we’ve debunked the common myths in this article—to warn you against putting faith in these old wives’ tales and wasting your time putting them into action. Armed with the knowledge of unexpected ways that you can reuse your old eggshells in the garden, and warned against those common myths that have misled folks in the past, after reading this article, you’ll be equipped to choose the most effective way (or ways) to recycle your empty shells in the garden from this day forward. First Step: How to Collect and Prepare Eggshells to Recycle Them in Your Garden After cracking open your eggs and plopping them into the skillet, rinse the shells off with cool water, then place the eggshells into an open container (such as a bowl or a jar with no lid) for long enough to let them dry out completely. Contrary to popular belief, as long as you’ve rinsed them off thoroughly (and the eggs were fresh) dry eggshells do not stink or attract insects. Once you have a lot of eggshells in the container pulverize them into smaller pieces. The easiest way to do this is to use a wooden spoon or mallet. Once they are broken into small enough bits, you will be able to fit many more shells into your containers. True: Eggshells Can Be Reused as Fertilizer for Garden Soil Eggshells are mainly made up of the calcium carbonate (which is the carbonic salt of calcium), and calcium is an essential nutrient for giving your garden soil what it needs to nourish plant life. That makes eggshells an excellent source of calcium your garden beds are wishing for. Calcium is a major botanical nutrient that boosts the ability of the plants in your garden to build healthy cell walls. Once you grind up your used eggshells thoroughly and mix them into the soil, they will go to work to increase the soil’s aeration, improve the soil’s drainage, and reduce the soil acidity. Use a mortar and pestle or a blender to crush the shells down into a fine eggshell powder before you till them into the soil. You can plan on it taking several months for your eggshells to break down into the soil well enough for them to be absorbed by the roots of your plants. Till the eggshells into your garden beds in the fall so that the nutrients they’ve added will be available to the plants you’ll be sowing seeds for or transplanting outside in the spring. And once spring rolls around, add another batch of eggshell fertilizer to the soil in your garden so that those new eggshells will have time to break down and will be ready to provide nutrients they contain for the plants you’ll be sowing in the fall. To get even more for your time and energy, you may choose to mix the crushed shells with other types of organic matter and combine them with your garden soil in the areas where you plant to put in new plants in the near future. Tomatoes are one of many garden vegetables that will benefit greatly from the added calcium you’ll get from this eggshell treatment. You can try a nutrient-rich blend of eggshells and used coffee grounds to amend your soil with boosts of both calcium and nitrogen. Amping up the quality of your soil is one of the simplest and most effective ways to ensure success in your garden, and it doesn’t get any easier or more affordable than reusing your eggshells from cooking that would otherwise be destined for the landfill. False: Eggshells Don’t Make Optimal Seed Starting Containers (However Cute and Pin-Worthy They May Be) There are a handful of articles and infographics online that suggest whole tomes of ideas for ways you can recycle your leftover eggshells in your home. One of the methods you’ll see listed most frequently is to create your own seed starters out of eggshell halves. The instructions for this project will tell you to first collect the larger side of each eggshell half, and then carefully make small holes in the bottom of each one to offer some drainage. After that, you are supposed to add soil and seeds to the shells, then simply watch and wait for newly sprouted plants to appear. Once the sprouts become seedlings that are ready to transplant, you can plant them directly into the soil as-is, eggshells and all, since the shells will decompose in the soil with time and the roots of your growing plants should break through the delicate drainage holes once they grow large enough and strong enough. It turns out that using eggshells as seed starting containers is not the best way to repurpose your eggshells for several reasons. First, if the seedlings produce several true leaves, they will all need to be transplanted into larger containers before ever being transplanted into the soil that will be their permanent home. Why not start the seedlings in a larger pot to begin with and skip the extra labor? Another reason to avoid using eggshells as seed starting containers is that the shells can easily trap the roots of slow-growing specimens and keep the plants from growing to their maximum potential size. The drainage hole or holes that were created at the beginning of the project may provide a large enough crack in the shell’s surface to allow the roots of newly sprouted seedlings to break through, but there’s a good chance that the plant’s roots will be unable to break free and remain trapped inside of the shell instead of expanding freely throughout the entire container or establishing themselves securely deep in the soil below. Because it takes several months for even the most shattered of eggshells to break down completely and give up their nutrients to the soil, you can likely guess that would take even longer for shells that have only been split in half to decompose. That means for the months-long period of decomposition when their nutrients are not yet free for plants to draw out of your garden soil for an extended period, eggshells that have been repurposed as seed starters in the garden don’t offer any real benefits. Long story short: Eggshells do fertilize soil with calcium carbonate eventually, but they may restrict plant roots, and there’s such a long span of time before the calcium is available that other fertilization methods are more worthwhile. Undecided: It May (or May Not) Be Worth Your While to Toss Eggshells Into the Compost Heap It’s true that adding your eggshell fragments to your garden’s compost bin will boost the essential nutrients, making them available for plants the next time you use compost in your garden. However, bear in mind that (as we just discussed) that it will take several months for the eggshells to break down fully so they will be able to release the calcium and other nutrients they contain into the soil. This isn’t such a problem when you’re using eggshells in compost, though, as the other ingredients in the compost also will take a few months to break down and reach their full nutrient-rich potential. It’s true that tossing your eggshells from their collection container straight into the compost heap seems like a low-effort, high-reward strategy for repurposing what would otherwise be just another piece of kitchen trash. However, when it comes to compost, it’s possible to have too much of a good thing. Eggshells are not just a source of calcium and other needed nutrients for your garden soil. They also contain a high amount of sodium, and when the shells break down as they decompose, the sodium gets released into the compost heap along with the nutrients your plants need. This is because an excess of sodium in your soil can be toxic to your garden’s plants. To combat this issue, if you’re going to add eggshells to your compost heap, it’s important that you do testing to keep an eye on the sodium level in your compost as well. If you choose to go ahead with this method, you may wish to only add around half of the eggshells you end up with as kitchen waste to the compost heap. You can reserve the other half of your eggshells to put them to use in another way. Undecided: Eggshells Can Pitch In to Help Keep Out Certain Garden Pests—While Drawing In Others Though recent studies have debunked the idea that crushed eggshells will deter snails and slugs wherever they’re sprinkled, eggshells may still provide some benefit as a pest repellent. Crushed eggshells are recommended as an excellent deterrent against Japanese beetles. Also, when they’re added to your garden beds, crushed eggshells have been said to actually prevent deer from grazing on the fruits (or veggies) of your garden harvest. While it is no doubt a blessing that deer can’t stand the smell of eggs, it is a curse that rodents love their sulfurous smell. Although you may see the perks of keeping the local deer population out of your garden, you may not enjoy the corresponding results of inviting neighborhood rodents to your garden getaway. However, if your area has lots of deer but doesn’t suffer from a rodent problem, this strategy may be perfect for your garden. True: Eggshells Are an Excellent Way to Feed the Birds Your garden’s plants are not the only forms of life in your yard that can benefit from the calcium your kitchen waste eggshells can provide. Your local birds also need calcium to thrive—especially females, which need extra doses of calcium before and after laying their eggs. If you’re going to use your eggshells as bird food, first sterilize the leftover eggshells by leaving them in a cooling oven after you’ve had it warmed up, then crush the dehydrated shells into fine bits and mix them into your favorite bird seed. True: Eggshells Make an Effective Garden Mulch Let’s face it, you may never be able to eat enough eggs to make a two-inch layer of eggshell mulch on top of all of your garden beds. That said, crushed eggshells will work as well as any commercial mulch on the market when it comes to deterring weeds. When you crush those eggshells into small pieces and use them to top your garden soil, the papery white color and fine texture serve to create a surprisingly attractive and unique garden bed. False: Eggshells Won’t Prevent Blossom End Rot When you’re growing eggplant and/or tomato plants, you will need to provide a calcium-rich soil that easily transfers nutrients to the developing eggplants and tomatoes. Blossom end rot can occur even when there is plenty of available calcium is present in your garden soil. This issue is is usually caused by irregular watering, a problem that obviously cannot be solved by adding eggshells to the soil. The notion that eggshells can prevent blossom end rot is simply not true. For a comprehensive guide to controlling blossom end rot in your garden, instead check out this Gardening Channel feature article on fighting off blossom end rot. Ways to Reuse Eggshells Outside the Garden The garden is not the only place where you can put your leftover eggshells from the kitchen to good use. Check out these ideas for the eggshells you have remaining after you’ve used them in the garden with your favorite strategies from above. 1) Age-defying eggshell facial treatment: Pulverize clean, dried eggshells with a mortar and pestle, then mix them with egg whites to create a healing, restorative facemask. Just rub it on your face, let it dry, and rinse with cool water. 2) Household eggshell cleaner: Mix ground eggshells with a little soapy water to create an abrasive, nontoxic household cleaner that will help you tackle dirty dishes without a ton of effort. 3) Natural eggshell drain cleaner: Keep a handful of ground eggshells in your kitchen sink strainer. The jagged broken edges will help trap solids, and as the shells break down and go down the drain, they’ll also help to keep your pipes clean and clear. 4) Eggshell blemish treatment: Soak a crushed clean, dry eggshell in a container of apple cider vinegar for two or three days, then retrieve the shell. Blot the resulting mixture on minor blemishes, rashes, and other skin irritations to relieve itching and soothe irritated skin. 5) Eggshell health booster for dogs: Dry your eggshells in an oven at 250 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. Then place the dried shells in a Ziploc bag, seal it, and crush the shells with a rolling pin until they have become a fine powder. Add the powder to your dog’s food to give Fido a calcium boost and improve the health of canine bones and teeth.	<urn:uuid:3e0bea42-2bb4-479e-b6b9-af04fb5fea1b>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.gardeningchannel.com/how-to-use-eggshells-garden/	2024-03-05T00:58:23Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00485.warc.gz	en	0.947305	3,101	2.78125	3	[ 2330, 383, 5493, 461, 449, 6682, 203, 59, 799, 1489, 608, 2026, 292, 666, 6546, 422, 4983, 288, 424, 3340, 16, 291, 667, 337, 372, 72, 565, 362, 35, 760, 268, 3799, 316, 6364, 542, 292, 261, 1302, 814, 898, 289, 2299, 16, 268, 4337, 2239, 316, 341, 1714, 292, 3812, 1587, 662, 432, 1219, 16, 751, 324, 2536, 662, 2368, 16, 291, 1255, 733, 1714, 292, 7759, 1014, 5667, 5914, 3689, 336, 356, 516, 1232, 970, 292, 11101, 286, 636, 268, 2368, 70, 3903, 364, 1298, 261, 1901, 2693, 18, 203, 46, 599, 597, 1312, 898, 1011, 289, 407, 375, 2180, 512, 1844, 2090, 316, 292, 3812, 1587, 291, 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1881, 13, 292, 1408, 6481, 431, 1881, 16, 2992, 6438, 444, 432, 1219, 636, 1702, 16, 5842, 17, 4432, 1976, 18, 990, 698, 768, 502, 1856, 608, 432, 1219, 291, 1442, 5886, 18, 203, 5190, 360, 723, 2783, 16, 337, 372, 660, 1255, 352, 1111, 2305, 263, 4105, 628, 686, 341, 268, 4868, 608, 304, 7090, 4334, 76, 4983, 288, 268, 3340, 352, 337, 372, 660, 1255, 4755, 703, 1009, 337, 375, 666, 18, 994, 356, 512, 687, 261, 1374, 6394, 5620, 87, 608, 1714, 331, 3340, 332, 292, 751, 324, 2536, 268, 8377, 289, 261, 7870, 6546, 502, 830, 5654, 10560, 2014, 18, 203, 2422, 271, 372, 87, 1768, 445, 372, 317, 2914, 5668, 286, 268, 1112, 5620, 87, 288, 456, 1989, 1447, 278, 1718, 82, 337, 1573, 6576, 4780, 288, 629, 1662, 276, 1022, 372, 1971, 274, 291, 454, 542, 424, 669, 6576, 622, 636, 2433, 18, 1155, 4424, 360, 268, 1772, 289, 8707, 1714, 336, 337, 375, 304, 2013, 424, 1662, 4334, 76, 4983, 288, 268, 3340, 16, 291, 1718, 2093, 1573, 1014, 1112, 5620, 87, 336, 437, 2305, 1041, 958, 530, 288, 268, 2323, 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316, 292, 666, 261, 9507, 440, 4642, 361, 3733, 2642, 18, 3126, 502, 356, 6246, 636, 1139, 1982, 285, 764, 16, 337, 513, 327, 1542, 292, 3082, 772, 512, 422, 4983, 636, 424, 7912, 18, 203, 11484, 610, 30, 4166, 2318, 76, 4983, 1680, 1367, 942, 3950, 352, 8365, 1046, 5607, 331, 9995, 10971, 203, 41, 75, 2318, 76, 4983, 356, 4870, 1146, 644, 289, 268, 5833, 2375, 381, 421, 6499, 316, 268, 2375, 300, 5353, 289, 5833, 989, 291, 5833, 316, 363, 1505, 5842, 331, 3851, 424, 3340, 1976, 768, 362, 1470, 292, 314, 455, 557, 1380, 943, 18, 2015, 1892, 4334, 76, 4983, 363, 4139, 2088, 289, 5833, 424, 3340, 10882, 356, 276, 2793, 331, 18, 203, 39, 280, 71, 1231, 316, 261, 1670, 2875, 282, 466, 5842, 336, 1337, 6939, 268, 1882, 289, 268, 1648, 288, 424, 3340, 292, 2115, 1702, 1259, 5240, 18, 3126, 337, 785, 578, 644, 424, 724, 4334, 76, 4983, 8525, 291, 2698, 622, 636, 268, 1976, 16, 502, 513, 679, 292, 716, 292, 1643, 268, 1976, 372, 87, 261, 3371, 16, 1434, 268, 1976, 372, 87, 8630, 16, 291, 1590, 268, 1976, 3175, 380, 18, 2932, 261, 5565, 294, 291, 8313, 298, 361, 261, 725, 2806, 292, 793, 1652, 268, 422, 4983, 1190, 636, 261, 4787, 4334, 76, 467, 7080, 1134, 337, 9848, 622, 636, 268, 1976, 18, 203, 7556, 375, 1200, 341, 362, 2265, 1520, 2489, 331, 424, 4334, 76, 4983, 292, 2603, 1190, 636, 268, 1976, 767, 1982, 331, 622, 292, 327, 10339, 419, 268, 4543, 289, 424, 1648, 18, 307, 399, 268, 4334, 76, 4983, 636, 424, 3340, 10882, 288, 268, 2341, 576, 336, 268, 3600, 502, 372, 317, 3211, 513, 327, 1608, 292, 268, 1648, 337, 372, 660, 327, 269, 9847, 3902, 331, 361, 10441, 281, 2856, 288, 268, 4362, 18, 1256, 2340, 4362, 4995, 87, 1149, 16, 769, 1515, 285, 1421, 289, 4334, 76, 467, 8388, 292, 268, 1976, 288, 424, 3340, 576, 336, 1014, 733, 4334, 76, 4983, 513, 437, 669, 292, 2603, 1190, 291, 513, 327, 4054, 292, 1153, 3600, 502, 1462, 331, 268, 1648, 337, 372, 660, 327, 269, 9847, 288, 268, 2341, 18, 203, 10702, 886, 919, 512, 331, 424, 669, 291, 1138, 16, 337, 602, 2869, 292, 2698, 268, 793, 11834, 422, 4983, 360, 586, 1640, 289, 3891, 2667, 291, 8979, 622, 360, 424, 3340, 1976, 288, 268, 1511, 853, 337, 1380, 292, 1927, 288, 733, 1648, 288, 268, 1834, 1571, 18, 8819, 8584, 356, 597, 289, 772, 3340, 4059, 336, 513, 3145, 5822, 427, 268, 3211, 5833, 337, 372, 660, 886, 427, 456, 4334, 76, 467, 1412, 18, 203, 7556, 375, 2644, 261, 5842, 17, 4432, 9535, 289, 4334, 76, 4983, 291, 724, 4867, 9078, 292, 792, 593, 424, 1976, 360, 1337, 6939, 289, 1079, 5833, 291, 7375, 18, 330, 755, 281, 644, 268, 1630, 289, 424, 1976, 316, 597, 289, 268, 4857, 443, 291, 710, 1783, 1714, 292, 1530, 1577, 288, 424, 3340, 16, 291, 362, 2752, 372, 88, 886, 723, 3402, 361, 512, 7718, 687, 304, 7090, 424, 4334, 76, 4983, 427, 6052, 336, 830, 5654, 327, 3294, 1451, 331, 268, 10519, 399, 18, 203, 42, 6410, 30, 4166, 2318, 76, 4983, 3818, 372, 88, 4007, 3392, 473, 280, 2245, 286, 5550, 281, 1161, 572, 332, 421, 6724, 827, 351, 1490, 291, 382, 263, 17, 59, 2024, 93, 900, 2924, 1367, 13, 203, 6695, 356, 261, 1129, 703, 289, 5204, 291, 582, 2210, 1067, 2049, 336, 2954, 2399, 292, 6674, 289, 2854, 331, 1714, 337, 375, 3812, 1587, 424, 417, 74, 278, 357, 4334, 76, 4983, 288, 424, 1311, 18, 1507, 289, 268, 2222, 337, 372, 660, 901, 6583, 710, 3983, 316, 292, 1408, 424, 1044, 4635, 1236, 332, 628, 289, 4334, 76, 467, 7914, 973, 18, 203, 1461, 5424, 331, 456, 1707, 513, 2565, 337, 292, 855, 6385, 268, 3080, 2031, 289, 1011, 4334, 76, 467, 2947, 16, 291, 1023, 5104, 804, 1139, 7157, 288, 268, 4689, 289, 1011, 597, 292, 1529, 579, 8630, 18, 2122, 336, 16, 337, 356, 8066, 292, 769, 1976, 291, 3902, 292, 268, 422, 4983, 16, 1023, 2842, 3668, 291, 6833, 331, 8352, 440, 463, 691, 1648, 292, 1951, 18, 203, 9076, 339, 268, 440, 463, 340, 1343, 4635, 7884, 336, 356, 4054, 292, 10441, 16, 337, 375, 1380, 622, 2978, 636, 268, 1976, 352, 17, 277, 16, 4334, 76, 4983, 291, 516, 16, 1812, 268, 422, 4983, 513, 10319, 595, 288, 268, 1976, 360, 669, 291, 268, 4543, 289, 424, 2574, 1648, 788, 2603, 734, 268, 8919, 8630, 7157, 2340, 502, 932, 1452, 1982, 291, 1806, 1982, 18, 203, 4077, 6805, 628, 336, 1001, 4334, 76, 4983, 352, 4635, 4089, 7912, 316, 462, 268, 1274, 898, 292, 751, 324, 2536, 424, 4334, 76, 4983, 331, 1520, 3218, 18, 3029, 16, 717, 268, 4635, 7884, 2346, 1520, 2915, 2951, 16, 502, 513, 516, 648, 292, 327, 817, 476, 4874, 636, 3080, 7912, 1134, 2577, 1018, 817, 476, 4874, 636, 268, 1976, 336, 513, 327, 444, 6273, 1311, 18, 2995, 462, 1236, 268, 4635, 7884, 288, 261, 3080, 1076, 292, 1980, 360, 291, 885, 517, 268, 3485, 3333, 35, 203, 7353, 1099, 2190, 292, 1833, 1001, 4334, 76, 4983, 352, 4635, 4089, 7912, 316, 336, 268, 422, 4983, 375, 2619, 11838, 268, 4543, 289, 2634, 17, 75, 5517, 722, 344, 614, 291, 1288, 268, 1648, 427, 2574, 292, 444, 5213, 1439, 2155, 18, 365, 8630, 7016, 361, 7157, 336, 664, 2370, 430, 268, 3484, 289, 268, 1707, 602, 1153, 261, 1452, 1982, 9407, 288, 268, 8377, 372, 87, 2248, 292, 1059, 268, 4543, 289, 8352, 440, 463, 691, 4635, 7884, 292, 2603, 734, 16, 566, 686, 372, 87, 261, 1060, 3961, 336, 268, 1380, 372, 87, 4543, 513, 327, 6320, 292, 2603, 1776, 291, 3406, 1498, 3742, 3004, 289, 268, 8377, 3087, 289, 9116, 10201, 2309, 268, 2414, 6967, 361, 8213, 2315, 3447, 325, 2295, 288, 268, 1976, 2321, 18, 203, 38, 312, 699, 362, 2844, 1520, 2489, 331, 919, 268, 710, 422, 1397, 286, 289, 4334, 76, 4983, 292, 2603, 1190, 3686, 291, 1888, 644, 444, 3600, 292, 268, 1976, 16, 337, 375, 1792, 9465, 336, 830, 1071, 919, 2473, 331, 422, 4983, 336, 437, 794, 712, 9081, 288, 2947, 292, 10319, 595, 18, 2015, 1486, 331, 268, 2489, 17, 5561, 1604, 289, 10319, 3511, 649, 444, 3600, 356, 462, 2770, 1776, 331, 1648, 292, 2395, 628, 289, 424, 3340, 1976, 331, 363, 5923, 1604, 16, 4334, 76, 4983, 336, 437, 712, 751, 324, 84, 1485, 352, 4635, 1236, 332, 288, 268, 3340, 1373, 372, 88, 1529, 723, 1409, 1716, 18, 5801, 2247, 1912, 30, 4166, 2318, 76, 4983, 565, 3734, 918, 1976, 360, 5833, 2375, 381, 4456, 16, 566, 502, 602, 4038, 88, 1380, 4543, 16, 291, 686, 372, 87, 659, 261, 917, 8635, 289, 669, 1134, 268, 5833, 316, 1608, 336, 586, 3734, 1260, 2222, 356, 512, 3760, 7357, 18, 203, 57, 275, 312, 3761, 30, 553, 2924, 421, 283, 2924, 3217, 13, 1367, 1598, 262, 2073, 1508, 292, 307, 1181, 4166, 2318, 76, 4983, 450, 278, 268, 2132, 511, 915, 429, 203, 4077, 372, 87, 2915, 336, 4654, 424, 4334, 76, 467, 6634, 652, 292, 424, 3340, 372, 87, 6481, 10795, 513, 4663, 268, 1505, 3600, 16, 1355, 622, 1608, 331, 1648, 268, 2033, 669, 337, 666, 6481, 288, 424, 3340, 18, 1121, 16, 6245, 288, 1710, 336, 421, 301, 445, 1039, 5709, 13, 336, 362, 513, 1071, 1520, 2489, 331, 268, 4334, 76, 4983, 292, 2603, 1190, 3590, 576, 502, 513, 327, 1542, 292, 4133, 268, 5833, 291, 586, 3600, 502, 1462, 636, 268, 1976, 18, 540, 3422, 372, 88, 659, 261, 1676, 649, 337, 372, 267, 1001, 4334, 76, 4983, 288, 6481, 16, 1417, 16, 352, 268, 586, 5266, 288, 268, 6481, 525, 513, 1071, 261, 1374, 2489, 292, 2603, 1190, 291, 1943, 444, 2052, 5842, 17, 4432, 1439, 18, 203, 4077, 372, 87, 2915, 336, 292, 11101, 281, 424, 4334, 76, 4983, 427, 444, 3792, 6967, 4723, 636, 268, 6481, 431, 429, 3959, 730, 261, 1488, 17, 4683, 442, 16, 695, 17, 267, 1032, 3976, 331, 751, 324, 2027, 281, 768, 830, 5654, 327, 1039, 1515, 4032, 289, 8460, 432, 1219, 18, 1121, 16, 649, 362, 1974, 292, 6481, 16, 362, 372 ]
Losing weight is a journey that requires dedication, consistency, and the right nutrients. To shed those extra pounds, it’s important to focus on a balanced diet that includes essential nutrients. However, with so many diets and fitness trends, it can be overwhelming to know which nutrients to prioritize. In this article, we’ll explore the key nutrients that can help you achieve your weight loss goals. From protein to fiber, learn how these nutrients can boost your metabolism, curb cravings, and support a healthy lifestyle. Get ready to unlock the power of nutrients for effective weight loss! Effective weight loss requires a focus on consuming nutrients that support a healthy metabolism and reduce caloric intake. Protein, fiber, and healthy fats are essential for maintaining muscle mass and feeling full, while limiting processed carbohydrates and added sugars can help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce overall calorie intake. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help boost metabolism and reduce hunger cravings. Incorporating a variety of nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help support effective weight loss and improve overall health. Understanding Macronutrients for Weight Loss Importance of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a crucial component of a balanced diet and play a significant role in weight loss. They are the body’s primary source of energy and are necessary for the proper functioning of the brain, muscles, and other organs. Understanding the importance of carbohydrates and how they affect weight loss can help individuals make informed decisions about their diet. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are quickly digested and absorbed by the body, while complex carbohydrates are slower to digest and absorb. Simple carbohydrates include sugars, sweets, and starches, while complex carbohydrates include whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of how quickly carbohydrates are digested and absorbed by the body. Foods with a high GI are quickly digested and absorbed, causing a rapid increase in blood sugar levels, while foods with a low GI are slowly digested and absorbed, causing a slower increase in blood sugar levels. Foods with a low GI are considered better for weight loss as they help regulate blood sugar levels and promote feelings of fullness. Healthy sources of carbohydrates include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. These foods are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and are low in calories, making them ideal for weight loss. Whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread are excellent sources of complex carbohydrates and provide a steady source of energy. Fruits and vegetables are also rich in complex carbohydrates and are low in calories, making them ideal for weight loss. Legumes such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas are also excellent sources of complex carbohydrates and are high in protein, making them a great addition to a weight loss diet. In conclusion, carbohydrates are an essential component of a balanced diet and play a significant role in weight loss. Understanding the different types of carbohydrates, the glycemic index, and healthy sources of carbohydrates can help individuals make informed decisions about their diet and promote effective weight loss. Protein and Its Role in Weight Loss Protein is an essential macronutrient that plays a vital role in weight loss. It is composed of amino acids, which are the building blocks of the body. There are various types of protein, including animal-based sources such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products, as well as plant-based sources such as legumes, beans, nuts, and seeds. Optimal protein intake for weight loss varies depending on individual factors such as age, gender, weight, and activity level. However, a general recommendation is to aim for 0.8-1 gram of protein per pound of body weight per day. Consuming adequate amounts of protein can help boost metabolism, promote satiety, and prevent muscle loss during weight loss. Protein has a high thermic effect, meaning that the body burns more calories digesting and metabolizing protein than it does with carbohydrates or fat. This can help increase calorie expenditure and aid in weight loss. Additionally, protein has been shown to increase feelings of fullness and reduce appetite, which can help prevent overeating and support weight loss efforts. It is important to note that consuming excessive amounts of protein can have negative health consequences, such as dehydration, kidney stress, and increased risk of certain cancers. Therefore, it is crucial to consume protein in moderation and from a variety of sources to ensure adequate intake of all essential amino acids. In summary, protein is a vital macronutrient for weight loss, and consuming adequate amounts can help boost metabolism, promote satiety, and prevent muscle loss. Essential Fats for a Balanced Diet When it comes to weight loss, the right kind of fats can be a game-changer. Essential fats are necessary for the body to function properly, and they can also help in weight loss. In this section, we will discuss the different types of fats, the difference between good and bad fats, and why healthy fats are important for weight loss. Types of Fats There are three main types of fats: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats. - Saturated fats: These are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, butter, and cheese. Consuming too much saturated fat can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. - Unsaturated fats: These are typically liquid at room temperature and are found in plant-based sources such as nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. Unsaturated fats can be further divided into two categories: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats are found in foods such as avocados and olive oil, while polyunsaturated fats are found in foods such as salmon and other fatty fish. - Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have been artificially altered through a process called hydrogenation, which turns them into a more solid form. Trans fats are commonly found in processed foods such as cookies, cakes, and fried foods. Consuming too much trans fat can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. Good vs. Bad Fats Not all fats are created equal. Good fats, also known as healthy fats, are essential for the body and can help in weight loss. Good fats include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which are found in foods such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish. These fats can help lower cholesterol levels, improve heart health, and even boost weight loss efforts. On the other hand, bad fats, also known as unhealthy fats, can have negative effects on the body. Bad fats include saturated fats, trans fats, and excessive amounts of unsaturated fats. These fats can raise cholesterol levels, increase the risk of heart disease, and even hinder weight loss efforts. Importance of Healthy Fats for Weight Loss Including healthy fats in your diet can be beneficial for weight loss. Healthy fats can help you feel fuller for longer, which can reduce overeating and prevent cravings. They can also boost your metabolism, which can help your body burn more calories throughout the day. In addition, healthy fats can help reduce inflammation in the body, which can be a contributing factor to weight gain. By incorporating good fats into your diet, you can help support overall health and wellbeing, as well as promote weight loss. Overall, when it comes to weight loss, the right kind of fats can make all the difference. By focusing on healthy fats and limiting bad fats, you can support your weight loss efforts and improve your overall health. Micronutrients for Optimal Weight Loss Results Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients that play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including metabolism and weight loss. There are several vitamins and minerals that are particularly important for effective weight loss, which include: - Vitamin D: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. It also plays a role in weight loss by regulating the production of fat cells and improving insulin sensitivity. - Iron: Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body. Iron deficiency can lead to fatigue, which can make it difficult to exercise and lose weight. - Calcium: Calcium is essential for bone health and also plays a role in weight loss by regulating the production of fat cells and improving insulin sensitivity. - Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is essential for energy production and the metabolism of fat cells. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to fatigue and weight gain. - Magnesium: Magnesium is essential for energy production and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. A deficiency in magnesium can lead to fatigue and weight gain. Common deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals can have a significant impact on weight loss efforts. For example, a deficiency in vitamin D can lead to decreased muscle mass and an increased risk of obesity. Similarly, a deficiency in iron can lead to fatigue and a decreased ability to exercise, which can make it difficult to lose weight. Food sources of these essential vitamins and minerals include: - Vitamin D: Fatty fish (such as salmon and mackerel), egg yolks, and fortified foods (such as milk and cereal) - Iron: Red meat, poultry, fish, beans, and fortified cereals - Calcium: Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods - Vitamin B12: Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products - Magnesium: Dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains It is important to ensure that you are consuming adequate amounts of these essential vitamins and minerals through a balanced diet in order to support effective weight loss efforts. Fiber: The Key to a Healthy Weight Loss Diet Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. It is found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. There are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance, while insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and adds bulk to the stool. Fiber plays a crucial role in weight loss by helping to regulate digestion and maintain a feeling of fullness. When fiber is consumed, it absorbs water and swells in the stomach, creating a sense of fullness and reducing the urge to eat. This can lead to a reduction in calorie intake and aid in weight loss. Additionally, fiber helps to regulate blood sugar levels by slowing down the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream. This can help to prevent sudden spikes in blood sugar, which can lead to cravings and overeating. Some sources of fiber-rich foods include: - Fruits and vegetables: berries, broccoli, spinach, sweet potatoes, and avocados - Whole grains: brown rice, quinoa, whole wheat bread, and oats - Legumes: lentils, chickpeas, and black beans - Nuts and seeds: almonds, flaxseeds, and chia seeds Incorporating these foods into your diet can help to increase your fiber intake and support effective weight loss. It is important to note that increasing fiber intake should be done gradually to avoid digestive discomfort. It is also recommended to drink plenty of water to aid in digestion and prevent dehydration. Hydration and Weight Loss Hydration is a critical component of weight loss, as it plays a vital role in various bodily functions that contribute to fat loss. Drinking enough water can help you feel fuller, increase your metabolism, and prevent dehydration-related fatigue, all of which can aid in weight loss efforts. The general recommendation for daily water intake is about 8-12 cups (64-96 ounces) for women and men, respectively. However, individual water needs may vary depending on factors such as age, activity level, and climate. It’s essential to monitor your urine color and frequency to ensure adequate hydration, with the goal of producing pale yellow urine throughout the day. While water is the most effective hydration source, other beverages and foods can also contribute to your daily fluid intake. Some hydrating options include: - Herbal teas, such as green tea or cucumber infusions - Low-fat milk and dairy products - Fruits and vegetables, particularly those with high water content like watermelon, cucumber, and tomatoes - Soups, particularly broth-based ones - Homemade smoothies made with water or ice as the base It’s important to note that while hydration is crucial for weight loss, it should not be the sole focus of your diet. A balanced intake of macronutrients and micronutrients is necessary for overall health and effective weight loss. Lifestyle Modifications for Effective Weight Loss Mindful Eating Strategies Mindful eating is a practice that involves paying attention to the food you eat, as well as the thoughts and feelings that may influence your food choices. By adopting mindful eating strategies, you can develop a healthier relationship with food and make more informed choices that support your weight loss goals. Here are some specific mindful eating strategies you can try: - Practicing portion control: One of the most effective ways to manage your weight is to pay attention to portion sizes. Eating too much food, even healthy foods, can contribute to weight gain. To practice portion control, use smaller plates and bowls, and aim to fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, a quarter with lean protein, and a quarter with whole grains or starchy vegetables. - Understanding hunger and fullness cues: Hunger and fullness cues are the physical and emotional signals that tell you when it’s time to eat, and when you’re full. By paying attention to these cues, you can avoid overeating and make more mindful food choices. To tune into your hunger and fullness cues, take time to eat slowly and savor your food, and pay attention to physical sensations such as hunger pangs, feelings of fullness, and changes in energy levels. - Incorporating mindfulness techniques: Mindfulness is the practice of paying attention to the present moment without judgment. By incorporating mindfulness techniques into your eating habits, you can develop a more mindful relationship with food and make healthier choices. To practice mindful eating, try the following techniques: - Eat slowly and savor your food. - Pay attention to the colors, textures, and flavors of your food. - Focus on the experience of eating, rather than distractions such as TV or social media. - Take time to chew your food thoroughly. - Notice physical sensations such as hunger, fullness, and satisfaction. - Be kind and compassionate to yourself, and avoid negative self-talk or guilt about food choices. By incorporating these mindful eating strategies into your daily routine, you can develop a healthier relationship with food and support your weight loss goals. Regular Exercise for Weight Loss Exercise is an essential component of any weight loss program. It not only helps in burning calories but also helps in building muscle mass, improving cardiovascular health, and reducing stress levels. Regular exercise can help you achieve your weight loss goals faster and maintain the weight loss over the long term. Types of Exercise for Weight Loss There are several types of exercises that can be beneficial for weight loss. Some of the most effective exercises for weight loss include: - Aerobic exercises such as running, cycling, or swimming - High-intensity interval training (HIIT) - Circuit training - Resistance training with weights or resistance bands - Yoga and Pilates Building a Sustainable Exercise Routine To achieve effective weight loss through exercise, it is essential to build a sustainable exercise routine. This means finding an exercise routine that you enjoy and can stick to in the long term. Here are some tips to help you build a sustainable exercise routine: - Start slowly and gradually increase the intensity and duration of your workouts - Choose exercises that you enjoy and find challenging - Incorporate a variety of exercises to keep your routine interesting - Schedule your workouts in advance and make them a priority - Find an accountability partner or join a fitness class to stay motivated Combining Cardio and Strength Training Combining cardio and strength training is an effective way to achieve weight loss and improve overall fitness. Cardio exercises such as running or cycling help in burning calories and improving cardiovascular health, while strength training helps in building muscle mass and increasing metabolism. Here are some tips for combining cardio and strength training: - Start with a warm-up such as light jogging or stretching - Incorporate both cardio and strength training exercises into your routine - Alternate between cardio and strength training days - Gradually increase the intensity and duration of your workouts over time - Focus on proper form and technique to avoid injury and maximize results Sleep and Its Impact on Weight Loss Importance of Quality Sleep The importance of quality sleep in weight loss cannot be overstated. Sleep plays a vital role in the body’s ability to regulate hormones, repair and restore muscles, and maintain overall health. During sleep, the body produces hormones such as leptin, which helps regulate appetite and metabolism, and ghrelin, which stimulates appetite. When the body does not get enough sleep, it can lead to a disruption in the production of these hormones, which can result in overeating and weight gain. Sleep Duration and Weight Loss Research has shown that getting enough sleep is crucial for weight loss. Studies have found that individuals who get enough sleep tend to lose more weight than those who do not. The recommended amount of sleep for adults is 7-9 hours per night, and individuals who get less than 5 hours of sleep per night are more likely to be overweight or obese. Additionally, lack of sleep can lead to increased cravings for high-calorie, high-fat foods, making it harder to stick to a weight loss plan. Tips for Improving Sleep Quality Improving sleep quality can have a significant impact on weight loss efforts. Here are some tips for improving sleep: - Establish a consistent sleep schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends. - Create a sleep-friendly environment: Keep the bedroom dark, quiet, and cool, and invest in a comfortable mattress and pillows. - Limit screen time before bed: The blue light emitted from screens can interfere with the production of melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep. - Avoid caffeine and alcohol: Both can interfere with sleep quality and make it harder to fall and stay asleep. - Relax before bed: Engage in relaxing activities such as reading, taking a warm bath, or practicing relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation. By prioritizing sleep and implementing these tips, individuals can improve their chances of success in their weight loss journey. Stress Management for a Healthy Weight Loss Journey - Effects of stress on weight loss - Stress can lead to an increase in cortisol levels, which can contribute to weight gain, particularly around the abdominal area. - Chronic stress can also disrupt sleep patterns, affecting the body’s ability to regulate appetite and metabolism. - Furthermore, stress can lead to emotional eating, often resulting in consuming high-calorie, comfort foods. - Techniques for managing stress - Mindfulness practices, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, can help to reduce stress and promote relaxation. - Regular exercise, particularly cardiovascular activities, has been shown to decrease stress levels and improve mood. - Maintaining a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, can also help to manage stress. - Additionally, getting adequate sleep and creating a regular sleep schedule can help to reduce the impact of stress on weight loss efforts. - Importance of self-care and support during weight loss - Prioritizing self-care, such as engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy, can help to reduce stress and promote a healthy mindset during weight loss. - Building a support system, whether through friends, family, or a professional network, can provide encouragement and accountability during the weight loss journey. - It is also essential to celebrate small successes and acknowledge progress, as this can help to maintain motivation and prevent feelings of overwhelm. 1. What are the essential nutrients for weight loss? The essential nutrients for weight loss are protein, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates. These nutrients help you feel full and satisfied, which can prevent overeating and promote weight loss. It’s important to focus on nutrient-dense foods that provide a balanced mix of these nutrients, such as lean meats, fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. 2. Should I avoid certain nutrients for weight loss? Yes, it’s important to limit or avoid nutrients that are high in calories, sugar, and unhealthy fats. These include processed foods, sugary drinks, and saturated and trans fats. These nutrients can lead to weight gain and other health problems, so it’s best to minimize their intake as much as possible. 3. How much protein should I consume for weight loss? The recommended daily amount of protein for weight loss is about 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. So, for example, a person who weighs 70 kilograms should consume about 56 grams of protein per day. Good sources of protein include lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and nuts. 4. Are there any specific supplements I should take for weight loss? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as different people may have different nutrient needs. However, some supplements that may be helpful for weight loss include protein powder, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber supplements. It’s important to talk to a healthcare professional before taking any supplements, as they can have side effects and interact with other medications. 5. Can I still enjoy my favorite foods while losing weight? Yes, you can still enjoy your favorite foods while losing weight, but it’s important to do so in moderation. Try to focus on nutrient-dense versions of your favorite foods, such as grilled chicken instead of fried chicken, or a small piece of cake instead of a large slice. 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Learning Japanese is an exciting endeavor that opens the door to a rich cultural and linguistic landscape. However, like any language, Japanese comes with its unique set of challenges. Fear not! Here are 10 hurdles you might encounter on your Japanese learning journey and some valuable tips to help you overcome them. Mastering the Japanese writing systems is a crucial milestone for anyone embarking on the journey to learn the language. The complexity of having three distinct scripts – Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji – may initially seem overwhelming, but each plays a vital role in Japanese communication. Hiragana and Katakana, with their phonetic nature, serve as the building blocks for expressing native and foreign words, respectively. Dedicated practice and repetition are instrumental in achieving fluency in these syllabaries. On the other hand, the inclusion of Kanji, logographic characters representing entire words or concepts, adds a layer of depth to the language. While Kanji might appear daunting due to its vast number of characters, employing mnemonic devices, spaced repetition techniques, and context-driven learning helps learners gradually navigate this intricate writing system. The beauty of the Japanese writing systems lies in their interplay, creating a rich tapestry of expression. Hiragana and Katakana provide the phonetic foundation, while Kanji introduces a visual and semantic depth that enhances the language's expressiveness. As learners dive into these writing systems, they not only decode the characters but also unlock a profound understanding of Japanese culture and communication. The journey of mastering these scripts is a transformative process, guiding learners toward linguistic proficiency and a deeper connection with the intricate beauty of the Japanese language. Remembering Kanji is often considered one of the most formidable challenges in learning Japanese, given the intricate nature of these logographic characters. Unlike alphabet-based writing systems, Kanji symbols represent entire words or concepts, demanding a different approach to memorization. Mnemonics play a crucial role in this process, allowing learners to associate each character with vivid stories or memorable mental images. Creating these mental connections transforms the seemingly abstract characters into tangible and memorable entities, making it easier to recall their meanings and pronunciations. Utilizing mnemonic techniques not only aids in overcoming the sheer volume of Kanji but also adds an imaginative and personalized dimension to the learning experience. Spaced repetition is another powerful tool in the arsenal of Kanji memorization. The strategic review of characters at intervals, gradually increasing the time between repetitions, reinforces the retention of these symbols over the long term. Flashcards and dedicated apps employing spaced repetition algorithms provide learners with a structured and efficient way to reinforce their Kanji knowledge. By incorporating these techniques into their study routine, learners can navigate the intricate world of Kanji with confidence, transforming what may initially seem like an insurmountable challenge into a manageable and rewarding aspect of their Japanese language journey. Different Grammatical Structure Navigating the unique grammatical structure of the Japanese language stands out as a distinctive challenge for learners accustomed to Indo-European languages. Japanese sentence construction differs significantly from English, with the subject often placed at the beginning and verbs at the end. This inversion can be initially perplexing, but breaking down sentence patterns into smaller components and understanding the role of particles – small words that indicate grammatical relationships – proves invaluable. Visual aids and diagrams further aid in comprehending the flow of Japanese sentences, offering learners a roadmap to decipher the language's intricate syntax. The diverse array of honorifics and politeness levels further compounds the challenge of mastering Japanese grammar. Respectful language, or keigo, is deeply ingrained in Japanese communication and adds layers of nuance to expressions. Navigating this system requires learners to pay careful attention to the context and the relationships between speakers. While the grammatical structure might seem unfamiliar initially, regular practice, exposure to authentic language materials, and a willingness to embrace the differences contribute to a more nuanced understanding and mastery of Japanese grammar over time. Mastering honorifics in the Japanese language is a cultural and linguistic challenge that adds layers of politeness and respect to communication. Honorifics, or keigo, play a pivotal role in expressing social hierarchy and maintaining harmonious interactions. Japanese speakers employ honorifics to convey politeness, and the nuances associated with their usage can be intricate. Learners often start by understanding basic honorific forms, such as adding the suffix "-san" for general politeness. As learners progress, they delve into more advanced forms, like humble language (kenjougo) and respectful language (sonkeigo), which involve subtle shifts in verb conjugations and vocabulary choices to convey humility or deference appropriately. Immersing oneself in Japanese media and real-life conversations provides essential context, helping learners develop an instinctive feel for when and how to use honorifics effectively. The use of honorifics extends beyond mere linguistic conventions, reflecting the deep-seated cultural values of respect and humility. Politeness levels are carefully tailored based on the relationships and social dynamics involved. While the intricacies of keigo might be daunting initially, they contribute significantly to effective communication in Japanese society. Embracing the study of honorifics not only enhances language proficiency but also deepens cultural awareness, fostering a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of social interactions in Japan. Pronunciation poses a unique challenge for learners venturing into the realm of Japanese, especially for those accustomed to English or other Indo-European languages. While Japanese is not tonal like some other Asian languages, the language features a distinct set of vowel sounds and consonant pronunciations that may be unfamiliar. Paying meticulous attention to these phonetic nuances is crucial for clear and accurate communication. Vowel length, pitch accent, and the absence of certain English sounds, such as "th," contribute to the distinctiveness of Japanese pronunciation. To overcome pronunciation challenges, learners often engage in shadowing exercises, mimicking native speakers to hone their intonation and rhythm. Recording oneself while speaking Japanese allows for self-assessment and identification of areas needing improvement. Consistent practice with native speakers, language exchange partners, or language learning apps that offer pronunciation feedback further refines pronunciation skills. Embracing the sounds of the language not only enhances communication but also deepens cultural appreciation, as correct pronunciation is integral to conveying respect in Japanese social interactions. Lack of Cognates The scarcity of cognates, or shared words, between Japanese and English presents a considerable challenge for learners accustomed to the relatively common vocabulary overlaps in European languages. While languages like Spanish or French may have recognizable words due to their shared Latin roots with English, Japanese vocabulary is rooted in a completely different linguistic family. This divergence necessitates a more deliberate and strategic approach to vocabulary building. Learners often find themselves relying on spaced repetition apps, etymology resources, and mnemonic techniques to reinforce the memorization of new words. Breaking down complex words into simpler components, understanding their origins, and creating mental associations become essential strategies in overcoming the lack of cognates. Confronting the vocabulary gap between English and Japanese becomes an integral part of the language-learning journey. Rather than relying on familiar words, learners embrace the challenge of building an entirely new lexicon. Through systematic exposure, repetition, and creative memory aids, learners gradually overcome the initial hurdle of unfamiliar vocabulary, developing a richer understanding of the language and fostering a deeper connection with Japanese culture and expression. Finding Learning Resources Navigating the plethora of learning resources available for mastering Japanese can be a daunting task for beginners. The sheer variety, from textbooks to apps and online courses, can lead to a sense of overwhelm. To overcome this challenge, it's advisable for learners to start with beginner-friendly resources that offer structured lessons and gradual progression. Textbooks like "Genki" or online platforms such as Duolingo and Rosetta Stone provide foundational knowledge and interactive exercises. As learners advance, they can explore more specialized resources that align with their learning style and interests, such as JapanesePod101 for audio-based learning or WaniKani for dedicated Kanji practice. Joining language learning communities and seeking recommendations from experienced learners can also guide newcomers in selecting resources that cater to their individual needs. Staying motivated and engaged in the learning process is often closely tied to the appropriateness of chosen resources. As technology evolves, new apps and platforms continuously emerge, offering diverse approaches to language acquisition. Experimenting with different tools and platforms allows learners to discover what resonates with them, creating a personalized and effective language-learning experience. Flexibility and an open-minded approach to trying various resources ensure that learners not only overcome challenges but also find joy and satisfaction in their journey to master the Japanese language. Staying motivated throughout the journey of learning Japanese is a crucial aspect of language acquisition. Language learning is a marathon, not a sprint, and plateaus and moments of frustration are entirely normal. To maintain motivation, learners should set realistic, achievable goals that provide a sense of accomplishment. Celebrating small victories, such as mastering a challenging grammar point or successfully holding a basic conversation, helps reinforce the progress made. It's essential to recognize that language proficiency develops gradually, and each step forward, no matter how small, contributes to the overall learning experience. Building a sense of community can be a powerful motivator. Connecting with other Japanese learners through language exchange programs, online forums, or local meetups provides a supportive environment to share experiences and encouragement. Engaging with authentic Japanese content, such as movies, music, and literature, also adds an element of enjoyment to the learning process. Additionally, incorporating variety into the study routine, trying new learning methods, or setting thematic challenges can inject excitement and prevent monotony. By staying adaptable, maintaining a positive mindset, and fostering a passion for the language, learners can navigate challenges more effectively and find sustained motivation throughout their Japanese language journey. Finding opportunities to practice Finding opportunities to practice speaking and listening in Japanese is crucial for language fluency. While studying grammar and vocabulary is essential, practical application through conversation is where true proficiency blossoms. Joining conversation groups, either in person or online, provides a structured and supportive environment for learners to engage in dialogues, receive constructive feedback, and enhance their communication skills. Language exchange platforms, such as Tandem or HelloTalk, connect learners with native speakers, fostering reciprocal learning experiences that expose individuals to real-life language nuances and cultural expressions. Embracing a proactive approach to practice, learners can seek out language partners or participate in language exchange events within their local communities. Conversing with native speakers not only hones pronunciation and comprehension but also provides insights into colloquial expressions and cultural contexts. Additionally, utilizing language learning apps with speech recognition features allows for solo practice and self-assessment. Overcoming the initial hesitations about making mistakes is crucial – it's through these errors that meaningful learning occurs. By actively seeking diverse opportunities to apply their language skills, learners can bridge the gap between theory and practical fluency, fostering a deeper connection with the Japanese language and culture. Understanding and appreciating cultural differences is an integral aspect of mastering the Japanese language. Japan's rich cultural tapestry influences not only the language itself but also the nuances of communication. Learners benefit from immersing themselves in various aspects of Japanese culture, such as literature, movies, and social practices, to develop a contextual understanding of language use. For example, the concept of "wa" (harmony) is deeply ingrained in Japanese society, influencing communication styles that prioritize group harmony over individual expression. By exploring cultural intricacies, learners gain insights into the social dynamics that shape language interactions and adapt their communication style accordingly. Cultural awareness extends beyond language nuances and affects everyday interactions. Politeness and respect are highly valued in Japanese culture, evident in the intricate system of honorifics (keigo). Learners grasp the significance of these cultural expressions through exposure to authentic materials and experiences, helping them navigate social situations with sensitivity. Embracing cultural differences not only enhances language proficiency but also fosters a genuine connection with Japanese society, enabling learners to engage meaningfully with native speakers and navigate the diverse social landscapes inherent to the language. Cultural Differences Remember, every language learner faces challenges. 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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition of persistent mental and emotional distress occurring as a result of injury or severe psychological shock, typically involving disturbance of sleep and constant vivid recall of experience, with dulled responses to others and to the outside world. Symptoms typically include nightmares or flashbacks, avoidance of situations that bring back the trauma, heightened reactivity to stimuli, anxiety or depressed mood. The condition may last months or years, with triggers that can bring back memories of the trauma accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions. PTSD is fairly common in the US; more than 3 million cases are diagnosed per year. Of motor vehicle accident survivors, 9% develop PTSD. Research conducted to identify at-risk individuals disclosed the following: Pre-existing factors for the likelihood of development of post motor vehicle accident PTSD include: Accident related variables: Post-accident predictors are: The difference between MVA-related PTSD is an increased likelihood of being injured or developing chronic pain syndrome. As a result, many people rely on their primary care physicians for treatment and do not seek out psychological treatment for some time. It is important to identify PTSD symptoms early and seek appropriate psychological treatment so symptoms to not become chronic. Behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and medications have proven effective for treating MVA-related PTSD. It may also be useful for the claimant to work with a chronic pain specialist to help manage the physical pain caused by injury. These treatments can be provided in conjunction with one another. To learn more about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Civil Litigation, register for our complimentary luncheon presentations by Terence Young, PsyD, a Board Certified Neuropsychologist scheduled to take place on October 19th at Rare on the Square in Madison, and October 26th at the Capital Grille in Milwaukee. See our Seminars/Events page for more information and to register. These presentations will offer CLE credit and space is limited, so register today! In the UK, the “whiplash capital of Europe,” for every single accident reported, there are 2.7 claims for whiplash damages. In the United States, whiplash injuries make up for 25% of payments made by insurance companies, with approximately $2.7 billion being paid out annually. So, it is clear that whiplash is a claim to be reckoned with. So, what exactly is whiplash? Whiplash is caused by the head’s jerking action pulling muscles and ligaments beyond their typical range of motion, causing fibers to tear. Torn fibers in muscle or tendon is termed a “strain.” If it involves a ligament, it is referred to as a “sprain.” Whiplash often involves a combined strain and sprain. A whiplash injury can involve cervical muscles, intervertebral joints, disks, ligaments and/or nerve roots. Most often it is limited to soft-tissue injury. However, whiplash injuries can be complex and could include many related problems such as joint dysfunction, disk herniation, nervous system problems, chronic pain, and cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms of whiplash become apparent usually within the first 24 hours following the accident, but typically appear within the first six to 12 hours. Symptoms can continue to get worse days after the injury. Common symptoms often include neck pain and stiffness, and headaches that usually start at the base of the skull. Other symptoms might include: dizziness, pain that hurts more with neck movement, fatigue, loss of range of motion in the neck, tingling or numbness in the arms, and/or tenderness or pain in the upper back, shoulder or arms. Risk factors for whiplash include degenerative disease, pre-existing health problems, vehicle size, headrest position, position of head at impact, and age. Women and children are more seriously injured then men because they have smaller necks. Not using the shoulder harness and failure to wear a seatbelt greatly increase the risk of whiplash injury. So, how is whiplash treated? Usually, recovery is complete within the first few months, though some people experience ongoing symptoms. Generally, symptoms that extend beyond six months are considered chronic. Typically, treatment includes pain medication and special exercises to help increase range of motion in the neck. Here are some interesting facts about whiplash: Want to learn more about Whiplash? Register to attend the 2017 Advanced Topics in Civil Litigation. For more information or to register, click here. Medical Systems recently held a lunch and learn at Lombardi’s Steakhouse in Appleton, Wisconsin at which hand surgery expert Jan Bax, M.D. discussed common hand injuries. During his presentation, Dr. Bax alerted attendees to a recent white paper from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (“AAOS”) that reports a moderate level of medical evidence links computer use to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome (see p. 222). As Dr. Bax pointed out, the paper was published in the last couple of months so its ultimate effect in the worker’s compensation arena is undetermined. Nevertheless, Dr. Bax expressed concern that the paper will lead to renewed carpal tunnel syndrome claims based on repetitive computer use (keyboarding and mouse use). He noted this is especially troublesome because the hand surgery section of the AAOS considers it a settled issue that computer use does not cause carpal tunnel syndrome. The white paper assigns levels of evidence supporting the various factors that are sometimes alleged to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. The highest level of evidence is “strong,” which requires consistent evidence from two or more high quality studies. The second highest level of evidence is “moderate,” which requires consistent evidence from two or more moderate quality studies or evidence from a single high quality study. This is the level of evidence the AAOS finds for the position that computer use causes carpal tunnel syndrome. The second lowest level of evidence is “limited,” which requires consistent evidence from two or more low quality studies, one moderate study, or insufficient/inconsistent evidence recommending for or against the diagnosis. The lowest level of evidence is “consensus,” which requires that there is no reliable evidence but rather is based on unsupported clinical opinion. As Dr. Bax noted, finding that moderate evidence supports the link between computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome is troubling because it is actually is a high level of evidence and may sway triers of fact despite the nearly uniform position of actual hand surgery specialists that there is no such causal link. This is especially true given the findings in some of the research cited. Coggon, et al., specifically stated that there was an “absence of association with the use of computer keyboards” and noted this “is also consistent with the findings overally from other research.” The researchers concluded that “obesity and diabetes, and the physical stresses to tissues from the use of hand-held vibratory tools and repeated forceful movements of the wrist and hand, all cause impaired function of the median nerve” but that computer keyboard probably only focuses attention on symptoms without being injurious to the tissues of the wrist. Coggon, et al. seem to support a more nuanced relationship between computer keyboard use and carpal tunnel syndrome than is portrayed in the AAOS white paper. Likewise, Eleftheriou, et al. studied the link between computer keyboard use and carpal tunnel syndrome but related the following disclaimer: One limitation is related to [the study’s] cross-sectional design which does not allow us to conclude if the association between cumulative exposure to key-board use is of causative nature. The study included workers present when the study was formed, which implies a possible selection bias as is the case in all cross-sectional studies, especially if the study population was affected by high turn-over. It’s a limitation of our study that we don’t have data on actual turn-over of the staff…Further, we didn’t control for possible confounding factors like anthropometric characteristics of the wrist… Eleftheriou, et al. reported only “a possible association between cumulative exposure to keyboard strokes and the development of [carpal tunnel syndrome]…” They specifically noted that additional studies need to be done to verify their results and to address causality. The AAOS white paper is a troubling development in carpal tunnel syndrome worker’s compensation cases since it potentially throws into question the settled opinion among hand surgery specialists that keyboard use does not cause carpal tunnel syndrome. As Dr. Bax noted at the recent Medical Systems lunch and learn, it is too early to tell exactly what the effects of the paper will be, though they are not likely to be positive. In the event that the AAOS white paper is cited to support work-related carpal tunnel syndrome cases among keyboard users, it will be critical to choose experts who understand and can explain the limitations of the evidence on which the paper relies. Without an expert who will vigorously question and thoroughly refute the evidence, the AAOS white paper is likely to carry more weight in keyboard-related carpal tunnel syndrome claims than it otherwise should. Last week psychiatrist Jeffrey Zigun, M.D. and psychologist Brad Grunert, Ph.D. spoke at Medical Systems’ 2016 Advanced Medical Topics in Civil Litigation Symposium on mild traumatic brain injury. Three topics came up repeatedly during the individual experts’ presentations and in the follow-up panel discussion: The answers to the first two of the three issues are surprisingly simple, while the answer to the third is, or at least can be, much more complicated. With respect to the question of whether mild traumatic brain injuries can get worse over time, the simple answer according to the experts is “no.” Both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert were clear in their statement that recovery from mild traumatic brain injury follows a predictable recovery. The physical injury to the brain itself reaches maximum medical improvement within a year and all expected improvements in functioning occur within two years of the injury. This is significant because a number of participants in the seminar reported scenarios in which a claimant/plaintiff experienced a precipitous decrease in functioning 12, 18, or even 24+ months after the initial injury. In at least some cases, the decrease in functioning was measured on neuropsychiatric testing and was deemed not to be malingering. Both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert were clear in their presentations and in the panel discussions that such a decrease in functioning would not be due to an underlying mild traumatic brain injury, even if the injury were permanent. Brain injuries get better over time; they don’t yo-yo up and down or suddenly get worse after a period of improvement. Unfortunately, a decrease in functioning after a period of improvement can still be related to the accident. More on this later. One of the more interesting aspects of the symposium was the discussions about the role of intelligence in recovery from a mild traumatic brain injury. The experts both stressed that intelligence is enormously important in assessing how individuals will recover from permanent mild traumatic brain injury. The reason is that those with more intelligence have more to lose before the loss of function becomes a significant impairment. The example Dr. Grunert used was an academic researcher: she may have some memory impairment following a mild traumatic brain injury, but it may only mean that she has to look up citations she previously had memorized. This will obviously add some time to her research, but it will not impair the quality of the research itself or her ability to write. On the other hand, a factory worker who has to follow a specific procedure when operating a dangerous machine will have no margin for error. If her memory was on the lower end of average to begin with, losing any amount of memory function could cause her to be unable to follow the specific procedure when operating machinery. Since there is no margin of error, the factory worker’s memory impairment would cost her the ability to do her job. Hence, one point both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert made was that impairment following mild traumatic brain injury is often different for persons of high intelligence than it is for persons of lower intelligence. The trickiest question the experts dealt with is how to determine the fact of a traumatic brain injury. In many cases a person hits their head and the symptoms of concussion are obvious. These might include brief loss of consciousness, dizziness, retrograde and/or anterograde amnesia, headache, wooziness, etc. In other cases the fact of injury might be less obvious. Perhaps the person did not strike their head in a motor vehicle crash, but reported some symptoms consistent with mild traumatic brain injury. Further complicating matters are cases where there is a preexisting history of psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, or other psychological diagnoses. In all cases, Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert stressed the importance of early neuropsychological testing. Dr. Grunert noted that neuropsychological testing has a high degree of reliability and specificity. In addition, neuropsychological testing is good at ferreting out malingering from legitimate claims. Early testing also establishes a baseline from which test results should not decline in mild traumatic brain injury. As the experts and the audience discussed, often the fact of injury is not an issue at the beginning of a claim, though. Instead, the fact of injury becomes an issue after a year or more. Usually, this seems to occur as a result of a decline in functioning, whether supported through neuropsychiatric testing or not. As the experts agreed, simply because a person declines in functioning after a mild traumatic brain injury should have stabilized does not mean that they are not continuing to suffer from a permanent brain injury or that the decline in function is not legitimate or related to the accident. Both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert agreed that a decline in functioning a year or more after a mild traumatic brain injury only means that the brain injury itself is probably not responsible for the decline in functioning. Instead, they pointed to psychological conditions as often being the culprit. When the audience heard this, many persons wanted to know if the psychological conditions would be related to the accident, especially if there was a preexisting history. As Dr. Zigun noted numerous times, it depends. For example, Dr. Zigun addressed the simple fact that many of the drugs used to treat psychological conditions also have positive effects on the sequelae from traumatic brain injury. Take SSRIs, commonly used to treat depression. Dr. Zigun pointed out that one symptom of depression is memory impairment, which is also a symptom of mild traumatic brain injury. SSRIs help alleviate memory impairment in both depression and mild traumatic brain injury. Dr. Zigun noted that if a person is diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury, they may very well end up on an SSRI. Once the brain injury stabilizes, the person may be weaned off the SSRI. However, if the person has simultaneously developed depression, weaning her from the SSRI may cause a decrease in functioning related to the depression, including worsening memory impairment. Both experts agreed that the decrease in functioning in such a case could be legitimate but that it would not be related to the mild traumatic brain injury. How, then, can we determine if a decline in functioning relates to the accident? The answer, unfortunately, is not clear cut. The experts stressed that to evaluate whether a decline in functioning, once determined to be legitimate and not malingering, relates to an accident, the analysis essentially looks to the totality of the circumstances to attempt to parse out the causal factors. The case a number of audience members brought up was the situation in which there is a preexisting history of a psychological condition such as depression which is determined to be the reason for the post-accident decline in functioning. Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert agreed that it is exceptionally difficult to determine whether the development of a psychological condition is accident-related. They noted that many factors could cause the onset of depression episode that would be related to the accident. For example, if the mild traumatic brain injury caused a memory impairment that prevents the injured person from returning to work, it would not be unusual for the person to develop depression. The depression would not be caused by the brain injury itself, but rather would be the result of the job loss, which resulted from the brain injury. On the other hand, if the injured person has recovered well and is coping with any residual impairments from the brain injury, the depression is likely to be independent of the brain injury. The bottom line is that declines in psychological functioning in the context of a permanent mild traumatic brain injuries present challenging cases for experts in which causation can only be determined by assessing the totality of the circumstances. Mild traumatic brain injuries can present vexing cases for claims professionals. As Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert discussed, mild traumatic brain injuries can be diagnosed and treated effectively, even in the case of concomitant psychological conditions. We are grateful for their participation in Medical Systems’ 2016 Advanced Medical Topics in Civil Litigation Symposium and for the many insights they shared with our audience. I do beguile the thing I am by seeming otherwise. -Iago in Othello, II.2.122-3. Shakespeare’s Othello, while ostensibly about the titular character and his wife, Desdemona, centers on English literature’s most notorious and effective liar, Iago, a character so perplexingly foul as to cause Samuel Taylor Coleridge to describe him as “motiveless malignity,” evil for only evil’s sake. Since most of us have long since forgotten our high school and college lit classes, a brief recap: Othello saves Venice from a Genoan invasion and is elevated to general. He also wins the heart of the Doge’s daughter, Desdemona, and marries her. Iago ostensibly hates Othello because he passed him over for a promotion to lieutenant. He hatches a plan to convince Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful, which he successfully executes through a series of lies and half-truths, manipulating the other characters like a puppeteer. Iago ultimately convinces Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful, whereupon he kills her and commits suicide (the play being, after all, a tragedy). To Coleridge, the greatest imaginable horror is not the overtly hostile brute, but rather the deceiver. The reason is that the challenge of the hostile brute, while perhaps significant, is open and obvious. We know what to expect and can prepare to deal with it. The deceptive person is exponentially worse because we often have no idea that we are being deceived or that the person is deceptive. We have no chance to prepare because we have no expectation of malfeasance or misbehavior. Hence, in the play Othello unwittingly considers Iago to be his truest friend while Iago leads him to his demise. Human biology suggests Coleridge was right to fear liars. We became spectacularly successful because of our ability to cooperate and trust one another. It is how we went from hunter-gatherers to denizens of today’s massive and massively complex technological society. Deceit directly assaults our social nature and causes us to question the motives of everyone with whom we interact. This is particularly harmful for social beings whose existential success depends on cooperation. As a result, our inherently social nature makes us particularly poor at detecting deception. Despite the fact that we are not very good lie detectors, we often think that we are. While liars are popularly depicted as either furtive bundles of nerves and sweat or overconfident and suave psychopaths, in truth all persons lie to varying degrees and there is no one personality type that is particularly adept at being deceitful. Studies generally find that we are poor lie detectors. We often think that traits like Machiavellianism, psychopathy, or narcissism make a person a more effective liar; however, research finds that persons having these personality traits are neither particularly effective liars nor particularly effective lie detectors. About the only things we know for sure about lying are that, “the ability to lie well correlates with an ability to better detect deception in others; and the control of response latency difference when lying may be the key to producing successful lies and detecting those lies in others.” Contrary to media portrayals, liars cannot be stereotyped. Also, the popular belief that persons lying give off telltale signs of deception is simply untrue. If a person wants to lie, chances are no one will notice. The problem of deceit in traumatic brain injury is particularly vexing since there are limited objective measures available to differentiate between legitimate claims and malingering or symptom magnification. To give an idea of the scope of the problem, research has demonstrated symptom magnification or malingering likely occurs in about 40% of mild head injury claims. This presents difficulties for both insurers and legitimately injured claimants. Insurers are understandably wary of paying claims for which little or no objective evidence exists and high rates of symptom magnification and malingering exist. Claimants get frustrated when insurers question their claims because they suffered an injury for which limited diagnostic tests are available. Both insurers and claimants would be served best if there was a reliable way to differentiate legitimate traumatic brain injury from malingering or symptom magnification. The question is whether there is such a reliable way to do so. The good news is that advances in neuroimaging are beginning to differentiate how physically injured brains function versus uninjured brains and brains of persons with psychological conditions. For example, a July 2015 study published at PLoS ONE described differences in single photon emission computed tomography (“SPECT”) scans between persons suffering from traumatic brain injury versus posttraumatic stress disorder. The study specifically concluded that “hypoperfusion in the orbitofrontal cortex, temporal poles, and anterior cingulum are consistent with the most frequent findings in the TBI literature” while “increases in the limbic structures, cingulum, basal ganglia, insula, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobes” were noted in subjects with PTSD. The authors report that SPECT scans may be able “to differentiate TBI from PTSD with sufficient sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to incrementally enhance clinical decision-making.” The bad news is that we are just at the cusp of the neuroimaging revolution. This means doctors cannot simply order a SPECT scan (or any other imaging study) and state to a reasonable degree of medical certainty whether a particular patient is suffering from a particular condition based on the results of the scan. More research will be needed before imaging studies can be relied on to differentiate between the fact of injury and the type of injury being claimed. Though the news on the neuroimaging front is encouraging, until it becomes medically accepted as a diagnostic tool we will have to rely on clinical examination and testing to assess whether a particular patient is suffering from a TBI, a psychological injury, or is attempting to deceive us. So can we determine if a claimant is trying to deceive us with clinical examination and testing? First, it is useful to define exactly what malingering is. According to the American Psychiatric Association, malingering is “the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives…” In the case of malingering in a personal injury claim, the external incentive is to obtain compensation from the tort system. It is also useful to know that the vast majority of mild traumatic brain injury resolves within 6 months. Most mild traumatic brain injuries are unremarkable events that are self-limiting and require little active care. In most cases, a person suffering a mild traumatic brain injury will get better no matter what they do and whether they seek treatment or not. The symptoms of traumatic brain injury are nonspecific and include memory loss, attention deficits, mood changes, anxiety, and headache. These symptoms are also present in psychological conditions such as depression and PTSD and are so nonspecific as to be easily feigned. Fortunately, neuropsychological testing “can identify those who exaggerate or fake with moderately high levels of sensitivity and specificity.” One of the chief ways of detecting feigners is through the use of tests or indices that measure effort or intentional failure. These include the Test of Memory Malingering (“TOMM”), the Word Memory Test, the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias, the Portland Digit Recognition Test, and the Victoria Symptom Validity Test. For example, the TOMM has been found to have a 100% positive predictive power (the likelihood that a person has the condition when a test detects the condition) and a 90% negative predictive power (probability that a person does not have the condition when a test does not detect the condition). Researchers noted that “these statistics indicate that we can be 90% confident that a person gave good effort when he or she scored above the suggested cutoff value (for suboptimal performance). On the other hand, when a participant scored below the cutoff, we can have 100% confidence that he or she performed suboptimally.” Interested in learning more about traumatic brain injuries and how to tell legitimate claims from illegitimate ones? Attend Medical Systems’ Advanced Medical Topics in Civil Litigation Symposium where Dr. Marc Novom and Dr. Brad Grunert will tackle traumatic brain injury from medical and psychological perspectives to give you their insights on how they analyze these claims and what you can do to manage them more effectively. What is it about shoulders? They seem to cause an inordinate amount of problems, especially when the rotator cuff is involved. And invariably, there is a question as to whether a shoulder claim involves an acute injury, an acute aggravation of a preexisting condition, an occupational injury, or the mere manifestation of a preexisting condition. One of the biggest challenges in claims is determining whether and to what extent a shoulder condition is work-related. Unfortunately, this task is often difficult for physicians too. The hallmark of an acute rotator cuff injury is an asymptomatic shoulder, a discernible traumatic event, and immediate pain and weakness. Unfortunately, this type of presentation accounts for less than 10% of all rotator cuff tears according to some literature. In addition, the medical literature suggests that acute rotator cuff tears are underdiagnosed in emergency departments and often attributed to tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, or some combination of all three. To further complicate matters, many other conditions of the shoulder, cervical spine, and peripheral nerve system can produce symptoms that are similar to symptoms occurring in rotator cuff tears. And finally, a somewhat sizable percentage of the population has asymptomatic rotator cuff tears which makes the determination of the etiology of the cuff defect difficult to determine. The best way to assess whether a rotator cuff tear is acute or traumatic is with diagnostic imaging. Numerous studies have found that mid-substance tears are more likely to be acute than insertional tears. The presence of swelling and joint fluid or a hematoma also suggest that a tear is acute. To the contrary, the absence of joint and bursal fluid suggests a chronic tear. The presence of fatty infiltration and the degree of rotator cuff atrophy are also useful findings to assess the chronicity of the tear. Interestingly, at least one study found that the “injury mechanism and the activity at the moment of injury did not correlate with the presence of a rotator cuff lesion,” but also found “a strong age correlation, with a prevalence of RCTs above 50% in patients aged over 50 years…” This study suggests a shockingly high rate of rotator cuff injury resulting from shoulder trauma in persons over 50. The strong correlation between age and rotator cuff tear caused one study’s authors to postulate that “it is even likely that there [is] no such thing as an acute cuff tear without some previous tendon degeneration.” The authors of another study address the complicated relationship between the chronicity and symptomatic nature of rotator cuff tears and note that the “duration of symptoms does not necessarily reflect the duration a patient has had a rotator cuff tear… It is not understood why full-thickness tears become symptomatic in some individuals and not others.” How then, can any physician determine to a reasonable degree of medical certainty if a particular rotator cuff tear relates to the patient’s employment in the absence of diagnostic imaging that suggests a tear is acute? In truth, the answer is that any physician who attributes a symptomatic rotator cuff tear to a workplace injury is most likely engaging in speculation if there is no acute traumatic event and no diagnostic imaging evidence demonstrating that the tear is acute. This doesn’t mean that the tear can’t be acute and work-related, simply that there is no reasonable basis for a physician to determine the exact etiology of the tear to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. In handling claims, it is important to recognize these situations and pose the question to the IME doctor directly as to there is any way, given the current state of evidence-based medicine, to determine what caused a rotator cuff tear (or caused it to become symptomatic) to a reasonable degree of medical certainty in the absence of an acute traumatic event, diagnostic imaging evidence that a tear is acute, or occupational risk factors such as repetitive overhead work. If there are no specific risk factors, no precipitating injury, and no diagnostic imaging evidence of an acute tear, the answer should always be “no.” From a claims perspective, there are several useful things that can be gleaned from the medical literature addressing rotator cuff conditions. First, a definitive assessment of causation in the absence of a discrete, acute precipitating event with imaging evidence demonstrating the presence of an acute tear or an occupational risk factor should be considered impossible. Of course treating surgeons will attempt to relate rotator cuff conditions to workplace injuries that do not meet the above criteria, but it is incumbent from a claims perspective that the IME physician points to the relevant medical literature and explains why it is not possible, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, to determine the etiology of a rotator cuff tear in the absence of the above criteria. Second, it should not come as a surprise if an employee over 40 who says they hurt their shoulder and is told that it is just a strain or tendinitis when they go the ER later discovers she has a rotator cuff tear. The medical literature suggests that clinical examination in the emergency setting underestimate the presence of rotator cuff tears. The relevant study found that in the patient population complaining of an acute shoulder injury who have an inability to perform active abduction above 90° and normal radiographs, more than 50% will have rotator cuff tears. In establishing reserves, if the medical records show normal radiographs coupled with an inability to actively abduct the shoulder above 90°, it may be wise to consider the likelihood of a rotator cuff tear requiring surgical intervention to be 50%. Finally, knowing the different shoulder, neck, and peripheral nerve conditions that have similar symptom constellations to rotator cuff tear will help to assess what the likely diagnosis will be based on the clinical history, examination, and positive findings. Thus, a shoulder complaint that can be localized to the acromioclavicular joint, is more likely to be a shoulder separation or acromioclavicular arthritis than a rotator cuff tear. In another example, a complaint of gradual onset of shoulder pain with weakness that is especially noticeable during sleeping hours is likely to be a chronic rotator cuff tear or advanced impingement syndrome than an acute rotator cuff injury. The bottom line is that shoulder injuries are often difficult claims, especially when they involve rotator cuffs. Knowing the medical literature about how rotator cuff tears occur and what suggests acute versus chronic tears can help guide the claims analysis. To learn more about the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of rotator cuff tears, join us on February 26, 2015 for the Medical Systems Advanced Medical Topics in Worker’s Compensation in Brookfield, Wisconsin at which Dr. Bartlett will give an in-depth presentation on acute shoulder injuries. Claim handlers and legal professionals alike will gain valuable information on what claims will likely be compensable and what medical information can be used to defend against those which should not be compensable. The employee is a delivery driver and is in a rollover accident. Miraculously she suffers only minor injuries in the crash. However, she hits the inside part of her right leg near her knee in the rollover and now, 18 months after the rollover, she still can’t go back to regular duty because she has a permanent foot drop. Another employee gets his hand stuck in the machine he works on. The broken bones heal and the tendons are repaired. Unfortunately, it has been difficult returning him to work because he complains of burning pain every time he touches anything with the injured hand and his doctor has permanently restricted him to one-handed work. What do these claims have in common? Peripheral nerve injuries. Peripheral nerve injuries are complicated, slow-healing, and often result in permanency. Why are they so complicated and what you can do to make peripheral nerve injury claims go as smoothly as possible? In this short primer, we hope to answer some of these questions. To understand why nerve injuries are so challenging, it helps to know some basic nerve physiology. Nerve cells (neurons) are essentially made up of little factories (axons) that produce chemicals (neurotransmitters) which mediate the electrical signals each nerve cell sends (axon) and receives (dendrite). Nerve cells are not physically connected to each other and must send the electrical signals across a gap (synapse) to the next nerve cell (dendrite). The axon of each nerve cell is encased in fatty cells (myelin) that increase the rate at which electrical signals are transmitted between nerve cells. Branching extensions of the nerve cells (dendrites) receive the electrical signal from the axon of an adjacent nerve cell and transmit the signal to the axon for further transmission. A failure of any part of this process will disrupt the nerve cell’s functioning and cause sensory or motor problems or both. Unfortunately, nerve injuries take a long time to heal and often heal poorly because of the complex, compound, and disconnected nature of nerve cells. Nerve injuries are categorized according to the degree to which the nerve cells are compromised. There are two classification systems – one use three categories and one using six categories. This post will use the simpler, three part system because it is more concise (the six part system breaks second degree injuries into four subcategories based on the seriousness of the injury). In first degree injuries, or neurapraxia, the nerve remains intact but its signaling ability is damaged. Ordinarily persons suffering first degree injuries recover completely without residual sensory or motor impairment. In second degree injuries, or axonotmesis, the axon is damaged but the surrounding connective tissues remain intact. Recovery takes longer than in first degree injuries, but complete recovery without residual sensory or motor impairment is still the general rule. In third degree injuries, or neurotmesis, both the axon and the surrounding connective tissue are damaged. Recovery is exceptionally long in third degree injuries and typically results in some residual sensory or motor impairment. In addition, surgery is often necessary to restore function in third degree injuries. The alternate classification system essentially divides the axonotmesis category into four parts based on the severity of the insult to the axon. We will focus on third degree injuries because they are the most difficult to treat and usually result in permanency. In a third degree nerve injury both the axon and supporting connective tissue are injured. This means that the nerve cell must regenerate both the axon and its supporting structure. The regeneration is complicated by a post-injury process called Wallerian degeneration. Approximately 24-36 hours after the initial injury, the axonal injury disintegrates, the myelin sheath degrades, and macrophages and Schwann cells remove the cellular debris from the injury. In third degree injuries, the supporting connective tissue (endoneurium), which is a tubular structure containing individual axonal fibers, is severed. This causes problems because regenerating axonal fibers may meander into surrounding tissue or inappropriate neural tubes, thus failing to reinnervate their proper end organs. The resulting loss of function is analogous to what would happen in a marionette show if the strings to the marionette controllers are cut and then randomly reattached, sometimes to the correct controller, sometimes to the incorrect controller. Nothing really works right. When nerve cells start regenerating after Wallerian degeneration, the process is slow. Within four days of the injury, the injured axons start sending sprouts toward the neurolemma (tube comprised of Schwann cells surrounding the axon). Schwann cells produce growth factors that attract the sprouts. If a sprout reaches a neurolemma, it grows into the tube and advances approximately 1 mm per day until it reaches and reinnervates the target tissue. Surgery may be necessary to guide the sprouts into the neurolemma when the gap is too wide or scar tissue has formed. This regeneration and repair phase can last many months. Human peripheral neurons are capable of initiating a regenerative response for at least 12 months after an injury. Hence, it can be well after a year from the date of injury before a treating physician or an IME doctor will be able to place a patient who sustained a peripheral nerve injury at maximum medical improvement. Further complicating matters, third degree injuries do not usually heal completely. Several factors can contribute to an incomplete recovery. First, intramuscular fibrosis (scarring) may hinder the muscle contraction a nerve impulse produces. Erroneous cross-reinnervation may result in impaired functioning (the marionettes with crossed strings). The imperfect regeneration also results in sensory deficits, especially in proprioception (how the body perceives itself in space), that rarely go away completely. Even in first and second degree nerve injuries, sensory recovery often takes 6-12 months, so determining whether and to what degree permanent sensory impairment has resulted can take a year or more post-injury. The site of the injury itself and the regeneration process can result in the development of neuromas or gliomas, which can increase pain and disability. If surgical realignment or stump approximation does not occur, the migration of axoplasm may form a neuroma, which is an errant scaffolding (structure) for axonal migration. Essentially, the strands of axonal fibers get tangled as they seek the distal nerve stump, forming a ball of connective tissue and axonal fibers. While some neuromas cause no problems, many are painful and impair functioning. Treatment and rehabilitation following peripheral nerve injury present their own challenges. For example, in nerve injuries with extensive damage a graft may be needed to connect the two ends of viable nerve. Using a graft will leave the patient with a large area of numbness that the donor nerve previously innervated. The size of this area of numbness will shrink over time, but will not go completely away resulting in residual permanency for loss of sensation at a site remote from the injury. In addition, nerve regeneration itself can be uncomfortable and accompanied by paresthesia (pins and needles) as the target tissue is reinnervated. Some of the direct consequences of peripheral nerve injury included: Unfortunately neuropathic pain is not well-understood and is difficult to treat. Anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants are the most popular drugs for neuropathic pain. “Complete relief is very difficult and only 40-60% of patients achieve partial relief.” The persistence and refractory nature of neuropathic pain causes psychological distress and is difficult to understand for persons who are accustomed to the way more typical musculoskeletal pain responds to conventional analgesic medications. From a claims standpoint, neuropathic pain presents great impediments to returning claimants to work because claimants are conditioned to equate pain with physical disability and loss of function, but neuropathic pain frequently does not impair function and is only disabling from a psychological perspective (not to diminish the psychological distress that neuropathic pain causes). It is critical for return to work efforts that the treating physicians and occupational/physical therapists convey the distinction between neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain to the claimant to avoid protracted disability beyond the period of actual physical impairment caused by the injury. Weakness and loss of function are common complications of third degree nerve injuries because even in the best case scenario nerve regeneration is imperfect. As noted above, weakness and loss of function result from many complicating factors including slow regrowth causing irreparable muscle atrophy, imperfect regrowth resulting in loss of function, and the presence of scar tissue in the muscle preventing normal contracture. This presents challenges to the claim handler who must attempt to gauge return to work, appropriate rehabilitation, and permanent partial disability. EMG can determine the rate at which nerves are growing and muscles are reinnervating, but functional use/restoration will lag behind reinnervation. The reinnervated muscles have been without innervation for a time, so the body must relearn how to use the muscles again which takes time. In addition, the muscles are usually reinnervated imperfectly, so the body is not only relearning how to use the newly innervated muscles, but it is also learning a new neural pattern of action. The body cannot rely on muscle memory to speed the relearning process because the newly configured reinnervation is different than it was before, meaning muscle memory itself is altered or lost. Some studies have found that conservative therapies can be used alone or in conjunction with surgery to help restore function in peripheral nerve injuries. Laser phototherapy “maintains functional activity of the injured nerve for a long period, decreases scar tissue formation at the injury site, decreases degeneration in corresponding motor neurons of the spinal cord and significantly increases axonal growth and myelinization.” In addition, acupuncture has been found to be an effective treatment modality in improving the rate of recovery. In managing nerve injury claims, it is important to know what therapies work and what do not. Effective claim handlers should be conversant in treatment modalities that can hasten recovery and improve ultimate function so they can ensure patients with peripheral nerve injuries receive the treatment that will get them to an end of healing the fastest and will minimize the inevitable permanent partial disability rating. Even with effective conservative treatment modalities such as laser phototherapy or acupuncture, recovering function and building strength in peripheral nerve injuries are long and arduous processes that require skilled therapy and a motivated patient. If either variable is lacking, recovery is likely to be compromised. A supreme difficulty for claim handlers is managing the nerve injury case where either the employee lacks motivation or their choice of treating therapist appears to be wanting in some fashion. Early engagement in the claim can help foster a “can do” attitude in the injured worker and a positive relationship with the therapist so that he or she pushes the worker and provides the highest and best evidence-supported rehabilitative care. The Medical Systems, Inc. “Advanced Topics in Worker’s Compensation Symposium” will address these and other issues related to severe, acute industrial injuries to the hand and wrist with Dr. Jan Bax. Join us to learn why severe hand and wrist injuries present such difficult challenges, what the best medical and surgical treatments of these injuries are, and what strategies you can utilize to help claimants get the best physical recovery and (in the process) lower your costs.	<urn:uuid:45bf8f25-f162-4a0a-854b-29a81515c49d>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.medicalsystemsusa.com/Category/SeminarsandContinuingEducation	2024-03-05T01:27:52Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00485.warc.gz	en	0.947978	9,096	2.71875	3	[ 52, 511, 17, 3821, 408, 1531, 1751, 3706, 421, 5183, 5197, 13, 316, 261, 2057, 289, 9148, 1993, 291, 3167, 9782, 8160, 352, 261, 1636, 289, 4051, 361, 3103, 5468, 8133, 16, 2437, 6672, 9297, 515, 289, 1954, 291, 3453, 385, 927, 10430, 289, 1432, 16, 360, 295, 346, 1041, 5729, 292, 1548, 291, 292, 268, 2856, 887, 18, 6915, 2437, 1226, 3018, 2647, 379, 361, 8056, 9115, 16, 1833, 515, 289, 3887, 336, 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Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition that primarily affects the face, causing redness and visible blood vessels. It often begins with episodes of flushing and can progress to persistent redness, acne-like bumps, and thickened skin. Understanding the nature of rosacea and its symptoms is essential for effectively managing this condition. What is Rosacea? Rosacea is a skin disorder that typically manifests on the central areas of the face, including the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. It is characterized by facial redness and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as stinging or burning sensations, visible blood vessels, and the development of small, red bumps or pustules. The exact cause of rosacea is still unknown, but factors such as genetics, immune system dysfunction, and certain environmental triggers are believed to play a role in its development. While rosacea can affect anyone, it is more commonly observed in individuals with fair skin and a family history of the condition. Common Symptoms of Rosacea Rosacea presents with various symptoms that can vary in severity from person to person. Some of the most commonly observed symptoms include: - Facial redness: Persistent redness on the central areas of the face, often resembling a blush or sunburn. - Flushing: Episodes of sudden and temporary facial redness, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heat or warmth. - Visible blood vessels: Small, dilated blood vessels that are visible on the surface of the skin. - Bumps and pimples: Development of small, red bumps or pus-filled pimples similar to acne. - Thickened skin: In some cases, the skin may become thicker, especially around the nose, leading to a bulbous appearance. It is important to note that rosacea symptoms can fluctuate and may be triggered by various factors. Identifying these triggers can help individuals manage their condition more effectively. Triggers and Factors that Aggravate Rosacea Rosacea symptoms can be exacerbated by certain triggers and factors, including: - Sun exposure: Prolonged sun exposure and intense heat can lead to flare-ups of rosacea symptoms. It is crucial to protect the skin from the sun by wearing broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF and seeking shade when necessary. - Hot beverages and spicy foods: Consuming hot beverages, such as coffee and tea, as well as spicy foods can trigger flushing and worsen rosacea symptoms in some individuals. - Alcohol: Alcohol consumption, particularly red wine and spirits, has been known to trigger rosacea flare-ups. It is advisable for individuals with rosacea to limit their alcohol intake or avoid it altogether. - Stress: Emotional stress and anxiety can contribute to rosacea flare-ups. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, may help alleviate symptoms. - Harsh skincare products: Using harsh cleansers, toners, or exfoliants can irritate the skin and aggravate rosacea. Opt for mild, non-irritating skincare products specifically formulated for sensitive skin. - Extreme temperatures: Exposure to extreme cold or hot weather conditions can trigger rosacea symptoms. Protecting the skin from extreme temperatures and using appropriate clothing or accessories can help minimize flare-ups. Understanding rosacea triggers is crucial in managing the condition and reducing the frequency and severity of flare-ups. By identifying and avoiding these triggers, individuals with rosacea can take proactive steps towards maintaining a more balanced and comfortable complexion. For further information on managing rosacea symptoms, consider reading our article on managing rosacea symptoms. Skincare Tips for Rosacea When it comes to managing rosacea, a consistent and gentle skincare routine can make a significant difference in improving the condition of your skin. Here are some essential skincare tips to help you achieve a flawless complexion: Cleansing is an important step in any skincare routine, especially for individuals with rosacea. However, it’s crucial to choose a cleanser that is gentle and non-irritating. Look for fragrance-free and soap-free cleansers specifically formulated for sensitive skin. When cleansing your face, use lukewarm water and avoid hot water as it can trigger flare-ups. Gently massage the cleanser onto your skin using your fingertips rather than harsh scrubbing motions. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry with a soft towel. Moisturizing for Hydration Moisturizing is essential for individuals with rosacea as it helps to hydrate and soothe the skin. Look for moisturizers that are fragrance-free, hypoallergenic, and non-comedogenic. These formulations are less likely to irritate the skin or clog pores. Choose moisturizers that contain hydrating ingredients like hyaluronic acid or ceramides to help replenish and retain moisture. Apply the moisturizer to your face and neck using gentle upward motions, avoiding any harsh rubbing. Sun Protection and SPF Sun exposure is a common trigger for rosacea flare-ups. Protecting your skin from harmful UV rays is vital in managing the condition. Look for broad-spectrum sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 30. Apply sunscreen generously to all exposed areas of your face and neck, even on cloudy days. Opt for physical sunscreens that contain ingredients like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. These create a protective barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the sun’s rays. Remember to reapply sunscreen every two hours, especially if you are outdoors or sweating. By following these skincare tips, you can help reduce inflammation, soothe your skin, and achieve a flawless complexion. Remember to be consistent with your skincare routine and listen to your skin’s needs. For more information on managing rosacea and reducing redness, check out our article on reducing redness in rosacea. Calming and Soothing Ingredients When it comes to managing rosacea, incorporating calming and soothing ingredients into your skincare routine can help reduce inflammation and promote a clearer complexion. There are both natural remedies and specific ingredients to look for in skincare products that can provide relief for rosacea symptoms. Natural Remedies for Rosacea Natural remedies can be a gentle and effective way to soothe rosacea-prone skin. Here are a few options to consider: Aloe Vera: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, aloe vera can help calm redness and irritation associated with rosacea. Apply pure aloe vera gel to affected areas and leave it on for 15-20 minutes before rinsing off. Green Tea: Green tea contains antioxidants that can help reduce inflammation. Brew a cup of green tea, allow it to cool, and use it as a facial mist or soak a clean cloth in the tea and apply it to your face as a compress. Chamomile: Chamomile has soothing properties that can alleviate redness and inflammation. Steep chamomile tea bags in hot water, let them cool, and then place them on your face for a few minutes. Oatmeal: Oatmeal has anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties. Create an oatmeal mask by mixing ground oatmeal with water to form a paste. Apply the mixture to your face, leave it on for 10-15 minutes, and rinse off with lukewarm water. Remember to patch test any natural remedies before applying them to your entire face to ensure you don’t have any adverse reactions. For more information on natural remedies for rosacea, visit our article on natural remedies for rosacea. Ingredients to Look for in Skincare Products When choosing skincare products for rosacea, it’s important to opt for gentle formulations that are free from potential irritants. Here are some key ingredients to look for: Hyaluronic Acid: Hyaluronic acid is a hydrating ingredient that helps to moisturize the skin without clogging pores. It can soothe dryness and improve the skin’s barrier function. Niacinamide: Niacinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that has anti-inflammatory properties. It can help reduce redness and calm irritated skin. Licorice Extract: Licorice extract contains compounds that can help soothe sensitive skin and reduce redness. It also has antioxidant properties that can protect the skin from environmental stressors. Centella Asiatica: Also known as gotu kola, centella asiatica has anti-inflammatory properties and can help repair and strengthen the skin barrier. Allantoin: Allantoin is a soothing ingredient that helps to calm and protect the skin. It can reduce redness and irritation associated with rosacea. By incorporating skincare products with these calming ingredients into your routine, you can help manage rosacea symptoms and promote a healthier complexion. Remember to always read product labels and patch test new products to ensure compatibility with your skin. For more tips on creating a rosacea-friendly skincare routine, check out our article on rosacea-friendly skincare routine. Makeup Tips for Rosacea For individuals with rosacea, using makeup can help minimize the appearance of redness and create a more even complexion. However, it’s essential to choose the right makeup products and employ specific application techniques to avoid exacerbating the condition. Let’s explore some makeup tips for rosacea that can help you achieve a flawless look. Choosing the Right Makeup Products When selecting makeup products for rosacea-prone skin, it’s crucial to opt for those specifically formulated for sensitive skin. Look for products labeled as “rosacea-friendly” or “suitable for sensitive skin”. These products are typically free of common irritants and have a gentle formulation. Here are some key points to consider when choosing makeup products: Foundation: Choose a lightweight, non-comedogenic foundation with a green tint. Green color corrects redness, helping to neutralize the appearance of flushed skin. Avoid heavy or oil-based foundations, as they can clog pores and worsen the condition. Concealer: Use a creamy concealer with a yellow undertone to counteract redness. Apply it only to areas with visible redness or blemishes, blending it gently with your fingertips or a makeup sponge. Powders: Opt for loose or mineral powders instead of pressed powders. These are less likely to clog pores and can provide a matte finish without exacerbating redness. Blush: Choose blush shades that complement your skin tone and appear natural. Light peachy or pink shades tend to work well for most individuals with rosacea. Apply blush sparingly to the apples of your cheeks, blending it softly to create a subtle flush. Remember to always perform a patch test on a small area of your skin to ensure that the makeup products do not cause any irritation or flare-ups. Application Techniques for Rosacea Proper application techniques can make a significant difference in achieving a natural-looking finish while minimizing the appearance of redness. Here are some application tips for individuals with rosacea: Preparation: Start with a clean and moisturized face. Apply a gentle moisturizer suitable for sensitive skin to create a smooth canvas for makeup application. Allow it to absorb fully before proceeding. Color Correction: If your foundation doesn’t already have a green tint, consider using a green color-correcting primer or a color-correcting concealer on areas of redness before applying foundation. Gently blend the color corrector into the skin for an even base. Light Layering: Instead of applying a thick layer of foundation, opt for light and buildable coverage. Apply a small amount of foundation using a damp makeup sponge or a brush, gradually building up the coverage as needed. This approach helps to avoid a heavy and cakey appearance. Spot Concealing: Use a small concealer brush to apply concealer only on areas with visible redness or blemishes. Pat the concealer onto the skin and blend it gently to avoid rubbing or tugging on the delicate skin. Finishing Touches: Once you’ve applied your foundation and concealer, set your makeup with a light dusting of loose or mineral powder. This helps to extend the longevity of your makeup and minimize shine throughout the day. By following these makeup tips for rosacea, you can achieve a natural-looking complexion while minimizing the appearance of redness. Remember, it’s essential to prioritize skincare and choose makeup products that are gentle and suitable for sensitive skin. Lifestyle Tips for Managing Rosacea Living with rosacea involves more than just skincare. Making certain lifestyle adjustments can help manage the symptoms and reduce flare-ups. Here are some essential lifestyle tips to consider: Stress is known to trigger rosacea flare-ups. Finding effective stress management techniques can help minimize the impact on your skin. Consider incorporating activities such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or engaging in hobbies that promote relaxation. Check out our article on rosacea and meditation for more information. Diet and Nutrition While there is no specific “rosacea diet,” certain dietary choices can potentially aggravate symptoms. It’s important to identify your personal triggers and make adjustments accordingly. Spicy foods, hot beverages, alcohol, and acidic foods have been reported to trigger flare-ups in some individuals. Experimenting with an elimination diet or seeking guidance from a healthcare professional or registered dietitian can be beneficial. Learn more about rosacea diet and nutrition in our comprehensive article. Skincare Routine Adjustments Adapting your skincare routine to accommodate your rosacea is crucial. Opt for gentle, fragrance-free products that are specifically formulated for sensitive skin. Avoid harsh ingredients like alcohol, exfoliants, and abrasive scrubs that can aggravate your skin. Our article on rosacea-friendly skincare routine provides detailed guidance on how to care for your skin. Additionally, incorporating cooling techniques and using soothing products can help calm and reduce redness. Check out our article on cooling techniques for rosacea and soothing products for rosacea for more information. By implementing these lifestyle tips, you can effectively manage your rosacea and reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups. It’s important to remember that what works for one person may not work for another, so it’s essential to listen to your skin and find the strategies that work best for you. Seeking support from rosacea support groups can also provide valuable insights and coping strategies. 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Blog: Blockchains and trust Many have heard how, according to economics, technological development is the main driver for economic growth in the long run. Because of this it has been often assumed that the countries lagging in technology will grow faster in the future compared to the technologically advanced countries, because they can utilize the technology developed in the advanced countries. In real world this hasn’t been the case and the gap between developing countries and developed countries is still large, and in many cases even growing. So why is this? According to former World bank economist Stephen Knack, the biggest single explaining factor for this is trust. This blog post will go over how trust creates efficiency to markets and how blockchain technology can revolutionize the economies of the countries with low trust and lift people up from poverty. Last updated: 10.03.2022 12:34Quick economic framework Through what mechanism does trust create efficiency to economic activity and create wealth? To simplify, when the economic actors can trust the validity of contracts and agreements, it will create better incentives to invest and lower the cost needed for controlling and enforcing contracts. Because the whole economic activity can be described as making contracts between different parties, the effect of high trust will quickly multiply through the whole society. Paul Zak’s and Stephen Knack’s research on the subjects found that a 15% increase in trust increases GDP/capita growth by 1%. Over the years this will multiply with compounded interest and create incredible growth to countries with high trust. Next, let’s briefly model trust effects with economic function that will help visualize the benefit of trust, and examples on how this can be seen in real life. The benefits of trust can be modeled with expected utility function. To simplify, we can think that an economic event can have two possible outcomes, one positive and one negative. The expected utility is the sum of these two outcomes. Take for example the expected benefit of buying a house. In a positive event everything goes as expected and the buyer gets to keep and live in their house. In the negative outcome the buyer for some reason loses their house and with it the money spent on it. The higher the likelihood for the negative outcome is the lower the expected utility will be. This is of course a simplified example, but it helps to understand the mechanism by which higher trust creates efficiency to the economy. When people can trust that the agreement’s other side, for example bank or the state, will follow the terms of the agreement, will this lower the possibility of the negative outcome thus raising the expected utility. However, if there is a high likelihood that the other party will breach the contract terms, the expected utility will fall. In the example of buying a house, a breach of the contract can be for example the bank’s unilateral decision to alter the loan terms, or the expropriation of the house by the state. Buying a house is also a good example on how trust can compound though society. Usually, the buyer will need a loan to buy a house. The higher the trust between the loan applicant and lender is, the cheaper the loan can be. In countries with high trust, people can get very long loans with moderate interest rates from banks. In addition, both the bank and the home buyer can trust that the ownership of the house is secure and provable. If the buyer lives in a county with low trust, the purchase will be considerably harder. Often in these countries the financial institutions are less advanced or even non- existent compared to stable countries. For this reason, getting a loan from the bank can be very hard for many people. The interest rates and loan time will also be significantly worse. In addition to these factors, the trust for example to property rights are considerably lower, as a natural disaster or regime change can destroy the evidence of ownership overnight. This has been the case for example in Haiti, where hurricanes destroyed peoples houses and at same time the evidence of the ownerships and insurances. The World Bank has also drawn attention to this problem. If people can’t trust that their ownership can be proven, the expected utility to invest in long term wealth-building projects will decrease, and slow down the growth of people’s prosperity. Similar examples can be found throughout the economy, where trust between different parties will raise efficiency and utility for all parties. How can trust then be built to achieve this? This is an excellent question, where we haven’t clearly been able to find a permanent answer. But with blockchain technology there has been a different kind of solution. What if we wouldn’t need trust between the parties at all? Blockchains and trust Usually, the trust has been tried to be established by using so-called trusted third parties (TTPs). TTPs are for example banks that handle money transactions, the state offices that are responsible for keeping needed documents safe and up to date, as well as many other institutions. But, like stated before, often trust to these institutions is very hard to build or in some cases they aren’t even trustworthy to all parties. From the development of cryptocurrencies and other blockchain projects have luckily risen many innovations that can help to solve the lack of trust. In short, blockchain is a distributed ledger or database and the data stored into it cannot be later changed. This sounds simple, but it has the potential to revolutionize the world in many ways. Firstly, blockchain can bring financial services to millions, even billions, of people who haven’t had access to them before. Because using cryptocurrencies doesn’t need banks or any other institutions, can anyone who has access to the internet also use cryptocurrencies. In addition to financial services, blockchain technology can better many more services that have required TTPs until now. In many cases blockchain can completely remove the need for TTP. Large percentage of blockchain projects are so-called trustless systems. This means that the systems enable interactions between parties completely unknown to each other without the need to trust the other party or centralized third party. In the centre of these systems are public blockchain, open- source code, that anyone can check and verify if they want, and lastly decentralized governance, which ensures that not a single centralized actor can control how the system operates. This means that users don’t have to trust any single actor because the trust is built into the systems protocol and incentives, on which centralized actors cannot affect. Next, we’ll go through some examples of these kinds of services and how blockchain technology can potentially fix the trust dilemma in them in the future. The trusted institution for currencies is mainly the banking sector and especially the central banks. A big problem for trust is that central banks can create money out of nothing as much as they want and destroy the value of already circulating money with inflation. In addition, using banks to safekeep funds creates risk for bank accounts being frozen or funds to be confiscated, especially in unstable countries. These problems make it more difficult for example to save up for investments. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Litecoin, make it possible to safekeep and transfer assets digitally without the need for a third party. This means that for example people can send remittances without banks, which can charge very high fees for these services. Cryptocurrencies also run predictably following their protocol that no one can change. This removes the uncertainty for unexpected monetary changes. Thanks to these features the person from the previous house buying examples can save their earnings before the purchase, even in unstable countries, without the fear of somebody stealing them or destroying their value with inflation. This means the expected utility of saving money increases as the probability for these negative events decreases. 2. Financial services Banks are considered trusted parties also in many other financial services. These include for example loan services, insurances, and investment services. With DeFi services the home buyer from the previous example can now apply for a loan globally without the need to resort to the local, potentially corrupt, banking sector. In decentralized loan services, such as Aave, everyone can get a loan on the same terms, without the need for the familiar bureaucracy of traditional banking services. Also the fear of sudden unilateral decision to alter loan terms disappears. Loans created with smart contracts cannot be altered after the fact with the lender's decision. These services also increase equality, because the code doesn’t care if the borrower is a farmer from Indonesia or a banker from New York, the service is the same for everyone. This means people aren’t excluded from these financial services, which has been a big problem for especially minorities and women of several countries. This won’t necessarily revolutionize the lives of people living in rich and stable countries, but it can improve the opportunities for people in poor countries with bad financial infrastructure to finance their lives and businesses in unprecedented ways. There are also many DeFi projects, like Synthetix and UMA, that are creating opportunities for these people to invest in more traditional investments like the stock market. Before the internet, investing into stock markets was quite difficult even for many residents in rich countries. With the help of the blockchain technology these services can also be enabled to people in the poorest countries, without bank accounts and without the need for third parties. Blockchain technology thus can remove barriers of entry for financial services and increase their trustworthiness, as they no longer need to be tied to institutions in one's own area. 3. Data markets As a result of digitalisation, data has become an increasingly more valuable and demanded commodity. As a new kind and hard to perceived commodity the ownership and monetisation of data has been however concentrated largely to big tech companies like Google and Meta (previously Facebook). Having data controlled by a single actor, and even on centralized data servers, it will be vulnerable to natural disasters, attacks, and manipulation. Many will remember news about how attacks on centralized cloud servers have led to the data of millions of people, and for example users’ images, and documents, to be stolen by hackers. Many blockchain projects have built services to enable decentralized data storage, in which case data cannot be controlled by centralized entities. When data is distributed to a decentralized global network, an attacker or natural disaster cannot no longer corrupt the data from a single point. This also makes the data more trustworthy because the user doesn’t even need to trust the service provider when the data is stored in a distributed manner into blockchain. In this case no single operator, even the service provider, can manipulate the data, like is the case in current centralized systems. This is also more cost efficient as the data can be stored to users’ idle storage spaces, meaning the users can be also compensated. It is very possible that the current companies dominating the cloud service markets, like Amazon, Google and Microsoft, will also utilize blockchain technology for the services in the future. If they don’t, the competition will ensure that their market share will collapse. By using blockchain and cryptography, user data can also be made better crypted and so that only the owner of the data has the control to share it. For example, a blockchain project called Ontology has been creating a service around this. Already in the near future this technology can be used to improve for example the security of patient records. This allows people to better manage their own data in the future, without the fear of its misuse or falling into wrong hands. 4. Trust in registers Using blockchain to store data creates an opportunity to also improve many governmental activities. When documents and registers are saved into blockchain they remain there securely and without changes even if natural disasters or local conflicts would destroy local infrastructure. When the infrastructure for data maintenance is open and globally distributed, the events in the country cannot destroy it. This makes keeping these registers much more reliable and therefore more beneficial. Several countries have already started utilizing blockchain technology for example maintaining land registers. Of course, just the register doesn’t make sure that governments and state officials will respect these agreements, but blockchain gives the people an excellent tool for more transparency and evidence for these documents. The transparency enabled by blockchains reduces the potential for corruption and forces the administrations to operate more openly and be more trustworthy. Many more examples on how using blockchain technology can improve services that thus far have needed to trust third parties could be listed. Instead let’s recap on what these trustless systems utilizing blockchain could mean for the world. Historically, in stable countries these institutions have created a basis for unprecedented growth for the economy and well-being. Unfortunately, in many unstable areas in the world this hasn’t been the case. Now by using blockchain technology, infrastructure for these services can be built where people don’t need to trust third parties like banks, companies, or governments. These services can be produced and maintained globally in a distributed and open way, so that no single party can stop people from using them. In the future whether the issue is loans or property rights, people don’t have to fear that the side with more power suddenly changes terms of agreement with unilateral decisions or forges documents. Many powerful institutions will most certainly fight against this development. But we can see from history that the resistance against good development is not worth it. We are going to see more and more decentralized services, like Aave, but also centralized companies and governments that will utilize blockchain technology. This competition for people’s trust will be especially beneficial for those who haven’t had the access to utilize trustworthy services and reliable agreements. As the examples in the beginning of the blog showed, when the probability of betrayal of the trust decreases, the expected utility and thus well-being will increase. 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A number of new commercial online services have emerged in recent years, each promising to reshape some aspect of the way Americans go about their lives. Some of these services offer on-demand access to goods or services with the click of a mouse or swipe of a smartphone app. Others promote the commercialized sharing of products or expertise, while still others seek to connect communities of interest and solve problems using open, collaborative platforms. These services have sparked a wide-ranging cultural and political debate on issues such as how they should be regulated, their impact on the changing nature of jobs and their overall influence on users’ day-to-day lives. A national Pew Research Center survey of 4,787 American adults – its first-ever comprehensive study of the scope and impact of the shared, collaborative and on-demand economy – finds that usage of these platforms varies widely across the population. In total, 72% of American adults have used at least one of 11 different shared and on-demand services. And some incorporate a relatively wide variety of these services into their daily lives: Around one-in-five Americans have used four or more of these services, and 7% have used six or more. At the same time, around one-quarter of Americans (28%) say they have not used any major shared or on-demand platforms, and many are wholly unfamiliar with the tools and vocabulary of the new digital economy. For instance, 15% of Americans have used ride-hailing apps like Uber or Lyft, but twice as many have never heard of these apps before. Similarly, 11% of Americans have used home-sharing platforms like Airbnb or VRBO, but roughly half have never heard of home-sharing sites. In addition: - 61% of Americans have never heard of the term “crowdfunding.” - 73% are not familiar with the term “sharing economy.” - 89% are not familiar with the term “gig economy.” Each of these individual platforms has its own unique user base. Still, exposure to these shared, collaborative and on-demand services at a broad level is heavily concentrated among certain demographic cohorts. In particular: College graduates – 39% of college graduates have used four or more of these services, compared with just 8% of those with a high school degree or less. At the same time, around one-quarter of college graduates have used none (11%) or only one (15%) of these services. Those with relatively high household incomes – 41% of Americans with an annual household income of $100,000 or more have used four or more of these services, three times the proportion among households earning less than $30,000 annually. Those under the age of 45 – Exposure to these shared and on-demand services begins to drop off rapidly starting at around age 45. Around one-third of those ages 18-44 have used four or more of these services, and relatively few in this age range have no exposure at all to these services. By contrast, 44% of Americans ages 50 and older (and 56% of those ages 65 and older) have not used any of these 11 platforms. A number of these services – though by no means all of them – are offered primarily in and around urban population centers. And urban and suburban residents are around twice as likely as those living in rural areas to use four or more of these services. At the same time, around one-quarter of urban and suburban dwellers have not used any of the platforms measured in this survey. This report offers a detailed examination of three different services that exemplify the shared, collaborative and on-demand economy: ride-hailing apps, home-sharing platforms and crowdfunding services. Key findings about each of these three services are discussed in more detail below. Ride-hailing apps (used by 15% of American adults) More so than many of the services examined in this survey, ride-hailing apps appeal heavily to younger adults. The median age of adult ride-hailing users in the United States is 33, and 18- to 29-year-olds are seven times as likely to use these services as are those age 65 and older (28% vs. 4%). Ride-hailing use is also heavily concentrated among urban residents (especially younger urbanites and those with relatively high levels of income and educational attainment), while being consistently low among rural residents of all kinds.1 Ride-hailing users’ attitudes toward these services are strongly positive; users are in near-universal agreement that ride-hailing saves them time and stress, and that these services offer good jobs for people who prioritize flexible working hours When presented with a number of attributes that might describe ride-hailing apps, users respond especially strongly to two in particular: 86% of ride-hailing users feel that these services save their users time and stress, while 80% feel that they offer good jobs for those who want flexible working hours. Users also broadly agree that these services could be a good transportation option for older adults with limited mobility, and that they are less expensive than traditional taxi services. Ride-hailing users are more divided on questions such as whether or not these services simply help serve people who already have plenty of transit options available to them, and whether they are a good way to transport unaccompanied minors. But relatively few (11%) think that these services collect too much personal information about their users. And a sizable majority of users feel that these services use drivers that they feel safe riding with (70% feel that this describes these services well, while just 5% disagree). Frequent ride-hailing users are less likely than other Americans to own a car – but also rely heavily on a range of other transit options Some 3% of American adults use ride-hailing apps on a daily or weekly basis, and around two-thirds of these regular ride-hailing users indicate that they own a car or regularly drive a personal vehicle. Although this means that a majority of these regular ride-hailing users are car owners/drivers, they are significantly less likely to own or drive a car than either occasional ride-hailing users or Americans who do not use ride-hailing at all. Yet although they are less dependent on personal vehicle ownership, these regular ride-hailing users rely heavily on a wide range of personal transportation options that go well beyond ride-hailing alone – such as taking public transit, walking or riding a bike, or even using traditional taxi services. To be sure, this trend carries a strong geographic component: For Americans who live far from urban centers, a personal vehicle might be the only available option to get from one place to another. But for those with the option of doing so, ride-hailing apps can serve as one element among many in a network of transportation options that can help reduce users’ reliance on personal vehicle ownership. Ride-hailing users are closely following the debate over the best way to regulate ride-hailing apps – and are extremely reluctant to apply legacy taxi regulations to these new services Just 15% of Americans have used ride-hailing apps themselves, but nearly half of all adults (48%) have heard at least something about the debate happening in cities across the country over how best to regulate these services. Ride-hailing users themselves are following this issue especially closely: Fully 85% of ride-hailing users have heard at least something about this debate, and 39% indicate that they have heard “a lot” about it. When it comes to their views on how to best regulate these services, the public at large is relatively split. Among Americans who have heard of this issue, 42% feel that these services should not be required to follow the same rules and regulations as existing taxi companies when it comes to things like pricing, insurance or disability access; 35% think that they should have to follow these rules, while the remaining 23% are not sure how they feel. But although the engaged segment of the general public is relatively divided, ride-hailing users themselves tend to favor the notion (by a two-to-one ratio) that these services should not have to follow the same rules and regulations as legacy taxi operators. Among ride-hailing users who have heard of this debate, 57% believe that these services should not be required to follow the existing regulations that are in place for incumbent providers, while just 27% believe that existing rules and regulations should in fact apply to these new market entrants. Are they contractors or employees? Employers or platforms? Users have varying views about the relationship between ride-hailing apps and ride-hailing drivers Ride-hailing apps are one of the leading examples of the so-called gig economy, but many users are not entirely clear about the nature of the relationship between these services and the drivers who use them. In the abstract, users tend to view these services as software platforms rather than transportation companies, and they view their drivers as independent contractors rather than employees. Some 58% of ride-hailing users view these apps as software companies that simply connect drivers with people who are looking for a ride, while 30% view them as transportation companies that have a great deal of control over their drivers and the overall customer experience. Similarly, 66% of ride-hailing users think of the drivers who work for these services as independent contractors, while 23% view them as employees of the app or service. At the same time, ride-hailing users place varying degrees of responsibility on drivers and the services themselves when it comes to managing various aspects of the day-to-day customer experience: - 68% of ride-hailing users believe that both drivers and the services themselves should be responsible for making sure that drivers are properly trained. One-quarter (23%) believe this is the sole responsibility of the services, while 8% think it is the responsibility of each individual driver. - 62% of users believe that both drivers and services should be responsible for making sure that the vehicles that customers request are clean and safe. Some 12% think this is the responsibility of the services alone, while 24% think it is up to individual drivers to ensure this. Ride-hailing apps are discussed in detail in Chapter 2 of this report. Home-sharing platforms (used by 11% of adults) Around one-in-ten Americans have used a home-sharing site such as Airbnb or HomeAway to stay in someone’s home for a period of time – and these services appeal to a relatively broad age spectrum in comparison with ride-hailing apps. Americans ages 35-44 are nearly twice as likely as those ages 18-24 to have used home-sharing services (16% vs. 9%), and the median age of home-sharing users in the United States is 42 – nearly a decade older than the median ride-hailing user. Users view these services as a good option for groups traveling together and a good way for homeowners to make extra income; at the same time, many users view these services as best for adventurous travelers, and around one-in-five think of them as risky to use When presented with several attributes that might define home-sharing services, users respond especially strongly to the notion that these services are a good option for families or people who travel as a group (87% of users feel that this describes home-sharing sites well), and that they are a good way for homeowners to earn extra money (85%). At the same time, many users of these sites view home-sharing as something that is perhaps not for everyone. Roughly half of users (53%) say these services are best-suited for adventurous travelers; 42% say the properties on these sites are not always as appealing as they seem online; and around one-in-five (18%) say they are generally risky to use. 37% of home-sharing users have used these services to stay in a shared space in someone’s home Some 37% of home-sharing users report that they have used these services to reserve a single room or other type of shared space in someone’s home (this works out to 4% of all American adults). However, many of these users express some level of reservation about doing so. Some 48% of those who have stayed in this type of shared lodging say they worry about staying with someone they have never met before, and 66% of these users feel that home-sharing services are best for adventurous travelers. In addition, these users are twice as likely to have had a bad experience using home-sharing compared with other users. As was true of ride-hailing, the structure of home-sharing services is difficult for many users to place into the context of the traditional hospitality industry Much like ride-hailing apps in the context of the employer/worker relationship, home-sharing services are structured much differently from traditional hotels – and consumers are not always clear on the precise nature of this new arrangement. Some 58% of home-sharing users indicate that they see these services as software companies whose business is simply connecting people with a spare room or empty house with others who are looking for a place to stay. At the same time, 26% view them as hospitality companies that vouch for the quality of the properties they list and have a good deal of control over the customer experience. And as was also true in the case of ride-hailing, home-sharing users place varying levels of responsibility on homeowners and the services themselves when it comes to managing specific aspects of the day-to-day user experience: - 67% of home-sharing users believe that both individual homeowners and the services themselves should be responsible for making sure that properties are described accurately. Some 8% think it is the sole responsibility of the app or service that people use to book their stay, while one-quarter (23%) believe it is the sole responsibility of individual homeowners. - 57% of users believe that both homeowners and services should be responsible for resolving payment issues between hosts and guests. Some 31% think this is the responsibility of the services alone, while 11% think it is the responsibility of individual homeowners. - 53% of users believe that both homeowners and services should be responsible for addressing problems that might come up during someone’s stay. One-in-ten (10%) believe that this is the sole responsibility of the app or service, while 35% believe it is the responsibility of the homeowner alone. Most home-sharing users are not following the debate over the legal and regulatory status of these services particularly closely; those who are following this issue tend to feel that these services should be legal, and that owners should not have to pay hotel or lodging taxes Much like ride-hailing apps, the legal and regulatory status of home-sharing services has been the subject of much debate in cities around the country. But in contrast to ride-hailing, relatively few Americans have been following the debate over home-sharing services: 22% of Americans have heard something about this issue, with just 6% indicating that they have heard “a lot” about it. Even users of home-sharing services themselves are not following this issue particularly closely: Just 19% of home-sharing users have heard “a lot” about it, while 37% have heard “a little.” But although home-sharing users have not been following the legal debate over these services with nearly the same intensity as their ride-hailing counterparts, those home-sharing users who have been following this issue tend to feel that these services should be both legal and tax-free for owners. Among home-sharing users who are aware of the legal debate over these services, 56% believe that these services should be legal, and that owners should not have to pay any local hotel or lodging taxes; just 31% believe that owners should be able to legally rent out these services but should have to pay taxes for the privilege of doing so. Home-sharing sites are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. Crowdfunding sites (used by 22% of adults) Around one-in-five American adults have contributed to an online fundraising project on a site like Kickstarter or GoFundMe, and 3% of Americans have created their own fundraising project on one of these sites. Most crowdfunding donors have made relatively modest contributions to a handful of projects The overwhelming majority of crowdfunding users have contributed to a handful of projects: Some 87% of donors say they have contributed to a total of five projects or fewer on these sites. And while 62% of donors have given $50 at most to an individual project, relatively large donations are not uncommon: 21% of these donors have given between $51 and $100 to an individual project, 14% have given between $101 and $500, and 3% have donated more than $500 at one time. Contributions to help an individual in need – often a friend or family member – are the most common type of crowdfunding donation Users frequently contribute to crowdfunding projects as a way to help individuals in need. Fully 68% of crowdfunding donors have contributed to a project to help someone facing some sort of hardship or financial challenge, making it the most common type of project of the five evaluated in this survey. In addition to these types of projects: - 34% of crowdfunding donors have contributed to a project to fund a new product or invention. - 32% have contributed to a project for a school. - 30% to a project for a musician or other creative artist. - 10% to a project for a new restaurant or other type of business. Contributions to help someone in need are more often directed toward a person who is already known by the donor, as opposed to a stranger or a public figure. Among those who have contributed to a crowdsourced project to help someone in need, 63% say they have given to help a friend of a friend or an acquaintance, while 62% have contributed to help a close friend or member of their family. By contrast, just 7% of these donors have given to a campaign to assist a public figure, while 28% have given to help someone who was not a public figure but whom they did not know personally. Men and women take a different approach to crowdfunding: Women are more likely to contribute to help someone in need, while men are more likely to fund new products or inventions Men and women differ in a number of ways when it comes to their use of crowdfunding platforms. Male donors are roughly twice as likely as female donors to have contributed to six or more projects, and are also nearly twice as likely to have contributed more than $100 to an individual project. And while women are more likely to contribute to a project to help someone in need, men are more likely to help fund new products or inventions, as well as projects for musicians or other creative artists. Younger men are especially interested in funding new products and inventions: 48% of men ages 18-49 who have made a crowdfunding donation have contributed to this type of project. Crowdfunding sites are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. Other notable findings - Men and women are equally likely to use most shared and on-demand platforms, but women are twice as likely as men to buy handmade or artisanal goods online: 29% of women have done this, compared with 15% of men. - A cohort of young adults uses ride-hailing apps with great intensity: 7% of all 18- to 29-year-olds (and 10% of 18- to 29-year-olds living in urban areas) indicate that they use ride-hailing on a daily or weekly basis. - 27% of Americans are aware of ride-hailing apps and indicate that they live in an area where these services are offered, but have not yet tried ride-hailing themselves. - Users’ views on how best to regulate ride-hailing and home-sharing services stand in contrast to their overall political leanings. Even users of these services who are politically liberal tend to support the notion that they should be legal and tax-free (in the case of home-sharing), or that they should be free to operate outside of existing regulatory structures (in the case of ride-hailing). - Men and women tend to perceive and experience these services somewhat differently when it comes to the issue of user safety – though these differences are not always dramatic or consistent. For instance, women are more likely than men to express safety concerns about the drivers used by ride-hailing services, and women are also more likely to report having a bad experience using a home-sharing site. At the same time, a substantial majority of female ride-hailing users indicate that these services do indeed use drivers that they feel safe riding with. And female home-sharing users are no more likely than men to view these services as risky to use. - 2% of Americans have contributed to an online fundraising project to help someone in need primarily because they felt socially obligated to do so. - 6% of women ages 18-49 have started their own online fundraising project, double the figure for the population as a whole.	<urn:uuid:502f15e4-73d0-47a4-9c8c-6d9feb3572be>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/05/19/the-new-digital-economy/?utm_source=AdaptiveMailer&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=15-5-19%20Gig%20Email&org=982&lvl=100&ite=127&lea=4688&ctr=0&par=1&trk=	2024-03-05T00:25:43Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00485.warc.gz	en	0.972634	4,348	2.6875	3	[ 37, 1289, 289, 733, 4082, 2049, 1915, 437, 7496, 288, 2650, 935, 16, 1011, 8464, 292, 474, 76, 1523, 579, 4437, 289, 268, 898, 4104, 679, 608, 444, 2136, 18, 1399, 289, 629, 1915, 1529, 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Otosclerosis is a common cause of hearing impairment. Hearing loss is the primary sign of otosclerosis. In the preliminary stages, the individuals suffer from partial hear loss which gets worse over time and results in complete deafness. In addition to it, the condition presents itself with the following signs and symptoms: Entire Body System - Surgical Procedure Advances in cochlear implant technology and coding strategies have led to developments in different surgical procedures to manage cochlear ossification. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Treatments The hearing can be restored with a surgical procedure called stapedectomy. Hearing aids can be helpful in patients who do not desire surgical treatment. [texasearcenter.com] Morphological investigations of the otosclerotic focus show all three phases of a chronic inflammation with bone resorption, formation of new bone and finally eburnation. Various hypotheses about the cause of inflammation were proposed in the past. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Nervous System Puts the Brakes on Inflammation March 1, 2018 Cells in the nervous system can “put the brakes” on the immune response to infections in the gut and lungs to prevent excessive inflammation, according to research by Weill Cornell Medicine [nycornell.org] Learn More About Topic Swimmer's Ear Swimmer’s ear (also called acute otitis externa) is a painful condition that affects the outer ear and ear canal that is caused by infection, inflammation, or irritation. [entnet.org] CONCLUSION: There is weak evidence from one study with significant limitations that deterioration of hearing loss in otosclerosis patients receiving sodium fluoride treatment is less than in patients treated with a placebo. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Weakness of the Face A very rare complication of stapedectomy is temporary weakness of the face. This may occur as the result of an abnormality or swelling of the facial nerve. [michiganear.com] In a series of 700 stapedectomies, only 2 patients had facial weakness; both were of delayed onset (around postoperative day [POD] 5), and both completely resolved within 2 weeks with steroid administration. [emedicine.medscape.com] Notify our office immediately if any of the following occurs: Sudden hearing loss Intense pain Prolonged or intense dizziness Facial weakness Packing is placed in the ear at the time of surgery, so hearing improvement will not be noticed until it is removed [dariuskohanmd.com] Learn more about arthritis and other health issues in our Women's Health Center. Comprehensive women's health information provided by MerckSource.com. Learn more about arthritis and other health issues in our Women's Health Center. [web.archive.org] Patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis 3. Patient who are pregnant / lactating 4. In children before skeletal growth has been completed 5. Patients who show allergy for the drug 6. [drtbalu.co.in] People with stomach problems, significant arthritis, and kidney disease should not take fluorical. Pregnant women and children should not take fluorides. [earcentergreensboro.com] There are numerous side-effects to these Medical treatments, including occasional stomach upset, allergic itching, and increased joint pains which can lead to arthritis. Famous patients Edit The renowned German composer Beethoven was theorized to [psychology.wikia.com] Molecular genetic testing is useful to differentiate otosclerosis from syndromic stapes ankylosis. Congenital stapes ankylosis is genetically heterogeneous. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Pathological condition of the bony labyrinth of the ear, in which there is formation of spongy bone; may cause bony ankylosis of the stapes, resulting in conductive hearing loss; cochlear otosclerosis may also develop, resulting in sensorineural hearing [icd9data.com] The otosclerotic focus may be asymptomatic, or if present in the area of foot plate of stapes it may give rise to ankylosis of foot plate with resultant conductive deafness. [drtbalu.co.in] OBJECTIVE: Otosclerosis and osteoporosis are metabolic bone diseases. In this paper, we investigated presence of osteoporosis with bone mineral density test in patients who had surgery for otosclerosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. 2001. JAMA. 285:785-95. [dizziness-and-balance.com] Biphosphonates such as Didronel (Etidronate Diaxodium), used for osteoporosis, has been utilized by some to regulate bone metabolism in the medical management of otospongiosis. [newyorkear.com] CONCLUSION: Low pitch tinnitus is more likely to be resolved after stapedotomy for patients with otosclerosis. High pitch tinnitus may not resolve even after closure of the Air-Bone Gap at tinnitus frequencies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Also, see eMedicineHealth's patient education article Tinnitus. [emedicine.medscape.com] - Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment from Otosclerosis If we were able to examine the inner ear bone under a microscope before a hearing impairment developed, we would see minute areas of both softening and hardening of the bone. [epichearing.com] If you feel a significant degree of hearing impairment following stapedectomy, revision surgery can be performed with good odds of success. [hillsent.com.au] Types of Hearing Impairment The external ear and the middle ear conduct sound; the inner ear receives it. If there is some difficulty in the external or middle ear, a conductive hearing impairment occurs. [michiganear.com] Otosclerosis is caused by an abnormal bone homeostasis of the otic capsule and represents a frequent cause of hearing impairment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] - Progressive Hearing Loss This far-advanced otosclerosis often presents with a family history of hearing loss or a gradually progressive hearing loss that starts early in adult life. [emedicine.medscape.com] Patients complain on progressive hearing loss and tinnitus. The diagnosis is made clinically by conventional audiologic evaluation and radiologically by x-ray mastoid Schuller's view and CT scan. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] - Hearing Problem The condition may not need to be treated until you have more serious hearing problems. Using some medicines such as fluoride, calcium, or vitamin D may help to slow the hearing loss. [nlm.nih.gov] Extensive hearing tests will confirm the diagnosis. Treatment People with otosclerosis often benefit from a properly fitted hearing aid. The surgical replacement of the stapes has become a common procedure to improve conductive hearing problems. [encyclopedia.com] With over 16 years of experience serving patients in the Orange County and Long Beach area, we are proud to offer all of our patients a complete, all-in-one solution to any hearing problem or medical related ear condition. [eardoctor.org] Hearing Loss Genetic Hearing Loss Noise Induced Hearing Loss Bilateral Hearing Loss Unilateral Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss High Frequency Hearing Loss Low Frequency Hearing Loss Sensorineural Hearing Loss Hearing Problems Fungal Ear Infections [hiddenhearing.co.uk] Bedside: The otologic clinician should confirm audiological testing suggesting a conductive hearing loss with bedside examination. [dizziness-and-balance.com] Suggested mechanisms include end-organ or neural degeneration or biochemical derangement in the perilymph by contact of the disease process. [emedicine.medscape.com] Some authors have suggested an inflammatory etiology for otosclerosis resulting from persistent measles virus infection involving the otic capsule. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Patients sometimes experience dizziness and nausea after stapedectomy surgery. Some mild unsteadiness and brief dizziness with head turning is not uncommon. If dizziness is marked, do not get up without assistance. [tampabayhearing.com] […] have hearing loss You develop fever, ear pain, dizziness, or other symptoms after surgery Otospongiosis; Hearing loss - otosclerosis House JW, Cunningham CD. [nlm.nih.gov] The post-operative course was uneventful in 12 of 14 cases with no EH in the vestibule, and the other two cases had a short period of dizziness, but two cases with EH in the vestibule had a long period of dizziness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] METHODS: Fifty otosclerosis patients comprising 27 patients with vertigo (Group A) and 23 patients without vertigo/dizziness (Group B) were enrolled. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] The study, of 140 patients with otosclerosis who underwent stapedial surgery, found that, while 12 patients [8.6%] reported having vertigo prior to surgery and no vertigo after the operation, 36 patients [25.7%] who had no vertigo before surgery reported [emedicine.medscape.com] Ossification may occur as a consequence of the pathology of meningitis, chronic otitis media, severe otosclerosis, autoimmune inner ear diseases, temporal bone traumas, and other diseases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Infection is rare and must be identified and treated early to avoid profound sensorineural hearing loss, meningitis, and a prolonged hospital course. [emedicine.medscape.com] Infection: Luckily rare, a post-operative infection after stapedotomy can lead to profound hearing loss and, in rare cases, meningitis. The latter occurs when bacteria transgress the vestibule to enter the CSF-containing subarachnoid space. E. [audiologyonline.com] 1878– Kessel—first successful stapes surgery 1890– Miot reported a series of 200 stapes mobilization surgery 1900 Politzer and Siebenmann condemned stapes surgery because of potential risk to cause meningitis 1916-- Gunnar Holmgren Father [slideshare.net] A normal examination of the ear using auriscope would usually not show any abnormalities. Individuals should therefore visit an ENT specialist to get a differential diagnosis done. Specialized instruments such as tympanometer would help to evaluate the movement of the bones inside the middle ear. This is usually a painless procedure and yields quick results. In certain conditions, imaging studies of the head may also be required, such as temporal bone computed tomography . Temporal bone computed tomography can further be enhance with the use of 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography to elucidate bone metabolism of the inner ear . The relative hypodensity in otosclerosis of the round window during CT scan can help surgeons in counselling and in deciding whether to proceed for surgical stapedectomy . In the preliminary stages, the hearing loss is mild and does not require any treatment. However, over a time of time, the condition can worsen and individuals are then immediately put on treatment. The following are the several methods employed for treating otosclerosis: - Hearing aids are meant for treating moderate hearing loss. But, when the condition turns severe then hearing aids are not of much help. - Supplements of fluoride, calcium and vitamin D can be of some help in slowing down the progression of the disease . However, not enough research has been conducted in this regard and efficacy of nutritional supplements is yet to be proved. - Surgery is often the treatment of choice to restore hearing ability. In this, the part of the ear known as stapes is replaced by prosthesis which can restore hearing function. In many cases, a total replacement may be required and such a procedure is known as stapedectomy . Operative intervention of the middle ear may require local or general anesthesia with sedation . Individuals often recover well with surgery and hearing ability is restored . This is however a very delicate operative procedure and in certain cases can even damage the neighboring nerves calling for complications. The risk though small, can contribute towards development of unpleasant conditions. - Advances in ear surgery has implored the use of endoscopic surgery to significantly lower risk and morbidity . If prompt treatment is not initiated then the condition may worsen over a period. Individuals can suffer from total deafness for the rest of the life. Surgical procedures can be carried out to restore the hearing function to certain extent; but may not always be successful. Possible complications of otosclerosis include the following conditions: The exact cause that triggers such an abnormal bone remodeling mechanism is unknown. However, there have been some pieces of evidence suggesting that otosclerosis is an inherited condition and can be passed from one generation to other. In otosclerosis the bone remodeling function is disrupted as a result of which the sound waves are unable to travel to the inner ear from the middle ear. Such a condition causes hearing loss. Some other theories point towards the fact that otosclerosis develops as a result of measles virus. The exact theory states that individuals may be born with certain kind of genetic defect and a viral infection may further trigger the onset of the disorder. In addition to this, low levels of fluoride can also have some kind of link with development of otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a common condition affecting about 3 million Americans. Women are more prone to contract this condition than males. This condition is often diagnosed in mid adulthood and is a common cause of hearing loss amongst the young adult population. It has also been estimated that Caucasians are more affected by this disease condition than individuals of other regions. Under normal conditions, for individuals to be able to hear, sound waves must travel from the middle ear to the inner ear. Such sequence of events does not take place in otosclerosis due to an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Bone remodeling is an ongoing process wherein the bone tissues are periodically renewed by replacing the old with new. However, due to abnormal remodeling such an activity does not take place and the sound waves are unable to travel to the inner ear. There is an observable fixation of stapes ossicle to the oval window causing a disruption in the sound transmission . Otosclerosis can affect one or both ears. It is not possible to prevent otosclerosis. It is a genetic defect that occurs spontaneously thus making it difficult to prevent the development of such a disease condition. However, there have been small pieces of evidence suggesting fluoride tablets and measles vaccination as preventive measures against otosclerosis. There is still dearth of information in this regard, and more research needs to be carried out. Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal development of bone in the middle ear. Such a condition can contribute to hearing loss and other associated abnormalities. It is a serious condition demanding prompt diagnosis. Otosclerosis develops due to abnormal remodeling of the bone. Such an event interrupts the travelling of the sound waves from the middle ear to inner ear contributing to hearing loss. It is not an uncommon condition and affects millions of individuals across the globe. Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear region. This causes gradual ear loss which can lead to complete deafness over a period of time. The exact cause that triggers the development of otosclerosis is unknown. However heredity and genetic factors are known to play foul. Researchers also believe that measles virus and low fluoride can also cause otosclerosis. Diagnosis of otosclerosis is done using specialized instruments that can measure the activity of the bone inside the middle ear. Individuals need to consult an ENT specialist for appropriate diagnosis of the condition. In addition to this, CT scan of the head may also be required. Individuals with mild hear loss do not usually require any treatment. Those with moderate hear loss require hearing aids to deal with the problem. However, in severe cases, hearing aids are of no help and surgical procedures are the only resort. - Toynbee J. Pathological and surgical observations of the diseases of the ear. Trans Med Chir Soc Lond. 1841; 24:190-196. - Jack FL. Remarkable improvement of hearing by removal of the stapes. Trans Am Otol Soc. 1893; 284:474-89. - Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK. The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. Sep 2013; 34(7):e55-60. - Waterval JJ, Vallinga M, Brans B, Winkens B, Stokroos RJ. 18F-fluoride PET/CT scan for quantification of bone metabolism in the inner ear in patients with otosclerosis--a pilot study. Clin Nucl Med. 2013; 38(9):677-85 - Mansour S, Nicolas K, Ahmad HH. Round window otosclerosis: radiologic classification and clinical correlations. Otol Neurotol. 2011; 32(3):384-92 - Liktor B, Szekanecz Z, Batta TJ, Sziklai I, Karosi T. Perspectives of pharmacological treatment in otosclerosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013; 270(3):793-804 - Jack FL. Remarkable improvement of hearing by removal of the stapes. Trans Am Otol Soc. 1893; 284:474-89. - Lempert J. Improvement in hearing in cases of otosclerosis: A new, one-stage surgical technic. Arch Otolaryngol. 1938; 28:42-97. - Thomeer HG, Kunst HP, Cremers CW. Congenital stapes ankylosis associated with another ossicular chain anomaly: surgical results in 30 ears. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Sep 2011; 137(9):935-41. - Kojima H, Komori M, Chikazawa S, Yaguchi Y, Yamamoto K, Chujo K, et al. Comparison between endoscopic and microscopic stapes surgery. Laryngoscope. 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Doctors have to learn not only how to talk to patients with limited literacy, they will also need to acquire a new set of digital literacy competencies in order to be able to communicate with the new generation of young adults who live half their lives in front of a computer screen. This can be extremely challenging for the older generation of doctors, some of whom even have difficulty typing. The easy availability of free health information online represents both a boon and a bane. One danger is that it contributes to the digital divide, which means that poor people (who usually also have poor literacy skills) find it much harder to access this information because they do not have easy access to the Internet. However, we now have a chance to leapfrog traditional barriers and deliver high quality health information to billions of people, if we learn to use the technology cleverly. The Internet is a great means of reaching out to patients with low literacy, simply because its a graphic medium that does not merely rely on text to convey information. The good news is that users with limited literacy skills are willing to use the Web to access health information; and are successful in accomplishing their tasks when Web sites are designed well. However, websites are usually designed for sophisticated users, who are often affluent and educated. Thus Web sites that are not well designed can prove to be a major hurdle for low literacy patients. The irony is that its not the users limited literacy skills but the limited ability of the designer to create a user-friendly website which causes the problem. The major problem is that because there is no much garbage online, patients with limited literacy skills find it hard to determine which information is reliable and which is not. Patients get lost and confused and this ends up frustrating the doctor as well. The solution to this is simple - every doctor needs to publish his own website. By providing this information, a doctor is able to establish himself as a credible expert. Patients trust their doctors, and would rather rely on the information that he provides, rather than having to search for it on Google. It does involve some effort on the part of the doctor, but this a worthwhile investment. The beauty is that once you have created online content, you can use it many times, for many patients, over many years. "Create once, use multiple times" is very cost-effective. You can "refer" patients to your website at the end of a consultation, so patients can educate themselves. Patients appreciate this and this kind of positive word of mouth will help you to get more patients. Doctors will have to adapt by learning new skills. Doctors have to learn not only how to talk to patients with limited literacy, they will also need to acquire a new set of digital literacy competencies in order to be able to communicate with the new generation of young adults who live half their lives in front of a computer screen. This can be extremely challenging for the older generation of doctors, some of whom even have difficulty typing. However, this is a great opportunity for technologically savvy doctors, because it enables them to reach out beyond the four walls of their clinic, to millions of people who are looking for health information online. Simple navigation and clearly-defined content can help adults with limited literacy skills find, understand, and use health information on a Web site. The US Department of Health and Human Services has developed a guide for creating health-related websites for people with limited literacy skills. The strategies are very likely to improve the experience of everyone who uses the Internet, even those with high literacy skills, in much the same way that people appreciate appropriately designed print materials, regardless of their literacy level. Their goal is to deliver messages that are actionable and engaging. The user interface can be improved by paying attention to the following aspects: - Appropriate use of illustration and photography. While photos may grab attention, research shows that they have many distracting details and may not resonate well with low-literate viewers. Simple line drawings and stick figures may often be more effective at communicating the message. Pictographs are well accepted by low-literate patients. - Careful use of captions that explain each action step, thus maximising the effectiveness of the visuals. - "Chunking" of healthcare information into groups to enhance comprehension. - Making appropriate use of audio. While audio is highly favoured by low-literate patients, they may have trouble starting and stopping the audio or adjusting the volume. Users may need your help with these features. - Simpler the better. Fewer colours, a single font type and size, and limited content enhance learning and comprehension among low-literate users. Usability testing observes patients using the website to discover errors and areas of improvement. It involves measuring how well test subjects respond in four areas: efficiency, accuracy, recall, and emotional response. The results of the first test can be treated as a baseline or control measurement. All subsequent tests can then be compared to the baseline to indicate improvement. - Efficiency - How much time, and how many steps, are required for people to complete basic tasks? (For example, to find the causes for hypertension). - Accuracy -How many mistakes did people make? (Did they get lost? confused?) - Recall -How much does the person remember afterwards? - Emotional response - How does the person feel about the tasks completed? Is the person confident, stressed? Would the user recommend this system to a friend? Usability testing usually involves systematic observation under controlled conditions to determine how well people can use the product. Rather than just showing users a rough draft and asking, "Do you understand this?" usability testing involves watching people trying to use something for its intended purpose. Text layout, readability, use of plain language, illustration quality -all affect how user friendly your site it. You can use exactly the same principles to evaluate all your patient communication materials. Design is the key, but this is something to which doctors often dont pay enough attention. User-centred design is especially important for patients with disabilities, and universal design endorses the design of products, services, and environments so they are usable by as many people as possible, regardless of age, ability, or circumstance. It suggests that all technologies meant for use by the general public should also be accessible to limited-literacy populations. The beauty is that paying attention to these basics will enhance the value of your website for all your users. After all, everyone appreciate beautiful design and the success of the iPad is a living example of this. Look at model websites and learn from them. How do you know if your website meets the needs of people with limited literacy skills? Ask them! The best way to improve the comprehensibility of your website is to involve users with limited literacy skills in ALL stages of website development. This process is accomplished through three main steps: The key to iterative design is to continually apply what you learn from users to improve your site. The process of designing an excellent website can be time consuming and costly. It is critical that you do not invest your time and resources only to discover that your users cannot easily find the information, thus requiring you to start the process all over again. To avoid this problem, involve your users from the initial design to the final testing of the site. Be sure you understand your users, who they are and what their goals are before you begin to design your site. For example, are they looking for information for themselves or for a loved one? You can do this by conducting individual interviews, setting up focus groups with people who have tried the site, and providing specific scenarios or tasks for your users to try out on your site. A proven formula for presenting actionable health information on a website is the following: - Describe the health behaviour - Describe the benefits of taking action - Provide specific action steps How is online content different from print? People who use the Internet are usually looking for an answer to a very specific question, rather than browsing for general information. They usually do not stay very long on a single page (less than 30 seconds). They want to quickly find information on a particular health problem to determine the best course of action. You, as the designer, need to provide this information in a clear, concise and engaging manner. Otherwise, they will simply "click away" to some other website. As one user said, "Get my attention. Then get to the point." Keep in mind that just providing information in "plain language" is not enough. You must give people specific action steps that they can take to address the health issue. Instead of just telling them what to do, you must help them learn how to do it. For example, instead of simply saying, "Its important to monitor what you eat and how much you exercise;" say "Keep a daily diary in a notebook of what you eat and what physical activity you do each day." For more information on how to develop health websites that work for people with limited literacy skills, please download Health Literacy Online: A guide to writing and designing easy-to-use health websites, @https://www.health.gov/healthliteracyonlin e/Web_Guide_Health_Lit_Online.pdf You can learn a lot by studying the following online resources that make use of the above principles. HealthFinder, (@https://healthfinder.gov/) the US Department of Health and Human Services website for health information. Medline Plus (@https://www.medlineplus.gov) provides over 166 interactive tutorials covering various subjects such as Diseases, Tests, and Surgery. The tutorials are self-paced, so that those with low reading skills are not forced to rush through them. Another great source of easy-to-read health information is the Speaking Books website, @https://www.speakingbooks.com/impact/library.html. It provides a large collection of useful information on a wide range of subjects, some of which are related to health literacy. When you click on one of the books on this site, the corresponding illustrated or cartoon book is opened in YouTube, which enables you to "flip" through its pages as the narrator reads the words to you. One of the benefits of this site is that many of the books are read aloud in over 20 different languages, including those indigenous to Africa and Asia. If there are videos that may be valuable to your patients but are only available in English or a language that your patients do not understand, you may find Dotsub (@ https://www.dotsub.com) helpful. It enables users to upload videos and then use their tools to create subtitles in many different languages, enabling people in other countries to learn from them. CARDIO stands for Creating a Real Dialogue in the Office (@https://timetotalkcardio .com/) and is designed to help patients and clinicians build communication skills to help better manage health conditions.	<urn:uuid:8d1e5429-4dc8-47e9-af8e-31c42c450287>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.thebestmedicalcare.com/decoding-medical-gobbleddygook/effective-online-information-for-low-literate-patients.html	2024-03-05T02:01:48Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00485.warc.gz	en	0.952864	2,234	3	3	[ 40, 415, 909, 437, 292, 1213, 462, 794, 667, 292, 3357, 292, 1945, 360, 3064, 7303, 16, 502, 513, 525, 648, 292, 9620, 261, 733, 1075, 289, 2256, 7303, 6173, 3195, 288, 1544, 292, 327, 1542, 292, 4883, 360, 268, 733, 4015, 289, 2129, 3351, 650, 2180, 2947, 444, 2136, 288, 3775, 289, 261, 2496, 4420, 18, 540, 375, 327, 4179, 4079, 331, 268, 3684, 4015, 289, 5846, 16, 579, 289, 6098, 919, 437, 5478, 834, 281, 18, 203, 1461, 2289, 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3780, 288, 1958, 1511, 30, 3055, 16, 5078, 16, 10430, 16, 291, 3167, 2629, 18, 365, 1826, 289, 268, 855, 1265, 375, 327, 4257, 352, 261, 1518, 4633, 361, 1357, 6671, 18, 1771, 7597, 3265, 375, 1023, 327, 2973, 292, 268, 1518, 4633, 292, 4938, 5336, 18, 203, 17, 416, 9299, 425, 784, 1111, 669, 16, 291, 667, 772, 2845, 16, 356, 2207, 331, 689, 292, 2821, 2900, 3331, 35, 421, 8679, 1214, 16, 292, 1255, 268, 2384, 331, 11776, 802, 203, 17, 2109, 324, 1495, 425, 6724, 772, 7741, 1535, 689, 804, 35, 421, 40, 323, 502, 886, 3673, 35, 11384, 35, 13, 203, 17, 2602, 453, 425, 6724, 1111, 1082, 268, 959, 3283, 1003, 1905, 35, 203, 17, 11870, 2629, 425, 784, 1082, 268, 959, 1350, 608, 268, 3331, 5199, 35, 1358, 268, 959, 9153, 16, 10470, 35, 388, 487, 268, 2849, 1921, 456, 892, 292, 261, 2175, 35, 203, 57, 87, 1303, 2872, 1840, 2675, 9940, 8467, 1064, 5254, 1533, 292, 2747, 667, 767, 689, 375, 666, 268, 2430, 18, 9574, 687, 1039, 5526, 2718, 261, 5602, 11665, 291, 7100, 16, 991, 10985, 337, 992, 456, 35, 6, 407, 1303, 2872, 2675, 8576, 689, 3738, 292, 666, 1890, 331, 606, 4990, 3094, 18, 2595, 1098, 11263, 16, 1078, 1303, 16, 666, 289, 8626, 1719, 16, 4346, 318, 1630, 425, 453, 2242, 667, 2849, 7045, 424, 2663, 362, 18, 203, 7556, 375, 666, 4743, 268, 1162, 3995, 292, 5992, 516, 424, 2474, 2413, 1811, 18, 4953, 316, 268, 1558, 16, 566, 456, 316, 1890, 292, 518, 5846, 970, 1373, 88, 2032, 1982, 2383, 18, 2407, 265, 17, 1243, 1007, 1019, 316, 1803, 851, 331, 1945, 360, 6954, 16, 291, 7707, 1019, 1199, 6444, 268, 1019, 289, 1786, 16, 1915, 16, 291, 4218, 576, 502, 356, 407, 541, 419, 352, 772, 689, 352, 1522, 16, 6779, 289, 1722, 16, 1882, 16, 361, 5161, 515, 18, 553, 4299, 336, 516, 3041, 5680, 331, 666, 419, 268, 2177, 1376, 788, 525, 327, 4881, 292, 3064, 17, 80, 3072, 1495, 4544, 18, 203, 1461, 5115, 316, 336, 8040, 2383, 292, 629, 9538, 513, 3017, 268, 2003, 289, 424, 3110, 331, 516, 424, 2718, 18, 2122, 516, 16, 3244, 7917, 4532, 1019, 291, 268, 1577, 289, 268, 3609, 52, 354, 316, 261, 2299, 1214, 289, 456, 18, 7035, 430, 2083, 6345, 291, 1213, 427, 622, 18, 203, 6724, 565, 337, 698, 717, 424, 3110, 9295, 268, 1470, 289, 689, 360, 3064, 7303, 1607, 35, 6626, 622, 5, 365, 1274, 898, 292, 1434, 268, 2923, 614, 1767, 289, 424, 3110, 316, 292, 3820, 2718, 360, 3064, 7303, 1607, 288, 330, 11602, 5046, 289, 3110, 1208, 18, 203, 4326, 833, 316, 11743, 734, 1391, 939, 2845, 30, 203, 1461, 1558, 292, 362, 265, 774, 1019, 316, 292, 1205, 1141, 3769, 768, 337, 1213, 427, 2718, 292, 1434, 424, 2663, 18, 365, 833, 289, 8397, 363, 4139, 3110, 375, 327, 669, 7687, 291, 9768, 18, 553, 316, 2421, 336, 337, 565, 462, 2301, 424, 669, 291, 1793, 794, 292, 2677, 336, 424, 2718, 2362, 2619, 1255, 268, 1009, 16, 3416, 8152, 337, 292, 1236, 268, 833, 516, 658, 1221, 18, 1122, 1833, 456, 1676, 16, 3820, 424, 2718, 427, 268, 4388, 1019, 292, 268, 3657, 2872, 289, 268, 2663, 18, 1367, 1850, 337, 992, 424, 2718, 16, 650, 502, 356, 291, 768, 444, 3002, 356, 1134, 337, 1980, 292, 1019, 424, 2663, 18, 906, 1214, 16, 356, 502, 2639, 331, 1009, 331, 2315, 361, 331, 261, 5741, 597, 35, 203, 7556, 375, 565, 456, 419, 9101, 1769, 11292, 16, 2652, 644, 1459, 2303, 360, 689, 650, 437, 6471, 268, 2663, 16, 291, 2352, 1430, 7610, 361, 3331, 331, 424, 2718, 292, 2644, 628, 341, 424, 2663, 18, 203, 37, 6716, 7250, 331, 11717, 2433, 541, 661, 1009, 341, 261, 3110, 316, 268, 1685, 30, 203, 17, 2284, 9309, 268, 661, 5441, 203, 17, 2284, 9309, 268, 1716, 289, 2265, 2433, 203, 17, 10796, 1430, 2433, 2845, 203, 6724, 316, 2049, 2064, 865, 427, 6598, 35, 203, 52, 73, 653, 650, 666, 268, 4868, 356, 1840, 2639, 331, 363, 3257, 292, 261, 1040, 1430, 2302, 16, 2359, 687, 7098, 281, 331, 2177, 1009, 18, 900, 1840, 565, 462, 2503, 1040, 917, 341, 261, 2324, 3492, 421, 1465, 687, 2553, 7630, 802, 900, 1333, 292, 2640, 1255, 1009, 341, 261, 1510, 661, 1676, 292, 2747, 268, 1274, 1911, 289, 2433, 18, 990, 16, 352, 268, 1019, 265, 16, 648, 292, 1153, 456, 1009, 288, 261, 1763, 16, 2812, 758, 291, 4797, 4901, 18, 203, 51, 411, 3644, 16, 502, 513, 2842, 991, 1215, 868, 2014, 6, 292, 579, 586, 3110, 18, 760, 597, 2849, 1211, 16, 991, 43, 364, 1290, 2383, 18, 3574, 886, 292, 268, 1813, 2555, 203, 47, 73, 559, 288, 1710, 336, 1039, 2352, 1009, 288, 991, 476, 412, 1719, 6, 316, 462, 1982, 18, 990, 1204, 1888, 689, 1430, 2433, 2845, 336, 502, 375, 1071, 292, 1750, 268, 661, 2682, 18, 4507, 289, 1039, 9445, 622, 768, 292, 565, 16, 337, 1204, 617, 622, 1213, 667, 292, 565, 362, 18, 906, 1214, 16, 3087, 289, 2842, 5390, 16, 991, 45, 340, 851, 292, 2591, 768, 337, 2564, 291, 667, 1111, 337, 2671, 31, 6, 1856, 991, 47, 73, 559, 261, 2438, 1135, 556, 288, 261, 3251, 4207, 289, 768, 337, 2564, 291, 768, 1646, 2067, 337, 565, 1011, 1196, 2555, 203, 8679, 512, 1009, 341, 667, 292, 709, 661, 6345, 336, 716, 331, 689, 360, 3064, 7303, 1607, 16, 5009, 5816, 1988, 9014, 1495, 7212, 30, 330, 3233, 292, 2445, 291, 8397, 2289, 17, 278, 17, 2013, 661, 6345, 16, 225, 36, 11986, 782, 2908, 4442, 18, 6310, 18, 8989, 19, 6310, 80, 3072, 1495, 266, 5067, 303, 19, 3464, 70, 67, 43, 89, 496, 67, 8472, 581, 67, 48, 297, 67, 9076, 1279, 18, 84, 9097, 203, 7556, 375, 1213, 261, 1774, 419, 5732, 268, 1685, 2049, 1793, 336, 804, 666, 289, 268, 2159, 3995, 18, 203, 8472, 581, 42, 4966, 16, 421, 36, 11986, 782, 2908, 6310, 74, 4966, 18, 8989, 19, 13, 268, 2065, 3968, 289, 1988, 291, 4784, 7077, 3110, 331, 661, 1009, 18, 203, 49, 286, 1279, 11128, 421, 36, 11986, 782 ]
The Vietnam War \| Vietnam War, part of the Cold War \| • Capitulation of South Vietnam • Reunification of Vietnam under communist rule Major Combatants \| United States of America Democratic Republic of Vietnam National Liberation Front ~1,200,000 (1968) \| ~420,000 (1968) \| Total dead: 287,232 Wounded: 1,496,037 \| Total dead: 1,100,000 Civilian Casualties: 4,000,000 Military history of Australia Military history of New Zealand Military history of the Philippines Military history of South Korea Military history of the Soviet Union Military history of Thailand Military history of the United States Military history of Vietnam The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1957 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. In Vietnam, the conflict is known as the American War (Vietnamese Chiến Tranh Chống Mỹ Cứu Nước, which literally means "War Against the Americans to Save the Nation"). For more details of the events during the war, see: Timeline of the Vietnam War. Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. Participation by the South Korean military was financed by the United States, but Australia and New Zealand fully funded their own involvement. Other countries normally allied with the United States in the Cold War, including the United Kingdom and Canada, refused to participate in the coalition, although a few of their citizens volunteered to join the US forces. Fighting on the other side was a coalition of forces including the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the National Liberation Front, a South Vietnamese opposition movement with a guerrilla militia known in the Western world as the "Viet Cong". The USSR provided military and financial aid along with diplomatic support to the North Vietnamese and to the NLF, partly as support against the U.S. and South Vietnamese government and partly as a counter to Chinese influence in the region. Prosecution of the war by the United States transformed it into a larger regional conflict involving the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos, known as the Second Indochina War. Many experts consider the war to be a battle in the then-ongoing Cold War. The Vietnam War is classed as the second war of the Indochina Wars and was in many ways a direct successor to the French Indochina War in which the French, with the financial and logistical support of the United States, fought a losing effort to maintain control of their former colony of French Indochina. France had gained control of Indochina in a series of colonial wars beginning in the 1840s and lasting until the 1880s. During World War II, Vichy France had collaborated with the occupying Imperial Japanese forces. Vietnam was under effective Imperial Japanese control, as well as de facto Japanese administrative control, although the Vichy French continued to serve as the official administrators. After the Japanese surrender, the French fought to retain control of their former colony against the Viet Minh independence movement, led by Communist Party leader Ho Chi Minh. After the Viet Minh defeated the French colonial army at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the French withdrew, and the colony was granted independence. According to the ensuing Geneva Conference (1954), Vietnam was partitioned, ostensibly temporarily, into a Northern and a Southern zone of Viet-Nam. The former was to be ruled by Ho Chi Minh, while the latter would be under the control of Emperor Bao Dai. In 1955, the South Vietnamese monarchy was abolished and Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem became President of a new South Vietnamese republic. The Geneva Conference (1954) specified that elections to unify the country would be scheduled to take place in July, 1956, but such elections were never held. In the context of the Cold War, the United States (under Eisenhower) had begun to view Southeast Asia as a potential key battleground in the greater Cold War, and American policymakers feared that democratic elections would allow communist influences into the South Vietnamese government. Diem's RVN government had gained the support of the US to circumvent the scheduled democratic elections, and under Diem's dictatorship, South Vietnam would be free of both socialism, and a democratic process that threatened to irreversibly install it. The North Vietnamese had been winning the public relations battle; it had implemented a massive agricultural reform program which distributed land to peasant farmers, and the people of the South took notice. President Eisenhower noted in his memoirs that if a nation-wide election had been held, the communists would have won. Also, it was said to have been unlikely that the Northern Communists would allow a free election in their half of Vietnam. In the end, neither the US nor the two Vietnams had signed the election clause in the accord. Initially, it appeared as if a partitioned Vietnam would become the norm, similar in nature to the partitioned Korea created years earlier. The NLF led the popular insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. (The RVN and the US referred to the NLF as Viet Cong, short for Viet Nam Cong San or "Vietnamese Communist". The NLF itself never called itself by this name.) In June 1961, John F. Kennedy met Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, where Khrushchev sought to bully the young American President into conceding to the Soviets certain key contests, notably Berlin, where large numbers of skilled workers had been escaping to the West. Kennedy left the meeting agitated, and quickly determined that Khrushchev's attitude towards him would make an armed conflict virtually unavoidable in the near future. Kennedy and his advisers soon decided that any such conflicts had better follow the Korea model, being confined to conventional weaponry, through proxy parties, as a way to mitigate the threat of direct nuclear war between the two superpowers. It was decided that the most likely theatre for such a conflict would be in Southeast Asia. By the political calculations of his administration, the U.S. had to work quickly to create a "valve" to release any built-up political pressures. The North, along with its Soviet backers knew well that the South was prepared to vote for a communist government. The U.S. cared little for Diem, but forged its alliance with his government out of fear that an easy communist victory would only bolster the perceived bravado that Khrushchev had shown to Kennedy at Vienna. The U.S. fatefully decided that an immediate stand against Soviet expansion was both prudent and necessary, regardless of the human cost (The Red Scare). On December 11, 1961, the United States sent 900 military advisors, and after began to clandestinely send more, both to give temporary support to the South's Diem RVN regime, and to engage in terrorism against both North and South Vietnam. Some of these bombing attacks were designed to inflame and exacerbate both the civil war in the South and to exacerbate the impression of a greater conflict with the North. The local strategy was to create the impression that a "legitimate" government was being overrun by "hostile Communist forces," though this was while the "Communist forces" were limited to a rising insurgency among the South Vietnamese. At the time, this insurgency was mostly inspired, not directed, by the North, and as such the definition of an "enemy" by philosophical and political grounds would prove to be fateful for U.S. soldiers ordered to make life-and-death choices on the ground. To US planners, however, these distinctions were neither forseeable nor did they matter as much as the creation of a greater conflict itself. The impossible task of defining who the enemy was would lead directly to the general quagmire and the human rights atrocities for which the Vietnam War is widely known. The greater overall strategy was simple; to deliberately create a more desirable conventional conflict with the Soviet Union, through the two Vietnamese proxies, rather than to allow nuclear conflict to erupt elsewhere, as was greatly feared at the time. Cuba, Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea were known hotspots that were feared could get out of control, should there be no pressure valve. Because the majority of the South was sympathetic to the North's communist ideology, the U.S. strategy was designed to artificially exacerbate the divide between North and South, along lines which could be reported to the American people as ideological. The so-called ideological divide has little meaning among the Vietnamese, who well understand the beginnings of its civil conflict as being ethnic in origin; and for their own particular reasons, different outside parties took sides, and desired influence. Backed by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, North Vietnam began supporting the NLF with arms and supplies, advisors, and regular units of the North Vietnamese Army, which were transported via an extensive network of trails and roads through the neutral nation of Laos, which became known as the Ho Chi Minh trail. The stage was set for the escalation to come, wherein a civil war between Vietnamese farmers seeking to overthrow a puppet despot would find themselves pawns in a larger proxy war between the competing expansionist systems of U.S. capitalism and Soviet communism. Combatants in the war In major combat there were, depending upon one's point of view, two to four major combatant organizations; the four being the United States Armed Forces and allied forces; the Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN—the South Vietnamese Army, pronounced Arvin); the NLF, a group of indigenous South Vietnamese guerilla fighters; and the People's Army of Viet Nam (PAVN—the North Vietnamese Army, pronounced Pahvin). Arguments over which of these four were the actual combatants was a major political focus of the war. The U.S. sought to depict the war as one between ARVN defenders with U.S. help against PAVN forces, thus depicting the NLF a puppet or shadow army and the war as a South Vietnamese defense against North Vietnamese aggression. The North Vietnamese portrayed the conflict as one between the indigenous South Vietnamese NLF and the United States, with the noncombat support of North Vietnam and its allies. This view held ARVN to be a puppet of the U.S. These conflicting propaganda stances were later played out in early peace talks in which arguments were made over "the shape of the [negotiating] table" in which each side sought to depict itself as two distinct entities opposing a single entity, ignoring its "puppet". U.S. involvement in the war was eventually called escalation, using the analogy of an escalator rising slowly but steadily to increase war pressure on the enemy, as opposed to the traditional declaration of war with the usual massive attack using all available means to secure victory. Under escalation, U.S. involvement increased over a period of years, beginning with the deployment of non-combatant military advisors to the South Vietnamese army, to use of special forces for commando-style operations, to introduction of regular troops whose purpose was to be defensive only, to using regular troops in offensive combat. Once U.S. troops were engaged in active combat, escalation shifted to the addition of increasing numbers of U.S. troops. The policy of escalation helped complicate the ambiguous legal status for the war. Since the U.S. had pre-existing treaty agreements with the Republic of Viet Nam, each escalation was presented as simply another step in helping an ally resist what the U.S. portrayed as a Communist invasion. The U.S. Congress continued to vote appropriations for war operations, and the Johnson Administration claimed these actions as a proxy, along with Tonkin, for the Constitutionally mandated requirement that Congress retain war power. In U.S. political debate, the advantage of escalation to those who wanted to be engaged in the war was that no individual instance of escalation dramatically increased the level of U.S. involvement. The U.S. populace was led to believe that the most recent escalation would be sufficient to "win the war" and therefore would be the last. This theory, combined with ready availability of conscripted troops, reduced grassroots political opposition to the war until 1968, when the Johnson Administration proposed increasing the troop levels from approximately 550,000 in-country to about 700,000. This was the "straw" that broke the back of escalation and widespread U.S. support for the war. The troop increase was abandoned and by the end of 1969, under the new administration of Richard M. Nixon, U.S. troop levels had been reduced by 60,000 from their wartime peak. Increasing US involvement to 1964 NLF ("Viet Cong") casualties. US involvement in the war was a gradual process. This involvement increased over the years under three U.S. presidents, both Democrat and Republican (successively Eisenhower-R, Kennedy-D and Johnson-D, and was sustained for additional years in the administration of Richard Nixon-R), despite warnings by the US military leadership against a major ground war in Asia. Though actions under the administrations of Eisenhower and Kennedy are considered to have cast the die for the future conflict, it was Johnson who expanded and transformed the engagement into a distinctly U.S. operation, a policy which eventually led to opposition within his own party that convinced him not to seek a second term in 1968 after internal polling showed the depth of public doubt and anger. There was never a formal declaration of war but there were a series of presidential decisions that increased the number of "military advisors" and then active combatants in the region. In the campaign for the presidency in 1960, the perceived Soviet threat and slippage in U.S. standing in the world was a prominent issue and Kennedy made erosion of the U.S. position in the world a major campaign issue. The Pentagon Papers (Chapter I, "The Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961,") elaborated on this point. - A further element of the Soviet problem impinged directly on Vietnam. The new Administration, even before taking office, was inclined to believe that unconventional warfare was likely to be terrifically important in the 1960s. In January 1961, Khrushchev seconded that view with his speech pledging Soviet support to "wars of national liberation". Vietnam was where such a war was actually going on. Indeed, since the war in Laos had moved far beyond the insurgency stage, Vietnam was the only place in the world where the Administration faced a well-developed Communist effort to topple a pro-Western government with an externally-aided pro-communist insurgency. The prominent anti-war critic Noam Chomsky claims that Kennedy ordered the US Air Force to start bombing South Vietnam as early as 1962, using South Vietnamese aircraft markings, to disguise US involvement. He also accuses Kennedy of authorizing the use of napalm, along with other crop destruction programs at this earlier date, rather than as a later part of the larger war. The traditional view claims that "actual increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War" didn't occur until 1964. The program of covert GVN (South Vietnamese) operations was designed to impose "progressively escalating pressure" upon the North, and initiated on a small and essentially ineffective scale in February 1964, according to standard sources. The active U.S. role in the few covert operations that were carried out was limited essentially to planning, equipping, and training of the GVN forces involved, but U.S. responsibility for the launching and conduct of these activities was unequivocal and carried with it an implicit symbolic and psychological intensification of the U.S. commitment. Kennedy and South Vietnam The Kennedy administration efforts to contain North Vietnam occurred simultaneously with an effort to modernize the regime of the South. Kennedy strongly believed that if South Vietnam was a stable and democratic country, it would largely discredit the North and its Communist rhetoric. Aid to the South was often made on the condition that the government would undertake certain political reforms. Soon, US Government advisors were playing a prominent role in every level of South Vietnam's government. South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem had little time for these reforms, and was quite uncooperative. He would often go through the motions of these US-prescribed reforms, but in very superficial ways that ended up quite embarrassing for the US. For example, when he ran for election, only one opposition candidate was allowed, and there were widespread allegations of vote-rigging. Diem did not believe that US ideas of democracy were applicable to his government, since the country was still so young and unstable. Kennedy was accused of being overly naive and utopian in his belief that US values could be instantly imported into any country, no matter what their culture or history. Eventually, the Kennedy administration grew increasingly frustrated with Diem. In an embarrassing incident that was widely reported in the US press, Diem's forces launched a violent crackdown on Buddhist monks. Since Vietnam was a predominantly Buddhist nation while Diem and much of the ruling structure of South Vietnam was Roman Catholic, this action was viewed as further proof that Diem was completely out of touch with his people. US messages were sent to South Vietnamese generals encouraging them to act against Diem's excesses. Though there is some debate as to whether or not this was Kennedy's intention, the South Vietnamese military interpreted these messages as a call to arms, and staged a violent coup d'état, overthrowing and killing Diem on November 1, 1963. Far from uniting the country under new leadership, the death of Diem made the South even more unstable. The new military rulers were very inexperienced in political matters, and were unable to provide the strong central authority of Diem's rule. Coups and counter-coups plagued the country, which in turn served as a great inspiration to the efforts of the North. Three weeks after Diem's death, Kennedy himself was assassinated, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was suddenly thrust into the war's leadership role. Newly sworn-in President Johnson confirmed on November 24, 1963 that the United States intended to continue supporting South Vietnam militarily and economically. Johnson and the Gulf of Tonkin Johnson raised the level of U.S. involvement on July 27, 1964 when 5,000 additional US military advisors were ordered to South Vietnam which brought the total number of US forces in Vietnam to 21,000. On July 31, 1964, the American destroyer USS Maddox, continued a reconnaissance mission in the Gulf of Tonkin that had been suspended for six months. The purpose of the mission was to provoke a reaction from North Vietnamese coastal defense forces as a pretext for a wider war. Responding to a claimed attack, and with the help of air support from the nearby carrier USS Ticonderoga, Maddox destroyed one North Vietnamese torpedo-boat and damaged two others. Maddox, suffering only superficial damage by a single 14.5-millimeter machine gun bullet, retired to South Vietnamese waters, where she was joined by USS C. Turner Joy. U.S. President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson. On August 3, GVN again attacked North Vietnam; the Rhon River estuary and the Vinh Sonh radar installation were bombarded under cover of darkness. On August 4, a new DESOTO patrol to the North Vietnam coast was launched, with Maddox and C. Turner Joy. The latter got radar signals later claimed to be another attack by the North Vietnamese. For some two hours the ships fired on radar targets and maneuvered vigorously amid electronic and visual reports of torpedoes. Later, Captain John J. Herrick admitted that it was nothing more than an "overeager sonarman" who "was hearing ship's own propeller beat". This was not, however, clear at the time. The U.S. Senate then approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964, which gave broad support to President Johnson to escalate U.S. involvement in the war "as the President shall determine". In a televised address Johnson claimed that "the challenge that we face in South-East Asia today is the same challenge that we have faced with courage and that we have met with strength in Greece and Turkey, in Berlin and Korea, in Lebanon and in Cuba," a dangerous misreading of the politics of the Vietnamese conflict. National Security Council members, including Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and Maxwell Taylor agreed on November 28, 1964 to recommend that President Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines became the first American combat troops to land in South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 US military advisers already in place. The air war escalated as well; on July 24, 1965, four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi became the targets of antiaircraft missiles in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One plane was shot down and the other three sustained damage. Four days later Johnson announced another order that increased the number of US troops in Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000. The day after that, July 29, the first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrived in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay. Then on August 18, 1965, Operation Starlite began as the first major American ground battle of the war when 5,500 US Marines destroyed a NLF stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quang Ngai Province . The Marines were tipped-off by a NLF deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the US base at Chu Lai . The NVA learned from their defeat and tried to avoid fighting a US-style war from then on. The Pentagon told President Johnson on November 27, 1965 that if planned major sweep operations needed to neutralize NLF forces during the next year were to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam needed to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000. By the end of 1965 184,000 US troops were in Vietnam. In February 1966 there was a meeting between the commander of the U.S. effort, head of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam General William Westmoreland and Johnson in Honolulu. Westmoreland argued that the US presence had prevented a defeat but that more troops were needed to take the offensive, he claimed that an immediate increase could lead to the "cross-over point" in Vietcong and NVA casualties being reached in early 1967. Johnson authorized an increase in troop numbers to 429,000 by August 1966. On 12 October 1967 US Secretary of State Dean Rusk stated during a news conference that proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives were futile because of North Vietnam's opposition. Johnson then held a secret meeting with a group of the nation's most prestigious leaders ("the Wise Men") on November 2 and asked them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They concluded that the American people should be given more optimistic reports on the progress of the war. Then based on reports he was given on November 13, Johnson told his nation on November 17 that, while much remained to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress." Following up on this, General William Westmoreland on November 21 told news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing." Two months later the Tet Offensive made both men regret their words. U.S forces bomb NLF positions in 1965. Continued escalation of American military involvement came as the Johnson administration and Westmoreland repeatedly assured the American public that the next round of troop increases would bring victory. The American public's faith in the "light at the end of the tunnel" was shattered, however, on January 30, 1968, when the enemy, supposedly on the verge of collapse, mounted the Tet Offensive (named after Tet Nguyen Dan, the lunar new year festival which is the most important Vietnamese holiday) in South Vietnam, in which nearly every major city in South Vietnam was attacked. Although neither of these offensives accomplished any military objectives, the surprising capacity of an enemy that was supposedly on the verge of collapse to even launch such an offensive convinced many Americans that victory was impossible. There was an increasing sense among many people that the government was misleading the American people about a war without a clear beginning or end. When General Westmoreland called for still more troops to be sent to Vietnam, Clark Clifford, a member of Johnson's own cabinet, came out against the war. Soon after Tet, Westmoreland was replaced by his deputy, General Creighton W. Abrams. Abrams pursued a very different approach to Westmoreland, favoring more openness with the media, less indiscriminate use of airstrikes and heavy artillery, elimination of bodycount as the key indicator of battlefield success, and more meaningful co-operation with ARVN forces. His strategy, although yielding positive results, came too late to sway a domestic US public opinion that was already solidifying against the war. Facing a troop shortage, on October 14, 1968 the United States Department of Defense announced that the United States Army and Marines would be sending about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours. Two weeks later on October 31, citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announced to his nation that he had ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1. Peace talks eventually broke down, however, and one year later, on November 3, 1969, then President Richard M. Nixon addressed the nation on television and radio asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies. The credibility of the government suffered when the New York Times, and later the Washington Post and other newspapers, published the Pentagon Papers. It was a top-secret historical study, contracted by the Pentagon, about the war, that showed how the government was misleading the US public, in all stages of the war, including the secret support of the French in the first Vietnam War. Operation Rolling Thunder Operation Rolling Thunder was the code name for the non-stop, but often interrupted bombing raids in North Vietnam conducted by the United States armed forces during the Vietnam War. Its purpose was to destroy the will of the North Vietnamese to fight, to destroy industrial bases and air defenses (SAMs), and to stop the flow of men and supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Beginning in the early 1960s, communist North Vietnam (The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, or DRV) began sending arms and reinforcements to the guerrillas of the National Liberation Front (NLF) fighting a war of reunification in South Vietnam. To combat the NLF and shore up the regime in the south, the United States sent advisors, supplies and combat troops. A war escalated that would see American soldiers engaging NLF insurgents and North Vietnamese regular troops in the field. The supply lines for the war ran south across the demilitarized zone (DMZ) separating North and South Vietnam, or via Laos and Cambodia along the infamous ‘Ho Chi Minh Trail’. The source of these supplies was the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The road and rail network of the north was vital for transshipping material south. The hub of this network was the national capital, Hanoi. In August 1964, the ‘Gulf of Tonkin Incident’, a skirmish between DRV and United States Navy ships, gave the US a pretext to launch air strikes against the North. The objective, outlined by President Lyndon B. Johnson, was to discourage further "Communist aggression" by launching punitive attacks against the DRV. In late 1964 the Joint Chiefs of Staff drew up a list of targets to be destroyed as part of a coordinated interdiction air campaign against the North’s supply network. Bridges, rail yards, docks, barracks and supply dumps would be targeted. However, President Johnson feared that direct intervention by the Chinese or Russians could trigger a world war and refused to authorize an unrestricted bombing campaign. Instead, the attacks would be limited to targets cleared by the President and his Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara. Beginning in 1965 Rolling Thunder was a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Early missions were against the south of the DRV, where the bulk of ground forces and supply dumps were located. Large-scale air strikes were launched on depots, bases and supply targets, but the majority of operations were “armed reconnaissance” missions in which small formations of aircraft patrolled highways and railroads and rivers, attacking targets of opportunity. Afraid the war might escalate out of hand, Johnson and McNamara micromanaged the bombing campaign from Washington. Rules of Engagement were imposed to limit civilian casualties or attacks on other nationals, such as the Eastern Bloc-crewed supply ships in Haiphong harbor or the Soviet and Chinese advisors helping train the Vietnamese military. However, the American policy of ‘graduated response’ – slowly ramping up pressure on the DRV leadership – meant that more targets became available to airmen to bomb. The bombing moved progressively northwards toward Hanoi. Exclusion zones were maintained around Hanoi and Haiphong to keep bombers away from the population centers, but eventually raids would be authorized even into these sanctuaries. To keep the United States Air Force and Navy out of each other’s way the DRV was divided into air zones called ‘Route Packages’ (RPs), each assigned to a service. The area around Hanoi included Route Packages 5 and 6a (the USAF’s responsibility) and 4 and 6b (the USN’s). Strikes into RP 6a or 6b were reckoned to be the toughest of all. The Vietnamese, with Soviet and Chinese help, had built a formidable air defense system there. Initially this consisted of anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) and MiG fighter jets, but from mid-1965 this was supplemented by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). A radar net now covered the country that could track incoming US raids and allocate SAMs or MiGs to attack them. To survive in this lethal air defense zone the Americans adopted special tactics. Large-scale raids were assigned support aircraft to keep the bombers safe. These would include fighters to keep the MiGs away, jamming aircraft to degrade enemy radars, and ‘Iron Hand’ fighter-bombers to hunt down SAMs and suppress AAA. New electronics countermeasures devices were hurriedly deployed to protect aircraft from missile attacks. By 1966 the air war in the higher Route Packages was getting hotter. Though most of the casualties came from AAA, there were an increasing number of encounters with SAMs and MiGs. MiGs were a particular problem because the Americans’ poor radar coverage of the Hanoi region allowed obsolete jets such as the MiG-17 to get the jump on them. Airborne Early Warning aircraft had great trouble detecting MiGs at very low altitude. Most of the USAF raids against the North came out of bases in Thailand. They would refuel over Laos before flying onto their targets. Sometimes the Americans would fly low and use prominent terrain features such as Thud Ridge to mask them from radar as they approached. After attacking the target – usually by dive-bombing – the raid would either head directly back to Thailand or exit over the relatively safe waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Navy raids would be launched from TaskForce 77 ’s carriers cruising on Yankee Station. The complement of a carrier air wing was needed to form an ‘Alpha Strike’. The Navy aircraft would usually take the shortest way into and out from the target. Bombing halts became a feature of the war. Some of these were politically enforced, as President Johnson tried a ‘carrot and stick’ approach to coax the DRV into a peace agreement. Others were the fault of the weather that for six months a year made bombing near impossible. Attempts were made to overcome the weather by developing blind bombing techniques using radar or radio navigation systems, but at best they generated mediocre results and were often useless. 1967 saw America’s most intense and sustained attempt to force the Vietnamese into peace talks. Almost all the Joint Chiefs’ target list was made available to be attacked, and even airfields – previously off-limits – came in for a pasting. Only the center of Hanoi (nicknamed ‘Downtown’ after the Petula Clark song) and Haiphong harbor remained safe from harm. The Vietnamese reacted by becoming more aggressive with their MiGs and using AAA and SAM to rack up an impressive tally of US aircraft. After two years of bombardment the Vietnamese were well equipped to handle US raids, having dispersed their supplies and developed the means to repair and rebuild the supply network after the raids had passed. Their strategy was longsighted. They did not have to defeat the Americans, merely absorb the punishment and outlast them. By 1968 McNamara had become convinced that airpower could not win the war. In spite of the air campaign the Tet New Year holiday saw Hanoi and the NLF mount an offensive in the south. The Tet Offensive was a military disaster for the North and their NLF allies, but it still broke the will of the American leadership. Hoping that Hanoi would enter into peace talks, President Johnson offered a bombing halt. The communists, licking their wounds after Tet, agreed to talks and the Rolling Thunder campaign came to an end. Opposition to the war Small scale opposition to the war began in 1964 on college campuses. This was happening during a time of unprecedented leftist student activism, and of the arrival at college age of the demographically significant Baby Boomers. Growing opposition to the war is attributable in part to the much greater access to information about the war available to college age Americans compared with previous generations because of extensive television news coverage. Thousands of young American men chose exile in Canada or Sweden rather than risk conscription. At that time, only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted; and most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states, the Selective Service System office ("Draft Board") in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption. The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted (September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970; the following year July 9 held this distinction). The image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military but not allowed to vote or drink also successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and the drinking age in many states. In order to gain an exemption or deferment many men obtained student deferments by attending college, though they would have to remain in college until their 26th birthday to be certain of avoiding the draft. Some got married, which remained an exemption throughout the war. Some men found sympathetic doctors who would claim a medical basis for applying for a 4F (medically unfit) exemption, though Army doctors could and did make their own judgments. Still others joined the National Guard or entered the Peace Corps as a way of avoiding Vietnam. All of these issues raised concerns about the fairness of who got selected for involuntary service, since it was often the poor or those without connections who were drafted. Ironically, in light of modern political issues, a certain exemption was a convincing claim of homosexuality, but very few men attempted this because of the stigma involved. The draft itself also initiated protests when on October 15, 1965 the student-run National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States. The first draft lottery since World War II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays. This issue was treated at length in a 4 January 1970 New York Times article titled "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". Even many of those who never received a deferment or exemption never served, simply because the pool of eligible men was so huge compared to the number required for service, that the draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available (until 1969) or because they had high lottery numbers (1970 and later). The U.S. people became polarized over the war. Many supporters of the war argued for what was known as the Domino Theory, which held that if the South fell to communist guerillas, other nations, primarily in Southeast Asia, would succumb in short succession, much like falling dominoes. Military critics of the war pointed out that the conflict was political and that the military mission lacked clear objectives. Civilian critics of the war argued that the government of South Vietnam lacked political legitimacy, or that support for the war was immoral. President Johnson's undersecretary of state, George Ball, was one of the lone voices in his administration advising against war in Vietnam. Gruesome images of two anti-war activists that set themselves on fire in November 1965 provided iconic images of how strongly some people felt that the war was immoral. On November 2 32-year-old Quaker member Norman Morrison set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon and on November 9 22-year old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte did the same thing in front of the United Nations building. Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier (and ongoing) Buddhist protests in South Vietnam itself. The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the US government. On August 16, 1966 the House Un-American Activities Committee began investigations of Americans who were suspected of aiding the NLF, with the intent to introduce legislation making these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupted the meeting and 50 were arrested. On 1 February 1968, a suspected NLF officer was summarily executed by General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. Loan shot the suspect in the head on a public street in front of journalists. The execution was filmed and photographed and provided another iconic image that helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war. On 15 October 1969, hundreds of thousands of people took part in National Moratorium antiwar demonstrations across the United States; the demonstrations prompted many workers to call in sick from their jobs and adolescents nationwide engaged in truancy from school - although the proportion of individuals doing either who actually participated in the demonstrations is in doubt. A second round of "Moratorium" demonstrations was held on November 15, but was less well-attended. The U.S. realized that the South Vietnamese government needed a solid base of popular support if it was to survive the insurgency. In order to pursue this goal of "winning the hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people, units of the United States Army, referred to as "Civil Affairs" units, were extensively utilized for the first time for this purpose since World War II. Civil Affairs units, while remaining armed and under direct military control, engaged in what came to be known as "nation building": constructing (or reconstructing) schools, public buildings, roads and other physical infrastructure; conducting medical programs for civilians who had no access to medical facilities; facilitating cooperation among local civilian leaders; conducting hygiene and other training for civilians; and similar activities. This policy of attempting to win the "Hearts and Minds" of the Vietnamese people, however, often was at odds with other aspects of the war which served to antagonize many Vietnamese civilians. These policies included the emphasis on "body count" as a way of measuring military success on the battlefield, the bombing of villages (symbolized by journalist Peter Arnett's famous quote, "it was necessary to destroy the village in order to save it"), and the killing of civilians in such incidents as the My Lai massacre. In 1974 the documentary "Hearts and Minds" sought to portray the devastation the war was causing to the South Vietnamese people, and won an Academy Award for best documentary amid considerable controversy. The South Vietnamese government also antagonized many of its citizens with its suppression of political opposition, through such measures as holding large numbers of political prisoners, torturing political opponents, and holding a one-man election for President in 1971. Despite the increasingly depressing news on the war, many Americans continued to support President Johnson's endeavors. Aside from the domino theory mentioned above, there was a feeling that the goal of preventing a communist takeover of a pro-Western government in South Vietnam was a noble objective. Many Americans were also concerned about saving face in the event of disengaging from the war or, as President Richard M. Nixon later put it, "achieving Peace with Honor". In addition, instances of Viet Cong atrocities were widely reported, most notably in an article that appeared in Reader's Digest in 1968 entitled The Blood-Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh. However, anti-war feelings also began to rise. Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds, seeing it as a destructive war against Vietnamese independence, or as intervention in a foreign civil war; others opposed it because they felt it lacked clear objectives and appeared to be unwinnable. Some anti-war activists were themselves Vietnam Veterans, as evidenced by the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Some of the Americans opposed to the Vietnam War, as for instance Jane Fonda, stressed their support for ordinary Vietnamese civilians struck by a war beyond their influence. The anti-war sentiments gave reason to a perception among returning soldiers of being spat on. In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson began his re-election campaign. A member of his own party, Eugene McCarthy, ran against him for the nomination on an antiwar platform. McCarthy did not win the first primary election in New Hampshire, but he did surprisingly well against an incumbent. The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign, taken together with other factors, led the President to make a surprise announcement in a March 31 televised speech that he was pulling out of the race. He also announced the initiation of the Paris Peace Talks with Vietnam in that speech. Then on August 4, 1969 US representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy began secret peace negotiations at the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris. The negotiations eventually failed, however. Seizing the opportunity caused by Johnson's departure from the race, Robert Kennedy then joined in and ran for the nomination on an antiwar platform. Johnson's vice president, Hubert Humphrey, also ran for the nomination, promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government. Kennedy was assassinated that summer, and Eugene McCarthy was unable to overcome Humphrey's support within the party elite. Humphrey won the nomination of his party, and ran against Richard Nixon in the general election. During the campaign, Nixon has been said to have claimed knowledge of a secret plan to end the war; this claim did not actually occur. It was thought to have occurred because at one point, his opponent for G.O.P. nomination, Gov. George Romney of Michigan, asked him "Where is your secret plan?" Opposition to the Vietnam War in Australia followed along similar lines to the United States, particularly with opposition to conscription. While Australian disengagement began in 1970 under John Gorton, it was not until the election of Gough Whitlam in 1972 that conscription ended. Anti-Vietnam war demonstration Nixon was elected President and began his policy of slow disengagement from the war. The goal was to gradually build up the South Vietnamese Army so that it could fight the war on its own. This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, the doctrine was called "Vietnamization". The stated goal of Vietnamization was to enable the South Vietnamese army to increasingly hold its own against the NLF and the North Vietnamese Army. The unstated goal of Vietnamization was that the primary burden of combat would be returned to ARVN troops and thereby lessen domestic opposition to the war in the U.S. During this period, the United States conducted a gradual troop withdrawal from Vietnam. Nixon continued to use air power to bomb the enemy, at the expense of American troop incursions. Ultimately more bombs were dropped under the Nixon Presidency than under Johnson's, while American troop deaths started to drop significantly. The Nixon administration was determined to remove American troops from the theater while not destabilizing the defensive efforts of South Vietnam. Many significant gains in the war were made under the Nixon administration, however. One particularly significant achievement was the weakening of support that the North Vietnamese army received from the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China. One of Nixon's main foreign policy goals had been the achievement of a "breakthrough" in relations between the two nations, in terms of creating a new spirit of cooperation. To a large extent this was achieved. China and the USSR had been the principal backers of the North Vietnamese army through large amounts of military and financial support. The eagerness of both nations to improve their own US relations in the face of a widening breakdown of the inter-Communist alliance led to the reduction of their aid to North Vietnam. U.S. soldiers' massacre of Vietnamese villagers at The morality of US conduct of the war continued to be an issue under the Nixon Presidency. In 1969, American investigative journalist Seymour Hersh exposed the My Lai massacre and its cover-up, for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. It came to light that Lt. William Calley, a platoon leader in Vietnam, had led a massacre of several hundred Vietnamese civilians, including women, babies, and the elderly, at My Lai a year before. The massacre was only stopped after two American soldiers in a helicopter spotted the carnage and intervened to prevent their fellow Americans from killing any more civilians. Although many were appalled by the wholesale slaughter at My Lai, Calley was given a life sentence after his court-martial in 1970, and was later pardoned by President Nixon. Cover-ups or soft treatments of American war crimes also happened in other cases, e.g. as revealed by the Pulitzer Prize winning article series about the Tiger Force by the Toledo Blade in 2003. In 1970, Nixon ordered a military incursion into Cambodia in order to destroy NLF sanctuaries bordering on South Vietnam. This action prompted even more protests on American college campuses. Several students were shot and killed by National Guard troops during demonstrations at Kent State. One effect of the incursion was to push communist forces deeper into Cambodia, which destabilized the country and in turn may have encouraged the rise of the Khmer Rouge, who seized power in 1975. The goal of the attacks, however, was to bring the North Vietnamese negotiators back to the table with some flexibility in their demands that the South Vietnamese government be overthrown as part of the agreement. It was also alleged that American and South Vietnamese casualty rates were reduced by the destruction of military supplies the communists had been storing in Cambodia. In an effort to help assuage growing discontent over the war, Nixon announced on October 12, 1970 that the United States would withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas. Later that month on October 30, the worst monsoon to hit Vietnam in six years caused large floods, killed 293, left 200,000 homeless and virtually halted the war. Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invaded Laos on 13 February 1971. On August 18 of that year, Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from Vietnam. The total number of American troops in Vietnam dropped to 196,700 on 29 October 1971, the lowest level since January 1966. On November 12, 1971 Nixon set a 1 February 1972 deadline to remove another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. On April 22, 1971, John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress about the war, when he appeared before a Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. He spoke for nearly two hours with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in what has been named the Fulbright Hearing, after the Chairman of the proceedings, Senator J. William Fulbright. Kerry presented the conclusions of the Winter Soldier Investigation, where veterans had described personally committing or witnessing war crimes. In the 1972 election, the war was once again a major issue in the United States. An antiwar candidate, George McGovern, ran against President Nixon. Nixon's Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, declared that "Peace is at Hand" shortly before the voters went to the polls, dealing a death blow to McGovern's campaign, which had been facing an uphill battle. However, the peace agreement was not signed until the next year, leading many to conclude that Kissinger's announcement was just a political ploy. Kissinger's defenders assert that the North Vietnamese negotiators had made use of Kissinger's pronouncement as an opportunity to embarrass the Nixon Administration to weaken it at the negotiation table. White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler on 30 November 1972 told the press that there would be no more public announcements concerning American troop withdrawals from Vietnam due to the fact that troop levels were then down to 27,000. The US halted heavy bombing of North Vietnam on December 30, 1972. A campaign to bomb Vietnam's dikes and thus threaten the North Vietnamese food supply was employed to pressure the North to concede, the details of which only began to surface much later. The end of the war South Vietnamese civilians scramble to board the last US helicopter leaving the country. On 15 January 1973, citing progress in peace negotiations, President Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam which was later followed by a unilateral withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam. The Paris Peace Accords were later signed on 27 January 1973 which officially ended US involvement in the Vietnam conflict. This won the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for Kissinger and North Vietnam's Prime Minister Le Duc Tho while fighting continued, leading songwriter Tom Lehrer to declare that irony had died. The first American prisoners of war were released on February 11 and all US soldiers were ordered to leave by March 29. In a break with history, soldiers returning from the Vietnam War were generally not treated as heroes, and soldiers were sometimes even condemned for their participation in the war. The peace agreement did not last. Nixon had promised South Vietnam that he would provide military support to them in the event of a crumbling military situation. Nixon was fighting for his political life in the growing Watergate Scandal at the time. Economic aid continued, most of it was siphoned off by corrupt elements in the South Vietnamese government and little of it actually went to the war effort. At the same time aid to North Vietnam from the USSR and China began to increase, and with the Americans out, the two countries no longer saw the war as significant to their US relations. The balance of power had clearly shifted to the North. By 1975, the South Vietnamese Army stood alone against the powerful North Vietnamese. Despite Vietnamization and the 1972 victories against the NVA offensive ,the ARVN was plagued with corruption , desertion, low wages, and lack of supplies. Then in early March the NVA launched a powerful offensive into the poorly defended Central Highlands, splitting the Republic of South Vietnam in two. President Thieu , fearful that ARVN troops in the northern provinces would be isolated due to a NVA encirclement, he decided on a redeployment of ARVN troops from the northern provinces to the Central Highlands. But the withdrawal of South Vietnamese forces soon turned into a bloody retreat as the NVA crossed the DMZ. While South Vietnamese forces retreated from the northern provinces, splintered South Vietnamese forces in the Central Highlands fought desperately against the NVA. On March 11, 1975 Bumnethout fell to the NVA. The attack began in the early morning hours. After a violent artillery barrage , 4,000- man garrison defending the city retreated with their families. On March 15, President Thieu ordered the Central Highlands and the northern provinces to be abandoned, in what he declared to lighten the top and keep the bottom General Phu abandoned the cities of Plieku and Kontum and retreated to the coast in what became known as the column of tears. General Phu led his troops to Tum Ky on the coast , but as the ARVN retreated, the civilians also when with them. But due to already destroyed roads and bridges the column slowed down as the NVA closed in. As the column staggered down mountains to the coast , NVA shelling attacked. By April 1, the column ceased to exist after 60,000 ARVN troops were killed. On March 20 , Thieu reversed himself and ordered Hue, Vietnam’s 3rd largest city be held out at all cost. But as the NVA attacked, a panic ensured and South Vietnamese resistance collapsed. On March 22, the NVA launched a siege on Hue, the civilians , remembering the 1968 massacre jammed into the airport, seaports, and the docks. Some even swam into the ocean to reach boats and barges. The ARVN routed with the civilians and some South Vietnamese shot civilians just to make room for themselves. On March 25, after a 3-day siege , Hue fell. As Hue fell, NVA rockets hit downtown Da Nang and the airport. By March 28, 35,000 NVA troops were poised in the suburbs. On March 29, a World Airways jet led by Edward Daley landed in Da Nag to save women and children, instead 300 men jammed onto the flight , mostly ARVN troops. On March 30, 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the NVA marched victoriously through Da Nang on that Easter Sunday. With the fall of Da Nang , the defense of the Central Highlands and northern provinces collapsed. With half of South Vietnam under their control , NVA prepared for its final phase in its offensive , the Ho Chi Minh campaign , the plan: By May 1 ,capture Saigon before South Vietnamese forces could regroup to defend it. The NVA continued its attack as South Vietnamese forces and Thieu regime crumbled before their onslaught. On April 7, 3 NVA divisions attacked Xuan-loc , 40 miles east of Saigon , where they met fierce resistance from the ARVN 18th Infantry division. For 2 bloody weeks. Severe fighting raged in the city as the ARVN defenders in a last-ditch effort tried desperately to save South Vietnam from military and economic collapse. Also , hoping Americans forces would return in time to save them. The ARVN 18th Infantry division used many advance weapons against the NVA , and it was in the final phase in which Saigon government troops fought well. But on April 21, the exhausted and besieged army garrison defending Xuan-loc surrendered. A bitter and tearful Thieu resigned on April 21 , saying America had betrayed South Vietnam and he showed the 1972 document claiming America would retaliate against North Vietnam should they attack. Thieu left for Taiwan on April 25, leaving control of the doomed government to General Minh By now NVA tanks had reached Bienhoa , they turned towards Saigon , clashing with few South Vietnamese units on the way. The end was near. Fall of Saigon By April , the weakened South Vietnamese Army had suddenly collapsed on all fronts. The powerful NVA offensive forced South Vietnamese troops on a bloody retreat that ended up as a hopeless siege at Xuan-loc , a city 40 miles from Saigon and the last South Vietnamese defense line before Saigon. On April 21 , the defense of Xuan-loc collapsed and NVA troops and tanks rapidly advanced to Saigon. On April 27 , 100,000 NVA troops encircled Saigon , which was to be defended by 30,000 ARVN troops. On April 29 The US launched Option IV , the largest helicopter evacuation in history Chaos , unrest ,and panic ensured as hectic Vietnamese scrambled to leave Saigon before it was to late. Helicopters began evacuating from the US embassy and the airport. Evacuation were held to the last minute because US ambassador Martin thought Saigon could be held and defended. The operation began in an atmosphere of desperation as hysterical mobs of South Vietnamese raced to takeoff spots designated to evacuate, many yelling to be saved. Martin had pleaded to the US government to send $700 million dollars in emergency to South Vietnam in order to bolster the Saigon regime’s ability to fight and to mobilize fresh South Vietnamese units. But plead was rejected many Americans felt the Saigon regime would meet certain collapse none the less and President Ford gave a speech on April 23 , declaring the end of the Vietnam War and the end of all American aid to the Saigon regime. The helicopter evacuation continued all day and night while NVA tanks reached the outskirts of Saigon. In the early hours of April 30, the last US Marines left the embassy as hectic Vietnamese breached the embassy perimeter and raided the place. NVA T-54 tanks moved into Saigon . The South Vietnamese resistance was light Tank skirmishes began as ARVN M-41 tanks attacked the heavily armored Soviet T-34 tanks. NVA troops soon dashed to capture The US embassy, the government army garrison ,the police headquarters , radio station , presidential palace, and other vital targets. The NVA encountered greater-than excepted resistance as small pockets of ARVN resistance continued. By now the helicopter evacuation had saved 7,000 American and Vietnamese and soon became to an end. The presidential palace was soon captured as the Vietcong flag waved victoriously over the palace. President Minh surrendered Saigon to the NVA colonel Bui Tin and the surrender came over the radio as Minh ordered South Vietnamese forces to lay down their weapons. Columns of South Vietnamese troops came out of defensive positions and surrendered. Saigon fell on April 30, 1975. As for the Americans, many stayed in South Vietnam but by May 1, 1975 most Americans had fled , leaving the city of Saigon forever. The Vietnam War was America most humiliating defeat, over 58,000 died and many were injured and left crippled or paralyzed. As for the people of South Vietnam , over a million ARVN soldiers died in the 30-year conflict. North Vietnam united both North and South Vietnam on 2 July 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Saigon was re-named Ho Chi Minh City in honor of the former president of North Vietnam. Hundreds of supporters of the South Vietnamese government were rounded up and executed, many more were imprisoned. Communist rule continues to this day. On 21 January 1977 American President Jimmy Carter pardoned nearly all Vietnam War draft evaders. Main article: Casualties of Vietnam War Estimating the number killed in the conflict is extremely difficult. Official records from North Vietnam are hard to find or nonexistent and many of those killed were literally blasted to pieces by bombing. For many years the North Vietnamese suppressed the true number of their casualties for propaganda purposes. It is also difficult to say exactly what counts as a "Vietnam war casualty"; people are still being killed today by unexploded ordnance, particularly cluster bomblets. More than 40,000 Vietnamese have been killed so far by landmines and unexploded ordnance. Environmental effects from chemical agents and the colossal social problems caused by a devastated country with so many dead surely caused many more lives to be shortened. In addition, the Khmer Rouge would probably not have come into power and committed their slaughters without the destabilization of the war, particularly of the American bombing campaigns to 'clear out the sanctuaries' in Cambodia. The lowest casualty estimates, based on North Vietnamese statements which are now discounted by Vietnam, are around 1.5 million Vietnamese killed. Vietnam's Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs released figures on April 3, 1995, reporting that 1.1 million fighters -- Viet Cong guerrillas and North Vietnamese soldiers -- and nearly 2 million civilians in the north and the south were killed between 1954 and 1975. The number of wounded fighters was put at 600,000. It is unclear how many Vietnamese civilians were wounded. The accuracy of these figures has generally not been challenged. Of the Americans, 58,226 were killed in action or classified as missing in action. A further 153,303 Americans were wounded to give total casualties of 211,529. The United States Army took the majority of the casualties with 38,179 killed and 96,802 wounded; the Marine Corps lost 14,836 killed and 51,392 wounded; the Navy 2,556 and 4,178; with the Air Force suffering the lowest casualties both in numbers and percentage terms with 2,580 killed and 931 wounded. American allies took casualties as well. South Korea provided the largest outside force and suffered something between 4400 and 5000 killed full details including WIA and MIA appear difficult to find. Australia lost 501 dead and 3,131 wounded out of the 47,000 troops they had deployed to Vietnam. New Zealand had 38 dead and 187 wounded. Thailand had 351 casualties. were also at least in the hundreds but, like the Philippines, it is difficult to locate accurate figures for their losses. Although Canada was not involved in the war, thousands of Canadians joined the American armed forces and served in Vietnam. The American fatal casualties include at least 56 Canadian citizens. It is difficult to estimate the exact number because some Canadians crossed the border to volunteer for service under false pretenses whereas others were permanent residents living in the United States who either volunteered or were drafted. In the aftermath of the war many Americans came to believe that some of the 2,300 American soldiers listed as Missing in Action had in fact been taken prisoner by the DRV and held indefinitely. The Vietnamese list over 200,000 of their own soldiers Missing in Action, and bodies of MIA soldiers from World War I and II continue to be unearthed in Europe. Both during and after the war, significant human rights violations occurred. Both North and South Vietnamese had large numbers of political prisoners, many of whom were killed or tortured. In 1970, two American congressmen visiting South Vietnam discovered the existence of "tiger cages", which were small prison cells used for torturing South Vietnamese political prisoners. After the war, actions taken by the victors in Vietnam, including firing squads, torture, concentration camps and "re-education," led to the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese. Many of these refugees fled by boat and thus gave rise to the phrase "boat people." They emigrated to Hong Kong, France, the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries, creating sizable expatriate communities, notably in the United States. Among the many casualties of the war were the people of the neighboring state of Cambodia. Approximately 600,000 died as a result of US bombing campaigns. The bombing campaigns also drove many Cambodians into the arms of the nationalist and communist Khmer Rouge who took power and continued the slaughter of opponents or suspected opponents. About 1.7 million Cambodians were murdered or fell victim to starvation and disease before the regime was overthrown by Vietnamese forces in 1979. Domestic effects and aftermath in Indochina Virtually every Vietnamese, especially South Vietnamese, was affected by the war, having endured relentless bombardments and targeted killings. Many Vietnamese lost relatives as a result of the war. The end of the war marked the first time that Vietnam was at peace in many years. North and South Vietnam was reunified under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the communist victory. Fear of persecutions initially caused many highly skilled and educated South Vietnamese connected with the former regime to flee the country during the fall of Saigon, severely depleting human capital in Vietnam. The new government promptly sent people connected to the South Vietnam regime to concentration camps for "re-education", often for years at a time. Others were sent to so-called "new economic zones" to develop the undeveloped land. Furthermore, it implemented land reforms in the south similar to those implemented in North Vietnam earlier. However it is as well to remember that large areas of land in South Viet Nam had already been appropriated by the communists well before the end of the war - and their owners compensated for the loss by the South Vietnamese government. Persecution and poverty prompted an additional 2 million people to become boat people over the 20 years since unification. The problem was so severe that during the 1980s and 1990s the UN had to set up refugee camps in neighboring countries to process them. Many of these refugees resettled in the United States, forming large anti-communist Vietnamese-American communities. Ravaged by war, Vietnam is still in the process of recovery. It remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Remittance from overseas Vietnamese constitute a considerable part of the economy. Vietnamese people often make reference to events as happening "before 1975" or "after 1975", but life in South Vietnam before 1975 is rarely discussed since newspapers and movies published in the South prior to 1975 were forbidden from circulation. The large number of people born after 1975 may be indicative of a post-war baby boom. Many people are disabled during war, and continue to be killed and disabled by unexploded ordnance. Agent Orange, used as a defoliant during the war, is alleged by the Vietnamese government to continue to cause birth defects in many children. In the late 1980s the government instituted economic reforms known as đổi mới (renovation), which introduced some market elements, achieving some modest results. The Soviet collapse in 1991 left Vietnam without its main economic and political partner, and thus it began to seek closer ties with the West. After taking office, U.S. President Bill Clinton announced his desire to heal relations with Vietnam. His administration lifted economic sanctions on the country in 1994, and in May 1995 the two nations renewed diplomatic relations, with the US opening up an embassy on Vietnamese soil for the first time since 1975. Shortly before the war in Vietnam ended, the Khmer Rouge seized power in Cambodia. Following their takeover was a bloody genocide in which people were systematically killed. They were driven from power in 1979 when Vietnam invaded and installed its own puppet government. Domestic effects and aftermath in the United States The Vietnam war had many long term repercussions for American society and foreign policy. Politically, the war's poor planning and legislation that President Johnson regarded as "blank checks" to pursue the war led to Congress reviewing the way that the United States waged war. Due to the Vietnam War buildup, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution of 1973, which curtailed the President's ability to commit troops to action without first obtaining Congressional approval. From a social point of view, the war was a key time in the lives of many younger Americans, especially the so-called baby boom generation. For protester and soldier alike, the war created many strong opinions in regards to American foreign policy and the justness of war. As a result, the Vietnam War was also significant in showing the degree that the public can influence government policy through mobilization and protest. The use of the defoliation agent known as Agent Orange, designed to destroy the hiding places of the Viet Cong, has caused many health maladies and birth defects to this day for people on both sides of the conflict. The war and its aftermath led to a mass emigration from Vietnam, mostly to the United States. They included both Amerasians (the children of Vietnamese young women and US military personnel) and Vietnamese refugees, especially those who had served under South Vietnam, who fled soon after the Communist takeover. During the subsequent years over 1 million of these people arrived in the United States (see Vietnamese American) Social attitudes and treatment of veterans In 1982, construction began on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (also known as 'The Wall') designed by Maya Lin. It is located on the Washington DC mall adjacent to the Lincoln Memorial. The Three Soldiers statue was added later, in 1984. Service in the war was unpopular, especially among the contemporaries of the soldiers who fought it. Veterans of the war received benefits no better than those in the prior peacetime service period, and in contrast to the generous benefits afforded veterans of World War II. Some of the war's veterans experienced shunning in the society, and a few had profound difficulties—including homelessness—since returning from Vietnam. Many veterans who had been exposed to "Agent Orange" during service later contracted a number of cancers, skin diseases and other health problems. The U.S. department of Veterans Affairs awarded compensation to only 1,800 of some 250,000 claimants. Also in contrast to the post-World War II period, the great majority of major elected officials in the U.S. have not been war veterans, which was virtually compulsory in the recent past. Each of the eight Presidents from 1945 to 1992 was a veteran of one of the World Wars. George McGovern, the pacifist opponent of Nixon, was a highly-decorated B-24 bomber pilot. Many who did serve during Vietnam served in auxiliary forces such as the National Guard or reserve forces that were minimally called up during the conflict, including current President Bush. Former President Bill Clinton initially signed up for ROTC, but successfully withdrew his commitment, and did not serve at all. Contemporary status of Vietnam veterans Vietnam service has become more respected, especially in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and was important to the election of some American politicians; for example, it was a factor in the election of John McCain, a former Vietnam POW, to the US Senate. John F. Kerry became the first Vietnam combat veteran to run as a major party candidate for president and he made his service there a major issue in the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign. His Vietnam record was controversial with veterans coming out for and against the candidate. Whether or not Kerry's tour of and subsequent protest of Vietnam had any effect on voters, his candidacy did not succeed. Major military operations of the Vietnam War with launching dates Major battles of the Vietnam War Major bombing campaigns of the Vietnam War Major figures of the Vietnam War Common military medals of the Vietnam War Republic of Vietnam medals Vietnamese unit citations United States Vietnam Service See also: Awards and decorations of the United States military Phillip Davidson. 1988. Vietnam at War: The History 1946-1975 Daniel Ellsberg. 2002. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press. - Frances Fitzgerald . 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Little Brown and Company. David Halberstam. 1969. The Best and the Brightest. New York. Ballantine Books. Patrick J. Hearden. 1991. The Tragedy of Vietnam New York: Harper Collins. - George C. Herring . 1979. "America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975". Boston: McGraw-Hill. - Stanley Karnow . 1983. Vietnam, A History. New York: Viking Press, ISBN 0140265473 - Robert J. McMahon . 2003. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War. New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 061819312X Robert McNamara. 1995. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. (written with Brian VanDeMark) New York: Vintage Books. - Robert Mann . 2001. A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam. New York: Basic Books. - James S. Olson (editor). 1988. Dictionary of the Vietnam War. New York: Greenwood Press, Inc. Neil Sheehan. 1988. A Bright Shining Lie. New York: Vintage. - Lewis Sorley . 1999. A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam New York: Harcourt. - Fall, Bernard. 1967. "Hell in a Very Small Place: the Seige of Dien Bien Phu". - Just, Ward. 1968. "To What End: Report from Vietnam." - Oberdorfer, Don. 1971. "Tet: the Story of a Battle and its Historic Aftermath". - Emerson, Gloria. 1976. "Winners and Losers: Battles, Retreats, Gains, Losses and Ruins from a Long War". - Caputo, Philip. 1977. "A Rumor of War". - Santoli, Al. 1981. "Everything We Had: an Oral History of the Vietnam War by 33 American Soldiers Who Fought It". - Mason, Robert C. 1983. "Chickenhawk". - Moore, LTG Harold G., and Galloway, Joseph L. 1992. "We Were Soldiers Once... and Young". - O'Brien, Tim. 1973. "If I Die in a Combat Zone". - Puller, Lewis B. Jr. 1991. "Fortunate Son". - Woolf, Tobias. 1994. "In Pharaoh's Army". - Langguth, A. J. 2000. "Our Vietnam: the War 1954-1975". - Laurence, John. 2002. "The Cat from Hue: a Vietnam War Story". - Dileo, David L. 1991. "George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of Containment". Ford, Daniel. 1967. "Incident at Muc Wa" (filmed 1976 as "Go Tell the Spartans") - Greene, Graham. 1955. "The Quiet American". - Herr, Michael. 1977. "Dispatches". - O'Brien, Tim. 1978. "Going After Cacciato". - Webb, James. 1978. "Fields of Fire". - Heinemann, Larry. 1986. "Paco's Story". - O'Brien, Tim. 1990. "The Things They Carried". - Meyers, Walter Dean. 1988. "Fallen Angels". 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Is mercury a quicksilver bullet or a slow poison? The name quicksilver is a good characterization for mercury in many respects. Apart from its physical appearance and effortless motility as a liquid metal, it is at the same time a semi-noble metal (suggesting non-reactive behaviour), but present in many chemical forms and it can participate in many chemical reactions. A broad classification would be to divide it into three forms: metallic mercury, inorganic salts, and organic mercury. Mercury is ubiquitous, it is present in soil, it is released into atmosphere in the burning of coal, it is easily amalgamated with other metals making it useful for dentistry as well as for many technical uses, and we can still find old mercury thermometers in the medicine cabinet or blood pressure meters. Even though human activities release several thousand tons into the environment yearly, natural sources still predominate. This essay concentrates on methyl mercury which is the most important form from the environmental point of view. However, one should not forget the mad hatter of Alice in Wonderland, a victim of chronic poisoning of the mercury used in felt preparation. The occupational exposure to metallic mercury vapour typically causes increased excitability and tremors along with a variety of other symptoms of the central nervous system and peripheral organs. A “new” source is energy-saving lamps in homes, if they break; they may contain 2–5 mg metallic mercury. At high concentrations, all forms of mercury are toxic and cause a myriad of symptoms. The differences are mainly kinetic; methyl mercury is absorbed better, and concentrates better in the brain than the other forms of mercury. Mercury is a natural component of the bedrock. Therefore weathering of rock releases mercury into the environment, as do volcanic eruptions. The most important anthropogenic source is power plants burning coal; this accounts for about two thirds of all man-made release. Some industries have also released considerable amounts of mercury; they include chloralkali plants and metal and cement production. Mercury releases have decreased in Europe and North America, but are increasing rapidly in Asia. One lethal use of mercury has been in the separation of gold from rocks and sand by dissolving it to mercury which is then evaporated. This causes terrible occupational risks to the gold miners already working in primitive conditions, and it also contaminates the nearby land and rivers. It has been estimated that 130 tons of mercury are being released each year into the Amazon basin alone. Methyl mercury is formed in the aqueous environment by anaerobic microbial transformation. This means that a lack of oxygen promotes its formation, and thus methyl mercury levels can vary extensively in even quite close water sources – depending on how well they are oxygenated. High concentrations of oxygen-depleting organic material such as humus promote this transformation, and therefore certain fish e.g. pike which live in the brown-coloured lakes of the coniferous forest and marshlands, may contain very high concentrations of methyl mercury even when there are no industrial plants upstream. Exposure to methyl mercury The methyl mercury intake of Europeans originates mainly from fish, and the adult intake in most countries is 10–30% of the tolerable weekly intake value, which was revised to 1.6 micrograms/kg/week in 2003. In children, the data are rather sketchy, but it seems to be around the same range. Variations are great between countries and even within countries, and in many individuals these recommendations are exceeded. The reason for fish being the most important source is bioaccumulation and biomagnification of methyl mercury within the aquatic food chains. Other forms of mercury do not accumulate into organisms, because metallic mercury is not reactive, and inorganic salts are so water-soluble that they are unable to not pass easily through lipid (fatty) membranes of living cells. Different fish accumulate methyl mercury very differently. The highest concentrations are found in large, old predatory fish such as pike, perch, swordfish, shark, and tuna (lower in canned tuna). The maximum concentrations set by the authorities in different countries are 0.5–1 mg/kg fresh weight, but in some species, concentrations of 3–4 mg/kg can be detected. Fate in the human organism The lipid solubility of methyl mercury helps it to accumulate in living organisms, but that is the end of similarities with the POPs. Methyl mercury does not concentrate in fat but in proteins. This is because it has a special attraction for the sulphur groups of one amino acid, cysteine and can also bind to cysteine-containing peptide glutathione, and proteins containing cysteine. This is both a blessing and a curse, because cysteine complexes help to make methyl mercury water soluble and allow it to be pumped out of cells and the central nervous system. On the other hand, binding to protein cysteines disturbs the functions of the proteins, and this is the reason for the diverse but specific forms of toxicity. The glutathione complexes attempt to remove methyl mercury from the body by helping its excretion to bile, but unfortunately this complex becomes degraded in the gut and then the methyl mercury is reabsorbed back into the human body. Since excretion to urine is minimal, methyl mercury can be rather persistent in human body, and its half life is of the order of two months. Methyl mercury concentrations are higher in the brain than in blood or most other tissues. It also readily passes through the placenta into the foetus, and levels in foetal brain are 5–7 times higher than those in maternal blood. Methyl mercury binds avidly to hair, because hair keratin is rich in cysteine. The sulphur-containing cysteine is why hair smells so terrible if burned. The high levels make it possible to analyse mercury in hair, and with long hair it is even possible to calculate exposure at different times by cutting the hair to pieces and calculating the situation at the time when each piece was growing. Hair concentrations are about 250 times higher than the corresponding concentrations in blood. The negative health effects of mercury are difficult to study, because the main intake comes from fish, and fish has been clearly shown to be beneficial to health in many ways. For example, fish consumption decreases the risk of acute cardiac deaths, it may prevent development of coronary disease, it has been shown to promote normal development of the nervous system and improve intellectual development in children. There are two major health concerns associated with methyl mercury in fish: increased cardiovascular mortality in adults, and developmental deficiencies of the central nervous system after exposure during pregnancy or in early childhood. Most of the data on cardiac deaths are from a large 14-year cohort study in Finland. Abundant use of non-fatty predatory fish such as pike was associated with heart disease. If the hair concentration of mercury exceeded 2 microg/g, then the protective and beneficial effects of fatty acids of fish were lost. Developmental problems are even more difficult to evaluate. It is clear from the incidences of frank poisoning that methyl mercury is highly damaging to the developing nervous system, especially the central nervous system. This was clearly shown in Minamata where industrial wastewater contaminated Minamata Bay with mercury, and the resulting methyl mercury poisoned virtually the whole population. Another poisoning incident was due to consumption of methyl mercury treated seeds during a famine in Iraq. In both cases, various developmental defects were seen when pregnant mothers were exposed to mercury; in particular developmental defects of the central nervous system. The impact of low intake from fish is far more difficult to assess. There are three major series of studies addressing the issue, from the Faroe Islands, the Seychelles and New Zealand. Fish consumption of mothers was highest in the Seychelles, averaging 12 meals a week. No definite developmental defects were found. In the Faroe Islands, the intake was mainly from whale meat and blubber. Slight retardation was seen in children at 7 and 14 years of age, of the order of a 2-month delay in development when their mercury concentration doubled. All studies agree with the possibility that the risk level would be about 10 μg/g in maternal hair, confirming suspicions based on the Iraq incident. A few mothers exceeded that level in the Seychelles and Faroes, but in most countries where there is lower fish consumption, the advice is that fish consumption could be safely increased, even though the safety margins are not very high. Mercury, in the form of methyl mercury, is presently the most important toxic heavy metal. The problem is that intake is mainly from fish, and no one can doubt that fish consumption confers clear benefits for health, in fact counteracting the same health outcomes worsened by mercury: fish oils prevent cardiovascular mortality, and are important for the development of the central nervous system. The safety margin is probably less than with any POP at the present levels. In many populations, some individuals are exceeding the safe weekly intake, not only the administrative tolerable intake estimates with their safety margins. Mercury intake originates mostly from fish, and it is clearly advisable to avoid consuming too often the kinds of fish with high mercury content. These include shark, swordfish, large pike, and tuna. During pregnancy, these species are best avoided. One should never forget that fish is a healthy foodstuff, but a variety of species should be consumed. Notes and references One level up: Is man defiled by what goes to his mouth? 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3474, 5365, 289, 8461, 1366, 10044, 286, 497, 2778, 75, 19, 75, 16, 1023, 268, 6413, 291, 4070, 1814, 289, 7050, 5656, 289, 2034, 664, 3673, 18, 203, 40, 73, 676, 9968, 1626, 356, 919, 512, 2203, 292, 5992, 18, 553, 316, 1763, 427, 268, 490, 323, 1091, 289, 968, 1574, 11625, 336, 6974, 2713, 8461, 1366, 316, 2871, 10177, 292, 268, 2528, 6593, 892, 16, 1803, 268, 3327, 6593, 892, 18, 540, 454, 4859, 2853, 288, 3028, 348, 776, 853, 3854, 10957, 9718, 3028, 348, 776, 6847, 360, 8461, 1366, 16, 291, 268, 3932, 6974, 2713, 8461, 1366, 6971, 286, 9874, 268, 2399, 2196, 18, 3013, 11625, 8627, 454, 1504, 292, 3318, 289, 6974, 2713, 8461, 1366, 4257, 3902, 995, 261, 1077, 475, 288, 11740, 18, 450, 1079, 1934, 16, 1320, 9598, 10273, 664, 2279, 649, 6895, 9290, 664, 4504, 292, 8461, 1366, 31, 288, 1510, 9598, 10273, 289, 268, 3327, 6593, 892, 18, 203, 1461, 1393, 289, 1488, 4905, 427, 2034, 316, 1904, 512, 2203, 292, 2123, 18, 994, 356, 1391, 1670, 3338, 289, 2194, 5693, 268, 2682, 16, 427, 268, 9427, 3766, 10597, 16, 268, 2245, 93, 355, 467, 274, 291, 1525, 8960, 18, 7480, 3318, 289, 9290, 454, 4406, 288, 268, 2245, 93, 355, 467, 274, 16, 261, 357, 1516, 2211, 6072, 261, 2569, 18, 2491, 3259, 674, 9598, 10273, 664, 986, 18, 450, 268, 9427, 3766, 10597, 16, 268, 4905, 454, 4870, 427, 342, 1224, 4425, 291, 10590, 70, 657, 18, 343, 2239, 8445, 485, 318, 454, 2279, 288, 1024, 430, 1499, 291, 2967, 935, 289, 1722, 16, 289, 268, 1544, 289, 261, 497, 17, 2701, 262, 9396, 288, 1208, 649, 444, 8461, 1366, 5365, 3342, 6992, 18, 1771, 2194, 3419, 360, 268, 6145, 336, 268, 1238, 966, 830, 327, 608, 1474, 7958, 125, 75, 19, 75, 288, 293, 10741, 3474, 16, 1275, 338, 2280, 4115, 300, 806, 1585, 341, 268, 11740, 8627, 18, 330, 1374, 9290, 10044, 286, 336, 966, 288, 268, 2245, 93, 355, 467, 274, 291, 9427, 3144, 16, 566, 288, 710, 1933, 853, 686, 316, 1898, 2034, 3318, 16, 268, 4371, 316, 336, 2034, 3318, 911, 327, 6614, 2161, 16, 919, 1417, 268, 2030, 8309, 1054, 356, 462, 1040, 695, 18, 203, 49, 1325, 1366, 16, 288, 268, 926, 289, 6974, 2713, 8461, 1366, 16, 316, 882, 1402, 268, 710, 851, 4821, 4112, 3691, 18, 365, 1676, 316, 336, 4905, 316, 4870, 427, 2034, 16, 291, 688, 597, 375, 7246, 336, 2034, 3318, 1275, 332, 1763, 1716, 331, 661, 16, 288, 1975, 4459, 4252, 268, 1162, 661, 4041, 5570, 2539, 419, 8461, 1366, 30, 2034, 7875, 1463, 6568, 8292, 16, 291, 356, 851, 331, 268, 1208, 289, 268 ]
A warm-up is not Cardiorespiratory Training. It is a warm-up, movement that has a sole purpose to improve blood flow to the entire body and prepare the supporting systems for exercise. Therefore Cardiorespiratory training is a necessary independent component of fitness that must be addressed with the same vigor and assessment precision as a resistance training program. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be improved via a variety of exercise components and modalities, but the similar factor within that exercise is the consistent elevation of heart rate, for an extended period of time, which meets the ACSM’s recommendations for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness. The elevated heart rate must be a direct result of repeated large muscle contractions, causing the coordination of heart and lungs to produce energy and movement. For this assignment you will measure your personal level of cardiorespiratory fitness. Using the NASM protocols for cardiorespiratory assessment and the attached Labs 3.1-1 through 3.2-3, as criteria for assessment. Assignment #4 WK6 Describe and list the results of your personal cardio respiratory assessment. Your results should include: all elements listed on the document titled “CPT7_cardio_assessment_template” including your fitness ratings. In your description of your results explain why you think you displayed these fitness rating results. Does your lifestyle contribute to your rating? Why? Why not? Based on your results and fitness rating, develop a Cardiorespiratory exercise program. Use the attached Assignment 4 WK6 Template to assist you with layout. Within your assignment use a combination of narrative & any templates charts/graphs that you think are appropriate (see assignment attachments noted within the instructions). Requirements: The narrative of your paper should be a minimum of 3 written pages (not including title page and reference page); charts or tables will enhance your project but will not count toward your total page count. Please support the rationale for your thoughts and opinions. Cite the sources of any definitions or ideas that are not your own using appropriate academic sources (minimum of 2 References – required readings as sources are allowed and encouraged). Formatting: The writing component must meet all rules of APA formatting (7th edition) Including the title and reference pages, your entire submission will be no shorter than 5 pages. **Also, please refer to our APUS Library for help with APA formatting. And the Perdue Owl: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html Please use your NASM text readings (both in class and via NASM.org), the NASM forms (attached), and any other peer-reviewed/scientific resources you may find as reference material for this assignment. Our APUS Library Search Engines are a good place to begin. Please refer to the attached rubric for additional details and guidance. There are several ways to incorporate a Template/Table into your WORD document; a few hints: If you are unsure of how to do this -the easiest way is to complete your template on one document, then take a screenshot (I use a Mac & the command for screenshot is command+shift+4, which then gets saved as a pic. On a PC, there is often a “print screen” button which actually saves the screenshot to your desktop OR to a clipboard for you to paste in a word doc), open and copy the picture, then paste it into the document in the appropriate spot. Please refer to the attached rubric for additional details and guidance. \| University of Maryland University Campus Mass Communications and Media Studies Social media has taken the front seat to the various means of media communication in an industry that is constantly evolving due to the fast-paced technology industry. Society is heavily influenced my information they gather through these channels when it comes to real-world news items, celebrity news, or as consumers. These media channels have opened a whole new world to marketers and businesses in ways to share their messages. Due to this growth, there has been an increase in the many theories that are being studied on the effects that media has on its society, culture, and audience. The articles below helped increase my understanding of media on a psychological level. What is the core purpose behind media outlets such as Twitter or Facebook? What are businesses hoping to accomplish by having a strong social media presence? The various studies help the readers understand the influences that mass media has on a person’s lifestyle and daily habits. Cavender, Kurt. “Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice.” Cultural Studies (2013): p656-p659. Author Kurt Cavender shares the views of various researchers who have studied the effects that different social media channels have on its audience. Furthermore, rather than asking how Facebook or Twitter are being used, one researcher (Bruno Latour) wants to understand what habits are formed because of these social media channels and the influence they have on our day-to-day productivity. There are many theories discussed such as; object-oriented media theories, system-oriented media theories, and a new theory introduced by Latour known as actor-network theory (ANT). Latour introduced ANT as “a method for following the circulation across space of people and objects as actors make up their worlds”. The main takeaway is that “social practice occupies an intersection between the semiotic and the material, that the movements of actors within media have both symbolic value and material implications in society.” Media and its traditional term is evolving which is highlighted in the journal article to help readers understand the impact of media and society. Saat, Rafeah, Selamat, Mohamad. “The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Information Richness on Trust.” Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting Vol. 8 No. 3 (2014): p67-p81. The authors of this study set out to test the effects that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has on the success of a business. This concept “describes the relationship between company and society.” The article focuses on how a new culture of communicating has been created through the internet which allows companies to share their CSR message with society. The authors designed a study to further understand the benefits of CSR through the Media Richness Theory (MRT), where companies can share their messaging through this avenue. The study is designed to help readers understand if sharing CSR through social media channels results in sales or if consumers become skeptical of the company’s mission and building trust in consumers. The study helps us understand how audiences receive and interpret messages through media. Bechmann, Gotthard, Stehr, Nico. “Niklas Luhmann’s Theory of Mass Media.” Society Vol. 48 Issue 2 (2011): p142-p147. In this paper, the authors study Niklas Luhmann’s theory of mass media and its true reality. Originally, Luhmann set out to prove the public’s suspicion of mass media as the basis of his research but shifted his beliefs as he got further into his research. The authors highlight that Luhmann’s thoughts about mass media is that they “do not present an image of a reality that they have distinguished but rather they themselves create the reality which they communicate daily as news, reports, advertising.” But this reality is what Luhmann refers to as “manufactured reality” that is circulated selectively by mass media. Further on, Luhmann widens his research to view mass media communication from the end users point of view to better understand the effects of mass media on our culture. Coming to an End: The Weekend Coming to an End: The Weekend After extensive research and examination of the Weeknd’s music, lyrics, styles, over comings and life hardship, I have found myself to be extremely well aware of every aspect of his life (that I could get my hands on). The Rhythm and Blues famous artist is hugely inspirational in consideration of his humble background to where he is now regardless of the hardships he underwent through as he was growing up. Also, proving himself as a legend in the music industry was not that easy due to his race and the fact that his family did not have the capability of supporting him. As a tolerant, the Weeknd does not only inspire through the touching music and lyrics but also through supporting the marginalized racial communities. In this paper, the issue of racism is discussed in a more significant context on how it has significantly affected the Weeknd’s life and shaping him to who he is now in the music field. The Weeknd also was known as Abel Tesfaye was born at Toronto in Canada by his parents Makkonen and Samra who were Ethiopian immigrants. When growing up, there was a challenge regarding his race, his voice and the family’s poverty level considering the community was racial biased. Due to his race and color, the Weeknd faced bullying and segregation in high school which made him abandon his learning at the age of seventeen. The legend takes this challenge as an inspiration and gets the idea of majoring in music as a way of spreading togetherness, giving him someone to talk to that no one wants to hear and a theme to talk about that others did not want to listen about it. The talent in him has been significant to people’s life nevertheless his race which he belongs (Eells, page 12). His fans would have disliked his appearance, but the power of music speaks making the get in touch with his art. In consideration of the Weeknd’s music, the issue of racism enhanced a significant impact. The facts that he has faced in live acts as an experience and motivation stimulator as there is the urge to change the way of taking things among the society. The racist learns from the art that all people have equal rights and every person has different capabilities which are all constructive if well natured regardless of the ethnicity. The positivity and encouragement that the Weeknd got from the people who looked down on him have enabled him to acquire many trophies more than a hundred awards in the music industry. The uniqueness equips the artist many precious opportunities in the entertainment field not only performing and encouraging fans but also enhancing perfection of other artists work. For instance, he has produced a variety of songs in the soundtrack of various favorite movies such as The Hunger Game among many others (Kumru, page 20). It is awkward to come across a Rhythm and Blues artist addressing social issues affecting the society such as rape and race segregation, but the Weeknd do this correctly. Many of other artists majors in making allusions to drugs, violence, and alcohol, use of pejorative language and the humiliating of people women in particular. On the other side, the Weeknd makes take a positive perspective of the mentioned above matters and relate them to the happenings in society to bring a positive impact and social-economic development. The artist has diversification in his physical and actual being, and he is oriented in his capabilities. In the today’s world, there is racism, and a pessimistic character will not survive in the competition as Abel did. One can just say that the fact of Abel being an Ethiopian disadvantaged him on achieving his objectives in the music industry which is not the case. The Weeknd did not and is not at any time looking back to give this mentality an opportunity to draw him back, and he believes in the capability of doing even more than anyone expects in the music industry. The issue of racism is evident even today and the Weeknd takes it as a degrading matter in that renders society development by bringing enmity between the American people. It hurts Abel to the extent that made him address the issue in public. The specific issue he talked about regards the police brutality when dealing with blacks. The artist did not have interest in politics, but it was inevitable to expose the issue according to him as it is touching and against human rights and justice. He broke up the silence that the police unfairly treat the blacks after the recent shootings. Furthermore, the Weeknd has kept the legacy of donating two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to the Black Lives Matter Network (Wagstaff, page 6). The organization deals with facilitating freedom and justice to the black people living in North America, and it has gained popularity after challenging police treatment to the minorities. As discussed above, the Weeknd is a hero who is passionate in the music industry and has the capability of coming up with racism crisis. It is a lesson and urges to the minority communities and people coming from a humble background who sees like there is no future ahead to have a positive perspective of working towards the targeted objectives. Racism is an excellent society back draw that has to be dealt with to ensure equality and justice in the country. Abel has proved it that no matter how hard situation that one goes through seems to be, at the end there is victory after achieving the expected goals. Eells, Josh. “Sex, Drugs and R&B: Inside the Weeknd’s Dark Twisted Fantasy.” Rolling Stone. 2015. Web. 28 Oct. 2017. Kumru, S. “Category: Slang and Language Subcultures.” “The Weeknd in Washington – Macleans.ca.” Macleansca. 2016. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 Vozick-Levinson, Simon. “Ready For The Weeknd.” Rolling Stone 1243 (2015): 15. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 30 Oct. 2017. Wagstaff. Keith. “10 Things You Should Know About the Weeknd.” GQ. 2015. Web. 30 Coming To America Movie Review Coming to America is a movie written by Barry W Blaustein and David Sheffield. Craig Brewer directs the movie, and it is a 1988 American romantic comedy. It is created by Eddie Murphy, who is also a star in the movie. He casts as prince Akeem, the soon-to-be king of Zamunda. The main cast includes Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem, Arsenio Hall as Semmi , servant to the prince. A friend to the prince, Shari Headley as Lisa MacDowell, is Akeem’s love interest, James earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer, Akeem madge Sinclair as queen Deleon Joffer, John Amos as Cleo McDowell Lisa’s father, and Pauls bates as Oha, a royal servant. Discontented with his pampered life, an African prince decides to move to America to find his wife. It is on his 21st birthday that a wife is selected for him. Unfortunately, he is not pleased with his wife to be since he would love to have a wife who will love him for who he is and a wife who will share with his knowledge, not one who will follow all of his commands without questioning. He moves to America’s poorest area, and he lives as a working-class man. This is an indication of the current situation when people want to change their environment and move on to a new phase of life whereby they feel better and fresh to start a new life. On his first days of searching, he is not contented with the women he meets. He claims that they all have a severe emotional problem; therefore, he asks an older man at the barbershop, Mr. Clarence, where they can find a nice woman. They go to the black awareness rally where Lisa catches the eye of Akeem. Akeem gets a job at the McDowell so that he could get to know Lisa better. Once Lisa accepts him, the king travels to America by the word of Semi and informs Lisa that Akeem is to marry someone else. On his wedding day, Akeem is surprised to find his bride is Lisa. All this is to help us understand the concept of love and how it is always a challenge to many people. In conclusion, therefore, this movie reflects the struggles a person gets in their lives and how different people deal with them. It also brings us to the face of the complicated issue of love. Landis, John, et al. “Coming to America.” IMDb, 29 June 1988, www.imdb.com/title/tt0094898. Accessed 16 Mar. 2021. Come back from Car Accident Name of the student Report submitted to: Name of instructor Introduction with theme 32645358851265450000We have so many tragedies and misfortunes happening in our lives, some of which are life changing. I can recall clearly how my friends’ life, Frank, has changed after he had a car accident on his trip to Chicago. His explanation is still clear and the marks visible. This essays discuss the comeback from Frank’s accident, how the accident happened, kind of surgery, healing period and how friends stood by him all the way long. It explains the impacts of the accident in his personal life and relations with others. Accident and kind of surgery It was a standout amongst the most alarming days of his life, the day of Frank’s car accident. In his explanation Frank details, the events that followed in that chilly Monday morning on his trip to Chicago. The tragedy started when an approaching track swayed from one side of the road to the other. The various attempts to escape by Frank was in vain. The track had hit Frank’s car causing an accident. What frank can recall is that he was found between frosty soil and the hot metal of the car breaking his left leg and dislocated his jaw bone. The police found him unconscious and rushed him to the hospital. He underwent knee-surgery and jaw-born relocation. Frank was lucky that he had other minor bruises in other parts of the body, but they got treated very fast. Healing period that he had to walk again According to Frank, it was not clear to him how he became unconscious and rushed to hospital. The family members how heard what happened had ran to the hospital. Other friends and relatives also ran to the Hospital. The Doctor at the Hospital worked round the clock to help Frank recover very fast. The support of the family members and friends was also of great importance. Frank was hospitalized for a period of three weeks after which he was discharged. Friend take him out of Hospital and encourage him to walk Friend and family members have been close to Frank all the way long. The day he was discharged, he got escorted back to his house by friends and family members. The family and friends have tried encourage him to walk again and they were next to him every step in his life. The support, encouragements, being there for him have calmed him and strengthened him. After another two weeks, Frank has started walking and moving on with his daily life. Though the marks of the stitches in his knee is still a reminder of that fateful Monday, Frank has recovered fully. I now acknowledge how valuable life truly is, and that it can be taken away in a flash or in a moment. I now comprehend why my father cautioned me to abstain from driving on specific streets to avoid bringing down the danger of having an accident. One little accident can bring about a change in one’s entire life. Frank will always remember that minute when he was lying on the ground and the events in Hospital. This has been a learning curve for both Frank family members and friends. Combined Research Paper Draft The difficulty Paper Gee talks about secondary discourse, where he defines it as the process where an individual acquires other skills in order to fit into a given group of people. He describes that we all have the primary discourse which we gain at our early childhood days while still at home. Mostly these primary discourses are dependent on the family members. These family members are the one who teaches us how to interact with the immediate environment we live in at that early stage in life. The most confusing part about Gee under his article is that he does not articulate how we need to gain these secondary discourses. We are also not in a position to clearly explain or identify these secondary discourses. Does associating a lot with other people improve our secondary discourse? Since secondary discourse is acquired from the as meet new people, it is true to conclude that our company and the time we spend we other people improve the way they perceive the world at large. For instance, Gee gives as a detailed example of how certain had to learn more skills and techniques on how to play softball. She was huge hence not fit to play the game at a competitive level. Her case was very simple; she was only supposed to gain confidence in order to help her be included in the team. Her interaction with friends helped her gain this confidence. Our company affects the way we associate or view the world in general. Like the say goes, ‘Birds of same feathers fly together.’ We tend to copy and adopt some behaviors and characters from those surrounding us. However, our primary discourse determines how we will approach the secondary discourse. Having an excellent primary discourse will attract the right kind of people in some one’s life. People will be pulled by the way we behavior them, and hence our primary discourse determines the type of people we would attract. Personally, I think the secondary discourse also attracts a certain character in the primary discourse. A group of persons that might be having the best secondary discourse are likely to attract new members whom they feel van blend in with their characters and mode of doing things. It is; therefore, true to suggest that secondary discourse and primary discourse are closely related. People tend to join groups that can benefit them, and again, any group would also recruit member whom they think they can help them in progressing positively. Having deeply analyses both primary and secondary discourse it is, therefore, clear to conclude that in order for one to clearly understand one of these aspects, they need to be well aware of the both of them i.e., having an explicit knowledge on primary discourse would help in understanding more about the secondary discourse. The context of the Research The aboriginals in Australia are considered as some of the indigenous people in thecountry. The population of the Aboriginals is present both in the mainland and the numerousislands such as Tasmania, Fraser, and Groote. Even though the name is considered offensive andoutdated, it is still used in various contexts, including academic works. As it stands, thecommunity of aboriginals is considered to be faced with several social issues. Among the mostprofound and observable challenges facing the population is a massive consumption of alcoholas well as drug abuse. The most worrying trend about the community is the tendency of illiteracycharacterized by significant school dropouts and failure to attain the educational qualifications bya number of them. Thus, the research context is on the Aboriginals and the social challenges mostof their people undergo in their everyday activities and operations. Participants and SiteThe participants in this research are the Aboriginals in Queensland. According to mydesktop research, I established that approximately 68% of the aboriginal tribes live inQueensland, Victoria, and New South Wales. Thus, I settled in Queensland as it has the people intheir large numbers. In the year 2016, the total number of Aboriginals in Queensland was 26,553.However, for the case of my study, the population targeted will be 50 people, though spreadacross the town. The people of interest in my group are the ones with addiction problems andhigh alcohol consumption. Finding them will call that I visit the drinking joints and somebackstreets within their residences. Before accessing the place, I will seek permission from theauthorities and ask for the guide from the community members, preferably the elders. Plan for data collection and analysis The process of data collection will take the primary methods of information acquisition.There will be an observation of the group of interest and the interview. The process willcommence through the performance of surveillance in which the survey will be done to thepeople within the drinking joints. The method of the study will take two days, preferablyweekends. Note-taking strategy for the data collection process is the outline in which there isanticipation that the notes are easy to read. Interviews are included in the data collection processin which the 50 selected people within the group are taken through the interview process. Thechoice of what to include in the interview included the frequency of alcohol consumption andwhether the interviewee is currently abusing the drug. The thread which will be followed in thiscase is IMRAD entailing introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. The thread presentedherein is informed by the fact that I want the research to be professional and easy to follow aswell as the logical flow of information Even though this research will be marked with the highest level of fairness andprofessionalism, some aspects might intersect the data with my perspective. Sincerely, myattitude and view will be informed by elements of history in which the indigenous people arejudged. Even though I am mindful of the fact that people are biased in judging or perceiving theindigenous aboriginals, it is precise that the same is not likely to form part of the activity of datacollection and research as a whole. In case I infer that whatever I read about the people is nothappening in reality, I will apply the utmost professionalism in ensuring that I note what I observed and generated the data as I said them in the interview document. I believe that my position will be informed with the reality and facts as well as finding within the area of study. The Research of Blog In various countries with racial diversity, there is a likelihood that the issue of color is likely to emerge in social settings such as schools and even in the working places. Through the analysis of the article entitled Narrative Analysis of Students’ of Color Experiences at Predominantly White Institutions and the Implications of Support Systems by Stephanie Blake, there is an insight developed to the readers, particularly the popular audience on their opinion regarding racism in the learning institutions. Through the use of Jarrett’s article in the styles of reading, the point, in this case, is to make the audience understand the view of the item on the students of color. Analysis of the Research From the study, it is precise that students of color perceive themselves as minorities who need family and peer support in conforming to the white-dominated schools. The article gives an appropriate response to the question posed by the topic of how the students of color interact with the institution dominated by the whites. Precisely, the students of color cannot conform adequately to the school environment. Thus, they need support from the people who are close to them. Hunter (2016) posits that discrimination in learning institutions in the United States affects the educational performance of African American and Latina students. There are recommendations for the institutions to create more cultural awareness for both the students of color and the white students in the learning institutions to ensure harmony and positive coexistence. Thus, the school orientation should be more intentional in fostering the creation of interactive space for more peaceful operations of both parties. As a matter of analysis, it is summarized explicitly that there is a negative perception of the white-dominated schools by the students of color as compared to the former. As can be noted from the analysis, the idea of race has preoccupied the mind, and psychological make up the students in such setups that it is putting them to the state of vulnerability. On the side of students of color, there is created the idea of an inferiority complex when they compare themselves with their white counterparts. It turns out that their perceptions are likely to develop the pitfalls for their learning. On the contrary, the students of the white descents perceive the schools as Better Avenue for education. However, some are not comfortable with the people of color sharing with them social facilities. Nevertheless, it should be realized that the aspects of racial discrimination are the orientation of the individual student. Lessons Drawn from the Article The white-dominated learning institutions have been blamed by the students of color as a result of their experiences in such institutions. The idea of separating students in line with their academic ability is considered one of the factors promoting racial segregation, particularly by African American students. There are claims by the students of color that their skin color prevents them from leading (Modica, 2015). When the statement on racial impediments is connected to the article under review in this discussion, it emerges that most of the students of color perceive the white-dominated schools as more segregated and are responsible for their failures to attain excellence in their school endeavors. A lesson learned from the article is that there is more evidence to ascertain that students of color perceive the school dominated with their white counterparts as an impediment to their success and excellence in all school-related activities. Objectives of Writing this Discussion The goal of writing an analysis of this article is to develop an insight and understanding of various student factions in the United States and how the racial perceptions paly in the school setups. In essence, there is the point of creating awareness that the issue of racial discrimination is a challenge and that it is likely to affect the operations of students not only of color but even of the white descents. As noted in this case, there are students of color who are not feeling comfortable in the white-dominated school to the extent that they need the help of their closest associates to conform to the settings of the learning environment. From the various reviews connected to the presentations and articles presented, there is realized the negativity some students of color have developed in the school dominated by the white students. Some believe that through the segregation of students according to their academic abilities, they are not likely to excel in their academic endeavors. Therefore, it can be concluded that through the views of the students of color, it is realized there is poor development of the same There were interview exercises conducted in which the people of Maori were asked about how they perceive visitors in their ceremonies. From the study carried out, there was a lot of information gathered in terms of the practices carried out among the people in my case. The population in consideration for the study was the people of Maori. The main point of attention was on how they perceive the visitors in their communities. In particular, there was concern about how visitors are treated in this community. From the observation, it was realized that the people of Maori are more involved in ceremonies in which they welcome visitors through songs and ceremonial dances. As could be achieved, people welcome visitors with threatening incarnations to test their brevity. Upon confirming the brevity of the visitor, there is the point in which they give the visitor seat to take part in their traditional ceremonies. From the interviews conducted, it was learned that the majority of Maori people are welcoming to visitors in their ceremonies. Specifically, from the presentation data, it was clear that approximately 70% of the entire population interviewed. However, about 20% stated that they were not comfortable with the visitors as they are not trustworthy. Approximately 10% of the people reported that they are not sure of whether they are welcoming to the visitors or not. In giving the reason for the perception of the visitors, the main reason for the 20% decline the issue of visitors; they pointed untrustworthiness as the main reason for their decisions making process. Interpretation of data In general conclusion, it can be asserted that the majority of the Maori people are welcoming. On the same note, it was clear that the people of the community value the issue of trust as the main reason for their choice of visitors. Also, there is the aspect of some people (10%) not giving their verdict about the visitors in which it can be interpreted that they value secrecy and confidentiality in treating strangers. It can be pointed out that the issue of the ceremony gives the best avenue to get observations about the Maori people and their perceptions about visitors. However, in getting a valid response, the interview must be conducted on individual members of the community in which they give their verdict without consideration to other factors like the judgment from other members of the community. Framing of discourse community The idea of is discourse community is one of the most sorted after concept in explaining the shared values and beliefs about a given group of people in a particular community or a society in general. The existence and practices of Maori people is a clear definition of the discourse community at play. The people of Maori identify with the history of New Zealand as one of the indigenous inhabitants of the Oceania nation. The most striking feature of this community is their uniqueness, as observed in their culture and beliefs, which is derived from a distinct orientation. It becomes necessary that the people are looked at and studies in a comprehensive approach to extract the essential features of the community. As opposed to modern societies and communities, the people of Maori are more concerned with their abilities to conserve their traditional acquired communication skills and practices. From the studies conducted, and the findings obtained, the Maori people are welcoming to strangers. Even though the review was more inclined and confined to a specific function of the community, it can still be used to reflect on the general perspective of the community to strangers. From the literature review, it could be concluded that the people of the Maori descents are all welcoming and that it is challenging to find one who is not fully into the culture and activities of the community. However, from the study, it could be registered that there are people of the Maori descents who debunk the myth of the people being all welcoming. The statistical data presented in the findings section is a clear indication that the people, just like other societies in various parts of the world, embrace diversity in opinion. A close look at the situation reveals an exciting idea about the community in which there are known unique communication codes and acceptable ways of interaction, which is known only to the people of the Maori society. As stated, the community has its unique language, which they have kept dear ever since they were known to the people of the modern world. Combating the Negative Impacts of Covid-19 The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic shook all aspects of life. Most countries were forced to adopt strict and harsh policies to control the spread of the virus and protect people’s health. Local and international movements were restricted altogether as part of the initiative. For this reason, many people lost their jobs and source of income. Approximately 3.3 billion workforce globally lost their livelihoods due to the pandemic (Stoecklin et al., 2020). The state issued a directive requiring the public to stay home to minimize physical contact among individuals. It was a tough time for most individuals because besides losing jobs, they lived in uncertainty and the death tolls linked to the virus kept increasing by the day. Most people who succumbed to Covid-19 were the senior members of society and individuals with chronic underlying diseases like heart problems, high blood pressure, kidneys problems, and diabetes. Various agencies were established and invested in the research and development of a vaccine to save people’s lives now that the deaths increased dramatically. This paper will discuss the role of agencies in facilitating vaccinations of the virus and in combating the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic The economic and social disruptions caused by the pandemic threatened to put a large section of the population below the poverty line worldwide. It was undeniable that the pandemic was beyond a health crisis since it caused an imbalance in all country sectors. The financial crisis dues to the drastic decrease in the labor force have made it challenging for both the government and the public to meet financial requirements (Ma & Miller, 2021). The government was forced to channel more of its resources and funds towards mitigating the effects of the pandemic, minimizing the spread, and eventually developing a long-term solution that would see people lead everyday lives. This aspect strained the country’s financial position and made it challenging to balance combating the effects of covid-19 and other social amenities necessary for the public. As different brands of the covid-19 vaccine are mandated, controversies tension grew among populations worldwide. Individuals against the covid-19 jab term it as a violation of human rights. Countries like Canada have protested against the vaccine meant to keep people safe and restore normalcy. Large and stable companies in the market authorized their employees to get vaccinated before reporting to work. Consequently, workers in different occupational fields took to the streets to protest against the private-sector mandates Covid-19 has become the most prominent global crisis for a long time for the government and corporations. The agency has prioritized the economic and health emergencies resulting from covid-19. Programs and projects have been rearranged in the agency’s portfolio such that the pandemic receives adequate attention and funding. The main concerns addressed by the agency during the pandemic are food security, public health, the labor force, and the safety of employees in their respective places of work (Rume & Islam, 2020). More resources and funds have been channeled into the healthcare system to combat the effects of the pandemic. Coronavirus spreads very fast because it is transmitted through physical contact. The increased cases require health facilities to be fully equipped with items like oxygen tanks and beds and be ready for patients. The high rate of Coronavirus infection is overwhelming to medical practitioners since the ratio of doctors to patients is disproportionate (García-Sánchez et al., 2020). There is a need to absorb more medical practitioners into the labor force to reduce the workload. Additionally, the funds channeled to the healthcare systems are used to buy personal protective gear for medical practitioners because they are exposed to people with the virus all the time. Furthermore, the offset of the pandemic threatened food security in most countries because limited movement affects productivity. The agency allocated funds to provide food for various families in the country. Most people lost their jobs which is their source of income. As a result, most families experienced financial strain due to limited resources. This initiative helped public members to sustain themselves until the government responded or issued a directive of the next move. The agency’s CEO plays a vital role because they foresee projects and ensure that they are implemented accordingly to keep the people safe and control the spread of the pandemic (Stoecklin et al., 2020). As the CEO, one should be at the frontline in fighting against the virus by creating awareness of covid-19, transmission channels, and the measures to take at an individual and community level. Additionally, the CEO needs to follow up on funds allocation to different departments to ensure that the funds are distributed evenly and appropriately to maximize a positive outcome. It is undeniable that Covid-19 disrupted operations and normal daily activities for the population across the world. The pandemic was also an eye-opener to the loopholes in the healthcare sector and other sectors in the country. The vulnerable groups in society were adversely affected by the pandemic. Their vulnerability made them an easy target for the virus hence recording the most cases and death tolls. It is imperative that they receive special treatment and care during the pandemic to restore their health and keep them safe. Therefore, society needs to portray global solidarity and support vulnerable groups. García-Sánchez, I. M., & García-Sánchez, A. (2020). Corporate social responsibility during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 126. Ma, H., & Miller, C. H. (2021). The effects of agency assignment and reference point on responses to COVID-19 messages. Health Communication, 36(1), 59-73. Rume, T., & Islam, S. D. U. (2020). Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon, 6(9), e04965. Stoecklin, S. B., Rolland, P., Silue, Y., Mailles, A., Campese, C., Simondon, A., … & Levy-Bruhl, D. (2020). First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(6), 2000094. Combat trauma is a common mental condition in active soldiers as well as in veterans. Trauma is caused by witnessing or going through terrifying happenings and is characterized by either consistent flashbacks to the event, hypersensitivity, anxiety and consistent thoughts on the event. Thesis statement: This paper will provide a summary of the nature of combat trauma which include: Intrusive memories, cutting off people, shift in emotional reactions and consistent negative thoughts. It will also focus on the causes of trauma such as loss of friends, terrifying human suffering and survivor’s guilt among others. Lastly it will consider the different methods of dealing with the trauma, both long term and short term solutions. Nature of trauma Intrusive memories- these include flashbacks to the events that often trigger anxiety and negative thoughts. It is also characterized by nightmares or reliving the memories of the events by the patient. Cutting off people- victims tend to think that family and the civilian community does not understand them hence tend to create walls in such relationships. It can also include avoiding visiting places that bring back memories of the traumatic event. Shift in emotional reactions which involves being hypersensitive and aware of danger that is not even present, high irritability, destructive behaviors such as drugs and substance abuse, aggressive behavior and sleeplessness. Consistent negative thoughts such as guilt, regret over doing things better at the time of the event or suicidal thoughts. Causes of combat trauma War is the biggest cause as brings with it intense human suffering which can be result to trauma Death of colleagues in the unit can cause survivors guilt hence trauma Change in environment upon returning home Betrayal by a fellow soldier causing lack of trust Ways of dealing with combat trauma Therapy and counselling Use of drugs such as morphine in cases where the victim is badly injured Finding purpose through spiritual guidance Rehabilitation and detoxification services by medical military professionals. Combat trauma in active and veteran soldiers cannot be ignored. Trauma can take the form of intrusive memories, negative thoughts, cutting off people and changes in emotional and physical reactions. These people can however be helped through therapies and counselling sessions done by professionals, administration of drugs that are likely to reduce trauma once the patients recover, spiritual guidance and rehabilitation and detoxification services done by medical military professionals. Combat trauma is a common thing among soldiers; both veterans and those active in service. Soldiers are trained in such a way that they view each other family and as such a closely knit relationship is often seen when serving and long after they get off service. However, their time is can be characterized by traumatic events which can affect their lives in a very destructive way. Combat trauma often appears in the form of intrusive memories such as nightmares and reliving traumatic events, cutting off people or avoiding places where the traumatic event occurred, having negative thoughts some which may be suicidal and also changes in emotional and physical reactions such being aggressive and highly irritable. This paper also focuses on the causes of combat trauma and specifically looks at causes such as war and the terrific occurrences that happen, loosing fellow soldiers and never having enough time to grieve, changes in environment once they return home and also betrayal by fellow soldiers. However, this is a mental condition that can be dealt with before it morphs into a chronic mental disorder such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). These solutions include Rehabilitation and detoxification services, administration of drugs that reduce the likelihood of having PTSD, therapy and counselling and also seeking purpose and spiritual guidance from spiritual leaders. Holbrook, T., Galarneau, M., Dye, J., Quinn, K., & Dougherty, A. (2010). Morphine Use after Combat Injury in Iraq and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New England Journal Of Medicine, 362(2), 110-117. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa0903326 For Military Treatment Professionals. (2019). Retrieved from https://stoningtoninstitute.com/treatment-programs/starlight-program/military-treatment-professionals/ Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2014. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57.) Chapter 3, Understanding the Impact of Trauma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/ Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967 Institution of Affiliation Columbus Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, 1493 Christopher Columbus wrote a letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez who was among his patrons and had assisted him to finance his exploration trip (Wadsworth, 2016). Columbus wrote the letter in March of the year 1493 upon his arrival from his return journey from Cathay, which would later be named as America. The author was not administrative personnel but a missionary explorer as well as an economic scout in search of treasures. By his description of the nature of the inhabitants of the regions he visited as being timid indicates that he was an educated individual. In fact, a scout and explorer who is in charge of a voyage have to be educated enough so that he is capable of determining the routes and recording the encounters in his diaries. Lord Raphael Sanchez was the intended recipient of the letter. In his letter, he used a more formal language that was in Spanish where it was later sent to Italy for translation to Latin. Lord Raphael Sanchez could not be able to read in Latin, and therefore this prompted Christopher Columbus to make extra efforts for the conversion of the letter. The main reason behind writing the letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez was due to the debt owned for financing his journey, his success to subdue the native people that he found on the islands as well the thrilling environmental nature of the region. The area was full of rich indigenous culture with the people know neither possessing weapons. The matter amazed Columbus and saw this as an opportunity to show allegiance to Lord Raphael Sanchez through taking control of the area and converting the people to Christianity, paying loyalty to the king and the people of Spain. The other reason for writing the letter was because Lord Raphael Sanchez was among the patrons of Christopher Columbus voyages and thus he was required to report all his discoveries to Lord Raphael Sanchez. The storyline behind Columbus’ letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez is the detailed accounts of what he witnessed during his journey to America. He tells of how the people in the regions are fearful and timid and how they become friendly after realizing that there was no harm to them. He continues to tell how he exchanged items with rifles and to sometimes nothing in return claiming that the people were so generous. The generosity of the people in the region amazed Columbus making feel ashamed for trading useless items with the most precious items in the region such as gold. In an attempt to convince Lord Raphael Sanchez, Columbus says that the people had a potential to obey the king and serve him without questioning and even love the king’s people (Wadsworth, 2016). Columbus also tells Lord Raphael Sanchez that he could organize that they could obtain more men as slaves from the region to work as soldiers and provide other labor in the home country. Columbus further continues to claim that with Lord Raphael Sanchez’s assistance he would ask his men to search for medicine and other valuables such as gold in as many contents as possible. The document was written due to the necessity to acknowledge Lord Raphael Sanchez’s effort to finance the voyage as well as being the patron of the voyage and therefore as a fact, a subject is expected to show allegiance to his master. It is in this quest that Christopher Columbus wrote the letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez immediately after his return from the voyage. Lord Raphael Sanchez had interests in the exploration journey, and therefore it was a necessity for them to be notified of the success of the crew as the patron. Columbus had to report whatever he saw and anything that was of value to the kingdom including all the treasures that he found in the regions of the visit. All these made him write the letter immediately after his return. Columbus was so much excited about his success of subduing the indigenous people and also their willingness to work with him devoting whatever they had to the crew as they were seen as gods to whom the people referred to as the people who fell from the sky. Columbus’ letter is more of research than just a mere trip as he was assigned the duty of searching the valuables and reporting back to the patron (James, 2016). Columbus letter to Lord Sanchez can be termed as more of a political and economic document though to some extent it might be seen as a private letter. The reason as to why it can be regarded as a political letter is due to Columbus claim that the area and its people could pay allegiance to the king. Also, there were economic motives along with political motives. The reason to why it can be referred to as economic letter is the claim that if he had more support from the government, he could bring along more treasures such as medicine, gold and men to work as soldiers and provide the necessary labor in the land. Furthermore, the letter says that the people could easily be converted to Christianity a religion which proves the letter to be more of a spiritual encounter for missionaries in the attempt to convert more people to Christianity (Young, 1983). On the other hand, the letter may be deemed to be private; this is because Lord Raphael Sanchez was a patron to the crew and among the personnel behind the financing of the voyage and thus a unique finding could be directly addressed to him. The inclusion of Lord Raphael Sanchez’s names may, therefore, proof the letter to be more private. In the letter, Columbus made no assumptions to Lord Sanchez. He wrote the letter in Spanish and sent it to Italy for its translation to Latin. He knew Lord Raphael Sanchez could not read Spanish and a translator would be needed. Taking into consideration that it was a private letter, he was prompted to translate the letter in advance before it reached to his patron. Yes, I can believe the document as it is the original document written in Spanish making me think and believe that Columbus was the original writer of the letter. Also, his direct address to Lord Raphael Sanchez and as well the letter is written in the first person singular meaning that whatever was written was the personal encounter to which he narrated to the recipient in the form of a letter. The letter postulates that the people from Columbus region were opportunists who took advantage of the weaker people making them their subjects forcing them to adopt their culture and making them slaves to the extent of making them worshipped (Hickman, 2016). The people were used to slavery as Columbus took several individuals with him along his return journey were on some made it through as they were subjected to torture threatening their lives. It is also evident that the Spanish people were Christian and therefore were in the urge to make colonies and convert the inhabitants to Christianity. The issue of economic exploitation is not new in his homeland, as he tells Lord Sanchez that if he had the support, he would bring all the treasures such as gold and medicine along with the slaves to work as soldiers. Columbus’ letter is an important document in history as it indicates the pioneers of colonization and economic exploitation in the world (Phillips & Phillips, 1993). Though it might not be of much relevance in today’s political activities, it can be used as a reminder of the indigenous cultures of the early people. It is through such documents that we come to realize how the world was viewed during the past days in history by inhabitants of the areas. The letter is important to me as it contains Columbus own views on the indigenous people of the new world to which he explored. It is through this letter that I understand the kind of relationships to which the explorers had with the indigenous people and how they traded. It is to my surprise that the explorers took advantage of the indigenous people’s fear to exploit them both socially and economically. The letter is also of vital importance to historians and navigators as the explorers were the pioneers of navigation. Hickman, J. (2016). Black Prometheus: Race and Radicalism in the Age of Atlantic Slavery. Oxford University Press. James, M. (2016). The Great Explorers. New Word City. Phillips, W. D., & Phillips, C. R. (1993). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press. Wadsworth, J. E. (Ed.). (2016). Columbus and his first voyage: a history in documents. Bloomsbury Publishing. Young, J. D. (1983). Confucianism and Christianity: The first encounter (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press. <Institution of Affiliation> Columbus letter on his first voyage, 1493 Christopher Columbus wrote a letter to the king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who had assisted him to finance his exploration trip (Buckley, Veronica, and John, 2015). Columbus wrote the letter on 15th march of the year 1493 upon his arrival from his return journey from the Caribbean. The author was not administrative personnel but a missionary explorer. By his description of the nature of the inhabitants of the regions he visited as being timid indicates that he was a learned person. In fact, an explorer has to be educated enough so that he is capable of determining the routes and recording the encounters in his diaries. Columbus wrote the letter to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella as the primary audience, though some of the people had access to read the letter. In his letter, he used a more formal language in Spanish where it was later sent to Italy for translation to Latin. The king could not be able to read in Latin, and therefore this necessitated Christopher Columbus to make efforts for translation. The main reason behind writing the letter to the king was due to the debt owned for financing his journey, his success to subdue the native people that he found on the islands as well the thrilling environmental nature of the region. The area was full of rich indigenous culture with the people know neither possessing weapons. The matter amazed Columbus and saw this as an opportunity to show allegiance to the king through taking control of the area and converting the people to Christianity. The storyline behind the letter is Columbus’ letter to the king with detailed accounts of what he witnessed during his journey to the Caribbean. He tells of how the people in the regions are fearful and timid and how they become friendly after realizing that there was no harm to them. He continues to narrate how he exchanged items with rifles and to sometimes nothing in return claiming that the people were so generous. In an attempt to convince the king, Columbus says that the people had a potential to obey the king and serve him without questioning and even love the king’s people. The document was written due to the necessity to acknowledge the king’s effort to finance the voyage and therefore, as a matter of fact, a subject must show allegiance to his master. It is in this quest that Christopher Columbus wrote the letter to the king immediately after his return from the voyage. The king together with the queen had interests in the exploration journey, and therefore it was a necessity for them to be notified of the success of the crew. Columbus had to report whatever he saw and anything that was of value to the kingdom. All these made him write the letter immediately after his return as it was like an exam although he was so much excited about his success of subduing the indigenous people. The letter is more of a scholarly thesis as it was more of research than just a mere trip. The letter is more of a political document though to some extent it might be seen as a private letter. The reason as to why it can be regarded as a political letter is due to Columbus claim that the area and its people could pay allegiance to the king and thus somehow indicates that there was some economic along with political motives (Graziano, 2017). Furthermore, the letter says that the people could easily be converted to Christianity a religion which proves the letter to be more political due to exploitation. On the other hand, the letter may be deemed to be private; this is because the king and the queen were the personnel behind the financing of the voyage and thus a special finding could be directly addressed to them just like Columbus deed indication the king’s and queen’s name on the letter. The inclusion of the names may, therefore, proof the letter to be more private. In the letter, Columbus made no assumptions. He wrote the letter in Spanish and sent it to Italy to be translated into Latin. He knew the king and the queen could not be able to read the Spanish language and could need a translator prompting him to translate the letter in advance before it reached to the king. Yes, I can believe the document as it is the original document written in Spanish making me believe that Columbus was the original writer also his address to the king and the queen are present. Furthermore, the letter is written in the first person singular. The letter indicates that the people from Columbus region were opportunists who took advantage of the weaker people making them their subjects forcing them to adopt their culture (Olwell, Robert, and Alan, 2015). The people were used to slavery as Columbus took several individuals with him along his return journey were on some made it through. Just a few individuals making it to Spain indicate that they were subjected to torture that threatened their existence. It is also evident that the Spanish people were Christian and therefore were in the urge to make colonies and convert the inhabitants to Christianity. Columbus’ letter is an important document in history as it indicates the pioneers of exploration and confiscation as well (Winsor, 2018). Though it might not be of much relevance in today’s political activities, it can be used as a reminder of the indigenous culture and how people used to conduct their daily lives. It is through such documents that we come to realize how the world was viewed during the past days in history by inhabitants of the areas. The document is important to me; this is because it has an original data, a letter showing a method of communication by then. Also, the contents of the letter are of much value to historians as they get to know the events that happened in the past and to which evidence may be lacking thus act as a bridging gap. The letter is also important to me as it is an original script written by a famous historian and explorer who in many aspects influenced the lives of many individuals. Buckley, Veronica, and John Middleton. “A LASTING LEGACY.” Lifelines in World History:” The Ancient World”,” The Medieval World”,” The Early Modern World”,” The Modern World” (2015): 241. Graziano, Manlio. In Rome We Trust: The Rise of Catholics in American Political Life. Stanford University Press, 2017. Olwell, Robert, and Alan Tully. Cultures and Identities in Colonial British America. JHU Press, 2015. Winsor, Justin. Christopher Columbus. 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- Tiger reserves are a safe haven for tigers and other wildlife species and provide a host of ecosystem services to humans. - An official government study analysed the economic valuation of 10 of the 50 tiger reserves across the country and found that for every rupee spent on their management they, on average, gave benefits of Rs 2,500 per reserve. - Benefits related to the provisioning of water from these 10 tiger reserves is over Rs. 330 billion, which is more than the total budget of the government’s newly created Ministry of Jal Shakti. Making a case for the conservation of tiger reserves in India, a study has worked out the monetary value of the reserves and deduced that for every rupee invested, the returns amount to an average of Rs. 2,500 per tiger reserve. A latest government study that calculated the economic valuation of 10 of 50 tiger reserves of the country, reveals that for every rupee spent on their management, the reserves provided benefits ranging from lowest of Rs 346.7 to highest of Rs 7,488 within and outside the tiger reserves. Mongabay-India analysed these benefits for all the ten reserves and found that, on average, it translated to Rs 2,500 per rupee for each tiger reserve. The study looked at tangible and intangible flow benefits that result from investment in tiger reserves, including employment generation, fishing, fodder, fuelwood, carbon sequestration, water provisioning, water purification, sediment retention/soil conservation, nutrient retention, biological control, pollination, gas regulation, climate regulation, gene pool protection, moderation of extreme events, cultural heritage, recreation, spiritual tourism and more. The study “Economic valuation of tiger reserves in India: A value + approach” by the Centre for Ecological Services Management (CESM) of the Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) in collaboration with the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) analysed economic valuation of 27 ecosystem services in 10 tiger reserves. These were Anamalai (Tamil Nadu), Bandipur (Karnataka), Dudhwa (Uttar Pradesh), Melghat (Maharashtra), Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh), Pakke (Arunachal Pradesh), Palamu (Jharkhand), Panna (Madhya Pradesh), Similipal (Odisha), and Valmiki (Bihar). In January 2015, a similar study by IIFM calculated the economic value of six tiger reserves: Corbett, Kanha, Kaziranga, Periyar, Ranthambore and Sundarbans. At present, there are 50 tiger reserves across 18 states in the country. This report was released along with the All India Tiger Estimation – 2018 and the Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) of Tiger Reserves 2018 report by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on July 29, 2019. The latest tiger estimation pegged the population of India’s national animal, at 2,967. To understand the flow benefits of every tiger reserve, the study analysed the monetary amounts released for management of every tiger reserve each year. Among the 10 tiger reserves analysed, for every rupee spent on management costs in the Melghat tiger reserve per year, flow benefits of Rs 346.7 were realised within and outside the tiger reserve. It was the lowest among the 10 tiger reserves and the highest was for the Nagarjunasagar Srisailam tiger reserve where every rupee spent on management costs resulted in flow benefits of Rs 7,488.6 within and outside the tiger reserve. The monetary value of flow benefits from the 10 reserves ranged from Rs 50.94 billion (Rs 5,094.91 crore) to Rs 162.02 billion (Rs 16,202.11 crore) annually. The study also found that together these 10 tiger reserves provide annual tangible and intangible benefits worth Rs 5.96 trillion (Rs 596,502.14 crore). A rough calculation shows this is equal to about 17.94 percent of Rs 33.23 trillion (Rs 33,23,988.66 crore), which is the Indian government’s total expenditure through budget and resources of public enterprises for 2019-20. The tangible and intangible benefits from these 10 tiger reserves alone per year are over 201 times the environment ministry’s allocated budget of Rs 29.54 billion (Rs 2,954.72 crore) in 2019-20. Of the Rs 29.54 billion, Rs 3.5 billion (Rs 350 crore) have been allocated for project tiger in this year’s budget. Factors such as the generation of employment, fodder, timber, fuelwood, non-timber forest produce and bamboo are considered tangible benefits while factors such as carbon sequestration, water provisioning, sediment retention/soil conservation, nutrient retention, biological control, pollination, climate regulation, gene pool protection, habitat for species, carbon storage, cultural heritage, recreation and spiritual tourism are intangible benefits. To make it simpler to understand, all the benefits from the total of Rs 5.96 trillion can’t be realised directly. For instance, the benefits like carbon storage and soil conservation will happen if we just let the forests remain undisturbed. But then there are also benefits like non-timber forest produce which directly impact people living around these forest areas. For instance, the report noted, that population of around 100,000 is dependent on water supply from the Srisailam Dam in Andhra Pradesh’s Nagarjunasagar Srisailam tiger reserve and about 1.2 million gallons of purified water is supplied per day to nearby Srisailam town. Among the 10 reserves, M.P.’s Panna tiger reserve provided tangible and intangible benefits of Rs. 671.4 million (Rs. 67.14 crore) and Rs. 206.32 billion (Rs. 20,632.95 crore) respectively, the lowest of economic benefits from all ten reserves studied. The highest tangible and intangible benefits worth Rs. 343.3 million (Rs 34.33 crore) and Rs. 1.09 trillion (Rs 109,664.82 crore) respectively were from Jharkhand’s Palamu tiger reserve. India’s Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar called tiger reserves the engines of economic growth. “Looking at the triggered effect of investment in tiger reserves leading to the creation of multiple benefits, it would not be wrong to designate these tiger reserves as the engines of economic growth,” said Javadekar, in his message, in the report. Conservation of tiger reserves translate to economic benefits The results of the study indicate that tiger reserves provide a host of ecosystem services which are of significant value in a time when countries are investing heavily in climate change adaptation and mitigation. The study stressed that the “tiger reserves offer resilience for climate change and other environmental challenges the world faces today by conserving what matters” and are “crucial if future generations are to have an opportunity to enjoy natural landscapes that exist today.” The study also found that natural ecosystems in the tiger reserves provide adequate resources to humans that can be valued in the range of Rs. 16.43 billion to Rs. 70.42 billion (Rs. 1,643-7,042 crore). The 10 tiger reserves offer protection from disease, predators and parasites, which is an avoided cost in the range of Rs. 77 million to Rs. 241.5 million (Rs. 7.7-24.15 crore). Water and health benefits of tiger reserves The report emphasised that forests play a pivotal role in augmenting water flows and tiger reserves “conserving the forests, wetlands and other ecosystems have a profound impact on the hydrological processes of the watershed.” “When precipitation falls on a forested area, it is intercepted by dense canopy cover, thereby reducing its intensity. Some of the water that reaches the surface evaporates back, some of it goes as a run-off and some of it is absorbed by the roots of the trees and moves out into the atmosphere through the process of transpiration. After the soil moisture reaches its field or saturation capacity, the remaining water recharges the groundwater table,” the report explained. It pegged that benefits related to the provisioning of water from these 10 tiger reserves at over Rs. 330 billion (Rs 33,000 crore). The significance of this amount is highlighted when compared to the total budget of the Indian government’s newly created Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2019-20 budget which is Rs. 282.61 billion (Rs 28,261.59 crore). The Jal Shakti ministry includes the department of water resources, river development and Ganga rejuvenation and the department of drinking water and sanitation which, this year, have been allocated Rs. 82.45 billion (Rs 8,245.25 crore) and Rs. 200.16 billion (Rs. 20,016.34 crore) respectively. The report emphasised that economic valuation helps in “recognising, demonstrating and capturing the ecosystem services values into the mainstream socio-economic system and policymaking.” “Recognition of these values is likely to provide an evidence base for enhanced investment (mainly by the government) and targeted management practices,” it noted. The analysis also emphasised the impact of tiger reserves on the health and overall well-being of human beings. The health benefits from the tiger reserves included ecosystem services like gene pool protection (of flora and fauna), carbon sequestration, water provisioning, biological control, pollination, recreation, nature interpretation, and climate regulation services that have a “huge direct and indirect impact on human health.” As per the study, the collective worth of the ecosystem services having a direct-indirect impact on human health was found to be in the range of Rs 110.14 – 345.93 billion every year (Rs 11,014 crore to Rs 34,593 crore) for the selected tiger reserves. “I have a simple understanding of the report that it gives a new perspective on how we look at our natural resources. Quantifying the ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, provisioning of freshwater, oxygen and then the direct benefits like tourism, timber, non-timber forest produce etc is a complex thing,” Parveen Kaswan, an Indian Forest Service officer currently posted with West Bengal’s forest department, told Mongabay-India. “I think such studies nudge policymakers and user agencies to take alternate route than diverting good forests. It puts a value on things which people take for granted. Even in the case of resource utilisation there is a debate of who should get what. Such studies tell us what we are talking about. Saving the environment makes economic sense also,” said Kaswan. The findings of the study are significant as, according to the report, a “proper understanding of what ecosystem services are available from a tiger reserve and who has access to them can, therefore, assist in understanding how costs and benefits of conservation are distributed, and thus help to address conflicts related to tiger reserves.” Across the country, tiger reserves and wildlife corridors, which connect such reserves, are increasingly under threat from developmental projects such as highways, railway lines, dams, mining and others. Banner image: The study showed that tiger reserves provide immense water and health benefits to people. 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As climate change causes Arctic sea-ice to retreat at an accelerated rate, the region becomes more open to anthropogenic activities that Arctic communities have not seen before. The potential for new, shorter shipping routes through the Arctic seems promising for shipping companies that are looking to save time and money, but the impact they will have on the Arctic marine ecosystems and Indigenous communities in the area is still unknown. The Northwest Passage (NWP) is a shipping route that connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and makes shipping shorter and cheaper for companies travelling from Asia to North America. In 2013, the bulk carrier Nordic Orion traversed the Northwest Passage with an icebreaker escort that shortened their journey by four days and saved an estimated $200,000 USD. The proposed route from East to West would begin in the Davis Strait and travel north through Baffin Bay into the Canadian Archipelago. After crossing through the Canadian Archipelago, the route would continue into the Beaufort Sea and exit through the Chukchi Sea into the Bering Strait. Currently the route is not possible to complete without an icebreaker escort, but due to climate change, it may soon become possible with the Arctic being ice free in the summer months. With this opportunity for monetary savings, the Northwest Passage may very quickly become a popular shipping route that may have a dramatic impact on the ecosystems it passes through. Researchers have attempted to estimate when the Northwest Passage will become ice free in the summer. Currently, the summer sea-ice extent in the Arctic at its minimum is around five million square kilometers and decreasing at a rate of 79,000 square kilometers per year. Using models, researchers have estimated that, “By the end of the twenty-first century the prolongation of the season with a free passage along the NWP may be increased from 2 to 4 months.” Based on other models, some say the Northwest Passage will “become substantially more accessible by 2040–2059” (as stated by Smith & Stephenson, 2013). When the NWP becomes accessible, it will decrease transit distance for most voyages by at least 7,000 km, compared to going through the Panama Canal or around the tip of South America. This decrease in distance decreases transit time and dramatically decreases the costs of shipping. This lower cost is attractive to shipping companies, making the prospect of an ice-free Northwest Passage very promising. In the future, it will likely include heavy ship traffic during its ice-free period in the future. The Northwest Passage passes through the waters of three countries: Canada, the United States, and Greenland. The politics of the region may have an impact on the potential for future shipping when the passage becomes ice-free. In a report prepared by the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Ice Center, the Oceanographer of the Navy, and the Arctic Research Commission in the United States, “Both Russia and Canada assert policies holding navigable straits in the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and Northwest Passage under their exclusive control. The United States differs in its interpretation of the status of these straits, with a potential for conflict.” With this potential for conflict, the question presents itself: How should Canada prepare for the opening of the Northwest Passage to shipping in relation to other countries’ claims of its sovereignty? In this policy brief, I argue that Canada should plan to charge companies a fee to send ships through the Northwest Passage, because fees can reduce the amount of ships traveling through the passage, generate revenue for the country, and provide some benefits of access to technology for the Indigenous people living in Canada’s Arctic. Currently there are no existing policies agreed upon between nations that determine who can and cannot pass through the Northwest Passage. In the past, Canada and the United States have made agreements about their relationship considering the Northwest Passage and its usage, but beyond that most countries have developed their own opinions regarding the ownership of the NWP. Even the Inuit living in Canada have separate claims about the ownership of the Northwest Passage. The Canadian policy regarding the Northwest Passage is that it is part of their internal waters, and therefore their waterway to control. Representatives of Canada have previously implied that the Northwest Passage would be available for use, but under Canada’s terms, and reinforced those statements by placing borders around the Arctic Archipelago claiming it as their own. Many other countries have defied this argument stating that the Northwest Passage should be an international strait under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea because it connects two major bodies of water. The United States has been one of the countries with the greatest opposition to Canada’s claims of sovereignty over the Northwest Passage. Recently in a foreign policy speech, the United States Secretary of State said that, “The US has a long contested feud with Canada over sovereign claims through the Northwest Passage” (Pompeo, 2019). The United States and Canada resolved this conflict in the past through an agreement signed in 1988. The Agreement on Arctic Cooperation states that the United States will ask for Canada’s consent any time it sends an icebreaker through the Northwest Passage. It also discusses the sharing of information between the two countries in order to promote cooperation and knowledge of the area. It appears that today the United States is disregarding this agreement with the prospect of increased monetary gain from a shorter shipping route through the Arctic. Another group that contests Canada’s claim of sovereignty over the Northwest Passage is the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), who claim that the ice and water in the Northwest Passage is their territory. The Inuit define their land as “anywhere our feet, dog teams, or snowmobiles can take us.” This definition includes the ice that covers the Northwest Passage in the winter. They claim that the ice is integral to their society because it allows movement, as well as provides necessary resources to ensure their survival. For these reasons, the Inuit challenge Canada’s claim to the Northwest Passage, and claim that they should have power in determining the governance of the Northwest Passage moving forward. There are no official treaties confirming the Inuit claims, but they are trying to make their way into the negotiations regarding the passage. - Charging fees to users of the Northwest Passage in order to restrict use and promote revenue. The opening of shipping routes through the Northwest Passage offer the potential for incredible economic opportunities for shipping companies, but also present massive threats to the Arctic ecosystem and the people who live in it. By charging fees for people trying to traverse the Northwest Passage, Canada could both decrease demand for passage by making it financially unsustainable for some groups, as well as raise money to reinvest in the Arctic to further research on the region and aid Indigenous groups. The increased traffic through the Arctic has the potential to harm the ecosystem and many of the organisms that live there. These ecosystems are necessary to support the communities that live in the Arctic, and at the same time provide ecosystem services that are important for the rest of the world. Increased human activity in the Arctic during a longer ice-free period and other economic development in the Arctic are forcing native Arctic species out of their habitats. This displacement is making it more difficult for them to survive. In some areas of the Arctic where shipping has already increased dramatically, species have recovered at a much slower rate than those who occupy less developed parts of the Arctic Ocean. By implementing a fee on the usage of the Northwest Passage, Canada would be able to decrease the total number of ships crossing through the passage, therefore reducing the total impact that ships have on the ecosystem. Charging fees on ships through the Northwest Passage also gives Canada the opportunity to raise money. Canada can use the money raised to invest in research in the Arctic so we can learn how to better protect the resources found there. Money raised from fees can also give Indigenous people financial help in order for them to continue living their lifestyle. Another benefit to charging fees on users of the Northwest Passage is that it still allows anyone access to use the Northwest Passage. This option may work as a compromise with the countries who defy Canada’s claim to sovereignty over the passage. Although they will not have free use of the passage, Canada would not place specific regulations that prevent them from using the Northwest Passage altogether. - Allowing Free Use of the Northwest Passage Another option for Canada is to allow anyone to use the Northwest Passage freely. By opening the Northwest Passage to free trade, Canada could increase its standing with other world powers. Allowing them free trade through Canada’s waters would improve their relationship with Canada, as well as increase the potential for Canada to benefit from cheaper trade. Indigenous people in Canada’s Arctic may also benefit from the increased access to technology and proximity to resources. Canada has the potential to improve its relationship with Asia by opening the Northwest Passage to free trade. Companies in Asia have been looking to the Northwest Passage as a way to reduce their costs and expand their business ever since the ice in the Arctic began to melt. Free trade would help to create bilateral agreements with many Asian countries that could benefit Canada in the long run. Increased shipping could also provide some benefits to Indigenous people in Canada’s Arctic. More ship traffic through the Northwest Passage could lead to the development of better infrastructure in Inuit territories along the passage. These upgrades in infrastructure and easier access to technology could boost Indigenous communities to make greater economic gain and give them greater power to speak for themselves on an international scale. More activity in the Arctic will also likely increase access to education, which will further promote Indigenous advancement. These changes may also threaten the Inuit way of life. New technologies and industries in the area may make it impossible for local residents to continue their traditional way of life. The potential damage to the ecosystem is another danger of opening the Northwest Passage to free trade. The threat of oil spills, pollution, and noise interference all impact the fragile ecosystems that exist in the Arctic. Destroying these ecosystems would contribute to the loss of the traditional way of life for the Inuit people, and also contribute to the loss of valuable ecosystem services. I recommend that Canada pursues a policy that would charge a fee for ships using the Northwest Passage because it would reduce the negative impacts that shipping has on the Arctic ecosystem and Indigenous communities. This policy would also grant the region some of the positive aspects of shipping by increasing the flow of technology and money into northern communities, as well as increasing revenue for Canada which they can invest in more Arctic research. Finally, this policy would appease countries who disagree with Canada’s claim of ownership of the Northwest Passage by allowing them to use it with only monetary restrictions. This whole argument relies on the fact that other countries respect Canada’s claim to sovereignty over the Northwest Passage, which is unlikely especially in the case of the United States. Therefore, my recommendation of charging fees for people wishing to use the Northwest Passage is what Canada should plan to do when the Northwest Passage becomes more accessible even if other countries are unlikely to comply. Other countries are likely not to comply because they will be seeking the maximum profits that they can obtain through usage of the Northwest Passage. These issues will likely cause debates in the near future as the possibility of travelling through the Northwest Passage becomes more likely. When the time comes for Canada to make a decision on how they will govern the Northwest Passage, they must decide how to control usage of the passage and enforce these decisions while still maintaining their relationships with other countries around them who may disagree. Di Liberto, T. (2016, September 16). Northwest Passage Clear of Ice Again in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/northwest-passage-clear-ice-again-2016 George, J. (2019, May 09). Canadian Inuit Challenge U.S. Stance on Northwest Passage. Retrieved from https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/canadian-inuit-challenge-u-s-stance-on-northwest-passage/ Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2014). The Sea Ice Never Stops. Circumpolar Inuit Reflections on Sea Ice Use and Shipping in Inuit Nunaat. Jernelöv, A. (2010). The Threats from Oil Spills: Now, Then, and in the Future. Ambio, 39(5-6), 353-366. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0085-5 Khon, V. C., Mokhov, I. I., Latif, M., Semenov, V. A., & Park, W. (2009, October 10). Perspectives of Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage in the Twenty-First Century. Climatic Change, 100(3-4), 757-768. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9683-2 Lajeunesse, A. (2008). The Northwest Passage in Canadian Policy: An Approach for the 21st Century. International Journal, 63(4), 1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200806300414 Lu, D., Park, G. K., Choi, K., & Oh, S. (2014). An Economic Analysis of Container Shipping through Canadian Northwest Passage. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, 1, 60-72. Naval Operations in an Ice Free Arctic Final Report (2001). Office of Naval Research, Naval Ice Center, Oceanographer of the Navy, and the Arctic Research Commission NSIDC (2018). Unusual Warmth Continues. National Snow & Ice Data Center Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/Arcticseaicenews/ Pompeo, M. R. (2019, May 6). Looking North: Sharpening America’s Arctic Focus. Speech presented in Finland, Rovaniemi. Powell, N. (2018, December 28). Northern Exposure: Can the Northwest Passage Live Up to Its Billing as a Maritime Superhighway? Retrieved from https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/northern-exposure-can-the-northwest-passage-live-up-to-its-billing-as-a-maritime-superhighway Reeves, R., Rosa, C., George, J., Sheffield, G., & Moore, M. (2012). Implications of Arctic Industrial Growth and Strategies to Mitigate Future Vessel and Fishing Gear Impacts on Bowhead Whales. Marine Policy, 36(2), 454-462. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.08.005 Smith, L. C., & Stephenson, S. R. (2013). New Trans-Arctic Shipping Routes Navigable by Midcentury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(13). doi:10.1073/pnas.1214212110 Stephens, H. (2018, May 16). Northwest Passage a Key to Canada’s Relationship with Asia. 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Broadcast: August 18, 2004 This is Steve Ember. And this is Faith Lapidus with EXPLORATIONS, in VOA Special English. Today, we tell about American pilot Jacqueline Cochran. During her time as a pilot, she set more speed, distance and altitude records than any other pilot in aviation history. Jacqueline Cochran was known as Jackie. She said she was born in Nineteen-Ten. She did not really know. Her parents died when she was a baby. Another man and woman adopted her. They became her legal parents. These people were very poor. They lived in several towns in Florida and Georgia. Jackie went to school for just two years. Then she began work in a cotton factory. She was eight years old. She earned six cents an hour. Later, Jackie studied to be a nurse. But, she decided to be a beautician, a person who cuts and fixes other people's hair. She went to a special school and worked in several beauty shops in the South. Then, she decided to move to New York City. There she worked in a very fine beauty shop. On a business trip, she met a wealthy financial expert, Floyd Odlum (ODE-lum). He urged Jackie to learn to fly. He also helped her establish what was to become a very successful business. Jackie had dreamed of selling her own beauty products. At that time, the United States was in severe economic trouble, the Great Depression. Floyd told Jackie it would be very difficult to sell enough beauty products to make her company successful. She would have to sell them all across America. To cover the territory, he said, she would need wings. She thought it was a great idea. Years later, Jackie Cochran remembered how she talked with her friends about learning to fly. They all warned her how difficult it would be. She did not think so. So she went to Roosevelt Field on New York's Long Island to learn how. After two-and-a-half weeks of lessons, she received her official pilot's license. She immediately flew to Montreal, Canada. The year was Nineteen-Thirty-Two. Three years later, she competed in the Bendix Trophy Race from Los Angeles, California to Cleveland, Ohio. The race was an important competition for both male and female pilots. In her first try, Cochran had trouble with her plane. She failed to finish. Another young female pilot, Amelia Earhart, finished fifth. In Nineteen-Thirty-Six, Jackie and Floyd were married. She continued to operate her company, Jacqueline Cochran Cosmetics. And he continued to support her flying activities. In Nineteen-Thirty-Seven, Amelia Earhart attempted to fly around the world. She disappeared during that flight. A group of female pilots held a memorial ceremony to honor her. Jackie Cochran spoke at the ceremony. "We can mourn her loss," Cochran said, "but not regret her effort. We will carry on her goals." A month after Earhart was declared lost at sea, Cochran flew again in the Bendix Trophy Race. She was the only female pilot. She finished in third place, ahead of several of America's toughest male pilots. The winner of that race flew a new kind of military plane. It was designed by Alexander de Seversky. He had come to the United States from Russia. Seversky wanted to sell his new long-distance plane to the United States Army Air Corps. He thought the army would notice his plane if a female pilot flew it in a race and did well. So he asked Cochran to fly it in the next Bendix race. She accepted immediately. Seversky added extra fuel containers in the wings. He wanted to show that the plane could fly long distances without stopping. Cochran would be the first pilot to use the new system. Twenty-one pilots flew a test course before the race. Only ten completed it successfully -- nine men and Jackie Cochran. The race began in Burbank, California, in the middle of the night. Forty-thousand people were there to watch. Seversky's plane, with Cochran at the controls, speeded down the runway. Its silver wings and body shone in the lights around the airfield. The plane lifted off the runway, climbed up and disappeared into the darkness. Another crowd was waiting in Cleveland, Ohio. They cheered as the first plane landed and crossed the finish line. It was the silver plane flown by Jackie Cochran. She had won the race. Cochran had flown three-thousand-two-hundred-seventy kilometers in eight hours and ten minutes. She had done it without stopping. But only she knew there was enough fuel left to fly just a few more minutes. Jackie Cochran won something else that year -- recognition. She received the Harmon Trophy, the highest award given to a pilot in America. She would win the Harmon Trophy thirteen more times. The next year, Nineteen-Thirty-Nine, World War Two started in Europe. Cochran believed female pilots could help in the war effort. She thought they should be permitted to fly military transport planes. In that way, she said, more male pilots would be free to fly combat planes. In Nineteen-Forty, she tried to get the United States Army Air Force to support her idea. Cochran wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt's wife, Eleanor. She said the real problem in wartime was likely to be a lack of trained pilots. Many women, she noted, already were trained. Cochran received permission to go to England to observe female pilots in the newly formed British Air Transport Auxiliary. She stayed there several years. By Nineteen-Forty-Three, the United States realized that it did need more pilots. The commander of America's Army Air Forces, General Henry Arnold, visited England. He asked Cochran to come home and organize a program for female pilots. The group would be known as the Women Airforce Service Pilots, or WASPs. The group existed for two years. During that brief time, the women learned to fly seventy-seven kinds of military planes. One-thousand seventy-four women served as WASPs. They flew almost one-hundred-million kilometers. They were never officially part of the Army Air Forces. They were considered civilian employees. At the end of World War Two, the American government gave Jackie Cochran the Distinguished Service Medal for organizing the WASPs. She was the first civilian to receive the honor.After the war, she worked with General Arnold. She helped write a bill that created America's Air Force Reserve. She became the first female member. She was finally a member of the military. In the late Nineteen-Forties, Cochran started racing again. She set many more flying records. In Nineteen-Fifty-Four, she entered the jet age. The Canadian government agreed to let her test its new fighter plane. In it, she became the first woman to fly faster than the speed of sound. In the early Nineteen-Sixties, she became a test pilot for the Lockheed Company. She flew a fighter plane two-thousand-two-hundred-eighty-six kilometers an hour. That was more than two times the speed of sound. It was the fastest speed ever reached by a female pilot. Jackie Cochran sold her beauty products company in Nineteen-Sixty-Four. She died of a heart attack in Nineteen-Eighty. At the time of her death, she held more speed, distance and altitude records than any other pilot -- man or woman -- in aviation history. She had risen from a lowly beginning to the heights of business and flight. Jackie Cochran is not as well known as some of the other great pilots. One history expert said people respected her, but did not really like her. She led the way for other female pilots. But she did not seek their company as friends. Jackie Cochran felt very much at home in the sky. She once described her feelings about flying. This is what she said: "Earth-bound souls know only that underside of the atmosphere in which they live. But go up higher, and the sky turns dark. High up enough, and one can see the stars at noon. I have. I have traveled with the wind and the stars." This program was written by Marilyn Rice Christiano. It was produced by Mario Ritter. This is Steve Ember. And this is Faith Lapidus. Listen again next week for another EXPLORATIONS program in VOA Special English.	<urn:uuid:e028c638-f31d-4626-b398-7d0d696ea351>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/a-23-a-2004-08-17-1-1-83121562/122934.html	2024-02-21T22:04:00Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.986596	1,790	3.046875	3	[ 38, 5802, 6092, 30, 4724, 1398, 16, 9017, 203, 4326, 316, 2760, 317, 2733, 657, 18, 203, 10562, 456, 316, 418, 69, 349, 458, 3122, 310, 360, 416, 60, 52, 48, 4264, 3151, 7055, 55, 16, 288, 720, 51, 37, 7018, 2525, 18, 4120, 16, 445, 2565, 608, 1781, 9413, 9642, 395, 4633, 2959, 355, 10250, 18, 2942, 954, 669, 352, 261, 9413, 16, 1353, 1075, 512, 2999, 16, 4227, 291, 366, 9635, 4606, 687, 723, 586, 9413, 288, 972, 2202, 1550, 18, 203, 46, 313, 395, 4633, 2959, 355, 10250, 454, 1261, 352, 596, 583, 545, 18, 2623, 1211, 1353, 454, 4178, 288, 465, 475, 4644, 17, 56, 270, 18, 2623, 1535, 462, 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Working with water © Crown copyright (2019) Wales Why this theme? South Central Wales is an area that boasts many water environments of the highest quality. They demonstrate the resilience of nature, having largely bounced back from generations of neglect tied to our industrial past to become a hive of aquatic activity. Salmon in the River Taff – who would have believed that in 1970? These water environments provide fantastic opportunities for well-being – through recreational opportunities, their role in regeneration, as well as through the vital ecosystem services that they provide for local communities. That said, these ecosystems are still recovering from the legacies of the past as well as the pressures of a growing urban environment. There is much to do to make them more adaptable and resilient to change, allowing biodiversity to continue to recover. This will require the benefits that these environments provide for well-being to be recognised and appropriately valued. In order to improve the overall picture, we all need to adopt a more joined-up approach towards how we manage our water environments in South Central Wales. That means finding new ways of working, taking a fully integrated approach rather than the traditional method of addressing single issues by way of individual programmes. By understanding natural processes and valuing the natural environment, we can be more ambitious about what we want to achieve. Working with stakeholders, we can gain a better understanding of our water environments and the pressures they are under. A number of innovative partnership initiatives already exist in South Central Wales, which is good news. Now we need to take that to the next level and beyond, with the ultimate goal of engaging communities with the water environments on their doorsteps and creating shared value in the benefits that they provide. We want them to be valued, appreciated and celebrated, not ignored or taken for granted. Future development of the Area Statement will set out evidence about our natural resources and the benefits and services they can provide. By improving people’s understanding of these benefits and services, together we can start to address many of the national challenges and opportunities in our day-to-day decision-making, including: - Reversing the decline in biodiversity - Reducing the risk of flooding - Supporting climate change mitigation and adaptation through ecosystem approaches - Improving the quality of our water - Safeguarding and increasing carbon stores in soils and biomass - Acting to reduce the pressures on natural resources, for instance through resource efficiency and renewable energy What would success look like? Success would be for ecosystems in South Central Wales (particularly our uplands and freshwater ecosystems) to be managed in ways that maintain and enhance their resilience, maximising the services they can provide through delivery of the Welsh Government’s Natural Resources Policy (NRP) of 2017. Our first theme (Building resilient ecosystems) sets out the ecosystems in our area where interventions can enhance resilience, while also providing services that address local priorities. South Central Wales supports many high quality freshwater environments but, as already mentioned, these ecosystems are still recovering from our industrial past, as well as being under pressure from the urban environment and climate change. Upland habitats are also degraded, a legacy in part of historic and current land management. Consequently, the benefits that these environments can offer local communities are not being fully realised. The delivery mechanisms outlined in our second theme (Connecting people with nature) support the sustainable management of these ecosystems, providing local benefits such as better protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, improved climate mitigation and adaptation, plus enhanced water quality and quantity which can, in turn, support wider opportunities for regeneration and well-being. The freshwater and peat ecosystems provide the greatest opportunities for benefits in terms of catchment restoration, providing nature-based solutions that address ecosystem service needs. Among those solutions, identified in the NRP, are: Maintaining, enhancing and restoring floodplains and hydrogeological systems to reduce flood risk and improve water quality and quantity Many watercourses in South Central Wales have been highly modified owing to the area’s industrial past, with communities built right up to the edge of rivers. As a result, the natural processes of those rivers have been altered resulting in poor instream habitats and water quality, together with an increased risk of communities flooding. Here, success would mean enhancing the resilience of the freshwater ecosystem, improving its ability to adapt to climate change, managing extreme flows, improving connectivity of the riparian ecosystem, and providing subsequent benefits to people and wildlife. Restoring uplands and managing them for biodiversity, carbon, water, flood risk, energy and recreational benefits As already mentioned, our upland habitats are degraded. Peat covers over 2800 hectares across South Central Wales, 80% of which can be found in the uplands. However, the condition of that peat is worse than the national average, with modified land cover currently occupying 70% of the deep peat. Success here would be the restoration and improvement of these upland habitats in order to capitalise on the opportunities they can provide for clean water, wildlife, protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, access and recreation. Increasing green infrastructure in and around urban areas Pressure on our ageing infrastructure is a key concern in South Central Wales, with surface water infiltration into our combined sewage systems causing overloading and leading to pollution. Here, success would be the integration of nature-based solutions, such as sustainable drainage systems, into urban green infrastructure in order to alleviate the pressure on urban areas, and adapting communities to an increased risk of flooding. Reducing the risk of flooding Flooding can occur from rivers and tributaries overflowing, or from surface water. In order to reduce flood risk in South Central Wales, we know that catchment restoration alone will not be enough to help our communities adapt to the effects of climate change. Success would be for catchment restoration interventions to work alongside our physical flood defences, reducing the peaks in flow and, where possible, the need for additional or larger more expensive physical flood defences, together with preparing for the increased risk of flooding. Who have we worked with to date? We have engaged widely across the environmental sector with bodies such as the Welsh Government, Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, local authorities and non-governmental organisations, together with land management representatives, developing a shared understanding of the resilience of freshwater ecosystems. We have also engaged internally with NRW staff across various functions (flood risk, environmental management and land management) to refine our understanding of the pressures and risks on our water environment. Through the Area Statement, we’re looking to develop new ways of working both internally and externally across NRW’s functions, adapting a more joined-up approach to catchment management. However, we acknowledge there is still much to do in terms of exploring opportunities with external partners, ones that promote a wider approach to catchment management along with enhancing our overall well-being. What are the next steps? Our ongoing Area Statement engagement will focus on what we are calling ‘Opportunity Catchments’. This involves working with external partners to identify tasks we can collaborate on surrounding catchment management, and how that can deliver wider benefits in terms of well-being. With that in mind, we are proposing the Taff/Ely as our initial ‘Opportunity Catchment’ in South Central Wales, with the principle thread being ‘People’. Encompassing a population of approximately 400,000 and flowing through Wales’ capital city, this ‘Opportunity Catchment’ gives us the chance to explore people’s connection to the water environment, as well as maximising the benefits that a resilient freshwater ecosystem provides. We envisage an integral part of this being a series of engagement events/discussions across the Taff/Ely area exploring opportunities to work with strategic partners on improving and restoring the catchment, making our communities more resilient. Exciting initiatives must be built on to identify other joint working opportunities, ones that look to deliver NRP priorities for nature-based solutions, pursing actions such as: - Exploring ways to reinstate natural processes to make our freshwater environments more resilient for people and wildlife, for instance by liaising with lead flood management authorities on nature-based solutions that complement existing flood defences - Embracing new ways of working, through ‘Opportunity Catchment’, will allow strategic partners to develop an integrated approach to catchment and river restoration that uses built and natural processes to deliver well-being benefits - Managing and enhancing the resilience of upland habitats to capitalise on opportunities they can provide for clean water, wildlife, protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, access and recreation - Creating a shared value of the water environment, promoting its role in well-being and regeneration through Public Service Boards, aligned to existing local/regional plans such as the Valleys Regional Park - Exploring the role of nature-based solutions with key stakeholders like Dwr Cymru Welsh Water and local authorities in managing the impact of surface water on water quality and flood risk, reducing costs of water treatment, the pressure on an ageing infrastructure and developing a local evidence base to inform on green infrastructure assessments and other delivery mechanisms - Developing understanding of flood risk and working with local communities and businesses to help them become more adaptable to climate change How does what we’ve proposed deliver Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (SMNR)? Healthy and resilient ecosystems provide us with essential, intrinsic benefits to our lives and well-being. By developing a common understanding of the status of freshwater and upland environments in South Central Wales, together with a consensus on how best to manage the pressures acting on these environments, we can start to build resilience within ecosystems, maximising the services they can provide through delivery of the NRP. The sustainable management of ecosystems – supported through key delivery mechanisms such as local development plans, the Welsh Government’s Sustainable Farming and Our Land Scheme, and partnerships aimed at realising opportunities on publicly owned land – will help us meet the local needs for ecosystem service benefits. As already stated, these include improved protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, improved climate mitigation and adaptation, plus enhanced water quality and quantity. This can, in turn, support wider opportunities for recreation and well-being. New legislative requirements support a more integrated ‘catchment management’ approach to identify joined-up action to manage water quality and regulate low and high flows. However, one of the challenges of adopting a truly integrated approach is the need to switch from more traditional, functional work programmes, where action is taken to address a single issue, to measures that realise the benefits of managing catchment right across the board. Through further Area Statement engagement, NRW will integrate new ways of working (both internally and externally with strategic partners) to deliver catchment restoration at a meaningful, landscape scale. We will also promote nature-based solutions to address many long-standing environmental impacts such as poor water quality, high flood risk and habitat loss. Our long-term aim is that local communities will discover a new level of engagement with the magnificent landscapes on their doorsteps, valuing the importance of these habitats and the ecosystem services they provide for our well-being. How can people get involved? In South Central Wales, we are committed to working in an open and transparent way. With that in mind, we want to encourage people to connect with nature. The Area Statements process allows us to establish new ways of working which will be identified as we develop the next steps. 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There are a lot of myths about mental health issues in general. Since I suffer from an anxiety disorder, I’ve heard tons of myths about what having anxiety means, usually from people who are NOT experts and DO NOT personally suffer from an anxiety disorder themselves. Not only do these myths cause a lot of misunderstanding – some can even be dangerous, (especially when it comes to people who suffer from both anxiety & depression). Some of these myths prevent people who likely are unknowingly suffer from an anxiety disorder from seeking the help they need. Myths exist on just about every topic out there. It’s important to know the real facts and not believe or perpetuate the myths, (which is worse). Since I have what I guess you would call “inside information”, since I actually am diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, a lot of these myths are ones that I’ve personally heard from people over & over & over again. If you or someone you know suffers from an anxiety disorder, it’s highly probable that you’ve also heard a lot of these myths, some you may even still believe. Here are some myths about anxiety disorders: MYTH: People who have anxiety should simply avoid stressful situations. Okay, so this myth is basically impossible. Stressful situations are literally part of life. To a person with anxiety, even small tasks can be stressful, (I’m talking small tasks that WE HAVE TO DO). For example, highways sometimes cause me a lot of anxiety – but what am I going to do? Avoid them the rest of my life? Not likely. Avoidance, down the line, will only make things worse. Of course, it makes sense to avoid certain serious phobias, (spiders, heights, snakes – things that can realistically be avoided), but it is utterly impossible to avoid stress or stressful situations. Avoiding so-called stressful situations would put a person suffering from an anxiety disorder in a “bubble” so to speak. It’s impossible and unhealthy as hell! This myth is a very common one concerning anxiety and it perpetuates the idea that a person with an anxiety disorder cannot live a normal life – which is bullshit. Those suffering from anxiety disorders can absolutely live life to the fullest and learn healthy ways to help manage stressful situations. Avoidance is NOT healthy. MYTH: Anxiety Disorders aren’t that common. Actually, nearly 20% of adults in America suffer from some form an anxiety disorder. When I was diagnosed, I too thought it wasn’t common to have an anxiety disorder. I thought I was in a rare category of people and that my life was basically going to be some terrible mess after that diagnosis. That thought was due to the stigma that surrounds anxiety disorders. I didn’t realize how NOT alone I was. It’s odd thinking back now, after all the people I’ve met with similar issues, how awful & alone I felt, when in reality, SO MANY people were dealing with nearly the exact same situation & feelings. There are also many different types of anxiety disorders, most of which aren’t rare at all. I’m talking almost 1 in 5 individuals in the U.S alone! So, anxiety disorders are quite common. If you or someone you know suffer from one – you are most definitely not alone. MYTH: People with anxiety are just overreacting and could easily “snap out of it.” Well shit…like I hadn’t tried every damn thing possible to “snap out of it.” If I could simply snap out of it, it wouldn’t be an anxiety disorder. Do you think people with anxiety disorders want to feel the way they do? HELL NO. This is probably the #1 misconception about anxiety disorders. It’s this odd belief that people who suffer from an anxiety disorder can somehow flip a switch in their mind and suddenly be cured! (If only!) We’re not wizards, my dude. Seriously, it’s an actual illness that can’t be controlled like a ceiling fan. We can’t wave a wand and change it – or believe me – every single person who has an anxiety disorder would absolutely do it if they could. We can create coping mechanisms but snapping out of it is not possible. MYTH: Anxiety will pass over time. This is a dangerous myth and one that most of us who have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder told ourselves before seeking treatment. There is this belief out there that over time, the anxiety will completely vanish. POOF! Gone! The saying “time heals everything” doesn’t apply here. I’m not talking about temporary anxiety that happens to probably everyone at some time in their life, (stress over money, work or so on). I’m talking about real anxiety disorders. They will not pass over time. Waiting to seek treatment can cause a whole slew of other mental health issues. As much as I wish it weren’t the case, anxiety disorders do not go away if you “wait it out.” For me, it worsened. This idea is a total myth and really a pipe dream for those of us with anxiety disorders. MYTH: Anxiety is just stress and overthinking. Well, this one is partially true because two huge components of anxiety are overthinking & stress. However, there’s a hell of a lot more to it than that. The belief that an anxiety disorder is nothing more than these 2 things is a huge myth that still lingers among those who know little about the disorders. Here are just SOME of the other components of anxiety that go far beyond stress & overthinking: - Decreased Focus for extended periods of time - Perpetual Worry & Fear - Physical symptoms that can include, but aren’t limited to: excessive sweating, trouble breathing & hyperventilation, heart palpitations, excessive trembling, restlessness and fatigue. - Racing, uncontrollable thoughts that can be repetitive and highly intrusive in everyday activities. - An overwhelming feeling of impending doom (what I like to call “the constant stomach drop.“) - Unexplained irritability. - The need to always analyze every situation by “danger level.” - An overall feeling of tenseness within the body So, as you can see – anxiety has a lot more symptoms that come into play than simply stress & overthinking. MYTH: Anxiety is caused from a bad ordeal. In many cases, there isn’t a clear-cut reason for the presence of an anxiety disorder. A lot of people seem to confuse an anxiety disorder with PTSD, which usually is also accompanied by the presence of an anxiety disorder. Causes of anxiety disorders are usually unknown, in most circumstances. They rarely have anything to do with trauma or a bad experience. They could – but it’s not typical. It’s a myth that every person with an anxiety disorder has encountered some kind of horrible trauma. MYTH: It’s very easy to spot someone with an anxiety disorder. WRONG! So, so wrong. It’s very easy to conceal the symptoms of an anxiety disorder and for the most part, a lot of us do this. I did and still do, likely due to the stigma attached to it. Even if you read what I write about anxiety and living with an anxiety disorder, you wouldn’t be able to tell I have it when you meet me. It isn’t tattooed on my forehead and it isn’t something I put on display. (The same can be said of those suffering from depression). I can carry on conversations and be completely socially normal. A lot of what I suffer with is very much on the inside and isn’t visible. People who first meet me would have zero idea that I suffer from an anxiety disorder. It isn’t present in the way I behave or speak in front of others. It is very easy to conceal or show no signs of at all. MYTH: Only anti-social people can suffer from anxiety. Again, this is wrong. People who suffer from social anxiety disorders will have trouble being social and that is absolutely true. However, I believe that I’m an extremely social person. I go out. I hang out with friends often and actively put myself in social situations. You could be having a perfectly normal conversation with me and will never realize that I have already counted every entrance and exit in the building we’re in. You’ll never know that I have been looking for signs of danger when there likely are none. I’m not anti-social, therefore, this is a total myth. Social anxiety is an anxiety disorder, but it is not the only one. MYTH: All anxiety disorders are basically the same thing. Nope. Not true at all. Anxiety disorders take many forms, from many different people from all walks of life. Depending on an individual’s diagnosis, their anxiety disorder can be completely different from mine. Even a person with my identical diagnosis could react and behave totally different than me. Anxiety disorders are not created equal. Just like we all have various responses to certain stimuli, we all respond differently to anxiety disorders. Of course, there will be commonalities in many people but no, all anxiety disorders are NOT the same. There are lots of anxiety disorders as well as many different coping mechanisms that could work for one person and not another. Just as individuals are different, anxiety disorders, and our individualized reactions are also different. MYTH: There HAS to be a reason why you’re experiencing anxiety. Just because a person with an anxiety disorder is having a period of extreme anxiety doesn’t have to have anything to do with their environment or a specific event. Sometimes, it just comes out of nowhere. At least for me, I could be perfectly fine, even at home just watching TV then all of the sudden – I’m overwhelmed, I’m anxious and my breathing becomes difficult. Nothing happened, it’s just an increase in my anxiety. The same goes with panic attacks. They can be triggered by something specific or by nothing at all. That’s what makes anxiety such a bitch – it’s totally unpredictable. MYTH: Anxiety isn’t a “real” illness. Okay, if you STILL believe this, there is no point in parading out any scientific evidence or studies. Maybe you’re one of those people who think the earth is flat too? Or, that climate change is just make-believe? Eh – it’s a REAL illness and I hope you never have to deal with it, even if you are an asshole about it 🙂 Myths Add to the Stigma of Anxiety Disorders: There is a huge stigma that surrounds anxiety disorders and most other mental health issues. It’s likely not going to change overnight but with more people diagnosed each day, the facts are becoming harder and harder to ignore. Living with an anxiety disorder does not make you weak, nor does it mean you cannot live a full, amazing life. It’s important to debunk these myths and educate those around you about what an anxiety disorder actually is, (especially if you live with one). Are there any other common myths about anxiety disorders that you’ve heard about? Let me know in the comments! I hope these myths will fade away so people can really grasp – not pity – but grasp – what it’s like to live with an anxiety disorder. To everyone out there living with an anxiety disorder, it doesn’t have to define you 🙂 Make sure you’re not falling victim to these myths. Educate yourself about your specific anxiety disorder. Facts are friends, people 🙂 Much Love <3	<urn:uuid:fa3aff61-9eda-4638-95a4-dca6ca0e4d9c>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://nerdknowslife.com/2018/10/24/myths-about-anxiety-disorders/	2024-02-21T21:51:35Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.959766	2,507	2.546875	3	[ 6695, 356, 261, 1774, 289, 5620, 87, 608, 1993, 661, 1659, 288, 2177, 18, 3296, 334, 5071, 427, 363, 3083, 3706, 16, 334, 372, 317, 5193, 7658, 289, 5620, 87, 608, 768, 2054, 3083, 1486, 16, 1840, 427, 689, 650, 356, 11610, 3962, 291, 10568, 11610, 959, 523, 5071, 427, 363, 3083, 3706, 2315, 18, 3217, 794, 565, 629, 5620, 87, 1342, 261, 1774, 289, 2305, 1096, 897, 281, 796, 579, 375, 919, 327, 4233, 16, 421, 274, 1695, 649, 362, 1974, 292, 689, 650, 5071, 427, 1079, 3083, 1884, 3663, 802, 1399, 289, 629, 5620, 87, 1463, 689, 650, 1792, 356, 543, 2788, 5052, 5071, 427, 363, 3083, 3706, 427, 4840, 268, 617, 502, 648, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 87, 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If you are thinking about getting a leopard gecko, one factor to consider is how large the reptile will be. It is important to know how big your leopard gecko will grow, so you are able to provide your new pet with a large enough enclosure. While leopard geckos are relatively small animals, how big do they actually get? On average, adult female leopard geckos are 7-8” inches long and weigh between 45-70 grams. Adult male leopard geckos tend to be slightly larger, growing from 8-10” inches long and weighing between 60-90 grams. Both sexes of leopard gecko start out very small. As hatchlings, they are only 2.5-3” inches long and weigh 3-5 grams. There are different care requirements for leopard geckos, depending on their age and size. For instance, baby and juvenile leos need a smaller enclosure than the larger adults, and they need to be fed more frequently to keep up with their rapid growth. Keep reading to learn more about how big leopard geckos get, as well as issues which may affect their growth. Table of Contents Leopard Gecko Growth Table The table below shows the average length and weight of a leopard gecko, according to its age. Leopard Gecko Age \| Average Length \| Average Weight \| Hatchling \| 3-4” inches \| 2-5 grams \| 1 Month \| 4” inches \| 15-20 grams \| 2 Months \| 5” inches \| 18-30 grams \| 6 Months \| 5-6” inches \| 25-60 grams \| 18 Months \| 8-11” inches \| 40-90 grams \| How Big Are Hatchling Leopard Geckos? Leopard gecko hatchlings are tiny, typically measuring about 2.5″ – 3″ inches long from snout to tail tip, and weighing around 3-5 grams. Since they start so small, they need to receive special care and attention. Hatchling Leopard geckos should be housed in a small container measuring around 10″ inches long by 8″ inches wide by 6″ inches high. This little space (compared to a large, full-sized tank) ensures they won’t get lost or have problems finding their food and water. Another thing to keep in mind if you have a small, hatchling Leopard gecko is only to use paper towels as a substrate. Their small size puts them at a much higher risk of substrate impaction (experiencing intestinal blockage after accidentally consuming substrate particles). Lining their container with paper towels helps prevent impaction problems. Due to their small size, hatchling Leopard geckos require a very shallow water dish. You may try using a plastic milk bottle top or something similar. Just make sure whatever you use is shallow enough to prevent them from drowning. How Long Does it Take For a Leopard Gecko to Grow Full Size? Although hatchling Leopard geckos are tiny, they grow relatively quickly, reaching full size around the one year mark. Although technically full-grown at one year of age, leopard geckos, like all reptiles, continue to grow their entire lives. This is why they regularly shed their skin, even once they’ve reached adulthood. Are Male Leopard Geckos Bigger than Females? An adult male Leopard gecko is typically bigger than its female counterparts. They will generally grow about 2″ – 4″ inches longer, have broader heads, thicker necks, a wider tail base, and bulkier bodies. These size differences will most likely not be noticeable until they reach adulthood. Male Leopard geckos also have post-anal swellings and a V-shaped row of pre-anal pores. While both sexes have cloacal spurs, the males are typically larger. How Big Does a Leopard Gecko Get? As we already learned, when Leopard Geckos hatch from their eggs, they are quite small, measuring about 2″ – 3″ inches in length and weighing only around 4 grams. But Leopard geckos, the largest of the gecko species, grow quickly, reaching their adult size in about a year. Adult females are usually around 7″ to 8″ inches long from snout to tail tip and weigh between 45 to 70 grams. Adult males are typically 8 to 10″ inches long from snout to tail tip and weigh anywhere between 60 to 90 grams. Why is my Leopard Gecko Not Growing? If your Leopard Gecko isn’t growing and appears much smaller than the average size and weight we mentioned above, there are four different possible reasons. Yes, you read that right! Bullying is a common problem among Leopard geckos, especially between males. If your Leopard gecko is housed in the same enclosure with other geckos, it may be getting bullied. This means they may be fighting over food, water, or hiding spots, leaving the loser of the fight (usually the smallest or weakest of the bunch) without access to these necessities. The best solution to this problem is to house your geckos in separate enclosures. Another possible solution is to only house males with females, never with other males. Another reason why your Leopard gecko may not be growing correctly is because of a poor diet. Your gecko may be eating regularly and getting enough quantity, but if the quality of its food doesn’t meet its nutritional needs, it will have a hard time growing and maintaining weight. Learn more about what leopard geckos eat. Leopard geckos are insectivores and should be given a diet full of variety. In other words, don’t make the mistake of only feeding it one or two different insects as this can lead to nutritional deficiencies. Instead, give them a varied diet full of: - Butter worms - Tomato hornworms - Dubia roaches Mealworms, waxworms, and superworms, though popular with Leopard geckos, should only be fed in moderation. It is also essential to gut load the feeder insects for a minimum of 24 hours before feeding them to your gecko. Why? Since gut-loaded insects are well-fed themselves, they provide excellent nutritional value to your Leopard gecko. If your gecko is young, you may consider coating the feeders with a calcium or Vitamin D3 plus Calcium supplement. - Highly bio-available source of calcium carbonate - Free of harmful impurities (not from Oyster Shells) - Safe levels of Vitamin D3 Another common reason why Leopard geckos experience stunted growth is due to tail dropping. If your Leo recently dropped its tail and since then you’ve noticed a decline or stunting in its growth or size, it may be because most of its nutrients are going towards repairing the tail. This is a natural process, and once the tail is healed, your gecko should continue to grow or regain the lost weight. Just make sure you continue to offer it plenty of nutrient-rich food during this time. Learn more about the interesting tail regrowing process for leopard geckos in our article here. Finally, if your gecko looks thin and hasn’t been growing correctly, there may be a more significant health issue. If you’ve made any necessary adjustments to your husbandry (separating geckos, offering a varied, nutrient-rich diet) and still your Leopard gecko is thin or not growing, it may be time to take it to the vet. Our full guide to leopard gecko husbandry is here. Weight loss and stunted growth are sometimes an indication of more severe health problems going on, so it’s best to let an experienced reptile vet examine your Leo to ensure no other health problems are going on. Poor Habitat Conditions Improper lighting, temperature, and humidity in your leopard gecko’s enclosure will all affect the reptile’s growth. Provide your gecko with 10-12 hours of light each day, according to the time of year. Not giving your leo enough light during the day or too much at night will disrupt the reptile’s circadian rhythm. This disruption will stress the gecko out, and it may eat less, which will affect its growth. Leopard geckos also need heat to help with digestion, so a proper temperature gradient in the enclosure is vital. Temperatures on the cool side should range from 75-80° degrees Fahrenheit (27° C) and 80-85° degrees Fahrenheit (29° C) on the warm side. The enclosure also needs a warmer basking area with temperatures between 90-95° degrees Fahrenheit (35° C). Optimal humidity levels in the enclosure are 30%-40%. Humidity levels higher or lower than this range put your leopard gecko at risk of skin infection and respiratory illness. A sick or injured gecko will suffer from appetite loss, and its growth will be stunted from the lack of nutrition. If you’ve been wondering how big a Leopard gecko gets, we hope this article answered your question. Upon hatching, Leopard geckos are around 3″ inches in length and only weigh about 4 grams. They grow quickly, reaching adult size within one year. Female adult Leopard geckos are typically around 7″ to 8″ inches long from snout to tail and weigh about 45 to 70 grams. An adult male leopard gecko is usually 8″ to 10″ inches long from snout to the tip of the tail and weigh anywhere between 60 to 90 grams. Commonly Asked Questions How long does it take a leopard gecko to grow? A leopard gecko is considered to be an adult between the ages of 10-12 months, but it will not be fully grown until 18-24 months. Sexual maturity in leopard geckos is determined by weight rather than age. Leopard geckos are able to breed once they reach a weight between 35-45 grams, but it is best to wait until the gecko is at least 12 months old. This waiting period is crucial for female leos because producing and laying eggs takes a significant toll on their bodies. Breeding an underweight or malnourished leopard gecko is very dangerous for the animal. Do leopard geckos grow to the size of their tank? Tank size does not have an effect on how large your leopard gecko grows. However, the size of your leo’s enclosure will definitely have an impact on its quality of life. Baby and juvenile leopard geckos will feel more secure in a 10-gallon tank. Once the leo is an adult, a 20-gallon or larger tank is better because it gives the lizard more space to explore and exercise. How often should I feed my leopard gecko? Baby leopard geckos are fast growers, so they need to be fed 5-7 small crickets daily. When the gecko reaches four inches in length, begin offering larger insects one time every other day. A leopard gecko will eat 6-7 large crickets 2-3 times per week as an adult. Insects should never be larger than the space between a leopard gecko’s eyes. Why is my leopard gecko’s tail so fat? A leopard gecko uses its tail to store fat, so it is able to survive when food is scarce. If a leopard gecko has dropped its tail, the regrown tail is usually shorter and broader than usual. It is normal for a leo’s tail to be fat. But if there are fat rolls on the stomach or air bubbles in the armpits, these are signs your gecko is overweight. 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THIS CONTENT IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY Fridtjof Nansen Institute - READ MORE War in the Arctic? Researchers debunk three myths about the High North Can melting ice in the Arctic trigger conflict and a race for resources? Researchers believe that there are three major misconceptions regarding northern geopolitics. What could lead to a serious conflict in the Arctic? A story from nearly 20 years ago might provide some clues. It was a cold autumn and the sea was rough. Norwegian Coast Guard inspectors were on duty and were far out to sea, about to board the Russian trawler Electron, as they had noticed the vessel was not abiding by protocols. What followed next put Norwegian diplomacy to the test. The Russian fishermen took the Norwegian inspectors into Russian waters, and were pursued by Norwegian Coast Guard ships and helicopters. It later emerged that the Norwegian Naval Special Operations Command had also been mobilised. Could have ended differently today After delicate diplomatic efforts, Norway managed to get the Russian authorities to instruct the trawler to release the Norwegians and hand over Electron’s vessel documents. The Coast Guard is part of the Norwegian defence. To avoid escalating the conflict, it was crucial that the Russian Northern Fleet was kept out of the area. “The Electron incident occurred in 2005. If this had happened in 2024, it's not certain it would have ended as well,” Andreas Østhagen says. He is a senior researcher at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI). He studies Arctic geopolitics, seeking to identify factors that could lead to dangerous security flare ups in the Arctic. Everything that could have gone wrong “When thinking about potential conflict in the North, it's precisely a scenario like the Electron case that could spiral out of control,” Østhagen says. What would have happened if the fishery inspectors were armed? What if the weather had been good enough for the marines to board the ship? What if the admirals of the Russian Northern Fleet were not interested in de-escalation? Many things could have gone wrong, contributing to an escalation of the conflict rather than keeping the tumult at as low a level as possible. Østhagen envisions two scenarios for conflict in the North: A low-scale incident that escalates or a full-blown crisis, which, in that case, would be linked to something much larger than the Arctic where Russia plays a key role. He references the situation in Ukraine and the currenty global instability. “There is no doubt that interest in the Arctic is increasing, both commercially and in terms of a geopolitical power play,” he says. Geopolitics deals with how a country's politics, history, and society are shaped based on its geography. The situation is calmer than expected But Østhagen believes there are three major misconceptions about geopolitics in the Arctic: The first is the possibility of war in the Arctic. The second is that there are unresolved borders in the Arctic and that a resource race is underway. The third is that climate change is the primary catalyst for all changes in the Arctic region. “The reality is much calmer,” Østhagen says. “The Electron case illustrates well everything that can go wrong. But it also shows why things usually dont go wrong. There's a willingness to cooperate," Svein Vigeland Rottem says. He is a senior researcher at FNI and studies cooperation in the Arctic. Rottem and Østhagen do not agree that the Arctic is a powder keg and a dangerous place, as recently stated by Lars Saunes, former head of the Norwegian Navy, to Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation NRK. Myth 1: The possibility of war in the Arctic Østhagen, addressing the misconception of imminent war in the Arctic, explains that the conditions in the Arctic are often more stable and transparent than many assume. Conflict is not easily triggered, considering the vast areas and diverse countries involved. Østhagen emphasises the enormity of the Arctic, which encompasses eight countries, four million people, and extensive ocean areas. The countries include Russia, the Nordic states, the USA, and Canada. He notes that the significant Russian presence – with almost half of the Arctic landmass under Russian control – influences perceptions of geopolitics in the North. Iver B. Neumann, a Russia researcher and director at the FNI, concurs that the Arctic is less likely to witness armed conflict than other global locations. He believes the primary driver for military conflict in the Arctic is Russia's use of Murmansk as a base for nuclear weapons. “There are three main ways to keep such weapons mobile: in aircraft, on land by rail, and at sea on submarines. Where such submarines exist, as in Murmansk, there is also significant military attention. And where there is military attention, there is also the potential for conflict,” he says. Neumann advises caution in responding to Russia's desire for global attention and military control, stressing the importance of Norway maintaining a cool head, enforcing sovereignty, and not succumbing to intimidation. Myth 2: Unresolved borders and a race for resources As the Arctic becomes more accessible due to melting sea ice because of climate change, a common myth suggests a scramble for resources and land in the North will occur. But Østhagen clarifies that, unlike in other parts of the world, there are almost no disputes over Arctic borders. “All the borders are settled,” he says, noting that the last conflict between Canada and Greenland was resolved in 2022. Maritime boundaries are key for resource management and potential conflict. Law of the sea grants coastal states sovereign rights for resource exploitation in their economic zones. In the Arctic, only one maritime boundary remains unresolve. It is between the USA and Canada – two close allies. Østhagen, who wrote his PhD on maritime disputes, foresees no major concerns regarding sovereignty or territorial issues. He believes the myth persists due to historical reasons but emphasises that, with all the land borders settled and just one disputed sea border, Arctic resources are already distributed among the eight Arctic states. Myth 3: Climate change drives all shifts in the Arctic A third myth suggests that climate change is the main driver for all political shifts in the Arctic. But Østhagen cautions against oversimplifying the issue, noting that while climate change does affect fish migration – leading to potential future conflicts around resource-rich areas like Svalbard – it's important to be specific about which aspects of climate change increase conflict risks. Another claim Østhagen addresses is the notion that Russia’s military buildup in the Arctic is climate change-driven. He suggests that this is only partially true, as Russia is generally strengthening its military. The Arctic, traditionally seen as secure due to inaccessibility and ice cover, hosts many of Russia’s nuclear weapons. “Putin’s aim to rebuild Russia as a military superpower, with credible nuclear deterrence, involves deploying weapons to strategic locations like the Kola Peninsula,” Østhagen says. With climate changes, increased shipping activity in Russian Arctic waters becomes more feasible. “Therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that Russia wants to maintain control over its northern territories,” the researcher says. However, according to Østhagen, Russia’s military buildup in the region is more about relations with NATO than the changing climate. Østhagen, A. (ed.) ‘Geopolitics and Increased Tension? The Art of Differentiating Between Political Dynamics in the Arctic’ by Østhagen, A & Rottem, S.V. in Norway's Arctic Policy: Geopolitics, Security, and Identity in the High North, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023, pp. 23-37. Østhagen, A. & Lackenbauer, W.P. (ed.) ‘Security Dynamics In, Through, and Over the Arctic “Region”’ by Østhagen, A. & Lackenbauer, P.W. in 'Towards a Sustainable Arctic: International Security, Climate Change, and Green Shipping', World Scientific, 2023, pp. 1-24. This content is created by Fridtjof Nansen Institute's communication staff, who use this platform to communicate science and share results from research with the public. The Fridtjof Nansen Institute is one of more than 80 owners of ScienceNorway.no. Read more. More content from Fridtjof Nansen Institute: Wind power development has varied significantly among Nordic countries Fiction and reality in Russian politics 100 years have passed since Fridtjof Nansen received the Nobel Peace Prize. Would he have been given it today? Norway has the strictest aquaculture regulations in the world. Will other countries follow suit? The work of the Arctic Council put on hold because of the war in Ukraine The ‘Polar Silk Road’ is a myth – but what of Russian activities along the Northern Sea Route?	<urn:uuid:122d39c5-ef62-4e1c-aebc-3828267c5f52>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://partner.sciencenorway.no/arctic-climate-conflict/war-in-the-arctic-researchers-debunk-three-myths-about-the-high-north/2314629	2024-02-21T21:57:05Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.960913	1,928	2.9375	3	[ 9670, 3476, 2187, 50, 56, 10081, 5703, 391, 6807, 57, 43, 44, 56, 9456, 663, 8335, 391, 61, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 425, 434, 41, 5165, 383, 4264, 41, 203, 59, 294, 288, 268, 9505, 35, 7120, 2914, 5668, 1391, 5620, 87, 608, 268, 3194, 2859, 203, 39, 282, 4555, 542, 4036, 288, 268, 9505, 5048, 4734, 291, 261, 5201, 331, 1793, 35, 7120, 2979, 336, 686, 356, 1391, 1670, 10849, 6795, 4353, 6200, 1965, 389, 6278, 1187, 18, 203, 4688, 911, 912, 292, 261, 2804, 4734, 288, 268, 9505, 35, 330, 2247, 427, 3999, 731, 935, 3656, 1276, 1153, 579, 7037, 274, 18, 203, 4077, 454, 261, 3302, 3683, 5179, 291, 268, 3542, 454, 5602, 18, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 9325, 2750, 485, 685, 1084, 909, 664, 341, 8709, 291, 664, 1904, 628, 292, 3542, 16, 608, 292, 4302, 268, 6144, 432, 738, 2546, 8242, 266, 16, 352, 502, 850, 9210, 268, 9585, 454, 462, 459, 3642, 419, 8443, 18, 203, 4688, 4138, 2033, 1927, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 11438, 1495, 292, 268, 1265, 18, 365, 6144, 2034, 1348, 270, 3077, 268, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 685, 1084, 909, 636, 6144, 5719, 16, 291, 664, 4541, 4477, 419, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 9325, 2750, 485, 7860, 291, 589, 300, 389, 1736, 18, 553, 2135, 7496, 336, 268, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 6303, 280, 7018, 7788, 500, 1746, 481, 850, 525, 712, 3305, 309, 1754, 18, 203, 39, 487, 437, 8223, 8120, 1853, 203, 37, 837, 8919, 11438, 1531, 3107, 16, 4058, 2523, 5922, 292, 886, 268, 6144, 5970, 292, 3523, 88, 268, 432, 738, 2546, 292, 4133, 268, 4058, 2878, 75, 1825, 291, 1129, 658, 8242, 266, 372, 87, 9585, 5545, 18, 203, 1461, 9325, 2750, 485, 316, 923, 289, 268, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 1175, 514, 18, 1122, 1833, 4711, 280, 673, 268, 4734, 16, 362, 454, 1821, 336, 268, 6144, 7638, 418, 298, 364, 454, 5189, 628, 289, 268, 1494, 18, 203, 6069, 1461, 8242, 266, 8627, 6226, 288, 8110, 18, 829, 456, 850, 6090, 288, 7945, 16, 362, 743, 462, 1575, 362, 830, 437, 8223, 352, 767, 1272, 1256, 267, 301, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 1977, 18, 203, 8472, 316, 261, 7715, 8532, 430, 268, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 421, 42, 50, 45, 802, 915, 2194, 9505, 1965, 389, 6278, 1187, 16, 4840, 292, 2423, 1802, 336, 911, 912, 292, 4233, 2141, 949, 470, 644, 87, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 203, 41, 604, 1107, 336, 911, 437, 7277, 4358, 203, 6069, 7508, 3140, 608, 1439, 4734, 288, 268, 2859, 16, 362, 743, 9566, 261, 8055, 730, 268, 8242, 266, 1731, 336, 911, 2887, 280, 628, 289, 1357, 1272, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 1977, 18, 203, 4688, 830, 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43, 73, 389, 6278, 1187, 11234, 360, 667, 261, 1777, 743, 7241, 16, 1550, 16, 291, 2429, 356, 7957, 1585, 341, 606, 1965, 4052, 18, 203, 1461, 3118, 316, 1534, 815, 687, 3650, 203, 11207, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 9173, 686, 356, 1391, 1670, 10849, 6795, 608, 1965, 389, 6278, 1187, 288, 268, 9505, 30, 203, 1461, 855, 316, 268, 6145, 289, 1718, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 365, 1901, 316, 336, 686, 356, 543, 379, 320, 1027, 10051, 288, 268, 9505, 291, 336, 261, 3895, 5201, 316, 1064, 2523, 18, 365, 3472, 316, 336, 1907, 1317, 316, 268, 2818, 8562, 4725, 331, 516, 1703, 288, 268, 9505, 2225, 18, 203, 6069, 1461, 3881, 316, 1111, 1534, 815, 1272, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 1977, 18, 203, 6069, 1461, 8242, 266, 1731, 4346, 692, 767, 3423, 336, 375, 679, 4358, 18, 1163, 362, 525, 2746, 1768, 1612, 1840, 1373, 88, 679, 4358, 18, 994, 743, 261, 6464, 822, 292, 5400, 4280, 3203, 343, 317, 263, 720, 333, 306, 481, 434, 376, 8018, 1977, 18, 203, 8472, 316, 261, 7715, 8532, 430, 418, 50, 45, 291, 2194, 8017, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 203, 54, 376, 8018, 291, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 565, 462, 3419, 336, 268, 9505, 316, 261, 7080, 839, 75, 291, 261, 4233, 1349, 16, 352, 4101, 6331, 419, 458, 1267, 11471, 374, 274, 16, 4685, 1747, 289, 268, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 11395, 16, 292, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 391, 5802, 11455, 10575, 318, 465, 54, 47, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 433, 30, 365, 6145, 289, 1718, 288, 268, 9505, 203, 132, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 5693, 268, 10849, 3779, 289, 1299, 6168, 1718, 288, 268, 9505, 16, 5528, 336, 268, 1533, 288, 268, 9505, 356, 970, 512, 5896, 291, 9342, 687, 772, 8471, 18, 203, 39, 266, 74, 1074, 88, 316, 462, 2619, 11920, 16, 5337, 268, 4597, 1511, 291, 3596, 1933, 2729, 18, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 3572, 2329, 268, 8458, 380, 289, 268, 9505, 16, 518, 11541, 5153, 1933, 16, 1958, 2195, 689, 16, 291, 5443, 4782, 1511, 18, 365, 1933, 1226, 5747, 16, 268, 465, 791, 300, 2588, 16, 268, 7581, 16, 291, 3938, 18, 203, 8472, 4686, 336, 268, 1297, 6144, 3550, 796, 360, 2764, 2947, 289, 268, 9505, 1283, 81, 594, 1064, 6144, 1357, 796, 7796, 574, 6795, 289, 1965, 389, 6278, 1187, 288, 268, 2859, 18, 203, 45, 357, 391, 18, 2138, 408, 2586, 16, 261, 5747, 8532, 291, 6235, 430, 268, 418, 50, 45, 16, 2812, 2319, 336, 268, 9505, 316, 1165, 1792, 292, 5814, 10434, 4734, 687, 586, 2106, 5686, 18, 203, 8472, 9173, 268, 2818, 7226, 331, 3588, 4734, 288, 268, 9505, 316, 5747, 743, 666, 289, 11406, 81, 504, 79, 352, 261, 3486, 331, 5040, 8113, 18, 203, 6069, 6695, 356, 1391, 939, 1714, 292, 1288, 659, 8113, 4751, 30, 288, 6430, 16, 341, 1283, 419, 6362, 16, 291, 430, 3542, 341, 979, 4009, 967, 18, 5145, 659, 979, 4009, 967, 3953, 16, 352, 288, 11406, 81, 504, 79, 16, 686, 316, 525, 1297, 3588, 2383, 18, 1256, 853, 686, 316, 3588, 2383, 16, 686, 316, 525, 268, 1439, 331, 4734, 1272, 431, 1977, 18, 203, 50, 73, 408, 2586, 965, 2329, 10507, 288, 2381, 526, 292, 5747, 743, 6318, 331, 2106, 2383, 291, 3588, 1357, 16, 1751, 281, 268, 2557, 289, 4058, 2523, 3539, 261, 3078, 1747, 16, 403, 1346, 5712, 10829, 562, 16, 291, 462, 10623, 3568, 281, 292, 288, 473, 323, 318, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 497, 30, 860, 379, 320, 1027, 10051, 291, 261, 5201, 331, 1793, 203, 5190, 268, 9505, 3125, 512, 4881, 1504, 292, 4555, 542, 3542, 4036, 971, 289, 1907, 1317, 16, 261, 1112, 5620, 4299, 261, 3280, 348, 665, 331, 1793, 291, 1283, 288, 268, 2859, 513, 1595, 18, 203, 11207, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 5949, 7030, 336, 16, 9410, 288, 586, 2287, 289, 268, 887, 16, 686, 356, 2764, 688, 4016, 1985, 658, 9505, 10051, 18, 203, 6069, 37, 660, 268, 10051, 356, 10996, 1272, 431, 1977, 16, 462, 281, 336, 268, 1887, 4734, 858, 3938, 291, 4510, 1169, 454, 5492, 1027, 288, 5008, 18, 203, 49, 6359, 2130, 6165, 356, 1558, 331, 3895, 1794, 291, 1439, 4734, 18, 4392, 289, 268, 3542, 11852, 7636, 2588, 10829, 2535, 331, 3895, 6323, 2470, 288, 444, 2268, 9278, 18, 203, 2983, 268, 9505, 16, 794, 597, 1491, 77, 2130, 11836, 3341, 543, 379, 320, 317, 18, 553, 316, 858, 268, 7581, 291, 3938, 796, 881, 2828, 516, 423, 18, 203, 132, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 650, 4802, 615, 10320, 341, 1491, 77, 2130, 4016, 1985, 16, 2876, 3383, 688, 1670, 3529, 4353, 10829, 562, 361, 4779, 6358, 1659, 18, 915, 9173, 268, 5620, 824, 978, 1504, 292, 3607, 3218, 566, 3572, 2329, 336, 16, 360, 516, 268, 1283, 10051, 10996, 291, 1039, 597, 4016, 2576, 3542, 7381, 16, 9505, 1793, 356, 2226, 7006, 1694, 268, 5153, 9505, 2588, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 777, 30, 5920, 1317, 9548, 516, 11043, 288, 268, 9505, 203, 37, 3472, 5620, 4299, 336, 1907, 1317, 316, 268, 939, 7226, 331, 516, 2589, 11043, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 203, 11207, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 273, 9104, 1573, 6290, 344, 476, 5005, 268, 2682, 16, 462, 281, 336, 1020, 1907, 1317, 1082, 2242, 2034, 8222, 796, 2469, 292, 1439, 1571, 7961, 1149, 3895, 17, 4432, 1511, 730, 343, 3477, 70, 485, 796, 362, 743, 851, 292, 327, 1430, 608, 518, 3378, 289, 1907, 1317, 1643, 4734, 2894, 18, 203, 7353, 1099, 2952, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 7805, 316, 268, 10297, 336, 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132, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 330, 18, 421, 286, 3731, 1321, 43, 73, 389, 6278, 1187, 291, 10272, 307, 3828, 35, 365, 5130, 289, 5740, 560, 673, 8356, 9912, 962, 10325, 6372, 288, 268, 9505, 372, 419, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 330, 1884, 434, 376, 8018, 16, 343, 18, 58, 18, 288, 4058, 2523, 743, 9505, 8765, 30, 2899, 389, 6278, 1187, 16, 6111, 16, 291, 6184, 562, 288, 268, 3194, 2859, 16, 11082, 3618, 7021, 7471, 2793, 16, 5325, 16, 9331, 18, 5450, 17, 8977, 18, 203, 132, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 330, 18, 1884, 458, 583, 270, 70, 1183, 265, 16, 388, 18, 52, 18, 421, 286, 3731, 1321, 55, 5763, 10325, 6372, 450, 16, 3797, 16, 291, 2730, 268, 9505, 538, 8594, 75, 305, 537, 372, 419, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 330, 18, 1884, 458, 583, 270, 70, 1183, 265, 16, 382, 18, 59, 18, 288, 3036, 56, 329, 1519, 261, 8159, 9505, 30, 3765, 6111, 16, 5920, 7085, 16, 291, 4510, 1395, 5566, 11, 16, 2461, 10310, 16, 5325, 16, 9331, 18, 433, 17, 5697, 18, 203, 4326, 2064, 316, 2370, 419, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 743, 2413, 3889, 16, 650, 666, 456, 4412, 292, 4883, 2186, 291, 2538, 1826, 427, 922, 360, 268, 1376, 18, 365, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 316, 597, 289, 512, 687, 4988, 3896, 289, 3308, 50, 283, 2523, 18, 7263, 18, 3177, 512, 18, 203, 49, 404, 2064, 427, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 30, 203, 59, 578, 1056, 1208, 528, 8601, 3105, 1694, 465, 791, 300, 1933, 203, 42, 2597 ]
A very effective way to study the ideas and methods in this book in a university course environment is through student term projects. Several exercises are aimed at such project work, and the checklists in Chapter 8 should prove useful. Experienced designers will also find this material helpful in their early attempts at applying the ideas of the book in their work. A term project should be undertaken as early in the semester as possible. After studying the first two chapters, a student should be able to formulate the optimization problem and develop an initial mathematical model. As progress is achieved through the book, the various methods and ideas can be applied to modify, simplify, and eventually solve the optimization problem. Students can use the available optimization codes as “black boxes” to obtain some early results. As their understanding of the algorithms increases, they will be able to use the available codes more effectively, perform diagnostics, and interpret the numerical results properly. Typical project milestones are: a project proposal that contains the description on the design optimization trade-offs and initial mathematical model; a progress report that outlines efforts to analyze and simplify the model based primarily on the material in Chapters 3 through 6; and a final report that contains the final model statement, model reduction, numerical solutions, parametric studies, and interpretation of results based on material throughout the book. Examples of course deliverables for such reports are given below. Project topics may be assigned by the instructor or chosen by the students. Both approaches have merit and in a typical class, a mixture is usually required. For the students who do not have a project idea of their own, topics may be selected from journal articles published in the engineering literature. However, students should be strongly encouraged to take full responsibility in accepting a published model or problem. This usually forces a more than a perfunctory study of the problem at hand and familiarization with the model, its sources, and limitations, which is necessary for an eventually successful optimization study. The project archive in the present website is a valuable resource for project work. The instructor can obtain access information for their students by contacting the first author. Modern mathematical software that combines modeling and symbolic and numerical computation capabilities are dramatically increasing the scope and ease of formulating and solving optimal design problems. This book offers many opportunities for the inspired reader to implement or test the ideas and methods presented using such software. These efforts are strongly recommended. Each team must submit a preliminary document outlining the idea for their proposed term project. The team will develop a single proposal about a system to be designed. Each team member will be responsible for an individual subsystem and the team as a whole will study how the subsystem designs must be coordinated and integrated to achieve an overall system optimum. PROJECT PROPOSAL GUIDELINES Each team will submit a single proposal about the system to be designed. Each team member will be responsible for an individual subsystem and the team as a whole will study how the subsystem designs must be coordinated to achieve an overall system optimum. Clearly, the team must work together from the beginning but the idea is to assume the viewpoint of individual designers working concurrently on their portion of a larger system. Each subsystem design problem should have at least 4-5 variables and about twice as many constraints. The overall system should comprise at least two subsystems, which will likely share some common variables. Each student will be graded separately for their individual subsystem design. Specific Section Guidelines The project proposal must be formulated to have the following sections. This is a 200-word description of the design project, the motivation for performing an optimization study, and the anticipated results. This section introduces a qualitative statement of the system design project. Describe the system design problem, the anticipated trade-offs that motivate the optimization study, and the previous work that has been done by others. Identify the individual subsystems and explain qualitatively how they are linked. Specifically, explain if you expect that improving the design of each subsystem independently may not lead you to overall optimal system design. 2. SUBSYSTEM DESIGN For each subsystem identified in the introduction, you must develop the full analytical model, as described in detail below. Each subsystem will be a single section. Within each such section, the individual team member will write the relevant subsections for the individual subsystem. 2.1 Problem Statement This section contains a more detailed qualitative statement of the subsystem design problem. Building on the introductory description above, you now describe in more detail the anticipated trade-offs that motivate the subsystem optimization study. You also comment on previous work that has been done by others. Define all symbols used and give units for each quantity. Coordinate with the other subsystem designers so you all use the same symbols for the same quantities and avoid nomenclature inconsistencies. 2.3 Mathematical Model Describe the objective function in words and then derive its analytical expression in terms of design variables and parameters. Describe each constraint in words and then derive its analytical expression in terms of design variables and parameters. Try to group the constraints in two categories: physical constraints that express natural laws and engineering specifications, e.g., conservation of mass, energy, strength and deflection requirements, etc; practical constraints that may express limitations of current engineering practice, rules of thumb, etc. — these will often have the form of upper/lower bounds on the design variables. Design Variables and Parameters Define and list the design variables and parameters. Give a set of typical values for the parameters that you can use for the particular application. Count and state the number of degrees of freedom. Find a set of values for the design variables that satisfy all of the constraints, i.e., show that there is at least one feasible solution in the model as stated. At the end of the model, development summarize the entire problem in one page, if possible, stating the objective and all the constraints in standard form. In the derivation of expressions for the objective and constraint functions be as explicit as possible. If you do not have yet an explicit functional form, state it implicitly, e.g., x1 = f(x2, x3), and explain how you will calculate the function f. Examples of that may be curve-fitting from tables or a separate subroutine (e.g., structural analysis). If you have performed curve fitting already, give the details in an Appendix. Throughout the derivations, you may cite the references that you used so that you do not have to re-derive everything in the proposal. There may be information that you have not obtained yet, for example, appropriate values for all of the parameters. In such cases, state how you expect to get this information. Occasionally models used for design optimization in this class are created in other courses or in student research work. Acknowledge any such links and the assistance of any individuals that helped you in the preparation of the reported work. List all references in alphabetical order, complete with author, title, publisher, year, and page number. In the document, text give the citation as e.g., (Johnson, 1980). Suggested Sources for Project Ideas Ideally, you should choose some problem that is of particular interest to you. The problem may be from any discipline, i.e., you are not limited to mechanical design problems. Projects from previous years and published articles are a good source of ideas. See the archive in project archive. You may use an existing model developed elsewhere as the basis for your project, but you must take responsibility for it, namely, you must understand all the details of its derivation so you can accept it as your own. A Cautionary Note It is easy to begin an optimization project with great expectations and try to use a large, complicated nonlinear model with many parameters and design variables. As your model becomes more concrete, modeling difficulties and numerical shortcomings will become evident. It is a good idea to start with the simplest model that can provide you with meaningful insights into the design tradeoffs. On the other hand, you can start with a more complex problem statement and pare it down if you realize that the modeling work will be excessive. For the course, you should aim for subsystem models that have 5-10 design variables and 10-20 constraints, and expand later as needed. Be prepared for several iterations of your modeling effort, before you perform optimization and after you start your optimization effort. This is normal both in a classroom setting and in a work setting. Often, an optimization study is a way to explore the weakness and deficiencies of your design analysis models. The final report is a fairly involved document. Keep in mind that the project proposal and the progress report are integral parts of your final report, after appropriate editing. Early planning and execution of the intermediate reporting requirements will make final report production much easier. PROGRESS REPORT GUIDELINES The progress report is an expansion and adaptation of your project proposal. This report will be further expanded and updated to produce your final report. For each subsystem or subproblem you have identified, you must include the following sections: 1. Problem Statement An updated version of the material in the proposal. An updated version of the material in the proposal. 3. Mathematical Models An updated version of the material in the proposal. Specifically, you must now have a complete and validated (in terms of feasibility) optimization model statement. 4. Model Analysis In this section, you describe results from monotonicity analysis, as applicable. Check for well-boundedness, model transformations or simplifications you may decide to make. Use monotonicity tables, and activity matrices, where appropriate. Check constraints for possible redundancy. Identify active or conditionally active constraints, as appropriate. 5. Numerical Results You must have coded your model and linked it with one or more of the optimization packages made available. Report initial results, possible local minima etc. Pay special attention to how exactly you code your model for numerical processing. For example, avoid expressions that have divisions by quantities that can become zero. Do not include printouts except for 1-2 pages of final results. For the entire system/problem include a section that identifies possible design conflicts and tradeoffs among the subsystems/subproblems. Resolving these conflicts will be required to complete the project. FINAL PROJECT REPORT GUIDELINES The report must be prepared in a form suitable for electronic transmission. Complicated algebraic manipulations in the appendices may be handwritten and scanned. Figures, tables and equations must be numbered. Figures and tables must each have captions. Printing of text must be at 1 1/2 space with 1-inch margins and the type font size should be similar to the one used in these guidelines (12 point Times). The report must be submitted electronically at the course website along with one hard copy printed single-sided and loose-leaf. Please do not bind it! Please use the cover page template supplied at the end of these guidelines. The report must contain the items described below to be acceptable. The sequencing of sections may change after the model development depending on the individual projects. Also, there may be a variation in the length and effort required in particular sections. 1. Cover Page and Abstract This contains, in a single page, the title of the project, your name and date, and an abstract of approximately 200 words describing your problem and the results obtained. Do not write generalities but be specific about your work. 2. Table of Contents A list of all sections, subsections, appendices, etc., contained in your report. 3. Problem Statement As in the proposal/interim report (following the Optimization Checklist in Chapter 8 of your textbook), with any needed modifications If you are designing a system composed of several subsystems, state the overall system problem and identify the individual subsystems you will first optimize separately, and the rationale for selecting these subsystems. Please note the individual that worked on each subsystem. Define all symbols that you use, particularly for the mathematical model development, as should have been provided in your proposal/interim report. If you have several subsystems, you should make sure you use a consistent nomenclature and set of symbols. It may also be convenient to divide the symbols list to subsystems. The following sections 5-9 should be done for each subsystem separately. For some projects, sections 8 and 9 may be more suitable for inclusion after the system integration study in section 10. 5. Mathematical Model This is the section provided in the proposal/interim report, with any needed corrections. The last part of this section must summarize the model, give list of variables, number of equality and inequality constraints and number of degrees of freedom. Since it is likely that the final model evolved from its original statement, you should describe briefly how the model evolved and what made you change it. If the changes were a result of the optimization study itself, you may include these modeling decisions in the later section on optimization study (Section 7 below). Relegate to appendices any lengthy explanations you feel you need to include so that the overall report flow is not disrupted. 6. Model Analysis This section describes any possible bounding agreements, monotonicity properties and tables, constraint activity identification, model transformations and simplifications, scaling, case decomposition and anything else you have done to make the problem easier to solve numerically and/or analytically. It is suggested that model analysis may be first described for a specific set of parameter values and then generalized to other parameter values to the extent possible. 7. Optimization Study Identification of the solution and a description of how it was obtained should be presented. Unsuccessful attempts should be reported and documented in an appendix. The solution should not be given as just a set of numbers. Other issues must be examined and described, e.g., constraint activity, values of multipliers, interior vs. boundary solution, global vs. local results, numerical stability, satisfaction of KKT conditions, different starting points. Results obtained numerically should motivate attempts for analytical verification. Examine and explain, for example, if monotonicity analysis results agree with numerical results. 8. Parametric Study The solution should be obtained for different sets of parameter values. Does the optimum change? Can the results be generalized? Are there ranges of parameter values that may dictate the type of solution expected? 9. Discussion of Results Here, the results of the optimization study are given with an engineering interpretation. What are the design implications? Can you identify a “design rule” for an optimum solution? Do the results make sense? How does the model limit the solution? Are there “practical” constraints active and what would this imply? What would you do next to improve the answers or make the problem more interesting? In a system design study, you must identify any conflicting requirements stemming from optimizing the subsystems separately. Do the subsystems have common variables, parameters, objectives or constraints? Are some variables in one subsystem parameters in the other? Is there an expected sequence of solving one subsystem before you solve another? 10. System Integration Study In this section, you examine the issues you raised in Section 9 regarding the linking of the subsystems. Can the combined subsystem optima give you the overall system optimum or are there conflicts to be resolved? In the latter case you must attempt the following: (a) Select a system objective and combine all variables and constraints into a single optimization model. Solve this overall system problem as a single optimization problem. This is what we call the All-in-One (AiO) approach. If you can obtain a solution, compare it with the solutions you obtained from the subsystems. Discuss your results. (b) The AiO approach may give you a problem that is too complicated and you cannot obtain numerical results, and a decomposition method is applied. Identify the problem partition into subproblems, each with their own local variables. These may be just the subsystems you identified in your earlier individual studies. Further, define a master problem with an appropriate objective that has as design variables the linking variables among the subproblems. Apply a coordination strategy where the master problem is solved wrt the linking variables (local variables fixed) and the subproblems are solved wrt the local variables (linking variables fixed). Examine how the coordination strategy terminates. (c) Even if you do get results from the AiO strategy, you should perform the study in (b) and compare the results you get from the two approaches. Complete reference list of any sources that you used to complete your project. There may be several appendices containing anything that would distract the reader if used in the main text, for example, elaborate algebraic manipulations, proofs of monotonicities, coding of the models, and selected computer runs. Your report should be a high-quality piece of work similar to technical papers, something you should be proud of. In fact, several student reports have resulted in scientific publications in the past. In any case, you should remember that others must be able to read, understand and duplicate what you have done with only the information contained in your report. PROJECT ORAL PRESENTATION Each team member must present. Total time per presentation is XX minutes; presentation time is XX minutes, followed by a short Q&A. Please practice the talk to see if you meet the timing requirement. Long presentations will be interrupted. Do not make your slides too dense and do not include in your slides things you will have no time to explain in the presentation, like long tables with numbers; your slides should be reasonably self explanatory to someone who reads them without your accompanying explanations. Make liberal use of diagrams. A successful presentation shows that something interesting and useful was done and motivates the audience to want to learn more about it (e.g., read the report). Slides that must be included - Overall system design problem statement, emphasizing what are the tradeoffs making this an optimization problem - How you decomposed your problem into subproblems (subsystems) - For each subsystem give: - design optimization problem statement summary, number of variables and constraints - Description of solution process (e.g., MA, algorithms used) and summary of optimization results concentrating on design implications, not just numbers; e.g., % improvement over starting point, active constraints, influence of parameter values, robustness of the solution. Detailed numbers are not useful - Interpretation of results in terms of the original design problem - For the system, give objective, system constraints and variables, and what connects the subsystems. Qualitatively compare results from system integration to those from individual subsystems - Sharing the main things you learned from doing this project - Complex equations and tables of numbers with results that you will have no time to explain properly. - Fonts that are too small to read and background colors that make letters hard to see. - Colors that look good on the computer display but are not replicated properly on the projection screen (a frequent cause of inability to read slides). Best to use black and white. - Packing too much information per slide. - “Hogging” time for your part of the presentation leaving little time for the rest of the team. - Talking too quietly and too quickly; if you worry that your English skills are not good enough, this is one more reason to speak clearly, slowly and loudly — remember that you have interesting things to say!	<urn:uuid:afa04d7f-4217-4127-94e2-5629f4a5793b>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://principlesofoptimaldesign.org/project-guidelines/	2024-02-21T22:48:48Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.919981	4,037	2.875	3	[ 37, 1040, 1783, 898, 292, 1147, 268, 2854, 291, 2222, 288, 456, 2077, 288, 261, 6878, 1911, 1072, 316, 734, 2443, 2085, 2830, 18, 7138, 4941, 356, 7351, 430, 659, 1707, 716, 16, 291, 268, 2373, 80, 978, 288, 8619, 1570, 788, 7262, 3209, 18, 5003, 77, 2585, 8420, 513, 525, 1255, 456, 1193, 4374, 288, 444, 1568, 7949, 430, 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By the end of this section, students will be able to: 1.1 Differentiate between observations and inference. 1.2 Distinguish between different methods of scientific investigation 1.3 Explain why science is described as a social process and the role of peer-review in science. 1.4 Explain how scientific knowledge is both durable and tentative in light of new evidence. Science is a very specific way of learning, or knowing, about the world. Humans have used the process of science to learn a huge amount about the way the natural world works. Science is responsible for amazing innovations in medicine, hygiene, and technology. There are however, areas of knowledge and human experience that the methods of science cannot be applied to. These include such things as answering purely moral questions, aesthetic questions, or what can be generally categorized as spiritual questions. Science cannot investigate these areas because they are outside the realm of material phenomena, the phenomena of matter and energy, and cannot be observed and measured. Here are some examples of questions that can be answered using science: - What is the optimum humidity for the growth and proliferation of the giant puffball fungus (Calvatia gigantea)? If you want to learn more about this cool fungus, visit the following link: https://www.nps.gov/articles/species-spotlight-puffballs.htm - Are birds attracted to other birds of a specific coloration? - What virus causes a certain disease in a population of sheep? - What dose of the antibiotic amoxicillin is optimal for treating pneumonia in an 80 year old? On the other hand, here are some examples of questions that CANNOT be answered using science: - How mean is the Grinch compared to Santa Claus? - Where do ghosts live? - How ethical is it to genetically engineer human embryos? To learn more about designer babies, visit the following link: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00673-1 - What is the effect of fairies on Texan woodland ecosystems? Take some time to reflect on each of these questions in order to understand why they can or cannot be answered through the use of science. Which of the following questions COULD be answered using science? A. What is Santa Claus’ favorite treat? B. Which sushi roll is better: avocado maki or crunchy california roll? C. Should abortion be legal or illegal? D. What is the effect of Purina cat food on cats’ fur quality? Because this is a biology class, we will be focusing on questions that can be answered scientifically. A scientific question is one that can be answered by using the process of science (testing hypotheses, making observations about the natural world, designing experiments). Sometimes you will directly make observations yourself about the natural world that lead you to ask scientific questions, other times you might hear or read something that leads you to ask a question. Regardless of how you make your initial observation, you will want to do research about your topic before you start setting up an experiment. When you’re learning about a topic, it’s important to use credible sources of information. Observations vs. Inferences The scientific process typically starts with an observation (often a problem to be solved) that leads to a question. Remember that science is very good at answering questions having to do with observations about the natural world, but is very bad at answering questions having to do with morals, ethics, or personal opinions. Think back to the questions in Reading Question #1. If you see a question that had to do with an opinion or an ethically-complex matter, it is likely not answerable using science. However, a question that involves observation and data collection, as well as the use of quantitative measures, is likely answerable using science. Let’s think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: “Why is the classroom so warm?” Now, let’s get back to contrasting observations and inferences. Students will frequently get confused between these two. An observation is obtained usually from a primary source – this is a source that directly witnessed or experienced a certain event. In other words, an observation is easily seen. For instance, if you are a polar bear researcher who is observing the behavior and dietary tendencies of a polar bear from an observatory in Greenland, you are likely to notice that a polar bear consumes meat exclusively. Then, you may infer that the polar bear has a jaw morphology optimized for chewing on meat and a digestive tract optimized for digesting it. However, you cannot scrutinize the jaw morphology or the digestive tract well enough (unlike the polar bear’s dietary tendency, which is more evident to you), so this is still an inference rather than an observation. An inference is a conclusion that is drawn based on logical reasoning as well as evidence that is observed. Thus, observations are required to make an inference but they are still distinct. Existing knowledge is critical to providing oneself with evidence to make an inference. For example, a biology student’s prior knowledge may tell them that mammals are viviparous (i.e., they give birth to their offspring). However, as often occurs in science, there are noteworthy exceptions to most rules. This is why science is fun! For example, the duck-billed platypus, echidna, and five monotreme species lay eggs, instead of giving birth to their offspring. Which of the following describes the relationship between an observation and inference? A. An inference constitutes a type of evidence needed to reach an observation. B. An observation constitutes a type of evidence needed to reach an inference. C. An observation and inference are interchangeable terms. D. There is truly no relationship between an observation and inference. Methods of Scientific Investigation and Scientific Inquiry One thing is common to all forms of science: an ultimate goal “to know.” Curiosity and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science. Scientists seek to understand the world and the way it operates. Two methods of logical thinking are used: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist such as a biologist makes observations and records them. These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (consisting of numbers), and the raw data can be supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos. From many observations, the scientist can infer conclusions (inductions) based on evidence. Inductive reasoning involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of data. Brain studies often work this way. Many brains are observed while people are doing a task. The part of the brain that lights up, indicating activity, is then demonstrated to be the part controlling the response to that task. Deductive reasoning or deduction is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. Recall what a hypothesisis. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid. For example, a prediction would be that if the climate is becoming warmer in a region, the distribution of plants and animals should change. Comparisons have been made between distributions in the past and the present, and the many changes that have been found are consistent with a warming climate. Finding the change in distribution is evidence that the climate change conclusion is a valid one. Deductive and inductive reasoning are related to the two main pathways of scientific study, that is, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science. Descriptive (or discovery) science aims to observe, explore, and discover, while hypothesis-based science begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred, because most scientific endeavors combine both approaches. Observations lead to questions, questions lead to forming a hypothesis as a possible answer to those questions, and then the hypothesis is tested. Thus, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue. Biologists study the living world by posing questions about it and seeking science-based responses. This approach is common to other sciences as well and is often referred to as the scientific method. The scientific method was used even in ancient times, but it was first documented by England’s Sir Francis Bacon (Figure 1.1) (1561–1626), who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry. The scientific method is not exclusively used by biologists but can be applied to almost anything as a logical problem-solving method. The scientific process typically starts with an observation (often a problem to be solved) that leads to a question. Let’s think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: “Why is the classroom so warm?” Recall that a hypothesis is a suggested explanation that can be tested. To solve a problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. For example, one hypothesis might be, “The classroom is warm because no one turned on the air conditioning.” But there could be other responses to the question, and therefore other hypotheses may be proposed. A second hypothesis might be, “The classroom is warm because there is a power failure, and so the air conditioning doesn’t work.” Once a hypothesis has been selected, a prediction may be made. A prediction is similar to a hypothesis but it typically has the format “If . . . then . . . .” For example, the prediction for the first hypothesis might be, “If the student turns on the air conditioning, then the classroom will no longer be too warm.” A hypothesis must be testable to ensure that it is valid. For example, a hypothesis that depends on what a bear thinks is not testable, because it can never be known what a bear thinks. It should also be falsifiable, meaning that it can be disproven by experimental results. An example of an unfalsifiable hypothesis is “Botticelli’s Birth of Venus is beautiful.” There is no experiment that might show this statement to be false. To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important. A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics. If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then we find support for that explanation, but this is not to say that down the road a better explanation will not be found, or a more carefully designed experiment will be found to falsify the hypothesis. Each experiment will have one or more variables and one or more controls. A variable is any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment. A control is a part of the experiment that does not change. Look for the variables and controls in the example that follows. As a simple example, an experiment might be conducted to test the hypothesis that phosphate limits the growth of algae in freshwater ponds. A series of artificial ponds are filled with water and half of them are treated by adding phosphate each week, while the other half are treated by adding a salt that is known not to be used by algae. The variable here is the phosphate (or lack of phosphate), the experimental or treatment cases are the ponds with added phosphate and the control ponds are those with something inert added, such as the salt. Just adding something is also a control against the possibility that adding extra matter to the pond has an effect. If the treated ponds show lesser growth of algae, then we have found support for our hypothesis. If they do not, then we reject our hypothesis. Be aware that rejecting one hypothesis does not determine whether or not the other hypotheses can be accepted; it simply eliminates one hypothesis that is not valid . Using the scientific method (Figure 1.2), the hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental data are rejected. In the example below, the scientific method is used to solve an everyday problem. Which part in the example below is the hypothesis? Which is the prediction? Based on the results of the experiment, is the hypothesis supported? If it is not supported, propose some alternative hypotheses. - My toaster doesn’t toast my bread. - Why doesn’t my toaster work? - There is something wrong with the electrical outlet. - If something is wrong with the outlet, my coffeemaker also won’t work when plugged into it. - I plug my coffeemaker into the outlet. - My coffeemaker works. In practice, the scientific method is not as rigid and structured as it might at first appear. Sometimes an experiment leads to conclusions that favor a change in approach; often, an experiment brings entirely new scientific questions to the puzzle. Many times, science does not operate in a linear fashion; instead, scientists continually draw inferences and make generalizations, finding patterns as their research proceeds. Scientific reasoning is more complex than the scientific method alone suggests. Please refer to this link to gain an appreciation for why the scientific method is not truly the basic and in some senses, boring process as it is communicated to be in many scientific textbooks. Pay particular attention to the illustrated flowcharts. Biology students are trying to describe the coloration of male cardinals in the Canadian province of Ontario. They find that across three regions, male cardinals are red. Of the following, which best exemplifies INDUCTIVE reasoning? A. They conclude that all male cardinals in Ontario are red. B. They predict that in the next regions they will survey, male cardinals will be red. C. They predict that in the next regions they will survey, female cardinals will also be red. D. Both A and B. The importance of peer-review in science Whether scientific research is basic science or applied science, scientists must share their findings in order for other researchers to expand and build upon their discoveries. Collaboration with other scientists—when planning, conducting, and analyzing results—is important for scientific research. For this reason, important aspects of a scientist’s work are communicating with peers and disseminating results to peers. Scientists can share results by presenting them at a scientific meeting or conference, but this approach can reach only the select few who are present. Instead, most scientists present their results in peer-reviewed manuscripts that are published in scientific journals. Peer-reviewed manuscripts are scientific papers that a scientist’s colleagues or peers review. Scholarly work is checked by a group of experts in the same field to make sure it meets the journal standards before it is accepted or published. These colleagues are qualified individuals, often experts in the same research area, who judge whether or not the scientist’s work is suitable for publication. The process of peer review helps to ensure that the research in a scientific paper or grant proposal is original, significant, logical, and thorough. Grant proposals, which are requests for research funding, are also subject to peer review. Scientists publish their work so other scientists can reproduce their experiments under similar or different conditions to expand on the findings. You’ve probably done a writing assignment or other project during which you have participated in a peer review process. During this process, your project was critiqued and evaluated by people of similar competence to yourself (your peers). This gave you feedback on which to improve your work. Scientific articles typically go through a peer review process before they are published in an academic journal, including conference journals. In this case, the peers who are reviewing the article are other experts in the specific field about which the paper is written. This allows other scientists to critique experimental design, data, and conclusions before that information is published in an academic journal. Often, the scientists who did the experiment and who are trying to publish it are required to do additional work or edit their paper before it is published. The goal of the scientific peer review process is to ensure that published primary articles contain the best possible science. There are many journals and the popular press that do not use a peer-review system. A large number of online open-access journals, journals with articles available without cost, are now available many of which use rigorous peer-review systems, but some of which do not. Results of any studies published in these forums without peer review are not reliable and should not form the basis for other scientific work. In one exception, journals may allow a researcher to cite a personal communication from another researcher about unpublished results with the cited author’s permission. The peer-review process for oral communications and poster presentations at scientific conferences is a little less gruelling than for journals, although, a peer-review process is still applied before the work is accepted by conference organisers. Although many scientists will grimace at the mention of ‘peer-review’, it is through this process that we increase the likelihood that valid science (and not pseudoscience) is shared with the world. Peer review is an essential part of the scientific process, to make important economic and health-related decisions that affect the future prosperity of humanity. As with all forms of communication, scientific research articles, oral communications and poster presentations need to be prepared and delivered according to specific guidelines and using particular language. It is important that student scientists begin to understand these guidelines and are given opportunities to practice these forms of communication. This chapter provides a roadmap for preparing and delivering these important modes of scientific communication. Imagine you are publishing a paper investigating the immune system’s involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), a condition where the immune system attacks the myelin covering of neurons. Who is MOST qualified to conduct the peer-reviewing in a peer review process and is most likely to provide the highest-quality and most helpful peer review? A. A family member who knows someone with MS. B. A graduate student studying MS. C. An immunologist who specializes in researching MS. D. A professor with several publications about genetic disorders. When are peer reviews warranted? A. Grant proposals B. Publication of journal articles C. Publication of conference articles D. All of the above Adapted from Clark, M.A., Douglas, M., and Choi, J. (2018). Biology 2e. OpenStax. Retrieved from https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction Adapted from Bartee, L., Shriner, W., and Creech C. (n.d.) Principles of Biology. Pressbooks. Retrieved from Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015). Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition. BCcampus. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/biology/ an event or phenomena that is easily seen and experienced a sophisticated process geared towards the objective establishment of facts through rigorous testing, often iterative and non-linear. a conclusion made on the basis of reasoning and evidence a type of logical thinking where one uses observations, often repeated and replicated, to come to a conclusion a type of logical reasoning where previous conclusions re used to extrapolate and predict phenomena An explanation for an observation, or series of observations, that is testable. the type of science that aims to characterize, quantify, measure, comprehend, and record observable phenomena a type of science that involves a question/problem, and a potential solution/hypothesis that may be tested using the scientific method. the formal evaluation of submitted work by one's colleagues who are qualified to judge if the work is suitable for 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Black Beauty by Anna Sewell Author: Anna Sewell Published: 24 November 1877 Genre: Children’s Literature Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, the Autobiography of a Horse, more commonly known as Black Beauty, is Anna Sewell’s only novel, and upon its publication in 1877, it immediately garnered large-scale attention, with fifty million copies sold to date. While Black Beauty is still loved by many today, Anna Sewell could only enjoy the fruits of her labor a short five months before she died from her chronic illness. Black Beauty’s skillful exploration of moral themes makes it a cornerstone of Children’s Literature, with the book teaching children values and lessons such as compassion and animal welfare. Sewell’s work has caused a powerful ripple effect in the treatment of horses and animal rights and welfare standards, drawing more attention to these areas. Black Beauty follows a horse bearing the same name and the key life lessons he learns while growing up and interacting with humans. Told from an autobiographical standpoint, Black Beauty recounts the time from when he lived as a wild foal in the English countryside on a farm to when he was held captive as a transport horse, made to pull the carriages of people. Poignant and full of emotion, Sewell illustrates a tale of kindness and evil toward animals through the eyes of one. Despite the protagonist’s form as a horse, the vivid way Black Beauty’s life experience is captured draws readers in, forming a sense of realism that invokes empathy. 2. Story Summary 2.1. Birtwick Park Black Beauty was born on a Victorian farm where she led a peaceful childhood with her mother, Duchess, and the kind Farmer Grey that looked after her. Despite being born as one of the more privileged horses, Beauty understands that not all humans are as compassionate as Farmer Grey and can even cause them harm. Beauty spends most of his childhood as a foal living an idyllic and carefree life. When Beauty is slightly older, he is sent to live at Birtwick Park, which Squire Gordon manages, and he is cared for by John Manly. Squire Gordon and John are also compassionate individuals and take exceptional care of Beauty. It is also at Birtwick that Beauty meets other horses and becomes fast friends with two horses named Ginger and Merrylegs. Beauty feels fulfilled and happy living at Birtwick, as beyond being treated well, Beauty is included in various tasks that give him a sense of importance. One particular incident that sticks with Beauty is when he was ridden to fetch a doctor for Squire Gordon’s wife, who had fallen ill. Unfortunately, age catches up with Squire Gordon, and he too falls ill. Upon examining Squire Gordon, the doctor advises that he move to a warmer climate. Unable to bring Beauty and the other horses along, Squire Gordon sells Beauty and Ginger to the Earl of W. 2.2. Earlshall Park At Earshall Park, Beauty soon realizes what unprivileged horses must endure. Her new owners, The Earl and Lady of W, are rather unkind people, with Lady W insisting that bearing reins be used on Beauty and Ginger. Their primary caregiver is Reuben Smith, previously an apprentice to a veterinary surgeon. However, Reuben is a serial alcoholic, leading to him being fired temporarily. One day, Reuben is tasked to ferry Colonel Blantyre to town from the estate, and he brings Beauty along. Upon completing his task, he gets drunk in a pub and rides Beauty back in a drunken haze. His intoxicated state prevents him from noticing a loose nail in Beauty’s shoe, and even when it comes off, Reuben is too drunk to stop. The sharp rocks hurt Beauty, and he loses his balance, causing Beauty to fall and sustaining a nasty cut that permanently scars him. Reuben is not as lucky and breaks his neck from the fall, dying instantly. 2.3. Livery Stables Due to his scar, Beauty is sold to a livery stable and is rented out as a horse-for-hire. He is bought by a man named Mr. Barry, who is kind to horses but lacks the knowledge to care for them. Unable to maintain Beauty, Mr. Barry sells Beauty to a man named Mr. Jerry Barker. 2.4. Cab Horse Mr. Jerry Barker is Beauty’s new owner, and he is a fair and kind man that knows how to care for horses. Beauty meets another horse named Captain. Beauty lives a reasonably good but busy life working as a cab horse under Jerry for some time. During a winter blizzard, Jerry is kept waiting by some irresponsible customers and develops bronchitis, which is nearly fatal. Unable to be a cabbie anymore, Jerry sells Beauty to a baker named Steven. 2.5. The Countryside Working for Steven is reasonably bearable, but Steven fails to care for Beauty’s living needs adequately. Unfortunately, Steven’s other workers treat Beauty cruelly, often overloading him so they can complete deliveries faster. Beauty is forced to wear a bearing rein once again until a kind lady points out that the rein is counterproductive in making Beauty go faster. Beauty is also used as a cab horse under Nicholas Skinner. Beauty meets Ginger again here, but it is not a happy reunion. Ginger has been so overworked that she eventually dies. Not only is Nicholas unkind and cruel, but he also whips the horses he owns. Beauty finally collapses from overwork, and Nicholas plans to let Beauty die so he can be sent to a knacker to have his carcass recycled into various products. Fortunately, a farrier convinces Nicholas to let Beauty recover before selling him at a horse fair. At the horse fair, Beauty is bought by a kind man named Farmer Thoroughgood and his grandson Willie. They nurse Beauty fully back to health before a coachman named Joseph Green, who knew Squire Gordon, recognizes Beauty. Joseph’s mistresses, three ladies named Miss Blomefield, Miss Ellen, and Miss Lavinia, take in Beauty, where he is treated with love and care in his last days after a hard life. The novel’s narrator Black Beauty is born into a relatively privileged life where he lives healthily and happily, having the fortune of good and responsible owners. Black Beauty spends most of his days as a young foal believing that humans do not have the capacity to be cruel to animals. However, his impression soon changes when he is sold to various owners who are not only cruel but negligent in grooming and caring for him. By nature, Black Beauty is not a violent horse and does not lash out, but the harsh treatment takes a toll on his physical and mental well-being. Nevertheless, he does obtain a happy ending after a life of hardship and care. Black Beauty’s first owner, Farmer Grey, is a kind man who owns the farm on which Black Beauty is born. He knows how to care for horses and treats them well. As Black Beauty’s second owner, he lives up to Farmer Grey’s gentle demeanor. Squire Gordon is a competent rider and a strong advocate for animal welfare, is vehemently against using the bearing rein on horses, and often encourages other riders to refrain from using it. He showers Black Beauty and other horses with much care and love until his illness prevents him from being able to care for them any longer. Earl of W They are the first of many poor masters that Black Beauty encounters. The Earl and his wife insist on using bearing reins on the horses, but he does show some degree of compassion toward Black Beauty and Ginger, letting them get used to the bearing rein. However, his vanity takes precedence over all else, and he sells Beauty because he feels the scar on Beauty’s leg ruined his image. The head groom of the Earlshall estate, Reuben, is an aggressive alcoholic. He meets an unfortunate end when his drunkenness causes him to overlook safety precautions while riding Beauty. Despite his drunkenness, Black Beauty cannot deny that Reuben is a competent groom, as he had veterinary training. A kind and fair cab driver, Jerry treats his horses fairly and ensures they have reasonable working conditions. His strong religious faith plays a part in his belief that animals have the right to rest and that animal cruelty is a sin. In the cab driving community, he is sneered upon for kindly treating his horses and refusing to whip them. Beauty’s time with him is short-lived as Jerry soon contracts bronchitis which puts him out of business. By far the worst master that Black Beauty has encountered, Nicholas Skinner is the owner of one of London’s most successful cab businesses. Nicholas is a violent and cruel man who does not believe in treating animals well and that he should use them to their limit. Ginger dies under Skinner’s treatment, and Black Beauty would have followed in his friend’s footsteps if not for the intervention of a veterinarian. Farmer Thoroughgood and Willie Farmer Thoroughgood, a kind old man, and Willie have made it a routine to rehabilitate horses like Black Beauty who have been mistreated and overworked. They are gentle and firm in helping Black Beauty and nurse him back to health in no time. 4. Themes: Animal Rights and Welfare The biggest, if not most important theme in Black Beauty, is the topic of animal rights and welfare. Set in Victorian England, there were close to no measures put in place to protect animal rights, especially animals in working conditions. Cars were not yet invented, and horses were the main form of transport for many Victorians, and this gave way to cab services which were essentially horse-drawn carriages. From the perspective of Black Beauty, Anna Sewell sheds light on the harmful and damaging nature of bearing reins and blinkers that are often used on horses to make them presentable and more efficient for drawing carriages. The first-hand, highly sensitized, and emotionally-charged voice of Black Beauty touched a chord in the hearts of many readers, especially children who often have an affinity for animals. It sparked a heightened awareness of the practices used in the cab industry, and many people began questioning the ethics behind how horses were treated. All in all, the story aimed to garner more empathy toward animals, especially horses. It gave a voice to these horses that could not better their situation and made people question their attitudes toward businesses or activities that involved animal labor. 5. Writing Style Black Beauty utilizes anthropomorphism, where the horse, Black Beauty, can experience and verbalize human emotions and traits. In employing this technique for the story, Sewell creates a connection between the protagonist Beauty and the readers, generating compassion toward the plight of the horses. By sensitizing her readers, Sewell enables them to see the value of animals. While this is a hyper-realistic portrayal of a horse in Victorian England, her tale is not that far from reality. Told in first-person narration, the story places readers in a position where we are made to empathize and feel for the horses and what they are put through. The vivid descriptions include Beauty telling us what it feels like to have a bit in his mouth and the painful sensation of being whipped. What gets under our skin as humans is that these horses cannot express their emotions and thoughts, despite being subject to such immense stress. Unlike us, the horses in the story can only suffer in silence. 6. Influence on Literature, Film, and Theater 6.1. Impact on Literature The most notable work influenced by Black Beauty is the novel Beautiful Joe, published sixteen years after Sewell’s story. The novel starred an Airedale-type dog as its protagonist. Black Beauty’s influence did not stop there, going on to strongly inspire Moorland Mousie, published in 1929. In 1950, Phyllis Briggs wrote a novel titled Son of Black Beauty, which she intended to be a sequel to Black Beauty. Another novel that is not only inspired by Black Beauty but claims to be its sequel is The Strike at Shane’s: A Prize Story of Indiana. While its author is unknown, many critics suspect it to be the debut novel of Gene Stratton Porter. It first came to the public’s attention when it won a contest sponsored by the American Humane Society. The story focuses on how animals on a farm in the midwest are treated. Other writers, such as the Pullein-Thompson sisters, chose to take a different approach. They wrote various spin-offs of Black Beauty that centered around horses related to Beauty. The list is as follows: - Black Ebony (1975) - Black Velvet (1975) - Black Princess (1975) - Black Nightshade (1978) - Black Romany (1978) - Black Piper (1982) - Black Raven (1982) - Black Pioneer (1982) 6.2. Influence on Film The first movie adaptation of Black Beauty which Edward H. Griffith directed, was released in 1917, titled Your Obedient Servant. Despite being of a different name, the film closely follows the book’s plot. From 1921 to 1978, four more adaptations of Black Beauty were released. The latest film adaptation is the same name as the novel Black Beauty. It was released in 2020 under Walt Disney and put a modern twist on Sewell’s story. Directed by Ashley Avis, the film starred Kate Winslet as the voice of Black Beauty. However, Black Beauty is a mare instead of a stallion in the 2020 version. In terms of television series, the first release was in 1972 by London Weekend Television, titled The Adventures of Black Beauty. Black Beauty was once again serialized in 1978. 6.3. Influence on Theater In 2011, Black Beauty was adapted into a theater play by James Stone and directed by Chris Ford. Its first few performances took place at Broughton Hall Estate, North Yorkshire, and Epsom Racecourse, Surrey. The play of Black Beauty was met with great success and pleasant reviews, going on to be performed at various venues in the UK. 7. Quotes from Black Beauty “We have no right to distress any of God’s creatures without a very good reason; we call them dumb animals, and so they are, for they cannot tell us how they feel, but they do not suffer less because they have no words.” the lady that saves Black Beauty from wearing a bearing rein “There is no religion without love, and people may talk as much as they like about their religion, but if it does not teach them to be good and kind to man and beast, it is all a sham.” “If a thing is right it can be done, and if it is wrong it can be done without; and a good man will find a way.” Mr. Jerry Barker “Only ignorance! only ignorance! How can you talk about only ignorance? Don’t you know that it is the worst thing in the world, next to wickedness? — and which does the most mischief heaven only knows. If people can say, `Oh! I did not know, I did not mean any harm,’ they think it is all right.” “Why don’t they cut their own children’s ears into points to make them look sharp? Why don’t they cut off their noses to make them look plucky? One would be just as sensible as the other. What right have they to torment and disfigure God’s creatures?” 8. Notable Book Covers of Black Beauty 9. Frequently Asked Questions about Black Beauty Is Black Beauty based on a real horse? No, it is not. However, the plight of horses in the Victorian Age presented in the book is genuine. Anna Sewell grew up witnessing the inhumane treatment of horses by laborers and cabbies, inspiring her to write Black Beauty to spark empathy toward horses. Does Black Beauty end happily? Yes, it does. Although Black Beauty’s life was filled with hardship and abuse, he was eventually rescued by the kind Farmer Thoroughgood and his grandson Willie. Is the film adaptation of Black Beauty by Disney different from the book? Yes, the adaptation is slightly different. Sewell’s novel is set in Victorian England, while the Disney film is set in the twenty-first century. Black Beauty is also a mare instead of a stallion. Many film critics and viewers have pointed out that Disney’s version of Black Beauty incorporates a more human voice than solely just the horses’. However, many lovers of Sewell’s original novel felt that the film failed to capture the essence and message Sewell intended. Is Black Beauty a social commentary? Yes, the story can be interpreted as a commentary on animal welfare and women’s welfare in Victorian times. Literary experts have noted the similarities in the treatment of horses and women back in the Victorian era. Both were expected to conform to the wishes of men and met with abuse when they failed to do so. What is the message of Black Beauty? Sewell hoped to spread the message that animals have the right to be treated fairly and respectfully. She hoped that people would develop more compassion toward animals, especially horses. What age is Black Beauty appropriate for? Ten years old and above. 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Posted June 24, 2020 COVID-19 is the worst pandemic since the 1918-19 influenza, which infected a third of the world’s population and killed 50 million people. In some ways much has changed. For example, within weeks scientists sequenced the genome of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes the disease. But the public health measures adopted to slow its spread are essentially the same as those of a century ago: shutdowns of the economy and public life, social distancing, masks, quarantine of the exposed, isolation of the sick, contact-tracing. No vaccine, no effective treatment, no magic bullet. The pandemic has put the spotlight on many other social problems: The impossible choice many “essential” workers face, to work for low pay in dangerous conditions or to starve. The economic and social conditions that lead to much higher rates of COVID-19 infection and death in Black and Latinx communities. Prison death-traps. Police brutality. Domestic violence. Mistreatment of immigrants. And on and on. Upton Sinclair’s 1905 novel The Jungle exposed conditions in the meatpacking industry which will seem all too familiar to readers who have followed the spread of COVID-19 and conditions in the industry today. The Jungle has many lessons beyond its exposure of the horrors of capitalism run amok. As the following article explains, the novel has come to symbolize an era of muckraking and reform. But its author sought revolution, not regulation. A message much needed today. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1905) is a well-known novel that tells a seldom-remembered story. Decades of its usage in U.S. history classes might be to blame. Set in Chicago’s tight-knit Lithuanian community at the start of the twentieth century, The Jungle’s central character, Jurgis Rudkus, is the archetypal immigrant worker, driving himself to the limits of endurance to support a family. But the novel’s few pages describing ghastly conditions in the city’s meat-processing plants are the words that have burned themselves into the public mind — in a way that Rudkus and Sinclair’s other characters never did. These vivid descriptions of the meat industry created a certain narrative about the novel that has left its mark on the country’s historical memory. The Jungle has become an important document in the rise of the regulatory state. As such, it also can be used to sum up the Progressive Era in a compelling and provocative way that is guaranteed to arrest the attention of even the rowdiest classroom with its gross-out details. Yet while The Jungle’s meta-narrative is neat and effective, the ingredients from which Sinclair created it merit closer inspection: The Gilded Age. The dawn of muckraking. An awakening to the possibilities of reform. How did those ingredients combine into an accepted version of events? Amidst all the greed and corruption in the age of the robber barons, some of the worst excesses could be found in Chicago’s stockyards and rendering plants. Upton Sinclair went undercover and revealed what went into the meat on America’s plates. ("Went into” is divulged by the book in an appallingly literal sense.) The expose created a sensation (primarily one of nausea) and The Jungle rapidly became an international best-seller. Among its readers was President Theodore Roosevelt, who was reported to have thrown his breakfast sausages out the window. That’s the kind of publicity money can’t buy. Roosevelt sent investigators to Chicago who confirmed that the meatpacking industry’s hygiene was troubling, at best. Public clamor led to sweeping reforms that included regular government inspection of the plants. History’s narrative concludes by asserting that Sinclair’s muckraking expose (conducted in 1904 and published the following year) was the major, and perhaps decisive, push to the enactment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. As tales of social progress go, it is remarkable in its efficiency. And it comes complete with a happy ending: Thanks to investigative reporting and the advent of regulation, American consumers regained their appetites. Prying into Packingtown A certain percentage of Americans undoubtedly remained vegetarians. And important aspects of The Jungle and its context are lost in the civics-minded lesson recounted above. But before considering them, it is worth recalling the nasty particulars of meat production that made such an impact on readers in 1905. It is one of those rare moments in history in which the physical sensations of an author and his public were almost certainly in sync with those of posterity. The Jungle is set in a Chicago neighborhood then called Packingtown. As the newly hired immigrant workers are transported to the meat-processing plant, Sinclair depicts them as overwhelmed by odors well before they can see where they will be employed. Cattle and hogs arrive continuously by train. They are unloaded, and, in time, fed into the machinery of slaughter. Though Redkus feels horror at the animals’ suffering, he is awed by how smoothly the process functions. The carcasses are stored in dirty rooms, at whatever temperature comes with the season. Exhausted workers relieve themselves when and where they can, including on the floor. Those in the habit of spitting do so, and nobody can afford to miss a day of work just because of a wracking cough — any more than an animal would go unprocessed just because it was diseased, or had died in transport. Meat is not wasted just because of rot. Rats get an early taste of the beef and pork in the plant, leaving hair and feces behind. When poisons do kill some of them, the dead rodents go through the same grinders as the ingredients intended for processing — including sawdust. That insects are involved at every stage of production probably goes without saying. Sinclair said that he witnessed some of these factory conditions with his own eyes. He learned of others from interviewing workers. The exact proportion of The Jungle’s first- and second-hand information remains a matter for debate. The degree to which Sinclair exercised authorial license by combining details from the very worst cases into a picture presented as typical of the whole industry is also at issue. He admitted that he was unable to document the book’s most appalling claim: that workers sometimes fell into the vats where animal fat was melted into lard, and their bodies discovered only after prolonged cooking. “There had been several cases,” Sinclair wrote in his autobiography, “but always the packers [i.e. owners of the plants] had seen to it that the widows were returned to the old country." On the other hand, at the height of The Jungle’s notoriety, Sinclair could shore up his credibility with “the court records of many pleas of guilty” by Chicago’s meat magnates “entered in various states to the charge of selling adulterated meat products." Inspiring an Army Verisimilitude was only one element of the book’s impact. Nor did Sinclair have any glimmer of apprehension that it would make him an honorary godfather to the Food and Drug Administration. Too often The Jungle is treated as an affidavit regarding dead animals, rather than a novel about living humans. "I aimed at the public’s heart,” as Sinclair later put it, “and by accident I hit it in the stomach.” Yet this pithy and memorable comment understates his ambitions for the book, and his disappointment at its reception. Sinclair was 26 years old when he wrote The Jungle but by no means an author at the beginning of his career. His upbringing had been irregular, but it proved to be remarkably suitable preparation for the role of socially-minded novelist. Both of the author’s parents came from prosperous families, but his father’s alcoholism generated extreme and frequent reversals of fortune. Sinclair’s childhood consisted of moving back and forth between dire circumstances and being taken in by more stable relations. At the age of sixteen, he began cranking out thousands of words of fiction a day — what now might be called young-adult historical novels — which paid for his university education. By his early twenties, Sinclair resolved to throw himself fully into the struggle to become a great writer: someone of the literary calibre of the artists his own adolescent hackwork had enabled him to study. Upton Sinclair, 1906 (National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution) \| A first edition of The Jungle. (Wikimedia user victorgrigas, Public Domain) \| Sinclair’s first few serious novels were not well-received. The emotional strain upon him was incredible, to say nothing of the economic anxieties. (Both were compounded by the anxieties of fatherhood following an early and ultimately regrettable marriage.) It was during this agonizing period that he came into contact with a few socialist writers and thinkers. Their ideas resonated with his own experience of the extremes of wealth and poverty. They also allowed him to imagine a better future; a future to which his writings might contribute. Sinclair took the next step in 1904 by joining the Socialist Party of America. He started to write for The Appeal to Reason, a Midwestern socialist newspaper. It had a quarter of a million subscribers and was still growing thanks to “the Appeal Army” — a loyal cohort of supporters which made sure the publication found new readers. One of Sinclair’s first contributions to the paper was an article about the unsuccessful strike in Chicago’s stockyards that summer. His assessment hit just the right notes of anger and defiance, and it was well-received by the paper’s readers, including workers in Packingtown. With an advance of five hundred dollars from the Appeal, Sinclair moved to Chicago for several weeks of research for what became The Jungle, which ran as a serial in the newspaper before appearing as a book. After ten years of making a living by his pen (if just barely) Sinclair was, in a sense, already at mid-career. He published a novel on the Civil War — Manassas: A Novel of the War — shortly before heading to Packingtown. He considered it an artistic triumph. Some reviewers agreed — but its sales were so discouraging that he abandoned the plan of making it the first volume in a trilogy. It was fellow socialist author Jack London who showed a clear grasp of Sinclair’s aspirations when he called The Jungle “the Uncle Tom’s Cabin of wage slavery.” The novel opens with Redkus at his wedding party, embedded in a warm and vividly depicted community. The subsequent series of dehumanizing experiences in Packingtown reduces the protagonist to an isolated and desperate individual who is at last reborn within a political movement for a “Cooperative Commonwealth” of democracy and equality. It is this narrative of The Jungle that is closest to Sinclair’s intentions. It is the work of an author possessed of the hope that life will imitate his art. Regulations and Restlessness The Jungle’s cumulative aesthetic impact derives from Sinclair’s attempt to generate sympathy (heart), disgust (stomach), and ideological fervor (head). In 1905, the combination was volatile. By 1912, membership in the Socialist Party was six times what it had been when Sinclair joined it. Only part of this growth can be attributed to The Jungle: The party’s presidential candidate, Eugene Debs, was both charismatic and a uniquely gifted public speaker. All those Appeal Army volunteers surely played their part. Indeed, the novel’s immediate influence and its lasting reputation have relatively little to do with its effectiveness in spreading the gospel of proletarian revolution. Many a reader over the years has grown restless with the book’s final chapters. Redkus himself all but disappears. The narrative peters out. New characters enter, discoursing at length on the origins, goals, and methods of the socialist movement. In The Industrial Republic (1907) — a nonfiction work written as The Jungle was at the peak of its success — Sinclair was confident that the United States was on the verge of a radical transformation. He assured readers that the Cooperative Commonwealth could be established within about a year of the 1912 presidential election. His passion, however unmistakable, clearly did not prove contagious. High-school American history usually identifies a key role for The Jungle in inspiring regulations to bring the noxious aspects of capitalism (its hog-eat-hog phase, if you will) under control. But the author himself knew better than this. Individual states had been trying to protect their citizens from unhealthy and dishonestly advertised foodstuffs for decades before Sinclair moved to Packingtown. Calls for federal inspection of meat began no later than the 1880s, when European countries began to ban U.S. beef and pork because of contamination. (Meat imported from Argentina proved safer.) The first federal meat inspection laws were passed in the 1890s, with the support of the same major packing houses that dominated the Chicago portrayed in the novel. Indeed, these companies urged stricter enforcement — not to protect customers but to reduce competition by driving smaller producers out of the business. By the turn of the century, five American meat-packing companies slaughtered eighty percent of the country’s cattle. Federal inspection was “maintained and paid for by the people of the United States,” Sinclair wrote in 1906, “for the benefit of the packers. … [M]en wearing the blue uniforms and brass buttons of the United States service are employed for the purpose of certifying to the nations of the civilized world that all the diseased and tainted meat which happens to come into existence in the United States is carefully sorted out and consumed by the American people." Only much later did economists develop the concept implied by Sinclair’s remarks: “regulatory capture,” the strong and perhaps ineluctable tendency of an industry (especially a concentrated one) to gain sway over the policies and agencies meant to hold it accountable. In the present day, the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907 seems to have been written with The Jungle in mind. Its provisions included continuous inspection of stock animals while alive, and examination of their carcasses before being processed. The aftermath of this seemingly decisive set of regulations has been a cycle of periodic revelations about dangerous, unsanitary conditions, followed by calls for improved inspection. Sinclair did not rest on his accomplishments. It perhaps bears mentioning that his literary career continued for another sixty years, with probably as many books. He also ran a campaign for governor of California in 1934 to hold another President Roosevelt’s feet to the fire, prodding FDR from the left to more expansive goals for the New Deal. As for The Jungle, Sinclair’s later judgment of its impact was sharp and precise. “I am supposed to have helped clean up the yards and improve the country’s meat supply,” he wrote in 1932 in American Outpost: A Book of Reminiscences, “though this is mostly delusion. 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4408, 289, 2616, 35, 2581, 323, 503, 516, 268, 1302, 286, 291, 1109, 9496, 288, 268, 1722, 289, 268, 3517, 657, 2404, 625, 16, 579, 289, 268, 8592, 3321, 274, 911, 327, 986, 288, 9091, 372, 87, 5657, 93, 1519, 291, 7549, 1489, 1648, 18, 4960, 1448, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 4046, 1064, 71, 1090, 291, 6351, 768, 4046, 636, 268, 4425, 341, 2792, 372, 87, 10108, 18, 421, 6, 59, 302, 636, 537, 316, 3436, 346, 2292, 419, 268, 2077, 288, 363, 558, 453, 5052, 1296, 2004, 2266, 3731, 203, 1461, 771, 595, 2370, 261, 11623, 421, 2044, 344, 2873, 597, 289, 11134, 13, 291, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 5208, 2457, 363, 3006, 1274, 17, 87, 10847, 18, 6705, 606, 5250, 454, 4609, 365, 370, 404, 4125, 595, 489, 88, 16, 650, 454, 3446, 292, 437, 264, 2795, 615, 2603, 9169, 269, 571, 1172, 628, 268, 5851, 18, 2015, 372, 87, 268, 2066, 289, 1376, 380, 2232, 375, 372, 88, 3992, 18, 203, 54, 83, 595, 489, 88, 2819, 3248, 1721, 292, 9091, 650, 8316, 336, 268, 4425, 84, 3303, 1997, 372, 87, 6453, 454, 5022, 4722, 16, 430, 1274, 18, 5252, 551, 348, 283, 2791, 292, 4181, 8363, 1210, 8590, 336, 3380, 1998, 1654, 10457, 289, 268, 1648, 18, 203, 44, 277, 861, 372, 87, 7132, 5629, 4696, 419, 780, 265, 542, 336, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 372, 87, 293, 2993, 1209, 505, 771, 595, 421, 1037, 534, 691, 288, 6582, 24, 291, 2808, 268, 1685, 715, 13, 454, 268, 1670, 16, 291, 4810, 766, 277, 464, 16, 4017, 292, 268, 403, 613, 367, 289, 268, 382, 469, 4010, 291, 10700, 3715, 289, 6582, 26, 18, 760, 1971, 274, 289, 1234, 2674, 679, 16, 362, 316, 6689, 288, 606, 3055, 18, 1256, 362, 1974, 2821, 360, 261, 5474, 10060, 30, 8360, 292, 3248, 774, 7202, 291, 268, 6657, 289, 6743, 16, 1781, 5059, 735, 1953, 444, 8841, 3350, 18, 203, 52, 1080, 281, 636, 382, 3303, 9068, 203, 37, 1575, 6729, 289, 4104, 641, 11157, 691, 325, 6341, 6379, 294, 1825, 18, 1256, 851, 3378, 289, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 291, 606, 3558, 356, 3673, 288, 268, 273, 406, 1067, 17, 81, 578, 286, 5511, 632, 8863, 2159, 18, 203, 11207, 1134, 5337, 622, 16, 362, 316, 3760, 10430, 281, 268, 314, 8637, 1510, 87, 289, 4425, 1815, 336, 1146, 659, 363, 1393, 341, 5250, 288, 6582, 25, 18, 553, 316, 597, 289, 1014, 3679, 9269, 288, 1550, 288, 518, 268, 1646, 1672, 500, 289, 363, 2036, 291, 615, 1376, 664, 2764, 5707, 288, 3048, 71, 360, 1014, 289, 754, 345, 380, 18, 203, 1461, 596, 2846, 298, 316, 1075, 288, 261, 9091, 8085, 1023, 1478, 382, 3303, 9068, 18, 760, 268, 8352, 296, 2160, 6227, 438, 3260, 356, 2799, 286, 292, 268, 4425, 17, 3012, 555, 281, 1380, 16, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 7644, 340, 622, 352, 6697, 4424, 419, 5248, 753, 767, 1134, 502, 375, 901, 853, 502, 513, 327, 6745, 18, 203, 39, 271, 1093, 291, 296, 6356, 11196, 8740, 419, 4909, 18, 900, 356, 543, 3400, 286, 16, 291, 16, 288, 669, 16, 8054, 636, 268, 9663, 289, 1580, 6218, 18, 6008, 3292, 79, 310, 7661, 3228, 3389, 430, 268, 2312, 372, 5315, 16, 431, 316, 1239, 286, 419, 667, 5036, 325, 268, 833, 3632, 18, 365, 877, 71, 6442, 356, 5290, 288, 295, 7682, 9171, 16, 430, 7358, 2263, 1974, 360, 268, 3243, 18, 1206, 76, 571, 691, 3260, 9686, 2315, 649, 291, 853, 502, 375, 16, 1118, 341, 268, 5324, 18, 5611, 288, 268, 2997, 289, 440, 7261, 565, 576, 16, 291, 688, 5784, 375, 5025, 292, 3873, 261, 1196, 289, 716, 1039, 971, 289, 261, 2111, 3303, 8012, 1691, 723, 512, 687, 363, 2990, 830, 679, 543, 3012, 555, 286, 1039, 971, 362, 454, 1128, 790, 16, 361, 850, 4719, 288, 2799, 18, 2172, 271, 316, 462, 454, 691, 1039, 971, 289, 4171, 18, 203, 54, 1378, 886, 363, 1568, 5367, 289, 268, 327, 4727, 291, 2672, 79, 288, 268, 1380, 16, 5413, 3474, 291, 284, 312, 274, 2976, 18, 1097, 2462, 11633, 565, 5320, 579, 289, 622, 16, 268, 3751, 9307, 546, 679, 734, 268, 1162, 785, 578, 332, 352, 268, 5266, 4990, 331, 3764, 1691, 1118, 3981, 72, 599, 18, 2015, 5330, 356, 2729, 430, 953, 3282, 289, 1815, 3591, 3677, 1298, 5390, 18, 203, 55, 263, 1215, 1244, 1211, 336, 431, 5814, 286, 579, 289, 629, 10278, 1533, 360, 615, 1044, 3229, 18, 915, 4574, 289, 1548, 427, 5574, 281, 3260, 18, 365, 3427, 8357, 289, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 372, 87, 855, 17, 291, 1901, 17, 6906, 1009, 3341, 261, 2667, 331, 6963, 18, 203, 1461, 3791, 292, 518, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 1969, 1754, 2036, 439, 10286, 419, 10375, 3834, 427, 268, 1040, 8592, 1934, 636, 261, 4378, 4846, 352, 5418, 289, 268, 2399, 1997, 316, 525, 430, 2682, 18, 915, 478, 4463, 336, 431, 454, 6320, 292, 3190, 268, 2077, 372, 87, 710, 558, 453, 281, 2952, 30, 336, 3260, 2903, 7586, 636, 268, 385, 1378, 853, 2990, 2272, 454, 4555, 691, 636, 308, 485, 16, 291, 444, 3910, 4266, 794, 1003, 9780, 6052, 18, 538, 6695, 850, 712, 1520, 1934, 1272, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 4802, 288, 615, 6229, 4655, 4052, 16, 538, 8574, 1775, 268, 3170, 332, 2378, 77, 18, 73, 18, 3896, 289, 268, 1648, 65, 850, 2279, 292, 362, 336, 268, 3147, 2739, 664, 6951, 292, 268, 1662, 1777, 2555, 203, 9076, 268, 586, 1129, 16, 430, 268, 4733, 289, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 372, 87, 688, 441, 1085, 16, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 911, 10786, 644, 615, 2977, 1767, 360, 538, 1381, 4766, 4606, 289, 772, 3034, 301, 289, 1164, 309, 562, 537, 419, 9091, 372, 87, 4425, 4275, 692, 538, 302, 2142, 288, 1320, 2588, 292, 268, 4873, 289, 9301, 11558, 345, 488, 4425, 1786, 2555, 203, 45, 1950, 84, 3407, 363, 7174, 203, 58, 265, 277, 344, 3626, 4023, 454, 794, 597, 4156, 289, 268, 2077, 372, 87, 1393, 18, 4058, 1535, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 437, 723, 1062, 344, 815, 289, 558, 2617, 3828, 336, 362, 830, 804, 1547, 363, 7856, 556, 5473, 74, 1116, 292, 268, 4010, 291, 10700, 8436, 18, 307, 616, 970, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 316, 4257, 352, 363, 1140, 323, 548, 297, 4353, 3751, 2312, 16, 2359, 687, 261, 4687, 608, 2299, 2943, 18, 203, 6, 45, 7351, 430, 268, 1376, 372, 87, 1759, 1272, 352, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 2135, 1927, 362, 16, 538, 481, 419, 7139, 334, 5230, 362, 288, 268, 5615, 1053, 5942, 456, 279, 349, 93, 291, 7260, 541, 6547, 4277, 88, 692, 615, 4971, 1158, 331, 268, 2077, 16, 291, 615, 6146, 1241, 367, 430, 606, 304, 3779, 18, 203, 55, 263, 1215, 1244, 454, 5866, 935, 1662, 649, 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In this episode we discuss the great books that E. B. White wrote and the theme of friendship. We also discuss some wonderful picture books about friendship. And we finish with talking about Jesus who calls us His friends. Books Discussed in This Episode: Welcome to “Books that Spark,” a podcast for parents and caregivers, celebrating books, that spark imagination, emotion, questions, and discussion leading to teachable moments with our kids. This week, even though we’re past E. B. White’s birthday–his birthday was on July 14th–I wanted to go ahead and spend some time talking about his books. I think they are some of the ones we have loved since we were children and ones that we would enjoy sharing with our children as well, if we haven’t already. And so I wanted to spend this time talking about those and also talking about a great biography that was written about his life that you may want to share with your children. So E. B. White is the author of 20 books of prose and poetry, and he was awarded the 1970 Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for his children’s books, Stuart Little and Charlotte’s Web. This award is now given every three years to an author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have, over a period of years, made a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children. In 1970, he also published his third children’s book, The Trumpet of the Swan. These three books have become staples in most of our libraries and in our children’s reading plan. We all know them and love them for the most part. You may not be aware that E. B. White was also a contributor to The New Yorker. He was also a great essayist. He has books of his essays and his contributions to the magazine, The New Yorker. He has a book that he co-wrote On Democracy by Jon Meacham and E. B. White. And he has quite a few other books as well for adults that you might enjoy reading. But today we want to talk about his children’s books. I want to focus on the three and they are Charlotte’s Web, Stuart Little, and The Trumpet of the Swan. Charlotte’s Web, of course, is a wonderful story about a little girl who saves a runt pig in the litter. Her dad just wants to kill it because that’s what they do on a farm when they have a runt, and she raises him and then she finds out he’s going to be killed because he’s a prized pig. So she saves his life again. And of course, the point of the story is she helped save him. But also Charlotte, a spider, helps save him, and she writes messages in her web. It’s a story of friendship, of sacrifice, of love and loss in friendship, and grief. And so I think you can use this story to talk about so many important emotions and issues in life that we deal with, but mostly to also emphasize being a real friend for someone in advocating for them when necessary. I think it’s also a good one to talk about being clever and finding ways to problem solve. They face quite a few challenges in the story. Between all the animals in the barnyard, they find a way to help save Wilbur’s life. The only complaint I have about this book is that the people are pretty gullible–the adults in the story are pretty gullible. And so that part seems a little silly, but we wouldn’t have the story if they weren’t because they would have to respond to Charlotte’s web in order for it to be an effective way for them to save Wilbur’s life. But it does seem like a commentary or satire about how people believe what they read or hear in the news. And so it could even be that you want to talk about that with your child, especially as they’re getting older, and maybe as they start reading the newspaper or watching the news or looking at the different news articles on the internet, to know that they need to use wisdom and discernment to know what the truth is. So with E. B. White being a journalist, it’s kind of interesting that he writes a book that points out that people believe what they see in writing. But I love this story. My kids love this story. It’s a great book to read with, you know, middle elementary. It’s a chapter book, as you know. It’s a lower reading level, so younger children can enjoy it as soon as they’re ready to start reading chapter books. If you get the classic one, it is illustrated on the cover by Garth Williams, who is also the one who illustrated the traditional Laura Ingalls Wilder books of Little House on the Prairie. And also he illustrates the classic cover for Stuart Little. Stuart Little, of course, is also about friendship and family and caring for each other and problem solving again because he goes on an adventure and has to get out of trouble and be safe. There’s bravery and all of those issues in this book. And so these are great books for teaching values and principles that we want to discuss with our children. The Trumpet of the Swan is about a Swan who can’t trumpet like the other swans. His father gets him a musical instrument trumpet. So he can use that. And he’s trying to win the heart of his true love, who ignores him because he can’t trumpet. Even though he can read and write and do other things, he can’t trumpet. And so she ignores him. Then his father gets him a brass trumpet, and we see if he is able to win her heart. Now, these books are not in picture book form. They’re only in the chapter book form for children to enjoy. So these would not be, of course, for your very young children, but if you’re reading it aloud to them, I think even a first grader could enjoy these stories because they are adventurous and fun and clever. And I think it would be something that you could read aloud to them and maybe read a chapter each night. There’s a great biography written about E. B. White By Melissa Sweet. Melissa Sweet is an illustrator. And in this case, she’s the author and of the book. It’s called Some Writer. She’s illustrated quite a few books and she’s very well-known for her biographies that she’s written. And this one is very special. She uses collages of different pictures and different documents that she has found. This is really kind of a special keepsake type book. There are quotes from him in the book. One quote from E. B. White says, “I fell in love with the sound of an early typewriter and I have been stuck with it ever since.” And it says, “Elwin Brooks White loved words as a child. He chased them through dictionary pages and crafted them into poems for St. Nicholas Magazine. When he was a young man, words led him to writing jobs at big city newspapers and The New Yorker. And when his own stories came calling E. B. White spun his words into classics, such as Charlotte’s Web and Stuart Little, and readers have been chasing his words ever since.” So that’s a little bit about this book. And then, like I said, there are montages and collages throughout the book. There’s a family tree, a picture of his family, and so it gives a great look into E. B. White’s life from his early life through his career. And the illustrations are just wonderful. It’s like I said, it’s really a keepsake book that you will enjoy sharing with your children and having on your bookshelf for years and years to come. One of the books that E. B. White is famous for is a rewrite of The Elements of Style. And I don’t know if you’ve read this book, but I’ve used it before in classes. And it’s almost a funny look at grammar. It’s written by William Strunk Jr. And E. B. White. It was used for years, The Elements of Style, for writing and has these rules for how to write well for mostly writing essays. It only has a few rules in it. There are eight elementary rules that you follow for a good writing style, but it’s got some humor in it. And it is also boring in other places, but that’s one you may be familiar with. In the biography, she refers to that, and she shows all the different types of writing he did and the kind of life he lived. It’s just a really great book. Lots of visuals in it to look at and to enjoy. Melissa Sweet’s illustrations are clever and cute and colorful and just really interesting. And she was totally in love with the idea of writing this book and was very motivated for it. And you can sure see that in the book itself. There’s a video on YouTube where she’s talking about this book, and she said she wanted it to be a picture book, but there was so much information, she couldn’t do that alone. So it’s written like a picture book, but it’s about 80 pages long. And so it’s a really long picture book is what it turns into, but it’s a great biography. One of the main themes that we come across in books like Charlotte’s Web and Stuart Little is the idea of love and friendship. And so I also wanted to spend some time talking about books about friendship because one of the important things we teach our children is how to be a true friend to other people and to be a trustworthy and good friend. And so there’s a couple special books I’d like to share with you. One is ridiculous and silly, but you could almost pick up any of his books. This writer, Mo Willems, writes very funny, silly books that kids love. And I love his whole series of Elephant and Piggie, and he has one Can I Play Too where a snake wants to play catch with them. And they problem solve to help the snake be a part of their friendship and their fun that they’re having together. And so this book very silly and a lot of fun. And so that’s one that I would recommend too. It’s about friendship, problem solving and making the best of a situation so that everyone can be included. And then another really special book is called Four Feet, Two Sandals. And it is by Karen Lynn Williams and illustrated by Khadra Muhammad. And this is about two girls in a refugee camp. They’re from Afghanistan. And they have come to this refugee camp and are hoping to come to America, but they’re at the camp. They don’t have any shoes. They get a delivery. Everybody’s trying to grab what they need. And one girl gets one sandal, and the other girl gets the other sandal. And then they become friends and they share the sandals. So it’s four feet, two sandals. They’re 10-year-old girls, and they become great friends and learn to share. And people tease them because they each have one shoe. And what good is one shoe, but they learn to cooperate and help each other out so that they can help protect each other’s feet and help each other be blessed by having the shoes, at least every other day. And some days they each wear one shoe, but most of the time they just take turns wearing the two shoes. And then at the end, one of the girls and her mom get to go to the United States. She gives the shoes to the girl who can’t go yet. And the little girl says, no, I want you to keep one to remember. And so it’s a really beautiful story of friendship and sacrifice and caring for one another. I do recommend this book. It’s really beautiful. And it also will help our children to see what life is like in a refugee camp. I think it’s so important that we share with them that we are so blessed, and many people struggle and don’t have the things that we have and take for granted. And so we need to be really thankful for what we have and how much we are blessed. And to also pray for those who have been sent from their countries and are trying to find a way of life where they can survive and move on when their country has been so affected by war or whatever has happened in their particular country. And so I think it’s an important lesson to teach children. You know, some children have never left their own city or their own state, and so they don’t have a worldview that understands what is out there and what many children their own age are going through. So I think this is a great book for sharing that with our children and in a way that is not overly emotional, not a way that is too traumatic, but helps open their eyes to the blessings we have and to not take those for granted and what it would be like if you lost everything and wound up in a refugee camp. Would you have the same kind of love, friendship, and attitude that these young women have? So I think it’s a beautiful book and would be great to share with your children. And one book I’ve shared before that I love is We Don’t Eat our Classmates by Ryan T. Higgins. He’s the author and illustrator. And this is about a dinosaur that goes to school. And she’s just acting like a regular T-Rex and eats her friends. The teacher says, “We don’t eat our classmates.” And so she learns what it’s like to be a friend and to not eat her classmates. And the last book I want to share about friendship is called Enemy Pie by Derek Munson. And this book is just wonderful. It uses irony and will really get your children thinking about turning enemies into friends. You could use the scriptures from Romans about praying for those who persecute you, for loving those who don’t love you, and doing unto others, from Matthew, as you would have them do unto you. This is a fantastic book for opening up conversations. And this one, honestly, you could read it from kindergarten up through middle school. It’s just that good. I highly recommend this book. I think it is a wonderful, wonderful book. So for our devotion today, we’re going to share from Hope for Each Day by Billy Graham. This is the June 5th devotional, “What a Friend,” Psalm 46:1 in the ICB says, “God is our protection and our strength. He always helps in times of trouble.” “Jesus’ disciples once tried to stop children from coming close to Jesus, but he said, let the little children come to me. Don’t stop them because the kingdom of God belongs to people who are like these little children. That’s Luke 18:16. Then he held and blessed the children. Don’t you think all those children found a new friend that day through the years. Many people have come to know Jesus as their savior and their friend, sometimes in the midst of difficult circumstances. ‘What a Friend We Have in Jesus,’ a hymn that has been a favorite for nearly 200 years came out of the experience of a young man whose bride drowned on the night before their wedding in his sadness. He turned to Jesus and found a friend, peace, and comfort. He wrote about how Jesus can bear all our sins and griefs, and that he’ll take and shield us in his arms. Sometimes we face disappointment and sadness, yet even sorrows turn to blessings when they make us discover that Jesus truly is our faithful friend.” And I wanted to end with that because we need to not only teach our children how to be a friend and to have good friends and make sure they’re choosing the right kind of friends, but also to understand that God calls us his friends. And to understand that he is our friend. And even in the most difficult times, we’re never alone. He is our friend and walks with us through every sorrow and every struggle. And so to help our children know that even in the darkest time, they can turn to him, and he is there is so important. And to let them know that he calls us his friend. I will include a page of Bible verses that we can work on with our kids about friendship and about God being our friend. Those will be in the show notes. There are so many different topics we can cover when we’re talking about friendship. So as you’re reading through these different books together and doing your Bible studies together, let the Holy Spirit just open up what he wants us to impart to our kids–what he wants us to help them understand about being trustworthy, being kind, being faithful, when they have an attitude that’s not right, to be forgiving, and to not be a bully, but to be gentle and meek with other people. We can talk about the fruit of the spirit coming through us in our lives, being evident in our lives. As we are being in relationships with other people, we can talk about the “one anothers” and how God wants us to treat each other. Our whole lives are centered on relationships–relationship with God and relationship with each other. The whole message of the Bible is about our relationship with God and our relationships with each other. And so it is so important that we spend time really helping our children grasp the importance of building strong and good relationships. And that we choose wisely when we choose our friends. Proverbs warns us that bad friends corrupt us, and that we will follow the bad examples of our friends. And so we need to choose wisely and help our children to choose wisely. We want to take those opportunities to teach our children how to be good friends and how to find good friends. Our whole lives are encompassed in the relationships we build. The gospel message is all about relationship as well with God. And so we need to help our children understand the importance of relationship. God did not call us to be hermits. He called us to be in fellowship with each other and him. Thank you for joining us for “Books that Spark,” a podcast, celebrating books that spark imagination, emotion, questions, and discussions, as we disciple our children and help them to follow Christ with their whole hearts, if you would like to join my mailing list and get notifications when I post a new blog post or a new podcast, you can sign up on my website at TerrieHellardBrown.com. I would love to have you join my mailing list. I promise not to overwhelm your inbox, but I do hope to bless you. And when you sign up, you also have access to some free items that only people on my mailing list have access to. Be sure to share this podcast with your friends, especially if they’re new parents and are wanting to disciple their children and help them to know more about what it means to live the Christian life. We share a lot of books about discipleship and about parenting and great fun picture books to share with our children. So share this podcast with your friends and help our ministry to grow. And we would greatly appreciate that. And hopefully your friends will appreciate that as well. Scriptures about friendship: 1 Peter 4:8-10 1 Thess. 5:11 1 Cor. 15:33 God calls us His friends: Terrie Hellard-Brown writes and speaks to help children and adults find God’s purpose and plan for their lives. She teaches workshops and writes devotional books, children’s stories, and Christian education materials. Her podcast, Books that Spark, reviews children’s books that spark imagination, emotion, questions, and discussion leading to teachable moments with our kids. Her podcast posts each Tuesday morning. Her blog posts are published each Thursday and discuss living as a disciple of Christ while discipling our children. She challenges us to step out of our comfort zones to walk by faith in obedience to Christ. For more information, visit her website at terriehellardbrown.com Terrie uses her experiences as a mother of four (three on “the spectrum”), 37 years in ministry (15 in Taiwan), and 32 years teaching to speak to the hearts of readers. Her motto is “Growing older is inevitable; growing up is optional” and keeps her childlike joy by writing children’s stories, delighting over pink dolphins, and frequently laughing till it hurts.	<urn:uuid:5ecca66f-1531-4913-aa78-4c1072a6d574>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://terriehellardbrown.com/episode-56-e-b-white-and-lessons-on-friendship/	2024-02-21T22:11:59Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.975982	4,446	2.65625	3	[ 2983, 456, 7326, 1899, 445, 1868, 268, 1312, 3310, 336, 416, 18, 391, 18, 5404, 4802, 291, 268, 7606, 289, 3295, 1028, 18, 924, 525, 1868, 579, 8953, 4378, 3310, 608, 3295, 1028, 18, 1256, 445, 7599, 360, 5750, 608, 3912, 650, 6022, 407, 1869, 3295, 18, 203, 38, 1991, 10501, 286, 288, 540, 8248, 277, 1899, 30, 203, 59, 306, 4074, 292, 538, 38, 1991, 336, 1384, 844, 1272, 261, 8874, 6092, 331, 2463, 291, 11868, 16, 3138, 673, 3310, 16, 336, 9229, 8962, 16, 7500, 16, 2212, 16, 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Floating mines were a feature of both World Wars. Deployed at sea or around the coast, the target was primarily the shipping that sustained the allied side or to thwart naval incursions. Although the sailors that suffered on merchant ships were non combatants, the mines also threatened those who fished and even those who lived beside the sea, and Waterford and Wexford endured its fair share. recently recalled the tragic loss of life at Dunmore East in 1917, when a German U Boat was destroyed. The U Boat, UC-44 was deploying mines at the mouth of the harbour between Dunmore East and Hook Head in Co. Wexford. At the time, it was a regular occurrence, as was the efforts of the Admiralty to clear them. However the allies were also deploying mines, most of the access points to the Northern and Southern routes to the English coast were blanketed by minefields in a futile attempt to thwart the U Boat menace. The first Irish casualty of the mines in WW I was the SSManchester Commerce which was sunk off Donegal 26th Oct 1914. It would be the following July before the admiralty were satisfied that the estimated 200+ mines had been cleared from the area. Maintaining access to Waterford became a job of constant vigilance against the mine laying subs, which included patrols by Sub Chasers, overhead surveillance and constant clearing of the harbour by Mine Sweepers. An American Sub Chaser anchored above Passage East. The Americans entered the war in April 1917 Passed on to me by Paul O’Farrell \| An interesting ancedote from the times \| were also a feature of WWII but this time Ireland was neutral and the country was not directly targeted. However, it was the Irish who mined Waterford harbour at this stage, which operated between Passage East and Ballyhack from 1941. The mines were deployed in the channel, and were operated by control from Ballyhack, known as command detonated mines. If any threat was seen, the mines were to be detonated by the shore watch. (1) I’d imagine the minefield was directed more towards protecting Ireland from a German sea borne attack, which also led to something I’ve written about previously, the removal of all road signs. mines became more sophisticated. The German side were the first to magnetic mines that detonated as a ship passed close to them. Mines were also deployed from airplanes, which meant the seas around Ireland became a target after the fall of France. Mines were reported regularly from ships, shoreline walkers and the lookout posts, operated by the Marine and Coast Watching Service from Sept 1939, that lined the coastline. (2) injuries and fatalities were associated with them. When a mine beached on the other side of the Hook at Cullenstown in 1941, four members of the LDF died and another was injured. While a lighthouse keeper on Tuskar Rock died after a mine washed up and another man was injured. 19 men died (largest loss of life nationally) when a mine was spotted on a Donegal beach in 1943. While waiting for a bomb disposal team an onlooking crowd refused to move back to a safe distance. (3) The Great Western in camouflage during WWII Posted by Tommy Deegan on the Waterford History Group Facebook page \| The above loss of life gives some context to the following story shared by Noreen Kane on the Waterford History Group on 24th June 2016. Its based on recollections of her dads (Liam Lundon 1934 – 2009) childhood in Passage East “Even though there was a war on school was fairly uneventful. There was one particular incident when one morning my father who was the local Garda came in to the school and informed the teacher that the school had to be evacuated as a mine had been spotted on the strand directly underneath the school. It was a glorious spring day we were all marched up the back road to Garret Meades house. We spent the rest of the day there until the “all clear” was given. To this day I don’t know how the mine was disposed The school at that time was further out the Crooke road, where the building still stands over looking the harbour. (It closed when the new school opened in 1969) But was the mine disposed of, or just made safe? Graninne Flanagan commented on our own Facebook page recently about an old mine that was on the beach between Crooke and New Geneva, where apparently her mother used to picnic. My Brother in Law, Bernard Cunningham recalled the mine and said it was the same, his mother Eileen (RIP) often recalled the incident. That having been made safe it was left on the beach. However, it was removed in recent years by a scrap merchant. I’ve also heard of another mine that beached at Passage and that was taken away which made the Munster Express in late 1941, and a virtual raft of other incidents down the harbour and all along the coast and along the Wexford shoreline. They even travelled as far upriver as Mooncoin! There were questions asked in the Dail about a delay in clearing a mine from a packed Tramore Beach in the summer of 1941 and the naval vessel Muirchu was a frequent visitor, called to dispatch mines using gunfire to detonate the threat. A major incident concerned the Barrow Bridge which had to be closed in March 1946 after a mine drifted too close to the structure. It was spotted by two Cheekpoint men Heffernan and O’Connor. They reported the sighting to the Garda station in Passage East and a unit from the Curragh was dispatched under Comdt. Fynes to deal with the threat. Locally it was always said that the boys had thrown a lasso around the mine and towed it away from the bridge as a train approached, saving countless lives as a result. more sober account can be found in that weeks Kilkenny People. The mine grounded between Snow Hill Quay and Drumdowney Point as the tide went out and once settled on the mud, a rope was tied around it, to prevent it floating away. (and no less heroic to my mind, if a little less dramatic) Although the Boat train departed from Waterford that evening, it was decided to close off the line to rail and shipping on the bomb disposal unit had to wait for the tide to go out before they approached the mine. The unit managed to make safe the mine by 4pm that evening, meaning the 5pm train could depart with safety. brush with a mine came while I was herring fishing in Dunmore East. The details are sketchy I’m afraid, as I could find no record in the newspapers. However I remember a particularly nasty SE wind and a trawler coming in off Dunmore, but refused entry. The trawler was being towed if I recall correctly. The mine was trapped in the nets and part of the nets had fouled the screw. Holding off Dunmore, a team of army bomb disposal experts arrived in Dunmore that day. I vividly recall their energy and enthusiasm as they jumped out of a dark green jeep with large kit bags and boarded the pilot boat Breen to go out to the trawler. However, they were back after an hour, green in the face and much less energetic. The trawler was sent over under the Hook and the decision was taken to await a team from the Navy to deal with the issue. think that such problems no longer exist. However the most recent article I could find for Dunmore was the Irish Independent of March 2005 and the most recent nationally was August 2007 in the same paper, this time a mine trapped in nets off Co Cork. Be careful out there, you never know what secrets the sea might give up, particularly on a stormy day. (1) & (2) MacGinty. T. The Irish Navy. 1995. The Kerryman. Tralee (3) Kennedy. M. Guarding Neutral Ireland. 2008. Four Courts Press. Dublin I publish a blog each Friday. If you like this piece or have an interest in the local history or maritime heritage of Waterford harbour and environs you can email me at [email protected] to receive the blog every week. My Facebook and Twitter pages are more contemporary and reflect not just heritage and history but the daily happenings in our beautiful harbour: F https://www.facebook.com/whtidesntales T https://twitter.com/tidesntales	<urn:uuid:247f10b9-1808-486e-bff8-386a60baeaff>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://tidesandtales.ie/tag/barrow-bridge/	2024-02-21T21:00:51Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.987036	1,853	3.078125	3	[ 42, 9731, 673, 293, 967, 664, 261, 3810, 289, 1079, 2461, 388, 1267, 18, 1354, 1453, 286, 430, 3542, 361, 1149, 268, 4272, 16, 268, 2886, 454, 4604, 268, 10332, 336, 10941, 268, 516, 870, 2031, 361, 292, 264, 91, 531, 3538, 280, 490, 2319, 806, 18, 2696, 268, 701, 309, 753, 336, 8732, 341, 10909, 438, 7860, 664, 1677, 6537, 862, 16, 268, 293, 967, 525, 9250, 1014, 650, 284, 1341, 291, 919, 1014, 650, 5361, 11355, 496, 268, 3542, 16, 291, 3386, 5154, 291, 924, 92, 5154, 1199, 4581, 606, 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11395, 18, 2464, 25, 18, 365, 696, 9579, 1820, 18, 1368, 1224, 73, 203, 12, 23, 13, 6660, 2093, 93, 18, 383, 18, 2750, 485, 281, 2138, 1345, 280, 7618, 18, 6867, 18, 8266, 4284, 340, 5625, 18, 413, 914, 263, 203, 45, 9614, 261, 4634, 1011, 11373, 18, 829, 337, 730, 456, 4032, 361, 437, 363, 1669, 288, 268, 1683, 1550, 361, 1491, 77 ]
Walking your dog is like hitting two birds with one stone – not only does it provide essential exercise for your furry friend, but it also offers you the opportunity to bond and train them. In this article, we will explore the benefits of regular exercise for dogs, discuss how to understand their exercise needs, establish a walking routine, find suitable locations, and incorporate variety in walks. We will also touch upon adjusting routines for senior dogs and emphasize the importance of listening to your pet’s individual needs. So grab that leash and let’s get started! - Regular exercise is beneficial for dogs for weight management, cardiovascular health, mental stimulation, and prevention of weight gain. - Understanding and meeting your dog’s exercise needs includes maintaining a healthy weight, improving cardiovascular health, providing mental stimulation, socialization with other dogs and people, and tailoring exercise to specific needs. - Establishing a walking routine involves creating a structured schedule, finding walking buddies for companionship and motivation, setting achievable goals, and gradually increasing duration while incorporating variety for interest. - Finding the right walking locations includes exploring local parks and trails, off-leash areas for socialization, dog-friendly amenities, variety of environments and scents, and ensuring safety and adherence to leash laws. The Benefits of Regular Exercise for Dogs Regular exercise for dogs provides numerous benefits to their overall health and well-being. Understanding canine fitness is crucial in order to ensure that our furry friends receive the necessary physical activity they need to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Playtime, in particular, plays a significant role in promoting their overall fitness. One of the key benefits of regular exercise is weight management. Just like humans, dogs can become overweight or obese if they do not engage in enough physical activity. Regular walks and play sessions help burn calories and maintain a healthy body weight for our canine companions. Exercise also helps improve cardiovascular health in dogs. When dogs engage in activities such as walking or running, their heart rate increases, which strengthens their heart muscles over time. This leads to improved circulation and better oxygen supply throughout their bodies. Additionally, regular exercise promotes mental stimulation for dogs. Playtime allows them to explore their surroundings, interact with other animals, and engage in problem-solving activities, all of which contribute to their cognitive development. In conclusion, understanding the importance of playtime and incorporating regular exercise into our dog’s routine is essential for maintaining their overall health and well-being. By providing them with adequate physical activity, we are not only preventing weight gain but also ensuring that they lead fulfilling lives both physically and mentally. Understanding Your Dog’s Exercise Needs In order to comprehensively comprehend the exercise requirements of a dog, it is crucial to understand their individual needs and activity levels. Dogs, like humans, benefit greatly from regular exercise. A well-structured walking routine can provide numerous health benefits for our furry companions. Regular exercise helps to maintain a healthy weight in dogs and prevents obesity-related health issues such as diabetes and joint problems. It also plays a vital role in improving cardiovascular health by strengthening the heart and reducing the risk of heart disease. Walking routines are particularly important for dogs as they not only provide physical exercise but also mental stimulation. Dogs are naturally curious creatures, and going on walks allows them to explore new sights, smells, and sounds. This sensory enrichment helps keep their minds sharp and engaged. Additionally, walking routines provide an opportunity for socialization with other dogs and people. This can help improve your dog’s behavior around others and reduce aggression or anxiety. To ensure that your dog receives optimal exercise benefits from their walking routine, it is important to tailor the duration and intensity of the walks to their specific needs. Some breeds require more vigorous exercise than others due to their energy levels or size. In summary, understanding your dog’s individual needs when it comes to exercise is essential for maintaining their overall health and well-being. Regular walks not only contribute to physical fitness but also offer mental stimulation and socialization opportunities for our canine companions. So lace up those shoes, grab the leash, and hit the pavement with your furry friend! Establishing a Walking Routine To establish a walking routine for your dog, it is important to create a structured schedule that aligns with their individual exercise needs. Finding walking buddies can be beneficial not only for companionship but also for motivation and socialization. Consider reaching out to neighbors or joining local dog walking groups to find like-minded individuals who can join you on your walks. This can make the experience more enjoyable and provide an opportunity for your dog to interact with others. Setting goals is another crucial aspect of establishing a walking routine. Determine how long and how often you want to walk your dog based on their breed, age, and energy level. Start with shorter walks if your dog is not used to regular exercise and gradually increase the duration over time. Setting achievable goals ensures that both you and your furry companion stay motivated. Additionally, incorporating variety into your walks can keep things interesting for both you and your dog. Explore different routes or parks in your area to add some excitement to the routine. Remember that consistency is key when it comes to establishing a walking routine, so stick to the schedule as much as possible while being flexible enough to accommodate unforeseen circumstances. By following these tips, you’ll be well on your way towards creating an effective walking routine that benefits both you and your canine friend. Finding the Right Walking Locations When it comes to finding the right walking locations for your dog, there are a few key points to consider. First, exploring local parks and trails can provide a variety of environments and stimuli for your dog’s walk. Additionally, considering safety is crucial; choosing well-lit areas with clear paths can help ensure both you and your dog’s well-being. Lastly, familiarizing yourself with leash laws in your area will help you comply with regulations and maintain control over your dog during walks. Explore Local Parks and Trails Local parks and trails provide an ideal opportunity for dog owners to engage in regular exercise with their pets. These locations offer a range of amenities that cater specifically to the needs of dogs and their owners. Many local parks have designated off-leash areas where dogs can roam freely, allowing them to socialize and burn off energy in a safe environment. In addition, these areas often feature dog-friendly water fountains, waste disposal stations, and even agility courses for additional enrichment. Exploring new trails is another benefit of visiting local parks, as it allows both dogs and their owners to experience different environments and scents. This can be particularly stimulating for dogs, keeping them mentally engaged during walks. Overall, local parks and trails are an excellent resource for dog owners seeking variety in their daily exercise routine while ensuring the well-being of their furry companions. Consider Safety and Leash Laws Consideration of safety and adherence to leash laws are important factors for dog owners to keep in mind while visiting parks and trails. It is crucial to ensure the safety of both your dog and other park-goers by using appropriate leash alternatives when necessary. Leash alternatives such as harnesses, long leashes, or retractable leashes can provide dogs with more freedom while still maintaining control. However, it is essential to understand their effectiveness and limitations before opting for them. Additionally, being aware of common safety hazards is vital to prevent accidents during walks. These hazards may include aggressive dogs, wildlife encounters, uneven terrain, poisonous plants, and potential traffic near trailheads. By staying vigilant and prepared for these dangers, dog owners can ensure a safe and enjoyable outing for themselves and their furry companions. Leash Alternatives \| Effectiveness \| Harness \| High \| Long Leash \| Medium \| Retractable Leash \| Low \| Table: Effectiveness of Different Leash Alternatives Incorporating Variety in Your Walks To introduce variety in your walks with your dog, it is important to explore different routes and environments. Variety in routes will not only keep your dog mentally stimulated but also provide new sensory experiences for them. Consider taking different paths or exploring new parks and neighborhoods. This will expose your furry friend to different scents, sights, and sounds, which can be both exciting and enriching for their overall well-being. Engaging activities can also add an element of fun to your walks. Incorporate interactive games such as hide-and-seek or fetch into your routine. These activities not only keep your dog physically active but also help strengthen the bond between you two. Additionally, try incorporating training exercises during walks to stimulate their mind while on the go. Simple commands like sit, stay, or heel can be practiced during breaks or at specific spots along the route. Furthermore, consider incorporating occasional field trips into your walking routine. Take a drive to nearby hiking trails, beaches, or even visit dog-friendly events in your community. This not only provides a change of scenery but also offers opportunities for socialization with other dogs and people. In conclusion, by varying the routes you take and incorporating engaging activities into your walks with your dog, you can ensure that they have a stimulating experience each time you venture out together. Such variety not only keeps them physically fit but also mentally engaged and happy throughout their daily exercise regimen. Tips for Walking Small Dogs Walking small dogs requires specific techniques and considerations to ensure their safety and comfort during the walk. Training small dogs can be a challenge due to their size and sometimes stubborn nature, but with the right tips, it can become an enjoyable experience for both you and your furry friend. When walking small dogs, it is important to choose the right walking pace. Small breeds have shorter legs and may struggle to keep up with a fast pace. Adjusting your speed will prevent them from becoming exhausted or overexerted. Additionally, it is crucial to use a properly fitted harness or collar that won’t hurt their delicate necks. To provide further guidance on walking small dogs, here are some helpful tips: Tips for Walking Small Dogs \| 1. Use a retractable leash for more freedom of movement. \| 2. Bring along treats as positive reinforcement during training sessions. \| 3. Consider carrying them in a dog carrier if they get tired easily or if you encounter challenging terrains. \| By following these tips and adjusting your approach when walking small dogs, you can create an enjoyable experience that keeps them safe, comfortable, and eager for future walks together! Tips for Walking Large Dogs Proper leash and equipment handling is crucial when walking large dogs. It is important to use a sturdy leash and collar that can withstand the strength of a large dog. Additionally, understanding how to properly hold and control the leash can help prevent any accidents or injuries during walks. Managing strength and size differences between the owner and the large dog is also essential. This involves using techniques such as proper body positioning, utilizing training commands, and employing tools like no-pull harnesses or head halters to ensure both the owner and the dog are safe during walks. Proper Leash and Equipment Handling Leash and equipment handling is essential for ensuring the safety of both the dog and its owner during walks. Proper handling techniques not only prevent accidents but also promote better control over the dog’s behavior. Here are some tips to keep in mind: - Invest in a sturdy leash that is appropriate for your dog’s size and strength. - Practice leash training to teach your dog how to walk politely without pulling. - Choose dog-friendly walking routes that provide a safe environment for both you and your furry friend. - Use additional equipment such as harnesses or head collars if necessary, to enhance control while minimizing discomfort. Mastering these techniques will make your walks more enjoyable and stress-free. Remember, a well-handled leash ensures a happy and harmonious walking experience for both you and your canine companion. Managing Strength and Size Differences The management of strength and size differences is crucial for ensuring a safe and controlled walking experience for both the dog owner and their canine companion. When it comes to managing age differences, it is important to understand that older dogs may have physical limitations that require special attention. For instance, they may have arthritis or reduced mobility, which means they might not be able to walk long distances or engage in vigorous activities. It is essential for owners to adapt their walking routine accordingly, providing shorter walks or finding alternative exercises such as swimming or gentle play. Additionally, when dealing with dogs of different sizes, owners must be cautious about using appropriate equipment like harnesses instead of collars to prevent strain on the neck. By managing these strength and size differences effectively, dog owners can ensure a pleasant and comfortable walking experience for themselves and their furry friends while promoting their overall well-being. Walking in Different Weather Conditions Walking a dog in various weather conditions requires careful consideration. Extreme weather conditions such as rain or snow can pose challenges for both the dog and the owner. However, with some tips and precautions, walking in these conditions can still be enjoyable and safe. When it comes to walking in rain or snow, there are a few key things to keep in mind. Firstly, it is important to ensure that your dog is equipped with proper protection against the elements. This might include a waterproof coat or boots to keep their paws dry. Additionally, using a leash with reflective material can help increase visibility during low light conditions. Here is a useful table outlining some tips for walking in rain or snow: Walking in Rain \| Walking in Snow \| Use an umbrella \| Dress warmly \| Wear waterproof clothing \| Use paw protectors \| Watch out for slippery surfaces \| Be mindful of salt on roads \| By following these tips and being prepared, you can continue to enjoy walks with your furry friend regardless of the weather outside. Remember to always prioritize safety and comfort for both yourself and your dog when venturing out into extreme weather conditions. Walking Etiquette and Safety To ensure a safe and respectful walking experience for all pedestrians, it is important to adhere to proper etiquette and safety guidelines. This holds true especially when walking with multiple dogs or encountering aggressive dogs. When walking with multiple dogs, it is crucial to maintain control at all times. Dogs should be leashed and kept close by, preventing them from interacting with other dogs or individuals unless given permission. It is recommended to use a sturdy leash that allows for proper control without causing discomfort to the dog. Additionally, keeping an eye on each dog’s behavior and body language can help prevent any potential conflicts between them. Encountering aggressive dogs while out on a walk can be intimidating, but there are strategies one can employ to mitigate risks. First and foremost, maintaining a calm demeanor is essential as dogs can sense fear or anxiety. Stepping off the path or crossing the street to create distance between the dogs can also be helpful in diffusing tension. It is important not to make sudden movements or direct eye contact as this may escalate the situation further. In conclusion, adhering to proper walking etiquette and safety guidelines ensures a positive experience for both dog owners and pedestrians alike. By following these guidelines when walking with multiple dogs or dealing with aggressive dogs, we can promote harmony within our communities while enjoying our daily walks with our furry companions. Walking for Bonding and Training Walking for bonding and training can be a valuable opportunity to establish a strong connection between dog owners and their furry companions. Bonding exercises during walks not only provide physical exercise but also promote emotional bonding between the owner and their dog. These exercises often involve interactive play, such as fetch or hide-and-seek, which can create a sense of trust and cooperation. Leash training is another important aspect of walking for bonding and training. Teaching your dog to walk calmly on a leash not only ensures their safety but also strengthens the bond between you. It allows for better control in public spaces and prevents pulling or aggressive behavior towards other dogs or people. To evoke an emotional response in the audience, imagine this scenario: You are out on a peaceful walk with your dog when suddenly they spot a squirrel across the street. With precise leash training, your canine friend stays by your side, resisting the temptation to chase after it. The overwhelming feeling of pride and accomplishment fills you both with joy as you continue your harmonious stroll. In summary, walking for bonding and training provides an opportunity for owners to connect with their dogs on both physical and emotional levels. Incorporating bonding exercises into walks fosters trust and cooperation while leash training promotes safety and control. So grab that leash, head outside, and enjoy the benefits of these meaningful walks with your four-legged companion! Incorporating Other Forms of Exercise Incorporating other forms of exercise into your routine can enhance the physical and mental well-being of both you and your canine companion. While daily walks are important, incorporating indoor exercises can provide additional benefits for your dog’s overall health. Here are four ways to incorporate other forms of exercise: Indoor games: Engaging in interactive games like hide-and-seek or fetch can stimulate your dog’s mind and keep them physically active even when the weather is unfavorable. Puzzle toys: Using puzzle toys not only keeps your dog entertained but also challenges their problem-solving skills, providing mental stimulation that is crucial for a balanced lifestyle. Obedience training: Incorporating obedience training sessions into your routine not only helps strengthen the bond between you and your dog but also provides mental stimulation as they learn new commands. Tug-of-war: This classic game not only allows for physical activity but also promotes healthy teeth and gums as dogs use their natural instincts to pull on objects. Incorporating these indoor exercises can help ensure that your dog receives adequate physical and mental stimulation, leading to a happier and healthier furry friend. Adjusting the Walking Routine for Senior Dogs Adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs requires considering their physical limitations and ensuring that the duration and intensity of the walks are suitable for their age and condition. Senior dogs have different needs compared to younger dogs, particularly when it comes to exercise. As dogs age, they may experience joint stiffness or arthritis, making it important to adjust their walking routine accordingly. One key aspect to consider when adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs is their nutrition. Senior dog nutrition should focus on providing them with a well-balanced diet that supports their joint health. Certain nutrients like glucosamine and chondroitin can help promote healthy joints in senior dogs. It is advisable to consult with a veterinarian for recommendations on specific diets or supplements that can support joint health. Additionally, senior dog joint care should be taken into account during walks. It may be necessary to reduce the duration or intensity of walks to avoid putting too much strain on their joints. Providing comfortable bedding and regular vet check-ups can also aid in managing any potential joint issues. In conclusion, adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs involves considering their physical limitations, focusing on senior dog nutrition, and taking steps to ensure optimal joint care. By doing so, we can help our furry friends stay active and healthy as they age. Listening to Your Dog’s Needs As we discussed in the previous subtopic, adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs is crucial to ensure their well-being. Now, let’s delve into the importance of listening to your dog’s needs during these walks. Communication with our furry companions is essential to understand what they are trying to convey. Dogs have a unique way of expressing themselves, and it is important for owners to be attentive and receptive. During walks, dogs may exhibit signs of exercise fatigue or discomfort that require immediate attention. To help you better understand your dog’s communication during walks, here are some key signs to look out for: - Slowing down: If your dog starts lagging behind or seems less enthusiastic about walking, it could indicate fatigue. - Excessive panting: Dogs use panting as a cooling mechanism; however, excessive panting could signify exhaustion. - Limping or favoring a leg: This could be an indication of pain or injury that requires rest and medical attention. - Seeking shade or stopping frequently: Dogs may seek shade or stop more often if they are feeling overheated or tired. By paying close attention to these signs and adjusting the walking routine accordingly, owners can ensure their dog’s safety and comfort during exercise sessions. Remember, effective communication with your four-legged friend is key in maintaining their overall well-being while enjoying those daily strolls together! Frequently Asked Questions How often should I walk my dog? Dog owners should walk their dogs at least once a day for a duration of 30 minutes to an hour. This ensures that dogs receive adequate exercise and mental stimulation, promoting their overall health and well-being. What are the benefits of regular exercise for dogs? Regular exercise for dogs is essential as it provides a plethora of benefits. It helps maintain a healthy weight, improves cardiovascular health, enhances muscle tone, stimulates mental stimulation, and strengthens the bond between owner and pet. What are some tips for walking small dogs? To ensure a successful walking experience with small dogs, leash training is crucial. Tips include starting with short walks, using positive reinforcement, and gradually increasing the distance. Choosing the right harness that fits properly can also enhance comfort and control during walks. How can I find the right walking locations for my dog? Finding dog-friendly parks and exploring hiking trails are great ways to find the right walking locations for your dog. These locations offer a variety of scenery, terrain, and smells that can engage and entertain your furry friend while keeping them active and healthy. How do I adjust the walking routine for senior dogs? Adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs involves considering their specific health needs. It is important to consult a veterinarian to determine the appropriate exercise level and diet adjustments that promote senior dog health. Regular exercise is crucial for the overall health and well-being of dogs. Understanding your dog’s exercise needs and establishing a walking routine can help ensure they get the physical activity they require. Finding the right walking locations and incorporating variety in walks can make the experience more enjoyable for both you and your dog. Walking not only provides an opportunity for bonding and training, but it also helps prevent behavioral issues caused by pent-up energy. Additionally, incorporating other forms of exercise into your dog’s routine can further enhance their fitness level. It’s important to adjust the walking routine for senior dogs and listen to their individual needs. In conclusion, research has shown that 30 minutes of daily exercise is recommended for dogs to maintain optimal health. Shockingly, a survey found that around 40% of dog owners in the United States do not walk their dogs regularly or provide adequate exercise opportunities. This statistic emphasizes the importance of understanding and meeting our canine companions’ exercise needs, as neglecting this aspect can have detrimental effects on their physical and mental well-being.	<urn:uuid:a7b65aef-4b60-4719-ad3d-fcee57a1f100>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://welovdogs.com/how-often-do-you-walk-your-dog/	2024-02-21T21:57:31Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.949666	4,725	3.046875	3	[ 59, 280, 505, 424, 1762, 316, 730, 5230, 542, 881, 3554, 360, 597, 5371, 796, 462, 794, 1082, 362, 1153, 1505, 2671, 331, 424, 7454, 1080, 2175, 16, 566, 362, 525, 2767, 337, 268, 3249, 292, 6653, 291, 4909, 622, 18, 450, 456, 1989, 16, 445, 513, 2408, 268, 1716, 289, 1998, 2671, 331, 3335, 16, 1868, 667, 292, 992, 444, 2671, 1470, 16, 3577, 261, 5744, 4485, 16, 1255, 4021, 5686, 16, 291, 7099, 2233, 288, 2599, 530, 18, 924, 513, 525, 3727, 2807, 2787, 8163, 11346, 331, 7715, 3335, 291, 11482, 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RDP: Definition, Guide & Alternative After the COVID-19 pandemic, the significance of robust and efficient remote access tools has become more useful than ever before. Among these, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is the best way to facilitate smooth access to a device from a remote location. As businesses continue to embrace flexible work environments, understanding the dynamics of RDP has become essential. This comprehensive guide aims to unravel the details of RDP, delving into its fundamental definition. It will explore its diverse applications and provide a step-by-step walkthrough to implement and optimize its usage. Furthermore, this article will shed light on the potential vulnerabilities associated with RDP. You will also learn about a viable alternative that offers the best security and enhanced performance. Part 1. What Does RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) Mean? The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) functions as a crucial technological tool that empowers users to remotely access and oversee a computer or network, irrespective of their physical location. Originally developed by Microsoft, Windows RDP enables users to establish connections with distant systems via network links, allowing them to engage with these systems just as if they were physically present. This technology has been instrumental in enabling remote teamwork. It facilitates system administration and provides technical support, especially within the scope of businesses, educational institutions, and IT environments. Fundamentally, RDP functions through the transmission of graphical interface data from the remote system to the local device while also relaying user input commands back to the remote system. This smooth exchange of information enables users to execute programs, access files, and oversee resources on a remote computer. This effectively provides them with a level of control comparable to being physically present in front of the machine. RDP has proven to be instrumental in enhancing productivity, enabling efficient troubleshooting, and promoting collaboration among teams. Part 2. What Features Does RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) Offer? The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a versatile tool that encompasses various features aimed at providing a comprehensive and efficient remote access experience. Here is an overview of the key functionalities defining RDP Win: - Graphical User Interface (GUI) Transmission: RDP effectively transfers visual interface data from the distant system to the local device. It enables users to effortlessly engage with the remote system as though they were physically present in its vicinity. - Resource Sharing and Access: Windows RDP simplifies access to files, directories, applications, and other resources housed on the remote computer. This fosters collaborative work and resource sharing among users positioned in diverse locations. - Network Level Authentication (NLA): RDP incorporates a network-level authentication feature that adds an extra layer of security by necessitating authentication before establishing a remote session. This ensures that only authenticated and authorized users can gain access to the remote system. - Multiple Monitor Support: RDP supports the utilization of multiple monitors, enabling users to extend their desktops across multiple screens during remote sessions. It promotes productivity and multitasking capabilities. - Encryption and Secure Data Transmission: RDP employs robust encryption protocols to secure data transmission between the local and remote systems. This helps safeguard sensitive information from unauthorized access and interception over the network. Part 3. Exploring the Advantages and Challenges of RDP Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) offers a host of benefits that contribute to enhanced productivity and streamlined remote operations. However, along with its advantages, RDP Win is also associated with certain challenges and potential security issues. Understanding both the advantages and challenges is necessary for making informed decisions about its implementation. Advantages of RDP - Remote Accessibility: RDP protocol allows users to access their work computers or networks from remote locations. It facilitates flexible work arrangements and increases overall productivity. - Cost-Efficiency: By enabling remote access, RDP reduces the need for physical presence at work sites. This results in cutting down on travel costs and office space requirements. - Streamlined Control: RDP streamlines the oversight of IT infrastructure by allowing centralized control and management of numerous systems from one central location. - Smooth Windows Integration: RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) effortlessly blends with the Windows operating system. It delivers a user-friendly and recognizable interface for Windows users. Issues and Challenges of RDP - Security Risks: It is vulnerable to security threats, such as unauthorized access, data interception, and potential malware attacks, if not properly configured and secured. - Bandwidth Consumption: RDP remote desktop sessions may consume significant bandwidth, leading to performance issues and network congestion, especially when multiple users access the system simultaneously. - Compatibility Limitations: Remote Desktop Protocol may face compatibility issues when connecting to non-Windows operating systems, potentially hindering cross-platform accessibility and collaboration. - Performance Lag: The performance of Windows RDP may lag, particularly when operating over a slow or unreliable internet connection, leading to delays in data transmission and user input responsiveness. Part 4. Understanding the Distinction Between RDP and RDS Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and Remote Desktop Services (RDS) represent two separate yet interrelated technologies designed to enable remote entry to computers and applications. RDP functions as the fundamental protocol for remote access, while RDS offers a comprehensive framework for administering and dispensing virtualized desktops and applications to users. Understanding the differences between RDP servers and RDS is essential for comprehending their roles within remote access environments. Have a look below to learn more about these two terms: Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) - Protocol Functionality: Developed by Microsoft, the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) serves as a proprietary mechanism that empowers users to connect to and govern a distant computer's screen. - User Interaction: Offers users the capability to engage with a remote system just as they would with a local one. This ensures the smooth transmission of graphical user interface data and user inputs between the two systems. - Single User Access: RDP's core purpose lies in enabling singular user access to a remote computer, fostering a direct, one-to-one linkage between the local and remote systems. - Protocol Features: Support features offered by RDP, such as desktop sharing, file and resource access, printer redirection, and multimedia playback during remote sessions. Remote Desktop Services (RDS) - Platform Functionality: Microsoft's RDS serves as an extensive platform that empowers the distribution of virtualized desktops and applications to users across a network. - Multi-User Environment: Through RDS, numerous users can concurrently reach virtual desktops and applications housed on a central server, facilitating a one-to-many connection approach. - Centralized Management: It enables centralized management and administration of virtual desktops and applications. It streamlines the deployment and maintenance of remote access infrastructure. - Scalability and Integration: RDS offers scalability for accommodating varying user demands and integrates with other Microsoft technologies to provide a seamless and integrated remote access experience. Part 5. How to Activate Remote Desktop on Your Windows PC Enabling Remote Desktop on a Windows PC allows users to access the computer remotely from another device. Here is a stepwise guide on activating Remote Desktop connection on a Windows PC, a highly beneficial feature for remote issue resolution, file accessibility, and streamlined collaborative efforts: Step 1: On your Windows PC, use the "Win + I" keys to access “Settings” and click on the “System” option. Within the “System” tab, click “Remote Desktop” from the left side and toggle on “Enable Remote Desktop.” Step 2: Once you have enabled Remote Desktop, look for "Remote Desktop Connection" using the Windows Search bar. Here, enter the name or IP address of the targeted device and click "Connect" to initiate a remote session. Part 6. Upgrade Remote Access with a Alternative to RDP In light of the increasing emphasis on secure and user-friendly remote access solutions, Avica Remote Desktop stands out as a top-tier alternative to traditional Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Offering a smooth and secure remote access experience, Avica prioritizes both user convenience and data safety. This renders it a prime selection for both enterprises and individuals in search of dependable and user-friendly remote desktop software. Avica incorporates strong end-to-end AES-256 encryption measures, guaranteeing the safety and confidentiality of all data transferred throughout remote access sessions. Further, it presents a user-friendly interface tailored to streamline remote access. This software smoothly integrates with a variety of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Android. Also, the 4K resolution and the 4:4:4 color mode make this tool much more effective and a better choice. Key Features of Avica - It offers a Privacy Mode feature that prevents others from viewing your work by blacking out the screen of the remote device. - You can connect to multiple remote devices from the same account when using Avica. - This alternative to Windows RDP can support the simultaneous connection of up to four game controllers. Accessing Your Desktop Remotely Using Avica: A Step-by-Step Guide You can easily download Avica software by clicking the button provided below. For more detailed information regarding Avica App downloads, please visit the official Avica download page. It is important to note that Avica ensures the safety and virus-free nature of all products available on its official website or app store. Feel confident in downloading Avica from these trusted sources. With the help of the steps given below, you can successfully establish a remote link between two devices: Step 1: Install and Launch the Avica App Download and install the Avica app on both devices. Now, launch the Avica app and log in using your Avica account. After logging in, get the “Avica ID” of the remote device. After entering this "Avica ID" on the local device, click "Connect" and provide the "Password." Your desktop can now remotely control the targeted device. Step 2: Make Your Screen and Communication Better Once you've connected to the remote session, you can adjust how the screen looks to suit your needs. You can also chat with other members. Additionally, you can create up to 5 virtual screens if it helps you work better. To conclude, the importance of prioritizing both security and user convenience has become paramount. With the increasing need for a remote access solution that prioritizes user convenience, the drawbacks of Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) have become increasingly clear. Setting itself apart, Avica, a leading third-party remote desktop software, stands out due to its focus on safety and cross-platform compatibility. Avica presents a complete solution catering to the requirements of both businesses and individuals, offering a dependable and simplified remote access experience. For those looking to streamline their remote access operations without compromising on security or usability, Avica emerges as the ideal solution.	<urn:uuid:731c7e22-6b3a-48c9-b8a8-6813b603680e>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.avica.link/blog/learn-about-rdp/	2024-02-21T22:13:54Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.899118	2,254	3.578125	4	[ 54, 7325, 30, 11492, 564, 16, 7193, 1884, 8541, 774, 203, 37, 837, 268, 3521, 17, 1689, 4720, 16, 268, 4489, 289, 6338, 291, 2632, 5609, 1310, 2133, 528, 1343, 512, 3209, 687, 2577, 1134, 18, 6705, 629, 16, 3253, 1623, 2284, 79, 3744, 960, 3016, 320, 421, 54, 7325, 13, 316, 268, 1274, 898, 292, 6840, 5036, 1310, 292, 261, 3123, 427, 261, 5609, 3336, 18, 760, 3231, 2609, 292, 8437, 6580, 716, 4218, 16, 1616, 268, 7829, 289, 434, 7325, 528, 1343, 1505, 18, 203, 4326, 3724, 3233, 5317, 292, 543, 1209, 489, 268, 3834, 289, 434, 7325, 16, 1404, 1005, 636, 606, 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As you drive, your car makes weird sounds while you take turns. People generally fail to notice the sounds unless they are too loud. You might hear sounds like whining, rubbing, creaking, etc., from the car as you turn over the car, left or right. Probably there is an internal problem with the car that needs your attention. As the car ages and plies on the road, it experiences wear and tear, and often the internal machines also require some servicing or repairing. The sounds are a symptom that there is something wrong with your car. Toggle- The Sound Depends On The Speed - Causes Of Noise When Turning - How To Fix The Problem The Sound Depends On The Speed While taking a turn, you may experience sounds that vary as per the speed. For example, at lower speeds, you may hear one sound absent while driving the car at a higher speed. That means, often, the sound depends on the speed. But why such a relation? Well, the issues inside the car often change or develop due to variable speed settings. So, you may hear different sounds as you change the gear and drive at high speed. 1. Noise At Low Speeds While taking a turn at low speed, you hear popping, clunking, or whining sounds. It is probably a sign of broken or damaged suspension joints. Such sounds appear at low speed when the power steering system or suspension system encounters an issue. Probably the steering is not working properly or smoothly. 2. Noise At Normal Speeds At normal speed, your car makes screeching or squealing sounds while driving, especially taking turns. It can be a serious issue, and you must visit the car mechanic as soon as possible. The causes behind this issue are- - The engine belt has become loose - The tie rod connecting the knuckles and the steering gear is damaged - The hose connecting the gear and the pump has developed a crack or is broken - The power steering fuel needs a refilling 3. Noise At High Speeds While driving at high speed, especially on an empty highway, your car makes weird clicking noises. Probably the CV joints of the cars are damaged and need repair. In some cars, bad coupling during the turning also causes the noises to come out. On the other hand, damaged wheel bearings are also a common cause. Causes Of Noise When Turning 1. Bad Ball Joints Clunking sounds and other types of mechanical sounds are common in case of loose or worn-out ball joints. You will hear these sounds even if you turn your car to a lower speed. The suspension system helps maximize the friction between the tires and the road to maintain the car’s stability during turns. On the other hand, the ball joints absorb the bumps and shocks to make the ride comfortable. The ball joints may get damaged and worn out as the car ages. Bad ball joints are more common if you frequently travel on unmaintained roads filled with potholes. Due to loose or damaged ball joints, the nuts and bolts come in contact with each other and make noise. Getting the car thoroughly chilled in a service center is better to find which ball joints need repair. 2. Worn Out Jounce Bushing The jounce bushing is placed on the top of the front strut. If it gets worn out, you may hear sounds. A worn-out jounce bushing often results in a crawling or groaning noise during the turns on the road. In general, the bushing lasts for a long time. But, if it gets dry or does not have enough lubricant, the sound will increase. Such a condition is unsafe for driving and may even cause an accident. So, it is better to head to the service center immediately. 3. Bad Struts And Shocks Does your car make clicking noises during a turn? Does the car start bouncing during a turn? Probably you have bad struts and shocks. The strut combines the shock and other features in a single component, and the shock is an independent part of the car that absorbs the shocks and bumps during drives. These two also stabilize the vehicle and ensure the tires remain in contact with the road. In general, the struts and shocks last for a long time. But, if these get damaged, your car will make noises and will als bounce frequently. Getting professional help to solve the issue as soon as possible is better. 4. Leaking Of Power Steering Fluid Your car makes squealing, whining, or squealing sounds while you turn on the road. On top of that, the noise comes just when you turn the power steering. Such sounds can be the symptom of a low amount of fluid or leakage of power steering fluid. This fluid keeps the power steering joints lubricated to ensure the steering wheel and front wheel run smoothly while turning. On top of that, the power-steering fluid is also important to extend the longevity of the moving parts of the steering system. If the fuel level is low, the joints will often clash, resulting in such noises. Probably the fluid is leaking out of the car, and your car does not have enough fluid to keep everything smooth. If there is less power steering fluid, you will notice that the steering wheel is not smoother and requires more force to make a turn. In such cases, it is better to visit the automobile service center as soon as possible to get a refill of the power steering fluid. Remember that you need to change the steering fluid after driving 50000 miles or in five years. So, if you have not done that, do it at the right time before your car gets damaged. 5. The Damaged Power Steering Rack Does your car make creaking, whining, or other weird sounds while taking turns? Probably the power steering rack is damaged. There can be one other underlying issue that causes this damage. For example, steering fluid leakage, excessive vibration of the steering wheel, or death wobble. The power steering rack may also get damaged if your steering wheel is tight and too stiff. Some automobile experts say that fluid contamination and the damaged steering pump are also common causes of the damaged power steering rack. It is better to visit the mechanic and get the steering rack repaired to avoid any future issues. 6. Worn Steering Column Bearing Does the car make rubbing or grating sounds as soon as you take a turn? The steering column bearing is probably damaged. Due to the damage, the bearings and internal gears are rubbing against each other, and the friction makes noise. The steering column bearing is essential for safe car driving. It helps you navigate and drive smoothly in different road conditions and keeps the steering movement smooth to make turnings smoother. It is usually located above the steering system and is directly connected to the steering wheel. You will hear sounds if it has worn out and does not work properly. To be sure about the damage, check if the steering tilt function locks properly; if not, the steering column bearing needs some repair. It is better to insist on either mechanism soon because a damaged steering column bearing is very dangerous and can even cause accidents on the road. Depending on the degree of the damage, the mechanic may repair the bearing or replace it completely. 7. Bad Sway Bar Link The Sway or anti-roll bar link cuts down the excessive body roll of the car during turning. It prevents unnecessary jerking and inertia-related issues also. Due to the sway bar link, the car remains stabilized and prevents rolling even in sharp turns. But, if the sway bar is damaged or broken, the car often makes clunking sounds while you turn on the road. The sound signals that the bar link is damaged and needs immediate replacement. So, if you feel that the car is not stabilized properly during a turn, visit a mechanic immediately to resolve the issue. 8. Damaged Tie Rod Ends The tie rod connects the front wheel pair and the steering rack. It allows you to have smoother control over the steering wheel during driving, especially making a turn. If it is damaged or has become loose, you will find that the car makes a knocking sound on turns, especially if you are driving at a slower speed. The turning is also not smoother, and you may need to push the steering extra hard to make the turning. 9. Clogged Steering Reservoir Tank A clogged steering reservoir tank often leads to a wired grating sound while you make a turn on the road. This tank holds the power steering fluid. If the tank is damaged, the fluid will leak outside, and the car steering system will not have enough lubrication. The reservoir tank has a filter to clean the fluid and prevent leakage and contamination. But, if the filter gets clogged, the car will produce sounds. So, getting professional help to clean the clogged filter is better. How To Fix The Problem The unusual noises you hear while turning on the road can indicate your car’s issue. So, it is better to solve the problem as soon as possible to prevent any unfortunate event. Issues like less lubricant in the power steering system can be easily solved by adding lubricant. However, it is better to get professional help. You must visit a mechanic or your nearest service center as soon as possible and ask a mechanic to check what is wrong with your car. The professional will be able to find the root of the noise and the problem and will repair or replace the needed part, The Best way to avoid such noises is to get regular car servicing and maintenance. Try to take the car for a thorough check-up and service at least once per year. On top of that, change the engine oil every 50000 miles to ensure the car is in proper condition. If you frequently travel on bumpy and unmaintained roads, getting special tires can offer some safety and cushioning effects is better. Besides that, try to get a proper car insurance policy and renew it at the right time. The insurance policy can offer you coverage in many repairing works and other incidents like a car breakdown or case of accidents. Whenever you hear a noise, please do not ignore it. Instead, take fast action to ensure everything is right for your car. The loud and strange noises you hear while turning your car can indicate that something is wrong with the machine. It can be less lubricating oil, damaged ball joints, or other issues. It is better to visit an automobile mechanic to check things and find what needs repair to keep the car in a safe condition.	<urn:uuid:6c864e0f-e335-4f76-a88b-73027438591d>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.electronicshub.org/car-makes-noise-when-turning/	2024-02-21T22:00:12Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.95039	2,187	2.625	3	[ 5190, 337, 4048, 16, 424, 877, 1892, 445, 2415, 4807, 1020, 337, 1071, 6805, 18, 3395, 2918, 2335, 292, 4204, 268, 4807, 6774, 502, 356, 1232, 9454, 18, 990, 1276, 4055, 4807, 730, 342, 2165, 16, 5982, 4461, 16, 847, 1634, 16, 2801, 1941, 427, 268, 877, 352, 337, 1867, 658, 268, 877, 16, 2294, 361, 1328, 18, 203, 10651, 70, 2090, 686, 316, 363, 4180, 1676, 360, 268, 877, 336, 1470, 424, 2383, 18, 760, 268, 877, 5685, 291, 452, 423, 341, 268, 3063, 16, 362, 2891, 4110, 291, 10175, 16, 291, 970, 268, 4180, 4978, 525, 1131, 579, 1043, 9623, 361, 5541, 281, 18, 365, 4807, 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The battle of Empress Augusta Bay (2 November 1943) was a night-time victory for the US Navy that defeated an attempt by the Japanese navy to interfere with the landings on Bougainville. The Americans chose to land in Empress Augusta Bay, on the western side of the island, because it was weakly defended and inaccessible by land. Although the landings themselves didn't take place until 1 November, the naval campaign began a few days earlier, and the invasion fleet sailed on 31 October, while other elements of the American fleet carried out pre-invasion bombardments of Japanese positions all around the island. By chance on 30 October Admiral Sentaro Omori, with Cruiser Division 5, normally based at Truk, was visiting Rabaul with his two heavy cruisers. The local commander wanted these ships to return to Truk, but when an American Task Force was detected sailing up the slot Admiral Koga, the commander at Truk, decided to sent Omori with any other elements of the Eighth Fleet present at Rabaul to attack this fleet. At 10.00 on 31 October Omori, with the heavy cruisers Myoko and Haguro, the light cruisers Sendai and Agano, and two destroyers, was ordered into the slot to intercept this task force. In fact this force, Admiral Merrill's Task Force 39, had left the slot to bombard Japanese positions around the Buka passage, at the northern tip of Bougainville, and the two fleets missed each other. At 2.30pm Omori learnt that Merrill was off Buka, and returned to Rabul, arriving at 11.00pm on 31 October. On his arrive he was informed that American troops had landed in Empress Augusta Bay. Admiral Samejima, the commander at Rabaul, added four destroyers to Omori's fleet and ordered him to rendezvous with five transport ships carrying 1,000 troops and then escort them to Empress Augusta Bay, where they were expected to launch a counterattack. At 17.00 on 1 November Omori left port for the second time. The rendezvous was delayed until 20.30. The combined force was then forced to evade an American submarine, before at 21.20 a single American aircraft bombed the fleet. Omori decided that the transport ships were too vulnerable, and would have to be sent back, while he continued on in an attempt to catch the American transport ships believed to be in the bay. While the Japanese were slowly making their way south-east from Rabaul towards Bougainville Admiral Merrill, with Task Force 39, was resting off Vella Lavella, but he was soon informed of the location of the Japanese fleet by Army reconnaissance aircraft, and by 23.15 on 1 November he was steaming north to prevent Omori from entering the bay. The transport ships had actually been moved away, but the Japanese would still have been able to bombard the beaches and prevent reinforcements reaching the newly landed troops. Merrill sailed in a long line, with his four light cruisers 1,000 yards apart and a destroyer division at each end of the fleet. As the two fleets closed the Japanese were sailing in cruising order, with the two heavy cruisers in the centre and two flanking divisions, each made up of a light cruiser and three destroyers. The battle began at 1.30am on 2 November when American aircraft attacked the Japanese fleet, hitting the Haguro, opening up her side plating and slowing the entire formation by two knots. Ten minutes later a float plane from the Haguro reported sighting one cruiser and three destroyers – Omori would be badly let down by his reconnaissance forces during the battle, which first underreported the size of the fleet facing him, then reported sighting non-existent troop transports, then overestimated the size of the American force – until 1950 Omori remained convinced that he had faced seven heavy cruisers and twelve destroyers! Omori turned towards the reported cruiser, but a few minutes later his scout plane claimed to have sighted transports unloading troops in the bay – probably a misidentification of three minelayers and a destroyer that had been laying a protective minefield across the entrance to the bay. Omori turned towards the reported transport ships. The Japanese ships appeared on American radar at 2.27am. Merrill formed his fleet into three columns, and prepared to send his two destroyer divisions to make torpedo attacks on the Japanese. At 2.31 Burke's destroyers were sent to make their attack, then at 2.39 Merrill ordered the cruisers to reverse direction, so that they would be sailing south. His aim was to force the Japanese to move west and engage them at 16,000-20,000 yards to reduce the danger from the excellent Japanese torpedoes. The rear destroyer division became the new van divisions, with orders to attack the Japanese southern flank as soon as possible. At 2.45am Omori received a more accurate report of the American position and decided to turn right and sail to the south-west. This allowed him to move from cruising order to battle formation, and engage the American cruisers, but it was the Americans who opened fire first, at 2.46am. The first few volleys were the most effective of the day. The light cruiser Sendai was hit several times. Her rudder was jammed and a number of fires broke out. The destroyers Samidare and Shiratsuyu collided while attempting to avoid 6in shells, and were forced to retreat from the fight. At the same time the Japanese shells fell short. At 2.51 Merrill ordered his cruisers to turn onto a course of 200 degrees (just to the west of south) and make smoke. This moved probably contributed to the inaccuracy of the Japanese shellfire at this stage, and also caused the two Japanese heavy cruisers to lose contact with the Americans. They sailed in a large 360 degree loop in an attempt to find the Americans, with the southern flanking force (Admiral Osugi) following. During this manoeuvre the destroyer Hatsukaze attempted to run between the two heavy cruisers, collided with one and was heavily damaged (3.07). While the Japanese were making their full turn Merrill began a massive figure of eight manoeuvre, designed to make it harder for the Japanese guns to hit, and to move his cruisers away from Destroyer Division 46. This move did reduce the amount of hits suffered by the Americans to three 8in shells which struck the Denver at 3.20-3.25 but failed to explode, but it also meant that the Americans failed to score any hits themselves. At around 3.27 three Japanese shells fell short of the American cruisers, which then disappeared from view (probably into smoke). Omori believed that these shell splashes had actually been torpedo hits and that the three cruisers had been sunk, but he still believed that he faced four heavy cruisers, and with one of his one cruisers sinking and three destroyers damaged he decided to withdraw, issuing the order at 3.37. This ended the main cruiser battle. The two American destroyer divisions were engaged for another hour, but without having much impact. DesDiv45 (Burke) was scattered after the torpedo attack and out of action for an hour. At 3.49am it fired at the Sendai, then attempted to catch the Samidare and Shiratsuyu, before playing a part in the sinking of the Hatsukaze. DesDiv46 (Austin) was scattered by the first American 180 degree turn. The Foote ran into a Japanese torpedo aimed at the cruisers, and her stern was blown off. She was then only narrowly missed by the Cleveland. At 3.20 the Spence was hit close to the waterline by a shell, which allowed salt water into one of the fuel tanks, badly reducing her speed. The rest of the division then attacked the Sendai, Samidare, Shiratsuyu and Hatsukaze in the same order as Burke's division, sharing in the sinking of the Hatsukaze. By 5.00am the scattered American fleet was back together, ready to repel a Japanese air attack. 18 Vals and 80 Zeros had been detected leaving Rabaul, and eventually over 100 aircraft attacked the fleet. Poor conditions prevents a strong air cap being put over the fleet, and a mixed force of eight Hellcats, one Marine Corsair, three Army Lightnings and four RNZAF Warhawks managed to shoot down eight Japanese aircraft, while the task forces anti-aircraft guns claimed 17. The Japanese attack was a failure – only two hits were scored, both on the Montpelier's starboard catapult, wounding one. More air attacks were planned, but the 5th Air Force then launched a major raid on Rabaul which prevented the Japanese from making any more air attacks. The battle of Empress Augusta Bay was a clear American victory, and showed that the Japanese were beginning to lose their advantage in night engagements that had led to some crushing victories earlier in the war. The remaining Japanese naval threat to the Bougainville landings was removed by a series of heavy carrier-borne assaults on Rabaul, giving the Americans possession of the sea around the island. The only worrying feature of the battle for the Americans was the poor accuracy of their 6in guns – of more then 4,000 shells fired only about 20 scored hits. Cruiser Division 5: Rear Admiral Omori Heavy Cruisers Myoko and Haguro Screen, Left Flank: Rear Admiral Matsuji Ijuin Light Cruiser: Sendai Destroyers: Shigure, Samidare and Shiratsuyu Screen, Right Flank: Rear Admiral Morikazu Osugi Light Cruiser: Agano Destroyers: Naganami, Hatsukaze and Wakatsuki Task Force 39, Rear Admiral A. Stanton Merrill (Montpelier) Van Destroyers: Desdiv 45, Captain Arleigh A. Burke Charles F. Ausburne, Dyson, Stanly and Claxton Main Body: Crudiv 12, Rear Admiral Merill Montpelier, Cleveland, Columbia and Denver Rear Destroyers: Desdiv 46, Commander B. L. 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Believe it or not, skin is the body’s largest organ, so it makes sense that untreated skin problems can make your horse miserable in a hurry, especially when exacerbated by heat and biting insects. Some skin conditions are also contagious—spreading from horse to horse—as well as zoonotic, meaning they spread from horses to humans. A Healthy Skin Barrier According to Rosanna Marsella, DVM, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla., the key to preventing many problematic skin conditions is to protect your horse’s skin from trauma. Grooming your horse on a daily basis can help keep your horse’s skin and hair healthy, but it’s also important to provide horses with adequate shelter from the elements, as well as protection from biting insects. When trauma occurs to the skin, your horse becomes more susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. “Animals who are immunosuppressed, or out in the rain day in and day out, or getting bitten by bugs, experience more trauma to the skin,” Marsella explains. “If the skin has no insect bites and the horse isn’t itchy and rubbing himself on a tree, for example, then the integrity of the skin barrier remains intact.” In addition to practicing good grooming habits to keep your horse’s skin and hair healthy, invest in a good fly product to prevent bites. “Use of effective fly repellent is key, and that’s actually a topic that frequently confuses many people,” says Marsella. “The labels on some products may make them sound like repellents when they’re actually insecticides. If you spray an insecticide directly on an insect, it dies. But insecticide doesn’t prevent the insect from actually landing on the horse. That’s why you need to use repellent.” When you’re looking for fly repellent, Marsella recommends checking the active ingredient listed as well as the percentage of the active ingredient. “One example is permethrin,” she says. “In order to be a repellent, a fly spray product has to be at least 0.5 or 1 percent permethrin. But if a product only has 0.1 percent permethrin, then it’s not a repellent.” For horses who may be allergic to chemicals, Marsella recommends trying botanical products, such as neem oil. “Neem oil is a demonstrated repellent against mosquitos and no-see-ums,” says Marsella. There’s another benefit to a daily routine of grooming and using fly repellent. By laying your hands on your horse every day, you’ll learn what’s normal for him and what’s not. Then you can spot skin issues in the making before they ever become full-blown problems. There are many different skin conditions in horses, often with multiple contributing factors. Some horses can develop secondary issues, such as staph infections, which may require prolonged medical treatment from a veterinarian. If you suspect your horse is developing a skin condition, call your vet immediately. Cannon CrudCannon keratosis is often used to refer to “cannon crud,” or the development of flaky skin and oily build-up of keratin on the front of the cannon bones. But there’s also a genetic condition known as primary cannon keratosis. “Primary cannon keratosis is not common,” says Rosanna Marsella, DVM, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla. “There are some horses that are genetically prone to this disease. The skin has a different way of maturing in some body areas, including on the cannon bone. This is not an infection. Horses with primary cannon keratosis will be genetically prone to it, and they will always have a little bit of crusty skin in that area. The treatment is management using shampoos to soften and loosen up the scabs. These horses can also get keratosis on their sides or chest.” For the non-genetic form of cannon keratosis, gently groom your horse’s legs with a curry comb and wash with an keratolytic shampoo to help manage crusty scabs and flaky skin. \| Rain rot is caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis. Characterized by small, round scabs crowned with matted hair, rain rot lesions typically develop along the topline of the horse. “The development of the disease is precipitated by moisture, which is why we call it ‘rain rot,’” says Marsella. “It’s common in animals who are immunosuppressed or out in the rain and bitten by insects. Dermatophilus can access the skin when there’s trauma. Don’t pick at the scabs, because it’s painful for your horse and also delays healing. When the scabs are ready and the skin underneath is healthy, the scabs will come off on their own. But pulling a scab off and leaving a raw spot is never the answer.” Rain rot is contagious and zoonotic, which means that other horses and humans can contract the condition. Marsella recommends treating rain rot with an antimicrobial shampoo, such as chlorhexidine or benzoyl peroxide. “People can be overzealous and like to scrub at the lesions, because they think it will speed up the recovery, but the single most important thing is contact time,” says Marsella. “Apply the shampoo, gently massage it in, and then set your clock for 10 minutes and go do something else. Then come back and rinse. Contact time is what really makes the difference.” Pastern dermatitis, or scratches, is a name for a clinical syndrome, rather than a specific disease. Another common name for scratches is “dew poisoning.” Pastern dermatitis refers to the development of scabby areas on or near the pasterns. Two of the most common causes of pastern dermatitis include bacterial infections and mange. “Pastern dermatitis can be caused by a lot of different things, including allergies, auto-immune diseases, staph infections or vasculitis,” Marsella explains. “It’s common on horses with white legs or horses with feathers. When an owner has a horse with pastern dermatitis, they can use an anti-microbial shampoo because there’s probably an overgrowth of bacteria.” In addition to treating for bacteria, owners can protect horses with white legs from pastern dermatitis by covering the legs with socks or wraps. “Products like antimicrobial silver socks may help, but more importantly, the sock also protects the skin from UV exposure,” says Marsella. “Vasculitis is triggered by UV rays. You can either put socks on your horse or keep him inside during the day and turned out at night. Many cases of pastern dermatitis also have an insect component, so it’s important to use repellent.” Mites can also cause pastern dermatitis in horses with feathers. Mites can spread from horse to horse and can also survive in the environment for several weeks. “Feathered horses are prone to mites, and they get very itchy legs as a result,” says Marsella. “Some horses may become itchier than others because they develop allergies to the mites. When you have mites, you’ve got mange. To treat mange, you have to kill the mites with a treatment like a lime sulfur dip. If a horse is diagnosed with mites, everybody in contact has to get treated whether they’re symptomatic or not. The life cycle of the mite is three weeks, so treatment has to be at least that long.” Stop the SpreadTo stop the spread of a condition like rain rot or ringworm, follow these simple rules: ◆ Don’t share equipment between horses. Each horse should have his own grooming equipment, tack, halters, saddle pads and blankets. ◆ Disinfect your horse’s equipment on a regular basis. Bleach and wash saddle pads at high temperatures. Dip brushes in a dilute bleach solution, rinse thoroughly, and let them dry in the sun. ◆ Advise barn staff or visitors to wash their hands in between tending to or petting horses. ◆ If you suspect a horse has a contagious skin condition, isolate him in a stall or small pen until the veterinarian arrives. Horses with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop skin conditions like ringworm or rain rot. Practice good preventative maintenance on all horses, but especially geriatric horses or horses that travel frequently. “Preventative care is a big part of taking care of your horse’s immune system,” notes Rosanna Marsella, DVM, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla. “Make sure your horse is fed properly, dewormed and vaccinated, and decrease stressors, like frequent transportation. Going from show to show isn’t ideal, so if the horse’s lifestyle can be a little more relaxed, that goes a long way toward keeping him healthy.” \| Ringworm is a common skin infection caused by a fungus, not a parasite. Ringworm presents as round, raised lesions on the skin that may be itchy. “They call it ‘ringworm’ because it will develop a round lesion on the skin, but it’s actually caused by a fungus,” Marsella explains. “It is transmissible, so you need to treat the horse for it.” Ringworm can be transmitted from horse to horse by direct contact or by sharing infected tack, brushes, clothing or other equipment between horses. Marsella recommends using an antifungal treatment, such as a lime sulfur dip, to treat ringworm. “Lime sulfur is very effective at killing fungi and helps with the itching,” says Marsella. “It will also kill mites.” Dealing with any kind of skin condition—especially before it gets out of hand—not only allows your horse to look his best, but it helps him stay comfortable, happy, and itch-free.	<urn:uuid:bd0c55e9-5efe-4dbf-8c0c-29b46137d0aa>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.horseillustrated.com/scratch-that	2024-02-21T22:56:46Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.942549	2,236	2.765625	3	[ 38, 306, 1513, 362, 361, 462, 16, 1903, 316, 268, 1073, 372, 87, 3747, 1087, 16, 576, 362, 1892, 2266, 336, 10878, 1903, 1626, 375, 804, 424, 5548, 2305, 265, 541, 288, 261, 296, 324, 1080, 16, 1803, 649, 9924, 488, 419, 2164, 291, 285, 1842, 5330, 18, 1399, 1903, 1533, 356, 525, 353, 6687, 702, 1447, 2685, 1189, 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843, 295, 10018, 3326, 1226, 7674, 3786, 291, 532, 369, 18, 203, 6069, 52, 301, 843, 295, 10018, 3326, 375, 327, 2494, 419, 261, 1774, 289, 865, 1612, 16, 1118, 7470, 16, 6229, 17, 11275, 2604, 16, 1173, 902, 3786, 361, 385, 2397, 346, 3326, 1272, 7744, 6956, 5528, 18, 538, 4077, 372, 87, 1112, 341, 7399, 360, 2398, 6241, 361, 7399, 360, 618, 7427, 18, 1097, 363, 6619, 528, 261, 5548, 360, 6888, 843, 295, 10018, 3326, 16, 502, 375, 666, 363, 1743, 17, 4063, 299, 8095, 422, 1705, 616, 971, 686, 372, 87, 3591, 363, 658, 75, 8372, 289, 3071, 1053, 203, 2983, 1879, 292, 6307, 331, 3071, 16, 3896, 375, 2000, 7399, 360, 2398, 6241, 427, 6888, 843, 295, 10018, 3326, 419, 8013, 268, 6241, 360, 913, 530, 361, 2111, 1881, 18, 203, 6069, 52, 1660, 340, 730, 363, 473, 300, 299, 8095, 7573, 913, 530, 602, 617, 16, 566, 512, 10307, 16, 268, 913, 79, 525, 9677, 268, 1903, 427, 7023, 3285, 1272, 1977, 7744, 6956, 18, 538, 58, 2397, 346, 3326, 316, 11920, 419, 7023, 9476, 18, 990, 375, 2447, 1927, 913, 530, 341, 424, 5548, 361, 1288, 1547, 3004, 995, 268, 1196, 291, 5322, 628, 430, 3018, 18, 2255, 1934, 289, 6888, 843, 295, 10018, 3326, 525, 437, 363, 9468, 4391, 16, 576, 362, 372, 87, 851, 292, 666, 751, 467, 302, 1053, 203, 49, 2154, 375, 525, 1342, 6888, 843, 295, 10018, 3326, 288, 7399, 360, 618, 7427, 18, 383, 2154, 375, 2458, 427, 5548, 292, 5548, 291, 375, 525, 5879, 288, 268, 1072, 331, 1520, 3461, 18, 203, 6069, 42, 73, 1116, 286, 7399, 356, 8096, 292, 293, 2154, 16, 291, 502, 886, 1040, 362, 355, 93, 6241, 352, 261, 1636, 1272, 1977, 7744, 6956, 18, 538, 55, 436, 7399, 602, 1343, 362, 355, 1242, 687, 1548, 971, 502, 709, 7470, 292, 268, 293, 2154, 18, 1097, 337, 437, 293, 2154, 16, 337, 372, 317, 3864, 532, 369, 18, 1122, 977, 532, 369, 16, 337, 437, 292, 5320, 268, 293, 2154, 360, 261, 1412, 730, 261, 1481, 73, 9481, 324, 295, 517, 18, 829, 261, 5548, 316, 6522, 360, 293, 2154, 16, 953, 5784, 288, 2624, 528, 292, 886, 4257, 2026, 502, 372, 267, 8736, 1531, 361, 462, 18, 365, 943, 3853, 289, 268, 293, 674, 316, 1391, 3461, 16, 576, 1412, 528, 292, 327, 430, 2144, 336, 917, 1053, 203, 55, 3744, 268, 1384, 1189, 10702, 3399, 268, 2458, 289, 261, 2057, 730, 3653, 4171, 361, 7559, 91, 536, 16, 1089, 629, 2208, 3566, 30, 4464, 250, 233, 3818, 372, 88, 2538, 2857, 858, 7399, 18, 3431, 5548, 788, 437, 615, 1044, 319, 2275, 281, 2857, 16, 7047, 16, 7914, 1736, 16, 269, 6348, 298, 279, 4869, 291, 725, 282, 3129, 18, 4464, 250, 233, 2080, 263, 2905, 424, 5548, 372, 87, 2857, 341, 261, 1998, 3762, 18, 391, 298, 492, 291, 4877, 269, 6348, 298, 279, 4869, 430, 695, 3798, 18, 413, 517, 5410, 274, 288, 261, 7792, 1490, 5419, 492, 2966, 16, 384, 263, 401, 8525, 16, 291, 2053, 622, 2962, 288, 268, 2045, 18, 4464, 250, 233, 3986, 758, 2404, 82, 3889, 361, 6544, 292, 4877, 444, 3237, 288, 858, 2725, 526, 292, 361, 3561, 542, 7399, 18, 4464, 250, 233, 829, 337, 10384, 261, 5548, 528, 261, 353, 6687, 702, 1903, 2057, 16, 4700, 381, 1547, 288, 261, 471, 453, 361, 1139, 4911, 2035, 268, 9473, 2355, 1022, 18, 402, 6444, 360, 6322, 1754, 3182, 1422, 356, 512, 1792, 292, 709, 1903, 1533, 730, 7559, 91, 536, 361, 3653, 4171, 18, 7992, 1060, 1463, 774, 3809, 341, 516, 7399, 16, 566, 1803, 319, 265, 5307, 1179, 7399, 361, 7399, 336, 2868, 3983, 18, 538, 52, 267, 6064, 774, 1066, 316, 261, 2104, 923, 289, 2265, 1066, 289, 424, 5548, 372, 87, 3182, 892, 1272, 4686, 10917, 2586, 69, 7744, 6956, 16, 413, 58, 49, 16, 261, 5175, 2749, 295, 10018, 4728, 430, 268, 1832, 289, 6882, 288, 461, 412, 274, 7541, 16, 2970, 69, 18 ]
Mixed communities: Success and sustainability This Foundations draws together lessons from the JRF’s Mixed Income Communities Programme, studying the experience of mixed communities and what makes them work. Mixed communities: success and sustainability Over recent years there has been growing concern about communities in Britain which do not function properly, especially some of the estates built as social housing that are now occupied only by people with low incomes. Key questions for public policy are whether socio-economically mixed communities work better, and what the key factors are which make sustainable and successful communities where people want to live. Through its Mixed Income Communities programme the Joseph Rowntree Foundation has studied the experience of a number of mixed income communities to learn more about these areas, and identify what ingredients help make neighbourhoods work. In this Foundations, Chris Holmes summarises the findings from seven research studies, encompassing more than twenty case studies, and draws together conclusions that should inform future policies towards the promotion of successful mixed communities. - Mixed income communities studied were overwhelmingly judged successful; they were not characterised by the problems often linked with exclusively low-income areas. The schemes had generally met the expectations of developers, residents and housing managers and had become pleasant places to live, learn and work. - Mixed tenure and mixed income were “non-issues” to residents – they saw their neighbours as “ordinary people”. Whilst residents may not have developed personal friendships across tenures, they described their relationships as “civil” and “polite”. There was no specific evidence of role-model effects or increased social capital. - Mixed income communities can attract young families. The research showed that young families can be attracted to inner urban areas through the availability of good schools, design and appropriate housing. However, some mixed developments lacked larger sized homes in their private sector provision. - Developers engaged in mixing tenures had no major problems. There was no evidence that mixed communities lowered the prices of houses for sale or put off potential purchasers. Design, location and quality were seen as the key factors affecting sales and price levels. - Planning tenure mix is only one part of the picture. Tenure is not fixed and, as it alters in a community, so can the population of residents. The implications of this need to be thought through and other dimensions of mix – income, home type and size, and household type – also need to be considered. In his study of mixed communities in England, Alan Berube of the Brookings Institute in Washington summarised the key disadvantages of neighbourhoods of concentrated deprivation: - “High levels of worklessness limit job networks and employment ambitions - Schools struggle to educate overwhelmingly poor populations - Poor neighbourhoods experience higher levels of crime and disorder - Area-based deprivation exacerbates health inequalities - Concentrations of deprivation reduce private sector activity and raise prices for the poor” (Berube, 2005) In the UK, there are significant and persistent inequalities between areas at ward and neighbourhood level in patterns of employment, income and, most sharply, housing tenure (Meen et al., 2005). In 1998, the Social Exclusion Unit estimated that there were more than one million households living in neighbourhoods of concentrated disadvantage. It is in response to these concerns that policies for promoting mixed income communities have been developed. The case for mixed income communities is based on a belief that concentrated poverty creates additional problems for low-income residents. Mixed communities, by contrast, are seen as a way of “tackling deprivation by reducing the additional disadvantages that face families when they are concentrated in poor neighbourhoods” (Berube, 2005). What types of mixed communities are there? The studies in the Mixed Income Communities programme show what wide variety there is. Tenure mixes in the case studies varied widely. In some, the amount of affordable housing was relatively negligible; in others, it exceeded 50 per cent. There is no conclusive evidence as to the ideal ‘level’ of tenure mix to make a community work. There were also differences in their size and scale and in their household composition. Some were overwhelmingly dominated by homes with one or two bedrooms; in others, a majority of homes had three bedrooms or more. Some neighbourhoods were characterised as ‘family areas’; some had almost no child residents. Income ranges also varied. In one case study, nearly half the households had incomes below £15,000 per year; in another, less than 20 per cent did. In some of the older developments studied, there was a “fairly narrow” social mix (Allen et al., 2005) while in new developments in London, researchers found substantial minorities with incomes both under £15,000 and over £50,000 (Silverman et al., 2005). In every dimension, the mix might be broad or narrow. Neighbourhoods with very wide disparities may face additional challenges to make them work; neighbourhoods whose socio-economic profile is overly restricted may not meet integration objectives of ‘mix’. In unpublished work for the Foundation, Rebecca Tunstall suggests that mixed communities can be divided into types, according to whether they develop naturally or intentionally, whether they involve changing existing areas or developing new ones, and what policy and subsidy regimes are used (see Table 1 overleaf). Not all types of mixed communities are achievable in all areas; reducing or preventing segregation will need different policies in different contexts. In neighbourhoods with the highest levels of deprivation, research suggests that there is likely to be a need for intensive, large-scale resources to be committed before any significant private investment will occur (Meen et al., 2005; Berube, 2005). How created \| Characteristics \| How reflected in the programme \| Through the evolution of older housing areas. \| Diverse area sizes, housing types, tenure, income and household mix. Include private housing developments with affordable housing as part of the planning requirements. \| Not covered by the case studies but included in overall trends identified in Berube, 2005; Meen et al., 2005. \| As a by-product of mainstream housing development. \| From tens to low thousands of homes; often private housing majority; exact mix depends on local market and interests of partners. Some New Towns, current Growth Areas, large planned urban extensions, and Pathfinder areas. \| Case study examples in Rowlands et al., 2006; Silverman et al., 2005; Bailey et al., forthcoming. \| By the overall masterplanning of new areas, or areas of large-scale renewal. \| From tens to high thousands of homes; usually private housing majority; diverse income, home size, household types. Masterplanning includes design and use mix; may be some extra regeneration funding or subsidy. \| Case study examples in Martin and Watkinson, 2003; Allen et al., 2005; Silverman et al., 2005; Meen et al., 2005; Bailey et al., forthcoming. \| By intentionally altering existing areas whose origins were social renting. \| Council or housing association estates that have become mixed tenure through redevelopment with demolition, sale and new building. Can be high profile process over several years with substantial public subsidy; often remain majority social and family housing. \| Case study examples in Meen et al., 2005; Silverman et al., 2005; Bailey et al., forthcoming. \| Source: Based on unpublished work by Rebecca Tunstall, London School of Economics Mixed communities: ordinary – and successful – places to live The experience of established mixed tenure communities is that owners and renters regard each other as “ordinary people”. This was demonstrated in a study that looked at the experiences of three areas created as mixed tenure communities over twenty years ago, in Peterborough, Middlesbrough and Norwich (Allen et al., 2005). It expressed itself in the attitude towards tenure mix, which was considered to be a “non-issue”. People living on the mixed tenure estates felt able to identify with each other and did not feel that they were surrounded by people who were significantly different from themselves: I personally would not think that anybody was very different whether they are renting their house off the council or buying, and I really don’t know why there is this great big emphasis. (Tenant) The man who lives in the council houses just across the road here … he’s a smashing bloke, you know, just ordinary people like us, you know. People are people and you get good and bad everywhere, don’t you, in all walks of life. (Owner) This sameness did not necessarily lead to most residents developing personal relationships across the tenures because owners and tenants mainly occupied different “social worlds”. Nevertheless neighbours tended to “bump into” each other on an occasional basis, and owners and tenants described their relationships as “civil” and “polite”. They mostly co-existed as neighbours rather than friends. This meant that co-operation between households took place but did so in relation to practical issues rather than personal issues. There was little evidence that better-off residents acted as ‘role models’ who help in finding better employment opportunities or raising expectations of attainment. Nor was there evidence that mixed tenure had enhanced social capital. However, the tenure mix appeared to have improved the relative desirability of the three study areas, allowing people to distance themselves from the prejudice that is frequently faced by those living on council estates. In this way the areas provided a higher quality of life and an opportunity for tenants to break out of the spiral associated with concentrated disadvantage that some had experienced elsewhere. Housing design similarities between owner-occupied and rented housing also blurred the tenure distinctions. By concealing tenure differences, housing design helped to emphasise similarities rather than differences between residents and therefore counteracted the potential emergence of tenure prejudice. The study found that there was general satisfaction with all of the communities, but mixed tenure was only one element. Satisfaction also resulted from the high quality of the physical environment in those communities and the provision of a range of local services. A survey of 78 local authorities and 72 housing associations (Martin and Watkinson, 2003) found that over 70 per cent had taken some initiative to “rebalance communities” on their estates. In most cases, these had been pragmatic and reactive, rather than the result of strategic decision-making. Most initiatives had been a response to financial imperatives: these included, for example, initiatives to reduce an excessive number of empty properties which were hard to let, to reduce repair costs, or to access regeneration funding. However, respondents reported that there had been social and economic benefits: lower turnover and higher tenant stability, higher levels of demand and better area reputation, a more balanced household mix, and increased property values. The studies also include examples of mixed tenure developments that did not work so well. In one, social rented housing disproportionately consisted of very large five- or six-bedroomed properties, concentrated together, and this became a focal point for complaints about behaviour and nuisance. The design of the scheme had failed to mix property sizes and to recognise the problems that could arise from a concentration of particular types of home liable to cause tensions. SAVE (Selling Alternate Vacants on Existing estates) An example of a planned programme of tenure diversification was introduced by the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust in 1998 to combat the process of decline in its model village of New Earswick in York. To sustain a balanced income mix and halt the trend towards the community becoming overwhelmingly occupied by low-income residents, the scheme allows for 50 per cent of relets to be offered on the open market for sale or shared ownership. Proceeds from sales are reinvested in rented homes elsewhere. As a result of the initiative, the Trust has seen a significant change in the perceptions of residents, and middle-income residents are keen to move into the village. There were also some examples of mixed communities which had not provided access for a full range of residents from disadvantaged areas and circumstances. Some mixed tenure areas had been selective in their lettings policies, so that they only housed people across a limited range of incomes; others had excluded people with previous problems on their tenancy record. Whilst these communities may be popular with the residents who live there, they are less successful in providing inclusive communities for people from all types of background. The overall experience amongst the communities studied was that they were more successful when there were no differences in quality and appearance between the different forms of tenure. Phased development of blocks could give rise to problems where this led to false perceptions of what the estate was, whether it was wrongly believed to be a private estate or stigmatised because of being socially rented. There were a range of experiences of properties in different tenures being ‘pepper-potted’ or clustered. There was no evidence that this in itself affected the sense of community, provided the different tenures were all well-designed and well-integrated. Inner-city mixed communities can attract young families Over the past century many residents have left inner urban areas, especially those who can afford to buy in the suburbs or small towns. Families have led the exodus from cities, often in search of better schools and a healthier environment. Although there has been recent success in attracting residents back, if cities are to thrive economically and socially they must cater for better-off people who have children, and not just for single people, young couples and low-income families. This means creating urban neighbourhoods that parents will choose as places to raise their children. Studies of mixed income communities show that most mixing across social groups takes place between children. It is these contacts – in nurseries, playgroups, schools and in public spaces – that provide opportunities for adults to meet and form relationships. Children provide a common ground and shared interest between people in different tenures. People with children have a high stake in the success of a neighbourhood and the quality of its services. One study examined the question of whether mixed inner-urban areas can attract better-off young families by looking at their experience in four mixed income communities (Silverman et al., 2005). Two of these were redevelopments of existing low-income areas (Hulme in Manchester and the Gorbals in Glasgow) and two were new developments close to the Thames in London (Britannia Village and Greenwich Millennium Village). The young families attracted to the private housing in the two regeneration projects were mostly ‘locals’, either long-term residents born in the area or those with families settled nearby, enabling links with grandparents and other relatives to be maintained. By contrast most of those who had moved into the new developments were ‘newcomers’. Some had arrived without children, attracted by the location of the new housing and its convenience for work and other amenities, but had started families while living in the community. The main factors attracting families to these areas were safe, clean and friendly neighbourhoods, good schools, and open spaces enabling children to play. Other characteristics identified as contributing to the relative success of the areas as mixed communities were the integration of the tenures and the role played by community development. The importance of schools The connection between mixed communities and mixed school populations is not straightforward but there is some evidence that well-thought-through plans can achieve desired outcomes. In Greenwich Millennium Village, parents in all tenures were very pleased with the new school which became the school of choice for the neighbourhood. Factors which played an important part in its success were that provision for the school was made ahead of demand and that, having planned the new building, the education authority invited schools across the borough to bid for a complete transfer to the new site. They chose a high-performing school near to the Greenwich Peninsula, with premises needing relocation, whose pupils were drawn from both middle-class and working-class families. Some social housing tenants moved with the school, as parents with children there received priority for the new socially rented housing in the development. There is a clear message from the four case studies that families with housing choice can be attracted to mixed income developments, and that households without children can be retained when they start families. Of course, though, they will only do so if there are suitable homes for them to purchase in the first place, and suitable homes to move into as their families grow. Developers argue that they increase densities to make mixed tenure development stack up financially, particularly where quotas for affordable housing are high (Rowlands et al., 2006). This may lead to smaller homes and reduced opportunities for families in the private sector housing. If children in the area are only housed in the social rented sector, this presents its own problems of integration. Similarly, retaining families with housing choice is hampered if mixed communities lack the larger homes for sale that growing families require (Silverman et al., 2005). Also, if prices rise as a result of an area developing a good reputation, families can be priced out of the market. Developers are willing to engage in building mixed communities One study examined the attitude of developers towards mixed tenure developments through interviews with a sample actively engaged in the field and the experiences and attitudes of mixed community residents living in private housing in five case study areas (Rowlands et al., 2006). The study also analysed data from the sale prices of properties in three locations to determine any impact of mixed tenure on prices. The study found no major problems in developing mixed tenure estates, and most people were happy living in a socially mixed community (although a minority did see it as a disadvantage). There was no evidence that mixing tenures affected house prices. The developers were not concerned about mixed tenure developments as such. There was no significant evidence that mixed tenure affected the marketability of developments. In their view, potential purchasers were more likely to be influenced by the design, location and nature of the property they were buying and the development as a whole. Whatever its mix, a good quality development will be more marketable than a poor standard one. These developers saw mixed tenure as the norm, to be made to work well by appropriate design and management. High quality mixed tenure residential areas were seen as the way of establishing a strong business position and securing the long-term viability of new urban development. Amongst the survey of private sector households, when residents were asked to rank the reasons which were important when choosing a property, those rated highest were size, number of bedrooms, price, adequate car parking and privacy levels. When asked about choosing an area, the factors ranked most highly were a safe area, good shopping facilities, proximity to work, good social and leisure facilities, and good transport links. Overall the levels of satisfaction were high, with 89 per cent of home-owners being satisfied. The questionnaire was designed so that it would not prompt residents to identify issues around mixed communities until the end of the interview, when specific questions were asked about both income mix and tenure mix. Amongst those who had purchased their homes, 53 per cent thought that having householders with different incomes made no difference whilst 24 per cent had a positive view of the mix. The views as to tenure mix were similarly weighted towards its acceptability; 38 per cent of owners felt that it was positive and 27 per cent had a neutral view. The analysis of property values showed that the prices realised for properties on mixed tenure estates were comparable with those in the local market. Although the variations were greater when analysed against the wider market, the researchers point out that other factors – property size, property age and neighbourhood characteristics and location – probably played a greater determining role than tenure mix. The research found no evidence that mixed tenure on its own had a negative impact on property values. To succeed, properly mixed income communities need adequate investment. For new developments physical and social infrastructure must be on site before the first residents move in, and this is especially important for schools. Services are needed for disadvantaged residents and extra services may be needed to facilitate mix, including community development and good quality housing and neighbourhood management. More widely, if the specification includes elements about mixing the size and type of properties, there will be a greater likelihood that there is a mix in terms of age, life cycle, income and other factors. The overall conclusion from the study was that there is no significant problem in developing mixed tenure estates. However, mixing tenure does not inevitably lead to the mix of incomes anticipated at the outset because of increasing ‘tenure fluidity’. Tenure mix and income mix Policy on mixed communities has traditionally focused on the mix of housing tenure – whether homes are owned or rented. This has been used as a convenient tool because of its close association with household income. However, tenure alone cannot guarantee mix in the longer term. As the tenure of neighbourhoods changes over time, local populations may change too. In some of the areas studied, there was evidence of concerns prompted by the growth of private renting. This shift from home-ownership had not been contemplated at the outset and presented additional challenges in ensuring that communities were seamlessly managed and sustained. Tenure ‘fluidity’ makes it very difficult to manage (or control) the profile of areas in the long term. ‘Buy-to-let’ is one initiative that can affect attractive, city fringe developments which may shift into this market. Less attractive inner city or suburban developments may be let at market rents to local authorities for those in extreme housing need. ‘Homebuy’ and other low-cost or shared ownership schemes further complicate the picture. In order to achieve long-term sustainability there are advantages in forms of ownership which help to retain the broad mix. One model is the Community Land Trust which safeguards the ownership of land with the whole community, and makes it possible to exercise controls over who purchases properties and how a whole community is managed over the longer term. There is an apparent divergence in government policy, which is seeking to promote more socially balanced mixed communities yet also encourages a free housing market with greater tenure fluidity. Nevertheless, tenure mix at the outset at least ensures that those on lower incomes, whose access to a community is contingent upon the availability of social renting, do have such access. Mixed communities in the United States Economic and ethnic segregation in the UK is not at levels seen in the USA, where the backdrop and context to policy on cities and housing are very different. Translating messages from one country to the other therefore needs to be approached carefully. However, the US schemes have been well-researched and can provide some interesting lessons. Policies to encourage greater mix in US cities have been in place for over ten years. These include the ‘HOPE VI’ schemes which redeveloped public housing to create tenure and income mix, and the ‘Moving to Opportunity’ scheme which provided rent subsidy for inner city public housing residents to relocate to privately rented homes in the suburbs. Some of the US work usefully distinguishes between the impact on the area and that on individual households, a missing dimension to many UK studies. The Hope VI project is also a rare example of diversifying income mix in existing middle-income communities rather than existing low-income neighbourhoods. More details: Berube, 2005 The studies have demonstrated that mixed income communities can give low-income residents access to successful environments. Although a minority of better-off households may have negative views, most are either neutral or prefer mixed income communities. Unlike those on low incomes, they have the choice of moving elsewhere. A number of the studies highlight factors which are seen as important in making mixed income communities successful, such as the quality and design of the homes. Some of these are perceived as at least as important as the social mix. For example: “There is evidence that social mix is a relatively insignificant explanation of neighbourhood satisfaction. It is more to do with environmental quality, privacy, and perceived safety. The implication is that social or neighbourhood impacts of mixing through housing policies may be overstated.” (Meen et al., 2005) For residents for whom the alternative is a deprived, low-income estate, however, the social mix may be the element which enables them to enjoy the benefits of living in a successful neighbourhood. For society as a whole, promoting inclusive mixed communities has major benefits for the overall social fabric. What do we still need to know? Although the Mixed Income Communities research programme has generated important new evidence, it cannot claim to be comprehensive. Amongst the most important unanswered questions are: - Can more be learnt from the experience – positive and negative – of mixed areas that have evolved over time? Does policy need to give more attention to sustaining those that are currently successful? - Are the most deprived people ‘selected out’ in the belief that this achieves other elements of success? If so, is this exclusion really necessary? - Does creating mix through altering existing areas help their most disadvantaged residents? Or are these people simply ‘displaced’? - How does ethnicity play out within these debates? In particular, how does the agenda of ‘mixed communities’ sit alongside those of ‘community cohesion’ and ‘community integration’? Achieving successful mixed communities Mixed communities are not a panacea for all problems, but they can be attractive and popular places for a full range of households to live. Although their delivery requires careful thought, design and management, the research indicates that many potential problems can be overcome if they are given the required attention. Researchers at the University of Westminster are drawing on the work of the others and on their own case studies to create a ‘good practice guide’ for those involved in planning, implementing and managing mixed developments (Bailey et al., forthcoming). This judges that there are four essential prerequisites for the successful development of new mixed neighbourhoods: - a clear assessment of local housing needs and market conditions; - a briefing and masterplanning process which produces a full range of housing types and sizes, located in an attractive environment, with a high quality public realm and well connected to the wider urban context; - a vision promoted and sustained by all stakeholders which is robust but flexible enough to allow for inevitable adjustments and changes arising from local housing conditions; and - an appropriate system of housing and environmental management that is based on a partnership between all stakeholders, includes substantial community involvement, and is locally based. Decisions relating to these factors need to be made in the initial planning process: they become increasingly difficult and expensive to change later on. The guide also identifies the quality of vision and leadership as a key factor. This applies at every stage, including the masterplanning, selection of partners, and knowing the limits of compromise. The importance of leadership applies equally to the planning of new developments and the regeneration of existing low-income neighbourhoods. ‘Place-making’ rather than just ‘house building’ needs to be the vision. For society as a whole there are strong benefits from promoting mixed income communities. The research studies show that they are a tested way of delivering high quality, popular neighbourhoods which achieve socio-economic integration. This paper draws on the JRF’s Mixed Income Communities programme. See below for details of the seven research studies involved. All reports are available for free download from this website. - Economic segregation in England: Causes, consequences and policy - Rebalancing communities: Introducing mixed incomes into existing rented housing estates - Mixed tenure twenty years on: Nothing out of the ordinary - A good place for children? Attracting and retaining families in inner urban mixed income communities - More than tenure mix: Developer and purchaser attitudes to new housing estates - Creating and sustaining mixed income communities: A good practice guide - Mixed communities in England: A US perspective on evidence and policy prospects	<urn:uuid:1450d006-0b5a-4b63-afca-0b99acd27944>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.jrf.org.uk/housing/mixed-communities-success-and-sustainability	2024-02-21T21:15:24Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.970729	5,695	2.78125	3	[ 49, 1156, 286, 2552, 30, 10726, 291, 4952, 203, 4326, 4768, 500, 2395, 87, 1875, 5102, 427, 268, 596, 54, 42, 372, 87, 383, 1156, 286, 2965, 436, 3608, 647, 4230, 1475, 16, 5732, 268, 1432, 289, 6465, 2552, 291, 768, 1892, 622, 716, 18, 203, 49, 1156, 286, 2552, 30, 1577, 291, 4952, 203, 51, 357, 2650, 935, 686, 528, 712, 2574, 4621, 608, 2552, 288, 6458, 518, 565, 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One way of tracing the progressive disenchantment from the doctrine of bodily resurrection is to study the changes that were progressively introduced into the closing words of the Gevurot benediction of the Amidah. Reform Judaism: Stress the Soul’s Afterlife The earliest Reformers were loath to tamper with the traditional liturgy, but at a conference of Reform rabbis in Brunswick [Germany] in 1844, Abraham Geiger, the acknowledged ideological father of Classical Reform, suggested that his movement must deal with some liturgical doctrines that were foreign to the new age. One of these was the hope for an afterlife, which, he proposed, should now stress not the resurrection of the body but rather the immortality of the soul. In the 1854 prayer book Geiger edited for his congregation in Breslau, he kept the original Hebrew of the benediction, but translated its concluding passage, “der Leben spendet hier und dort” (freely translated: “who bestows life in this world and the other”). The champion of the radical wing of Classical Reform was David Einhorn (1809-1879). Einhorn was singularly responsible for transplanting Reform ideology from Germany to America. In his 1856 prayer book, Olat Tamid: Book of Prayers for Jewish Congregations, published for his congregation in Baltimore, Einhorn replaced the traditional Hebrew closing formula with a new version that praises God, “Who has planted immortal life within us.” That formula was later used in the 1895 Union Prayer Book, which became standard in all American Reform congregations until 1975, when it was replaced by The New Union Prayer Book, more commonly known as Gates of Prayer. This latter prayer book, in turn, typically substitutes for the closing words of the benediction, the formula mehaye hakol (variously translated: “Source of life,” or “Creator of life.”) These liturgical changes were echoed in the various platforms issued by American Reform rabbis as a way of giving their movement a measure of ideological coherence. An 1869 conference of Reform rabbis, held in Philadelphia, affirmed that “(t)he belief in the bodily resurrection has no religious foundation, and the doctrine of immortality refers to the after‑existence of souls alone.” This Philadelphia statement served as the basis for an even more influential statement of the principles of Reform, the Pittsburgh Platform, adopted in 1885. The sixth paragraph of that statement asserts that “…the soul of man is immortal.” It continues, “(w)e reject as ideas not rooted in Judaism the belief…in bodily resurrection…” Finally, the 1937 Columbus Platform states, “Judaism affirms that man is created in the image of God. His spirit is immortal.” Still a third expression of the shift in thinking among Reform rabbis can be seen in theological treatises such as Kaufman Kohler’s Jewish Theology: Systematically and Historically Considered (republished, New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1968). Einhorn’s son‑in‑law, Kohler (1843‑1969) succeeded him as the champion of the radical wing of American Reform. He was responsible for convening the Pittsburgh Conference and for drafting its platform. Kohler’s book devotes three full chapters to a historical overview of Jewish thinking on the afterlife and concludes that “…he who recognizes the unchangeable will of an all‑wise, all‑ruling God in the immutable laws of nature must find it impossible to praise God…as the ‘reviver of the dead,’ but will avail himself instead of the expression…, ‘He who has implanted within us immortal life'” (pp. 296‑297). For Kohler, God’s power reveals itself not in the miraculous but rather in the “immutable laws of nature,” which decree that all material things must die, that death is final, and that only the spiritual can live eternally. Reconstructing Beliefs About Resurrection Apart from American Reform, the other modern Jewish religious movement that dismissed bodily resurrection outright was Mordecai Kaplan’s Reconstructionism. Kaplan (1881‑1983) was arguably American Judaism’s most innovative thinker. A thoroughgoing religious and theological naturalist [i.e. he rejected the “supernatural”], he propounded the view that Judaism was the “civilization” of the Jewish people. The Jewish people can then reformulate its beliefs and practices to make it possible for new generations of Jews to identify with their civilization. In 1945, Kaplan published his Sabbath Prayer Book, which carried his ideological commitments into the liturgy. His introduction to the prayer book lists the “Modification of Traditional Doctrines” reflected in his work, and one of these is the doctrine of resurrection (pp. xvii‑xviii). Kaplan rejects resurrection, accepts spiritual immortality, but refuses to impose it on the traditional liturgical text of the Amidah. In place of the traditional formula, he uses a phrase from the High Holiday liturgy that praises God “…Who in love rememberest Thy creatures unto life.” This was but one of the many changes in the traditional liturgy that led to Kaplan’s excommunication by a group of Orthodox rabbis. A more recent Reconstructionist prayer book, Kol Haneshamah (1994), replaces Kaplan’s phrase with a version of the Reform formula, “Who gives and restores life.” A literal translation of the Hebrew mehaye kol hai, by contrast, would read simply “who gives life to all living things.” Conserve the Hebrew, Shade the English The Conservative Movement in contemporary American Judaism was born in 1886. As its name implies, it was a conservative reaction to what it viewed as the excesses of American Reform and its Pittsburgh Platform. In contrast to Reform, this movement generally avoided ideological self‑definition, largely because it perceived itself to be a broad coalition of the more traditionalist elements in American Judaism. The various prayer books published by the Conservative movement generally (but not always) avoid tampering with the traditional Hebrew liturgy. The movement’s preferred strategy for dealing with troublesome doctrines embodied in the liturgy is to retain the Hebrew text but to shade the translation to reflect a more acceptable reading of the doctrine. As an instance of this practice, the 1945 Sabbath and Festival Prayer Book, omnipresent in Conservative congregations in the middle decades of this century, translates the concluding words of the Gevurot benediction, “who calls the dead to life everlasting.” In the foreword to this prayer book, Robert Gordis, the Conservative rabbi and scholar who chaired the committee that edited the prayer book, justifies this translation by noting that this rendering of the traditional Hebrew “…is linguistically sound and rich in meaning for those who cherish the faith in human immortality, as much as for those who maintain the belief in resurrection” (pp. viii‑ix). Gordis’ personal predilection for spiritual immortality over bodily resurrection is recorded in his A Faith for Moderns (revised and augmented edition, New York: Bloch Publishing Co., 1971): “The facet in man’s nature which is deathless, the vital spark, the breath of life, we call the soul” (pp. 251‑252). A more recent prayer book for use in Conservative congregations, Siddur Sim Shalom (1985), is more aggressive in its liturgical changes, yet it retains the traditional Hebrew formula for the Gevurot benediction, which it translates “give life to the dead,” or more freely, “Master of life and death.” Orthodoxy: Revival in All Languages Finally, all prayer books for use in contemporary American Orthodox congregations primarily the various editions compiled by Philip Birnbaum (New York: Hebrew Publishing Co.) and those under the Art Scroll imprint (New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd.), retain the traditional Hebrew text of the liturgy and translate it literally as either “…who revives the dead” or “…who resuscitates the dead.” By the middle of the twentieth century then, the entire liberal wing of the American Jewish religious community had abandoned the doctrine of resurrection, either explicitly by modifying the Hebrew liturgy, implicitly by shading its translation in favor of 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Nail polish is a popular beauty accessory that allows individuals to express their creativity and style. However, when it comes to our little ones, especially toddlers, concerns about their safety and well-being become paramount. One particular aspect that often raises questions is the acrylic smell emanating from nail polish. Is it harmful to toddlers? Should parents be worried? In this blog post, we will delve into the topic of acrylic smell and its potential impact on toddlers. By understanding the composition of nail polish, the associated risks, and safety measures, we aim to provide parents with valuable insights to make informed decisions about nail polish use for their little ones. Potential Health Risks for Toddlers As parents, we strive to create a safe environment for our toddlers, shielding them from potential harm. When it comes to nail polish and the associated acrylic smell, it is essential to understand the potential health risks that may affect our little ones. While the smell itself may not be directly harmful, it is indicative of certain chemical components present in nail polish that can pose risks to toddlers. Inhalation Risks from Acrylic Smell When nail polish is applied, the chemicals in the polish can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, leading to the distinctive acrylic smell. Toddlers, with their developing respiratory systems, may be more susceptible to the inhalation of these VOCs. Prolonged exposure to high levels of VOCs can irritate the respiratory tract and may even contribute to respiratory issues such as asthma or allergies. Skin Contact Risks Toddlers often explore their surroundings through touch, and if they come into direct contact with nail polish containing harmful chemicals, it can potentially lead to skin irritation or allergic reactions. Certain chemicals present in nail polish, such as formaldehyde, toluene, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), are known skin irritants and may cause redness, itching, or rashes on sensitive toddler skin. Toddlers are naturally curious and may inadvertently put their hands or fingers into their mouths, leading to the ingestion of nail polish chemicals. While nail polish is not intended for ingestion, it is crucial to note that some formulas contain toxic substances. Ingesting nail polish can result in digestive issues, nausea, or poisoning, depending on the chemical composition. It is important to remember that the severity of these risks depends on various factors such as the frequency and duration of exposure, the specific chemical composition of the nail polish, and the individual sensitivity of the toddler. However, even low-level exposures to harmful chemicals over an extended period can accumulate and potentially have adverse effects on a toddler’s health. Read This Next: Safety Measures for Toddlers and Nail Polish When it comes to the safety of our toddlers, it is important to be proactive and take necessary precautions when using nail polish. By implementing the following safety measures, we can minimize potential risks and create a safer environment for our little ones. Choose Non-Toxic and Child-Friendly Nail Polish Brands Look for nail polish brands that specifically label their products as non-toxic and safe for children. These brands typically avoid or minimize the use of harmful chemicals like formaldehyde, toluene, DBP, and camphor. Reading product labels and researching reputable brands can help you make informed choices. Ensure Proper Ventilation and Open Spaces When applying nail polish, make sure the area is well-ventilated. Open windows or use fans to promote air circulation, allowing any fumes or VOCs to disperse. Avoid applying nail polish in enclosed spaces or rooms with poor ventilation, as this can lead to a higher concentration of chemicals in the air. Limit Exposure Time Keep nail polish application sessions short and concise, especially when it involves toddlers. The longer the exposure, the higher the likelihood of inhaling or coming into contact with the chemicals. Try to complete the application process efficiently and avoid unnecessarily extending the duration. Use Nail Polish in Well-Ventilated Areas Whenever possible, consider applying nail polish outdoors or in areas with ample fresh air. This helps to further minimize the concentration of VOCs in the immediate environment, reducing potential inhalation risks for your toddler. Consider Alternative Nail Polish Options Explore non-toxic and water-based nail polish alternatives that are specifically designed for children. These alternatives are generally free from harmful chemicals and offer a safer option for nail polish enthusiasts in the toddler age group. Water-based nail polishes are also easier to remove, reducing the need for harsh removers. Store Nail Polish out Of Reach Ensure that nail polish bottles are stored securely and out of reach of curious toddlers. Accidental spills or ingestion can be prevented by keeping the products in a safe place, preferably in a locked cabinet or drawer. Practical Tips for Parents As parents, we play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and well-being of our toddlers when it comes to nail polish. Here are some practical tips to keep in mind when engaging in nail polish activities with your little ones: Educate Toddlers About Nail Polish Safety Take the time to explain to your toddler the importance of using nail polish safely. Teach them that nail polish is meant for external use only and should not be ingested. Encourage them to avoid putting their fingers or hands in their mouth after nail polish application. Supervision and Monitoring During Nail Polish Application Always be present and closely supervise your toddler during nail polish application. Keep a watchful eye to ensure they do not touch their face, mouth, or eyes with nail polish on their fingers. Promptly clean any accidental spills or smudges to prevent ingestion or skin contact. Removing Nail Polish Safely and Effectively When it’s time to remove the nail polish, opt for non-toxic nail polish removers or gentle alternatives like warm soapy water. Avoid using acetone-based removers, as they can be harsh on the skin and nails. Use a cotton ball or pad to gently wipe off the nail polish, ensuring that your toddler’s skin is not irritated during the process. Encourage Breaks Between Nail Polish Applications To minimize continuous exposure to nail polish, encourage breaks between applications. Allow your toddler’s nails to breathe and recover by having nail polish-free periods. This can help reduce the accumulation of potential chemicals on the nails and minimize any associated risks. Focus on Overall Hand Hygiene Emphasize the importance of regular handwashing with mild soap and water, both before and after nail polish application. This helps to remove any residue or chemicals from the skin, reducing the chances of skin irritation or accidental ingestion. Prioritize Play and Non-Nail Polish Activities While nail polish can be a fun and creative activity, it’s important to encourage a diverse range of playtime activities for your toddler. Engage them in outdoor play, arts and crafts, and other non-nail polish related activities to ensure a balanced and well-rounded playtime experience. Read This Next: Is It Safe to Take a Toddler to A Nail Salon There are a lot of opinions on whether or not it is safe to take a toddler to a nail salon. Pediatricians generally say that it is safe as long as the salon is clean and well-ventilated. However, there are some potential risks involved in taking a child to a nail salon. One of the main concerns is exposure to harsh chemicals that are used in the pedicure and manicure process. These chemicals can be harmful if they are ingested or come into contact with the child’s skin. It is important to ask the salon about their safety procedures and make sure that they use products that are marked as being safe for children. If you have any concerns, it is best to err on the side of caution and skip the trip to the salon. Is It Bad to Smell Acrylic While Pregnant? There is no definitive answer to this question as research on the matter is inconclusive. Some experts believe that there is no harm in smelling acrylic fumes while pregnant, while others advise pregnant women to avoid any contact with the chemical. One study, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, found that pregnant women who were exposed to high levels of acrylic acid (a component of acrylic fumes) had an increased risk of having a child with birth defects. However, other studies have failed to find a link between exposure to acrylic fumes and adverse health effects in pregnant women and their children. At this time, there is not enough evidence to say for certain whether or not it is harmful for pregnant women to smell acrylic fumes. Until more research is conducted, it may be best to avoid any contact with the chemical while pregnant. The well-being of our toddlers should always be our top priority, and being aware of potential risks associated with everyday products is crucial. While the acrylic smell from nail polish can be a cause for concern, taking appropriate safety measures can minimize any potential harm. Opting for non-toxic and child-friendly nail polish brands, ensuring proper ventilation during application, and limiting exposure time are practical steps parents can take to protect their toddlers. Additionally, exploring alternative nail polish options that are non-toxic and water-based can provide a safer and healthier choice. By staying informed and following the recommended safety guidelines, parents can strike a balance between their child’s desire to explore nail polish and their overall well-being. 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Phalaenopsis honghenensis is an epiphytic orchid species, which is native to Honghe in Yunnan. This is the region in China which gives this orchid species its name, but Phalaenopsis honghenensis can also be found growing in Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand. Phalaenopsis honghenensis can be found growing at about 2000m above sea level, on the trunks and branches of mossy, lichen covered trees in Vietnam, Thailand, and China. Phalaenopsis honghenensis flowering Phalaenopsis honghenensis is a spring flowering orchid. The flower buds of Phalaenopsis honghenensis open first at the base of the flowering stem. The flower buds at the bottom of the flowering stem open first, and then the flower buds open in sequence, starting at the base, then working up to the top – towards the tip of the flowering stem. The flower buds at the tip of the flowering stem open last. Phalaenopsis honghenensis fragrance The flowers of this Phalaenopsis honghenensis specimen produce a sweet and quite spicy fragrance, it’s a complex scent, which has definite similarities to the sweet, yet spicy, clove like scent produced by an old fashioned flower – the pinks, which are also known by their botanical name of Dianthus. My Phalaenopsis honghenensis flowers also have an unexpected and very dominant fragrance character – they smell like cooked bacon! The fragrance is quite sweet in its nature, it reminds me of ‘Frazzles’, a bacon flavoured crisp, which was popular with children in the 1990s! Phalaenopsis honghenensis flowers produce a sweet, spicy, bacon like fragrance, which also features citrus scent notes. My Phalaenopsis honghenensis plants produce flowers which seem to be fragrant each time I encounter them, whether day or night. Although, I definitely notice that this Phalaenopsis honghenensis specimen’s flowers’ fragrance is at its most pronounced during the daytime, particularly during the afternoon. Phalaenopsis honghenensis roots Phalaenopsis honghenensis produces very long, flattened roots, which are beautifully silvery, shiny, and reflective when newly developed. The newer Phalaenopsis honghenensis roots often display green or maroon-green coloured root caps. Older Phalaenopsis honghenensis roots have a rather more dishevelled appearance. These mature roots remind me of extra long, white shoelaces, which were too long for their allocated running shoes, were run through a marathon of cold, wet, British weather, only to then be discarded in somewhat of a muddy tangle, to be discovered later in the shed, where they have discoloured and hardened. The roots of Phalaenopsis honghenensis secure this orchid species onto the tree trunk and branches of the tree that the orchid grows upon. My Phalaenopsis honghenenis specimen produces long shoelace like roots that grow up around the plant, they hang decoratively below this orchid and its cork mount. Phalaenopsis honghenensis is an epiphyte – a plant that grows upon another plant. Epiphytic plants are not parasitic, they don’t take any sustenance, energy, or nutrients away from their host plants. Epiphytic plants simply use their host plant to raise them up, which enables the epiphytic plant to gain a better position, with the opportunity to grow in a more beneficial environment for the plant, without needing to grow so large themselves to get to that height, or to that position. You could think of epiphytic plants as opportunists! Epiphytic plants often grow on trees, but some epiphytic plants do grow on other, smaller plants, such as shrubs. Phalaenopsis honghenensis grows on the tree trunks and branches of deciduous trees, where these orchids gain a higher position within the deciduous forest. Here in this higher level of the forest, Phalaenopsis honghenensis orchids can receive more light, and enjoy better air circulation, both around the plants themselves and their extended root systems. The plant’s raised position allows rainwater to run down the tree’s trunk and branches, washing over the plants and running down, or over the orchid’s roots, and then away from the plants. It’s easy to picture epiphytic plants growing at the very top of trees, on top of the tree’s uppermost branches, facing the direct sunlight, but many plants, including Phalaenopsis honghenensis can be seen growing on the main trunk of a tree, where they are somewhat shaded by the branches and leaves above. This orchid species can also be found growing underneath the union of a tree’s trunk and branch, in and on the underside of the fork between the main tree trunk and the branch of a tree, as well as growing on the more shaded sides of trees, away from the harsher and more direct of the sun’s rays. The moss, and to a lesser extent lichen, which often grow over the bark of the tree trunks and branches of the trees that Phalaenopsis honghenensis grows on, absorb rainwater. The moss holds onto the moisture for longer, meaning the moss covered areas of tree bark offer a more amenable growing environment, therefore assisting this orchid in maintaining the necessary humid growing conditions that this epiphytic orchid species favours. Due to Phalaenopsis honghenensis‘ epiphytic nature of growing raised up on the trunks and in the branches of trees, the rainwater washes over these plants and their roots, but thanks to the height of the trees, the plants and their roots are never submerged by the water, which could induce rotting or unfavourable growing conditions if the plants were to grow over the ground or in an area where the water could not escape so quickly. Phalaenopsis honghenensis culture Phalaenopsis honghenensis plants favour being grown in temperatures that range from a minimum winter, night time temperature of 10C (50F), to a high summer daytime temperature of 30C (86F). I grow this Phalaenopsis honghenensis plant inside my Orchidarium, where the plant grows within its preferred temperature range, in an environment that is continually very humid. This Phalaenopsis honghenensis plant is misted every morning. Buying Phalaenopsis honghenensis plants Orchids suffer at human hands, due to over collection, deforestation, logging, human expansion, and other plant atrocities, this has had an incredibly damaging and often sadly irreversible effect on many orchids and other plant species, leading some plants to become extinct before they have even been recorded. Whether a plant is recorded or not, I think it is just simply terrible for a plant to become extinct through the consequences of our own greed. Please only purchase plants that are grown ethically and responsibly in cultivation, or in conjunction with conservation efforts. Please never take orchids or other plants from the wild. Phalaenopsis honghenensis identification Orchids are the most diverse plant species; with so numerous a group of plants and related species it is easy to misidentify an orchid species and to be growing a different orchid than you expect. There is some ambiguity with the naming of a number of Phalaenopsis species. I believe the plant I have shown you in this article to be Phalaenopsis honghenensis, but I could be wrong – the entry on orchidspecies.com lists Phalaenopsis honghenensis as producing racemose inflorescences, which are shorter than the raceme that my plant has produced. Orchid Species lists Phalaenopsis honghenensis as producing racemes comprised of three to six flowers, whereas my Phalaenopsis plant’s current flowering stem has produced nine flower buds. What do you think? Is this Phalaenopsis honghenensis? The flowering stem of my Phalaenopsis honghenensis specimen, the flowering stem you see pictured here with open flowers, measures 18cm (7.1 inches). I have taken this photograph using a British five pence piece for scale to more clearly show the size of my orchid’s flowers. Phalaenopsis honghenensis and Phalaenopsis taenialis – similar orchid species There are similarities between a number of closely related Phalaenopsis species, including: Phalaenopsis hainanensis, Phalaenopsis stobartiana, Phalaenopsis wilsonii, Phalaenopsis honghenensis, and Phalaenopsis taenialis. Other articles that may interest you………. To see my Tall Orchidarium being set up and planted, please click here. To read about how my Orchidarium was created, please click here. To read the first part of my White Orchid Trial, please click here. To read the first part of my Madagascar Orchid Trial, please click here. To read the first part of my Miniature Orchid Trial, please click here. To see a planting list of ideal terrarium plants, please click here.	<urn:uuid:305e0b64-d032-45a5-8c5a-966cabcd5834>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.pumpkinbeth.com/2018/02/growing-phalaenopsis-honghenensis/	2024-02-21T20:35:13Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz	en	0.919809	1,998	2.65625	3	[ 8670, 7172, 270, 3533, 277, 3943, 472, 270, 614, 277, 316, 363, 3136, 517, 2626, 410, 361, 355, 323, 1678, 16, 518, 316, 4289, 292, 402, 266, 472, 73, 288, 663, 374, 82, 282, 18, 540, 316, 268, 2225, 288, 3070, 518, 3581, 456, 361, 355, 323, 1678, 606, 1932, 16, 566, 1629, 7172, 270, 3533, 277, 3943, 472, 270, 614, 277, 375, 525, 327, 986, 2574, 288, 3491, 282, 4009, 16, 8719, 16, 291, 321, 726, 481, 18, 203, 8670, 7172, 270, 3533, 277, 3943, 472, 270, 614, 277, 375, 327, 986, 2574, 430, 608, 6431, 81, 2159, 3542, 966, 16, 341, 268, 432, 374, 530, 291, 7272, 289, 293, 1181, 93, 16, 308, 477, 270, 4738, 2998, 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Last year, we explained how the First Amendment affects bloggers. The laws and decisions that go into protecting bloggers may also affect rights regarding the first amendment and social media postings. You may have encountered virulent arguments on social media about topics that should not have provoked that type of reaction. At some point, you or someone else may be accused of and reported for promoting “hate speech.” Maybe you just stated an opinion, and someone shot back an inflammatory comment. Does First Amendment cover you? Defining hate speech “Hate speech” isn’t a legal term, but is one used to describe speech that’s intended to attack or demean another individual or group. This type of speech is usually based on characteristics that are illegal to use for discrimination, such as race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or age. Hate speech has also come to mean any type of comment that another individual does not agree with, even if it’s not specifically insulting or demeaning. Simply hurling insults at someone is offensive, but not against the law. But hate crimes, targeting someone because of the above characteristics, are a matter of criminal law, not civil. What is social media? Websites, apps and other forms of electronic communication allow people to communicate and share content in real time. Most people are familiar with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube, and similar websites, as well as professional networking site Linkedin. Depending on the platform, you can disseminate any type of information to your friends, private groups or the user community at large. When a post, picture, or other piece of content “goes viral,” it’s shared widely and occasionally appears in broadcast media. This can be anything from a cute cat video to a vicious diatribe targeting a group of individuals, and anything in between. With a combined social media user community in the billions, one share can put your post in front of the entire world in the blink of an eye. While many social media users share pictures of whatever they’re doing, eating, drinking, or watching, hate groups use the same medium to disseminate their own messages. This is where the First Amendment and social media come into play. The difference between the First Amendment and social media Hate groups from all over the world have routinely used social media to spread their message, recruiting and bringing more people into their fold. The recent attack on a German synagogue was live-streamed on Twitch by the shooter wearing a helmet camera. But it wasn’t the first time social media has been used to broadcast such an event. For instance: standing in the public square and shouting insults will upset people of that you’re targeting, but the comments are constitutionally protected. However, threats of and encouraging violence, the so-called “fighting words,” are not constitutionally protected, and may also get you arrested. Making the same comments on social media may be First Amendment protected, but may violate the platform’s “community standards.” This means that although your comments are constitutionally protected, the platform itself does not have to allow you to say it on their “premises.” It’s akin to saying something insulting to someone in their own home. You can say it on the sidewalk, but they don’t have to allow you in to say it in the privacy of their living room. By the same token, social media companies have the right to tell you that you can’t say that on their privately owned platform. Users are allowed to “flag” comments that they believe to be hate speech, but flags are also used in retaliation for benign comments that someone simply disagreed with. This makes it more difficult to find true hate speech and combat it. While social media companies have broad powers to restrict hate speech in their platforms, their capacity is lacking to catch and control everything that violates their community standards. It happens sometimes that people are arrested for reasons they don’t understand. You’ve done nothing wrong, but there you are, sitting in the back of a police car (not resisting arrest), and you’re not sure why. It happens more often than you think, and the ACLU has stepped in to assist hundreds of people like Valerie Rodriguez, a lady unlucky enough to have the same name as someone else who committed a crime. A police officer who failed to do the proper research facilitated the arrest of an innocent woman instead of one that caused harm. Police officers may be quick to make an arrest if they believe you aren’t complying with their request. Unfortunately, even catchall charges like disorderly conduct and resisting arrest are up to the officer’s discretion. Even not acting fast enough when the officer tells you something can be “resisting arrest,” giving an officer free reign. If you’re innocent of the disorderly conduct but tried to resist arrest, that second charge may stick when you go to court. An officer’s report may be written to indicate that you have broken the law, when in fact, they may be covering up their own mistakes. Interfering with a police officer’s duties and preventing him from making an arrest constitutes resisting arrest. This is true whether the individual is innocent of any charges or not. If you do resist being arrested in Denver, CO, and you are innocent of the original charge, you’ll still be charged with resisting arrest under 18-8-103 (1) C.R.S, which is a Class 2 misdemeanor. You could face fines of up to $1,000 and as much as a year in jail. Defenses against resisting arrest There are defenses against this charge: Self-defense, in which the individual intends to protect himself or herself against an assault by a police officer In defense of another individual The police officer is acting as a private person and not in his or her official capacity as a law enforcement officer The police officer uses excessive force when it isn’t warranted However, unlawful or false arrest are not defenses; you’ll need to fight this kind of charge in court. If you are arrested for resisting arrest in Denver, CO The safest way to proceed is to go along with the officer, do not resist, and give them no additional information beyond your name. State that you would like to answer any other questions in the presence of an attorney. Anything you say to the police, even before they read your Miranda Rights to you, can be used against you in court. Therefore, make no statements to anyone involved, including the police, without the presence of an attorney at your side. Once you’ve been freed from jail, find an attorney who will not only defend you from the charge of resisting arrest, but demonstrate that you were, in fact, innocent of the original charge for which you were being arrested. Defend your rights with a Colorado civil rights attorney Most charges of resisting arrest are defensible. If a prosecutor offers you a plea bargain, you’ll still have a criminal conviction on your record. To avoid conviction, it’s best to take your case into a jury trial. That’s where a civil rights attorney can help. If you or someone you know has been charged with resisting arrest and is innocent of charges, get the legal help you need immediately. Call the Civil Rights Litigation Group at (720) 515-6165, or use our online contact form, to schedule your free consultation with us today. We’ll fight to help you clear your name against false arrests and other over-reaching actions by police. Filing a lawsuit for any kind of discrimination is a difficult decision that isn’t taken lightly. Age discrimination is particularly difficult, and can have long-term ramifications. Age discrimination is personal. You’ve worked hard for a long time and have a lot of years of good experience. But suddenly, after your 40th (or 50th) birthday, you wake up and realize you’re not working there anymore. You may have a very difficult time finding a new job, especially after 50. What happened? With more employees shunning retirement and working longer, age discrimination is becoming more common in companies both large and small. The EEOC reports that age discrimination complaints are increasing. From 1997 through 2007, there were less than 20,000 filings per year. In 2008, however, the number of filings increased from 23,000 to 25,000 per year. That’s just the people who filed a complaint — without a report, there are likely more cases of age discrimination that no one knows about. In Colorado alone, there were 370 age discrimination complaints filed in 2018. By comparison, California recorded 1,062, and Texas recorded 1,744. So why do older people find themselves unemployed after a long, successful career? There are a number of misconceptions about “older workers,” including: They can’t deal with technology (i.e., computers, smartphones, conference calls, etc.) Their health insurance costs more, because after 50 they have more health problems They don’t need a job because they’re so close to retirement They cost more in wages and salaries, so it’s fiscally prudent to lay them off and hire younger, less expensive workers. However, older workers tend to be more reliable than younger workers, but are generally targeted first in a reduction in force. While employers are quite sneaky about hiding their age-discrimination tendencies, there are occasions where they make missteps, such as asking about your retirement, or making disparaging comments to younger employees about a worker over 40. That’s when you may decide to file a complaint with the EEOC, and follow with an age discrimination lawsuit. Collecting evidence for age discrimination If you’re finding yourself the target of such comments or treatment, document everything. For instance, if your boss asks you about your retirement plans, or makes other disparaging remarks, keep a record of the time, date, and any witnesses who heard it. Follow up with an email to him or her thanking him for his concern, and that you currently have no plans to retire, that you enjoy your work. Print and file copies of these types of emails and other documents. If you were told about such comments by another employee that were not made in your presence, document that as well, including the individual who told you. Gather copies of all of your performance reviews, especially reviews that demonstrate your good work record and performance. If your reviews have abruptly changed after years of doing well, your previous good reviews will be a strong contrast. Watch how younger employees are treated in relation to older employees, whether it’s work-related, promotion related, firing or layoff related, or how they are treated in the same circumstances as someone over 40. If you find a pattern of age-related bias, begin keeping records of these individuals and how they were treated differently than those under 35 or 40. This is especially true in disciplinary cases. Favoritism towards younger employees, such as work assignments, sales leads, meetings, promotions and other patterns may also indicate discrimination. This should also be documented, even if the supervisor is “over a certain age.” After a period of good performance reviews, if you suddenly find yourself with negative reviews, write-ups or other disciplinary actions, there’s a good chance you are being targeted. The goal is to either find a way to fire you or to get you to quit. Again, documentation is key to proving your case in an age discrimination lawsuit. Whether you are in a hearing with the Colorado Civil Rights Division (CCRD) or EEOC, or a court hearing, you’ll be asked questions by a well-equipped defense counsel. While you are there to prove disparate treatment and disparate impact, they are ready to disprove your claims of age discrimination. You’ll be required to prove that you are in a protected class (over 40) and are qualified to do your job, but that you suffered an adverse action in your employment and were treated differently than employees who were under 40. Expect pointed questions from both your own attorney, and by your employer’s attorney. You’ll be asked about your training, qualifications, and other relevant questions that are intended to disprove your claim. Your employer will then be required to prove that the action was not discriminatory, and the action had a legitimate reason, and was for a reason other than age. While a requirement to lift 50+ pounds occasionally might be reasonable for some jobs, they could be used to discriminate against individuals where such a requirement wouldn’t be necessary. Should this be proven, at this point, the burden of proof is yours to show that the action was a pretext and in fact, discriminatory. Working with an age discrimination attorney will help you prove your case successfully to increase your chance of winning your case and having a settlement. Your Denver civil rights attorney Being fired or laid off because of your age, even when hidden by another reason, is age discrimination and against the law. Get help with your case before you file a complaint. Call the Civil Rights Litigation Group at (720) 515-6165, or use our online contact form, to schedule your free consultation with us today. We’ll aggressively defend you in court and make sure your rights are protected and you are treated fairly. It’s difficult to go to a job every day and witness inappropriate or even illegal conduct, knowing it’s wrong. Every day, thousands of people in Colorado are afraid to say anything for fear of losing their jobs, or worse. Afraid of being labeled a whistleblower. But if your employer does turn on you as a whistleblower in you do have protections against retaliation, including the ability to file a lawsuit if necessary. Colorado’s at-will employment Giving two weeks’ notice when terminating your employment is a custom, or company policy, but isn’t required by law. With nearly any employer in the state, your employment is called at-will, meaning both you and your employer can terminate it at any time, without a reason. However, terminating employment for cause has to be for a legal reason, such as poor performance or violating company policies. Protection for a whistleblower The state of Colorado offers whistleblower protection for both public and private employees against retaliation after exposing illegal actions or policies. Colorado code §24-114- 101: Private employees An employer may not administer disciplinary action for disclosures of information An employee must make an effort to provide the information directly to a supervisor or other internal authority before disclosing the information to an outside source An employee can bring a civil lawsuit and seek damages and other relief Colorado code § 24-50.5- 101 to 107: Public employees Employees of the state of Colorado are protected from disciplinary actions by an employer for disclosing information with regard to illegal policies or actions that are not in the public interest An employee must file a written complaint within 10 days of the retaliatory incident(s) with a state personnel board If approved, the employee may recover back pay, obtain reinstatement and other related compensation Should the board deny the complaint, an employee may file a civil lawsuit. There are also common law protections for employees who: Perform a public duty Refuse to perform an illegal act Exercise an important job-related right or privilege, such as filing a workers compensation claim. Colorado protects employees who refuse to perform any illegal acts as a part of their regular work-related duties. The Colorado Supreme Court has also stated that an employee should not be faced with the choice of losing his or her job and obeying an employer’s order but violating the law. However, there are exceptions in which you would not be protected as a whistleblower in Colorado: Employees who knowingly disclose false or fraudulent information, or disclose information with “reckless disregard” for its truth Employees who disclose information from public records that are closed to inspection by the public beyond specific government representatives Employees who disclose other confidential information not disclosed to the public Federal whistleblower protections There are a number of federal protections for whistleblowers. Many are administered by OSHA (the Occupational Safety And Health Administration.) Since Colorado is a federal-OSHA state, these laws cover federal employees and private companies with 10 or more employees. Additionally, the Whistleblower Protection Act protects federal employees who report incidents of waste, mismanagement, abuse of authority, law or regulation violations, or danger to the public safety. If you’re a whistleblower in Colorado, the state allows two years for you to file a complaint against your employer for retaliation. If you are planning to file a lawsuit, it’s important to meet with a civil rights attorney as soon as possible. Contact the Civil Rights Litigation Group in Denver Deciding to blow the whistle on wrongdoing at your job is a courageous act that can bring unwanted consequences that you weren’t expecting. Whistleblowers have been responsible for a number of corrections that would not ordinarily have been addressed without them. But if your employer retaliates against you or another employee after becoming a whistleblower, contact a leading civil rights attorney to represent you. The Civil Rights Litigation Group is dedicated to protecting the rights of employee whistleblowers who are targeted with retaliation. We’ll vigorously pursue lawsuits against employers who have retaliated against employees, and will fight to get you compensation for your damages. In any corner of the Internet, there are bloggers to talk about anything and everything. Food. Fashion. Culture. Trends. Anything people talk about. Supplemented by social media, a blogger can be unknown one day and known around the world the next. And they may not know their first amendment rights. You may be considering a blog of your own. Maybe you want to talk about Denver’s restaurant scene, the city’s LGBT-friendly places to visit or the annual Denver Pride Fest. Or you’d like to inform the general public about a problem or two that not everyone knows about. Once you set up your website and start writing, you may wonder if you can say whatever you want. Yes, and no. Blogging is, for the most part, protected speech under the First Amendment. But before you start posting about something, there are a few things you need to be aware of. What fhe First Amendment says The actual text says: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” Free speech includes making statements about a person or topic that are truthful or based on an honest opinion. But there are exceptions, including: Whether you work for a news organization or not, as a blogger you are still protected by the First Amendment. Indeed, many bloggers have uncovered stories that have undermined the so-called mainstream media, or stories the MSM ignored but needed to be told. Differentiation between opinion and fact is also important in a blog post. What happens when you say something someone doesn’t like? Montana Blogger Crystal Cox is a blogger who considers herself a whistleblower, wrote a series of blog posts accusing Obsidian Finance Group and a bankruptcy trustee of tax fraud. Obsidian sued and won after a lower court found that because Cox wasn’t a paid journalist, Obsidian didn’t have to prove that Cox acted with negligence. However, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco ruled Cox was entitled to a new trial, even though she isn’t formally a reporter. “As the Supreme Court has accurately warned, a First Amendment distinction between the institutional press and other speakers is unworkable,” 9th Circuit Judge Andrew Hurwitz wrote for a unanimous three-judge panel in the case. The attorney for Obsidian and their trustee, Steven Wilker, also observed that the 9th Circuit did not dispute that Cox’s statements and accusations were, indeed, false. While Cox has been accused of making allegations of fraud and other illegal activities in exchange for payoffs for retractions, she was still found to be protected by the First Amendment. The 9th Circuit ruled that Obsidian would be required to show that Cox exhibited “negligent behavior.” In January of 2014, represented by UCLA School of Law professor Eugene Volokh, Cox won on appeal, giving bloggers the same protections as traditional journalists. Free speech is a civil right Are you considering starting your own blog? You’re in good company, and the First Amendment is on your side. But there are some responsibilities that go along with freedom of speech. If someone has threatened your right to free speech, you can fight back. Call the Civil Rights Litigation Group at (720) 515-6165, or use our online contact form, to schedule your free consultation with us today. 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The Sun Didn’t Attend College: One question that intrigues us in the vastness of the universe is, “Why didn’t the sun go to college?” Join us for a playful investigation of this cosmic enigma as we imagine the Sun traveling through academia and consider the possible teachings it could impart to us. Why Didn’t The Sun Go To College The Sun’s Fundamental Role in Our Solar System: As the celestial body at the center of our solar system, the Sun plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. But what if it decided to pursue a stellar education, attending cosmic classes and engaging in celestial discourse? Imagining the Sun’s Academic Pursuits: Picture the Sun attending lectures on nuclear fusion, participating in solar system seminars, and perhaps even taking elective courses in gravitational physics. The imagery is both amusing and thought-provoking. The Sun’s Unique Resume Highlighting the Sun’s Key Achievements: While the Sun may not have a conventional resume, its cosmic curriculum vitae boasts unparalleled accomplishments. From providing light and heat to fostering life on Earth, the Sun’s contributions are extraordinary. Exploring the Sun’s Unconventional Skill Set: Consider the Sun’s skill set—mastering the art of radiant energy emission, maintaining a perfect balance in the solar system, and orchestrating the cosmic dance of planets. These unconventional skills make the Sun a celestial standout. The Cosmic Classroom Considering the Challenges the Sun Might Face in a College Setting: In our playful exploration, we ponder the challenges the Sun could encounter in a cosmic college setting. Would it struggle with gravitational pull assignments or find solar flares a bit too unpredictable? Opportunities for the Sun’s Growth and Development: On the flip side, attending college could present opportunities for the Sun’s growth. It might discover new ways to shine even brighter or develop innovative approaches to sustaining life in the solar system. The Sun’s Wisdom What the Sun Can Teach Us About Shine and Resilience: Entering the figurative world, the Sun takes on the role of a teacher, sharing resilience and shining lessons. Its unwavering dedication to brilliance despite not having a college degree teaches us to embrace our individual brilliance. Extracting Life Lessons from a Celestial Being: Imagine extracting life lessons from a cosmic being the importance of perseverance, the beauty of consistency, and the wisdom of illuminating the world in your own way. Where Could the Sun Shine Brightest? Exploring Potential Career Paths for the Sun: In our cosmic speculation, we explore potential career paths for the Sun. Could it become a celestial philosopher, pondering the mysteries of the universe, or a cosmic artist, painting the skies with vibrant hues? The Impact of the Sun’s Choices on the Universe: Every career decision the Sun makes in our imaginary exploration has a ripple effect on the universe. How would its choices impact the cosmic landscape and the planets that orbit around it? College Days or Cosmic Ways Considering the Pros and Cons of College Life for the Sun: In our playful contemplation, we weigh the pros and cons of college life for the Sun. Does it yearn for the camaraderie of other celestial bodies in a cosmic classroom, or does it prefer the freedom of space? Alternative Paths for Cosmic Luminosity: Perhaps the Sun finds fulfillment in its current cosmic ways, shining brightly without the confines of a celestial campus. The exploration of alternative paths adds depth to our whimsical narrative. The Solar System’s Perspective Interviews with Planets on the Sun’s Decision: To add a touch of humour, we conduct imaginary interviews with the planets, asking for their opinions on the Sun’s decision to forgo college. What do Mercury, Venus, and Mars think about the Sun’s unconventional choices? Gauging Reactions from the Celestial Community: Gauging reactions from the celestial community provides a comedic element to our exploration, offering insights into the dynamics of the solar system as a celestial neighbourhood. The Sun’s Hobbies and Interests Unveiling the Sun’s Extracurricular Passions: In our imaginative journey, we explore the Sun’s hobbies and interests beyond cosmic responsibilities. Does it have a penchant for stargazing, solar surfing, or even interstellar travel? How the Sun Spends its Time Outside the Solar System: Exposing the Sun’s extraterrestrial interests adds a touch of relatability to our celestial narrative, connecting the Sun to the human experience of pursuing passions beyond work. A Day in the Life Illustrating a Typical Day for the Sun: With a hint of whimsy, we illustrate a day in the life of the Sun without the constraints of college. From sunrise to sunset, we envision the Sun’s routine, emphasizing its cosmic responsibilities and leisurely pursuits. The Sun’s Contributions to the Solar System: Highlighting the Sun’s daily contributions reinforces its significance in sustaining life and maintaining the delicate balance of the solar system. The Celestial Commencement within Graduation or No Graduation? Pondering the Idea of a Cosmic Commencement Ceremony: In our playful exploration, we ponder the idea of a cosmic commencement ceremony for the Sun. What would a celestial graduation look like, and who would be in attendance? Celebrating the Sun’s Achievements, College or Not: Regardless of whether the Sun has a diploma, the cosmic celebration emphasizes its enduring achievements and contributions to the solar system. How the Sun’s Decision Impacts Us Examining the Impact of the Sun’s Choices on Earth: Bringing the narrative back to Earth, we examine how the Sun’s decision whether to attend college or not affects life on our planet. How does the Sun’s luminosity shape the very essence of our existence? The Sun’s Influence on Life and Existence: The Sun’s influence extends beyond the celestial realm, becoming a metaphor for the impact each individual can have on the world. The Universe’s Approval Gathering Opinions from Cosmic Entities: As the Sun enters the symbolic realm, it assumes the role of a teacher, imparting resilience and illuminating lessons. It teaches us to embrace our unique brilliance because of its unwavering dedication to brilliance despite not having a college degree. Do Other Celestial Bodies Support the Sun’s Decision? The universe’s approval or disapproval becomes a humorous commentary on societal expectations and the freedom to chart one’s own course. The Sun’s Legacy Reflecting on the Sun’s Enduring Legacy: As we conclude our cosmic exploration, we reflect on the Sun’s enduring legacy. Whether it attended college or not, the Sun leaves behind a legacy of brilliance, warmth, and cosmic significance. How the Sun Continues to Inspire Cosmic Brilliance: The Sun becomes a symbol of inspiration, encouraging us to embrace our uniqueness, shine brightly, and contribute to the cosmic dance of existence. Unraveling the Cosmic Mystery The Continuing Radiance: Beyond Cosmic Classrooms: As we delve deeper into the whimsical tale of why the Sun chose not to attend college, we find ourselves exploring the notion of continuing radiance beyond the bounds of cosmic classrooms. The Sun, in its steadfast commitment to illuminate the solar system, becomes a metaphor for the uncharted territories of personal and professional growth. The Sun’s Continuing Education: In our fanciful contemplation, we consider the idea that the Sun’s education extends far beyond formal diplomas. It becomes a perpetual learner, soaking in the wisdom of the cosmos, and evolving with each celestial interaction. Radiant Leadership, Lessons from the Sun’s Luminosity: The Sun’s leadership style, devoid of formal education, becomes a beacon of brilliance. It prompts us to reflect on the value of continuous learning, adaptability, and the wisdom gained through experiences. The Sun’s Contributions to Cosmic Progress Innovative Brilliance: Cosmic Solutions Without Degrees Our narrative takes a turn towards envisioning the Sun as an innovative force. What if the Sun, without the confines of college, contributes to cosmic progress through groundbreaking solutions? It sparks the imagination about the untapped potential within each individual. Shining Brighter Together: Collaborative Cosmic Endeavors The Sun’s collaborative efforts with other celestial bodies paint a picture of collective brilliance. It prompts us to consider the power of collaboration and the impact of diverse perspectives on creative solutions. Harmony in Sun’s Unconventional Choices Maintaining Equilibrium: The Sun’s Impact on the Solar Ecosystem our cosmic musings lead us to explore the delicate balance maintained by the Sun. Without the formalities of college, it navigates the intricacies of gravitational forces and cosmic dynamics, teaching us the art of balance in unconventional choices. A Symphony of Radiance: The Harmony of Cosmic Decision-Making the Sun’s decisions become a cosmic symphony, where each note resonates with purpose. This prompts a reflection on the harmony achieved when personal choices align with a broader cosmic vision. Navigating Solar Storms: Resilience Without a Degree the metaphorical storms that the Sun encounters become lessons in resilience. Its ability to weather cosmic challenges without formal education becomes an inspiring tale of tenacity, teaching us that setbacks can fuel growth. Rising After Sunset: The Unstoppable Dawn of Possibilities as the Sun rises each day, it symbolizes the endless possibilities that come with resilience. The narrative encourages us to embrace challenges as opportunities for a new dawn in our personal and professional lives. Cosmic Mirrors: Our Reflection on the Sun’s Choices The whimsical exploration of the Sun’s journey becomes a mirror reflecting our own choices and aspirations. It invites readers to consider the paths they traverse, encouraging them to embrace their unique brilliance. A Cosmic Canvas: Painting Life with Individual Brilliance Our narrative becomes a cosmic canvas, and each individual is an artist with the power to paint their life with brilliance. The Sun’s story serves as a reminder that the choices we make contribute to the larger masterpiece of existence. As we come to the end of our cosmic adventure, the question “Why didn’t the sun go to college?” becomes an invitation to welcome undiscovered genius. Whether true or not, the Sun’s choice becomes a symbol of the unrealized potential in every person, emphasizing the value of lifelong learning, creative problem-solving, and the fortitude required to overcome any cosmic obstacle. Throughout our fanciful voyage, the query “Why didn’t the sun go to college?” serves as a blank canvas on which to paint a story that goes beyond the realms of the cosmic and the ordinary. It asks us to reflect on our own lives, acknowledge our genius, and draw strength from the light of our existence. Could the Sun go to college? While the Sun’s academic pursuits are fictional, the exploration offers a whimsical lens to reflect on personal choices and societal expectations. What’s the significance of the Sun’s legacy? The Sun’s legacy symbolizes the enduring impact individuals can have, emphasizing the importance of embracing one’s brilliance. Can we apply the cosmic narrative to our own lives? Absolutely! 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The Republic of Moldova, although being a relatively young independent state in the region of Eastern Europe, it has a complex history of positioning itself between the West and the East. As a former Western Soviet country, after gaining independence in 1991, it maintained significant links to Moscow while also showing aspirations to get involved in the process of European integration. This article aims to analyse the developments and the determinants of this process in the Post-Soviet context. It takes into consideration the historical factors that led to the current situation in Moldova, the existing links to Romania, Russia, the Post-Soviet Institutions and the European Union, capturing a comprehensive picture of the current situation in the country. The Republic of Moldova is a country situated in Eastern Europe bordered to the West by Romania and to the East, North and South by Ukraine. Most of its territory is part of the historical region of Moldova, originating in the medieval principality established in the 14th century, nowadays split between Romania, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. (King, 2000). Throughout its history, the country’s development was largely intertwined with the politics of first the Russian Empire, later the USSR and even nowadays with the influence of the Russian Federation. Under the Russian rule, the Oblast of Moldavia enjoyed initially a great degree of autonomy, however later undergoing a deep and complex process of imposed assimilation known as Russification. Gradually, the official use of Romanian language (the language spoken by the Moldovans) in state business and church practice was restricted. Throughout the 19th century the Russian authorities encouraged large-scale colonization of the region leading to a diminishing of the originally Romanian-speaking (Moldovan) population from an estimated 86% in 1816 to about 52% in 1905. Following the end of World War 2 the Russian influence over the region grew again, in correlation with the Soviet policy of promoting the Moldovan cultural and ethnic identity as distinct from the Romanian one. The Moldovenist theory was largely developed on political grounds, and it claims that the Romanian and Moldovan language are distinctive. In order to accentuate this, the state imposed that the language has to be written in the Cyrillic alphabet just as other languages from the USSR, while Romanian language uses the Latin script. During the Glasnost and Perestroika period in the late 80s, a democratic movement has emerged in Moldova as well, which became known as the Popular Front of Moldova (‘Frontul Popular din Moldova’). FPM was largely popular, therefore threatening the ruling Communist Party in that it promoted an anti-communist agenda, Cristian democracy, Romanian nationalistic and even unionistic objectives. In 1989, FPM organised several mass demonstrations which pressured the government to adopt a Language Law that would recognise the Romanian identity of the national language of Moldova and change its spelling to the Latin script. The law was adopted on 31 August, but major riots continued to be organised in November that year, leading to the organisation of first democratic elections at the beginning of 1990 (Wilders, 2022). The Romanian factor and the question of reunification The new democratically elected parliament of Moldova adopted in August 1991 the country’s ‘Declaration of Independence’, stating among other things that the national language of Moldova is the Romanian language, the flag is the Romanian flag with the Moldovan coat of arms defaced on it and the anthem of Moldova is as well the Romanian anthem (King, 2000). The question of reunification with Romania was actively debated at the beginning of the 90s in the context of the dismantling of the Soviet Union, the fall of Communist regimes in Moldova and Romania and especially after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. In 1990, following decades of strict separation, border crossing restrictions were temporary lifted between Romania and Moldova. Although the intellectual elites of those times argued for the ‘reunification with the Romanian Motherland’, the majority of the population was indifferent or not interested in this project (Wilders, 2022). Moreover, the majoritarian Slavic population of Transnistria was strongly opposing such an idea, and tensions generated by the fear of the rise of Romanian nationalist movements in Moldova and the possibility of joining Romania contributed to the escalation of the military conflict in the region, resulting in a brief war between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan Police in 1992. Russia intervention on the Transnistrian side ended up with a ceasefire and the establishment of a security zone under the control of Moldovan, Transnistrian and Russian forces (1500 Russian peace keeping soldiers remained there ever since). The events led to the creation of a de facto independent Transnistrian Republic with its capital in Tiraspol, out of the control of the government in Chisinau (Szeles, 2021). Regardless of the reunification euphoria of the early 90s, internal fight for power and disagreements between the leaders of the Popular Front of Moldova, sent the party into the opposition after the 1994 elections, which further split into smaller fractions. The new governing party, the Agrarian Party of Moldova, had a policy of distancing itself from Romania, changing the national anthem and writing in the 1994 Constitution that the national language of the country is ‘Moldovan’. However, the Constitutional Court of Moldova decided that the Declaration of Independence of 1991 takes precedence over the Constitution and established that the official language of Moldova is indeed the Romanian language. Furthermore, the agrarians organised a referendum known as ‘the Referendum for remaining independent’, aimed at specifically excluding any possibility of the union with Romania (Wilders, 2022). Although no actual steps were ever implemented for the reunification of the two countries, the topic is recurrent on both sides in political debates. Ion Iliescu, the first Romanian president was criticised for not concluding the union during the first years after the Moldovan independence (Bucataru, 2012). The Russian political commentator Stanislav Belkovsky has proposed in an interview with a Romanian publication a plan of Moldova joining Romania and excluding Transnistria. There were speculations whether these ideas were approved or supported by higher circles in the Kremlin, but it was never confirmed (Szeles, 2021). Following the 2022 Ukrainian crisis events, the idea of Moldova joining Romania and therefore the EU and NATO, was once again vehiculated by several public figures from both countries. The argument supporting this relates to the strengthening of the Eastern Flank of NATO and offering security guaranties to the territory of Moldova in case of Russian intervention under the pretext relating to Transnistria. Nonetheless, the Moldovan President Maia Sandu said that this is something that the people of Moldova would have to decide, and the Prime Minister dismissed such plans given that Moldova intends to join the EU but not the NATO (Wilders, 2022). Besides the extensively debated question of reunification, Romania has offered the people of Moldova the possibility of obtaining Romanian citizenship based on descendance since 1991. Estimates indicate that over 1 million Moldovans have obtained a Romanian passport, implying that 1 in 3 people from Moldova have acquired Romanian citizenship. Among the reasons why they opt for dual citizenship, the Moldovans indicate: feeling Romanian, the opportunity to visit/ work in Romania and the opportunity to visit/ work in the EU. Political & economic context since 1991 Moldova has had many challenges during its first 30 years of independence, especially concerning the economic and the political spheres. After opening their internal market and starting the process of transition to a liberal market economy, Moldova was confronted with skyrocketing inflation that led to serious and devastating economic consequences bringing the majority of the population below the poverty line. It was not until the 2000s when Moldova’s economy started recording GDP growth, and since then it maintained a relatively constant 5-10% yearly economic growth. At the same time, Romania’s fast-growing economy determined interest in the prospects of investments in the neighbouring country, investments that helped significantly the Moldovan economy. In addition to that, the Moldovans that emigrated in the 90s and early 2000s to Western Europe and Russia as well, sending money to their families at home, constitute 38% of the country’s GDP, the second highest figure in the world (Szeles, 2021). In 2014 a large-scale fraud scheme was exposed when the Central Bank of Moldova took over the Deposits Bank, the biggest lending bank in the country, indicating that 1 billion US dollars have disappeared from the accounts of the bank’s clients. Compared to the size of the Moldova’s economy, the fraud was catastrophic, the case being intensively promoted by the pro-Russian Party of Socialists. In the following years more cases of corruption and fraud were revealed, the independence of the juridical system was questionable and the influence of oligarchs over the government decisions became apparent. In 2019, a constitutional crisis shacked the political scene when Moldova effectively had two governments ruling the country at the same time. For over one week the newly formed government led by Maia Sandu, supported by the president Igor Dodon activated simultaneously with the previous cabinet led by Pavel Filip. The situation caused chaos in the country and brough international attention over the country. During the 2020 presidential election, the public opinion favoured the opposition candidate Maia Sandu, who became the first female President of Moldova, defeating the former president Igor Dodon. After the Covid-19 state of emergency was lifted, Sandu dissolved the parliament calling for snap elections. The results of the 2021 parliamentary elections were clearly in favour of the pro-European former opposition party PAS - Party of Action and Solidarity. As a result, a new cabinet was formed by PAS under the lead of Natalia Gavrilita. Moldova as part of International Organisations On 21 December 1991, Moldova, and most former soviet republics signed the document constituting the Post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) but it did not join the military branch of it, positioning itself as a neuter country (Szeles, 2021). In 1998, Moldova was one of the founding countries establishing the regional Organisation for Democracy and Economic Development GUAM together with Georgia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan. The initial agreement included also a mutual defence programme, but Moldova refused to take part given its neutral stance. Relations with NATO started in 1992, when Moldova joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council and further developed to the point when it became part of the Partnership for Peace Programme in 1994. In 1997 Moldova established a permanent Mission to NATO, and in 2006 it signed an Individual Partnership Action Plan. However, given that military neutrality is enshrined in the country’s constitution, there are no prospects for joining the alliance. NATO officials have repeatedly called for the withdrawal of Russian armed forces from the Moldovan territory of Transnistria in order to ensure the territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty of the country (Szeles, 2021). EU – Moldova Relations The relations between Moldova and the European Union were formalised through the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement that was signed in 1994 and entered into force in 1998 for the following 10 years. The strategic objectives of cooperation between EU and Moldova were outlined in the Action Plans elaborated for periods of 3 years and concerning cooperation in the political, economic, commercial, legal, cultural and scientific fields. The provisions of the PCA were aimed at supporting further integration in the European economic mechanisms, creating legal approximation and bringing norms and standards closer to the ones of the European Union (Bucataru, 2012). Since 2009, the Eastern Partnership represents the framework regulating relations between the two providing access to EU funded comprehensive programs aimed at the improvement of Moldova’s economy and administrative functions. In 2011, Moldova received an Action Plan from the EU Commissioner for Internal Affaires concerning the possibility of the establishment of visa-free regime for short travelling periods in the EU, which was eventually approved in 2014 by the European Parliament (Chirila, 2014). Starting from 2010, Moldova and the EU have begun negotiations for an Association Agreement that would replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and would include a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area which was eventually signed in 2014. Although it included many important provisions for the deepening of the relations between the EU and Moldova, the Association Agreement does not provide any prospects for future EU membership (Council of the EU, 2016). Nonetheless, the leaders of Moldova have expressed hopes for first joining and later finishing the formal application procedure for the EU membership by 2019 when Romania was holding the EU presidency. Throughout the years, the European Union has provided substantial multi-million euros funds and grants to Moldova in order to adapt to the EU norms and standards with the most recently approved Macro-Financial Assistance Operation accounting 150 million euros. Those financial packages have determined the public opinion to be in favour of the prospects of joining the EU very soon. Latest polls suggest that 61% of Moldovans are supporting the idea of becoming a member of the EU. Two of the main impediments for the Moldovan ascension to the European Union are represented by the unsolved conflicts in the separatist regions of Transnistria and Gagauzia. The people of those regions have expressed fears that if Moldova would join the EU, the country would end up swallowed by Romania’s sphere of influence and they would rather support the idea of Moldova joining the Eurasian Economic Union (Chirila, 2014). In the context of the 2022 political and military crisis regarding the situation in Ukraine, the Prime Minister stated on 28 February that Moldova needs to move rapidly to become a member of the European Union. On 3 March, the country submitted the formal application for the EU membership together with Ukraine and Georgia. The Republic of Moldova had a complicated journey since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 in establishing a democratic system, functioning market economy, ensuring the rule of law and positioning itself on the international political scene. Starting from unionistic ideas that were never put in practice but had a significant role in ensuring the reestablishment of good relations with neighbouring Romania, to governments leading to the European integration of Moldova or favouring better relations with Russia and the Post-Soviet Institutions, the country has experienced a rollercoaster of political and economic unpredictable changes. To add up to the factors that generated instability, the governments of Moldova had to deal with separatist movements in two of its regions – Gagauzia and Transnistria, the second becoming a de facto independent republic within the Moldovan State, supported by Russian military troops situated there. With corruption and fraud scandals or continued political crises, Moldova’s aspirations to accelerate the process of European Integration seemed very ambitious but to some extent unrealistic. Nevertheless, Moldova demonstrated that despite all those problems it remains the most willing Post-Soviet state to eventually become a member of the European Union. The EU has supported Moldova’s intentions and it offered through several programmes in different stages assistance in the process of the domestic reformation. Under the current political leadership, Moldova seems more ready then ever before to fulfil its wishes of joining the EU but it remains to be seen how long this process will take. Bucataru, V. (2012), “Moldova and European Union: from cooperation to integration” (2011-2012) Available at: http://ape.md/lib.php?l=en&idc=156&year=2012 Chirila, V., Bucataru, V. and Grau L. (2014), “Is Moldova’s European Integration Irreversible?” Available at: http://ape.md/libview.php?l=ro&idc=152&id=2114 Council of the EU (2016), “EU Council conclusions on the Republic of Moldova” Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/02/15- fac-moldovaconclusions/ Wilder, A. (6 Jan, 2022) “Assessing a Possible Moldova-Romania Unification”. Geopolitical Monitor. Available at: https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/assessing-a-possible-moldova-romania- unification/ Szeles, M. 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Table of Contents Sometimes your skin can act as an early detection system–warning you that something within your body is wrong. Such can be the case with sudden, excessive sweating and pale, clammy skin. When both symptoms occur together, it’s wise to take them seriously and put some effort into determining the cause. 15 Conditions That May Be the Underlying Cause of Your Pallor and Sweating - 1. Influenza - 2. Kidney Infections - 3. Anemia - 4. Heat Exhaustion - 5. Alcohol or Drug Withdrawal - 6. Cancer - 7. Chronic Infections - 8. Venomous or Severe Bites - 9. Arterial Blockage - 10. Diabetes - 11. Heart Conditions - 12. Hypoglycemia - 13. Thyroid Problems - 14. Anxiety - 15. Medications Sometimes, heavy sweating and pallor appear together as a reaction or sensitivity to something as benign as an anxiety attack or feeling of panic. Even though these are serious and stressful emotional states, they don’t necessarily point to an underlying dangerous clinical health issue. In other situations, however, severe pallor and sweating are signs of a more serious medical condition. What is Pallor? The term “pallor” refers to the unnatural pale color of someone’s skin. If someone is paler than normal, that person can be described as having a pallor, or abnormal absence of color on the outer layer of the skin. Pallor can also include paleness inside the mouth, in the linings of the eyes, and on the surface of the tongue. This kind of pale skin has nothing to do with the amount of melanin in it–this is more than simply a pale complexion. Instead, this kind of skin pallor is driven by the thickness and density of blood vessels that sit beneath the skin. Often caused by a lack of blood flow to the skin, pallor can mean that someone is seriously ill, especially if it is accompanied by sudden and inexplicable excessive sweating–also called diaphoresis or secondary generalized hyperhidrosis. For people with naturally darker skin tones, skin pallor may only be detected by a clinical assessment of the mucous membranes. Pallor is usually most visible in the face and the palms of the hands. Depending on its root cause, pallor can develop gradually over time or appear quite suddenly. When a waxen pallor appears suddenly and unexpectedly, it may be a sign of a more significant health issue. However, unless skin pallor also is accompanied by paleness of the tongue or inside of the mouth, pale lips, palms or lining of eyelids, it is likely not a serious condition that requires medical diagnosis and treatment. Why Does Excessive Sweat Sometimes Accompany Pallor? Quite often, very pale skin is bathed in a layer of cold and clammy sweat on the face, hands, or body. Under normal conditions, this is the body’s natural method of cooling down the body’s temperature by creating sweat that then evaporates on the surface of the skin. The system works best in response to high temperatures or physical exertion. However, diaphoresis–which is the type of sweating that often accompanies extreme pallor–is a little different. It sets in suddenly and may seem inexplicable until you understand the root cause. In other words, it’s not a normal reaction to heat or physical exertion. If pallor causes are related to an emotional stressor like anxiety or fear, it’s very common for pale skin color to come with some extra sweat. In addition, other underlying medical conditions, including some medications, can signal your sweat glands to kick into overdrive in tandem with facial pallor. 15 Conditions That May Be the Underlying Cause of Your Pallor and Sweating Many different health issues can lead to skin pallor and sweating. Here are some of the most common underlying causes of pallor and sweating. Influenza is just one of many types of infections that can lead to a high fever. Common in adults and children, this illness is often accompanied by a pale face and clammy skin. Because influenza is caused by a virus, it must simply run its course, at which time the pale color and sweating should subside. 2. Kidney Infections Depending on the cause of the infection, antibiotics may be of some help. If a bacterial infection can be cleared up with antibiotics, the associated pale skin and sheen of sweat should dissipate. Further complications can arise, however, when an infection leads to chronic kidney failure, which is associated with anemia, another cause of pale skin and clamminess. People diagnosed with anemia don’t produce enough red blood cells, and this condition is one of the most common causes of skin pallor. Because its root is a lack of red blood cells, anemia can lead to pale skin, dizziness, fatigue, headache, and more. This disease can develop suddenly and acutely or more slowly over time. Chronic anemia is the most common–with this condition, the body can’t sustain a sufficient hemoglobin level, which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. When seeking a diagnosis, physicians will often examine the eyelid, as pallor of the inner eyelids is a sign of anemia. 4. Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion is known to cause symptoms of pale, cool and moist skin, muscle cramps and abdominal pain, intense thirst, heavy sweating, and more. Once heat exhaustion is addressed, the facial pallor and sweating will likely subside. 5. Alcohol or Drug Withdrawal Often, as a patient goes through the process of withdrawing from drug or alcohol use, the body responds with several symptoms, including sweating profusely and draining color from the skin. Some cancers, including colon cancer, renal cell cancer, and multiple myeloma, have been linked to skin pallor. At times, these conditions are also complicated by the fact that they are treated with powerful medications, which, on their own, can also lead to blanching of the skin and a cold, clammy sheen. In addition, at least one clinical study shows a connection between anemia pallor and cancer, whether naturally occurring or induced by the regimen of medications for cancer treatment. 7. Chronic Infections As with other infections, the root cause of the illness is key. Viral infections will have to naturally run their course, while bacterial infections can be cleared up with antibiotics. Once the underlying infection is remedied, the symptomatic pallor and diaphoresis should cease. 8. Venomous or Severe Bites Sometimes, an animal or insect bite can lead to symptoms of skin pallor and excessive sweating. This caused by the pain and shock, and the possible presence of venom. Some bites also carry with them the risk of anaphylaxis, which is an extreme allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. 9. Arterial Blockage A lack of blood circulation due to an arterial blockage often can cause localized pallor–usually in the arms or legs. The limb may also become cold and painful as a result of the lack of circulation. This disease often puts people at higher risk of dangerously low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, which not only causes pale skin but is also accompanied by profuse sweating. 11. Heart Conditions Heart issues ranging from heart disease, heart infection, a heart attack, or heart failure can often lead to cold, clammy and pale skin. Such symptoms also can stem from structural abnormalities or damage of the heart, which can be confirmed through diagnostic tests. If pallor and sweating are accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea or pain in the back, neck, jaw or arm, you should contact emergency health care immediately. Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is known for causing symptoms ranging from clammy skin and anxiety to shakiness and irritability. It can be a dangerous condition, particularly among children, if not treated quickly and is often most associated with those who have diabetes. In addition, hypoglycemia is often a side effect of some medications used to treat diabetes. 13. Thyroid Problems An overactive thyroid can also raise a person’s metabolism, which can lead to the excessive sweating that often accompanies thyroid-related skin pallor. In particular, a thyroid storm–a dangerously high thyroid hormone level–can cause racing heartbeat, sweating, pallor, and fever. A simple diagnostic test can let you know if your thyroid is causing your issues. You may have heard the phrase, “pale as a ghost” to describe someone’s response to a fear-inducing event. Sometimes pallor can signal a reaction to extreme emotional changes–positive and negative. Anxiety can also lead to panic attacks, causing a sudden, intense fear that can’t be controlled. Panic attacks are extremely stressful, as they mimic serious physical health conditions–including causing pale, clammy skin and nervous sweating. Anxiety, however, can be effectively treated through both counseling and appropriate medication, which should cause accompanying symptoms to subside. Your medication is often the most common cause of skin pallor and sudden sweating. If a medication causes a side effect, such as vomiting, skin pallor can follow. If you detect pale skin and diaphoresis and you know you’ve recently started a new medication, it’s worth talking with your primary care physician about your medicine. Medications that can cause sweating and pallor include painkillers, some cancer medications, blood pressure and heart medicines, and some gastrointestinal medications. Skin Pallor and Sweating The causes of skin pallor and sweating are many and varied – and the list presented here is not meant to be exhaustive. The bottom line is that if you are experiencing skin pallor and diaphoresis, especially if accompanied by other, more severe, symptoms like fainting, vomiting, fever or trouble breathing, you should talk with your primary care physician immediately. Your doctor likely will review your medical history and symptoms, give you a physical examination and test vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate. Depending on the amount of melanin in your skin, he or she may also check your inner eyelids. Your doctor may also order additional tests for clinical diagnosis – like a vitamin deficit scan, abdominal X-ray, extremity arteriography or complete blood count test. Treatment may range from simple diet changes to taking iron supplements, starting a round of medications to treat an ongoing, underlying medical condition or even surgery. This last option is typically reserved for severe cases where someone has lost a large amount of blood – necessitating a blood transfusion be performed – or when an arterial blockage must be removed. Ultimately, many causes of skin pallor and sudden, excessive sweating are highly treatable and non-life-threatening. But it’s key to understand an accurate clinical diagnosis about what is causing your skin pallor and diaphoresis. Various conditions, including infections, anxiety, hypoglycemia and more can be effectively managed through a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapy. When pale, clammy skin is the result of an emergency health issue, as long as medical and surgical treatment is administered early, it’s possible to make a full recovery from the underlying issue. You might also like... Table of Contents Does excessive sweating bother you? Keep you from being social? 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Few things in recent years have been as inescapable as AI. No matter what industry you are in, conversations around AI in the workplace are occurring. Though AI isn’t done growing, it’s becoming increasingly clear that it will play a big role in the workplace in years to come. However, with any technology comes change, and change can be difficult. It means new rules, procedures, methodologies, and more. Most importantly though, it can change company and workplace culture. While that may be worrisome, AI can actually be used for team building and creating a better company culture. In this blog, we’re going to talk about AI and the role it plays in the workplace and on company culture. We’ll cover the benefits of AI in the workplace, how to use AI at work, its role in company culture, common challenges, and more. Evolution of AI in the Workplace First, let’s start off by taking a look at the history of AI as it pertains to the workplace. Though you might think the use of AI is a relatively new thing, people have been using AI at work for decades. AI really started to be explored in the 50s and 60s by some of the early computer scientists, such as Alan Turing. However, the technology at the time was very limited and only used in the academic world. Still, it laid the groundwork for what was to come. The 80s is when some of the first businesses actually started to use AI. Some companies industries such as oil and finance began using AI for decision making. An AI would look at all the various market factors and things at play, and it would make risk assessments based on that information. But since this was the early days of AI in the workplace and the internet, it didn’t really take off en masse. In the 2000s, AI really started to show itself as a power tool for businesses. With the internet taking hold, more and more companies started to see potential uses for AI. Because of the large amounts of data gathered on the internet, AI could be trained on more expansive data sets and ultimately be more useful. Amazon for example started using AI algorithms for personal recommendations, something that seems standard these days. Still though, the internet was developing and so was AI. While many started utilizing AI, its functionality was still limited compared to what we have today. By the 2010s though, AI was popping up all over the place. It started being used for customer service chatbots, personalized marketing, searches, fraud detection, automatic financial advising, patient management (in healthcare), research, and more. Still, the AI of 10 years ago almost feels ancient these days. Moving up to today, AI has quickly become a business necessity. With tools like ChatGPT and the highly specialized AIs being developed, its uses are seemingly endless. Whether it’s decision making, risk assessment, customer service, management, or just speeding up the workflow, AI is an indefensible tool in the workplace. Furthermore, the AI of today will likely pale in comparison to the AI a decade or even a few years from now. Even with something like ChatGPT, Claude, or Google Bard, a single update can drastically change the abilities of an AI. It’s important to keep a close eye on the future of AI and how it develops. It’s bound to become more and more powerful, making it an even more essential tool for businesses. Benefits of AI in the Workplace With the history out of the way, let’s focus a bit on the benefits of AI in the workplace. AI has numerous benefits, and it’s important that you understand those benefits if you want to successfully implement AI into your workplace. One of the more obvious benefits is an increase in efficiency and productivity. Utilizing AI can help employees speed up their processes, making them more efficient and productive. For example, say you work in marketing and are tasked with coming up with taglines for an ad. Instead of getting frustrated brainstorming all day, you might ask an AI to come up with potential ideas and use those as a starting point. That speeds up the initial process, helping you get to your end goal more quickly. Another benefit, which should be obvious given the history of AI in the workplace, is enhanced decision making. AI can process large amounts of data that would take large amounts of time to process on your own. And in doing so, it can give you risk assessment and potential decisions based on said data. This can help you make more well informed decisions quicker. That’s not all though. AI can also be used to reduce or eliminate repetitive tasks. Certain things just need to be done even though they aren’t particularly difficult, such as entering or transferring data. These things are tedious and time consuming. However, AI can be used to automate them. As an example, many AIs have the ability of Optical Character Recognition (OCR). This means they can process data from things like paper forms and documents. So an AI can be utilized to automatically gather and enter data from those documents, saving tons of time. Piggybacking off of that, AI can also improve the employee experience. By automating repetitive tasks and streamlining their workflow, AI can make the day-to-day lives of employees easier. It’s almost having a personal assistant who can help with basic tasks you’d rather not do. Connection Between AI and Company Culture While discussing AI, it’s key not to forget about company culture. AI in the workplace can play a big role and help you improve your company culture, so let’s go over a few of the key points. It’s important for any business or organization to have a defined company culture, and AI can help you define it more clearly. Simply using AI for example demonstrates a forward thinking approach focused on innovation and progress, which can help define who you are as a company. It can also show that you’re determined to help employees. AI can be used to streamline their day-to-day and make their life easier, showing you’re committed to their wellbeing. It can also be used for training and team building, both of which show you are a business that cares about its employees. All of those things can greatly help define your culture. AI can also be a powerful tool when it comes to communication. Many AI tools have the ability to streamline communication and provide valuable insights, making communication more efficient and robust. Again, clear communication is an essential part of having a defined company culture. How to Implement AI at Work Now, you’re probably wondering “How do I implement AI at work?” But don’t worry; we’re going to cover some of the basics when it comes to AI in the workplace. Arguably the first thing you should be thinking about is ensuring the ethical use of AI. There are many ethical concerns when it comes to AI, whether that’s taking jobs from employees or plagiarism. As a leader working to implement AI, you need to be cautious and ensure that AI is being implemented ethically. Another concern is how to integrate it with existing systems. You already have a whole business with workflows, systems, procedures, employees, schedules, and more. If you’re going to introduce a new element (AI in this case), you need to carefully consider how to do so smoothly. Don’t haphazardly implement AI; figure out the details and specifics first. Before implementing AI, you also need to consider the needs of the business and its employees. Any AI you utilize should have a clear use case that addresses a need. Introducing an AI just so you feel like you’re keeping up with tech instead of introducing it for a specific need often goes poorly. To be clear, here are a few examples of beneficial and practical uses. Say you have a data analysis team that is focused on interpreting data to empower your decision making. However, they currently spend a lot of their time sorting through data before they can analyze it. Implementing AI could cut down on time spent sorting and give them more time to focus on analysis and interpretation. Another potential use is writing. Marketing departments for example have a lot on their table these days, especially with social media. However, writing is still a key part of marketing in many ways, and it can be time consuming. A marketing team might utilize AI to write rough drafts of product description or social media posts, allowing the team to focus more on other duties. Challenges and Considerations Before wrapping up, let’s talk about challenges and considerations. As mentioned before, implementing AI comes with concerns and potential problems. So let’s address those here. Tying back into the previous point about ethical concerns, employees will likely have concerns—particularly as it pertains to job loss/replacement. If you want employees to be onboard, you need to make it clear that AI is a supplemental tool and not a replacement for real humans. That can go a long way in easing their concerns. It’s also important not to forget the importance and value of human connections. AI is an incredibly powerful tool available to us, but so are the relationships we develop as co-workers and team members. They both have a place in the workplace, and it’s important not to overlook one or the other. Tying into the importance of connections, one way to mitigate concerns about AI is through team building. Team building can help bring employees together, instill confidence, unite them around a purpose, and create a sense of community. It can help show employees that you still value them, their skills, and see them as essential to the workplace for years to come. Events like Synergyk and Infinite Loop can help bring your team together and improve their skills, which can in turn mitigate some concerns about AI. These events also utilize AI-driven bots and VR as well, showing how these new tools can be used alongside teamwork to build connections and make your teams even stronger. Lastly, you need to be vigilant about monitoring and progress. Like any other new tool or program, you need to make sure AI is fulfilling its intended purpose and meeting expectations. You want to continually check its progress, look for improvements, and make adjustments as needed so it can achieve its full potential. Improve Company Culture with TeamBonding Though AI still isn’t perfect yet, it has quickly become an essential part of the workplace. That also means it is a key part of workplace culture. When utilized correctly, AI in the workplace can help you better your culture and make it a better place to work for everyone there. Don’t lose sight of the human relationships and connections that make your business unique and special. If you’re ready to improve your company culture, consider TeamBonding. We have over 20+ years of experience in the world of corporate events, and we have numerous events that can help you keep that human connection alive. 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by Rima Khalatyan Whatever happens in the countries of Eastern Europe and the Southern Caucasus affects the European Union. Successive EU enlargements have brought these countries closer to the EU and their security, stability, and prosperity increasingly impact the EU’s. The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is the first comprehensive initiative introduced into the system of the European Union’s relations with Eastern European countries including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The Eastern Partnership is designed to help the countries of Eastern Europe with their integration into the European Union. The initiative was officially launched at the first Eastern Partnership summit in Prague on 7 May 2009, which adopted a Joint Declaration (the Prague Declaration). Platforms are the main tool of the Eastern Partnership (EaP) multilateral track. They reflect four main areas of cooperation between the Eastern Partner countries and the EU, namely: § Democracy, good governance and stability (platform 1); § Economic integration and convergence with EU policies (platform 2); § Energy security (platform 3) and Contact between people is the forum where education, training, researche, youth, media, culture and other issues are discussed. It is headed by the Director General of Education and Culture. The members are the EU member countries and 6 Eastern Partnership countries. They meet twice a year. The Eastern Partnership not only wants to increase interaction between politicians and officials, but also contact between EU citizens and citizens of neighboring countries. Increasing contact between people is one of the best ways to achieve the objectives of the Eastern Partnership. It reduces misunderstandings between different people and cultures. In accordance with the general guidelines and rules of procedure of the Eastern Partnership Multilateral Platforms (point 1.4), the participants of the first meeting of Eastern Partnership Platform 4 identified, on 10 June 2009, the following core objectives: § Education and training: Modernization issues including learning mobility of students, teachers, researchers, youth Language learning as a key tool to promote mobility Establishment of a policy dialogue in culture using existing tools Support of concrete initiatives and projects benefiting youth, notably by highlighting and adding value to the existing opportunities offered by the Youth in Action Program § Information Society Establishment of a regional policy dialogue on the development of the Information Society Taking into account the range of the subject, we will discuss only the four platforms most relevant to Armenia. These are education, culture, Information Society, and volunteerism. Contacts between people and Armenia After the collapse of USSR Armenia was deemed a “democratic state, based on social justice and the rule of law.” It began looking for ways to make its standards and values equivalent to those of Europe. If it took Europe more than two centuries to enjoy what she has now: democracy, prosperity and peace, Armenia has been striving to reach the same goals in two decades. After its declaration of independence, Armenian state officials decided that the educational system that was inherited from the Soviet Armenia was in stagnation and on a path to failure. For Armenians’ education has a vital meaning. The intellectual development of the growing generation is a priority for Armenians at all times. Wishing to improve the situation in the educational system Armenia followed Europe and joined the Bologna Process in Bergen in 2005. On December 22, 2005 the government of RA approved the decision on “the introduction of the credit system in the higher education,” after which they started to take concrete steps to organize the higher education in the framework of the credit system. According to this decision, six Armenian universities were to reform their previous practices of education provision, and introduce the Bologna process and subsequent principles of organizing and delivering higher education. The six universities are Yerevan State University, State Engineering University of Armenia, Yerevan State Linguistic University After V. Brusov, Armenian State Agrarian University, Armenian State Pedagogical University After Kh. Abovyan, Armenian State University of Economics. The educational study was completed after a year in December 2006. After the assessment and the generalization of the gathered experience, MES formed the appropriate guarantees for the slight transition to the credit system. But as Alexis de Tocqueville mentions, there is nothing more dangerous than very quick reforms in a country that has no democratic traditions. So the very quick transition to the credit system just left students, professors and lecturers confused. Most of the lecturers got their professional experience in USSR and they knew that educational system very well. Without getting a proper explanation about the system, each of the lecturers tried to solve the problem by his/herself. As a result we got 128 points in 100-point system, and some students got Fs because of the wrong evaluation. Due to the improper order of the schedule students had to pass 3 modules during unfixed periods. The newly introduced system from Europe should have reduced the cases of corruption in the Universities. However, the practice shows that corruption remains a dominant feature of student-lecturer relations. Unsatisfied with the changes in higher education, Armenian state officials started changes in the secondary education system. As a result, we got 12 years of three-level education in the following sequential steps: 1) 4 years of elementary school (grades 1-4) 2) Middle School for 5 years (grades 5-9) According to the Bologna system one can be accepted to higher education institution in case of he/she got marks higher than 3 Grade Point Average (GPA). Due to recent reform in general education, specifically the introduction of high school, there were no graduate in the academic year 2010-2011. Therefore, to insure at least some quota of studentship, some universities admitted students with less than 3 Grade Point Average (GPA). However, due of the lack of students, some professions were united, creating interfaculty professions. Taking into account the above mentioned, we came to a conclusion that students and lecturers are in a low mobility. The situation will persist until we correct our education system. So far, in our reality it is impossible. It is necessary to take some steps and explain to students and lecturers what the credit system is? What the Bologna Process is? And finally, before initiating any reform and introducing new systems and practices, it is mandatory to analyze what the consequences will be, and how the new approaches will work out in culturally different environments. One of the objectives of EU in relations with Eastern Partnership countries is the cultural cooperation between EU member states and partner countries. All the cultural types are viewed as elements of intercultural communication. In order to develop and strengthen this dialogue during recent years, Armenia joined some important international conventions, such as: the European Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage and European Cultural Convention. As a logical continuation to these documents, Armenia participated in international cultural events, such as Days of European Heritage, Museums' Night, and so on. Armenia itself organizes a series of international events and festivals, such as the “Golden Apricot” and “I Am” film festivals, “Portrait story Fireworks” and “Tango” international festivals, which help Armenia and EU become closer to each other. However, there are also a number of disturbing factors. Armenians are known in Europe and in the world as a strong cultural nation, but Armenia doesn’t have the status of international center of the Armenian culture. Here we see a lack of propaganda and financial input. The existing tension in the region as well as imperfectness of democratic values and institutions hinder the development of today’s Armenian culture. One of the basic objectives of EaP is to develop an Information Society. In Armenia it is hard to talk about development in this sphere, as it doesn’t exist beyond capital Yerevan and some major cities. How can one talk about the information society when the citizens of the border zone switch on TVs and radios expecting Public Television Chanel and Armenian Public Radio, but instead find Azerbaijani and Turkish programs, which they do not understand. T grades he situation is alarming in the secondary schools. Here the computer classrooms are closed in front of the pupils. Here teachers are encouraged to have lessons in theory. Volunteerism in Armenia On 15 November 2006, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Decision No 1719/2006 /EC, which establishes the Youth in Action program for the period of 2007 to 2013. This document is the legal basis of the program for its entire duration. Youth in Action is the EU program for young people aged 15-28 (in some cases 13-30). It aims to inspire a sense of active citizenship, solidarity and tolerance among young Europeans and to involve them in shaping the Union's future. Youth in Action is a program for all! It promotes mobility within and beyond the EU borders, non-formal learning and intercultural dialogue, and encourages the inclusion of all young people, regardless of their educational, social and cultural background. Volunteerism in Armenia is not developed as much as in Europe. Today we are just satisfied doing weekend work and tree planting that is organized by municipalities, which do not often take place during the year. Real volunteerism is based on spending your own time while doing beneficiary work for public. Today a very small part of youth is involved in volunteer work. In Armenia, the main reason for volunteerism is charity. However, we should mention that there are also cases when foreigners from Europe, USA, and Asia want to have their voluntary work in Armenia. In collaboration with European Volunteer Service (EVS) Volunteer Marta Niwczyk, in the Gyumri American Corner has established a club focused on local and international volunteering. The aim of this club is to introduce young people from Gyumri to the idea of obtaining practical skills and life experience through volunteering. Every week Armenian and foreign volunteers from different organizations present information about their work in Armenia. One method of encouraging volunteerism can be offering benefits to the volunteers, such as considering volunteer work as part of professional experience. While trying to reach the rates in Europe in high speed, Armenia loses important experiences. Trying to copy everything from Europe, we don’t take into account what we have inherited from Soviet Armenia, which leaves a huge imprint on copied European values, making them of poor quality. For the success of EaP it is necessary to have a society where the level of awareness is quite high and which is involved in all the processes. This and all the other platforms can’t be closed to a certain number of people. It is necessary to extend and develop it among citizens. For more success in development, attention to education, increased funding, and fresh ideas are required. Finally, consistency within the process is necessary. This announcement is available only in Armenian. This announcement is available only in Armenian. On March 3, 2021, the first meeting of the GreenDeal Task Force created under the Initiative Lisbon-Vladivostok was held. In the videoconference format, more than twenty authoritative experts in the field of ecology and business from Austria, Armenia, Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, Russia, France, as well as the representatives of the largest business industry associations supporting the Initiative Lisbon-Vladivostok, discussed common approaches to harmonizing the activities implemented by the EU and the EAEU on the path to sustainable development, including a radical reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere by 2050.

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How are you creating meaningful memories through play and leisure activities? Play is often perceived as something exclusively for children. However, this notion is far from the truth. Play is an enjoyable experience that knows no age limit—it can be a source of ikigai, providing solace from stressful situations. In this episode of the Ikigai Podcast, Nick talks with Dr. Suzy Ross about the importance of leisure and play, not only for the young but for people of all ages. Freedom is a state of mind "If you're really looking deeply at leisure, leisure, as we learned really from Plato and Aristotle, is a state of mind. It means that if we get to the essence of leisure, there's a state of mind that is essentially one of freedom. Freedom from stress, or freedom to love, freedom to joy, freedom to happiness, or it's freedom from something that we want to escape. But either way you look at it, there's an essential element of freedom, and in particular, a freedom of the mind." - Suzy Ross Recreational therapist. At 1:42, Suzy explains the role of recreational therapists, being one herself. Suzy’s definition of leisure. At 6:02, Suzy shares her definition of leisure. Definition of play. At 13:11, Suzy gives her definition of play. Being a contributor for the book, Positive Sociology of Leisure. Contemporary Perspectives - At 16:15, Suzy shares how the opportunity came about. Importance of “playing”. At 20:06, Nick and Suzy discuss the importance of playing, and why it’s deemed unimportant as people get older. Transformation. At 27:08, Suzy defines transformation. How play and leisure transform lives. At 31:49, Suzy explains why play and leisure are integral to transformation. Three activities that can contribute to transformation. At 37:31, the two talk about three activities that play a part in transformation. Sacred play. At 46:40, Suzy explains what sacred play is and its importance. Meaningful play for Suzy. At 52:38, Suzy shares how she plays. Transformative leisure and play, and ikigai. At 58:08, Suzy talks about the connection between leisure and play, and ikigai. - Play as an intellectual activity. At 1:06:27, Nick and Suzy discuss play as intelligence. Dr. Suzy Ross is the Manager of Recreation Therapy at San Jose State University, California. Her primary research examines the underlying archetypal pattern of personal transformation and is the subject of her book: The Map to Wholeness: Real-life Stories of Crisis, Change, and Reinvention. Dr. Ross has several published articles in peer-viewed scholarly journals and has spoken to participants of diverse conferences in local, regional, and international venues. In partnership with indigenous elders, Dr. Ross leads study abroad to ancient sites for healing through sacred play.LINKS: Website - Suzy Ross Suzy is a recreational therapist and describes recreational therapy as “play as a form of medicine.” As recreational therapists, their role is to help people to heal (body, mind, and spirit) by using play experiences: what a person does during his/her free time -- any activity that grants people happiness could be a great tool to help them heal. Suzy’s definition of leisure In a recreational professionals’ world, the terms recreation, leisure, and play all differ from each other. Leisure can be three different things: - Leisure can be defined as an activity; something that people enjoy doing. - Leisure for some is time away from work; time away from stressful activities. - Leisure can also be defined as a state of mind; having that sense of freedom: freedom from stress, freedom to love, joy, and happiness -- freedom of the mind. Suzy believes that the core piece of leisure is that there’s “falling in love.” When people are in love and engaged with what they do, they don’t have to force themselves — they don’t have to put much effort in what they do because they are enjoying the moment. Start by saying what's good about now. And with what's good about now start orienting us to what it is in this experience that we could begin to feel happy and feel good about. That starts orienting the mind toward the good. And then as you enter into the good, you can start to fall in love. And when we fall in love, we enter into a state of mind where there is no effort in. Then we're at leisure. - Dr. Suzy Ross Definition of play Suzy defines play as a state of being; it involves the body and comes out as an impulse. There is spontaneity in playing, people don’t know when it’s going to end and what is going to happen next -- they play with ambiguity with their mind and heart. Being a contributor for the book, Positive Sociology of Leisure - Contemporary Perspectives Positive Sociology of Leisure: Contemporary Perspectives was co-edited by one of Ikigai Podcast’s regular guest, Dr. Shintaro Kono. Suzy co-authored the chapter Transformative Leisure and Play: Bringing Forth Our Reason for Being, on the subject transformative leisure and play. Suzy’s chapter on the book is somewhat similar to the concept of asobigai (playful activities that make people’s lives worth living). Why is play dismissed as people get older? As people get older, play is being deemed unimportant. For Suzy, she sees two main reasons for this: - The world is dominated by Western ways of doing things, which is dominated by masculinity and privilege, with a focus on outcome and money, which is the opposite of play. Playing is something that people do after work and doesn’t involve productivity. - Suzy views play as something feminine; she thinks that people don’t put that much importance on something that is considered feminine -- it is more in the underworld. Play is a way for people to transform themselves. Suzy explains that there are two main aspects to transformation: - Transformation is about autopoiesis: the process of an entity recreating itself. - Transformation is about structure building; it is a long process of becoming a different human being. Transformation requires people to come out with a new structure, and people have three human structures that transform: the ego, mind, and the body. How play and leisure transform lives Transformative leisure and play can be compared to ikigai as being experiential. “Play and leisure are integral to transformation because it unfolds through moments of experience, some of which are extraordinary. Others might be deemed important, and many viewed as mundane. Regardless of the importance assigned by the individual, living life experientially is tantamount to transformation.” - Dr. Suzy Ross Being a spectator, people are not fully having an experience, whereas when the body, mind, and spirit are engaged actively, that is an experience; and as soon as people are in an experience, they are propelling forward to their transformation. This idea of propelling forward connects to the concept of ikigai, because ikigai could be any activities or experiences that make people feel that their lives are moving forward -- transformational experiences. Ikigai could be defined as the activities or experiences in your life that make you feel your life is moving forward. This ties into themes of growth, change and transformation. It's almost like knowledge. If we accumulate knowledge, it can be helpful, but it really doesn't mean anything until we do something with that knowledge. We experience life through using that knowledge. - Nicholas Kemp Suzy wrote about three activities that, when woven explicitly and mindfully into leisure, can contribute to transformation, and one of them is meaning-making. When people are going through the process of transformation, they can use their mind to raise awareness and consciousness to savour and elevate their emotional connection and emotive experience. And then people reflect on these activities that elevated the emotional engagement to help them feel and savour the experiences more deeply. People’s reflection on their experiences enables them to make meaning of it in a larger context which can lead to increased self-awareness that contributes to their transformation. Suzy wrote a paper titled, Sacred play: an ancient contribution to contemporary play theory. When she was in Peru, Suzy met several elders of Inca mysticism and learned about the ancient practices of the Inca. She learnt ancient play practices that had been passed down from the Inca lineage. The elders taught her to use her imagination, to imagine energy as a healing practice that they refer to as “sacred play.”When the Inca play together, the purpose of their play is to reach enlightenment. Their play practices are designed to help people heal themselves and to achieve clarity of the mind, body, and spirit. Meaningful play for Suzy There’s a type of play called serious leisure, and for Suzy, it can be compared to ikigai because when people it is something that people fall in love with, and it also requires learning and sacrifice. A simple way to describe it is a hobby -- something that people dedicate themselves to. As for her, her serious leisure has always been her spiritual and personal growth, learning everything about spirituality and various philosophies. She also loves going on retreats, cycling, and taking walks by the ocean. Transformative leisure and play, and ikigai If people regard play as a state of mind, amazing things can happen even in the middle of working because playfulness can also happen at work. It’s all about the experiences that make people feel fully alive. So when people are in the state of mind of leisure, they can be engaged with something that they really love, that can make a life worth living -- what we could define as a source of ikigai. When people are fully engaged in the moment, they lose themselves to the moment. It is these personal and playful activities where people lose themselves. If we lose ourselves and we're fully engaged into something that's playful or intimate, it is meaningful. And it's not these extrinsically motivated things that we focus on that make our life worth living, it's these intrinsic personal, intimate, playful activities where we lose ourselves. - Nicholas Kemp Play as an intellectual activity “Play’s the only way the highest intelligence of humankind can unfold.” - Joseph Chilton Pearce Suzy thinks that people’s destiny as a human is to be able to know how to play. A great scholar from 100 years ago, said that the mark of a great civilization is whether or not people can handle their leisure play. An example for her was the pandemic, when everyone went into lockdown. Everyone had to adjust to spending more time at home and find ways to entertain themselves. People learned the importance of play during lockdown. When we look deeper into the significance of leisure and play, we understand how important they both are in our lives. They can be a source of our ikigai because they provide blissful and meaningful experiences for us. Whenever we fully engage in play, we forget about the things that trouble us, enjoy the moment, but we also create meaningful memories.

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In the Battle of Badr, in which Muslims dealt a crushing defeat to the Meccans, 70 prisoners of war were captured. Umar’s considered opinion was that since the Meccans were the worst enemies of Muslims who had treated them in the most barbaric manner, the prisoners of war deserved no mercy. He therefore suggested that they should be executed without any hesitation. Abu Bakr disagreed with Umar’s opinion and suggested that they should be set free on payment of ransom. He reckoned that the payment of ransom would weaken the economic position of the Meccans and strengthen that of Muslims who were badly in need of financial resources. The Prophet agreed with Abu Bakr’s suggestion. The equivalent of a hundred camels was fixed as ransom. A few of the prisoners paid the ransom and secured their freedom. In the case of prisoners who could not afford to pay the ransom, their relatives and friends collected the money and paid the ransom on their behalf. Some of the prisoners were too poor and had no relatives to help them, but they were literate. The Prophet told them that they could secure their release if each one of them taught ten Muslim children to read and write. They agreed to the offer. A few prisoners were neither literate nor had relatives who could come to their rescue. They were set free after they gave an assurance to the Prophet that they would not engage in any kind of aggression or hostility against Muslims in the future. Following the battle of Hunayn, about 6,000 men and women were held prisoner. The Prophet ordered them to be honourably released. Imam Bukhari, in his celebrated work Al-Sahih has narrated this incidence under the caption “Justification for appointing non-Muslims as teachers of Muslims.” A Chapter in the Historiography and Sociology of Islamic Science In his stimulating and deftly argued book The Theft of History (2006), Jack Goody uses an evocative metaphor -- the ‘theft of history’-- to describe a particularly iniquitous aspect of Eurocentrism. The theft of history, according to Goody, refers to the take-over or expropriation of history by the West. He says: “The past is conceptualized and presented according to what happened on the provincial scale of Europe, often Western Europe, and then imposed upon the rest of the world.” The theft of history, according to Goody, is reflected in the widely-held view among Western intellectuals and historians that some of the key institutions of modern times, such as science, democracy, mercantile capitalism and modernity, were invented in Europe. Goody argues that Europe has deliberately neglected or underplayed the history of the rest of the world, as a consequence of which it has misinterpreted much of its own history. He states that the claim that these institutions originated in Europe is historically untenable, and the fact of the matter is that they can be found over a much more widespread range of human societies (Goody 2006:125,215). Goody points out that the underlying assumption behind European uniqueness or exceptionalism, which is reflected in the Eurocentric view of the Renaissance and of much of the history of science in the West, is the clash of cultures, civilizations and religions, popularized by Samuel Huntington. This model of the clash of civilizations, Goody asserts, does not account for very much. I would like to carry Goody’s brilliant argument a little further and draw attention to what may be termed as the theft of the history of science in the Western context. I draw upon the researches of Fuat Sezgin to substantiate and elaborate this idea. The theft of the history of science and medicine is vividly reflected in the plagiarism and expropriation of the researches, discoveries, instruments and devices invented by Muslim scientists by European scientists and scholars in the medieval period, in the fraudulent claims of authorship of books and treatises written by Muslim scientists, and in claims of originality and precedence for European scientists over scientific and medical discoveries made by Muslim scientists and physicians in earlier times. Some of the highly important works in medicine that were written by Muslim physicians and were translated into Latin were wrongly attributed to Galen and other Greek physicians. Thus, Ishaq ibn Imran’s work Kitab al-Malaykhuliya and Ibn al-Jazzar’s book Kitan al-Bah were attributed to Galen (d. 200 CE) and Alexander of Tralles (d. 605 CE) for centuries. It was only in the first half of the 20th century that this theft of the history of science was brought to light. Ibn Sina’s book Kitab al-ahjar was wrongly attributed to Aristotle. Raymundus Lullus (d. 1315) resisted, without success, the dissemination of Islamic science in Europe. He fraudulently claimed the authorship of some books in chemistry and other branches of sciences which were actually written by Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288) was the first scientist who discovered and described the coronary vessels and the pulmonary circulation. He contradicted Galen, who held that blood passes from one side of the heart to the other through septal pores. In one of his major works, Sharh tashrih al-Qanun, Ibn al-Nafis argued that there are no pores in the cardiac septum, and that blood flows from the right side of the heart via the pulmonary artery to the lung, where it is aerated and purified in the alveoli. It then returns via the pulmonary veins to the left part of the heart. Andreas Alpagus (1522), who was a professor at Padua University in Italy and was a great admirer of the contributions of Muslim scientists and physicians, learnt Arabic, undertook extensive travels to Islamic lands and stayed in Damascus for nearly 30 years. In the course of his stay in Damascus, he delved into the treasures of Arabic learning and translated many Arabic works on science and medicine into Latin. One of these translated works was Sharh tashrih al-Qanun of Ibn al-Nafis. This translation was printed in Venice in 1547. Shortly after the publication of the translation, half a dozen works written by European scientists described the pulmonary circulation exactly the way it was described by Ibn al-Nafis, but without acknowledging the source. In 1553, Michael Servitus described the pulmonary circulation in his book Christianismi Restitutu and claimed it as his own discovery. Similarly, the second edition of Vesalius’s book De Humani Corporis Fabrica described the pulmonary circulation, which was evidently lifted from the Latin translation of Ibn al-Nafis’s work. Interestingly, the first edition of Vesalius’s book, printed in 1542, did not mention this ‘discovery’. In the same way, the works of Valvarde (1554), Cesalpino (1554), Realdo Colombo (1558) and William Harvey (1628) described the pulmonary circulation, without revealing the source (Abdel-Halim 2008) Vesalius, who is credited with the discovery of the pulmonary circulation in Western accounts of the history of science, was quite familiar with the works of Muslim scientists and physicians, through Latin translations as well as the original Arabic works. He had a fairly good knowledge of Arabic and had even translated a part of Al-Razi’s celebrated work Kitab al-Mansuri in Latin. For nearly three centuries, the discovery of the pulmonary circulation was attributed to the English biologist William Harvey. In 1924, an Egyptian physician, who was studying medicine at Albert Ludwig University in Germany, discovered a manuscript of Ibn al-Nafis’s book Sharh tashrih al-Qanun. A close study of the manuscript revealed that Ibn al-Nafis had accurately described the pulmonary circulation three hundred years before Harvey. Constantine the African (d. 1087) was a Christian Arab merchant of Algiers who had a keen interest in Arabic works in science and medicine. He travelled to Italy and brought from there many Arabic books written by Muslim scientists and translated some of them into Latin. He not only suppressed the names of the Muslim authors of the books he translated but also shamelessly attributed their authorship to Greek writers and even to himself. For nearly two centuries, Ali ibn Musa’s book Kamil al-sinaa al-tibbiyya was considered to be a work of Constantine the African. Michael Scott (d. 1235), who knew Arabic and was fascinated by the works of Muslim scientists, translated some Arabic works on science and medicine into Latin. These included the work of Nur al-Din al-Batruji on astronomy and Ibn Rushd’s commentaries on some of Aristotle’s works. He then rehashed the contents of some of these books into a new book and attributed its authorship to Nicolaus Damascenus, who lived in the first century CE. The discovery of camera obscura in optics, spherical triangles in mathematics and Jacob’s Staff in astronomy is attributed to the French mathematician and astronomer Levi Ben Gerson (d. 1344). In reality, these discoveries were made by Muslim mathematicians, scientists and astronomers centuries before Gerson. Strangely, people who perpetrated this scientific fraud did not care to reflect as to how a single person could have made such amazing discoveries in three distinct fields of science. The Arabic works on science and medicine that were translated into Latin in the medieval period included the commentaries of Muslim scientists and physicians on the works of the Greek botanist Dioscorides, who lived in the first century CE. The translators attributed the commentaries, which contained valuable botanical information, to Dioscorides, and not to Muslim scientists. Some fair-minded European historians of science, such as Cumston, have noted that many of the medicinal herbs and substances attributed to Dioscorides were in fact of Islamic origin. Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) is considered the father of several sciences, including botany, zoology, chemistry and meteorology. It was believed, until recently, that his scientific knowledge was derived from classical Greek sources. It has now come to light that he was ignorant of Greek and that he became familiar with Aristotle’s ideas through the commentaries of Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina on Aristotle’s works. The Italian scholar Robertus Grosseteste (d. 1253) is considered the most influential defender and exponent of Aristotle in Europe. Historians of science have now discovered that he had no direct access to Aristotle’s original works and that his writings on Aristotle were almost entirely based on the commentaries of Arab scientists on Aristotle’s works. Western historians of science generally maintain that the foundations of trigonometry as an independent science were laid by the German mathematician and astronomer Regiomontanus (d. 1476). Fuat Sezgin has convincingly argued that the real credit for founding trigonometry goes to Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274). It is generally believed that Roger Bacon (d. 1292) was the founder of the experimental method in science. In the 19th century, C. Prantil (d. 1893) took exception to this view and argued that Bacon was greatly influenced by the views of Muslim scientists, mathematicians and physicists, including Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Razi, Ibn Zuhr and Al-Zahrawi, who emphasized, centuries before Bacon, that the experimental method lay at the heart of scientific research. Prantil’s argument was supported by E. Wiedemann and M. Schramm, who pointed out that the credit for the invention of the experimental should indeed go to Muslim scientists. The most important factor in the theft of the history of science and medicine that has been outlined in the foregoing was a deeply entrenched feeling of prejudice, antipathy and hostility towards Islam. A set of ideological, political and cultural factors, including the legacy of the Crusades, confrontations with the Ottoman Empire, the ideology of white supremacy and European colonialism, have been responsible for this perception (Southern 1962; Daniel 1960; Rodinson 1987; Reeves 2000). Mercifully, from the late 19th century, a growing number of European scientists, historians of science and orientalists began to recognize and acknowledge the pivotal role of Muslim scientists in the advancement of science and medicine and the debt of the European Renaissance to their seminal and outstanding contributions. The names of Jean Jacques Sedillot (d. 1840), Joseph Reinaud (d. 1867), Franz Woepcke (d. 1864), Carl Kraus (d. 1946), Eilhard Wiedemann (d. 1925), George Sarton (d. 1956), Heinrich Suter (d. 1922), Carlo Alfonso allino (d. 1938), Ignatius J. Kratchkovsky (d. 1951), Heinrich Schipperges (d. 2003), Julius Hirschberg (d. 1925), M. Ullman and George Saliba are particularly note-worthy in this connection. George Sarton perceptively observed, “We shall not be able to understand our science of today if we do not succeed in penetrating its genesis and its evolution.” Sarton wrote a monumental work An Introduction to the History of Science (1927-48), in which he paid a glowing tribute to the original and wide-ranging contributions of Muslim scientists. In recent years, historians of science, scientific institutions, universities and publishing houses in the West have made admirable efforts at rectifying the injustice done to the monumental contributions of Muslim scientists, astronomers, mathematicians and physicians. The Wellcome Group published The Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library in 1967. The contributors in The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance (1983) have highlighted and documented the outstanding and wide-ranging contributions of Islamic civilization during the medieval period which were a forerunner of the European Renaissance and which exerted a profound and enduring influence on science, medicine, technology, architecture and art in Europe (Hayes 1983). The Dictionary of Scientific Biography (16 vols, 1970-80), edited by C. C. Gillispie, contains useful entries on Muslim scientists. Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Sciences (1996), edited by Rashed Roshdi and Regis Morelon, offers carefully analyzed and painstakingly documented information on the wide-ranging contributions of Muslim scientists. Jack Goody, Jack (2006) The Theft of history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goody, Jack (2010) Renaissance: The One or the Many? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rabie, E. Abdel-Halim (2008) ‘Contributions of Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288 AD) to the progress of medicine and urology’ Saudi Medical Journal, 29 (1), 2008 (www.smj.org.sa) Southern, R. W. (1962) Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Daniel, Norman (1960) Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Rodinson, Maxime (1987) Europe and the Mystique of Islam. (trans. by Roger Veinus) Seattle: University of Washington Press. Reeves, Minou (2000) Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Mythmaking. New York: New York University Press. Hayes, A. J. ed. (1983) The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Dallal, Ahmad (1999) ‘Science, Medicine and Technology’ In John L. Esposito, ed. The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (Extracted from A.R. Momin, ed. Sociology in Islamic Perspective: Selected Readings, 2017, pp. 232-240)

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The Islamic Belief of True Salaf Allah is Attributed with Perfection Bismillah, Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, to Him belong the endowments and the befitting perfections and commendations. I ask Allah to raise the rank of Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, and to protect his nation from that which he fears for it, Thereafter: The saying that Allah, ta^ala, exists without a place is the belief and the creed of the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, the Companions and the True Salaf and Khalaf, those who graciously followed them, and it shall be until the Day of Judgment. The proof of this precious statement is what Allah said in the Qur’an, in Surat ash-Shura, ayah 11 which means: “There is nothing like Him and He has the attribute of Hearing and Seeing.” This ayah absolutely and totally clears Allah of resembling the creation. It comprises that Allah, ta^ala, is different from the creations in the Self, Attributes, and Doings. Hence, it shows that Allah, ta^ala, exists without a place, because the one who exists in a place would, by nature, be composed of atoms, i.e., he would be a body, occupying a space, and Allah, ta^ala, is clear of occupying spaces. Al-Bukhariyy, al-Bayhaqiyy and Ibn alJarud related that the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, said which means: “Allah existed eternally and there was nothing else.” This hadith proves that Allah was alone in al-‘azal, (the status of existence without a beginning,) i.e., before creating any of the creation. There was nothing with Him: no place, no space, no sky, no light, and no darkness. It is determined in the rules of the Religion and the judgments of the sound mind that Allah, the Exalted, does not change. Hence, it is impossible that after having been existing without a place, He would become in a place, because this is a development, and the development is a sign of needing others, and the one who needs others is not God. Imam Abu Mansur al-Baghdadiyy related in his book, Al-Farqu Bayn alFiraq, that Imam ^Aliyy, the fourth of the caliphs, may Allah reward his deeds, said which means: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place, and He now is as He was, i.e., without a place.” Imam Abu Hanifah, who is one of the authorities of as-Salaf, said in his book Al-Fiqh alAbsat: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place. He existed before creating the creation. He existed, and there was no place, creation, or thing; and He is the Creator of everything.” Imam al-Hafidh al-Bayhaqiyy said in his book, Al-Asma’u was-Sifat, on page 400: “…. What was mentioned towards the end of the hadith is an indication of denying Allah has a place and denying the slave is alike to Allah, wherever he was in proximity or remoteness. Allah, the Exalted, is adhDhahir–hence, it is valid to know about Him by proofs. Allah is al-Batin–hence, it is invalid that He would be in a place.” He also said: “Some of our companions used as a proof to refute the place to Allah the saying of the Prophet, sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam : ‘You are adh-Dhahir and there is nothing above You, and You are al-Batin and there is nothing underneath You.’ Therefore, if there is nothing above Him and nothing underneath Him, He is not in a place. Imam Ahmad Ibn Salamah, Abu Ja^far atTahawiyy, who was born in the year 237 after Hijrah, and was one of the Heads of Great Salaf wrote a book called Al-^Aqidah atTahawiyyah. He mentioned that the content of his book is an elucidation of the creed of Ahl asSunnah wal Jama^ah, which is the creed of Imam Abu Hanifah, who died in the year 150 after alHijrah, and his two companions, Imam Abu Yusuf al-Qadi and Imam Muhammad Ibn alHasan ash-Shaybaniyy and others. He said in his book: “Allah is supremely clear of all boundaries, extremes, sides, organs and instruments. The six directions do not contain Him–these are attributed to all created things.” Such is the saying of Imam Abu Ja^far who is among the heads of as-Salaf. He explicitly stated that Allah is clear of being contained by the six directions. The six directions are above, below, in front of, behind, right, and left. The linguist and scholar of hadith, Imam Muhammad Murtada az-Zabidiyy, narrated by a continuous chain from himself back to Imam Zayn al-^Abidin ^Aliyy Ibn al-Husayn Ibn ^Aliyy Ibn Abi Talib, (who was among the first of as-Salaf, who earned the title of as-Sajjad, i.e., the one who prays a lot), that Zayn al-^Abidin said in his treatise asSahifah as-Sajjadiyyah about Allah: which means: “O Allah, You are clear of all imperfection. You are Allah, the One Who no place contains You.” He also said which means: “O Allah, You are clear of all imperfection. You are Allah, the One Who is not in boundaries.” In the explanation of al-Bukhariyy in the chapter on Al-Jihad, Hafidh Ibn Hajar said: “The fact that the two directions above and below are impossible to be attributes of Allah, does not necessitate that Allah would not be attributed with aboveness, because attributing aboveness to Allah is a matter of status and the impossibility lies in it being physical.” The scholar Imam Zayn ad-Din Ibn Nujaym, the Hanafiyy, in his book Al-Bahr arRa’iq, on page 129 said: “Whoever says it is possible that Allah would do a doing in which there is no wisdom commits blasphemy, and also he commits blasphemy by affirming a place to Allah, the Exalted.” Imam Muhammad Ibn Hibah al-Makkiyy, in his book Hada’iq al-Fusul wa Jawahir al-^Uqul,–also called Al-^Aqidat-as-Salahiyyah because he gave it as a gift to Sultan Salah-ad-Din al-Ayyubiyy who ordered that this book be taught to the children in schools and broadcast from the top of minarets–said: which means: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place, and the judgment about His existence now is that He is as He was, i.e., without a place.” The great true Salafi, Imam Ja^far as-Sadiq said: “He who claims that Allah is in something or on something or from something, commits ash-shirk. Because if He was in something, He would be contained, and if He was on something, He would be carried, and if He was from something, He would be a creature.” Shaykh ^Abdul-Ghaniyy an-Nabulsiyy said: “He who believes that Allah fills the heavens and earth or that He is a body sitting above al-^arsh (ceiling of Paradise; throne) is a kafir.” Imam Abul-Qasim ^Aliyy Ibnul-Hasan Ibn Hibatillah Ibn ^Asakir said in his ^Aqidah: “Allah existed before the creation. He does not have a before or an after, an above or a below, a right or a left, an in front of or a behind, a whole or a part. It must not be said when was He, where was He, or how was He. He exists without a place.” Imam Abu Sulayman al-Khattabiyy said: “What is obligatory upon us and upon every Muslim to know is that our Lord has no shape or form, because the shape has a ‘how’ and ‘how’ does not apply to Allah or His Attributes.” Know beyond doubt that the question ‘how’ does not apply to Allah, because this is a question about shapes, bodies, places, depths and dimensions; Allah is clear of all of that. Also be firm that it is invalid to say about Allah “… but we do not know how”, because in essence, it falsely indicates that Allah has a color, shape, dimensions, body, place, but one is ignorant of the ‘how’ of it. Imam al-Ghazaliyy said: ” Allah, the Exalted, existed eternally and there was no place. He is not a body, jawhar (atom), or property, and He is not on a place or in a place.” All of these sayings show that attributing the sensuous physical aboveness and place to Allah is contrary to the Qur’an, the Hadith, the Ijma^, and the intellectual proof. The intellectual proof that Allah exists without a place lies in the fact that the one who is in a place would have an area, and the one who has an area is in need of it, and the one who needs others is not God. Moreover, as the mind determines that Allah existed without a place before creating places, the mind determines that after Allah created the places He still exists without a place. The scholars like Imam Ahmad arRifa^iyy determined that lifting the hands and the faces towards the sky when performing du^a (supplication) is because the heavens are the qiblah of du^a just as the Ka^bah is the qiblah of asSalah. From the heavens, the mercies and blessings of Allah descend. Hence, it is clear for the one who seeks the truth that the saying that Allah exists without a place is what complies with the Qur’an, the Hadith, the Ijma^, and the criteria of the sound intellect. Be firm and certain that before creating places, Allah Who created everything (places and others), existed without a place, and after creating places, He still exists without a place. Since we have determined that the creed of the Muslims is that Allah exists without a place and that the question ‘how’ does not apply to Allah, it is clear to us that al-^arsh (the throne) which is the biggest of the creations of Allah and the ceiling of Paradise, is not a place for Allah, the Exalted. Imam Abu Hanifah said in his book, alWasiyyah,: ” … and He is the Preserver of al^arsh and other than al-^arsh, without needing it, for had He been in need, He would not have the power to create the world and to manage and preserve it. Moreover, had He been in a place needing to sit and restbefore creating al-^arsh, where was Allah?” That is, the question ‘where was Allah’ would have applied to Him, which is impossible. Also, in his book, Al-Fiqh al-Absat, Imam Abu Hanifah said: “Allah existed eternally and there was no place; He existed before creating the creation. He existed and there was not a place, a creation or a thing; and He is the Creator of everything. He who says ‘I do not know if my Lord is in the heavens or on the earth,’ is a kafir. Also is a kafir whoever says that ‘He is on al-^arsh, and I do not know whether al-^arsh is in the heaven or on the earth’.” Consequently, the great True Salafi Scholar Imam Ahmad declared a kafir whomever says these last two phrases because they contain attributing a direction, boundary, and place to Allah. Everything which has a direction and boundary is by necessity in need of a Creator. Thus it is not the intention of Imam Abu Hanifah to prove that the heaven and al-^arsh are places for Allah, as those who liken Allah to the creation claim. This is by virtue of the aforementioned saying of the Imam: “Had He been in a place needing to sit and rest, then before creating al-^arsh where was Allah?”, which is clear in negating that Allah has a direction or a place. In his book, Ihya’u ^Ulum ad-Din, Imam alGhazaliyy said: “… places do not contain Him, nor do the directions, earth, or heavens. He is attributed with an istiwa’ over al-^arsh as He said in the Qur’an–with the meaning that He willed–and not as what people may delude. It is an istiwa’ which is clear of touching, resting, holding, moving and containment. Al-^arsh does not carry Him, but rather al-^arsh and those that carry al-^arsh are all carried by Allah with His Power and are subjugated to Him. He is above al-^arsh and above the heavens and above everything–in status– an aboveness that does not give Him proximity to al-^arsh or the heavens as it does not give Him farness from earth. He is higher in status than everything: higher in status than al-^arsh and the heavens, as He is higher in status than earth and the rest of the creation.” Shaykh ^Abdul-Ghaniyy an-Nabulsiyy said: “He who believes that Allah filled the heavens and earth or that He is a body sitting above al-^arsh, is a kafir.” Ayah 93 of Surat Maryam: means: “All those in the heavens and earth must come to Allah as a slave.” In his Tafsir (book of explaining the Qur’an), Imam ar-Raziyy said: “… and since it is affirmed by this ayah that everything that existed in the heavens and earth is a slave to Allah, and since it is obligatory that Allah is clear of being a slave, thus He is clear of being in a place or direction, or on al-^arsh or al-kursiyy.” Hence Surat Taha, ayah 5, in the Qur’an, clearly does not mean that Allah sits on the throne or that Allah is firmly established on the throne. In the Arabic language, the word istawa has fifteen (15) different meanings, among of which are to sit, to subjugate, to protect, to conquer, and to preserve. Based on what we have covered so far it is clear that it is blasphemous to apply the meaning ‘to sit’ to Allah. However the terms to preserve and to subjugate are in compliance with the Religion and the language. And those so-called translations of al-Quran that referred to the term “Istawa” to “Sits” or “Sat”or “Established himself firmly on the throne” contradict Arabic rules, and Islamic bases. Bewarned from such translations and such attribues, Allah is almighty clear from the sitting, movement, size, shape, form or change. Allah is great. Allah knows best.

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Aging can be considered as a universal phenomenon which every human goes through all along their lifespan. Every human has high expectation in the aspect of health and life a happy life but not many of the old people get to this reality. In the current decade, there Is the rapid change in different scenarios in the aspect of raising the old people as compare to before. Many developing countries all over the world like Africa and Asian countries a middle east are rapidly affected by different global changes. According to the current drive of trying to help the old live longer, there are fears that this effort seems to be a strategy to create a high rate of loneliness and isolation. In this paper, I will focus on the isolation of the elderly in most of the world and the impact they have on the old people. The paper will give a clear literature review on the reason, effect and also the cause of the alleviated issue in the world. This issue of elderly Is an area of interest particularly to be as I have grown in a rural area with my grandparents and hence have a chance to present my elderly parents. According to a john burke (2017) on the issue of "effect that isolation has to the elderly". According to his finding, he found out that accessibility is one that is vital in the aspect of facilitating an excellent social contact with the elderly. Hence the reason why people who had difficulty to access transport resulted in the being lonely. And hence it mostly not possible to attest that those people who live in the urban area have a chance of being paid. He goes ahead to state that the elderly can sometimes contribute to their loneliness as they are never ready to speak out instead the keep encouraging social interaction in urban areas. John Burke goes ahead to explain the reason why elderly people in the current generation are being isolated. In his reasoning, he explains that some elderly parent is in isolation if they lose their spouse and they might be childless. Isolation has many effects according to Burke he explains that loneliness is, of course, the main effect of elderly isolation. He states that the rate of loneliness is worse in the modern generation as it was in the 60s, 80, and 90s. He stated isolation is severe and can cause depression to the elderly people and other isolation related diseases and this is due to the lousy quality of life. According to Burke isolation affect all people but its worse for the elderly. He concluded by stating that there is a need for the development of government organization like HSE to care for elderly people. He states that day caring center can be essential to reduce the rate of isolation. According to Howard Gleckman (2017) in his article "isolation of the elderly and the risk associated". Howard goes on to state that those elderly who are isolated are more likely to die off due to illnesses sooner than expected. According to the article, the author ties the explain that about 14% in a research that was carried out showed that people who were affected were the white males who had little to no contact with their children or even their relative. According to the research, these people were more likely to have depression and also difficulties in trying to manage their daily activities. Howard goes to explain that Medicare for the isolated is relatively higher than for those who are not isolated. The article stated that Medicare spent over $1,600. This was as a result that these people were more like to be hospitalized and the hospital stay was approximately costlier or perhaps it was as a result of the fact, they were not discharged quicker than the others. The article doesn't conclude that isolation is the actual cause of death. But he states it could be essential to come with solutions and provide reliable steps to help the needy. Which could save cost and reduce Medicare expenses? Howard provides the solution for isolation in the aspect of the elderly making connections to provide support. The article also gives a solution to moving these elderlies to place with other elderly people. According to an article on "the quality of life with the elderly" published in 2017, the author stated that loneliness is one of the causes of impaired life quality and also greater medical institutional care and this result to an increased mortality. According to the article Over the year's loneliness has been used as an indicator to show the quality of life the people live. The article states that this aspect of isolation has been poorly addressed in modern society. According to the article, it was founded that loneliness was mainly attributed to the fact there was poor subjective health. It also found that the activity limitation and also cognitive functions did not affect the elderly loneliness. The article also stated that environmental support is some of the core factors which affect that cause loneliness. The article goes to explain the strategies that can be used to address the factor of isolation for all the old people. There is the need for the elderly involvement in all aspect of developing or even planning and even delivery of various activities that could target the social isolation of the loneliness. the article also addresses the need for the availability of service that can cater for the old people who are impaired and have been isolated in life. Social isolation has been something of main focus lately according to researchers and scholars as well as policymakers shift of attention has majorly been directed social isolation especially to the seniors. This issue has been given a priority in countries such as Canada, where the isolation of the elderly has been a rampant and rooted problem (Sollecito, 2015). According to the article, social isolation in the United Kingdom has feature also to experience the same problem. Regardless of setback, sufficient measures have been put into considerations such as dissemination and distribution of research knowledge. Furthermore, the other approach is to provide information to a service organization in an aim to approach the issue. This issue has hit the headlines showing the degree of concern it needs to the general public. Social isolation has always given a dilution of loneliness in a way, this term has been used in various languages in our daily life activities. Researchers have pointed out that the two concept requires differentiation. The social isolation is always a result of a person having less interaction with others. This can also be referred to as an objective part. Meanwhile, loneliness can be expressed as a subjective distress caused by lacking enough people to interact with. Loneliness has a causative agent which is related to maladaptive thoughts about personal self and others (Weldrick, R. &Grenier, A. 2018). The article state that literature has formed a modest way to demonstrate both social isolations as well as loneliness to pose a health risk to an individual. For instance, meta-analysis provides the result of study between social isolation and mortality. The reports show that interaction with other people in a social environment would result in low mortality rates risk. Based on the findings the authors come into a conclusion that lack of social interaction and relationship is considered an influential factor when it comes to mortality risk. It is evident that lonely adult is likely to die sooner and decline of their mobility compared to those with the company and are not lonely. Though drive to help the elder people in our current society have been rampant, it has escalated the rate of isolation and loneliness instead. (Weldrick, R. &Grenier, A. 2018) focus to help the elderly have remained constant all-over different society, the main aim is to ensure that the physical health of the respondent has been met to the later. It is clear without such social and health intervention, they are exposed to high risk of loneliness and isolation leading to adverse side effects. According to the author, the act of loneliness is brought about by living alone, having disabilities and health problem related to old age as well as impairment of sensory organs such as hearing loss. Apart from that, losing their lovely spouses has left the elderly vulnerable to emotional and social isolation. This article went ahead to elaborate how the worst-case scenario happens as a result of social isolation and loneliness. For instance, if there is a communication breakdown especially with the family and friends or even moving into an unfamiliar area of resident and neighborhood. It happens to be the same when the whole family member moves in seek of work or any personal reasons, growing children and loss of a close friend. Therefore, the emphasis of elderly to be independent in such case increases social disruption, instability, feeling of insecurity and rise in physical isolation. According to (Zohre, M., & Ali, N. 2018), the researcher has studied and found out that elders are vulnerable to abuse. The investigation shows a clear connection between social isolation together with the increasing rates of abuse among the elderly. Though it is not satisfied, elderly people are prone to fall victims of abuse. Another causative agent can be the deliberate isolation of elders by the abusers as they tried to put them behind the shadow. This particular vulnerability of the elder irrespective of their cause forms a significant concern. Nevertheless, various studies have pointed out loneliness to result to depression which is a significant risk factor. This factor has increased symptoms of depression among the middle age and also the older adults. An adult who is socially isolated is more likely to predict their life quality to either get worse or get better. They have a mindset of depending on the community program when they get older to a point of being helpless. The need for home care is an excellent step for long-term care of the elderly. The article (Lin, M. 2018) depicts the need to stop the isolation of the elderly. It is evident that isolation leads to loneliness. The author state that, it easy to spot a lonely face since they are everywhere in our environment; on benches in the park, on the rocking chairs, feeding caged bird on their lawns, alone on the balcony of a building. In this article, they have to define loneliness as an act of deprivation and feeling of sadness as well as emptiness. The sense of isolation is much felt especially during holidays more than on daily basis. Otherwise, loneliness should not be taken for granted since it has an adverse effect with serious consequences which comprise of; dependent traits, depression, suicidal thoughts, disorders in eating practice and insomnia problem (Sollecito, 2015). the article describes the causes of loneliness and isolation to be; constant changing living environment, loss of chain of the network from, fear of becoming a burden to others, finding difficulties in communication, children moving away from home especially when attending schools and the fear involved of falling and going out. Perhaps to be able to conquer isolation and loneliness, teamwork should be incorporated. According to the Council of the American Medical Society on Scientific Affairs (1987), the abuse of the elderly has taken several forms and also definitions which can be defined as follows: any commission or any omission which can cause harm or threat that threatens the health and benefits of the elderly. The Select elderly Committee on Aging nominates the following categories of abuse: physical abuse, also Abandonment, can also consider emotional and financial abuse, and personal negligence. In its most cases use, elder abuse is a comprehensive term that represents all forms of ill-treatment or a... Cite this page Isolation the Elderly Research Paper. (2022, Sep 10). 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What is Sandalwood? The sandalwood tree is considered fairly small, although it grows to a height of approximately 30 feet. The bark can be in hues of brown, black, red, and the heartwood is sometimes white, lending to the nickname. This tree is semi-parasitic. As a sapling, it gathers its nutrients and water from neighboring plants through specialized roots called haustoria, but does so without causing them harm. Some sandals (as they are sometimes called) have even survived off of other sandals. Because of this, if you were ever to come into possession of sandalwood seeds that you wish to plant, you should plant them with neighbors that can support its 'borrowing' nature. The wood of the tree is highly prized as well. It is used in wood carvings and in the furniture industry, and rates in the top 10 most expensive kinds of woods in the world along with others like African blackwood, agar, and ebony. Another popular use for sandalwood is incense. The warm and grounding aroma is useful in meditation. The wood chips are sometimes used for this as well, with the remnants of oil still remaining in scant quantities. Sandalwood powder is also prized in cosmetics. The oil in the tree collects in the heartwood, which can be white but turns darker yellow as the tree matures. The main constituent, santalol, is found in the oil in both alpha- and beta- form and usually comprises approximately 90 percent of total volume. The oil cannot be collected until the tree is many years old. While this can be accomplished as early as 15 years, the older the tree, the higher the quality and quantity of the oil it produces. Due to this limitation and the demand for the oil, the sandalwood species has become heavily overharvested. There are strict regulations in place where the species grows, namely in India, Australia, and Hawaii to help maintain the preservation of these precious trees. Unfortunately, this has created a seedy underground network of people illegally harvesting the tree and its oil as people try to cash in on the supply and demand. Poaching and smuggling have become a problem. For this reason, it is imperative that you only source sandalwood from reputable distributors that practice sustainable harvesting techniques and that adhere to the strict regulations in place. It is also highly recommended to be responsible and not overuse this oil. The genus Santalum includes numerous varieties. The most popular in aromatherapy are: - S. album - Native to India, this is the most popular. It is mainly produced in India and Indonesia. The contents here focus mainly on this oil. - S. austrocaledonicum - Also known as New Caledonian sandalwood, this tree takes a minimum of 20 years to reach maturity and grows on the islands in the South Pacific. It is widely agreed that this is the closest variety to true Indian sandalwood due to the santalol. - S. spicatum - Australian sandalwood is another popular variety; however, with less santalol, it has a drier and more bitter top note and provides different benefits. - S. paniculatum - Hawaiian or Royal Hawaiian sandalwood is native to the islands of the same name. It is also a rich and deep tenacity. There is also another oil that is often called West Indian sandalwood that is of no botanical relation: Amyris balsamifera. It is actually amyris from the Rutaceae family and is also referred to as West Indian rosewood even though it is not rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora). The rarity of the oil lends it to being often adulterated. In Essential Oil Safety, Tisserand states that this is often done with a number of things, such as amyris, sandalwood terpenes, synthetic fragrance, coconut oil, bleached copaiba balsam, glycol, and more. Even though there are no known contraindications for the oil, it can cause sensitization in some people. According to Tisserand in the same text above, the maximum dermal percentage should be two percent. This equates to about three drops per teaspoon of carrier oil. Sandalwood oil can be pale yellow to brownish in color and may have tints of green. The smell is quite tenacious, making it an effective base note for exotic scents. It blends well with spiritual oils like frankincense (Boswellia carterii), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha). It is also great with floral oils like lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and jasmine (Jasminum officinale), spice oils, and other fixatives. Sandalwood Essential Oil Uses In Ayurveda, oils have been used for approximately 3,000 years. Sandalwood was among others like cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi), and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) that were commonly used long ago and is still used to this day. Sandalwood is also used extensively in the fragrance industry for scenting high-quality perfumes, soaps, and cosmetics. This precious wood and agarwood are both used extensively in Japan and China for incense as well. There are many ways to use sandalwood oils at home. However, please remember to use it responsibly. Fragrance & Incense Sandalwood has a warm aroma that is prized in the fragrance industry. If you enjoy making your own perfume and colognes, sandalwood is an excellent fixative, extender, and harmonizer that really rounds out the overall scent. The beauty of sandalwood is that it is not restricted to use as a base note; it can be used as a middle as well. Not only that, it is versatile enough to be considered both masculine and feminine and is loved by both genders. Diffusion During Meditation & Prayer Aromas of all kinds have been revered since the dawn of time. The wood and oil of precious sandalwood have long stood out in the annals of history as being favored by ancient civilizations. The aromatic wood was often used to build temples many centuries ago. In addition to helping you center during meditation or prayer, having the scent with you throughout the day can be balancing. It can act as a reminder that no matter what is going on, there is a power much higher than anything that could possibly drag you down and give you the strength that you need to push on. Certain oils and scents are classic to use for this. If you are still searching for the perfect blend to diffuse that helps you find your peace, try to include some of the following oils in your next spiritual creation: - Cedarwood atlas (Cedrus atlantica) - Frankincense (Boswellia carterii) - Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) - Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) - Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) - Juniper berry (Juniperus communis) - Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) - Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) - Rose Otto (Rosa damascena) - Sandalwood (Santalum spp.) - White sage (Salvia apiana) - Yuzu (Citrus junos) A massage after a long day is relaxing on its own. When you choose essential oils that have an effect on the emotional state, it can bring on a whole new meaning to winding down. Sandalwood is one of these oils. Make the following blend so you have it on hand when the physical and emotional stress of the day has you wanting to pull your hair out. When you need it, simply add 4-5 drops to a teaspoon or two of a carrier oil like coconut (Cocos nucifera). Rub a little onto your shoulders and the back of your neck, as well as your arms and chest area. Better yet, have a loved one give you a massage on your entire back and wherever else is exhausted. Just remember to do the same for them when they need it. - 10 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) - 7 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea) - 7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) - 4 drops Sandalwood (Santalum album) - 3 drops Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Body & Face Care Sandalwood is one of the anti-aging oils and can be used for cleansing oils. It is a nourishing and balancing choice for people with normal to dry skin. To nourish the skin overnight and wake up beautifully, try this oil at night after your normal cleansing routine: - 20 drops Rosehip Seed (Rosa rubiginosa) - 20 drops Evening Primrose Seed (Oenothera biennis) - 8 drops Sandalwood (Santalum album) - 4 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) - 3 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea) - 2 drop Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) Add all of the above to an ounce of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis), argan (Argania spinosa), or Camellia (Camellia japonica). Smooth a light layer on the damp skin of the face and neck, making sure to avoid the eye area. Sandalwood Essential Oil Benefits This oil has been prized for its many benefits throughout history. While you likely won't be using the wood to build temples anytime soon, you can still enjoy many benefits this sacred oil imparts. Soothes Respiratory Issues Sandalwood can be helpful for respiratory congestion. Use with other chosen oils in a bowl of steaming water. Place a towel over the back of your head and breathe in for about 10 minutes, taking breaks if needed. Eases Mental Distress One area where sandalwood really shines is by easing mental distress. Whether you are suffering from depression, mental exhaustion, nervous anxiety, panic attacks, or are just completely run down or having hormonally-induced mood swings, sandalwood can help. Use it in a personal inhaler, add a drop or two to a piece of tissue or cotton ball to carry with you throughout the day, or diffuse the oil to get the benefits. Adding sandalwood to massage blends can also help calm nerves. If you are looking for oils to help spark romance or turn up the heat in the bedroom, sandalwood is a perfect start. Mix it in blends with other romantic oils like patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), rose (Rosa damascena), ylang ylang (Cananga odorata), and more to create a loving mood. Use This Infographic On Your Blog Sandalwood Essential Oil Research, Facts, and Studies There are limited number of studies on sandalwood essential oil in comparison to some of the more popular ones, like citrus oils, lavender, or rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Nonetheless, the oil shows promise in certain areas. Sandalwood has been found to be anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. It is likewise fairly safe, easy to formulate into blends and easy to apply topically. In an abstract from 2017, researchers noted that the oil had shown promise in preliminary trials for the treatment of many skin conditions, ranging from acne and warts to eczema and psoriasis. This could make it a natural choice for dermatological applications. Santanol, one of the main constituents in sandalwood, may prove to be beneficial in treatment as a chemopreventive agent in skin cancers. East Indian sandalwood essential oil, or as the researchers call EISO, blocked cell cycle progression, induced cell death to a point, and was antiproliferative in testing. The study shows that there is promise in using the oil to reduce the probability of precancerous cells turning into actinic keratosis or skin cancer. It may be difficult to believe that the wood and oil of a parasitic tree could be so valued, but that it is what we have in the Santalum genus. While sandalwood is prized, it is becoming increasingly rare. It is over harvested and in danger, so should be used sparingly. Try to substitute it whenever you can, and be sure the company you buy it from practices sustainability. Correct selection and use of essential oils is crucial to ensure that you enjoy the best benefits of oils, without any of the downsides. Remember, some essential oils can be very potent and powerful. We therefore highly recommend this book to all of our readers: Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals 2nd Edition

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As the global community becomes more aware of the need to conserve energy, using renewable, sustainable energy sources rises in popularity. Whether you need electricity in an emergency or in a distant area, portable solar panels are a terrific method to use solar power. This article will look at how portable solar panels can help you reduce energy use and carbon impact. What are Portable Solar Panels? One solar energy source is portable solar panels, which may convert solar radiation into electricity without needing a permanent structure. The most common uses for portable solar panels are in RVs, boats, and private and commercial buildings. The thin silicon photovoltaic cells in the portable solar panels are linked in series. They are protected from the elements by a tempered glass cover, making them similar to other solar energy sources in terms of how they generate electricity. When exposed to sunlight, these solar cells produce an electric current through the photovoltaic effect. Off-grid power is formed when this newly generated electric current is delivered to a battery or device through cables. Various Applications of Portable Solar Panels - Power Electronics: Recharging our devices with solar power is a practical solution. Solar panels are a convenient method to keep your electronics charged when you're away from an electrical outlet, whether at work, on a camping trip, or anywhere else. Also, you will be helping the planet by decreasing your power consumption. - Charging Batteries: Solar panels are used to power up storage devices. Since this doesn't rely on the power grid, it can enable you to stay away from home for longer while keeping your electronics charged. And if you're going to be driving for a while or are in a location with little access to electricity, it can help your car last longer. - Remote Lighting: You might be astonished to know how much more useful solar panels have become as technology advances. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may now be powered by portable solar panels, giving them a convenient option to illuminate remote locations without access to an electrical grid. Solar energy is a sustainable option for lighting, whether you're trying to set a mood or making sure you can see in the dark. - Camping: The compact solar panels are a great addition to any camping trip, whether you're walking through the woods on foot, taking the family on the road in the family vehicle, or sleeping in the back of your van. Solar-powered lanterns, fans, and string lights will brighten up your campground. A place to plug in your electronic devices so you can keep in touch with the office or your loved ones while on the go. Portable solar panels may power camping goods like coffee makers or small refrigerators. And remember to use solar-powered energy sources to help protect the planet. - Hiking: Whether setting out for a day trip or a multi-day trip, portable solar panels make it simple to spend more time in nature and less time worrying about charging your electronics. Take along a small solar panel, attach it to your backpack so you can charge your electronics, and then go on an adventure. Using solar energy, you can keep your electronics going strong in the great outdoors, so you can take photos, send texts, and listen to music even in the middle of nowhere! - Boating & Sailing: A portable solar panel can provide enough energy to run your fish finder or GPS and meet any other charging needs you might have while boating or sailing. Being out on the open sea is a time for solitude and relaxation, and the silence of solar panels won't hinder that. You can do your part for the environment while out on the lake by renting a solar-power station. Besides, there is no danger of exhausting your fuel supply or damaging the marine environment. - Outdoor Events: Festivals, fairs, and other outdoor events are ideal venues to use solar energy. Having a portable solar panel on hand may give you a steady power source to guarantee you're fulfilling your energy demands without relying on generators. This is especially useful during festivals requiring guests to carry equipment like tents and coolers. Even in the great outdoors, you may utilize solar panels to fuel your favorite pastimes, like churning ice cream or beer. Solar panels are a great method to show your support for environmental preservation while allowing guests to have a good time at outdoor events. - RV Trip: Traveling via recreational vehicle (RV) is an excellent way to see the world, and portable solar panels may ensure that you always have access to electricity. Even though most recreational vehicles have solar panels built in, people who need more power can mount portable panels on the top or the rear of their RV. You can keep your RV travel going smoothly and reliably by using portable solar panels to maintain power - Emergency Backup: There is no way to predict when a natural disaster or power outage may occur. Thanks to transportable or portable solar panels, you can always rely on having access to electricity when you need it. Portable solar panels mean you can always have light when you need it. - Off-Grid Living: A great plan is to use lightweight solar panels to provide electricity for your off-grid dwelling. Whether you use them to run a small refrigerator or electric device, solar panels help you live more autonomously. Since solar panels are compact, lightweight, and require little upkeep, you can focus on enjoying your time away from the grid rather than worrying about keeping the energy flowing. - Small Home Power Supply: Portable solar panels that can be taken from one house to another are becoming increasingly popular as a renewable energy source for homes because of their low cost and mobility. Foldable portable solar panels are gaining popularity due to their decreasing cost and growing practicality. The power produced might power electronics, home appliances, and more. Portable solar panels may be invaluable to lessening environmental impact and saving money on monthly power bills. - Solar-Powered Charging Stations: Portable solar panels make it easy to set up your solar-powered charging station anywhere, from a shop to a park bench. These charging stations have provided the public with a convenient and eco-friendly option to power their mobile devices on the move. - Agriculture: Portable solar panels help farmers with a cleaner, more sustainable option for powering irrigation systems and other electronic equipment. Farmers are beginning to realize the financial, operational, and environmental benefits of installing portable solar panels. - Education and Research: Portable power station solar panel have several applications in the academic setting. In the classroom or for research, they are indispensable tools. The power provided by your portable solar panels may be used to run electronics and lab equipment, laptops, and other field devices. Places Where Portable Solar Panels Can Be Used Portable solar panels make clean, sustainable energy accessible virtually everywhere. A portable solar panel can keep your equipment charged and working even if you're far from an electrical grid, in a developing nation, or in the middle of nowhere. Remote AreasPortable solar panels are excellent for places with spotty or no grid-connected power, including rural areas. Portable solar panels are an excellent alternative to permanently installed ones for use in off-the-grid homes and during camping trips. Installing a few solar panels to power your electronic gadgets is a great way to lessen your environmental impact without compromising your ability to use them whenever you choose—as a result of increased solar radiation, generating electricity and maintaining battery life in these remote areas is easier. Developing areasAccess to affordable and dependable electricity is an ongoing challenge in many third-world nations. Because of their mobility, sustainability, and ease of use, portable solar panels are the superior short-term and long-term options. Because they don't require any fuel and release no emissions themselves, solar panels are another valuable instrument in the fight against pollution. Their portability and simplicity of assembly make them perfect for communities that exist independently of the grid. Wilderness AreasWhen camping or venturing to isolated regions, portable solar panels are a terrific way to stay connected. The portability and small size of solar panels make them ideal for outdoor excursions such as camping, trekking, or even a day spent in the woods. Due to the high levels of solar radiation in these regions, solar power may be easily extracted. At OceanBring some portable solar panels to ensure your electronics never die while you're at sea. Portable solar panels are a terrific investment for boat owners who want to make the most of their voyages and are concerned about the environmental impact of their energy needs. Extra electricity may be generated while out on the water by mounting lightweight, portable solar panels on the boat's roof. CampsitesThe campsite provides the best possible environment for employing compact and foldable portable solar panels. A portable solar panel may be attached to your tent or vehicle when camping, whether you stay in a tent, an RV, or even just the back of your car. Portable solar panels are great for camping trips because of their portability and ease of use in the great outdoors. Different Situations Where Portable Solar Panels Are Used For a power outage or blackout, portable solar panels can save your lives. The duration of a power outage might range from a few minutes to many days. During this period, solar panel portable can offer sufficient energy to power your lights, electrical gadgets, and mini refrigerator. Even if the power outage lasts several days, solar energy may continue to power your home. Natural DisastersNatural catastrophes may inflict widespread devastation and leave tens of thousands of homes without electricity for weeks or even months. During this period, portable solar panels can power essential medical equipment, laptops, phones, and other devices. The portable solar panels may power freezers and compressors, reducing food spoiling and disease transmission. Using portable solar panels to brighten previously gloomy regions is another method for enhancing security following a natural catastrophe. Survival SituationsIn survival scenarios, portable solar panels or power stations can be the difference between life and death. Whether you are stuck on a remote w lonely island or abandoned in the wilderness, generating your electricity gives you access to numerous basics, such as light, heat, and communication devices. It also assures that you can avoid danger while waiting for rescue or a change in the weather. With portable solar, you can charge your electrical devices in the middle of nowhere without worrying about running out of power. TravelingWhen out and about, you should not have to worry about your battery expiring. With a small and lightweight portable solar panel, you can charge your electrical gadgets while on the move. Whether you're going camping, mountaineering, or on a lengthy road trip, a portable solar panel is a fantastic travel companion. Utilizing the sun's rays for a few hours each day is a cost-effective way to maintain the functionality of your electrical devices. Positive aspects of portable solar panels Portable solar panels are a fantastic way to utilize sustainable energy sources. They are appropriate for environmentally aware persons who seek to reduce their dependence on conventional fossil fuels. This technology permits the collection of renewable, clean energy in any area. There are several benefits to using mobile solar panels. Here are a few instances: - Low Initial Investment: Portable solar panels are often compact and lightweight, reducing installation and transportation costs. Additionally, neither additional power sources nor wire installation is required. - No Fuel: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. This free energy needs no fuel for electricity generation, greatly reducing your running costs and the bad environmental impact. - Durability: Durable and long-lasting are the best characteristics of portable solar panels. They can provide energy over an extended period with minimum maintenance. - Easily Accessible: Portable Solar panels are perfect for nomadic folks. With a small, lightweight solar panel, you may still generate clean, sustainable power when camping or on vacation. - Easy to Install: Unlike conventional solar systems, portable solar panels may be placed swiftly without needing professional expertise. - Cost-Effective: Utilizing portable solar panels to power your house is economical. Due to the absence of installation expenses, you will save money over time. - Clean Energy: You may contribute to a better future and reduce your carbon footprint by employing renewable energy, such as solar electricity. - Space-Saving: Portable Solar panels are light and take up minimal space. You may easily rearrange them to find the best place for maximum light exposure in your garden. Why Should You Buy From ROCKSOLAR? Are you looking for an environmentally friendly way to power your favorite devices without needing costly electricity or gas? Portable solar panels from ROCKSOLAR could be the perfect solution for you. Not only are ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels great for powering your gadgets, but they also offer several other advantages that make them an attractive choice. ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels are perfect for anyone looking to get energy no matter where they are. Whether camping, on the beach, or even in the backyard, ROCKSOLAR portable solar panels provide a great source of power no matter where you are. ROCKSOLAR's portable panels are also highly durable and built with the highest quality materials to ensure years of reliable service. This makes them a great choice for anyone who needs reliable energy when out and about. But ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels offer more than just convenience and reliability. They also feature built-in safety features, such as overcharge/short circuit protection and overload protection. This means that your devices are safe when you power them, no matter what. The affordability of ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels is another advantage that makes them a great choice. Not only are they quite affordable, but they can also be used to power multiple devices, making them the perfect choice for anyone on a budget. Finally, ROCKSOLAR's portable solar panels also have great internal technology. This means you get fast charging speeds and excellent efficiency to power your devices quickly and without any hassles. We hope this article has given you insight into the wonders and possibilities of using a portable solar panel. From powering your next camping trip to charging your laptop outdoors, these panels provide plenty of environmental and convenience benefits. So enjoy the freedom of the outdoors and harness the sun's energy with a portable solar panel. Remember to visit ROCKSOLAR's website because they offer the best solar products at an affordable price.

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In every workplace, safety should be paramount. From the bustling floors of manufacturing plants to the seemingly calm environments of offices, potential hazards lurk, often emerging from unexpected behaviors or overlooked practices. Ensuring a safe work environment isn’t just about ticking off a compliance checklist; it’s about nurturing a culture where everyone is empowered to act responsibly and protectively. This article delves deep into understanding unsafe behaviors—how to spot them, examples of common oversights, the often severe consequences they can lead to, and most importantly, strategies to prevent and address them. By acknowledging and addressing unsafe behaviors, businesses can protect their most valuable assets—their employees—while enhancing productivity, morale, and overall organizational success. Dive in to equip yourself with the knowledge that can make all the difference in ensuring a hazard-free workspace. How To Identify Unsafe Behavior In The Workplace Identifying unsafe behavior in the workplace is essential for maintaining a safe environment for employees, reducing accidents, and complying with regulations. Here’s a step-by-step guide to identifying unsafe behavior: 1. Understand the Standards Every industry has specific safety standards and regulations tailored to unique risks and challenges. Familiarizing oneself with these standards ensures you are up-to-date with best practices and legal requirements. For instance, in the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) offers comprehensive guidelines for many industries, from construction to healthcare. These guidelines serve as a foundation upon which companies can build their safety protocols and ensure that they protect their employees and operate within the law. 2. Regular Observations Consistency is key in safety management. Regular safety walks or audits are proactive strategies to detect potential hazards or unsafe behaviors. Management can gain a firsthand perspective on safety lapses by frequently inspecting different work areas and observing employees during their tasks. This consistent oversight prevents complacency and encourages employees to adhere to safety guidelines. 3. Train Your Eye Observational skills are paramount for those responsible for safety. Spotting an employee without the required PPE, such as helmets, gloves, or safety glasses, can prevent imminent injuries. Moreover, vigilance in identifying shortcuts in safety procedures is essential, as these shortcuts can often lead to accidents. It’s also vital to be aware of employees who seem distracted or are not paying full attention to their tasks, as a lapse in concentration can be dangerous in many job roles. Similarly, noticing employees using tools or machinery in ways they were not intended can indicate a lack of training or awareness. Lastly, horseplay, pranks, or non-professional behavior can be a precursor to accidents and injuries. 4. Feedback Systems Creating an open channel for communication about safety is crucial. A feedback system allowing anonymous reporting empowers employees to voice their concerns without fear. This kind of system can uncover insights that management might not be privy to since peers often observe each other’s behavior closely. Employees can report unsafe actions without fear of backlash by ensuring anonymity, thus providing an authentic view of daily operations. 5. Incident Reports Accidents, regardless of their severity, offer learning opportunities. Every incident should be meticulously documented and investigated to determine its root cause. This isn’t about assigning blame but understanding underlying issues. A minor oversight today, if left unaddressed, could lead to a major accident tomorrow. Hence, analyzing every incident rectifies current issues and pre-empts future risks. 6. Review Procedures Regularly The dynamic nature of industries means that safety procedures may become obsolete or less effective over time. Regularly revisiting, revising, and clarifying safety procedures ensures they remain relevant. Safety protocols must adapt as technologies evolve and new equipment is introduced. Continuous review guarantees that the workforce follows the most recent and effective safety guidelines. 7. Regular Training Safety isn’t a one-time lesson but a continuous learning process. Regular safety training sessions ensure that employees remain updated on best practices. These sessions can also address and rectify any unsafe behaviors observed during regular inspections. Training sessions are a refresher course for experienced employees and an essential foundation for new hires. They instill a safety culture and remind everyone of their role in maintaining a safe work environment. 8. Engage Workers Direct engagement with employees can provide invaluable insights into the safety conditions of a workplace. Those who are on the front lines and engage in daily tasks often have firsthand knowledge of potential hazards that might be overlooked by higher management. Creating open forums or platforms where employees can discuss safety concerns, provide feedback, and offer suggestions can pave the way for a safer work environment. It also fosters a sense of collective responsibility where every employee feels accountable for the safety of their peers. 9. Analyze Trends A systematic approach to safety includes keeping comprehensive records of any safety-related events, including near-misses and minor incidents. Over time, these records can reveal patterns or trends. For example, certain tasks may consistently show higher risks, or specific times of the day might correlate with more accidents. Recognizing these trends allows companies to introduce targeted interventions, perhaps altering work schedules or refining certain processes, ensuring a more effective response to identified risks. 10. Promote a Safety Culture A company’s culture can significantly influence employee behavior. By placing safety at the heart of organizational values and consistently reinforcing its importance, a company sends a clear message to its employees: their well-being is a top priority. When employees feel that their safety is genuinely valued, not just in words but in daily practices and investments, they are intrinsically motivated to act safely and uphold safety standards. This intrinsic motivation can be a more powerful deterrent to unsafe behavior than any external punishment. 11. Use Technology Rapid technological advancements offer many tools to enhance workplace safety. Surveillance cameras can monitor vast areas, ensuring that safety protocols are consistently followed. Wearable technologies can track physiological parameters, indicating when an employee might be tired or stressed. Machines with sensors and safety measures can automatically shut down under unsafe conditions or alert operators to potential hazards. Incorporating these technologies can significantly elevate safety monitoring and intervention in the workplace. 12. Encourage Reporting A transparent and open reporting system is a cornerstone of a safe workplace. There might be a tendency among workers to overlook or not report minor incidents for fear of repercussions. Companies can get a realistic view of their safety status by establishing a culture where reporting is encouraged, and employees understand that their reports will be used for improvement rather than punishment. Every report, including minor incidents or near-misses, can provide insights contributing to a comprehensive safety strategy. 13. Review Environmental Factors The physical environment in which employees work can promote safety or introduce hazards. Factors such as inadequate lighting can lead to trips and falls. Loud noise can hinder communication and lead to auditory health issues, and poor ventilation can result in respiratory problems or a buildup of harmful substances. Regularly reviewing the workplace environment, followed by necessary adjustments, ensures that the workplace space supports their safety and well-being. 14. Hire or Consult Experts Even with the best intentions and efforts, safety aspects might be overlooked simply due to familiarity. Hiring or consulting with external safety experts can provide a fresh and objective perspective. These professionals, equipped with specialized training and experience from diverse environments, can identify potential hazards, suggest best practices from other industries, and help devise effective safety strategies. Their expertise can bridge gaps in a company’s safety approach and foster a more comprehensive safety environment. Different Examples Of Unsafe Behavior In The Workplace Unsafe behaviors in the workplace can vary depending on the specific work environment, the nature of the job, and the industry. However, here are some general examples across various sectors: - Improper Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Personal protective equipment is the first defense against workplace hazards. Not wearing safety goggles in environments with the potential for flying debris exposes workers’ eyes to potential injury. - Unsafe Handling of Tools and Equipment: Tools and equipment are integral to many job roles, but their misuse can be hazardous. When employees operate tools without the necessary training, they may inadvertently create risks for themselves and those around them. Machines without safety guards or with such guards improperly removed can lead to severe injuries. Moreover, using damaged or malfunctioning equipment can unpredictably fail and endanger the user and nearby workers. - Ignoring Lockout/Tagout Procedures: Lockout/Tagout procedures are implemented to ensure machinery isn’t accidentally started during maintenance or servicing. Ignoring these procedures can lead to unexpected machine startups, potentially causing injury to those working on or around the equipment. - Overexertion and Poor Ergonomics: Physical strain and ergonomically unsound work environments can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Lifting heavy objects without aid or proper technique can strain the back or other body parts. Non-ergonomic office settings can lead to repetitive strain injuries, affecting the worker’s long-term health and productivity. - Working Under the Influence: The consumption of alcohol, drugs, or certain medications can impair judgment, reflexes, and concentration. Being at work under such influence greatly increases the risk of accidents, potentially endangering the individual and colleagues. - Bypassing Safety Procedures: In the interest of saving time, employees might sometimes take shortcuts, neglecting standard operating procedures. These procedures exist to ensure safety, and bypassing them can inadvertently introduce risks. - Poor Housekeeping: An unkempt work environment poses multiple hazards. Spills that aren’t promptly cleaned can become slipping hazards. Improper storage of tools or materials after use can lead to tripping accidents or create obstacles during emergencies. - Horseplay or Non-professional Behavior: Engaging in pranks or casual play, especially around machinery or equipment, is a recipe for accidents. Such behaviors divert attention from the task and can compromise safety systems or protocols. - Working on Unsafe Surfaces: Operating on unstable, wet, or cluttered surfaces without taking precautions can lead to falls or equipment mishaps, potentially causing severe injuries. - Ignoring Fire Safety Procedures: Fire safety is paramount in any work setting. Blocking fire exits can impede evacuation during emergencies. Overloading power outlets or malfunctioning electrical equipment can be potential fire hazards, endangering the workplace. - Ignoring Confined Space Protocols: Confined spaces present unique dangers, including limited oxygen or the presence of toxic gases. Entering these spaces without proper training equipment or neglecting entry and exit procedures can be life-threatening. - Improper Handling or Storage of Hazardous Materials: Handling chemicals without the necessary protective equipment exposes workers to potential chemical burns or toxic exposure. Storing flammable materials close to ignition sources or improperly disposing of hazardous waste can lead to fires, explosions, or environmental hazards. - Distracted Working: Being engrossed in non-work-related tasks, such as texting or using the phone while operating machinery, divides attention and significantly heightens the risk of accidents. - Not Reporting Hazards: When employees observe potential hazards but choose not to report them, they leave the entire workplace at risk. Early reporting can prevent larger mishaps in the future. - Exceeding Speed Limits: In places like warehouses, where vehicles are frequently used, exceeding set speed limits or not yielding to pedestrians can lead to collisions, potentially causing injuries or property damage. - Working Beyond Physical or Mental Limits: Continuous work without adequate breaks leads to fatigue. Fatigued workers may have decreased attention spans and slowed reactions, making them more prone to mistakes and accidents. - Ignoring Fall Protection: Working at heights without using safety harnesses or other fall protection measures exposes workers to the risk of severe injuries from falls, a leading cause of fatalities in several industries. Consequences Of Unsafe Behavior In The Workplace Unsafe behavior in the workplace can have dire consequences, affecting both individuals and organizations. Here are some of the significant outcomes of such behavior: - Physical Injuries and Fatalities: The most immediate and severe consequence of unsafe behavior is the potential for physical injury or death. This can range from minor cuts and bruises to major injuries, such as fractures, burns, or even fatalities. - Mental and Emotional Trauma: Even if physical injuries are not sustained, witnessing accidents or being in unsafe conditions can lead to stress, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). - Decreased Worker Morale: A workplace that doesn’t prioritize safety can decrease employee morale and motivation. They may feel that their well-being isn’t valued, leading to disengagement. - Reduced Productivity: With decreased morale and potential injuries, productivity can decline. Employees might work more slowly to ensure their safety or a reduced workforce could be due to injury-related absences. - Financial Implications: Accidents and unsafe conditions can result in significant financial burdens for companies. These can arise from medical expenses, compensation claims, legal fees, equipment repair or replacement, and potential fines from regulatory bodies. - Legal Consequences: Failure to comply with safety regulations can result in legal repercussions, including lawsuits, fines, and, in extreme cases, imprisonment for responsible parties. - Reputation Damage: Serious accidents or a record of unsafe practices can harm a company’s reputation. This can affect its relationship with clients, investors, and the public, potentially leading to lost business opportunities. - Increased Insurance Premiums: A history of workplace accidents can result in higher insurance premiums for businesses, increasing operational costs. - Training and Replacement Costs: Organizations might need to invest in training replacements in severe injuries or fatalities. This not only implies direct training costs but also the time it takes for new employees to reach the productivity level of their predecessors. - Property Damage: Unsafe behavior can damage machinery, tools, and infrastructure. Repairing or replacing these can be costly and time-consuming. - Loss of Skilled Workers: Experienced injured workers may be unable to return to their former roles, leading to a loss of skills and expertise for the company. - Interruptions in Operations: Accidents can cause operations interruptions, leading to production or service delivery delays, which can subsequently affect profitability and customer relationships. - Long-term Health Issues: Exposure to hazardous substances or chronic neglect of safety measures can result in long-term health issues for employees, such as respiratory problems, hearing loss, or chronic pain. In essence, the consequences of unsafe behavior in the workplace go far beyond immediate physical harm. They ripple through various aspects of an organization, from financial health to reputation and operational capabilities. Prioritizing safety is not just a moral duty but a pragmatic one, ensuring the longevity and success of an organization. Prevention And Intervention Strategies Prevention and intervention strategies play a pivotal role in mitigating risks and ensuring safety in the workplace. These strategies can help proactively address potential hazards and unsafe behaviors before they escalate to critical incidents. Here’s a breakdown of some of the most effective prevention and intervention tactics: - Risk Assessment: Before implementing any safety measures, organizations should conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential hazards and evaluate the severity and likelihood of each risk. This assessment serves as a foundation for subsequent safety strategies. - Comprehensive Safety Training: Regular safety training sessions ensure that all employees know the potential hazards associated with their roles and understand the best practices to mitigate these risks. This training should be updated and repeated periodically. - Clear Communication: Establishing open communication channels allows employees to report hazards, near misses, or unsafe behaviors without fear of repercussions. Clear signage and labels also help reinforce safe practices. - Implementing Safe Work Procedures: Clearly defined standard operating procedures (SOPs), which emphasize safety, should be in place. These SOPs should be easily accessible and regularly updated based on feedback and new information. - Regular Safety Audits and Inspections: Periodic safety audits and inspections help identify unsafe conditions or behaviors that might have been previously overlooked. By catching and addressing these early, the potential for accidents can be reduced. - Maintenance of Equipment and Infrastructure: Ensuring all machinery, tools, and infrastructure are in good condition and operating as intended is essential. Regular maintenance checks and prompt repairs can prevent malfunctions that might lead to accidents. - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Supplying and mandating appropriate PPE for specific tasks reduces the risk of injuries. Training should also be provided on the correct usage and maintenance of PPE. - Emergency Response Plans: Every workplace should have emergency response plans for various scenarios (fire, chemical spill, power outage, etc.). These plans should be communicated to all employees and practiced through drills. - Health and Wellness Programs: Health and wellness programs can reduce the risk of injuries related to overexertion, stress, or chronic medical conditions. These programs can include ergonomic assessments, mental health resources, and physical fitness initiatives. - Feedback Loop: Encourage employees to provide feedback on safety measures, potential improvements, and concerns. This collaborative approach can uncover insights that management might not be aware of. - Use of Technology: Advanced technologies, such as wearables that detect fatigue or exposure to hazardous substances, surveillance cameras, and machinery with built-in safety measures, can enhance workplace safety. - Encourage a Safety Culture: Cultivate a workplace where safety is a shared responsibility. Recognize and reward safe behaviors and practices, ensuring safety becomes a core value. - Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs): EAPs support employees facing personal problems, such as substance abuse or emotional distress, that might compromise their safety or that of others. - Incident Analysis and Reporting: After any incident, conduct a thorough analysis to understand its root cause. Lessons learned from these analyses should inform adjustments to existing safety measures. In conclusion, prevention and intervention strategies in the workplace must be holistic, involving not just top-down directives but also grassroots involvement and feedback. When safety becomes a collaborative effort with everyone invested in it, the chances of accidents and injuries can be substantially reduced. Safety is the lighthouse guiding organizational practices in the dynamic realm of workplace environments. Recognizing and addressing unsafe behaviors is not just a legal or moral obligation but a pivotal component of a thriving, productive workplace. Companies can foster a culture of mutual respect, care, and responsibility by identifying these behaviors, understanding their consequences, and implementing robust prevention and intervention strategies. As we’ve explored, unsafe behaviors can have far-reaching implications beyond immediate physical harm. But with awareness, proactive action, and continuous commitment, businesses can navigate these challenges, ensuring that every employee, regardless of their role, is safeguarded. Ultimately, a safe workplace is not just about preventing accidents; it’s about building trust, promoting well-being, and laying the foundation for sustained organizational success. Safety, in its truest essence, is an investment in the future.

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What does high functioning autistic mean 10 Symptoms of High-Functioning Autism - Emotional Sensitivity - Fixation on Particular Subjects or Ideas - Linguistic Oddities - Social Difficulties - Problems Processing Physical Sensations - Devotion to Routines - Development of Repetitive or Restrictive Habits - Dislike of Change - Focus on Self - Unusual Movement Patterns In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). This edition of the DSM had some important changes to the way autism is diagnosed. Previously, diagnoses like Asperger’s Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder were used to describe individuals at the extreme ends of the autism spectrum. High-functioning autism and Asperger’s are not an official medical diagnosis, but rather unofficial terms used to describe individuals who have mild symptoms of autism. Parents and providers in the field may still refer to these terms to indicate a level of support or degree of disability. With the DSM-5, those diagnoses all fall under “Autism Spectrum Disorders.” Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder now include a level of severity in their diagnosis. What would have been known as high functioning autism or Asperger’s is now considered ASD Level 1. Regardless of the terms used, early identification of autism spectrum disorders is crucial. Diagnosis rates for autism continue to rise, especially as parents and professionals become more familiar with the symptoms of Level 1 ASD or high functioning autism. Tools like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) help psychologists and other therapists make an official diagnosis. Many patients are getting the assistance they need to live full, productive lives because their unusual behaviors are no longer seen as simple social awkwardness or eccentricity. As more caring medical and mental health professionals learn to recognize the most common signs of high functioning autism, the number of interventions available to people with autism will rise. See Also: What are the 10 Most Common Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Emotional SensitivityAlthough often overlooked, sensitivity to emotions is one of the most common symptoms of high functioning autism. These individuals can function in day-to-day life but struggle to control their emotions the same way that neurotypical, or non-autistic people, are able to do. For example, a frustrating morning experience like running out of milk or being cut off while driving can cause irritability and difficulty concentrating for the rest of the day. People with autism spectrum disorder may also have unusually intense emotional reactions compared to the rest of the population. Fixation on Particular Subjects or IdeasContinually discussing the same topics in conversation, obsessively playing the same song repeatedly, or reading every article written about a certain topic are signs of high-functioning autism in adults and adolescents. These interests can be negative if they take over the individual’s life or interfere with their relationships with others. Of course, these obsessive tendencies can also be helpful; Dan Aykroyd, writer and star in the hit film Ghostbusters, was inspired by his focus on ghosts and the paranormal. Many other high-functioning autistic individuals have used their focus on mathematics, biology, or writing to inspire successful careers. Linguistic OdditiesChildren on the low-functioning end of the autism spectrum usually struggle with: - learning to speak - building vocabulary - holding conversations with others Individuals with signs of high-functioning autism may start talking much earlier than normal and often display an impressive vocabulary. They may find conversations with others boring or difficult to follow and may avoid speaking with their peers. An autistic person may simply seem eccentric during conversations as their diverse vocabularies, frequent interruptions or focus on particular topics seem like oddities rather than neurological symptoms. Social DifficultiesParents and teachers may notice that young autistics have problems interacting with their peers. These high-functioning autism symptoms in children and teenagers can include: - a limited social circle - problems sharing toys or materials - difficulty completing group work Sometimes youth are considered shy, quirky or socially awkward when they are truly dealing with autism spectrum disorder. These kids need counseling services to help them learn social rules, as the problems with interacting with others usually stem from a lack of understanding appropriate behavior with peers. They have a difficult time recognizing social cues and body language. Early intervention from mental health professionals can help autistic youth learn the best ways to interact with their classmates and potential friends. Problems Processing Physical SensationsMany individuals with autism have sensory difficulties. They may have an intolerance to specific: Noisy public places can lead to emotional distress, as can uncomfortable clothing or unwanted touches. These issues can be disruptive and stressful, but according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, autism symptoms can improve over time as children with mild autism learn to regulate their own behavior through work with professionals. Many individuals on the autism spectrum can benefit from occupational therapy to manage sensory issues. An occupational therapist can create goals and strategies for the individual to work on. They might meet with the individual one day a week or a couple days, depending on the person’s needs. Devotion to RoutinesPeople with high-functioning autism are typically devoted to routines. They may stick with routines developed for them by others, such as reading for exactly 15 minutes before going to bed or brushing their teeth exactly five minutes after eating a meal. Any sort of deviation from the routine could cause frustration. Examples include: - A parent needing to help a sick sibling at bedtime instead of reading a bedtime story - The school bus running late and missing first period - A snowstorm causing school to be cancelled The person with high-functioning autism may devote an exorbitant amount of time to performing their routines to the detriment of: Repetitive habits may also be symptoms of high-functioning autism in adults. Those habits could interfere with the person’s ability to do what they need to do or what others want them to do. One type of repetitive habit might be related to movement. The individual might have to tie and untie their shoes multiple times before they are satisfied and are able to start walking or leave the house. Some high functioning autistic people also develop restrictive habits that interfere with socially accepted living. For example, an individual might refuse to wear any other kind of shirt than a tee shirt. This could impact their health and well-being if they live in a place with cold weather. Dislike of ChangeOne of the hallmark high functioning autism symptoms is a strong dislike of change. An individual might eat the same meal every day for breakfast, and they may eat it in the same quantity, on the same dish, and in the same place. Any disruption or change in the routine could cause an outburst in the individual. For example, if the usual brand of peanut butter has run out, and a different brand has been purchased instead, the person with high-functioning autism may have an outburst of anger or frustration. If someone has used their preferred dish, they may have a similar outpouring of volatility. Focus on SelfPeople with high-functioning autism may have trouble developing deep social relationships with others. Part of this issue also includes an inordinate focus on self. A person with high-functioning autism may spend an excessive amount of time talking about themselves, not allowing another person to share a complete thought or response. This makes carrying on a conversation difficult. In the family or household setting, a person with high-functioning autism may only think of themselves when doing activities. For example, they might pour themselves a drink without asking if anyone else would also like a drink. They might take more than what others perceive as a fair share of a snack or treat, genuinely not thinking that others might also want some of the items. Unusual Movement PatternsA person with high-functioning autism may have unusual movement patterns. Toe walking is a common movement disorder. The person may walk on their toes or the ball and the toes of the feet without putting much bodyweight on the other parts of the foot. This can result in foot pain in the ball, hammertoe, or bunion from the excessive pressure. The shoes and socks may wear out in the forefoot area much faster than in the heel area. People who walk on their toes may experience more foot injuries, such as blisters, calluses, and corns on their footpads and toes. Toe walking is more common in young children and people with musculoskeletal, explains the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Related Resource: Top 20 Best Applied Behavior Analysis Programs Not all individuals with autism exhibit physical tics or an inability to maintain social ties. High functioning autistic individuals usually present symptoms not originally associated with autism. Helping professionals must continue to push for recognition of the range of behaviors associated with the autism spectrum. Familiarity with these ten symptoms of high-functioning autism helps providers, parents, teachers and others coordinate the early treatment of a person with this condition. Resources like Autism Speaks can also provide parents and professionals with support and helpful ideas. - 20 Autism Charities Worthy of Your Donations - 30 Great Jobs for People on the Autism Spectrum - How Can Speech Improve in Nonverbal Children with Autism? - What are Distress Tolerance Skills? Asperger's, Autism Levels & More High-functioning autism isn’t an official medical diagnosis. It’s often used to refer to autistic people who read, write, speak, and manage life skills without much assistance. High-functioning autism isn’t an official medical diagnosis. It’s often used to refer to autistic people who read, write, speak, and manage life skills without much assistance. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that’s characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. Some autistic people need minimal support, while others require substantial support on a daily basis. This is why autism is now referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). High-functioning autism is often used to refer to those with lower support needs. Read on to learn more about it. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was updated and released in 2013. Before its most recent update, the DSM used to detail a condition known as Asperger’s syndrome. People diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome had several symptoms in common with autistic people, but they didn’t have delays in: - the use of language - cognitive development - the development of age-appropriate self-help skills - the development of adaptive behavior - the development of curiosity about their environment Their symptoms were often milder and less likely to affect their daily lives than the symptoms of autistic people. They may even have been perceived as “high-functioning.” However, high-functioning autism has never been an official clinical diagnosis, and Asperger’s syndrome was eliminated from the DSM-5 along with some other neurodevelopmental disorders. People who have these types of difficulties with social interaction and communication or who display repetitive or restrictive behavior would now simply be diagnosed with ASD. This is regardless of how much support they may need. ASD is divided into three levels: - Level 1. People at this level may have symptoms that don’t interfere too much with their work, school, or relationships. This is what most people are referring to when they use the terms high-functioning autism or Asperger’s syndrome. - Level 2. People at this level require some outside support on a daily basis. Examples of outside support include speech therapy and social skills training. - Level 3. People at this level require substantial outside support on a daily basis. In some cases, support may include full-time aides or intensive therapy. While it’s difficult to determine a person’s ASD level, trained psychologists have some tools that can help them accomplish this, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). This assessment is typically paired with a thorough developmental history. ASD can be diagnosed as early as 18 months. However, many children, and even some adults, may not be diagnosed until much later. Being diagnosed at a later age can make support more difficult. If you or your child’s pediatrician think they may be autistic, consider making an appointment with an ASD specialist. Learn more about testing for ASD. There aren’t any standardized recommendations for different levels of ASD. Support depends on each person’s unique symptoms. People with different levels of ASD may all need the same kinds of support, but those with level 2 or level 3 ASD will likely need more intensive, long-term support than those with level 1 ASD. Potential ASD support includes: - Speech therapy. ASD can cause a variety of speech issues. Some autistic people might not be able to speak at all, while others might have trouble engaging in conversations with others. Speech therapy can help to address a range of speech problems. Learn more about speech disorders. - Physical therapy. Some autistic people have trouble with motor skills. This can make actions such as jumping, walking, or running difficult. Physical therapy can help to strengthen muscles and improve motor skills. - Occupational therapy. Occupational therapy can help you learn how to use your hands, legs, or other body parts more efficiently. This can make daily tasks and working easier. - Sensory training. Autistic people are often sensitive to sounds, lights, and touch. Sensory training helps people become more comfortable with sensory input. - Applied behavioral analysis (ABA). This is a technique that encourages positive or helpful behaviors while decreasing behaviors that interfere with functionality. There are several types of applied behavioral analysis (ABA), but most use a reward system. - Medication. While there aren’t any medications designed to treat ASD, certain medications can help to manage specific symptoms, such as depression or emotional lability. High-functioning autism isn’t a medical term, and it doesn’t have a clear definition. People using this term are likely referring to something similar to level 1 ASD. It may also be comparable to Asperger’s syndrome, a condition not currently recognized by the APA. If you think that you or your child have any of the symptoms of ASD, see a doctor or specialist. Blogs can be another great source of support. Why is it so hard to live with "high functioning" autism? ASD expert on the myths and challenges of high functioning autism Author: Lisa Jo Rudy The spectrum of autism is very wide. If you think of it as a rainbow (or bell curve), you will notice that a significant proportion of the people on the spectrum do not belong to one side or the other - they are somewhere in the middle. Of course, at this point in history we don't have evidence that MOST people on the autism spectrum are "somewhere in between," but it's clear that the media tends to focus on only the two extremes of autism - the most severely disabled and the most highly functioning people. nine0003 If you look at autism through the eyes of journalists, high-functioning autism is a bunch of eccentric geniuses. Often mentioned are Bill Gates, Albert Einstein, as well as actors Dan Ackroyd and Daryl Hannah. In other words, we are talking about people who simply stand out from the background of others. However, in real life, the concept of "high-functioning autistic" rarely coexists with such epithets as "genius", "business tycoon" and "Hollywood star". In fact, people with high-functioning autism may be no more intelligent than their typical peers. And they may completely lack the motivation to achieve public recognition, which at one time forced Bill Gates to look for investors, and Einstein to publish an article. nine0003 They may also experience significant difficulties in daily activities, employment or personal life, and this often leads to low self-esteem. These problems are greatly exacerbated by the fact that others constantly react to them with bewilderment or indignation. The reason is that in many situations people with high-functioning autism "pass for normal" and are not expected to behave or respond in an unusual way. Also, people with more severe autism are not usually required to "just pull themselves together and act normal" in difficult situations for them, but people on the higher end of the spectrum are often expected to do just that. nine0003 Finally, people with high-functioning autism tend to be very aware of their own difficulties and may be very distressed by the negative reactions of others. Here are just a few common problems people with high functioning autism (including those diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome) often get in the way of their success and happiness: Severe sensory impairment. People with high functioning autism, like everyone on this spectrum, are susceptible to sensory processing disorders. This can include mild to severe hypersensitivity to noise, crowds, bright lights, certain tastes, strong smells, and touch. In practice, this means that even a very gifted and eloquent person may be completely unable to enter a crowded restaurant, go to a movie, or endure going to a supermarket, a stadium, or other public places. nine0003 Social blindness. What is the difference between a polite greeting and a light flirt? How do you know if you're talking too loudly? When is it okay to talk about personal problems or interests, and when is it best to refrain from doing so? When is it important to stop doing what you enjoy and focus on the needs of the other person? Most people have trouble answering these questions, but if you have high-functioning autism, they can become insurmountable barriers to communication, employment, and romance. nine0003 Anxiety and depression. Anxiety disorders, depression, and other emotional disturbances are much more common in people with high-functioning autism than in the general population. We don't know if autism leads to these disorders, or if it's just a natural consequence of frequent failure and social rejection. But whatever the cause, emotional disturbances can be disabling in and of themselves. Lack of skills in planning one's actions. nine0009 The skills we use to organize and plan our lives are called executive functions. They allow NT adults to plan ahead for their daily routine, notice when they run out of shampoo and buy more on the way home, or plan work on a complex long-term project. Most people with high-functioning autism have very severe executive dysfunction. As a result, it is extremely difficult for them to cope with household chores, the slightest change in their usual routine can be a disaster for them, and so on. nine0003 Problems of emotional regulation. Contrary to popular belief, people with autism do not suffer from lack of emotion. Moreover, people with autism can become overly emotional in inappropriate situations. Imagine a teenager crying over a change in plans, or a grown woman having a tantrum because her car wouldn't start. These are examples of typical problems for people with high functioning autism that can be very successful, but ONLY in predictable situations without unexpected obstacles. nine0003 Problems with changes and transitions. Many neurotypicals find it difficult to adapt to change, but for people with high-functioning autism, this is a problem on a completely different level. Once a familiar and comfortable routine has been established, people with autism generally want to keep that routine forever. An autistic adult can go out with friends every Wednesday for nachos without any problems, but the idea of going out on Thursdays for chicken wings instead can cause a panic attack and even anger. nine0003 Difficulties with oral speech perception. A person with high-functioning autism may be ready to do a task given to him brilliantly, but if the instructions were given to him orally, then there is a risk that he simply will not be able to follow them. For example, if a police officer says "stay in the car and hand me your papers," a person with autism might only make out "stay in the car" or only "hand over the papers." The same may apply to instruction in the classroom, in the doctor's office, or in the workplace. As you might guess, this often leads to all sorts of difficulties, ranging from problems with the police to unintentional mistakes at work. nine0003 As you can see, the term "highly functional" means just that. However, this does not mean that high-functioning autism is an “easy” diagnosis. It is important for loved ones, employers, teachers, or others who interact with people on the high end of the autism spectrum to remember that autism is autism. We hope that the information on our website will be useful or interesting for you. You can support people with autism in Russia and contribute to the work of the Foundation by clicking on the "Help" button. nine0003 Autism in Adults, Research Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be diagnosed at 1-3 years of age, but often overlooked or misunderstood by professionals and parents interpret his symptoms. The more high-functioning, milder form of autism (Asperger's syndrome) is especially often overlooked. In this case, the diagnosis is usually not made until school age, and it is not uncommon for such autism to be diagnosed only in adolescence or adulthood. nine0003 Even if the diagnosis was made late, this does not mean that the symptoms of autism appeared at this age, they were present from early childhood. Moreover, it is an official and mandatory criterion for diagnosing autism - symptoms must be present from early preschool age. Listed below are several factors that contribute to the fact that the symptoms of high-functioning autism can be ignored for a long time. People with high functioning autism (Asperger's syndrome) do not have intellectual difficulties, some of them even have unusually high intelligence. This may lead them to learn to camouflage, that is, whether consciously or not, to mask or hide the manifestations of autism. This child may have behavioral problems and unusual features. But at the same time, his or her ability to understand academic subjects well, high IQ test scores, and a large vocabulary can lead educators and parents to start looking for other, incorrect explanations for these problems. Even doctors often miss the manifestations of autism if a child can use spoken language well. nine0003 Often these children's strengths help them cope more or less normally in kindergarten or elementary school, where they have only minor problems. But in middle school, learning tasks become more abstract, require more advanced speech skills, and social interaction becomes more and more multifaceted. At this age, the initial symptoms of autism begin to get more attention as the child has more problems as demands increase. nine0003 Also, many people with high-functioning autism develop skills in how to hide, compensate for, or temporarily suppress the manifestations of autism. If they are often told to “look in the eyes”, “don’t sway” or “don’t shake your hands”, don’t talk too much on the same topic, they may begin to hide these symptoms in the presence of strangers, and also begin to withhold information that may indicate autism. If there are no obvious external symptoms of autism, then this makes diagnosis much more difficult. nine0003 It is not uncommon for children with high-functioning autism to be misdiagnosed, or to be correctly diagnosed with a co-morbid disorder but the associated autism not noticed. As a result, all the child's problems begin to be attributed to this other diagnosis. Children with high-functioning autism are often diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia, and other developmental or mental health problems. nine0003 If a child has a different diagnosis, they may not be diagnosed with autism until adulthood. According to one 2019 study, 10.3% of adults with autism were misdiagnosed with ADHD as children, while 12.1% of children diagnosed with ADHD were subsequently diagnosed with autism. These data are not surprising when one considers that one in three autistic children have serious attention deficits. For adults, the explanation may simply be that, in their childhood, diagnostic criteria did not yet include more high-functioning forms of autism. Asperger's Syndrome only appeared in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1994, even though there were many children with symptoms of high-functioning autism prior to that year. In 2013, the fifth version of the guidelines was published, in which Asperger's syndrome disappeared as a diagnosis, and it was replaced by level 1 autism spectrum disorder. nine0003 Usually these people received other diagnoses, as autism was considered too extreme a diagnosis for a person with a normal level of intelligence and well-developed speech. Often these people did not seek diagnosis in adulthood, so now more and more autism is being diagnosed in middle-aged and even older people. Some studies have shown that girls and women are particularly likely to miss high-functioning autism. Overall, autism is four times more likely to be diagnosed in boys and men than in women and girls, although the reasons for this are unclear. nine0003 Are girls less likely to be autistic? There is evidence that their behavior (discomfort in social situations, problems with motor coordination, avoidance of large groups of people) can be considered feminine, and therefore less likely to be seen as a problem. On the other hand, there is evidence that girls with high-functioning autism may behave differently than autistic boys: they are less aggressive, more likely to imitate other people, and make more efforts to fit in with their peers. nine0003 One 2015 study found that women may have more genetic immunity to some manifestations of autism (this theory is called the female protective effect). According to this theory, the symptoms of autism manifest differently in women and girls, and therefore they may have more functional social behavior than autistic boys. While more research is needed to understand the causes, it is now clear that female gender in autism greatly reduces the likelihood of a correct diagnosis. nine0003 Statistically, children from poor families and/or ethnic minorities are much less likely to be diagnosed with autism. This is due to two main reasons. Firstly, it is obvious that if people have little money, they do not have the opportunity to take their child to paid consultations with specialists, go to another region or city for diagnostics, or find additional classes for early help. This is especially true in cases where the child does not have severe speech delay and the most severe symptoms of autism. As a result, the lower the income of the family, the less likely it is to be correctly diagnosed and the worse the prognosis for autistic children who have been diagnosed. nine0003 The second reason is related to different cultural characteristics. For example, in some ethnic communities, behavioral manifestations of high-functioning autism are not considered particularly problematic, or, conversely, any impairment in a child is considered completely unacceptable, and parents may avoid diagnosis and hide the characteristics of the child. 5 Reasons Why Symptoms of High-Functioning Autism May Not be Noticed • Autism is 1. Camouflage, masking symptoms 2. Misdiagnosis in early childhood 5. Family income and ethnicity

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Discover key insights on 'how long can a bearded dragon go without heat' in pet care. A healthy adult Bearded Dragon can go without food for up to 2 weeks and without water for a few days. However, this does not mean it’s recommended or healthy for them. Younger Bearded Dragons should not go without food for more than a day or two. It’s always essential to ensure your Dragon has regular access to fresh food and clean water at all times to keep it healthy and thriving. If you’re intrigued by the world of pets and want to extend your knowledge further, explore our next read on a fascinating reptile species. Discover and enhance your understanding about “Bearded Dragons Drinking Habits: Learn and Improve Now!” . Understanding the Bearded Dragon's Habitat Having a solid understanding of a bearded dragon’s natural habitat is vital if you’re to keep one as a pet and provide the right care for it. Bearded dragons, reptiles of the Pogona genus, hail from the rugged, semi-arid, and arid regions of Australia. They experience extreme heat during the day, with temperatures soaring above 100°F, while nights can drop significantly cooler. Delving into their habitat will give you a crucial perspective on how long can a bearded dragon go without heat. Their habitat, fraught with rocky outcrops and desert scrub, has fine-tuned the bearded dragons to a life which is intimately tied with heat. In the wild, they are often found poised on rocks and branches, basking under the blistering Australian sun. This heat helps regulate their body temperature, stimulate their appetite, and aid their digestive processes. They also rely on temperature changes to cue different behaviors, such as feeding, basking, and sleeping. Nevertheless, like other ectotherms (cold-blooded animals), bearded dragons lack the capacity to generate body heat internally. They are reliant on external sources, and strategically shift from sunlit to shady areas to regulate their body temperature throughout the day. It is these harsh yet specific living conditions that they have evolved to withstand, which presents a particular set of conditions we must replicate in a domestic setting. Hence, when considering pet care responsibilities, understanding how long a bearded dragon can go without heat is paramount to ensure their survival. In conclusion, appreciating the intricate relationship between bearded dragons and their native habitat offers precious insights into their care requirement. This understanding forms the bedrock of setting up an effective and comforting environment for your bearded dragon at home. If you’ve found this deep dive into the natural habitat and heat needs of bearded dragons intriguing, you might also be interested in exploring other areas of their care and behavior. Discover how much sleep these fascinating creatures need! We also have numerous articles about different pets that you might love. Why Heat is Essential for Bearded Dragons Providing adequate heat for your bearded dragon is a fundamental aspect of creating a conducive habitat that mirrors their natural environment. Given the pivotal role heat plays in their lives, understanding the importance of heat for bearded dragons is crucial when considering their overall well-being. From a physiological perspective, bearded dragons, like all reptiles, are ectothermic or cold-blooded. This means that they depend significantly on external temperature sources to regulate their body functions. They do not produce their body’s heat like mammals; instead, they draw heat from their surrounding environment. Heat regulates their metabolic functions, playing a vital role in diverse processes ranging from digestion and energy production to proper immune system function. - Digestion: One of the primary roles of heat in a bearded dragon’s life is facilitating digestion. Bearded dragons bask in warm areas after meals to aid digestion. The consumed food is correctly processed and nutrients optimally absorbed, thanks to the much-needed warmth. Without it, they struggle with digestion, leading to discomfort, lethargy, and in severe cases, impaction. - Energy Production: Heat is also vital in maintaining the energy levels of bearded dragons. A warm bearded dragon is an active bearded dragon. Adequate heat levels encourage normal behaviors such as exploration, hunting, and social interaction, ensuring the overall well-being of your pet. - Immune Function: Lastly, heat helps in boosting the immune functions of bearded dragons. When exposed to adequate heat levels, their body can effectively combat infections and diseases. An adequately heated environment can thus contribute to a more robust immune system and better health for your Bearded Dragon. Considering these points, it is apparent that heat is not merely a comfort for bearded dragons but rather an existential necessity. Without it, they cannot carry out essential bodily functions, which is why you may often find yourself wondering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat. Upcoming sections will discuss that in detail, along with other aspects of maintaining suitable levels of heat for these delightful creatures. If you enjoyed learning about heat’s importance for bearded dragons, then you’ll likely also enjoy our tips on how to prevent your bearded dragon from overheating. Interested? Get helpful insights at Solutions for Overheated Bearded Dragons . Ideal Temperature Range for Bearded Dragons Understanding the ideal temperature range for your bearded dragon is crucial in setting up a comfortable and suitable pet enclosure. Bearded dragons are cold-blooded reptiles. Unlike mammals, they don’t possess the ability to regulate their body temperature externally. Therefore, they depend heavily on their environment to generate warmth and keep themselves cool. Generally, the recommended temperature for a bearded dragon during the day should range between 75°F to 85°F (24°C to 29°C) in the cooler section of the enclosure. The warmer zone, often referred to as the ‘basking spot’, should have a temperature of about 95°F to 105°F (35°C to 40°C). At night, the overall temperature should drop to around 65°F to 75°F (18°C to 24°C). Mind you, these are average figures and can slightly vary depending on the age and health condition of your bearded friend. The pet’s enclosure should mimic the diversity of temperature experienced in natural habitats. This way, bearded dragons can engage in a behavior called “thermoregulation,” where they move from cooler to hotter areas or vice versa to manage their body temperature. - Maintaining a gradient of temperature within the enclosure is important; it allows bearded dragons to choose their comfort zone thereby aiding their thermoregulation process. - Always monitor the enclosure’s temperature using a well-calibrated thermometer. Remember, every degree matters when it comes to a bearded dragon’s health and survival. - Creating a hot basking spot is necessary, but so is having a cooler area. If the enclosure is 100% hot, it can stress the bearded dragon, leading to severe health issues. If you’re wondering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, remind yourself that these creatures are adapted to endure drastic environmental changes. However, chronic exposure to low temperatures is harmful and may lead to severe health consequences. That is why ensuring the ideal temperature range is a vital part of bearded dragon care and should never be overlooked. So, now that we have covered temperature control for your bearded dragon, why not delve deeper into caring for your pet by exploring diet requirements? Follow through to our comprehensive guide: Feed Your Baby Bearded Dragon Right: The Ultimate Guide! , as you continue your journey towards becoming a responsible and informed bearded dragon owner. Impact of Low Temperature on Bearded Dragon's Health Just as high heat is integral to a bearded dragon’s healthy life, exposure to low temperature can significantly harm their health. Prolonged periods of cold temperature can lead to a state of thermal stress in bearded dragons which can disturb their bodily functions and might even lead to fatal health issues. A cold environment interferes with the digestion process in bearded dragons because of their ectothermic nature. When they’re not able to properly digest their food, it can rot inside their gut. This results in gastrointestinal issues that can range from mild discomfort to severe constipation or impaction. On a more serious note, extended exposure to low temperatures compromises the immune system of bearded dragons. It exposes them to the risk of respiratory infections, which are a common occurrence in colder habitats. - Respiratory Infections: Signs to watch for include fast breathing, wheezing and any form of mucus near nostrils or mouth. - Gastrointestinal Issues: Watch for signs like lack of appetite, uneaten food, or constipated feces. Improper thermoregulation can also lead to a slower metabolism, sluggish movements, and an overall lack of energy. Without adequate heat, a bearded dragon’s bodily functions slow down drastically which can also affect their growth and development, especially in juveniles. Suppose you find yourself wondering, “how long can a bearded dragon go without heat?” It’s important to remember each circumstance can be different. But, as with all pets, prevention is better than cure. Ensuring a bearded dragon has heat support that mimics its natural environment significantly reduces risks for these health issues. Long-lasting exposure to temperatures below their comfortable range can affect a bearded dragon’s lifespan, hence the importance of a carefully regulated enclosure. With this information, it becomes clear that the right temperature plays a crucial role in maintaining a bearded dragon’s well-being. While we have discussed how cold temperatures can affect the health of a bearded dragon, it’s also important to understand their climbing behavior and how to encourage playful physical activity. Learn more in the article, “Promoting Play in Bearded Dragons: The Art of Climbing” . Brumation: The Bearded Dragon’s Natural Survival Instinct When discussing the question of “how long can a bearded dragon go without heat”, we must take into account a unique metabolic process known as brumation. This natural instinct is the reptilian version of hibernation, allowing bearded dragons to survive in colder temperatures for an extended period of time. These fascinating creatures have evolved this strategy as a part of their life cycle to survive in their natural habitat of the Australian Outback, where temperatures can vary greatly. The occurrence of brumation happens generally in the colder seasons when the temperatures decline. During brumation, bearded dragons enter a state of dormancy, which involves slower metabolic activities, reduced body temperature, decreased heart rate, minimal movement and less frequent feeding. This state allows them to conserve energy and survive in cold temperatures without access to their usual heat sources. In contrast to typical daily behavior, a brumating bearded dragon may rest extensively and may even bury itself in a cool, dark place. It’s crucial to understand that brumation is not merely the capability to endure cold but is a natural part of a bearded dragon’s life cycle. It’s an inherent survival strategy that our domesticated bearded dragons continue to exhibit. However, in a domestic setting, brumation can vary greatly from one bearded dragon to another. Some might experience a full brumation cycle as they would in the wild, whilst others might exhibit a more modified version or no brumation at all. With regard to how long can a bearded dragon go without heat during brumation, it usually depends on the individual dragon’s ability to slow down its metabolic processes. Generally, brumation can last anywhere from a few weeks to several months. Throughout this period, they can’ve minimized need for external heat. - It is essential to monitor your pet closely during brumation, as an underheated environment can invite various health complications. - Regular vet check-ups are critical to ensure their health status and to rule out signs of illness that might mimic brumation symptoms. - Although feeding slows down, it is still essential to offer food and water, albeit less frequently, to keep them hydrated and nourished. - Special attention should be given to the enclosure conditions such as ensuring clean surroundings to prevent the risk of bacterial growth during this phase. In conclusion, while the very thought of ‘how long can a bearded dragon go without heat’ might sound alarming to a pet owner, understanding brumation can bring clarity and alleviate concerns. It highlights the hardy, resilient nature of these fascinating reptiles and their ability to adapt to changing environments. However, this doesn’t mitigate the necessity of a heated enclosure to maintain their well-being outside the brumation period. If you’ve enjoyed learning about brumation in bearded dragons and curious on how to train these fascinating pets, feel free to explore Bearded Dragon Training: Your Go-To Guide for Comprehensive Training Techniques! How Long Can a Bearded Dragon Go Without Heat? One of the myriad questions that pet owners often ask – how long can a bearded dragon go without heat? As ectothermic animals, bearded dragons heavily rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature, similar to other reptiles. They can indeed live for short periods without an external heat source but their survival heavily depends on the existing temperatures and other environmental conditions at that time. Under normal room temperatures (around 70-75°F), a bearded dragon can survive without heat for about 24 to 48 hours. However, the longer they are without heat, the more their body functions slow down, which can lead to significant health implications. The abovementioned timeline is purely approximate. It is crucial not to exploit their resilience since this is meant to be a safety net in emergencies – not a regular living condition. Mature bearded dragons usually handle the lower temperature better than younger ones – however, a nutritious diet and a steady heat source are always essential for their overall health. Moreover, how long a bearded dragon can go without heat also significantly depends on their overall health status and innate strength. It’s worth noting that starvation can last longer, extending up to a couple of weeks. However, this does not apply to the absence of heat, as the temperature directly affects the metabolic function, digestion process and the basic activity patterns of bearded dragons. Therefore, bear in mind that these approximations are given in the context of sudden power outages or heater malfunctions, which should not be commonplace for any responsible pet owner. In conclusion, while bearded dragons are certainly resilient creatures, it’s vital to ensure that they live in an environment that closely mimics their natural habitat for optimum health and longevity, which entails a consistent heat source. The absence of heat should not exceed 48 hours and the temperature must always be monitored to prevent irreversible health damage. If you are passionate about these fascinating creatures and curious to know if your bearded dragon can also feel bored, explore our insightful article titled Bearded Dragon Boredom: Stimulating Tips Within! to learn more about keeping your pet happily stimulated. Factors Influencing a Bearded Dragon's Cold Endurance The ability of a bearded dragon to survive without heat can vary greatly. Several factors come into play when determining how long a beareded dragon can withstand colder temperatures. Such factors are integral to understanding the cold endurance of these robust reptiles. The age of the bearded dragon can greatly influence how it deals with cold temperatures. For instance, babies and juvenile dragons are more susceptible to cold due to their smaller size and lesser body mass, unlike their more mature counterparts that have greater body mass, aiding them in heat retention. The size of the bearded dragon plays a role in its ability to conserve or retain heat. Larger bearded dragons have more body mass to generate and maintain heat, thereby making them more resilient to cold environments compared to smaller dragons. The general health of a bearded dragon could greatly affect how it handles cold temperatures. A healthy dragon with a strong immune system and a well-kept diet can combat the cold far better than a weak or sick bearded dragon. The preconditioning of a dragon to cold temperatures also affects its endurance. Bearded dragons that have gradually been exposed to a reduction in temperature often tend to cope better with cold conditions. Sudden exposure to cold can profoundly stress a dragon, thereby obscuring how long the dragon can go without heat. Paying attention to these factors is essential to understanding the question: ‘how long can a bearded dragon go without heat?’ It is a question that doesn’t have a straightforward ‘one-size-fits-all’ answer due to the complex interplay between these influencing factors. It is worth noting that owners should aim to prevent a situation where a bearded dragon goes without heat. Consistently balancing the temperature according to recommended standards is crucial in maintaining the health and overall well-being of these reptiles. Having understood the varying factors affecting a dragon’s ability to function without heat, continue expanding your knowledge about pet health. Learn further by exploring the comprehensive guide on dogs provided by CDC.GOV: Dogs | Healthy Pets, Healthy People . Symptoms of Thermal Stress in Bearded Dragons It’s important for bearded dragon owners to be alert to signs that their pet is under thermal stress, or, in simpler terms, suffering from cold shock. It is necessary to identify and intervene early to prevent serious health sequelae. The question of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat is complex and varied, depending on each reptile’s age, health status, and their preconditioning to cold environments. However, there are general symptoms which might indicate that the reptile is undergoing thermal distress. - Reduced Activity Levels: One of the most common signs a beareded dragon is cold is a distinct reduction in their activity levels. They may seem listless, lethargic or reluctant to move around much, often preferring to stay in one spot. - Lower Food Intake: Bearded dragons without adequate heat often eat less. The digestive process in these reptiles is highly dependent on external heat. A colder environment might cause slower digestion, even to the point of complete cessation, causing the dragon to lose its appetite. - Changes in Coloration: Bearded dragons have the fantastic capability to change their color to suit their environmental needs. If your dragon is exhibiting darker colors more frequently, it could be a sign that they’re trying to absorb as much heat as possible. - Looking for Hideouts: If the bearded dragon is attempting to burrow or hide frequently, they may be trying to escape the cold. In their natural habitat, burrowing can help them escape from cold winds. Remember, these signs can also be indicative of other health issues. So, it’s crucial to continue to monitor your bearded dragon’s behavior closely and consult a professional reptile vet if there’s any cause for concern. If you’re left wondering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, remember – it’s a potentially dangerous situation that should be addressed as soon as possible. Handling Thermal Stresses and Emergency Situations In the unfortunate event of an emergency, the knowledge of how to appropriately react can be critical for a bearded dragon’s survival. If you’ve been wondering exactly how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, expert opinions vary. Although these resilient creatures are capable of brumating in cold temperatures, without proper heat, they can experience thermal stress or shock that is detrimental to their health. Chill temperatures typically lead to lethargy in bearded dragons, and if the cold conditions persist, their body functions may significantly slow down or cease. In such alarming situations, it’s crucial to understand that immediate heat restoration is the key. Here are some steps you can take: - Restore Heat Gradually: A sudden change in temperature may be more harmful than beneficial. Therefore, it’s crucial to gently bring the reptile back to its optimal temperature over a span of several hours. - Monitor your pet closely: After emergency heating procedures are implemented, keep a careful watch on your bearded dragon. Look for signs of recovery such as regained activity and appetite. - Consult a Herpetologist: In case your pet still seems under the weather, it would be beneficial to consult a professional, to rule out any possible health concerns arising from extreme temperature conditions. Remember, prompt action can help your pet recover faster. Regardless of how long a bearded dragon can go without heat, it’s fundamental to always have a heat source available to keep your pet happy and healthy! Expert Tips to Maintain Ideal Heating Conditions Creating and maintaining appropriate heating conditions for your pet dragon is paramount to its health and wellbeing. Here are some professional recommendations to maintain the right temperature in your bearded dragon’s habitat: - Monitor temperatures closely: Constant and precise monitoring of temperatures inside the enclosure is essential. A good quality digital thermometer or a temperature gun can help you get accurate readings. - Thermal gradient: Create a temperature gradient inside their habitat. The basking zone should be at the high end of their temperature range, while the cooler end should be at the lower end. This allows the bearded dragon to regulate its body temperature by moving within the enclosure. - Basking Spot: Within the enclosure, a basking spot is essential. It can be a smooth flat rock or branch placed under the heat lamp. - Right equipment: Using the right heat source is crucial. Heat lamps, infrared heat lamps, and heating rocks each have their pros and cons. Choose wisely based on your bearded dragon’s specific needs. Equip the enclosure with ceramic heat emitters or reptile heat pads for nighttime heating. - Consider the size of the enclosure: Smaller enclosures are easier to heat, but bigger ones offer more space for temperature gradient. Balance is key. Aim for a setup large enough for a heat gradient but small enough to maintain and regulate heat efficiently. Research about the ideal living conditions and temperature range for your bearded dragon and ensure these conditions are achieved, so your pet can thrive. Remember, the question should not be how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, but rather, how can you consistently provide it with the heat it needs to remain healthy. Providing a Balanced Environment Beyond Heat Owners of bearded dragons often focus a lot on temperature requirements, for good reason. However, while exploring the question, how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, it’s crucial not to forget that overall care for a bearded dragon extends far beyond just providing heat. A balanced environment involves a combination of several factors: - Appropriate Diet: A balanced diet is key to a healthy bearded dragon. They are omnivorous lizards, meaning they eat a combination of plant-based food, as well as insects like crickets and mealworms. Young bearded dragons require more protein in their diet, thus should have a larger proportion of insects. As they grow older, however, their diet should lean more towards vegetables such as leafy greens and select fruits. - Hydration: Bearded dragons also need regular access to water, even though they are naturally adapted to arid conditions. Some bearded dragons prefer to drink from a shallow dish, while others may prefer droplets of water on their skin or enclosure surfaces. - Regular Vet Check-ups: Routine veterinary check-ups are important to ensure your bearded dragon remains in good health. A professional can monitor its growth, weight, check for parasites or other health issues, and provide advice for any needed changes in care. Getting to grips with how long a bearded dragon go without heat is a fundamental part of their care, but owners must recognize the importance of other aspects to ensure their pet’s well-being. Remember, a holistic approach to care is the key to providing a long, healthy life for your pet bearded dragon. Proper Bearded Dragon Care and Lizard Pet Maintenance Bearded dragon care is often a favored topic among reptile enthusiasts due to the unique needs and rewarding relationship that comes with owning these exotic pets. However, it’s important to understand that maintaining a pet lizard, specifically a bearded dragon, goes beyond the basic requirement of providing heat and shelter. There are several aspects to consider when it comes to ensuring the overall well-being of your scaly companion. Feeding is a fundamental aspect of bearded dragon care. However, what and how often you feed your bearded dragon can depend on its size, age, and health condition. A balanced diet for a bearded dragon typically consists of a variety of insects, fruits, and vegetables. Keep in mind that not all food is safe for bearded dragons. Certain foods, like avocados and rhubarb, are toxic and should be avoided. - Younger bearded dragons usually require a diet higher in protein and should be fed once or twice daily. - Adult bearded dragons, on the other hand, do well with feeding every other day, with a diet composed more of veggies. Hygiene and cleanliness are another critical aspect of bearded dragon care. Regular tank cleanings, along with occasional bathing, can help prevent bacterial and fungal infections. It’s advised to spot clean the tank daily and perform a complete cleaning at least once a week. Providing clean, dechlorinated water for drinking and bathing is also necessary for a healthy bearded dragon. Maintaining proper heating, lighting, and humidity are significant for their survival. However, let’s not forget the importance of regular vet check-ups. Regular health assessments can help in early detection of any health issues, ensuring that your bearded dragon lives a long, healthy life. Understanding how long can a bearded dragon go without heat, or what to feed them might seem like the most critical parts of pet care, but nothing replaces proper love, attention, and regular interaction. These creatures can be surprisingly social and often thrive when they feel safe and loved in their human-made habitats. So, whether you’re a seasoned herpetologist or a newbie lizard owner, remember that a bearded dragon’s care involves a wide range of components. This makes their care unique, but also a gratifying experience once you get the hang of it. Choosing the Right Heat Source: Heat lamps, Infrared Heat Lamps, Heating Rocks The proper care of a bearded dragon necessitates a balanced and sustainable heating source. It is well known that bearded dragons are cold-blooded reptiles from the arid regions of Australia, thus, to mimic their natural habitat and ensure their well-being, choosing the right heat source is of paramount importance. The topic of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat is often debated amongst lizard pet enthusiasts. However, the consensus remains that maintaining the right heat conditions is essential for a pet’s health and longevity. Common sources of heat for bearded dragons are heat lamps, infrared heat lamps, and heating rocks. They each have their benefits and limitations; understanding these can help you make the best choice for your bearded dragon. Heat Lamps: Heat lamps are the most commonly used heat source. They not only provide heat but also create a natural lighting cycle, which is integral to a bearded dragon’s physiological functions. However, they need to be used cautiously as an improper setup can result in burns on your pet. Infrared Heat Lamps: Infrared heat lamps are excellent for providing nighttime heat as they do not emit visible light. They ensure that your bearded dragon remains warm during the night without disrupting their light cycle. However, their heat distribution isn’t as consistent as conventional heat lamps. Heating Rocks: Operating on the concept of belly heat, heating rocks aim to mimic the warm rocks found in a bearded dragon’s natural habitat. These rocks are heated electrically and provide a comfortable lounging spot for the lizard. However, they can sometimes get too hot and cause burns, making the heat lamp or infrared lamp a better primary heat source. In conclusion, how long a bearded dragon can go without heat greatly depends on the quality and consistency of their heating source. Therefore, when choosing the right heat source, it is imperative to consider your pet’s safety, comfort, and overall well-being. Remember, maintaining an ideal temperature not only ensures your bearded dragon’s physical health but also contributes to their behavioral wellness and life span. Understanding Bearded Dragon Behavior: Signs and Implications of a Cold Bearded Dragon Understanding the behavior of bearded dragons is key to ensuring their comfort and health. These reptiles are particularly sensitive to temperature changes. In nature, a bearded dragon will alter their activities based on the ambient temperature. As pet owners, it’s imperative to observe these behaviors, especially when it pertains to the question of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat. Monitoring your pet’s behavior can provide valuable insights about their well-being. The following behaviors are common signs that your bearded dragon may be experiencing colder than ideal temperatures: - Slowing Down: When a bearded dragon is cold, it may move less frequently or stop moving entirely. This sluggish behavior is the dragon’s attempt to conserve energy in a cold environment. - Loss of Appetite: Bearded dragons depend on heat for digestion. As such, their appetite can decrease if they struggle to digest due to cold temperatures. - Color Changes: Bearded dragons may change color in response to temperature fluctuations. Typically, your dragon will darken when cold, which helps them absorb more light and heat. - Basking More Frequently or For Longer: If your bearded dragon basks for extended periods or scarcely leaves the basking spot, they are likely trying to raise their body temperature. - Irregular Sleeping Patterns: A bearded dragon who is cold might wake up early from their sleep or not go to sleep at all. Remember, these reptiles require a specific light/dark cycle for proper sleep. Observing these behaviors can alert you to potential issues with your bearded dragon’s ambient temperature. It’s essential to recognize and address these signs promptly as prolonged cold exposure can be harmful. Considering how long can a bearded dragon go without heat becomes significant if you notice any of these signs frequently. It’s crucial not to delay heating provision or veterinary intervention if you suspect thermal stress. Dealing with Crisis: Preparing for Power Outages and Ensuring Bearded Dragon’s Survival Without Heat Power outages can happen unexpectedly and pose a powerful threat to your bearded dragon’s heat-reliant environment. Their ability to regulate their body temperature significantly contributes to their survival, which raises the question: how long can a bearded dragon go without heat? Typically, adult bearded dragons can withstand cooler temperatures for extended periods, potentially up to 24 to 36 hours, before they start showing signs of distress or illness. However, it can vary depending on their overall health condition. Prolonged exposure to cold can lead to respiratory infections, slow digestion, and lethargy. It’s also important to note that juvenile and baby bearded dragons are more susceptible to the cold and cannot go for long periods without heat. In the event of a power outage, there are certain steps to take to ensure your pet’s safety: - Blankets: Use heat-preserving blankets to wrap around the enclosure to keep it insulated. - Heat Packs: Purchase reptile-safe heat packs in advance. These can provide heat for up to 72 hours. - Backup Power: Consider investing in a backup power source or generator. - Temp Relocation: Temporarily move the bearded dragon to the warmest part of your home. - Monitoring: Monitor your bearded dragon’s behavior closely. If they exhibit signs of distress such as lethargy, lack of appetite, or abnormal behavior, contact a veterinarian immediately. Being prepared for emergencies enables you to proactively mitigate the risks associated with unexpected power loss. Planning and understanding how long can a bearded dragon go without heat can be the difference between a minor inconvenience and a major health crisis for your pet. Always keep in mind the welfare of your bearded dragon in all circumstances. Basking Spot and UVB Lights: Bridging the Gap Between Natural and Artificial Environments As a bearded dragon owner, replicating the creature’s natural environment is crucial to its well-being. A central aspect of this replication is the provision of a basking spot and the use of UVB lights. Both components help bridge the gap between natural and artificial environments, offering your pet dragon a little piece of home. Optimal thermal regulation is derived from a precise combination of shadows, radiant heat, and direct sunlight. One of the ways to reproduce this intricate balance within a bearded dragon’s enclosure is by providing a basking spot. This spot is essentially a warmer area in the enclosure where the dragon can thermoregulate—or adjust its body temperature—when it feels cold. It’s also the perfect place for your bearded dragon to digest its food properly. How do you establish a perfect basking spot? Well, in nature, bearded dragons bask on rocks or in open spaces under the sun. So, place a rock, log, or any surface that can absorb heat under the basking light directly. The choice of the object will depend on your individual dragon’s comfort and personal preference. Always monitor the surface temperature, as it should remain within the ideal range of 95-105°F (35-40°C). Always remember a bearded dragon’s capacity to withstand cold is limited, thus asking the question of how long can a bearded dragon go without heat can also depend on the availability of a proper basking spot. Equally important are UVB lights. UVB lighting assists in the synthesis of vitamin D3, which is crucial in calcium absorption for bearded dragons. In their natural habitat, bearded dragons get plenty of direct sunlight, which naturally provides UVB rays. However, within an enclosure, the situation must be artificially replicated. When purchasing a UVB bulb, make sure it covers the entire length of the enclosure and replace it every 6-12 months to ensure the UVB output remains effective. Without the right UVB light setup, your bearded dragon could develop Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) and other health complications. In conclusion, ensuring your dragon gets a proper basking spot and a consistent source of UVB light is critical. While creating an artificial environment might seem challenging, it’s necessary for your bearded dragon’s health – and remember, how long can a bearded dragon go without heat is heavily influenced by the quality of its habitat setup. Conclusion: Ensuring a Healthy Life for Your Bearded Dragon In conclusion, owning a bearded dragon is a wonderful journey but it does come with a serious commitment. Key among these responsibilities is understanding the crucial importance of temperature in a bearded dragon’s life. Key among these are facts like how long can a bearded dragon go without heat in emergency situations. Acknowledging the importance of heat for a bearded dragon brings to focus its role in their digestion, energy level, and overall well-being. In essence, a bearded dragon without a suitable heat source is a lukewarm, sluggish, and possibly inaccessible pet and friend. To prevent such situations, maintaining the ideal temperature range in the bearded dragon’s enclosure is paramount. Responsible ownership also means being prepared for critical situations. Every responsible owner should have the knowledge of how long a bearded dragon can go without heat, recognizing signs of thermal stress, and taking the necessary measures to protect the pet from health complications. In fact, these skills are non-negotiable when experiencing situations such as power outages that may suddenly deprive our beloved pets of their much-needed heat. Looking after a bearded dragon goes beyond just providing a heat source. It also involves creating a well-rounded environment that ensures the pet’s total well-being. A properly balanced diet, good hydration, and regular vet check-ups are equally essential. This creates a healthy, lively, and social pet that provides an enriching experience for the owner. Therefore, it is crucial to keep in mind that your commitment to understanding the special needs of the bearded dragon will make a big difference. This investment will ensure that your bearded dragon lives a happy, healthy life, enriching your experience as a pet owner. Let’s make our scaly friends proud of our responsible ownership.

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516, 6633 ]

*The American Yawp is an evolving, collaborative text. Please click here to improve this chapter.* The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation’s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths.1 The war touched the life of nearly every American as military mobilization reached levels never seen before or since. Most northern soldiers went to war to preserve the Union, but the war ultimately transformed into a struggle to eradicate slavery. African Americans, both enslaved and free, pressed the issue of emancipation and nurtured this transformation. Simultaneously, women thrust themselves into critical wartime roles while navigating a world without many men of military age. The Civil War was a defining event in the history of the United States and, for the Americans thrust into it, a wrenching one. II. The Election of 1860 and Secession The 1860 presidential election was chaotic. In April, the Democratic Party convened in Charleston, South Carolina, the bastion of secessionist thought in the South. The goal was to nominate a candidate for the party ticket, but the party was deeply divided. Northern Democrats pulled for Senator Stephen Douglas, a champion of popular sovereignty, while southern Democrats were intent on endorsing someone other than Douglas. The parties leaders’ refusal to include a pro-slavery platform resulted in southern delegates walking out of the convention, preventing Douglas from gaining the two-thirds majority required for a nomination. The Democrats ended up with two presidential candidates. A subsequent convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas, while southerners nominated the current vice president, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, as their presidential candidate. The nation’s oldest party had split over differences in policy toward slavery.2 Initially, the Republicans were hardly unified around a single candidate themselves. Several leading Republican men vied for their party’s nomination. A consensus emerged at the May 1860 convention that the party’s nominee would need to carry all the free states—for only in that situation could a Republican nominee potentially win. New York Senator William Seward, a leading contender, was passed over. Seward’s pro-immigrant position posed a potential obstacle, particularly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, as a relatively unknown but likable politician, rose from a pool of potential candidates and was selected by the delegates on the third ballot. The electoral landscape was further complicated through the emergence of a fourth candidate, Tennessee’s John Bell, heading the Constitutional Union Party. The Constitutional Unionists, composed of former Whigs who teamed up with some southern Democrats, made it their mission to avoid the specter of secession while doing little else to address the issues tearing the country apart. Abraham Lincoln’s nomination proved a great windfall for the Republican Party. Lincoln carried all free states with the exception of New Jersey (which he split with Douglas). Of the voting electorate, 81.2 percent came out to vote—at that point the highest ever for a presidential election. Lincoln received less than 40 percent of the popular vote, but with the field so split, that percentage yielded 180 electoral votes. Lincoln was trailed by Breckinridge with his 72 electoral votes, carrying eleven of the fifteen slave states; Bell came in third with 39 electoral votes; and Douglas came in last, only able to garner 12 electoral votes despite carrying almost 30 percent of the popular vote. Since the Republican platform prohibited the expansion of slavery in future western states, all future Confederate states, with the exception of Virginia, excluded Lincoln’s name from their ballots.3 The election of Lincoln and the perceived threat to the institution of slavery proved too much for the deep southern states. South Carolina acted almost immediately, calling a convention to declare secession. On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina convention voted unanimously 169–0 to dissolve their union with the United States.4 The other states across the Deep South quickly followed suit. Mississippi adopted their own resolution on January 9, 1861, Florida followed on January 10, Alabama on January 11, Georgia on January 19, Louisiana on January 26, and Texas on February 1. Texas was the only state to put the issue up for a popular vote, but secession was widely popular throughout the South. Confederates quickly shed their American identity and adopted a new Confederate nationalism. Confederate nationalism was based on several ideals, foremost among these being slavery. As Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens stated, the Confederacy’s “foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition.”5 The election of Lincoln in 1860 demonstrated that the South was politically overwhelmed. Slavery was omnipresent in the prewar South, and it served as the most common frame of reference for unequal power. To a southern man, there was no fate more terrifying than the thought of being reduced to the level of a slave. Religion likewise shaped Confederate nationalism, as southerners believed that the Confederacy was fulfilling God’s will. The Confederacy even veered from the American constitution by explicitly invoking Christianity in their founding document. Yet in every case, all rationale for secession could be thoroughly tied to slavery. “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world,” proclaimed the Mississippi statement of secession.6 Thus for the original seven Confederate states (and the four that would subsequently join), slavery’s existence was the essential core of the fledging Confederacy. Not all southerners participated in Confederate nationalism. Unionist southerners, most common in the upcountry where slavery was weakest, retained their loyalty to the Union. These southerners joined the Union army, that is, the army of the United States of America, and worked to defeat the Confederacy.7 Black southerners, most of whom were enslaved, overwhelmingly supported the Union, often running away from plantations and forcing the Union army to reckon with slavery.8 President James Buchanan would not directly address the issue of secession prior to his term’s end in early March. Any effort to try to solve the issue therefore fell upon Congress, specifically a Committee of Thirteen including prominent men such as Stephen Douglas, William Seward, Robert Toombs, and John Crittenden. In what became known as “Crittenden’s Compromise,” Senator Crittenden proposed a series of Constitutional amendments that guaranteed slavery in southern states and territories, denied the federal government interstate slave trade regulatory power, and offered to compensate enslavers whose enslaved people had escaped. The Committee of Thirteen ultimately voted down the measure, and it likewise failed in the full Senate vote (25–23). Reconciliation appeared impossible.9 The seven seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama on February 4 to organize a new nation. The delegates selected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president and established a capital in Montgomery, Alabama (it would move to Richmond in May). Whether other states of the Upper South would join the Confederacy remained uncertain. By the early spring of 1861, North Carolina and Tennessee had not held secession conventions, while voters in Virginia, Missouri, and Arkansas initially voted down secession. Despite this temporary boost to the Union, it became abundantly clear that these acts of loyalty in the Upper South were highly conditional and relied on a clear lack of intervention on the part of the federal government. This was the precarious political situation facing Abraham Lincoln following his inauguration on March 4, 1861. III. A War for Union 1861-1863 In his inaugural address, Lincoln declared secession “legally void.”10 While he did not intend to invade southern states, he would use force to maintain possession of federal property within seceded states. Attention quickly shifted to the federal installation of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was in need of supplies, and Lincoln intended to resupply it. South Carolina called for U.S. soldiers to evacuate the fort. Commanding officer Major Robert Anderson refused. On April 12, 1861, Confederate Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard fired on the fort. Anderson surrendered on April 13 and the Union troops evacuated. In response to the attack, President Abraham Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand volunteers to serve three months to suppress the rebellion. The American Civil War had begun. The assault on Fort Sumter and subsequent call for troops provoked several Upper South states to join the Confederacy. In total, eleven states renounced their allegiance to the United States. The new Confederate nation was predicated on the institution of slavery and the promotion of any and all interests that reinforced that objective. Some southerners couched their defense of slavery as a preservation of states’ rights. But in order to protect slavery, the Confederate constitution left even less power to the states than the U.S. Constitution, an irony not lost on many. Shortly after Lincoln’s call for troops, the Union adopted General-in-Chief Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan to suppress the rebellion. This strategy intended to strangle the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways via a naval blockade. Ground troops would enter the interior. Like an anaconda snake, they planned to surround and squeeze the Confederacy. The border states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky maintained geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and the South. All four were immediately critical to the outcome of the conflict. Maryland was particularly important given its position relative to Washington DC. Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and allowed military commanders to arrest secession-friendly activists without charging them with a crime. Other border states were also important, and Lincoln famously quipped, “I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.”11 Lincoln and his military advisors realized that the loss of the border states could mean a significant decrease in Union resources and threaten the capital in Washington. Consequently, Lincoln hoped to foster loyalty among their citizens, so Union forces could minimize their occupation. In spite of terrible guerrilla warfare in Missouri and Kentucky, the four border states remained loyal to the Union throughout the war. Foreign countries, primarily in Europe, also watched the unfolding war with deep interest. The United States represented the greatest example of democratic thought at the time, and individuals from as far afield as Britain, France, Spain, Russia, and beyond closely followed events across the Atlantic Ocean. If the democratic experiment within the United States failed, many democratic activists in Europe wondered what hope might exist for such experiments elsewhere. Conversely, those with close ties to the cotton industry watched with other concerns. War meant the possibility of disrupting the cotton supply, and disruption could have catastrophic ramifications in commercial and financial markets abroad. While Lincoln, his cabinet, and the War Department devised strategies to defeat the rebel insurrection, Black Americans quickly forced the issue of slavery as a primary issue in the debate. As early as 1861, Black Americans implored the Lincoln administration to serve in the army and navy.12 Lincoln initially waged a conservative, limited war. He believed that the presence of African American troops would threaten the loyalty of slaveholding border states, and white volunteers might refuse to serve alongside Black men. However, army commanders could not ignore the growing populations of formerly enslaved people who escaped to freedom behind Union army lines. These former enslaved people took a proactive stance early in the war and forced the federal government to act. As the number of refugees ballooned, Lincoln and Congress found it harder to avoid the issue.13 In May 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler went over his superiors’ heads and began accepting freedom-seeking escapees who came to Fort Monroe in Virginia. In order to avoid answering whether these people were free, Butler reasoned called them “contraband of war,” and he had as much a right to seize them as he did to seize enemy horses or cannons.14 Later that summer Congress affirmed Butler’s policy in the First Confiscation Act. The act left “contrabands,” as these runaways were called, in a state of limbo. Once an enslaved person escaped to Union lines, their enslaver’s claim was nullified. She was not, however, a free citizen of the United States. Runaways lived in “contraband camps,” where disease and malnutrition were rampant. Women and men were required to perform the drudge work of war: raising fortifications, cooking meals, and laying railroad tracks. Still, life as a contraband offered a potential path to freedom, and thousands of enslaved people seized the opportunity. Fugitives posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers found such a policy unchristian. Even those indifferent to slavery were reluctant to turn away potential laborers or help the enemy by returning his property. Also, enslaved people could provide useful information on the local terrain and the movements of Confederate troops. Union officers became particularly reluctant to turn away freedom-seeking people when Confederate commanders began forcing enslaved laborers to work on fortifications. Every enslaved person who escaped to Union lines was a loss to the Confederate war effort. Any hopes for a brief conflict were eradicated when Union and Confederate forces met at the Battle of Bull Run, near Manassas, Virginia. While not particularly deadly, the Confederate victory proved that the Civil War would be long and costly. Furthermore, in response to the embarrassing Union rout, Lincoln removed Brigadier General Irvin McDowell and promoted Major General George B. McClellan to commander of the newly formed Army of the Potomac. For nearly a year after the First Battle of Bull Run, the Eastern Theater remained relatively silent. Smaller engagements only resulted in a bloody stalemate. But while the military remained quiet, the same could not be said of Republicans in Washington. The absence of fractious, stalling southerners in Congress allowed Republicans to finally pass the Whig economic package, including the Homestead Act, the Land-Grant College Act (aka the Morrill Act), and the Pacific Railroad Act.15 The federal government also began moving toward a more nationally controlled currency system (the greenback) and the creation of banks with national characteristics. Such acts proved instrumental in the expansion of the federal government and industry.The Democratic Party, absent its southern leaders, divided into two camps. War Democrats largely stood behind President Lincoln. Peace Democrats—also known as Copperheads—clashed frequently with both War Democrats and Republicans. Copperheads were sympathetic to the Confederacy; they exploited public antiwar sentiment (often the result of a lost battle or mounting casualties) and tried to push President Lincoln to negotiate an immediate peace, regardless of political leverage or bargaining power. Had the Copperheads succeeded in bringing about immediate peace, the Union would have been forced to recognize the Confederacy as a separate and legitimate government and the institution of slavery would have remained intact. While Washington buzzed with political activity, military life consisted of relative monotony punctuated by brief periods of horror. Daily life for a Civil War soldier was one of routine. A typical day began around six in the morning and involved drill, marching, lunch break, and more drilling followed by policing the camp. Weapon inspection and cleaning followed, perhaps one final drill, dinner, and taps around nine or nine thirty in the evening. Soldiers in both armies grew weary of the routine. Picketing or foraging afforded welcome distractions to the monotony. Soldiers devised clever ways of dealing with the boredom of camp life. The most common was writing. These were highly literate armies; nine out of every ten Federals and eight out of every ten Confederates could read and write.16 Letters home served as a tether linking soldiers to their loved ones. Soldiers also read; newspapers were in high demand. News of battles, events in Europe, politics in Washington and Richmond, and local concerns were voraciously sought and traded. While there were nurses, camp followers, and some women who disguised themselves as men, camp life was overwhelmingly male. Soldiers drank liquor, smoked tobacco, gambled, and swore. Social commentators feared that when these men returned home, with their hard-drinking and irreligious ways, all decency, faith, and temperance would depart. But not all methods of distraction were detrimental. Soldiers also organized debate societies, composed music, sang songs, wrestled, raced horses, boxed, and played sports. Neither side could consistently provide supplies for their soldiers, so it was not uncommon, though officially forbidden, for common soldiers to trade with the enemy. Confederate soldiers prized northern newspapers and coffee. Northerners were glad to exchange these for southern tobacco. Supply shortages and poor sanitation were synonymous with Civil War armies. The close proximity of thousands of men bred disease. Lice were soldiers’ daily companions. Music was popular among the soldiers of both armies, creating a diversion from the boredom and horror of the war. As a result, soldiers often sang on fatigue duty and while in camp. Favorite songs often reminded the soldiers of home, including “Lorena,” “Home, Sweet Home,” and “Just Before the Battle, Mother.” Dances held in camp offered another way to enjoy music. Since there were often few women nearby, soldiers would dance with one another. When the Civil War broke out, one of the most popular songs among soldiers and civilians was “John Brown’s Body,” which began “John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave.” Started as a Union anthem praising John Brown’s actions at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, then used by Confederates to vilify Brown, both sides’ version of the song stressed that they were on the right side. Eventually the words to Julia Ward Howe’s poem “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” were set to the melody, further implying Union success. The themes of popular songs changed over the course of the war, as feelings of inevitable success alternated with feelings of terror and despair.17 After an extensive delay on the part of Union commander George McClellan, his 120,000-man Army of the Potomac moved via ship to the peninsula between the York and James Rivers in Virginia. Rather than crossing overland via the former battlefield at Manassas Junction, McClellan attempted to swing around the rebel forces and enter the capital of Richmond before they knew what hit them. McClellan, however, was an overly cautious man who consistently overestimated his adversaries’ numbers. This cautious approach played into the Confederates’ favor on the outskirts of Richmond. Confederate General Robert E. Lee, recently appointed commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, forced McClellan to retreat from Richmond, and his Peninsular Campaign became a tremendous failure.18 Union forces met with little success in the East, but the Western Theater provided hope for the United States. In February 1862, men under Union general Ulysses S. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson along the Tennessee River. Fighting in the West greatly differed from that in the East. At the First Battle of Bull Run, for example, two large armies fought for control of the nations’ capitals, while in the West, Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the rivers, since the Mississippi River and its tributaries were key components of the Union’s Anaconda Plan. One of the deadliest of these clashes occurred along the Tennessee River at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6–7, 1862. This battle, lasting only two days, was the costliest single battle in American history up to that time. The Union victory shocked both the Union and the Confederacy with approximately twenty-three thousand casualties, a number that exceeded casualties from all of the United States’ previous wars combined.19 The subsequent capture of New Orleans by Union forces proved a heavy blow to the Confederacy and capped an 1862 spring of success in the Western Theater. The Union and Confederate navies helped or hindered army movements around the many marine environments of the southern United States. Each navy employed the latest technology to outmatch the other. The Confederate navy, led by Stephen Russell Mallory, had the unenviable task of constructing a fleet from scratch and trying to fend off a vastly better equipped Union navy. Led by Gideon Welles of Connecticut, the Union navy successfully implemented General-in-Chief Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan. The future of naval warfare also emerged in the spring of 1862 as two “ironclad” warships fought a duel at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The age of the wooden sail was gone and naval warfare would be fundamentally altered. While advances in naval technology ruled the seas, African Americans on the ground were complicating Union war aims to an even greater degree. By the summer of 1862, the actions of Black Americans were pushing the Union toward a full-blown war of emancipation.20 Following the First Confiscation Act, in April 1862, Congress abolished the institution of slavery in the District of Columbia. In July 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation Act, effectively emancipating enslaved people in land that came under Union control. Word traveled fast among enslaved people, and this legislation led to even more runaways making their way into Union lines. Abraham Lincoln’s thinking began to evolve. By the summer of 1862, Lincoln first floated the idea of an Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet. By August 1862, he proposed the first iteration of the Emancipation Proclamation. While his cabinet supported such an idea, secretary of state William Seward insisted that Lincoln wait for a “decisive” Union victory so the proclamation would not appear too desperate a measure on the part of a failing government. This decisive moment that prompted the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation occurred in the fall of 1862 along Antietam Creek in Maryland. Emboldened by their success in the previous spring and summer, Lee and Confederate president Jefferson Davis planned to win a decisive victory in Union territory and end the war. On September 17, 1862, McClellan’s and Lee’s forces collided at the Battle of Antietam near the town of Sharpsburg. This battle was the first major battle of the Civil War to occur on Union soil. It remains the bloodiest single day in American history: over twenty thousand soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing.Despite the Confederate withdrawal and the high death toll, the Battle of Antietam was not a decisive Union victory. It did, however, result in enough of a victory for Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed enslaved people in areas under Confederate control. There were significant exemptions to the Emancipation Proclamation, including the border states and parts of other states in the Confederacy. A far cry from a universal end to slavery, the Emancipation Proclamation nevertheless proved vital, shifting the war’s aims from simple union to emancipation. Framing it as a war measure, Lincoln and his cabinet hoped that stripping the Confederacy of its labor force would not only debilitate the southern economy but also weaken Confederate morale. Furthermore, the Battle of Antietam and the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation all but ensured that the Confederacy would not be recognized by European powers. Nevertheless, Confederates continued fighting. Union and Confederate forces clashed again at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862. This Confederate victory resulted in staggering Union casualties. IV. War for Emancipation 1863-1865 As Union armies penetrated deeper into the Confederacy, politicians and generals came to understand the necessity and benefit of enlisting Black men in the army and navy. Although a few commanders began forming Black units in 1862, such as Massachusetts abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson’s First South Carolina Volunteers (the first regiment of Black soldiers), widespread enlistment did not occur until the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863. “And I further declare and make known,” Lincoln’s proclamation read, “that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.”21 The language describing Black enlistment indicated Lincoln’s implicit desire to segregate African American troops from the main campaigning armies of white soldiers. “I believe it is a resource which, if vigorously applied now, will soon close the contest. It works doubly, weakening the enemy and strengthening us,” Lincoln remarked in August 1863 about Black soldiering.22 Although more than 180,000 Black men (10 percent of the Union army) served during the war, the majority of United States Colored Troops (USCT) remained stationed behind the lines as garrison forces, often laboring and performing noncombat roles. Black soldiers in the Union army endured rampant discrimination and earned less pay than white soldiers, while also facing the possibility of being murdered or sold into slavery if captured. James Henry Gooding, a Black corporal in the famed 54th Massachusetts Volunteers, wrote to Abraham Lincoln in September 1863, questioning why he and his fellow volunteers were paid less than white men. Gooding argued that because he and his brethren were born in the United States and selflessly left their private lives to enter the army, they should be treated “as American SOLDIERS, not as menial hirelings.”23 African American soldiers defied the inequality of military service and used their positions in the army to reshape society, North and South. The majority of the USCT had once been enslaved, and their presence as armed, blue-clad soldiers sent shock waves throughout the Confederacy. To their friends and families, African American soldiers symbolized the embodiment of liberation and the destruction of slavery. To white southerners, they represented the utter disruption of the Old South’s racial and social hierarchy. As members of armies of occupation, Black soldiers wielded martial authority in towns and plantations. At the end of the war, as a Black soldier marched by a cluster of Confederate prisoners, he noticed his former enslaver among the group. “Hello, massa,” the soldier exclaimed, “bottom rail on top dis time!”24 The majority of the USCT occupied the South by performing garrison duty; other Black soldiers performed admirably on the battlefield, shattering white myths that docile, cowardly Black men would fold in the maelstrom of war. Black troops fought in more than four hundred battles and skirmishes, including Milliken’s Bend and Port Hudson, Louisiana; Fort Wagner, South Carolina; Nashville; and the final campaigns to capture Richmond, Virginia. Fifteen Black soldiers received the Medal of Honor, the highest honor bestowed for military heroism. Through their voluntarism, service, battlefield contributions, and even death, Black soldiers laid their claims for citizenship. “Once let the Black man get upon his person the brass letter U.S.” Frederick Douglass, the great Black abolitionist, proclaimed, “and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”25 Many enslaved laborers accompanied their enslavers in the Confederate army. They served their enslavers as “camp servants,” cooking their meals, raising their tents, and carrying their supplies. The Confederacy also impressed enslaved laborers to perform manual labor. There are three important points to make about these enslaved “Confederates.” First, their labor was almost always coerced. Second, people are complicated and have varying, often contradictory loyalties. An enslaved person could hope in general that the Confederacy would lose but at the same time be concerned for the safety of his enslaver and the Confederate soldiers he saw on a daily basis. Finally, white Confederates did not see African Americans as their equals, much less as soldiers. There was never any doubt that Black laborers and camp servants were property. Though historians disagree on the matter, it is a stretch to claim that not a single African American ever fired a gun for the Confederacy; a camp servant whose enslaver died in battle might well pick up his dead enslaver’s gun and continue firing, if for no other reason than to protect himself. But this was always on an informal basis. The Confederate government did, in an act of desperation, pass a law in March 1865 allowing for the enlistment of Black soldiers, but only a few dozen African Americans (mostly Richmond hospital workers) had enlisted by the war’s end. As 1863 dawned, Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia continued its offensive strategy in the East. One of the war’s major battles occurred near the village of Chancellorsville, Virginia, between April 30 and May 6, 1863. While the Battle of Chancellorsville was an outstanding Confederate victory, it also resulted in heavy casualties and the mortal wounding of Confederate major general “Stonewall” Jackson, who was killed by friendly fire. In spite of Jackson’s death, Lee continued his offensive against federal forces and invaded Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863. During the three-day battle (July 1–3) at Gettysburg, heavy casualties crippled both sides. Yet the devastating July 3 infantry assault on the Union center, also known as Pickett’s Charge, caused Lee to retreat from Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg Campaign was Lee’s final northern incursion and the Battle of Gettysburg remains the bloodiest battle of the war, and in American history, with fifty-one thousand casualties. Concurrently in the West, Union forces continued their movement along the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Grant launched his campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the winter of 1862. Known as the “Gibraltar of the West,” Vicksburg was the last holdout in the West, and its seizure would enable uninhibited travel for Union forces along the Mississippi River. Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign, which lasted until July 4, 1863, ended with the city’s surrender. The fall of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two. Despite Union success in the summer of 1863, discontent over the war simmered across the North. This was particularly true in the wake of the Enrollment Act—the first effort at a draft among the northern populace during the Civil War. Working-class northerners were especially angry that the wealthy could pay $300 for substitutes, sparing themselves from the carnage of war. “A rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight,” was a popular refrain.26 The Emancipation Proclamation convinced many immigrants in northern cities that freed people would soon take their jobs. These economic and racial anxieties culminated in the New York City Draft Riots in July 1863. Over the span of four days, white rioters killed some 120 citizens, including the lynching of at least eleven Black New Yorkers. Property damage was in the millions, including the complete destruction of more than fifty properties—most notably that of the Colored Orphan Asylum. It was the largest civil disturbance to date in the United States (aside from the war itself) and was only stopped by the deployment of Union soldiers, some of whom came directly from the battlefield at Gettysburg. Elsewhere, the North produced widespread displays of unity. Sanitary fairs originated in the Old Northwest and raised millions of dollars for Union soldiers. Indeed, many women rose to take pivotal leadership roles in the sanitary fairs—a clear contribution to the northern war effort. The fairs also encouraged national unity within the North—something that became more important as the war dragged on and casualties continued to mount. The northern homefront was complicated: overt displays of loyalty contrasted with violent dissent. A similar situation played out in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress passed its first conscription act in the spring of 1862, a full year before its northern counterpart. Military service was required from all able-bodied males between ages eighteen and thirty-five (eventually extended to forty-five). Notable class exemptions likewise existed in the Confederacy: those who owned twenty or more enslaved laborers could escape the draft. Popular discontent reached a boiling point in 1863. Through the spring of 1863 consistent food shortages led to “bread riots” in several Confederate cities, most notably Richmond, Virginia, and the Georgia cities of Augusta, Macon, and Columbus. Confederate women led these mobs to protest food shortages and rampant inflation within the Confederate South. Exerting their own political control, women dramatically impacted the war through violent actions in these cases, as well as constant petitions to governors for aid and the release of husbands from military service. One of these women wrote a letter to North Carolina governor Zebulon Vance, saying, “Especially for the sake of suffering women and children, do try and stop this cruel war.”27 Confederates waged a multifront struggle against Union incursion and internal dissent. For some women, the best way to support their cause was spying on the enemy. When the war broke out, Rose O’Neal Greenhow was living in Washington, D.C., where she traveled in high social circles, gathering information for her Confederate contact. Suspecting Greenhow of espionage, Allan Pinkerton placed her under surveillance, instigated a raid on her house to gather evidence, and then placed her under house arrest, after which she was incarcerated in Old Capitol Prison. Upon her release, she was sent, under guard, to Baltimore, Maryland. From there Greenhow went to Europe to attempt to bring support to the Confederacy. Failing in her efforts, Greenhow decided to return to America, boarding the blockade runner Condor, which ran aground near Wilmington, North Carolina. Subsequently, she drowned after her lifeboat capsized in a storm. Greenhow gave her life for the Confederate cause, while Elizabeth “Crazy Bet” Van Lew sacrificed her social standing for the Union. Van Lew was from a prominent Richmond, Virginia, family and spied on the Confederacy, leading to her being “held in contempt & scorn by the narrow minded men and women of my city for my loyalty.”28 Indeed, when General Ulysses Grant took control of Richmond, he placed a special guard on Van Lew. In addition to her espionage activities, Van Lew also acted as a nurse to Union prisoners in Libby Prison. For pro-Confederate southern women, there were more opportunities to show their scorn for the enemy. Some women in New Orleans took these demonstrations to the level of dumping their chamber pots onto the heads of unsuspecting federal soldiers who stood underneath their balconies, leading to Benjamin Butler’s infamous General Order Number 28, which arrested all rebellious women as prostitutes. Military strategy shifted in 1864. The new tactics of “hard war” evolved slowly, as restraint toward southern civilians and property ultimately gave way to a concerted effort to demoralize southern civilians and destroy the southern economy. Grant’s successes at Vicksburg and Chattanooga, Tennessee (November 1863), and Meade’s cautious pursuit of Lee after Gettysburg prompted Lincoln to promote Grant to general-in-chief of the Union army in early 1864. This change in command resulted in some of the bloodiest battles of the Eastern Theater. Grant’s Overland Campaign, including the Battle of the Wilderness, the Battle of Cold Harbor, and the siege of Petersburg, demonstrated Grant’s willingness to tirelessly attack the ever-dwindling Army of Northern Virginia. By June 1864, Grant’s army surrounded the Confederate city of Petersburg, Virginia. Siege operations cut off Confederate forces and supplies from the capital of Richmond. Meanwhile out west, Union armies under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman implemented hard war strategies and slowly made their way through central Tennessee and northern Georgia, capturing the vital rail hub of Atlanta in September 1864. Action in both theaters during 1864 caused even more casualties and furthered the devastation of disease. Disease haunted both armies, and accounted for over half of all Civil War casualties. Sometimes as many as half of the men in a company could be sick. The overwhelming majority of Civil War soldiers came from rural areas, where less exposure to diseases meant soldiers lacked immunities. Vaccines for diseases such as smallpox were largely unavailable to those outside cities or towns. Despite the common nineteenth-century tendency to see city men as weak or soft, soldiers from urban environments tended to succumb to fewer diseases than their rural counterparts. Tuberculosis, measles, rheumatism, typhoid, malaria, and smallpox spread almost unchecked among the armies. Civil War medicine focused almost exclusively on curing the patient rather than preventing disease. Many soldiers attempted to cure themselves by concocting elixirs and medicines themselves. These ineffective home remedies were often made from various plants the men found in woods or fields. There was no understanding of germ theory, so many soldiers did things that we would consider unsanitary today.29 They ate food that was improperly cooked and handled, and they practiced what we would consider poor personal hygiene. They did not take appropriate steps to ensure that drinking water was free from bacteria. Diarrhea and dysentery were common. These diseases were especially dangerous, as Civil War soldiers did not understand the value of replacing fluids as they were lost. As such, men affected by these conditions would weaken and become unable to fight or march, and as they became dehydrated their immune system became less effective, inviting other infections to attack the body. Through trial and error soldiers began to protect themselves from some of the more preventable sources of infection. Around 1862 both armies began to dig latrines rather than rely on the local waterways. Burying human and animal waste also cut down on exposure to diseases considerably. Medical surgery was limited and brutal. If a soldier was wounded in the torso, throat, or head, there was little surgeons could do. Invasive procedures to repair damaged organs or stem blood loss invariably resulted in death. Luckily for soldiers, only approximately one in six combat wounds were to one of those parts. The remaining were to limbs, which was treatable by amputation. Soldiers had the highest chance of survival if the limb was removed within forty-eight hours of injury. A skilled surgeon could amputate a limb in three to five minutes from start to finish. While the lack of germ theory again caused several unsafe practices, such as using the same tools on multiple patients, wiping hands on filthy gowns, or placing hands in communal buckets of water, there is evidence that amputation offered the best chance of survival. It is a common misconception that amputation was done without anesthesia and against a patient’s wishes. Since the 1830s, Americans understood the benefits of nitrous oxide and ether in easing pain. Chloroform and opium were also used to either render patients unconscious or dull pain during the procedure. Also, surgeons would not amputate without the patient’s consent. In the Union army alone, 2.8 million ounces of opium and over 5.2 million opium pills were administered. In 1862, William Alexander Hammon was appointed Surgeon General for the United States. He sought to regulate dosages and manage supplies of available medicines, both to prevent overdosing and to ensure that an ample supply remained for the next engagement. However, his guidelines tended to apply only to the regular federal army. Most Union soldiers were in volunteer units and organized at the state level. Their surgeons often ignored posted limits on medicines, or worse, experimented with their own concoctions made from local flora. In the North, the conditions in hospitals were somewhat superior. This was partly due to the organizational skills of women like Dorothea Dix, who was the Union’s Superintendent for Army Nurses. Additionally, many women were members of the United States Sanitary Commission and helped to staff and supply hospitals in the North. Women took on key roles within hospitals both North and South. The publisher’s notice for Nurse and Spy in the Union Army states, “In the opinion of many, it is the privilege of woman to minister to the sick and soothe the sorrowing—and in the present crisis of our country’s history, to aid our brothers to the extent of her capacity.”30 Mary Chesnut wrote, “Every woman in the house is ready to rush into the Florence Nightingale business.”31 However, she indicated that after she visited the hospital, “I can never again shut out of view the sights that I saw there of human misery. I sit thinking, shut my eyes, and see it all.”32 Hospital conditions were often so bad that many volunteer nurses quit soon after beginning. Kate Cumming volunteered as a nurse shortly after the war began. She, and other volunteers, traveled with the Army of Tennessee. However, all but one of the women who volunteered with Cumming quit within a week. Death came in many forms; disease, prisons, bullets, even lightning and bee stings took men slowly or suddenly. Their deaths, however, affected more than their regiments. Before the war, a wife expected to sit at her husband’s bed, holding his hand, and ministering to him after a long, fulfilling life. This type of death, “the Good Death,” changed during the Civil War as men died often far from home among strangers.33 Casualty reporting was inconsistent, so a woman was often at the mercy of the men who fought alongside her husband to learn not only the details of his death but even that the death had occurred. “Now I’m a widow. Ah! That mournful word. Little the world think of the agony it contains!” wrote Sally Randle Perry in her diary.34 After her husband’s death at Sharpsburg, Sally received the label she would share with more than two hundred thousand other women. The death of a husband and loss of financial, physical, and emotional support could shatter lives. It also had the perverse power to free women from bad marriages and open doors to financial and psychological independence. Widows had an important role to play in the conflict. The ideal widow wore black, mourned for a minimum of two and a half years, resigned herself to God’s will, focused on her children, devoted herself to her husband’s memory, and brought his body home for burial. Many tried, but not all widows were able to live up to the ideal. Many were unable to purchase proper mourning garb. Black silk dresses, heavy veils, and other features of antebellum mourning were expensive and in short supply. Because most of these women were in their childbearing years, the war created an unprecedented number of widows who were pregnant or still nursing infants. In a time when the average woman gave birth to eight to ten children in her lifetime, it is perhaps not surprising that the Civil War created so many widows who were also young mothers with little free time for formal mourning. Widowhood permeated American society. But in the end, it was up to each widow to navigate her own mourning. She joined the ranks of sisters, mothers, cousins, girlfriends, and communities in mourning men.35 By the fall of 1864, military and social events played against the backdrop of the presidential election of 1864. While the war raged on, the presidential contest featured a transformed electorate. Three new states (West Virginia, Nevada, and Kansas) had been added since 1860, while the eleven states of the Confederacy did not participate. Lincoln and his vice presidential nominee, Andrew Johnson (Tennessee), ran on the National Union Party ticket. The main competition came from his former commander, General George B. McClellan. Though McClellan himself was a “War Democrat,” the official platform of the Democratic Party in 1864 revolved around negotiating an immediate end to the Civil War. McClellan’s vice presidential nominee was George H. Pendleton of Ohio—a well-known “Peace Democrat.” On Election Day—November 8, 1864—Lincoln and McClellan each needed 117 electoral votes (out of a possible 233) to win the presidency. For much of the 1864 campaign season, Lincoln downplayed his chances of reelection and McClellan assumed that large numbers of Union soldiers would grant him support. However, thanks in great part to William Sherman’s capture of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, and overwhelming support from Union troops, Lincoln won the election easily. Additionally, Lincoln received support from more radical Republican factions and members of the Radical Democracy Party that demanded the end of slavery. In the popular vote, Lincoln defeated McClellan, 55.1 percent to 44.9 percent. In the Electoral College, Lincoln’s victory was even more pronounced: 212 to 21. Lincoln won twenty-two states, and McClellan only carried three: New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky.36 In the wake of his reelection, Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865, in which he concluded: With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.37 The years 1864 and 1865 were the very definition of hard war. Incredibly deadly for both sides, the Union campaigns in both the West and the East destroyed Confederate infrastructure and demonstrated the efficacy of the Union’s strategy. Following up on the successful capture of Atlanta, William Sherman conducted his March to the Sea in the fall of 1864, arriving in Savannah with time to capture it and deliver it as a Christmas present for Abraham Lincoln. Sherman’s path of destruction took on an even more destructive tone as he moved into the heart of the Confederacy in South Carolina in early 1865. The burning of Columbia, South Carolina, and subsequent capture of Charleston brought the hard hand of war to the birthplace of secession. With Grant’s dogged pursuit of the Army of Northern Virginia, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, effectively ending major Confederate military operations. To ensure the permanent legal end of slavery, Republicans drafted the Thirteenth Amendment during the war. Yet the end of legal slavery did not mean the end of racial injustice. During the war, formerly enslaved people were often segregated into disease-ridden contraband camps. After the war, the Republican Reconstruction program of guaranteeing the rights of Black Americans succumbed to persistent racism and southern white violence. Long after 1865, most Black southerners continued to labor on plantations, albeit as nominally free tenants or sharecroppers, while facing public segregation and voting discrimination. The effects of slavery endured long after emancipation. As battlefields fell silent in 1865, the question of secession had been answered, slavery had been eradicated, and America was once again territorially united. But in many ways, the conclusion of the Civil War created more questions than answers. How would the nation become one again? Who was responsible for rebuilding the South? What role would African Americans occupy in this society? Northern and southern soldiers returned home with broken bodies, broken spirits, and broken minds. Plantation owners had land but not labor. Recently freed African Americans had their labor but no land. Formerly enslaved people faced a world of possibilities—legal marriage, family reunions, employment, and fresh starts—but also a racist world of bitterness, violence, and limited opportunity. The war may have been over, but the battles for the peace were just beginning. VI. Primary Sources Confederates had to quickly create not only a government but also a nation, including all of the cultural values required to foster patriotism. In this speech, Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, proclaims that slavery and white supremacy were not only the cause for secession but also the “cornerstone” of the Confederate nation. Self-emancipating people posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers disobeyed the policy. In May 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler went over his superiors’ heads and began accepting freedom-seeking people who came to Fortress Monroe in Virginia. Butler reasoned that these people were “contraband of war,” and he had as much a right to seize them as he did to seize enemy horses or cannons. Later that summer Congress affirmed Butler’s policy in the First Confiscation Act. William Henry Singleton was born to his enslaved mother, Lettice, and her enslaver’s brother, William Singleton. At the age of four, he was sold away from his mother but ran back to her several times throughout his life. When the war broke out, he escaped to Union lines and volunteered for service. After being dismissed, he rallied one thousand Black soldiers and received a promotion as a sergeant. The massive casualty rates of the Civil War meant that nurses were always needed. Women, North and South, left the comforts of home to care for the wounded. Hospital conditions were often so bad that many volunteer nurses quit soon after beginning. After the war, Kate Cumming, a nurse who traveled with the Army of Tennessee, published an account of her experience. She included a poem, written by an unknown author about nursing in the war. Civil War soldiers described the experience of combat as both terrifying and confusing. The American writer, Ambrose Bierce, captures both the confusion and terror of the Battle of Shiloh in the below excerpt of his 1881 recollections of the battle. Music played an important role in the Civil War. Songs celebrated the cause, mourned the loss of life, and bound sings together in shared commitments to mutual sacrifice. These two songs, both written by women, one in the North and the other in the South, show the flexibility of Civil War music. The first is an example of the somber, sacralizing function of music, while the latter is an example of a lighthearted attempt at humor. Abraham Lincoln offered a first draft of history in his second inaugural address, casting the Civil War as a war for union that later became a spiritual process of national penance for two hundred and fifty years of slaveholding. Lincoln also looked to the future, envisioning a harmonious and speedy Reconstruction that would take place “with malice toward none” and “with charity for all.” The Civil War ultimately opened a variety of arenas for Union and Confederate women’s participation. In the North, the United States Sanitary Commission in particular centralized women’s opportunities to volunteer as nurses, donate supplies, and to raise funds at Sanitary Fairs. This 1864 image from popular periodical Harper’s Weekly celebrates women’s contributions on the battlefield, in the hospital, in the parlor, and at the fair. Death pervaded every aspect of life during the years of the Civil War. This gruesome photograph, taken after the battle of Cold Harbor, shows the hasty burial procedures used to reckon with unprecedented death. Dirty jobs like this were often left to Black soldiers or freedpeople in Contraband Camps. VII. Reference Material This chapter was edited by Angela Esco Elder and David Thomson, with content contributions by Thomas Balcerski, William Black, Frank Cirillo, Matthew C. Hulbert, Andrew F. Lang, John Patrick Riley, Angela Riotto, Gregory N. Stern, David Thomson, Ann Tucker, and Rebecca Zimmer. Recommended citation: Thomas Balcerski et al., “The Civil War,” Angela Esco Elder and David Thomson, eds., in The American Yawp, eds. Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018). - Ayers, Edward L. In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859–1863. New York: Norton, 2003. - Berry, Stephen, ed. Weirding the War: Stories from the Civil War’s Ragged Edges. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011. - Blight, David. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. - Brasher, Glenn David. The Peninsula Campaign and the Necessity of Emancipation: African Americans and the Fight for Freedom. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. - Clinton, Catherine, and Nina Silber, eds. Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. - Devine, Shauna. Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014. - Fahs, Alice. The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861–1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. - Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Knopf, 2008. - Foner, Eric. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York: Norton, 2011. - Gannon, Barbara A. The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. - Grimsley, Mark. The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Towards Southern Civilians, 1861–1865. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. - Hess, Earl. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat. Lawrenceville: University Press of Kansas, 1997. - Hulbert, Matthew C. The Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers Became Gunslingers in the American West. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016. - Janney, Caroline E. Remembering The Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. - Jones, Howard. Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. - Lang, Andrew F. In the Wake of War: Military Occupation, Emancipation, and Civil War America. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2017. - Manning, Chandra. What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War. New York: Knopf, 2007. - McCurry, Stephanie. Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. - McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. - Meier, Kathryn Shively. Nature’s Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. - Nelson, Megan Kate. Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012. - Rable, George C. God’s Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. - Richardson, Heather Cox. The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. - Vorenberg, Michael. The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. - Whites, LeeAnn. The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. - This most recent estimation of 750,000 wartime deaths was put forward by J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Account of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History 57, no. 4 (December 2011): 306–347. [↩] - Proceedings of the Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore: Published by Order of the National Democratic Convention (Washington, DC: n.p., 1860). [↩] - William J. Cooper, We Have the War upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860–April 1861 (New York: Knopf, 2012), 14. [↩] - “A Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union,” January 9, 1861, Avalon Project at the Yale Law School. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp, accessed August 1, 2015. [↩] - Alexander Stephens, speech in Savannah, Georgia, delivered March 21, 1861, quoted in Henry Cleveland, Alexander Stephens, in Public and Private. With Letters and Speeches Before, During and Since the War (Philadelphia: National, 1866), 719. [↩] - “Declaration of the Immediate Causes”. [↩] - See Jon L. Wakelyn, ed., Southern Unionist Pamphlets and the Civil War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999). [↩] - Steven Hahn, The Political Worlds of Slavery and Freedom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 55–114. [↩] - Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–1864, Volume 1 (Hartford, CT: Case, Lockwood, 1864), 366–367. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln to Orville Browning, September 22, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 67. [↩] - Excerpt from Benj. F. Butler to Lieutenant Genl. Scott, 27 May 1861, B-99 1861, Letters Received Irregular, Secretary of War, Record Group 107, National Archives. http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/Butler.html. [↩] - “THE SLAVE QUESTION.; Letter from Major-Gen. Butler on the Treatment of Fugitive Slaves,” New York Times (August 6, 1861). [↩] - Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). [↩] - For literacy rates within the armies, see Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952), 304–306; and Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 335–337. [↩] - For more on music in the Civil War, see Christian McWhirter, Battle Hymns: The Power and Popularity of Music in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012). [↩] - Ethan S. Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005). [↩] - Steven E. Woodworth, ed., The Shiloh Campaign (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009). [↩] - Glenn David Brasher, The Peninsula Campaign and the Necessity of Emancipation: African Americans and the Fight for Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012). [↩] - Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863, Presidential Proclamations, 1791–1991, Record Group 11, General Records of the United States Government, National Archives, Washington, D.C. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, August 9, 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - James Henry Gooding to Abraham Lincoln, September 28, 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [↩] - James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 862. [↩] - Quoted in Allen Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 247. [↩] - See Eugene C. Murdock, One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1971). [↩] - Laura Edwards, Scarlett Doesn’t Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil War Era (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 85. [↩] - Quoted in Heidi Schoof, Elizabeth Van Lew: Civil War Spy (Minneapolis, MN: Compass Books, 2006), 85. [↩] - Shauna Devine, Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 70–71. [↩] - . Emma Edwards, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: Comprising the Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals, Camps, and Battle-Fields (Hartford, CT: Williams, 1865), 6. [↩] - C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 85. [↩] - Ibid., 158. [↩] - Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008). [↩] - Sally Randle Perry, November 30, 1867, Sally Randle Perry Diary, 1867–1868, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. [↩] - LeeAnn Whites, The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 93–95. [↩] - Presidential Elections, 1789–2008 (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2010), 135, 225. [↩] - Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address; endorsed by Lincoln, April 10, 1865, March 4, 1865, General Correspondence, 1837–1897, The Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. [↩]

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1. Nina Simone Birthplace and Childhood Home This home was the birthplace/childhood home of jazz legend and Civil Rights Icon Nina Simone. Simone was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and respected civil rights activist. After being rejected from talent auditions and even school admissions due to the color of her skin, Simone went on to become one of the most respected classical pianists and jazz vocalists in music history. After achieving fame as a musical artist, in the 1960s Simone became active in the civil rights struggle and the course of her life shifted, with her music becoming a driving force in the fight for racial equality. She is a member of the GRAMMY Hall of Fame, the Jazz Hall of Fame, and is a fifiteen-time nominee for the GRAMMY Awards. The home was set to be demolished by the city of Tryon, NC, until a grassroots campaign bought the home with the intent to restore it as a museum and educational resource. Currently, the Simone House is about to undergo a major historical rehabilitation. Nina Simone Birthplace/Childhood Home Tryon, North Carolina Contact: Nina Simone Birthplace, Inc. 2. Old Leon County Jail (Firestone Building) Now owned by the City of Tallahassee's Community Redevelopment Agency, this building served as the Leon County Jail building from the date of its construction in 1936/37 until 1966. The historic jail yields national significance to the American civil rights movement. Tallahassee’s jail was the first in the entire country to play host to a jail-in of the civil rights student sit-in movement. Two months after the jail’s completion, in July 1937, two black prisoners were removed from the new jail by four white men, taken east of town and fatally shot in one of Leon County’s most prominent lynchings. Many of Tallahassee’s most famous civil rights activists spent time in the old county jail. African-Americans in Tallahassee boycotted the bus system after the arrest and incarceration of Wilhelmina Jakes and Carrie Patterson; two Florida A&M University (FAMU) students for sitting beside a white woman on a segregated city bus (May 26, 1956). During the boycott, Tallahassee’s citizens carpooled to get to and from work or used other means of transportation. Twenty-one members of the Inter-Civic Council, including Revs. C.K. Steele, K.S. DuPont, A.C. Redd, Dan Speed, Fr. David Brooks, and H. McNeal Harris, were arrested, jailed and convicted on charges of operating an illegal transportation system for arranging the car pool without a franchise. Reverend Charles Kenzie Steele, Sr., pastor of Bethel Missionary Baptist Church, led the boycott of the city-run bus system. In March 1960, 35 mostly FAMU students were arrested when they attempted to integrate lunch counters at Tallahassee department stores. Led by Priscilla Stephens Kruize, and the late Patricia Stephens Due, eleven of those students were eventually convicted of disturbing the peace and ordered to pay $300 or spend 60 days in jail. Eight of the students chose "jail over bail." Their "jail-in" attracted national attention, and five of the students toured the nation speaking on behalf of civil rights. This marked the first jail-in the United States in the student sit-in movement. Old Leon County Jail (Firestone Building) 409 East Gaines Street Contact: City of Tallahassee Office of the Mayor and City Commission 300 South Adams Street Tallahassee, Florida 32301 3. Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence This building, built in 1847, was in the mid-1850s, the home of Stephen and Harriet Myers. The Myers' led activists on the famous Underground Railroad. As African-Americans, they were among an important element in the Underground Railroad story. They helped thousands of fugitives from enslavement in the 30-plus years of their activity. This site was also a meeting place for the Vigilance Committee of the UGRR. The site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the National Network of Freedom of the National Park Service. The home has been identified as the Myers’ residence and as an UGRR site in several key abolitionist sources. More than 50 people who were referred to the Myers’ are identified in abolitionist documents. The building is in fair condition, though it has suffered from years of neglect. The Underground History Project, which owns the building, has raised more than $750,000 for its restoration and much has been done toward reclamation. It is estimated that more than $1,000,000 is still be needed for further repairs. Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence 194 Livingston Avenue Albany, New York Contact: Underground Railroad Project P.O. Box 10851 Albany, New York 12201 4. The John Coltrane Home in Dix Hills Saved from demolition in 2004, it was in this home that musical icon John Coltrane isolated himself in the second floor guest room with pen, paper and saxophone and composed “A Love Supreme.” This album is listed as one of the greatest jazz albums of all time. As record of its historic significance, the manuscript for the album is one of the National Museum of American History, “Treasures of American History” as part of the collection at the Smithsonian Institution. His residence in the house represents one of the most important musical periods in the evolution of John Coltrane as a musician, and the house literally is sacred ground to his world wide following. This project will create an inspirational museum, archives, and educational center devoted to celebrating John Coltrane’s music, influence, and the diverse musical legacy. Visitors, researchers, scholars from around the world would be able to come and learn about his music and his life, which was devoted to a reverence for life, appreciation for diversity, and creative interconnectedness between people of all backgrounds and cultures. The Friends of the Coltrance Home, utilizing a grant from the 1772 Foundation, in 2013, mold remediation, installation of a new roof, soffits, gutters, and making the home water tight was completed. There is still a great deal of work to be done before the home can be opened to the public. At this time, there is still more mold remediation work to be done. The home does not have heat, electricity or functioning plumbing systems. Most of the interior sheetrock has been removed because of the mold situation. Friends of the Coltrane Home seeks continued public support for this worthy project. Further monetary resources and donations are needed to further stabilize the vacant National Register property for its preservation as a museum and educational center. The John Coltrane Home in Dix Hills will be the living resource where one of the greatest musical artists of all time can make others happy through his music, and the study of his life and legacy. The John Coltrane Home in Dix Hills 247 Candlewood Path Dix Hills, New York Contact: Friends of the Coltrane Home 5. The Cotton Club - Gainesville, Florida The Cotton Club is a two-story wood frame building located in the Springhill neighborhood in Gainesville, Florida. The building was built as a Post Exchange (PX) during WWII (1941) by soldiers at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida from lumber the soldiers cut themselves. In 1946, after the war ended, the building was one of 3,000 that was sold at auction. William and Eunice Perryman purchased the building and had it moved, in several pieces, to a lot near the grocery store they owned on East Depot Avenue in Gainesville. The Perryman Theater became Sarah's Cotton Club in 1949, after it was leased by Black businesswoman Sarah McKnight. Named after the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York, Gainesville’s Cotton Club served as a popular night club and dance hall until the late 1950s. It became a community focal point and showcased entertainment provided by “Negro” performers on the Chitlin’ circuit. James Brown, Brook Benton, Ray Charles, B.B. King, and Bo Diddley, all of whom are now famous artists that are hailed nationally and internationally for their musical contributions to the world, performed in Gainesville’s Cotton Club. The booking of popular artists would draw crowds from Jacksonville, Ocala and Palatka. The Cotton Club also attracted large numbers of white students from the University of Florida who came to listen to the music and dance. It is rumored that the City of Gainesville heard about the “racial mixing” during those times of Jim Crow and refused to renew Mrs. McKnight’s license. As a result, the Cotton Club closed in the late 1950s. The Cotton was reopened as The Blue Note juke joint, but closed in 1959. Afterward, the building served as a warehouse, and sat stagnant. Mt. Olive A.M.E. Church purcased the building in the 1990s. The current effort by the Cotton Club Museum and Cultural Center, Inc. (CCMCC) is the first effort to save the Cotton Club building. The building has been leased to the CCMCC, Inc., a non-profit corporation, by Mt. Olive AME Church, the owner. Under the direction of the CCMCC’s Board of Directors, the restoration has begun. The building’s foundation, floor and walls have been secured. The building has a new roof, siding, windows and doors. A new building has been constructed to house the bathroom facilities for the project. The goal of the CCMCC is to establish a museum and cultural center on the site where the Cotton Club is located. The CCMCC is seeking assistance in locating and applying for grant and other funding to complete the restoration of the Cotton Club building and other buildings on the site. The Cotton Club 837 SE 7th Avenue Contact: Cotton Club Museum/Cultural Center P.O. Box 5534 Gainesville, Florida 32627 Mrs. Vivian Filer, Chair 6. Kershaw-Nims House The Kershaw-Nims House is a historic structure in Tallahassee, Florida, which dates to 1890. It was constructed by the Rev. A.J. Kershaw of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Kershaw was a part of the first class of 15 students to attend the State Normal College for Colored Students in 1887 (now Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University). His son, Dr. A.J. Kershaw, worked as a medical physician in Miami, once serving as Secretary of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and as President of the FAMU National Alumni Association. Dr. Kershaw's son, Joe Lang Kershaw, was also a FAMU Alumnus who would become the first African-American to be elected to the Florida Legislature in the House of Representatives, 1968. Joe Nims, who purchased the home in the 1940s, operated Nims Grocery and Market at 510 W. Brevard St. in Tallahassee's Frenchtown neighborhood for nearly 100 years. He lived to the age of 107. The Kershaw-Nims House 826 Central Street Contact: Zoe Allen Bennett 7. Gibbs Cottage Gibbs Cottage, the oldest and last remaining wooden structure on the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) campus was built in 1892 by Thomas Van Renssalaer Gibbs. Gibbs, a reconstruction-era Representative who served in the Florida Legislature from Duval County, Florida, had authored the bill in 1885 which eventually established the institution. Gibbs served as Vice President of what was then the State Normal College for Colored Students from 1887 until his death in 1900. He was the son of Johnathan Clarkson Gibbs (1821-1874), who had served as Florida's first Black Secretary of State (1868-1872), and was the first African-American to serve as the state's Superintendent of Public Instruction. Additionally, Gibbs had served as a member of the Tallahassee City Council. The cottage was also the home of Everett Booker Jones, a FAMU graduate and Professor of Mathematics for whom Jones Hall is named. 2414 South Adams Street Contact: Florida A&M University Larry Robinson, Ph.D. 1601 South Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard Tallahassee, Florida 32307 8. Geddie-Speed Store Alvin Oliver Geddie took control of the 701 West Brevard Street property in Tallahassee on August 9, 1924. Geddie built several homes in the historic African-American community of Frenchtown, and sold them to local families. Leaving the hands of Alvin Geddie’s children (Thomas ‘TJ’ Geddie and Henry Geddie), 701 West Brevard Street became the property of Reverend Daniel B. Speed in 1946. Floor plans for a new store show the first referring to the property as 701. Before now, the property is identifiable only by its plat name, block number, and lot numbers. In addition, the building permits show that the new store is taking the place of address numbers 703, 705, and 707. It is unclear how early owners may have used the wooden building (yet standing and now marked 709) that also occupies the 701 property. Not only was Reverend Speed a respected storeowner and businessman, but he was very active in the struggle for equal treatment of African-Americans. As a clergyman, he served as assistant pastor to civil rights leader C. K. Steele for three years in the early fifties. While serving as pastor in various other churches, Speed continued to be very involved in the civil rights movement as the NAACP President and founding member of the Inter-Civic Council (ICC). During the bus boycotts in Tallahassee, Reverend Speed was in charge of organizing car pools for boycott participants who needed transportation. The city accused Speed and others of operating vehicles for hire without following regulations. Speed received threatening phone calls at home and at his store. His place of business was often the target of threats and vandalism. During that time, Daniel Speed operated a Real Estate business and rented out houses. One such property he owned was 701 West Brevard Street. The Geddie-Speed Store is currently owned by Watson Temple Institutional Church of God In Christ, which seeks $60,000 in order to complete the building's restoration efforts. The building has been placed on the Tallahassee-Leon County Register of Historic Places. 701 West Brevard Street Contact: Watson Temple COGIC Donald Sheppard, Ph.D., Pastor 665 West Brevard Street Tallahassee, Florida 32304

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Find articles and background information related to Native American tribes and First Nations of the Salish Sea region. Federally recognized Native American tribes of the Puget Sound watershed* - Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Nation - Hoh Indian Tribe - Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe - Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe - Lummi Nation - Makah Nation - Muckleshoot Tribe - Nisqually Indian Tribe - Nooksack Indian Tribe - Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe - Puyallup Tribe of Indians - Quileute Nation - Quinault Indian Nation - Samish Indian Nation - Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe - Skokomish Tribe Non-Federally recognized Native American tribes of the Puget Sound watershed* - Duwamish Tribe - Kikiallus Indian Nation - Marietta Band of Nooksack Tribe - Snohomish Tribe - Snoqualmoo Tribe - Steilacoom Tribe First Nations of the Salish Sea watershed in Canada** Can restoring the natural balance of the Nooksack River also reduce flood risks? Officials on both sides of the U.S.-Canada border are taking note as climate change raises the stakes. Years of struggle have led to reduced pollution and a stronger sense of community in the Duwamish Valley. As cleanup efforts there continue, environmental justice has come front and center for the area's diverse populations. The following list includes Native American tribes and First Nations of the Salish Sea region. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), sometimes called Indigenous Knowledge, refers to cumulative knowledge and experience that indigenous cultures have of their environment. In the last thirty years, there has been growing interest in TEK as a resource for restoration and conservation projects. Treaty rights are critical to the sovereignity of Puget Sound area Tribes and are deeply connected to natural resource management. Five landmark treaties in our region were signed during a three-year period from 1854 to 1856 and continue to drive policy to this day. The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community has begun constructing the first known clam garden to be built in modern times. They hope that what was once an ancient way of cultivating shellfish can now be a hedge against climate change. How can Puget Sound generate more salmon? That question has been at the center of ecosystem recovery efforts for decades. But even as scientists and conservationists make progress on many fronts — from breaching dams to cleaning up the water — they have faced one especially complicated and frustrating limitation: Salmon need more estuaries. We look at how local tribes are working to restore this critical habitat. Social Science for the Salish Sea (S4) provides a foundation for future research projects, accessible information for planning or management decisions, and synthesized content to inform ecosystem recovery. A Lopez Island-based nonprofit says the protection of critical habitat for native plants can also preserve a wealth of traditional knowledge. The group is working with private landowners to raise awareness of culturally important plants hidden in the bogs and underbrush of Puget Sound's natural areas. A new book explores our complicated connection to the ecosystem we call home. We interview author David B. Williams about Homewaters: A Human and Natural History of Puget Sound, published this month by the University of Washington Press. An update to state rules regarding the cleanup of toxic pollution is expected to bring more attention to factors like race, ethnicity and income within populations that live near contaminated sites. This report details the outcomes, successes, and reflections of the final two years (2014-15) of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Estuary Program award dedicated to tribal restoration and protection projects in the Puget Sound watershed. A river spawning species of forage fish known as the longfin smelt is rare and getting rarer in the Salish Sea. Biologists are looking into the mysterious decline of the ‘hooligans’ of the Nooksack. The revival of an Indigenous aquaculture practice has come to the southern Salish Sea. Clam gardens could help First Nations in British Columbia and Washington state address issues of climate change and food sustainability. The geoduck has earned an honored place as Puget Sound's largest and most distinctive native clam, but how much do we really know about it? Often seen as a culinary curiosity, the geoduck has only been commercially harvested on a large scale since the 1970s, and the clam's current popularity is based mostly on demand from Asian markets. Nevertheless, this deep-burrowing mollusk has always been a signature part of the Salish Sea ecosystem. They rival tropical forests in their richness and diversity, but Puget Sound's kelp beds have declined steeply in recent decades. Scientists are just starting to understand the extent of these losses. What they are finding is bringing kelp to the forefront of Puget Sound's environmental concerns. Spring and fall Chinook salmon were thought to be alike until researchers discovered a gene for early migration. Now, federal biologists and legal experts are struggling to decide if spring Chinook should be granted their own legal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Scientists believe that herring have been a staple of Salish Sea food and culture since humans first arrived here at least 12,500 years ago. That importance has continued into modern times, even as herring numbers have declined in parts of the region. Puget Sound’s only native oysters were nearly wiped out in the 19th century from overharvesting. Now a network of scientists and advocates is working to restore them to their historical and cultural prominence. Can scientists bring back the lost tidal forests of Puget Sound? It could take generations, but restoring this rare habitat will pay big dividends for Puget Sound’s salmon. Policy pivot in Puget Sound: Lessons learned from marine protected areas and tribally-led estuarine restoration A 2018 paper in the journal Ocean and Coastal Management examines and compares planning approaches used to develop marine protected areas and estuary restoration projects in Puget Sound. It finds that management policies can benefit from increasingly collaborative planning with a focus on multiple benefits such as flood control, salmon recovery, recreation and resilience to climate change. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awarded a Five-year Puget Sound Tribal Capacity Program grant (Grant #PA-00J27701) to the Skokomish Indian Tribe. The tribe received approximately $1 million over a five-year project period (10/1/2010-9/30/2015). The purpose of the Puget Sound Tribal Capacity Program is to assist Puget Sound tribes in participating in the development and implementation of the Puget Sound Action Agenda. A report from the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission describes the results of a series of 97 tribal projects related to Puget Sound recovery funded by the Environmental Protection Agency. In recent decades, hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to restore habitat for Puget Sound salmon. In this article, we look at how scientists are gauging their progress. Are environmental conditions improving or getting worse? The answer may depend on where you look and who you ask. A 2017 course at the UW Jackson School of International Studies examined how to create alliances between the Tulalip Tribes and non-tribal millennials through improved intercultural communication. The students in the course produced a multi-media story describing their experiences. This report describes how funding from the Environmental Protection Agency's National Estuary Program provided fiscal support to allow the Nisqually Indian Tribe to participate in all aspects of the Puget Sound Management Conference. Activities included participation on the region's Ecosystem Coordination Board, The Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Council, a local South Sound LIO (AHSS), Treaty Rights at Risk efforts and various committees and meetings to support the outcomes of the Puget Sound Action Agenda. Social scientists around the Salish Sea are predicting the effects of environmental change through the lens of culturally important foods. Building Squaxin Island Tribe capacity to implement the 2020 Action Agenda for Puget Sound and the EPA region 10 comprehensive conservation and management plan This 2015 report from the Squaxin Island Tribe details the projects it undertook with funds received by the EPA for the implementation of the 2020 Puget Sound Action Agenda. These projects include the restoration of the Shelton Harbor shoreline and a pelagic food web study. Evaluating threats in multinational marine ecosystems: A Coast Salish first nations and tribal perspective A 2015 paper in the journal PLoS ONE identifies ongoing and proposed energy-related development projects that will increase marine vessel traffic in the Salish Sea. It evaluates the threats each project poses to natural resources important to Coast Salish first nations and tribes. The Puget Sound Fact Book brings together statistics and other information about the health and makeup of the Puget Sound ecosystem. Areas of focus include climate change, geography, water quality, habitats, human dimensions and regional species. The fact book was prepared for the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound with funding from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Puget Sound Partnership. Puget Sound is the second largest estuary in the contiguous United States. Today, we understand that estuaries — where freshwater and saltwater merge — are among the most productive places for life to exist. Habitat restoration was undertaken in 2009-2010 on lower Hansen Creek, Washington. The project converted 140 acres of isolated floodplain into 53 acres of alluvial fan and 87 acres of flow-through wetlands. Northwest Coast First Peoples made clam garden terraces to expand ideal clam habitat at tidal heights that provided optimal conditions for clam growth and survival, therefore enhancing food production and increasing food security. Monitoring and adaptive management of the Nisqually Delta after tidal marsh restoration: Restoring ecosystem function for salmon This 2009 report by the Nisqually Tribe establishes key measures of restoration development, habitat processes, and Chinook salmon response for the largest delta restoration project in the Pacific Northwest. Indigenous Community Health and Climate Change: Integrating Biophysical and Social Science Indicators This paper appears in the July 2014 issue of the journal Coastal Management, which focuses on the role of social sciences in Puget Sound ecosystem recovery. A 2014 report describes a study of socio-cultural values associated with blueback salmon in the Quinault Indian Nation. The blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is a unique strain of sockeye that returns primarily to the Quinault river system. The Encyclopedia of Puget Sound spoke with Seattle Times reporter Lynda Mapes about the exhibit Elwha: A River Reborn, which opened at the University of Washington Burke Museum on November 23rd. The exhibit is based on the book of the same title by Mapes and photographer Steve Ringman, and tells the story of the largest dam removal in U.S. history. Browse a collection of shellfish photos provided by the Swinomish Tribe. Extended abstract— Poisoning the body to nourish the soul: Prioritising health risks and impacts in a Native American community This is an extended abstract of Poisoning the body to nourish the soul: Prioritising health risks and impacts in a Native American community by Jamie L. Donatuto, Terre A. Satterfield and Robin Gregory. The full article was published in Health, Risk & Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2011, 103–127. The extended abstract was prepared for the Encyclopedia of Puget Sound by Jamie L. Donatuto. The Salish Sea extends across the U.S.-Canada border, and includes the combined waters of the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound Basin and the San Juan Islands (see map). The name Salish Sea was proposed by Bert Webber in 1989 to reflect the entire cross-border ecosystem. Both Washington State and British Columbia voted to officially recognize the name in late 2009. The name honors the Coast Salish people, who were the first to live in the region. This page includes links to information for Native American tribes with tribal lands found within the boundaries of the Puget Sound watershed. The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe conducts annual surveys of amphibian egg masses in the Reservation Slough wetland near the Sauk River. There are at least 28 species of rockfish in the Salish Sea, but their populations have declined in the past several decades. The proceedings from a 2011 rockfish recovery workshop in Seattle are now available. This page includes links to information for First Nations living along the Salish Sea in Canada. First Nations peoples occupied what is now Canada prior to the arrival of Europeans and Americans, and over 50 cultural groups and unique languages are represented across the country. The State of Our Watersheds Report is produced by the treaty tribes of western Washington, and seeks to present a comprehensive view of 20 watersheds in the Puget Sound region and the major issues that are impacting habitat. The Upper Skagit tribe includes descendants from 11 villages in the Upper Skagit and Samish watersheds. Although the tribe signed the treaty of Point Elliott, no reservation was established, and members refused to leave the region. Today, the tribe's population is scattered among different towns, including Sedro-Woolley, Mount Vernon, and Newhalem. Upper Skagit Area of Concern: The Tulalip reservation is located near Marysville, Washington. It was created after the Point Elliott Treaty of 1855, and currently has a population of 2,500 members. The entire tribal population is approximately 4,000 and growing. Tulalip Tribes Area of Concern: The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community is descended from Coast Salish people that lived in and around the Skagit and Samish Rivers. Their reservation, about 15 square miles, is located on Fidalgo Island, between Skagit Bay, Padilla Bay, and the Swinomish channel. Swinomish Area of Concern: The Suquamish Tribe, whose ancestors have lived in the region for approximately 10,000 years, has 950 enrolled members. About half of them live on the Port Madison reservation, established in 1855 by the treaty of Point Elliott. Suquamish Tribe Area of Concern: The Stillaguamish Tribe is descended from the Stoluck-wa-mish River Tribe, who signed the treaty of Point Elliott in January 1855. Some tribal members moved to the Tulalip reservation, while others remained along the Stillaguamish River. The headquarters for the tribe are in Arlington, Washington. Stillaguamish Area of Concern: The Squaxin Island tribe is made up of several tribes from Squaxin Island and the surrounding inlets. Although no members of the tribe currently live on Squaxin Island year-round, it unites past and future generations and is still an important destination. The tribal headquarters are located in Kamilche. Squaxin Island Area of Concern: The Skokomish Tribe began as the Twana Indians, made up of nine communities living in and around the Hood Canal drainage basin. Skokomish Area of Concern: The original homeland of the Sauk-Suiattle tribe covered the entire drainage area of the Sauk, Suiattle, and Cascade rivers. A village of eight traditional cedar longhouses at Sauk Prairie was destroyed by settlers in 1884. From a tribe of 4,000 in 1855, numbers dropped until 1924, when only 18 members remained. Currently, the tribe has around 200 members. Sauk-Suiattle Area of Concern: The Quinault Indian Nation includes the Quinault and Queets tribes, as well as descendants of five other coastal tribes. The tribe's headquartes are located in Taholah, Washington. Quinault Area of Concern: The Quileute live along the Pacific Coast, in La Push, Washington. The tribe's historical territory stretched up and down the coast. Quileute Area of Concern: The Puyallup Tribe lives in one of the first areas in Puget Sound that was settled by Euro-Americans. For years, they were unable to exercise their fishing rights, until the U.S. vs. Washington court decision, which allowed them access to the usual and accustomed areas. Puyallup Tribe Area of Concern: The Port Gamble S’Klallam reservation covers 1,340 acres. Over half of the nearly 2,000 enrolled tribal members live on the reservation. Port Gamble Bay, the tribe’s ancestral home, has proven to be more resilient than other nearby water bodies, but it still carries a load of toxins from the Pope & Talbot sawmill, which operated on the bank for over 150 years. Port Gamble S'Klallam Area of Concern: The Nooksack are a tribe of about 2,000 members. After signing the Point Elliott Treaty in 1855, they lost ownership of much of their land in exchange for fishing and hunting rights. They were expected to move to the Lummi Reservation, but most refused, and they were eventually granted some homestead claims. Currently, around 2,400 acres remain in trust, administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. After the 1855 treaty, the tribe remained unrecognized until 1973. The tribe's name translates to "always bracken fern roots". Nooksack Tribe Area of Concern: The Nisqually tribe has over 650 enrolled members. Most live on or near the reservation, which was established by the Medicine Creek Treaty in 1854. According to legend, the Nisqually people migrated from the Great Basin thousands of years ago, crossing the Cascades and settling in what is now Skate Creek. The tribe is one of the largest employers in Thurston County. Nisqually Tribe Area of Concern: The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe is named after the prairie where the Muckleshoot reservation was established in 1857. The tribe’s members are descended from the Duwamish and Upper Puyallup people. Muckleshoot Tribe Area of Concern: Makah tribal headquarters are located in Neah Bay, Washington. In the 1800s, the tribe numbered between 2,000 and 4,000, spread between five permanent villages on the Washington Coast. The Makah have a strong whaling tradition and close ties to the ocean. Makah Area of Concern: The Lummi tribe is one of the largest in Washington State, with over 5,000 members. Lummi Tribe Area of Concern: The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe lives on the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula, west of Port Angeles, in the lower Elwha River valley. The land was proclaimed the Lower Elwha Reservation in 1968, and the current tribal lands include approximately a thousand acres. Currently, the tribe has 985 enrolled members, with 395 living on the reservation. Lower Elwha Klallam Area of Concern: The Jamestown S’Klallam tribe is one of several communities originating from the S’Klallam tribe (“strong people”), a cultural and linguistic group in the Salish Sea. The S’Klallam signed the treaty of Point No Point in 1855, which entitled them to a payment of $60,000 over 20 years and fishing rights at the “usual and accustomed places.” In 1874, a band of S’Klallams paid $500 for a 210-acre piece of land near Dungeness, which became the Jamestown community. The Hoh River (chalak'At'sit, or "the southern river") is central to the history, economy and culture of the tribe. Established in September of 1893, the Hoh Indian Reservation covers 443 acres of land on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula. The tribe shares a language with the Quileute. In 2010, additional land was transferred to the tribe under the Hoh Indian Tribe Safe Homelands Act, in order to allow the tribe to move to land outside the tsunami zone if necessary. Hoh Tribe Area of Concern: A botanist believes Coast Salish tribes once favored small islands in the San Juan archipelago for growing camas, an important food staple. Her studies may also show the vulnerability of these relic gardens to climate change as sea levels rise.

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Algae can become a big problem in freshwater aquariums. Fortunately we have algae cleaners like the Ghost Shrimp to help – they are one of the best algae eaters around. Whilst they are not the most beautiful, they are certainly one of the most useful members of your aquatic community. These voracious little crustaceans eat algae, detritus, and any accumulated biofilm that could otherwise foul up your tank. Many beginners pick them out as their first algae cleaners. If you are thinking of adding these interesting invertebrates to your underwater world then keep reading to learn everything you need to know about them. Ghost Shrimp | | Other Common Names: | Glass Shrimp, Riverine Grass Shrimp | Scientific Name: | Palaemonetes paludosus | Family Name: | Palaemonidae | Distribution: | US east coast | Size: | 1-1.5 inches | Color: | Clear | Care Level: | Easy | Temperament: | Peaceful | Lifespan: | 1 year | Minimum Tank Size: | 5 gallons | Tank Mate Compatibility: | Small, peaceful fish and invertebrates | Table of Contents - What is a Ghost Shrimp? - Ghost Shrimp Appearance - Ghost Shrimp Care Guide - Tank Requirements - Diet and Feeding - Tank Mates For Ghost Shrimps - Ghost Shrimp Breeding and Eggs - Typical Behavior - Species History - Should You Get Ghost Shrimp? (Summary) What is a Ghost Shrimp? Ghost Shrimp are a type of Grass Shrimp and belong to the genus Palaemonetes. While there are many different species the Palaemonetes paludosus is the one you are likely to find in aquariums. This particular species is native to the US east coast, from New Jersey to Florida. They have also been introduced in California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Most people keep Ghost Shrimp because they clean algae. If you are fighting algae in your tank then it is much better to eliminate it naturally instead of using chemical algicides. Using a Ghost Shrimp is the best natural way to remove any excess algae. But these scavengers do not only eat algae. Microbial biofilm, dead plant material, and leftover fish food are also on the menu. All of this tank waste can foul the water quality if allowed to accumulate, but live-in cleaners such as these Shrimp help make sure that this does not happen. Unfortunately though they have one of the shortest lifespans of any aquarium shrimp – they tend to live for around 1 year. You can buy individual specimens for about $1 each, or a group for $5-$10. - Experience Required: None - Nicknames: Riverine Grass Shrimp, Glass Shrimp - Color Forms: Clear - Size: 1-1.5 inches - Tank Size: 5+ gallons - Tank Temperature: 65-80°F Ghost Shrimp Appearance This shrimp is called a ghost for a reason: they are completely transparent. Some however have tiny grey or brown speckles scattered across their bodies. It may look as though their colors are changing to match its environment. However, you are actually looking at what is going on inside their body. You can see this critter’s insides though their skin. When they eat you can watch them digest food. You can also see their individual organs, as well as any eggs that a female may be carrying. Ghost Shrimp are very small and only grow to around 1.5 inches. When they are mixed in with your plants and other décor you will not see very much of them. They have complex organ systems within their tiny bodies. At the front of the cephalothorax are all of the sensory organs, including the long antennae and accompanying antennules, the maxillae and mandible, and two black beady eyes. Their cephalothorax holds the esophagus, heart, stomach, brain, and respiratory system. In the abdomen, you can see the intestines and excretory system. Arteries form a sort of bridge connect the organ systems in the cephalothorax to those in the abdomen. The excretory organs are not as visible as the major organs in the cephalothorax. On the outside are several appendages and each has a different purpose. 5 pairs of walking legs are attached to the cephalothorax (including a pair of modified pinching legs called chelipeds). These are used for grabbing and holding food rather than actually pinching. On the abdomen there are the 5 pairs of swimming legs, or swimmerets. The tail (or telson) is used for maintaining balance while swimming. The fan shaped uropod acts as a rudder that allows them to swim backwards when needed. Clear: The most common variety is completely transparent with no additional marks. They may be sold as a Glass Shrimp in stores. Spotted: Some have a scattering of light grey or brown spots all over their body. This makes it more difficult to see their insides. Ghost Shrimp Care Guide Shrimp are very sensitive creatures and can be difficult to acclimate to a new environment. Unfortunately, deaths from failing to acclimate are very common. The tank must be fully cycled before any shrimp are introduced and the parameters should be stable. You should use the drip method to acclimate a new invertebrate before you add them your tank. To drip them just place your Ghost Shrimp in a small container and fill it partially with your tank’s water. Once they are completely submerged you should check the water parameters and make sure they match those of the tank. Watch them closely for any adverse reactions. If it seems like they are doing well then you can add it to the tank. Most importantly, the tank should be completely free of metals. Copper and zinc (which can be found in medications and fertilizers) are toxic even in trace amounts. They should be removed from a tank that uses copper or zinc based medications, and the tank must be completely free of these metals before re-adding them. Nitrates and ammonium can also cause a big problem. These are introduced to your tank from the waste generated by your fish. A good aquarium filter will keep these waste products from building up, as will a 30% water change every two weeks. In the wild Ghost Shrimp live in temperate and sub-tropical freshwater habitats all over the United States. They thrive in mountain streams. Because they stay in the shallow areas closer to the banks, they are used to slow flowing water. The type of bottom sediment can be anything from mud to gravel to rocks. Let’s now see how you can replicate this wild environment inside your tank. Aquarium Set Up A group of Ghost Shrimp can fit in any tank size, from a 5 gallon tabletop to a large and diverse biotope. They are very hardy but their water parameters must remain consistent. Tank water temperatures can range from 65-80°F, but the best range is between 70-75°F. Consider these ranges while you are looking for an aquarium heater. While they are not technically a cold water shrimp they do tolerate cooler water temperatures better than others. The pH must be basic (7.0 and 8.0) and the water hardness should be between 4-15 dGH. Any light intensity will do but your shrimp are more likely to come out at night when the light is dim. You can use an undergravel filter or another type of low power internal filter (HOB) to generate light currents that replicate a gentle stream. The substrate can be any size from fine grains to larger pebbles. However it must be soft and smooth with no jagged edges. PVC shelters and other hiding places should be provided. Boulders, logs, and driftwood give them a natural place to hide away from potential predators. Above all make sure your bottom levels have plenty of natural plants. These not only provide shelter but also food in the source of algae. Java Moss or Christmas Moss can be grown in mats along the substrate and little bits of algae and biofilm will accumulate over the moss over time. You can also add either duckweed, frogbit, or floating waterweed to the surface to make your tank look just like the shrimp’s natural home. Tank Parameter | Requirement | Minimum Tank Size: | 5 Gallons | Tank Type: | Freshwater or brackish | Temperature: | 65-80°F | pH: | 7.0-8.0 | Hardness: | 4-15 dGH | Flow: | Light | Substrate: | Soft grains or pebbles | What Size Aquarium Do They Need? Your aquarium size will depend on how many shrimp you want to keep. A 5 gallon tank will hold a group of 3 or 4. If you want to keep more then a 20 gallon tank can hold around 12. Diet and Feeding Algae is not the only thing on the menu for these little omnivores. In the wild Ghost Shrimp also eat detritus, living and dead plant material, and live larvae and zooplankton. Inside your aquarium they will find most of their food on their own. Do not be alarmed if you catch them nibbling on your mosses or leaves – they will not hurt them. You can feed them live and frozen micro-prey, including: insect larvae, water fleas, and brine shrimp. Algae pellets are acceptable too but keep in mind that they need much less than any of your fish. One algae pellet will feed a group of 4. For an occasional treat or supplement try leaving some raw green vegetables or cuttings from your plants at the bottom of the tank. Whenever you trim your tapegrass or waterweed, you can leave the clippings as a treat. Here are all of the things that they will eat: - Plants (living and dead) - Algae flakes and pellets - Shrimp flakes - Brine shrimp (larvae and adult) - Insect larvae - Frozen microworms - Fish and crustacean larvae These tiny shrimp need much less feeding than your fish. You will only need to feed them about once or twice a week because they will find the rest on their own (especially in algae-heavy tanks). Tank Mates For Ghost Shrimps In the wild these shrimp are found living alongside other species of Grass Shrimp, as well as Fundulus and other small minnows. You should consider keeping them in your aquarium with small minnows. In a cooler temperature you could keep them with the White Cloud Mountain Minnow. Cory and Oto Catfish are also safe and can join them at the bottom of the tank. If you want to add a dash of color then you can keep them with a small school of Guppies or Cardinal Tetras. Hatchetfish are also a good choice and should not disturb your shrimp. For other types of tank mates you could keep them with other invertebrates. If you are looking for another fellow algae cleaner you could add a Nerite Snail or two. It is fine to mix different kinds of Grass Shrimp together so consider adding a few other species to your biotope for extra help with algae cleaning too. The Amano Shrimp is also an excellent algae cleaning shrimp that gets along well with them. Just remember that any tank mates must be invertebrate friendly and must not be large enough to swallow a 1 inch shrimp. Avoid Cherry Shrimp and other larger shrimp. While Cherry Shrimp are not usually aggressive they tend to be when around Ghosts. Also keep any rambunctious fish away, including most Barbs. Goldfish are also definitely something to be avoided, so too are most Loaches. Even the little Kuhli Loach can fit this tiny shrimp in their mouth. It is also best to avoid keeping any species of catfish (with the exception of Cories and Otos). Can You Keep Ghost Shrimp Together? Ghost Shrimp are meant to be kept in groups. You will notice they are usually indifferent to one another, but sometimes they will follow each other to the prime feeding spots in your tank. A group of them will most likely congregate in the areas where there are lots of algae and biofilm. It is not uncommon to see them climbing over one another in their mad scramble for food. They scavenge together at the bottom of the tank and may shelter in the same spots too but do not truly interact with one another outside of breeding. Ghost Shrimp Breeding and Eggs Ghost Shrimp are very easy to breed. If you keep enough of them in a tank together then they usually breed on their own without any help. To breed them you should keep a breeding pair in a separate tank. Use a sponge filter and line the substrate with a bit of moss. You will need to simulate their natural breeding season by raising the tank temperature to about 75°F. The male will climb underneath the female and use his first 4 swimmerets to stimulate her. The female’s ovary will turn green when she is about to lay her eggs. It usually takes around 7 hours after copulation for eggs to develop. Once the eggs are laid she will carry them around in her swimmerets until they hatch. A female will carry up to 35 eggs per brood and they take approximately 2 months to hatch. These shrimp do not have a larval stage. They are born as miniature versions of their parents. Juveniles will immediately forage for food and the parents must be removed immediately to prevent cannibalism. You can give them food that is made specifically for baby shrimp, as well as algae flakes crushed into a powder. However, most of their food will be found at the bottom of the tank. After about a month the juveniles will reach maturity and can be added to the main tank. They will be ready to breed about 2 or 3 months after that. Ghost Shrimp are very peaceful and solitary. They are mostly indifferent to the others in the tank (including their own kind). During the day time you can see them resting in shelters and other hiding places, as well as on moss mats and the leaves of your plants. Most of the time they stay hidden, but they will come out whenever food is available. Usually you will see them after the sun goes down. It can be interesting to watch a group of them forage for food. Like all other crustaceans they will shed their exoskeletons in order to grow a new one – this is known as molting. Older shrimp shed about once a month, whereas a younger one will sheds once every week or two. A shedding shrimp will want to remain hidden until their molt is finished. When they are molting they do not move or eat and they should not be disturbed. Once they have finished molting they may eat the leftover exoskeleton. Ghost Shrimp vs Amano Shrimp When beginner’s are considering adding an algae eater to their tank they often think about either the Ghost Shrimp or Amano Shrimp. Both Ghost Shrimp and Amano Shrimp are excellent algae cleaners. The two species have a similar color scheme (transparent with tiny dark speckles) and they also live in the same water temperature. You cannot look at an Amano Shrimp and clearly see their insides, like you can with a Ghost. Also they are an inch longer so they need a larger tank. The two species also come from different parts of the world. The Ghost Shrimp comes from the eastern United States, while the Amano Shrimp is native to Japan, China, and Taiwan. Ghost Shrimp were first described back in 1850 by Mr Gibbes. In those days they were primarily used as bait for fishing. However during the 1950s scientific interest in them increased and they were extensively studied in laboratory settings. Most studies focused on their life cycle and reproductive practices. Around a decade after this they became a well known member of freshwater and brackish ecosystems on the US east coast. Their efficiency as an algae cleaner was recognized even then and it was introduced to the states of Colorado and California to control algae blooms in lakes and rivers. In the 1970s they were introduced to the aquarium trade as an algae eater. They did their job very well which lead to their popularity increasing throughout the coming decades. The 2000s saw a boom in the popularity of these amazing algae eaters too. Now they are one of the most popular species of cleaner shrimp around. Should You Get Ghost Shrimp? (Summary) This is one of the best live-in janitors you can find. They also help to deal with other tank issues like biofilm and detritus. In exchange for their hard work, you will need to keep their home clean and free of nitrates and other waste products. So if you have an algae problem then consider investing in a group of Ghost Shrimp. They may not be the prettiest to look at but they are perfect for the task of keeping algae from growing out of control. Unfortunately because of their size they should only be kept in a tank with small fish. However the benefits of keeping them definitely outweigh the cons. Has a group of Ghost Shrimp helped keep your tank clean? Let us know in the comments section below…

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Understanding Bend Allowance Concept of Bend Allowance Bend allowance is a critical parameter in sheet metal fabrication that helps determine the accurate flat length of the sheet material required to achieve the desired dimension after bending. It refers to the arc length of the bend as measured along the neutral axis of the material. The neutral axis is an imaginary line within the bend region where the material neither expands nor compresses during the bending process. The calculation of bend allowance depends on various factors, such as the thickness of the sheet metal, the bend radius, and the bending angle. In SOLIDWORKS, users can define bend allowance values to gain precise control over the development of sheet metal parts. Significance of Bend Allowance Accounting for bend allowance is essential in producing accurately bent sheet metal parts. It ensures that the developed size of the part matches the design intent and guarantees that the bends will be made at the correct angles. This significantly reduces errors, material waste, and rework in the fabrication process. Understanding and applying bend allowance values allows designers and fabricators to predict the behavior of the material during bending and avoid common sheet metal issues like over-bending or under-bending. Proper use of bend allowance in SOLIDWORKS enhances the efficiency of simulations and designing complex sheet metal parts. Factors Influencing Bend Allowance The material properties play a significant role in determining the bend allowance in SolidWorks. Different materials have varying degrees of flexibility and resilience, affecting the bend allowance value. For instance, metals like aluminum, steel, and stainless steel have distinct elastic properties, leading to different bend allowance values for each material. The bend angle is another crucial factor influencing the bend allowance. As the angle increases, the bend allowance generally increases as well. A larger bend angle requires more material to be deformed in the bending process, thus necessitating a larger bend allowance. In SolidWorks, the bend angle can be adjusted to generate the desired bend allowance value for the design. The material thickness is directly related to the bend allowance, as thicker materials require more deformation and hence a larger allowance. A correct assessment of material thickness is essential in SolidWorks for accurate calculations and efficient sheet metal design. Thicker materials also demand higher forces for bending operations, resulting in increased requirements for equipment and tooling. Differentiating Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction Definition of Bend Deduction Bend Deduction, or BD, is a terminology used in sheet metal fabrication. It refers to the difference between the bend allowance and twice the outside setback in the material. This value is a key consideration when determining the overall flat length of sheet metal parts during the bending process. It helps fabricators create accurate sheet metal components that adhere to desired dimensions. Bend Allowance Vs Bend Deduction When working with SOLIDWORKS, designers have options to choose between using bend allowance and bend deduction values in their sheet metal designs. Both are useful for determining the final flat pattern of the sheet metal part and are essential for accurate manufacturing. Bend allowance is the arc length of the bend as measured along the neutral axis of the material. It represents the length of the sheet metal being stretched or compressed during the bending process. The neutral axis refers to the region in the material where there is no stress or strain. Parameter | Description | Bend Allowance | Arc length of the bend along the neutral axis of the material | Bend Deduction | Difference between the bend allowance and twice the outside setback | BD | Bend Deduction abbreviation | When using SOLIDWORKS, it is essential to input the correct bend allowance value or bend deduction value, depending on the selected method. This ensures that the final sheet metal part will have the desired dimensions and fit properly in assemblies. Both methods have their benefits and considerations. Bend allowance calculations give a more accurate representation of the bending process and consider material behavior during bending. Bend deduction simplifies the calculation process and is easier to understand for those new to sheet metal design. In conclusion, understanding the differences between bend allowance and bend deduction is crucial for accurate sheet metal design within SOLIDWORKS. Accurate input of these values ensures that the final sheet metal component adheres to design specifications and fits seamlessly in the desired assembly. Method to Calculate Bend Allowance You can directly use our bend allowance calculator to calculate the bending allowance. Besides, the fabrication calculator can also help you calculate K-factor, Y-factor, bend allowance, bend deduction, etc. You may be wondering what exactly bend allowance is if you’ve never worked with sheet metal before. When a sheet is bent in a press brake, the part of the sheet close to and in contact with the punch elongates to compensate for the given bend. If you compare the length of this part before and after the bending, you’ll find that they’re different. As an engineer, if you don’t compensate for this variation, the final product won’t have accurate dimensions. This is more critical for parts where you have to maintain a tighter allowance or precision. In this post, I cover some of the basic problems and principles you have to deal with regularly when working with sheet metal. Before we get started, I want to comment on something – there is not really a scientific method or formula for determining the exact calculation of the bend allowance, because there are so many factors at play during the production of your sheet metal part. For example, actual material thickness, an infinite variety of tooling conditions, forming methods, and so on. There are many variables here, and in reality, many methods are used to calculate the bend allowance. Trial and error is probably the most popular method, while bend tables are another commonly used technique. Bend tables are typically available from metal suppliers, manufacturers, and engineering textbooks. Some companies develop their own bending tables based on their standard formulas. Now, let’s return to Solidworks. How does Solidworks calculate bend allowance exactly? Solidworks uses two methods: bend allowance and bend deduction. I’m going to explain what these methods are and show you how they are used in Solidworks. The bend allowance method is based on the formula that appears in my diagram. - Lf = L1 + L2 + BA - BA = Bend Allowance The total length of the flattened sheet is equal to the sum of L1 (the first length), L2, and the bend allowance. The bend allowance region is shown in green on my diagram. This is the region where all deformation occurs during the bending process. Generally, the bend allowance will be different for each combination of material type, material thickness, bend radius, bend angle, and different machining processes, types, speeds, and so on. The list of potential variables is extensive. The value of the bend allowance from sheet metal suppliers, manufacturers, and engineering textbooks is provided in bend tables. A bend table looks like the following Excel spreadsheet. The bend table approach is probably the most accurate method for calculating bend allowance. You can input your data manually into a matrix of the bend angle and bend radius. If you are not sure of the bend allowance value, you can run some tests. You need a piece of the exact same sheet metal you will use to manufacture your part, and then you bend it using the same processes you will use during your machining. Simply take some measurements before and after bending, and based on the same information, you can adjust the necessary bend allowance. Another method that Solidworks uses is the bend deduction method. The formula is as follows: - Lf = D1 + D2 – BD - BD = Bend Deduction The flattened length of the parts, Lf, equals D1 plus D2 minus the bend deduction. Like bend allowance, bend deduction comes from the same sources: tables and manual testing. As you can see, it is easy to understand how these values are related to each other based on the information provided by these formulas. - L1 + L2 + BA = D1 + D2 – BD Another method for calculating bend allowance uses the K-factor. K represents the neutral axis offset. The general principle of this formula is as follows: the neutral axis (shown in red in my diagram) does not change during the bending process. During the bending process, the material inside the neutral axis will compress, and the material outside the neutral axis will stretch. The neutral axis will be closer to the inside bend (indicated in blue in the diagram). The more the part bends, the closer the neutral axis will be to the inside of the part. The bend allowance calculation formula with the K-factor is shown below: BA = 2πA(R+KT)/360 - A=Angle (degrees) - R=Bend Radius - K=Neutral Axis Offset (K-factor) t/T - T=Thickness of Material - BA=Length of Bend Allowance The K-factor equals t, which is the offset distance to the neutral axis, divided by big T, which is the thickness of the material. In this formula, the bend allowance equals 2 times pi multiplied by A (the angle) multiplied by the sum of R (the bend radius) and the K-factor multiplied by T (the thickness of the material). Then, you divide all of this by 360. In theory, the K-factor can be anywhere between 0 and 1, but for practical purposes, it is typically between 0.25 and 0.5. - K-Factor = 0 – 1 (in theory) - K-Factor = 0.25 – 0.5 (practical) For example, hard materials like steel have a higher K-factor, such as 0.5, while soft materials like copper or brass will have a lower K-factor closer to 0. And don’t worry, this is the last formula we will be walking through in this lesson. It might seem a little confusing now, but with some practice, it will become second nature. One last point: let’s take a look at the example. There is a hem on this part that has a K-factor of around 0.3. On the other hand, a soft bend, such as the gradual bend on the other side of this part, has a higher K-factor of about 0.5. And this concludes our lesson on bend allowance.

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Americans have frequently moved: Consider how the geographic center of the population has shifted over the centuries, from east of Baltimore, when the Constitution was written, to west of the Mississippi now. Tales of location and dislocation, voluntary or forced, are at the heart of American history and literature. They range from Lewis and Clark and The Oregon Trail, to O Pioneers! and The Grapes of Wrath—from The Warmth of Other Suns to On the Road, from Easy Rider to Thelma and Louise and Ladybird, and a thousand other illustrations before and after. But of course Americans, like people of any culture, have at the same time craved connection, place, family, roots—the sense of being at home. This is part of our literature and life as well: The Education of Henry Adams in the Boston Brahmin way, and Where We Come From, by Oscar Cásares, as a very different recent illustration, with its account of life along the Rio Grande in Brownsville, Texas. My goal is obviously not to sum up this unending tension in the national life. It is instead to tee up one practical aspect, as a prelude to this evening’s debate among 10 Democratic candidates. Through America’s history, there has been a long dying off of the very smallest hamlets and settlements. In the 1870s, a small rural town might support several farming families, a general store and a school teacher and perhaps a newspaper publisher and an undertaker. Now if that village or settlement exists at all, it might just be a retired farm family, or someone working as an employee for a corporate owner, or someone who drives 50 miles to work in an Amazon or Walmart warehouse. Our literary reference here is Larry McMurtry’s The Last Picture Show, about the withering of his North Texas hometown of Archer City, Texas. As we described in Our Towns and related articles, you can see the evidence of this smallest-town attrition perhaps most easily from above: Even in South Dakota’s fertile East River, you can easily trace from low altitude what the railroads ushered in 150 years ago, and how their impact has ebbed. As we flew along one of the east-west lines that brought settlers into these territories and carried crops out to markets, we would see little settlements every few minutes. In the 1800s they were set up at roughly 10-mile intervals, an efficient distance when farmers were delivering their harvests by wagon. Now it seems that four out of five of those towns are withering, as farms are run with giant combines and crops are hauled by truck. So, there will continue to be some communities—of a few hundred people, or a very few thousand—that are just too small to survive. But what about those settlements that are large enough that they are not going away? Charleston, West Virginia, has lost more than a third its population, compared to its peak before the decline of the coal and chemical industries. Countless mid-sized cities in Pennsylvania and Ohio have fewer people than they did 30 years ago. The same is true in many Plains states. And yet many of these cities, while smaller than they used to be, are still sizable in population terms and richly endowed with the physical legacy of their long decades of boom and growth. Big churches and synagogues; once-grand civic buildings and banks; department stores and concert halls—the many other reminders of the architectural ambitions and grandeur of an earlier American age. In some places across the country, the tattered parts of this heritage are being renewed. (For instance, like this, from Danville, Virginia.) In others, the decay goes on—fewer restored downtown apartments, more tattoo parlors and for-pay blood banks. But even the most struggling of these cities, unlike the Dust Bowl settlement where Caroline Henderson lived, is not simply going to disappear. Many of their people are not just going away. Jason Segedy, of the planning department of the city of Akron, Ohio, wrote recently on his Tumblr—called “Notes from the Underground“—about what he called “the U-Haul school of urban policy.” That is the idea that if you can make people more geographically mobile—moving them out of a place where opportunities are dwindling, and into a place where new possibilities are opening up—you will have done much of the work that matters, toward making the U.S. economy fairer, more open, more inclusive, more dynamic, and so on. People still are going to move, Segedy and others emphasize. But that’s become harder in various ways than it might have been a generation ago (for reasons Segedy goes into), and it doesn’t address the prospect of those who want to, or have to, stay. Segedy’s whole post is worth reading—as is this complementary 2018 reported essay by Alec MacGillis in ProPublica, and Chris Arnade’s powerful and much-discussed book, Dignity. For the moment, I’d like to emphasize this part of Segedy’s argument, as part of his list of the modern limits of the “U-Haul solution” for America: 4) The Enduring Importance of Place: …When people left behind small communities in Appalachia or the rural South, in order to improve their individual economic prospects, it was undoubtedly a hardship for the people who were left behind in those places, but the number of people who were impacted was relatively small …. That obscure, old, abandoned silver mining town in the Colorado mountains that you can’t name might have been a one-industry town, just like Youngstown was, but the similarity ends there. Whether we’re talking about a smaller city like Flint or Youngstown, or a larger one like Cleveland or Detroit, we’re looking at established places with tens or hundreds of thousands of residents, surrounded by hundreds of thousands or millions more. The critical mass of people, and economic activity, even in a massively shrinking city like Youngstown, is staggering. The notion that large numbers of people can just walk away from larger urban regions in the Rust Belt, without disastrous social (and, increasingly, political) implications is naive in the extreme. Encouraging everyone to abandon their friends, family, and community, and head for greener pastures might be a solid course of action for an individual person or household, but it is suicidal as a regional economic development strategy. Nearly everything that matters in life is contradictory. Through our years of living in China, Deb Fallows and I were continually re-amazed about the opposites that were simultaneously true in that country: Rich and poor. Modern and backward. Tender and cruel. Controlled and chaotic—all true, all at the same time. The American version of that outlook that I’ve come to believe, through our travels, involves opportunity and inclusion. America should make it easier for people to move—toward new places and possibilities, toward better versions of themselves. And America should make it better for people who stay. Again, as Jason Segedy put it: In case I haven’t said it enough: I’m not arguing that people should never move away from where they live. But, I am arguing that we need a better answer than “You need U-Haul” for the economically struggling people in the cities of the vast post-industrial heartland of this troubled nation. Formally these two approaches are known as “mobility-based” and “place-based” strategies. As Segedy, MacGillis, Arnade, and many others point out, “mobility” policies have usually seemed more high-brow and respectable than place-based approaches. Helping a talented young person go from a hick town to a research lab is a commencement speech-worthy illustration of the American Dream. Helping that hick town improve itself can seem like more pork barrel. But America’s version of China’s endless contradictions is that both of these opposites matter: Helping people, and helping places. A fairer chance for people who go, and a fairer chance for people who stay. Where this is leading, in today’s installment, is my ever-increasing interest in groups, thinkers, organizations, and others who are trying to systematize “place-based” policies. To give just three illustrations, from many possibilities: - The Orton Family Foundation, based in Vermont, has its “Community Heart and Soul Model,” aimed mainly at smaller and rural communities; - Vibrant Community Partners draws on the work of Quint Studer, who has led a revitalization of Pensacola; - Accelerator for America, which was founded two years ago by Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti and his longtime aide Rick Jacobs, aims to be “a do tank, not a think tank” for place-based strategies. (I went to one of its sessions, in Dayton, early this month.) The latest addition to this list is the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, based in Kansas City, whose focus over the years has been America’s entrepreneurial economy. Recently it released “America’s New Business Plan,” described in detail at this site, with a detailed set of recommendations for how cities and regions can foster the new businesses that, collectively, account for nearly all of the net job growth in the economy. “A lot of policy makers have a misguided emphasis on attracting big, established businesses,” Victor Hwang, Kauffman’s vice president for entrepreneurship, told me about this study. “Think of the big fight over cities trying to get [Amazon’s] HQ2. When you think about what could have been done with a fraction of that money, to foster new businesses, it’s very significant.” What, in specific, could have been done? The Kauffman report, available online here and as a 25-page PDF here is designed especially to redress a funding-and-opportunity gap that has penalized women, people in rural area, and non-whites across the country. “Women, black, and Latinx entrepreneurs disproportionately struggle to raise the funds their businesses need,” the report says. “While 45% of men say that getting the money to start a new business is difficult, 63% of women report the same. On average, black entrepreneurs start with much less capital, have less family wealth to rely on, and are much less likely to get bank loans or other forms of investment than equivalent applicants who are white or of other racial identities.” What makes this report valuable, from my point of view, is that it is chock full of specifics. They come in four main categories: 1) improving financing for new businesses; 2) sharing practical know-how in business operations; 3) streamlining regulations that burden small businesses in particular (as opposed to a general anti-regulation crusade; and 4) buffering some of the external risks that may deter people from taking a plunge-into-the-unknown by starting a business. What’s an example of category four? Health-insurance costs and student-loan burdens. The Kauffman report goes into detail about proposals that could (in theory!) get bipartisan support, and that could create “a safety net that supports entrepreneurial risk-taking.” There is a lot more in the report. Why mention this today? Because one more Democratic debate is about to begin. Lord knows there is a lot of other breaking news right now that is likely to dominate the questioning. But sooner or later, attention will turn again to the economic problems—both person-based and place-based—doing such damage in the country. Whoever emerges from the Democratic field will need ideas and plans for dealing with them. Fortunately the supply of such ideas is starting to grow.

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Dr. Pushpa Rani Prasad | by Pushpa Rani Prasad The idea of causation is one of the threadbare problems of philosophy and has been discussed both by the philosophers and the scientists from the dim past to the present age. Its root goes as far back as to Aristole. In the Cartesian philosophy, as in that of the scholastics, the connection of cause and effect was supposed to be necessary, as logical connections are necessary. The first really serious challenge to this view came from Hume. It has rightly been said that with Hume the modern philosophy of causation begins. In the opinion of Hume, no quality of any object which we consider a cause can be the origin of the idea of cause for there is no discoverable quality which is common to all objects. Hume points out that the idea of causation is derived from the relations such as contiguity, priority of time, constant conjunction and necessary connection. In his opinion the relation of cause and effect does not depend much on the relations of contiguity, succession and constant conjunction. The central theme of Hume’s entire argument is to point out how experience gives rise to the idea of necessary connection. He concludes that necessity is something which exists in mind, not in objects. It is nothing but that determination of thought to pass from causes to effects and from effects to causes, according to their experienced union. Belief in causation is due to custom-born association. Necessary connection is not an affair of reason but of imagination. hUME’S VIEW ON CAUSATION: The oldest view on the issue of causation is that of the rationalists. According to them causation is a necessary connection between cause and effect, which is true for all the time. Hume's view of causation keeps an important place in the history of philosophy. Causation has been viewed by Hume both as a philosophical relation and a natural relation. Considering as a philosophical relation cause has been defined by Hume as: "An object precedent and contiguous to another, and where all the objects resembling the former are placed in like relations of precedency and contiguity to those objects that resemble the latter".1 Causation as a natural relation has been defined by Hume as “A cause is an object precedent and contiguous to another and so united with it that the idea of one determines the mind to form the idea of the other, and the impression of the one to form a livelier idea of the other”.2 Hume divides all the objects of human inquiry into 'relations of ideas' and 'matters of fact'. The former includes those ideas which are either intuitively or demonstratively certain. The relations of matters of fact are identity, situation in time and place and causation. Hume says that all kinds of reasoning consist in nothing but a comparison and a discovery of those relations, either constant or inconstant, which two or more objects bear to each other. This comparison may be made either when both the objects are present to the senses, or when neither of them is present, or when only one. When both the objects are present to the senses along with the relation, we call this perception rather than reasoning. In it there is no exercise of thought but admission of impression through the organs of senses only. In the case of comparisons of identity and relation of time and place the mind is concerned with what is actually there. Observations we make concerning identity and time and place cannot be treated as reasoning, since in none of them mind can go beyond what is immediately present to the senses. The relation of cause-effect informs us of existences and objects which we do not see or feel. So, this relation needs philosophical analysis. Hume proceeds to examine the idea of cause by searching for impression or impressions from which it is derived. In the opinion of Hume, no quality of any object which we consider a cause can be the origin of the idea of cause for there is no discoverable quality which is common to all objects. So, the idea that of causation must be derived from some relation among objects which Hume now endeavours to discover. The relations which Hume discovers are: Priority of time (the cause prior to effect) Hume finds that whatever objects are considered as cause and effects, are contiguous and nothing can operate in a time or place which is ever so little removed from those of its existence. Though distant objects may sometimes seem productive of each other, they are commonly found upon examination to be linked by a chain of causes, which are contiguous among themselves and to the distant objects. Hume, thus, considers the relation of contiguity as essential to that of causation. of time (succession): The second relation which we find between cause and effect is that of 'priority of time'. It is generally observed that in the cause and effect series, cause comes earlier in time and the effect follows later in time. Succession in time is always observed. For instance, when we switch on, the lamp is lighted. Here the cause ‘switch on’ comes prior to the effect the 'lightening of lamp'. It would be untrue to say that Hume lays great emphasis on contiguity and on temporal succession as essential elements of causal relation. He says, "An object may be contiguous and prior to another without being considered as its cause. There is a Necessary Connection to be taken into consideration; and that relation is of much greater importance than any of the other two above-mentioned".3 Hume points out that sounds and smells, passions and volitions cannot properly be said to have shapes or positions at all, but do enter into causal relationship. It is not, therefore, his final opinion that spatial contiguity is an essential part of causation as regards the question of time relation between cause and effect, Hume never clears up. He gives what purports to be an argument to show that effect must follow cause in time. Hume finds that the relation of cause and effect depends not in the least on known qualities of objects considered as cause. The relations of contiguity and succession have already been regarded as imperfect The two questions which Hume now proceeds to examine for what reason we pronounce it necessary that everything whose existence has a beginning should also have a cause? why we conclude, that such particular causes must necessarily have such particular effects; and what is the nature of that inference we draw from the one to the other, and of the belief we repose in it? The first question is concerning the necessity of a cause. Hume says it is a general maxim in philosophy that whatever begins to exist must have a cause. This is commonly taken for granted in reasoning without any proof given or demanded. Hume asserts that idea of necessity is neither intuitively nor demonstratively proved to be certain. Hume says that as we cannot derive the opinion of the necessity of a cause to every new production from knowledge or any scientific reasoning, that opinion must necessarily arise from observation and experience. The next question then, should naturally be, how experience gives rise to such a principle? Hume thinks that the answer to this question will be found perhaps in answering the second question. Nature of Causal Inference: According to Hume when we infer effects from causes, we must establish the existence of these causes which can be done only by immediate perception of our memory or senses. It is impossible for us to carry on our inferences in infinitum. So all the reasoning concerning causes and effects are originally derived from some impressions. In causal inference we find that when we have the perception of cause or of effect only, its correlative is inferred in idea. Causal inferences, thus, contain a present perception either of sense or memory, and an idea reached by inference. In the opinion of Hume, the ultimate cause of the impressions which arise from senses is perfectly inexplicable by human reason and that such a question is not in any way material to the present purpose. As regards ideas of memory Hume says, "Since therefore the memory is known neither by the order of its complex ideas, nor the nature of its simple ones; it follows that the difference betwixt it and the imagination lies in its superior force and vivacity".4 Hume says that it is merely the force and liveliness of the perception which lays the foundation of that reasoning which we built upon it, where we trace the relation of cause and effect. Hume says that the belief or assent which always attends the memory and senses is nothing but vivacity of those perceptions they present. Now Hume proceeds to examine the inference which we draw from cause (impression), to effect (idea). Hume is of the view that one does not in fact need to survey particular objects or make any penetration into the real essences of things when we discover causal connections. The discovery is not derived from any such penetration. So, separation of cause and effect implies no absurdity and self-contradiction. Effect being distinct from its cause can never be discovered in it, any conception of it a priori must be entirely Had causation been a logical relation, then the contradictory of every true proposition which asserted a causal connection would be self-contradictory. In that case the proposition which asserted the existence either of general or of particular causal connections would have been analytic, which is not a fact. It is very likely that the course of Nature may change, and our previously experienced result may be attended with different or contrary effects. He cites the example of a body, falling from the clouds that it may resemble snow in all other aspects, but has the taste of salt or feelings of fire. Thus, Hume rightly thinks that it is only by experience that the validity of any synthetic proposition can be determined. It is therefore by experience only, that we can infer the existence of one object from that of another. Hume advances a general description of the experience that is causal inference. Explaining the nature of experience Hume says that we remember to have had frequent instances of the existence of one species of objects; and also remember that the individuals of another species of objects have always attended them and have existed in a regular order of contiguity and succession with regard to them. For example, "we remember to have seen that species of object we call flame, and to have felt that species of sensation we call heat. We likewise call to the mind their constant conjunction in all past instances. Without any farther ceremony, we call the one cause and the other effect, and infer the existence of one from that of the other".5 Thus, a new relation between cause and effect has been discovered. This relation is their constant conjunction. Contiguity and succession are not sufficient to make us pronounce any two objects to be cause and effect, unless we perceive, that these two relations are preserved in several instances. Constant conjunction implies that like objects have always been placed in like relations of contiguity and succession. Hume points out that the newly discovered relation of a constant conjunction seems to advance us very little in our way. In his opinion what we learn not from one object, we can never learn from a hundred, which are all of the same kind, and are perfectly resembling in every circumstance. It is clear that constant conjunction cannot by itself be the origin of the idea of necessary connection. But Hume points out that we make causal inference, which consists in a "transition from an impression or memory of one object to the idea of another which we call its cause or effect, whenever we have experience of constant conjunction. Hume says that if reason determined us to make the transition it would proceed upon that principle "that instances, of which we have had no experience, must resemble those, of which we have had experience, and that the course of nature continues always uniformly the Hume now considers all those arguments upon which such a proposition may be supposed to be founded and which must be derived either from knowledge or probabilities. Hume says that there can be no demonstrative arguments to prove that those instances, of which we have had no experience resemble those, of which we have had experience. It is not an analytic proposition; whose contradictory is inconceivable. A change in course of nature is perfectly conceivable. Probability, in its distinction from demonstration, does, indeed, rest on an appeal to experience, but it concerns only those happenings in regard to which there is a conflict of experience. It is clear that 'reason' can never show us the connection of one object with another, though aided by experience, and the observation of their constant conjunction in all past instances. Giving a solution of this dilemma Hume says that when the mind passes from an idea or impression of one object to the idea or belief of another, it is not determined by reason, but by certain principles, which associate together the idea of these objects, and unite them in imagination. He says: “Thus, in transition from an impression of one object to an idea of another, it is the imagination which is operating, not understanding. It is custom and not reason, habit and not evidence, which is at Custom or habit here operates in and through the laws of association; and it is upon this associative union of ideas that the inference rests. We find that from the constant conjunction the objects acquire a union in the imagination and when an impression of one becomes present to us, we immediately form idea of its usual attendant. The idea of Necessary Connection: After explaining the manner in which we reason beyond our immediate impressions and conclude that such particular causes must have such particular effects, Hume returns to examine the question raised earlier viz. what is our idea of necessity, when we say that two objects are necessarily connected together. As there is no idea that is not derived from some impression, Hume proceeds to find some impression that gives rise to this idea of necessity when the two objects are supposed to be placed in causal relation. It is perceived that they are contiguous in time and place and that the object we call cause precedes the other we call effect. The relation of constant conjunction also does not help much and does not give rise to a new Hume has also examined the question concerning the power and efficacy of causes which has caused much disputes both among ancient and modern philosophers. Hume observes that efficacy, agency, power, force, energy, necessity and productive quality are all nearly synonymous and tries to find impression from which the idea of power or efficacy is originally derived. Thus, according to Hume, if two objects are presented to us, of which one is the cause and other the effect, it is plain from any one instance we never arrive at the idea of cause and effect, of a necessary connection of power, of force, of energy and of efficacy. When we observe several instances, in which the same objects are always conjoined together, we immediately conceive a connection between them and begin to draw an inference from one to the other. This multiplicity of resembling instances, therefore, constitutes the very essence of power or connection, and is the source from which the idea of it arises. The repetition of perfectly similar instances can never alone give rise to an original idea, different from what is found in any particular instance which is also evident from the fundamental principle that all ideas are copied from impression. Hume says after we have observed the resemblance in a sufficient number of instances, we immediately feel a determination of the mind to pass from one object to its usual attendant, and to conceive in a stronger light upon account of that relation. This determination is the only effect of the resemblances, and therefore must be same with power or efficacy, whose idea is derived from resemblance. Necessity then is the effect of this observation and is nothing but an internal impression of the mind, or a determination to carry our thoughts from one object to another. There is no impression conveyed by our senses which can give rise to that idea. It must, therefore, be derived from some internal impression or impression of reflection. There is no internal impression but that propensity which custom produces, to pass from an object to the idea of its usual attendant. So the necessity is something which exists in mind, not in objects. Necessity is nothing but that determination of the thought to pass from causes to effects and from effects to causes, according to their experienced union. Hume's commentators have assumed that Hume questions the validity of the causal maxim. But he cannot be accused of denying causation; rather he was concerned with defining it properly. The question is not whether there are causal relations. Hume's discussions concern only the grounds upon which the causal belief rests. All that Hume denies is that there is any secret tie between cause and effect due to which one can necessarily produce the effect. Hume finds a substitute for this alleged power which he calls 'determination of the mind'. Some modern thinkers have appreciated Hume's views. The concept of regular succession given by Hume can be observed by differentiating two phrases, “after this" and "because of this". The meaning of "because of this", is entirely different from 'after this'. The logical positivists maintain that actually one observes regularity or uniformity of sequence between the events. They would therefore agree with Hume that the only thing which distinguishes a purely temporal sequence i.e. "this after that ", from causal "this because of that", is the greater regularity of the latter. Russell also believes that from practical point of view causation is same as the varying sequence. It means that Russell accepts Hume's view of causation as regular sequence. Smith remarks that if necessary connection is not revealed in one instance, it is also not revealed in any number of similar instances. He says, "It is precisely the similarity of the instances which constitutes the uniformity, and which therefore rules out the possibility of more being revealed by additional instances than is revealed in single Because nothing is given in one instance, repetition or uniformity cannot be made the basis of inference to the future either demonstrative or probable. Smith holds, therefore, that what one requires is that the enlargement of experience which will supply us, what neither single instance not the mere repetition of similar instances can yield. What Hume had done in connection with the idea of necessary connection is to have redefined the idea. By redefining the idea as a feeling of connection in our mind, he saves the idea from the fate of being condemned as meaningless. It follows from the redefined idea that the traditional notion of necessary connection is rejected. The traditional meaning is shown to have no application, since it had no corresponding impression. The most important conclusions which Hume arrives at as regards causal relation are that belief in causation is due to custom-born association and that necessary connection between cause and effect is never perceived. It is not an affair of reason but of imagination. We find that Bertrand Russell has supported Hume's view. In his book 'History of western philosophy' he writes: “So far as physical sciences are concerned, Hume is wholly in the right, such propositions as 'A causes B' are never to be accepted, and our inclination to accept them is to be explained by the habit and association”.9 A.J. Ayer is also of the opinion that causal connection belongs to the class of synthetic propositions. He writes “We have indeed, no a priori ground for either accepting or rejecting the doctrine that every event is causally connected with every other, but there are good empirical grounds for rejecting it".10 It was recognized by Hume that when we look towards external objects we are never able to discover any power or necessary connection. There is, Hume says, nothing in a number of instances, different from any single instance, which is supposed to be exactly similar, except only that after a repetition of similar instances the mind is carried by habit, upon the appearance of an event to except its usual attendant, and to believe that it will exist. This connection, therefore, which we feel in the mind, this customary transition of the imagination from an object to its usual attendant, is the sentiment or impression from which we form the idea of necessary connection. Thus, in my opinion at least this much is important about Hume, that his main interest is neither to provide a psychological nor any objective account of this principle; rather his main effort seems to present a conceptual analysis of causation. It still remains a doubtful proposition whether or not he has unfolded the idea of causation as it lies within the mind, or has he explained it adequately as a natural law? The main reason of all the misunderstandings is the lack of proper appraisal of Hume's position. While providing this account, Hume was very much cautious that he was not going to propound this stupid doctrine that an event can take place without any cause, rather he simply wanted to point out that the notion of causal necessity can neither be known through perception nor through inference, rather it is only the product of our faith, imagination and habit. He intends to dethrone the concept of causation as a necessary connection because the idea of cause has been the bedrock of traditional cosmology, theology and ethics. In fact, Hume's attempt is quite praiseworthy to the extent that he has evoked the scientists and philosophers to think this problem a fresh on empirical light. And this has produced a good effect on the logical empiricists like Russell, Carnap, Ayer etc. Blanshard has pointed out that "Russell and Wittgenstein have almost returned to Hume's conclusion".11 Hume has deduced the conclusion keeping his view on his basic premise that "all the perceptions of human mind resolve themselves into two distinct kind, which I shall call "impressions" and "ideas" and this part of Hume's attempt is still a landmark in the field of recent philosophy which drew the attention of large number of philosophers. Challenging the traditional concept of causation as a necessary connection, Hume attempted a reexamination of the very idea of causation for a correct appraisal. And here again, Hume seems to be the precursor of the logical empiricism whose job is also the same. 1. Hume, David: A Treatise of Human Nature; Ed. by L.A. Selby-Bigge, The Clarendon Press, 2. Ibid: p-170. 3. Ibid: p-77. 4. Ibid: p-85. 5. Ibid: p-87. 6. Ibid: p-89 7. Ibid: Abstract, p-16 quoted in The Philosophy of David Hume, by N.K. 8. Smith, N.K.: The Philosophy of David Hume, London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1964, p-394. 9. Russell, Bertrand: History of Western Philosophy; George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1961, pp-642-643 10. Ayer, A.J.: Languate, Truth and Logic; Victor Gollancz, London, 1967, p-151. 11. Blanshard, Brand: Reason and Analysis, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1962, p-445. About the Writer: Dr. Pushpa Rani Prasad, a Commissioned acting Principal working at S.P. Mahila College, Dumka, Jharkhand (India) writing in both English and Hindi. She is a pioneer of modern vision and her voice for modern Indian women is miracle

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Beware Of Low Blood Sugars Remember, above all else, its very easy to over-treat a high blood sugar and wind up low. Then youll be tempted to binge-eat and wind up high again. This blood sugar roller coaster is exhausting and dangerous, too. Frequently finding yourself on the blood sugar roller coaster means your approach to taking insulin and/or how you treat low blood sugars isnt working and needs some fine-tuning. Work with your healthcare team to reduce and prevent these wild swings to ensure your overall safety and quality of life! Broccoli And Broccoli Sprouts Sulforaphane is a type of isothiocyanate that has blood-sugar-reducing properties. This plant chemical is produced when broccoli is chopped or chewed due to a reaction between a glucosinolate compound called glucoraphanin and the enzyme myrosinase, both of which are concentrated in broccoli . Test-tube, animal, and human studies have shown that sulforaphane-rich broccoli extract has powerful antidiabetic effects, helping enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar and markers of oxidative stress . Broccoli sprouts are concentrated sources of glucosinolates like glucoraphanin, and theyve been shown to help promote insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes when supplemented as a powder or extract ( Keep in mind that the best way to enhance the availability of sulforaphane is to enjoy broccoli and broccoli sprouts raw or lightly steamed, or to add active sources of myrosinase like mustard seed powder to cooked broccoli ( You May Like: Does Goodrx Cover Diabetic Test Strips What Causes A Drop In Blood Sugar Levels Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells where it is used for energy. The pancreas releases insulin in response to high blood sugar levels. When glucose enters the cell, it leaves the bloodstream, causing a blood sugar drop. There are several potential causes of low blood glucose levels, which well discuss below. Don’t Miss: What Is S Normal Blood Sugar Level Why Is It Important To Reduce The Size And Duration Of These Spikes Reducing these spikes may help you to increase the amount of time you spend in your target blood sugar range , which will have a positive impact on your future health. You should consult your healthcare team to understand the best target range for you, as this will differ from person to person. However, the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes recommends a target of 5.0-10.0 mmol/L . Symptoms of a high blood sugar level also vary in individuals, but they may cause you to feel thirsty, tired, stressed and need to go to the toilet a lot. In the short term, by avoiding prolonged high blood sugar readings after eating, you should also reduce the occurrence of these symptoms and improve your energy, cognitive and athletic ability and overall mood. Great Bedtime Snacks For People Living With Diabetes For some people, a healthy bedtime snack helps to prevent glucose swings during the night. By eating a small snack that is full of protein and healthy fats , your body may be better able to avoid an overnight high but if you take insulin, be sure to cover the carbohydrates in your snack even if it only requires a small dose of insulin. Here are some snack ideas: Plain nuts or seeds try eating a small handful Raw vegetables, such as carrots, celery, cucumbers, or tomatoes, with a small amount of hummus or peanut butter Plain yogurt, and you can add berries or cinnamon Remember, a bedtime snack is only helpful for some people. To see if it works for you, youll have to carefully monitor your glucose before bed, during the night, and when you wake up. Recommended Reading: How Many Grams Of Sugar In Milk Managing Diabetes In The Heat How to keep your cool during the hottest time of year. Take steps to stay cool when the weather heats up. - Certain diabetes complications, such as damage to blood vessels and nerves, can affect your sweat glands so your body cant cool as effectively. That can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, which is a medical emergency. - People with diabetes get dehydrated more quickly. Not drinking enough liquids can raise blood sugar, and high blood sugar can make you urinate more, causing dehydration. Some commonly used medicines like diuretics can dehydrate you, too. - High temperatures can change how your body uses insulin. You may need to test your blood sugar more often and adjust your insulin dose and what you eat and drink. - Get medical attention for heat-related illness. - Make a plan in case you lose power. - Have a go-bag ready for emergencies. Early Signs And Symptoms Of Diabetes 1. Frequent urination When your blood sugar is high, your kidneys expel the excess blood sugar, causing you to urinate more frequently. One of the early warning signs of diabetes is frequent urination that is urgent enough to wake you up to go to the bathroom during sleep. 2. Increased thirst While your kidneys are working overtime and youre urinating more frequently, valuable fluids will be pulled from your tissues. Frequent urination will make you feel constantly thirsty. When your blood sugar is high, your body works hard to get rid of the excess sugar. Not only does this process take a toll on your body, but it also alters the way that your body uses glucose for energy. Excessively high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, has fatiguing effects among other symptoms. Additionally, the dehydration that accompanies more frequent urination is a common cause of fatigue in diabetics. 4. Blurred vision High blood sugar can cause damage to the small blood vessels of the eye, resulting in a swollen lens that can cause blurred vision. As blood sugar levels rise and lower, your vision may return to normal or worsen, respectively. 5. Increased hunger When you have high blood sugar, your body is actively looking to get rid of it. Because your body expels so much of the glucose youâre getting from your food, you may have increased feelings of hunger. 6. Unexplained weight loss 7. Slow healing cuts and wounds 8. Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet 9. Skin discoloration You May Like: How Do You Treat Low Blood Sugar Where Can I Find Support The Hypoglycemia Support Foundation, established nearly 40 years ago, is a national group that offers many resources, including advocacy. They offer salons so that you can personally connect with people like you who are also dealing with bouts of low blood sugar. Occasionally blood sugar crashes are so extreme they require emergency room care for an immediate dextrose IV treatment. If you have diabetes, wear a medical bracelet that does TK thing? What will this bracelet have on it? A number of one of your contacts? Can you answer and smooth out with this line? have a circle of people who serve as close contacts and are aware of your condition and how to help. Think About Whats Going On Irene Dunbar, 73, of Durham, N.C., woke up one morning recently to discover her blood sugar was at 119, which is high for her. I had a cold and had had orange juice yesterday and I normally do not drink orange juice and I thought, I better not do that,’ she said. When she gets a high blood sugar reading, she tries to remember if she had anything recentlylike breadthat she knows are triggers, and avoids them next time. Don’t Miss: How To Bring Blood Sugar Down Without Meds Causes Of High Blood Sugar The leading causes of high blood sugar or hyperglycemia include: Diet: Glucose comes from food, so what you are eating causes high blood sugar. Carbohydrates are the most common culprit as they are broken down into glucose very quickly in the body. High-sugar foods, high-fat foods, and processed foods also cause blood glucose spikes and should be replaced with healthier options. Stress: When you are stressed, more stress hormones and chemicals are released, which drives blood sugar levels up too. If the stress is only temporary, this is not a serious issue, but if you experience chronic stress or an anxiety disorder, you may experience high blood sugar levels more often. Metabolic Syndrome: These are a collection of conditions that occur at the same time and increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. High blood pressures, excess fat around the waist, and high cholesterol or triglycerides are examples of these conditions. When these occur in the body together, your risk for diabetes increases as does your blood sugar and the risk for potential complications. Physical Inactivity: A lack of physical activity contributes to elevated blood sugar. When you are physically active each day, insulin works more efficiently, and your blood sugar can be maintained. Try Doing More Exercise Working out uses blood glucose for fuel, moving it from your blood to your muscles. A 2021 review found that exercise helped people living with and without diabetes control their fasting blood glucose. If you find that you tend to wake up with high blood sugar, try going for a run, following a YouTube workout, or booking yourself into gym classes. This could help you bring down your morning blood sugar spikes. Don’t Miss: Can High Blood Sugar Cause Muscle Cramps High Blood Sugar: Causes Complications And How To Lower Blood Sugar Your body breaks down glucose for energy using the insulin produced by the pancreas. This is required for our bodies to function. Illness can have an impact on the way our pancreas functions. Read this to learn how high blood sugar can affect your health. 7 minute read Your body requires energy to function, and this energy comes from food. Specifically, your body breaks down glucose for energy using the insulin produced by the pancreas. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes cause impairment to this breakdown of sugar in the body, causing blood glucose levels to become irregular. When glucose is not broken down into energy, it can build up in the bloodstream and then becomes a health problem. Your pancreas produces insulin, which breaks down glucose. With type 1 diabetes, the cells that produce insulin are mistakenly attacked by your immune system. As a result of this autoimmune condition, blood sugar levels can become dangerously high without intervention. Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body no longer responds to insulin as well as it should and then also causes glucose to accumulate in the blood. What Happens To Blood Sugar While You Sleep Itâs tied to whether the hormone insulin, which removes glucose from the blood, is working the way itâs supposed to. Blood sugar levels surge while youâre sleeping, usually around 4 to 8 a.m. for someone with a normal sleep schedule. In a healthy person, insulin can handle the surge by telling muscle, fat, and liver cells to absorb the glucose from the blood, which keeps your levels stable. For people who have diabetes or who are likely to get it, insulin canât do that job very well, so blood sugar levels will rise higher. Don’t Miss: Can Low Blood Sugar Cause Confusion Engage With Your Blood Glucose Levels With Nutrisense Your blood sugar levels can significantly impact how your body feels and functions. Thatâs why stable blood glucose levels can be an important factor in supporting overall wellbeing. With Nutrisense, youâll be able to track your blood glucose levels over time using a CGM, so you can make lifestyle choices that support healthy living. Ready to take the first step? Start with our quiz to see how Nutrisense can support your health. Find the right Nutrisense program to help you discover and reach your health potential. Leading A Healthy Lifestyle may be able to maintain stable blood sugar levels without needing medication. Regular exercise that is light to moderate in intensity uses up some of the excess blood glucose and brings down overall levels. Likewise, following a low glycemic index diet with strict portion sizes can help reduce the amount of glucose in the body and the accompanying risk of spikes. The GI ranking indicates the extent to which carbohydrates in a given food will affect blood sugar levels. Foods with a high GI, meaning a ranking of 70 or higher, include bagels, popcorn, and crackers. Low GI foods, which have a score of 55 or less, include barley, bulgur, corn, and sweet potatoes. People with type 1 diabetes should also do their best to lead a healthy lifestyle. However, these individuals will also need to take supplemental insulin on a lifelong basis. Recommended Reading: Is 84 Blood Sugar Low Symptoms Treatments And Prevention Hyperglycemia means high glucose in the blood . Your body needs glucose to properly function. Your cells rely on glucose for energy. Hyperglycemia is a defining characteristic of diabeteswhen the blood glucose level is too high because the body isnt properly using or doesnt make the hormone insulin. Eating too many processed foods may cause your blood sugar to rise. Recommended Reading: Is Pure Cane Sugar Good For You Take A Pass On The Bread Bowl Its obvious that sugary stuff leads to an increase in blood sugar, but starchy foods can do the same thing. Your body processes simple carbs quickly and turns them into sugar, and it needs a lot of insulin to absorb them. That means a bag of Doritos is as likely as a candy bar to cause a spike. If youre in the middle of a blood sugar spike, its best to curtail your carb intake. Check the glycemic index if youre not sure about a food. Surprisingly, popcorn and white potatoes are worse than ice cream, according to the index. If you stick to low-carb/low-glycemic-index foods, your blood sugar will return to normal much more quickly. Ultimately, its best to limit your carb intake. A 2004 study found that a diet of 20 percent carbs, 30 percent protein, and 50 percent fat lowered fasting blood sugar and kept blood sugar from spiking after meals. This was a very small study, but the results suggest that lower carb intake can lead to generally lower blood glucose. In general, most people with diabetes eat 40 to 45 percent of their calories in the form of carbohydrates. Choosing nutrient-rich sources of carbs is best. Another promising study found that after two years on a low-carb diet, many participants with type 2 diabetes were able to manage their condition without medication or resolve it entirely. The occasional baked potato isnt a problem, but frequent trips to the drive-through are not a good idea. Find a few veggie-and-protein-heavy meals and make them your go-tos. Read Also: What Do I Eat If I Have Low Blood Sugar Keto Shrimp Guacamole And Bacon Appetizers Image: Jennifer Banz Heres a crafty cooking tip for you: Any main dish can be made into a snack with the use of toothpicks. Meatballs? Stab em with a toothpick. Buffalo chicken? Grab your toothpicks. Little smokies? Of course. These shrimp stacks combine bacon, guacamole, and seared shrimp on a single toothpick, making gourmet diabetic snacks youll love. You May Like: How To Reduce High Sugar Level Immediately The Classic Symptoms Of High Blood Sugar Are Polyuria Polydipsia And Polyphagia In plain English, that means excessive urination, excessive thirst, and excessive hunger. Any doctor who hears this trio of complaints will reach for a blood glucose meter. But often, the person experiencing these symptoms doesnt notice them right away. This is partly because they often creep up on a person in a gradual fashion, and partly because the signs and symptoms of high blood glucose arent well known among people who dont have diabetes or dont know they have diabetes. You May Like: Can You Test Blood Sugar Without Drawing Blood Lets Add A Step 4 For Ones On Medications If you are on diabetes medications, make sure to continue to take your diabetes medications as prescribed and if you continue to see a trend of higher readings, share these blood sugar levels with your doctor to see if you need a change in your medication . That calls for step 4 in my recommendations: to speak to your doctor if you are seeing trends in higher blood sugar readings. Thanks for watching and until next time, cheers to your health. You May Also Enjoy Read Also: Sugar Tablet Before Or After Food Watching For Symptoms Isnt Enough Although you may think youll know from experience when your blood sugar is out of whack, regular monitoring is the only way to truly make sure. Its important to keep in mind that the symptoms of high or low blood sugars may fade away after several years of living with diabetes, especially if your blood sugars havent been well controlled, says Garvey. Also, some of the symptoms of high blood sugars and low blood sugars are the same, so its important to check your blood sugar first, if possible, before treating it, she says. Dont Miss: How To Reduce Diabetes Instantly You May Like: Can Jardiance Cause Low Blood Sugar High Blood Glucose: Diabetic Ketoacidosis If your insulin level is too low, your blood glucose could become so high that it is unsafe. You might develop a serious problem called diabetic ketoacidosis . This usually happens in people with Type 1 diabetes and those with glucose levels over 500. If you have DKA, chemicals called ketones start to make a lot of acid in your body. The acid and high blood glucose can make you very sick. You might also become dehydrated . You can prevent DKA by carefully giving yourself the correct insulin dose every day. If you have any of the following symptoms of DKA, get to your local emergency department right away. You need to be treated with insulin and fluids that are given to you through an IV : - Dry mouth, eyes or skin - Feeling very weak or tired - Fruity-smelling breath - Stomach pain, nausea or vomiting

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Agricola is a popular strategy board game that has gained a strong following among board game enthusiasts. In this introductory section, we will explore the history of Agricola and provide a brief overview of what makes this game so engaging for players. Understanding the rules and developing a winning strategy are essential components of success in Agricola, and we will delve into these aspects in further detail in the following sections. The Agricola board game revolves around the challenge of building and managing a farm, making strategic decisions to ensure its prosperity. Players must carefully allocate resources, expand their family, and prioritize various tasks to outmaneuver their opponents and emerge victorious. With the keyword “strategy agricola board game” at the forefront, this article aims to provide insights into effective strategies for playing Agricola. Throughout this article, we will discuss the importance of resource management in Agricola, as well as key decisions and considerations when building your virtual farm. Additionally, we will explore advanced strategies for experienced players looking to elevate their game to the next level. By analyzing the impact of strategy in Agricola, we hope to equip both new and seasoned players with valuable knowledge to enhance their gameplay experience. Understanding the Rules Agricola is a popular board game that involves strategic planning, resource management, and effective decision-making. The game is designed for 1-4 players and typically takes around 30 minutes per player to complete. Each player becomes the head of a farming family and must work to improve their farm’s efficiency and productivity while caring for their livestock, growing crops, and expanding their house. Understanding the basic rules of Agricola is essential before diving into developing winning strategies. The game is played over a series of rounds, broken down into various stages where players take turns choosing specific actions such as plowing fields, building fences, or collecting resources. Players must also ensure they have enough food to feed their families at harvest time. A key component of playing Agricola successfully is understanding how these actions interact with one another and impact future decisions. It’s important to note that each space on the board can only occupy one player, so there is always competition for resources. One crucial rule in Agricola pertains to occupation cards and minor improvement cards, which grant players special abilities or advantages throughout the game. These cards can significantly impact a player’s strategy agricola board game success by allowing them to perform additional actions or increase their resource production. Therefore, mastering the rules related to these cards can be pivotal in developing a winning strategy in Agricola. Agricola Key Rules | Importance | Resource Management | Understand how resources are used and replenished during gameplay | Action Spaces | Recognize the importance of strategically claiming action spaces | Ocupation Cards/Minor Improvement Cards | Maximize use of these cards for advantages in the game | Developing a Winning Strategy Understanding the Objective In Agricola, the main objective is to build a successful and self-sufficient farm. This means managing your resources effectively and efficiently to ensure the well-being and growth of your family. To develop a winning strategy, it is important to have a clear understanding of this objective and how each decision you make will contribute to achieving it. Early Game Focus One key tip for developing a winning strategy in Agricola is to focus on securing food sources early in the game. Without an adequate supply of food, you will be penalized, hindering your ability to expand your family or develop other aspects of your farm. Additionally, focusing on acquiring certain types of resources early on can give you an advantage as the game progresses. Adaptability and Flexibility While having a plan is important, it is also crucial to remain adaptable and flexible in your strategy. The game’s dynamics are influenced by various factors such as the actions of other players and the cards drawn from the deck. Being able to adjust your strategy based on these variables can greatly increase your chances of success. By understanding the objective, focusing on early-game priorities, and maintaining adaptability, players can greatly improve their chances of achieving victory in Agricola Board Game. These tips and tricks are essential for developing a successful strategy that will lead to an enjoyable gaming experience for all involved. The Importance of Resource Management in Agricola Resource management is a crucial aspect of the Agricola board game. Players must carefully prioritize and allocate their resources in order to build and expand their farms effectively. Here are some key considerations for resource management in Agricola: - Food: Ensuring a steady food supply is essential to sustain your family and avoid penalties at the end of each harvest. One strategy is to focus on acquiring cooking improvements or livestock that can provide a consistent source of food. - Wood and Clay: These resources are necessary for building fences, renovating your home, and constructing various rooms and renovations. It’s important to plan ahead and acquire these resources early on to avoid getting stuck without the means to expand your farm. - Grain and Vegetables: Growing grain and vegetables allows players to feed their family members without depending solely on animal breeding or gathering food from other sources. Balancing the cultivation of these crops with other aspects of farm development is key. Efficient resource management in Agricola not only ensures your survival but also sets the stage for successful long-term planning. Careful allocation of resources enables players to gradually build up their farms, expand their families, and ultimately achieve victory in the game. Strategic decision-making extends beyond simply acquiring resources; it also involves anticipating future needs and planning accordingly. In Agricola, players must weigh short-term gains against long-term benefits when determining how to manage their valuable resources effectively. By understanding the importance of resource management, players can optimize their chances of success in this engaging board game. Building Your Farm Choosing the Right Combination of Crops and Livestock In Agricola, the decisions you make when building your farm can greatly impact your success in the game. One key decision is choosing the right combination of crops and livestock to cultivate. While livestock can provide a steady source of food, crops can also be valuable for feeding your family and earning additional points. It’s important to carefully consider the benefits of each option and how they align with your overall strategy agricola board game. Expanding Your Farm Efficiently As you progress through the game, expanding your farm becomes essential for achieving success. However, it’s important to do so in an efficient manner. This means making strategic decisions about which rooms to add to your house and which improvements to invest in. Each expansion should serve a specific purpose that contributes to your overall strategy agricola board game, whether it’s providing more living space for additional family members or increasing productivity on your farm. Long-Term Planning and Adaptation Finally, when building your farm in Agricola, it’s crucial to think about long-term planning and adaptation. The game poses various challenges such as limited resources and competing demands, so adapting to changing circumstances is key. Additionally, having a clear long-term plan for how you want your farm to develop can help guide your decision-making throughout the game. By considering both short-term needs and long-term goals, you can build a well-rounded and successful farm in Agricola. Expanding Your Family In the Agricola board game, expanding your family is a crucial aspect of the gameplay. As you progress through the rounds, you will have the opportunity to expand your family by having more children. This expansion allows you to take more actions each round, increasing your productivity and efficiency on your farm. However, it’s important to carefully consider the timing of expanding your family, as doing so too early or too late can have a significant impact on your overall strategy agricola board game. When considering when to expand your family in Agricola, it’s essential to assess the current state of your farm and resources. Expanding too early can stretch your resources thin, making it difficult to sustain and feed all members of your growing family. On the other hand, waiting too long can limit your ability to take full advantage of the additional family members’ actions in later rounds. Therefore, it’s crucial to find a balance that aligns with your overall strategy agricola board game while ensuring sustainable growth and development on your farm. Another key consideration for expanding your family in Agricola is understanding its long-term implications. More family members mean more mouths to feed and more work to be done on the farm. This requires careful planning and resource management to ensure that you can meet the needs of your growing family while also striving for success in other areas of the game. Balancing these competing demands is at the heart of successful growth and development in Agricola. Aspect | Consideration | Timing | Assess current state of resources | Long-term implications | More mouths to feed and work needed | Advanced Strategies for Experienced Players After mastering the basic rules and strategies of Agricola, experienced players may be eager to take their game to the next level. These advanced strategies require a deeper understanding of the game mechanics and an ability to think several moves ahead. Here are some tips and tricks for experienced players looking to improve their skills in Agricola: 1. Specialization: Instead of trying to do everything at once, consider specializing in certain areas of gameplay. This could involve focusing on growing a particular type of crop or raising specific animals. By specializing, you can maximize your efficiency and gain a competitive advantage. 2. Occupation and Minor Improvement Cards: As an experienced player, it’s crucial to carefully select your occupation and minor improvement cards at the beginning of the game. Look for cards that will complement your overall strategy and provide long-term benefits. Pay attention to the synergy between your cards and how they can work together to streamline your farm’s operations. 3. Flexibility: While having a clear strategy is important, experienced players should also be prepared to adapt their plans based on the actions of other players and the developments in the game. Being flexible allows you to capitalize on unexpected opportunities and mitigate potential setbacks. With these advanced strategies in mind, experienced players can elevate their gameplay in Agricola board game by honing their skills, making strategic decisions, managing resources effectively, and adapting to changing circumstances throughout the game. By employing these advanced techniques, players can increase their chances of success and enjoy a more competitive and rewarding gaming experience. Analysis and Discussion When it comes to the Agricola board game, strategy is a crucial aspect that can make or break a player’s success. The impact of strategy in Agricola cannot be overstated, as it determines how efficiently players can build and manage their farms while competing against others. This section will delve into the various aspects of strategy in Agricola, discussing how different approaches can lead to diverse outcomes and ultimately shape the overall gaming experience. One of the fundamental elements of strategy in Agricola is resource management. Players must carefully plan and allocate their resources to ensure that they can support their growing family and expand their farms. This requires astute decision-making and foresight, as mismanaging resources can lead to setbacks and hinder a player’s progress. Understanding how to effectively gather, store, and utilize resources is essential for achieving success in Agricola. In addition to resource management, another critical aspect of strategy in Agricola is the ability to adapt and evolve throughout the game. Successful players must be able to assess their opponents’ moves, anticipate potential obstacles, and adjust their strategies accordingly. Flexibility and versatility are key traits that can give players an edge in Agricola, allowing them to capitalize on opportunities while mitigating risks. By continuously analyzing the evolving dynamics of the game and making strategic adjustments, players can position themselves for victory in Agricola. In conclusion, Agricola is a complex and engaging board game that offers players the opportunity to develop and execute various strategies to build and manage their farm. Throughout this article, we have explored the history of Agricola, the rules of the game, and tips for developing a winning strategy. We have also discussed the importance of resource management, key decisions in building your farm, and strategies for growth and development. One of the most crucial aspects of Agricola is devising a winning strategy. Players must carefully plan their moves, prioritize their actions, and adapt to changing circumstances in order to be successful. Whether it’s focusing on growing their family or expanding their farm, every decision must be made with strategy in mind. Understanding how to efficiently manage resources such as food, livestock, and crops is essential for achieving victory in the game. Overall, Agricola offers an immersive and challenging gameplay experience that rewards strategic thinking and careful planning. By mastering different tactics and understanding the dynamics of resource management, players can elevate their game to advanced levels. We encourage further exploration of Agricola as there are always new strategies to discover and tactics to master. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced player, Agricola invites you to immerse yourself in its rich gameplay and explore the countless possibilities for strategic decision-making. Frequently Asked Questions What Is the Best Farm Layout for Agricola? The best farm layout for Agricola is one that maximizes efficiency and resource production. This typically involves a balanced approach to cultivating fields, raising animals, and adding improvements to your farm. How Do You Play Agricola Well? Playing Agricola well requires careful planning and strategic decision-making. It’s important to prioritize food production early in the game, while also expanding your family and optimizing your farm layout to score as many points as possible. What Age Is Agricola Board Game For? Agricola is recommended for players ages 12 and up, due to its complex rules and strategic gameplay mechanics. Younger players may struggle to grasp all the nuances of the game, but it can still be enjoyable for older kids and teenagers. I love playing all kinds of games – from classics like Monopoly to modern favourites like Ticket to Ride. I created this blog as a way to share my love of board games with others, and provide information on the latest releases and news in the industry.

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Australia can only achieve herd immunity from COVID-19 if it changes its vaccine strategy, Quentin Grafton, Zoë Hyde, Tom Kompas, and John Parslow write. The world has now reached the grim milestone of about 160 million total confirmed cases of COVID-19. More than 20 million cases have been reported by India, which has been devastated by a second wave driven by the premature relaxation of public health measures and more transmissible variants of the virus. Even some countries with high vaccination rates haven’t been spared. Chile is battling a new wave of infections despite more than one third of its population being fully vaccinated, mostly with CoronaVac. By comparison, Israel is now only carefully easing restrictions, despite having fully vaccinated 56 per cent of its population, and given at least one dose to 60 per cent, with the high-efficacy Pfizer vaccine. So far, Israel’s world-leading vaccination strategy and cautious reopening of its economy has avoided a renewed surge in cases. The lessons for Australia are obvious. The country won’t be truly safe until we’ve reached herd immunity. Reaching this threshold ensures an outbreak won’t spread rapidly in the community and lead to an epidemic. It also protects the millions of Australians who can’t be vaccinated due to medical reasons, or aren’t currently eligible for vaccination, such as children and adolescents. To protect Australians, there are four key things policymakers must do. First, they must strengthen the country’s quarantine system by acting on the latest evidence of the role of airborne transmission in quarantine breaches. Second, the country needs to aim for herd immunity by using vaccines with the highest possible efficacy, such as Moderna, Novavax, and Pfizer. These vaccines provide security against even concerning new variants of the virus. Real world experience shows the Pfizer vaccine is 75 per cent effective against infections caused by the South African (B.1.351) variant and 90 per cent effective against the UK (B.1.1.7) variant. In contrast, the AstraZeneca vaccine has 10 per cent efficacy against the South African variant, although it’s probably still reasonably effective against severe disease. Third, Australia should not relax international border restrictions until everyone has had the opportunity to be vaccinated. Fourth, the country should establish mass vaccination hubs in major centres to maximise the number of people who can be vaccinated each day, as Victoria is doing. Australia needs to revise its strategy due to the emergence of more transmissible and more virulent variants, which have substantially changed who is at risk from COVID-19. Variants threaten both young and old, because they advance the age-related risk of hospitalisation by one to two decades. In other words, the risk for a 20 to 39-year-old is now similar to the risk previously faced by a 40 to 59-year-old. Variants also markedly increase the likelihood of dying from COVID-19; the United Kingdom variant raises this risk by 64 per cent. It’s been claimed the vaccines in Australia’s portfolio are 100 per cent effective at preventing severe illness and death, but that’s not supported by science. There were too few severe cases in the AstraZeneca trials to accurately assess this endpoint, and the estimated efficacy lies somewhere between 72 and 100 per cent for severe illness. In contrast, real world experience from Israel has shown the Pfizer vaccine is 97.5 per cent effective against severe disease, with a confidence interval of 97.1 to 97.8 per cent. We’ve learned that death or full recovery aren’t the only outcomes of COVID-19, and this should also change our vaccination strategy. The United Kingdom’s Office for National Statistics reported that more than one in 10 people are left with persistent symptoms lasting at least 12 weeks. A United States study of over 70,000 people who had COVID-19, but weren’t unwell enough to be hospitalised, found that many survivors were left with substantial chronic health problems. This syndrome, now known as long COVID, is estimated to affect over one million people living in the United Kingdom, and more than 400,000 of them experience limitation in their daily activities because of it. The syndrome affects young and old alike, and there is growing evidence of children with long COVID. Australia’s vaccination strategy must, therefore, also aim to prevent long COVID, and we stand the best chance of doing it with high-efficacy vaccines. Australia has ordered 40 million doses of the Pfizer vaccine and 51 million doses of Novavax, more than enough to vaccinate the entire population with these highly effective vaccines. But Australia is persisting with the rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine and has, by default, imposed AstraZeneca as the only vaccine for almost all of those 50 years of age and older because those under 50 years have priority over the limited supplies of Pfizer. This is inequitable because it knowingly gives older people, who face a higher risk of severe disease and death from COVID-19, a less effective vaccine. It also runs the risk of creating a situation where the South African variant could spread in Australia’s older population should border controls be relaxed or if an outbreak should occur. The South African Government abandoned their rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Denmark stopped using AstraZeneca in April. Seychelles, which has fully vaccinated the highest proportion of its population than any country at 61 per cent – 40 per cent of these with a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made under license in India – is now facing a surge of cases in which the South African variant appears to be playing a role. New Zealand changed its vaccination rollout in March and is now using Pfizer exclusively because of its higher efficacy over AstraZeneca. Australia is persisting with the use of AstraZeneca for Australians aged 50 years and over despite the well-documented risk of blood clots, albeit at low rates of around one in 100,000. The continued use of AstraZeneca for older Australians is based on the recommendations in April of the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI). In justifying its decision, ATAGI compared the risks of severe blood clots with the risk of intensive care unit admission due to COVID-19 by age group under two scenarios over the next 16 weeks. In scenario one, Australia suffers another outbreak equivalent to its first wave – approximately 7,000 cases and 100 deaths – and COVID-19 risks then exceed blood clot risks for those 50 years and over but not for those under 50. In scenario two, Australia suffers a Victorian-like outbreak, with around 20,000 cases and 800 deaths, and COVID-19 risks exceed blood clot risks for all age groups. The ATAGI recommendation is sensitive to assumptions about risks of both COVID-19 and blood clots. The European Medicines Agency recently doubled its estimate of the risk of blood clots for older people since ATAGI carried out its original analysis and this probability – one in 100,000 – is similar to the blood clotting risk experienced with AstraZeneca in older Australians to date. Critically, if the ATAGI had used the revised and higher estimates of blood clot risks, and its scenario one COVID-19 outbreak, it would have also recommended against AstraZeneca for those aged between 50 and 60. Australia last major COVID-19 outbreak ended in October 2020. Small outbreaks from hotel quarantine have necessitated short lockdowns, contact tracing, and self-quarantine measures, which have succeeded so far. But an outbreak of the kind assumed by ATAGI would cause multiple fatalities and require a severe and prolonged lockdown that would cost the domestic economy tens of billions of dollars. Vaccine hesitancy towards the AstraZeneca vaccine has increased in the 50 and older age group since the new policy was announced last month. It seems that many Australians have done their own risk assessment, and concluded, based on the track record of the last six months, that the risk of infection and hospitalisation is much lower than the risk of blood clots. Given its inferior efficacy and the risk of blood clots, the continued rollout of AstraZeneca can only be justified as an emergency measure to prevent an imminent third wave before Pfizer and Novavax doses are delivered to all Australians. However, if Australians genuinely face a high risk of a third wave, they should be told because this would help overcome vaccine hesitancy toward AstraZeneca. Further, if a third wave is imminent, governments should also be doing everything in their power to avoid a major outbreak. This would include: strengthening border controls by constructing or extending purpose-built air-gapped quarantine facilities, such as at Howard Springs; building mass vaccination hubs in all major centres; and promoting continued cost-effective social distancing measures, such as wearing masks on public transport, and not allowing large public events. If AstraZeneca is being used as an emergency stop-gap measure, as implied by the ATAGI risk-benefit probabilities, then people aged 50 years and over should be prioritised to get Pfizer as they have a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 than those under 50 years of age. Further, it is almost certain that people will need to be revaccinated periodically as new variants of concern are identified, much like the annual flu jab. This is possible with the Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax vaccines but can’t be done with AstraZeneca, because people develop immunity to the adenovirus vector, making successive doses less effective. The Australian Government must reassure the public that the emergency use of AstraZeneca for those 50 years and over is necessary under current border controls and is not being imposed to allow earlier reopening of international borders. Crucially, an AstraZeneca only vaccination strategy for those aged 50 and over will not provide the level of protection necessary to safely relax border controls, nor will it deliver herd immunity. While there are low-cost border controls available such as rapid testing on arrival, vaccination passports, and self-isolation, there are serious deficiencies with each. Notably, there is a much larger proportion of false negatives with rapid testing, there is an increasing black market for false vaccination certificates, and home self-isolation is not nearly as effective as supervised quarantine at reducing growth in infections. Moreover, those vaccinated with AstraZeneca may still be infectious with the South African variant because of its low efficacy for that variant and some fully vaccinated travellers can still be infectious. A three-to-six month delay in reopening the international border until everyone can be vaccinated with Pfizer or Novavax would impose a burden on the economy of around $6-12 billion. This cost, however, is much less than a prolonged lockdown needed to control a major outbreak, or the costs associated with an increased frequency of short and long-term city lockdowns should the international border reopen under the current vaccination rollout. Australia’s vaccination strategy must change as the facts change. Herd immunity is the only way to eliminate community transmission for good and to avoid costly lockdowns. This can be achieved with a Pfizer or Pfizer-Novavax vaccination strategy, but not with the country’s current approach because it will be impossible to achieve herd immunity against one of the world’s most concerning variants using AstraZeneca. With the emergence of more transmissible new variants, Australia’s current COVID-19 vaccination strategy doesn’t make sense from either a public health or an economic perspective. It must change or Australia risks a future epidemic and/or very large costs from lockdowns when its international border reopens. The information provided in this article does not substitute for, nor does it replace formal medical advice in relation to individual COVID-19 vaccinations. In all cases, anyone deciding to be vaccinated, when, and with what vaccine, should first consult with their GP.

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597, 2195, 689, 2299, 288, 268, 1855, 7942, 16, 291, 512, 687, 8806, 16, 1347, 289, 622, 1432, 1481, 2470, 288, 444, 2438, 1740, 971, 289, 362, 18, 365, 5771, 4238, 2129, 291, 1662, 8423, 16, 291, 686, 316, 2574, 2495, 289, 1024, 360, 917, 3521, 18, 4344, 372, 87, 9275, 3976, 1204, 16, 3281, 16, 525, 2517, 292, 1463, 917, 3521, 16, 291, 445, 1323, 268, 1274, 3961, 289, 2776, 362, 360, 695, 17, 73, 1848, 1495, 6881, 18, 203, 37, 1254, 280, 563, 528, 9886, 3633, 2195, 9755, 289, 268, 382, 74, 5607, 4709, 291, 1016, 21, 2195, 9755, 289, 10808, 548, 1894, 16, 512, 687, 1982, 292, 2687, 5704, 268, 2414, 2196, 360, 629, 2871, 1783, 6881, 18, 1163, 4344, 316, 824, 2529, 360, 268, 4995, 491, 289, 268, 760, 3821, 62, 270, 312, 69, 4709, 291, 528, 16, 419, 9712, 16, 498, 1485, 760, 3821, 62, 270, 312, 69, 352, 268, 794, 4709, 331, 2764, 516, 289, 1014, 3039, 935, 289, 1722, 291, 3684, 971, 1014, 1064, 3039, 935, 437, 7735, 658, 268, 3064, 6454, 289, 382, 74, 5607, 18, 203, 4326, 316, 7162, 2855, 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3039, 291, 4306, 18, 203, 37, 1254, 280, 563, 1887, 1670, 3521, 17, 1689, 9707, 8223, 288, 4958, 3822, 18, 7997, 7256, 3377, 427, 3075, 306, 11629, 438, 475, 437, 1639, 297, 488, 1912, 7679, 4756, 87, 16, 2624, 432, 3052, 16, 291, 1817, 17, 395, 294, 438, 475, 2877, 16, 518, 437, 7546, 286, 576, 1904, 18, 1163, 363, 9707, 289, 268, 2066, 10737, 419, 10799, 37, 43, 45, 830, 1342, 2563, 2272, 7482, 291, 1131, 261, 3103, 291, 9780, 7679, 4756, 336, 830, 1923, 268, 5143, 3473, 8167, 289, 5665, 806, 289, 7938, 18, 203, 58, 1942, 475, 11217, 297, 3015, 2547, 268, 760, 3821, 62, 270, 312, 69, 4709, 528, 2161, 288, 268, 3039, 291, 3684, 1722, 1730, 1812, 268, 733, 3079, 454, 7984, 1887, 1765, 18, 553, 3959, 336, 772, 3204, 1825, 437, 2217, 444, 1044, 1238, 4152, 16, 291, 9217, 16, 1585, 341, 268, 3719, 2847, 289, 268, 1887, 2984, 2489, 16, 336, 268, 1238, 289, 2937, 291, 5095, 3944, 316, 1111, 1898, 687, 268, 1238, 289, 1364, 551, 1618, 18, 203, 43, 1527, 606, 8216, 1104, 10617, 291, 268, 1238, 289, 1364, 551, 1618, 16, 268, 4336, 4995, 491, 289, 760, 3821, 62, 270, 312, 69, 375, 794, 327, 7874, 5309, 352, 363, 4380, 2074, 292, 1463, 363, 1299, 6168, 3472, 6159, 1134, 382, 74, 5607, 291, 10808, 548, 1894, 9755, 356, 7435, 292, 516, 3204, 1825, 18, 1121, 16, 717, 3204, 1825, 9794, 11976, 2425, 261, 695, 1238, 289, 261, 3472, 6159, 16, 502, 788, 327, 4225, 971, 456, 830, 617, 6101, 4709, 11217, 297, 3015, 4094, 760, 3821, 62, 270, 312, 69, 18, 203, 42, 1501, 16, 717, 261, 3472, 6159, 316, 1299, 6168, 16, 4961, 788, 525, 327, 2776, 3423, 288, 444, 1056, 292, 1833, 261, 1670, 9707, 18, 540, 830, 1226, 30, 11250, 7381, 6693, 419, 4211, 542, 361, 6775, 526, 3094, 17, 5242, 6503, 1294, 17, 75, 2188, 286, 11629, 438, 475, 4831, 16, 659, 352, 430, 784, 485, 1384, 86, 762, 31, 1649, 2390, 9275, 296, 9715, 288, 516, 1670, 1047, 379, 31, 291, 4636, 4336, 1923, 17, 7816, 1234, 1655, 3113, 2877, 16 ]

Medical Tourism in Egypt 1 Tourism is generally considered the most important sources of national income in Egypt and the Egyptian people, accustomed to the presence of tourists in their midst since antiquity. As Egypt is one of the most prominent tourist countries in the world where the number of tourists visiting Egypt more than 9.79 million tourists in 2007. In addition, Egypt was ranked 58 globally among 124 countries in tourism competitiveness index. The spread in Egypt and mineral sulfur springs, which features the unique chemical installed. Which exceeds the rate of all mineral and sulfur springs in the world. Furthermore the availability of silt in the pools of these sulfur springs with its therapeutic properties of cured many diseases, bone diseases, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract and skin diseases, etc., as also proven treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis by burial in the sand. Research also confirmed that the waters of the Red Sea, its contents and the presence of chemical coral reefs which helps healing of psoriasis. There are various tourist areas, which has the advantage of medical tourism in Egypt, areas of famous historical roots, such as : Helwan, Ain El Sira, Al Ain Sokhna, Hurghada, Fayoum, the oasis, Aswan, Sinai, and finally the city of Safaga stationed on the beach of the Red Sea, which has all the elements of tourism therapeutic and tourist groups that visit and the fame that comes black sand have the ability to get rid of some skin diseases. Ancient Egyptians believed that the human will send a second after his death to live a life of immortality and so were keen to keep the bodies of the dead through the stuffed, and mummification process means the ancient Egyptians, as Raawa bury the dead bodies away from water infiltration and placed them in graves of the vulnerable in dry places in the desert and in the inside pyramids, and these operations are under the advanced medical science and qualified doctors are able to use all the largesse of the nature of the chemical and pharmaceutical substances. Before the birth of Jesus gave birth to three thousand years Egypt “Aamahotb” Dean of Medicine and pioneering the first global consensus of historians. The name means hieroglyph, which comes in peace, “the minister that the doctor architectural high priest singers, and above all, Rafie said the first stone in history: the pyramid of King” Zoser “Saqqara. With the increasing archaeological discoveries, which left over time emerged as important medical and therapeutic for many of the sites in parts of Egypt, such as Helwan, Fayoum and South Sinai and Safaga as enjoyed by these places of mineral water, sand and dunes are able to treat and cure many incurable diseases in our world today, such as skin diseases and rheumatic. The state has realized the importance of medical and therapeutic for these places arose on the care and attention which has become of the finest places of healing the world. Egypt holidays occupied a privileged position on the map of medical tourism has become a popular destination for those who want treatment from all over the world, come for the tourists to enjoy the climate of health and medical treatment, natural under the auspices of medical specialists in all branches and modern hospitals, which is available with the latest equipment the world supported by specialists in exercise and physical therapy at the highest level of service. Egypt’s natural healing: Spread to Egypt, hundreds of natural springs and wells of mineral water and sulfur, differ in the depth and capacity, and the temperature between 30.73 degrees Celsius. The analysis has shown the laboratory to contain many of these natural springs at the highest rate of elemental sulfur compared to wells located in various parts of the world as containing this natural water on several metal salts and some metals of therapeutic value such as sodium carbonate and varying proportions of some metallic elements such as magnesium and iron. Also showed Experimental Measurements suitability salinity in the natural water resources for the purposes of hospital and added to the proliferation of water wells, natural clean drinking water, which has expanded Egypt’s investment and production as economic in recent years under the control of rigorous scientific quality and standards in terms of purity of impurities and parasites and bacteria, and the degree of water hardness and chemical composition, which has led many national and foreign companies to compete for major investment in this area. It was not the sands of Egypt are less affluent than water studies have shown to contain desert sand dunes Egyptian proportions safe and a great interest of the radioactive elements, has resulted in treatment bury the body or painful situation it with sand for extended periods of deliberate and specific to the unprecedented results in several diseases, rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and pain resulting from spinal diseases and other causes of acute and chronic pain, which puzzled the modern medicine. The objectives of medical tourism a visit to Egypt, where they are in the province of New Valley, oases, and areas of the Sinai treatment burial in the sand and hot water treatment as well as to the presence of natural springs such as the eyes of Moses and Ain Helwan Adopted the medical tourism and hospital in Egypt for a long time on natural ingredients and is considered one of the richest environments where there are natural elements of interest as therapeutic spread by natural springs sulfur, and mineral sands and warm. The most important places for medical tourism in Egypt: Egypt tours has 16 locations internally and coastal available in natural remedies for many diseases, especially the rheumatic diseases and psoriasis of the most famous of those areas of Helwan, famous as the city of healing the sacred and the Valley Mariot and Wadi Natrun Oasis semen Western Desert and Oasis of Amun and Ain Sukhna baths of Cleopatra in the Red Sea, and others . And estimated the number of eyes distributed in most parts of Egypt with 1356 eyes, including five in the eyes of Helwan and 3 in the Ain El Sira and 36 in Fayoum and 4 in Wadi Rayan and 33 in the Sinai Peninsula and 315 in the oasis of marine and 106 in Siwa, in addition to the huge number an estimated 564 on-Dakhla Oasis and 188 in emerging and 75 in Farafra and the rest is spread in the Gulf of Suez and the Qattara and Wadi Natrun and neighbor. The spread in Egypt, sulfur springs and mineral features installed chemical unique and which exceeds the rate of all the sulfur springs and mineral in the world in addition to the availability of silt in the pools of these sulfur springs with its properties of therapeutic cures of many bone diseases and diseases of the digestive system, respiratory and skin diseases, etc., as also widely hospitalization for patients with rheumatic arthritis by burial in the sand also confirmed research that the waters of the Red Sea its contents chemotherapy and the presence of coral reefs which helps healing of psoriasis and multiple tourist areas which have the advantage of medical tourism in Egypt, which are areas of known historical roots, such as: Helwan , Ain El Sira, Al Ain Sokhna, Hurghada, Fayoum, the oasis, Aswan, Sinai, and finally the city of Safaga stationed on the shore of the Red Sea and which possesses all the elements of medical tourism, which Tamha all tourist groups come her celebrity status that the black sand have the ability to get rid of some skin diseases . . Salinas Burj Al Arab. Medical tourism has become an integral part of the global tourism system and despite the availability of the elements of medical tourism in Egypt, but the features had not been completed so far, despite its success on multiple areas of the Red Sea, such as Mount Sinai on the Gulf of Suez and Sharm el-Sheikh on the Gulf of Aqaba .. And still Arab tourists who seek treatment go to the Dead Sea in Israel because of the potential tourist progress there although the Dead Sea full of pollutants that cause the metal to reduce the success rate of treatment required. The student scientific research conducted recently and the need to exploit the potential of Salinas site of the Burj Al Arab, where the presence of natural brines high concentration and the right atmosphere in the field of environmental treatment for psoriasis and other diseases. The water salt works out of a natural, a sea water and is characterized by water Salinas Burj Al Arab, the existence of special conditions related to the environment, construction, design and organization of basin focus and shape and drainage, can control the degree of focus, either mitigation or focus, Burj Al Arab in the case of use for the purposes of treatment of psoriasis and that access to the required focus in time for this, as characterized by Salinas Burj Al Arab, the existence of hills north and south of navigation works bulwark blocking a natural against wind and sand storms, and the atmosphere of the region free from pollution and impurities that dispersion sunlight, and there are also basins like bays (calm waters) is not the wave function as a mirror reflecting the rays of the sun to the earth’s surface, in addition to the salinity of a very high increase of up to seven times the water in the Gulf of Safaga, and thus ease of buoyancy and reduce the forces of gravity, which leads to a significant improvement in the activity of blood circulation within the body and thus increase the amount of blood that reaches the skin and thus happens balance between the amount of salts within the body and outside it, and this balance has a significant impact in the speed of healing psoriasis. In addition to this entire region by the breathtaking beauty of natural elements and is conveniently helps to relax the patient and improve his mood. These features of the Salinas Burj Al Arab makes it a competitor is important in the healing natural for patients with psoriasis, especially for areas of the Dead Sea, which has the disadvantages of such critical lack of sun in the region during the autumn and winter, and lower the Dead Sea area from the sea 390 meters, making it unsuitable for heart patients, and increase the proportion of component bromine that causes skin allergies.. To all this can be used to the climatic conditions and environmental salt concentration Bmlahh Burj Al Arab for the treatment of patients with psoriasis and the development of the Burj Al Arab on the map of medical tourism. And the intervention of Alexandria in the field of tourism therapeutic alternative, especially that Joe Borg El-Arab fit well with this project because the humidity medium with a temperature between 15 and 20 ° C, which affects mood and health for the tourist who wants to hospitalization, especially as tourists therapeutic advantage for the tourist the normal length of residence in the city treatment of this period ranging between two to four weeks, in addition to the rate of spending is double that for the tourists .. I must emphasize that it is not necessary to serve the medical tourism patients only , but extend to healthy people and businessmen who would like to recreation and away from the rhythm of modern life, where tourists enjoy the calm and beauty in the flood of mineral water salinity was appropriate and then practice some sports light. I would like to point out that the first to develop the scientific basis for medical tourism in Egypt is Dr. “Hassan Bek Mahmoud wise” through the manuscript, which was discovered in the municipal library haraam and your entitled to “the fountain brink of chilling in the bathrooms, Helwan,” which placed nearly 127 years. 2. Medical tourism in Sinai. Is the South Sinai area high characterized by quiet, low humidity and the presence of the water sulfur suitable for treatment and cure of many diseases and also the hot sand soft in some areas which are particularly useful in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in addition to what is known by the species of many herbs and natural plants that are used in medicine and treatment. There is Sinai a lot of eyes to water warm like bath Pharaoh and bathrooms Moses of historical interest as that of the baths the importance of treatment due to the containment of water sulfur, in addition to all this mild climate and unique location on the shore of the Gulf of Suez and the sanctity of the area and its own from the heart of adherents of the three monotheistic religions to alike. A. Bath of Pharaoh: Located bathrooms Pharaoh on the Gulf of Suez, 250 km from Cairo, a group springs of water sulfur hot has a temperature of 27 Celsius and flowing from Mount Bath of Pharaoh in the form of a pond strong 3000 meters cubic per day to roughly stretching on the beach a length of 100 meters, a adjacent to the sea, and there is the highest mountain cave carved rock sauna due to the emission of heat from the hot sulfur water from the bottom of the cave above. An analysis of water in terms of their chemical properties and bacteriological and natural proven and effectiveness of the excellent in the treatment of many diseases, most notably rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatism of various kinds, and diseases of the digestive system, kidney disease, and the sensitivity of the lung, and liver diseases, skin diseases, and injuries sidelined , that the benefits used for the purposes of beauty , with a concentration of sulfur in the water rate is one of the highest rates of this element in the mineral water in the world. In addition to this entire mild climate throughout the year, and air dry, and large areas of sand, warm, which can be used in physical therapy, which is surrounded by a chain of mountains? This was the ingredient wonderful impetus to the creation of spa tourism in the name of “Spa Resort Pharaoh” (still under construction) is the first and unique in its kind in Egypt and the Middle East, a tourist village and a center for treatment of environmental, combining medical tourism, entertainment and sports. Potential treatment center: – Lots of exercises and massage therapy. – Water treatment. – Treatment of the body. – Treatment of the face. B. Bath Moses: The city of Mount Sinai and the waters flowing from the eyes of five are in the bath tub in the form of a building surrounded by water, according to sulfur that bring the temperature of 37 ° C in the healing of many rheumatic diseases and skin and Gary create a spa bath global area of Moses. 3. Medical Tourism in Aswan. There is also a medical tourism enjoyed by the Aswan is hugely popular destination in addition to being interested in the treatment of various diseases mainly arthritis who was treated in ways that primitive to inform the patient’s body hot desert sand. Research has been conducted many the knowledge of experts and international institutions have proved the validity of an atmosphere of Aswan in the treatment of chronic diseases due to its high levels of ultraviolet radiation, low humidity, where up to 43.4% during the period from December to March, while the ratio in England during the same period between 75% to 100%. The rays of the sun throughout the year with dry weather Akunan a climate ideal for the treatment of rheumatic diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, chronic inflammation of the kidneys. There Aswan centers for the treatment of sand and water, it is proposed to establish a tourist village in the area stretching between the Hotel Cataract and Aswan Reservoir include special centers for physiotherapy, and clinics for patients with rheumatism and skin diseases, and places for the establishment of theaters, cinemas and sports stadiums, building berths for boats Nile cruises and cruise ships. As is known, the region has known treatment primitive manner of burial in the sand. 4. Medical Tourism in Helwan. Located suburb of Helwan, thirty kilometers from the heart of Cairo to the east of the River Nile, which lies on its bank about four kilometers, rising from the sea about forty meters. Characterized by very dry, Helwan, and the percentage of moisture does not exceed 58% in addition to the eyes of several metal and sulfur are unmatched in the world in terms of the degree of purity and therapeutic interest, has been established by the Centre for Natural Medicine of sulfur and treatment of pain and rheumatic diseases. Due date of treatment water Helwan to the year 1899, then renovated bathrooms in 1955, founded the Center Helwan sulfur for rheumatism and natural medicine in the style of an Islamic Arabic stylish, which includes 38 room for treatment of water sulfur and rooms to rest, and chalets, to establish a patient steps away from the places of treatment, all surrounded by beautiful gardens, making it the perfect place to set up patients and convalescents. The center includes a group of doctors specializing in rheumatic diseases and natural medicine are the signing of the exact medical examination of patients before initiation of treatment, and after to determine the appropriate treatment for each case the patient is placed under medical supervision for the full duration of treatment and place of residence. It is a special file for each patient saves archives of the Medical Center to return to him when needed to facilitate patient follow-up in their reluctance to the center. Helwan Center is equipped with the following: • ray diagnostic device. • An integrated medical laboratory for all laboratories tests and analyzes. • Department of Internal Medicine, heart, equipped with modern ECG. • Electric water bath for water treatment. • Steam bath. • Bathroom sulfur only in the Middle of the movements and underwater sports. • Bath of carbon dioxide for the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, a special section for treatment of silt sulfur • A special section lean and weight loss. • Department of the massage. • Massage under water. • Department of wax. Diseases that address the status of Helwan: Medical Tourism in Egypt • Inflammation of the nerves and the pain it caused. • Paralysis and a weakening of the parties. • Neurological and psychiatric diseases. • Chronic gout disease (disease of kings). • Respiratory diseases (chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, chronic bronchial asthma). • Skin diseases (scabies, eczema, acne, psoriasis. ( • stiffness in the joints, and fractures healed uncomplicated healing wrong. • Chronic session arterial insufficiency of the Parties. • Inflammation of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, which results in primary and secondary infertility. • Obesity and disease. 5. Bahariya Oasis. Follow the Bahariya Oasis Giza Governorate, located about 365 miles to the south west of the city of Giza. Combines the elements of the region to tourism historical and archaeological elements of a great medical tourism and wellness ecosystem. The most important monuments in the Oasis Marine graves of family 26, and cowardly bird sacred and the remnants of the Arc de Triumphed Roman, and the ruins of the Temple of Isis, and the ruins of the temple due to the age of Alexander the Great also contains the tomb of the Valley Golden Mummies, which shed light on the critical history of Egypt at the beginning of the Roman era , where he discovered a huge number of golden mummies of ten thousand. He was the author of this disclosure the great Egyptologist, Dr. Zahi Hawass, the famous. In the cemetery governor oases (Pharaonic family 26) discovered a hundred gold pieces a wonderful addition to many of the golden statues of the gods. There are oases of marine about 400 eye for mineral water and sulfur warm and cold, which proved to research conducted by the Egyptian universities and national centers of research and scientific centers of foreign therapeutic value in diseases Romatiom and rheumatoid arthritis, which leads her to become one of the most important spa treatment in the world to distinguish dry weather mild and the sun shining throughout the year.

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What is a Faraday Pouch and How Does it Help? An Outlook for 2024 Today, we live in a world dominated by digital connectivity, so protecting our electronic devices from potential threats is more important than ever. So what can be the solution? Faraday pouches – a compact yet powerful item designed to shield our electronic devices from unwanted access and electromagnetic interference. But what exactly are Faraday pouches, and why do we need them? These cases are made with a special lining that blocks electromagnetic signals, creating a secure cocoon around your devices to protect your sensitive information from malicious hacking attempts. Keep on reading to know more about them! What is a Faraday Pouch? Faraday pouch is a special case or pouch with a protective enclosure designed to shield electronic devices from external electromagnetic signals. 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With military-grade materials for durability and a spacious interior fitting a range of laptops and tablets, this laptop sleeve is your go-to solution for safeguarding your devices from interference. DefenderShield® Cybersecurity RFID Faraday Duffel Bag Our DefenderShield® Cybersecurity RFID Faraday Duffel Bag is a great solution for those who demand the utmost in digital security while on the go. It ensures that your devices remain invisible to Wi-Fi, GPS, and cellular signals. This Faraday Duffel Bag seamlessly blends comfort with functionality, allowing you to steer your day without compromising on ease of use. Ultra Armor Shielding Technology: Equipped with advanced technology providing a 360° signal-proof shield against all wireless EMF and 5G frequencies up to 90 GHz, ensuring ultimate protection against digital hacking and tracking. Total Signal Blocking: This Faraday Duffel Bag blocks all incoming and outgoing signals, including RFID, NFC, Cellular, GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, EMP, and UTS, making it an ideal solution for government workers, military personnel, investigators, or anyone valuing their privacy. Complete Device Enclosure: The Faraday pouch enclosed in the duffel bag fully encloses your device, leaving no room for signals to penetrate. Cellular service and connectivity become unavailable, ensuring comprehensive protection against digital threats. Stylish and Functional Design: Perfect for gym use, airplane travel, personal security, law enforcement, military, and executive travel. Its stylish and functional design makes it suitable for anyone concerned about their digital security. Versatile Application: Ideal for use anytime confidential data is vulnerable to RF and EMP cyberattacks. A perfect accessory for those prioritizing digital security in various settings. DefenderShield Leadership: Invest in the ultimate protection with DefenderShield, a leader in scientifically proven EMF protection. Safeguard your confidential data and prioritize your digital security today with the DefenderShield Cybersecurity & Privacy Faraday Duffel Bag & EMP Attack Shield. With hidden and easily accessible pockets, it provides a streamlined solution for organizations. Keep your belongings secure and within reach, enhancing both convenience and efficiency. Order today! Now let’s have a look at some other products of the highest standards! WaveWall™ EMF Blocking Laptop Sleeve Case For those seeking a sleek and practical solution to shield their laptops or slim electronic devices from the effects of electromagnetic radiation, the WaveWall™ EMF Blocking Laptop Sleeve Case is a game-changer. Its portable and on-the-go-friendly design ensures that you can carry your devices securely wherever life takes you. Not only does it boast a 100% Vegan construction, but its versatile design and 24-month durability guarantee make it a reliable choice. Order today! Why You Need this Laptop Radiation Shield: Radiation Protection: WaveWall’s innovative radiation-blocking fabric shields you from the laptop's electromagnetic field, offering comprehensive protection against potential health risks. Heat Reduction: Doubles as a heat barrier, reducing the heat transferred from the laptop to the body, particularly beneficial for men to prevent potential damage to the reproductive system. Stylish Carrying Case: Functions as a stylish carrying case, preventing scratches and damage to your device while providing a sleek design suitable for any setting. Versatile Protection: Ideal for use at home, on the move, in coffee shops, or any remote working location, safeguarding against wireless technology's electromagnetic field. Reproductive Health: Recognizes the lap as a poor place to keep a laptop due to potential damage to the reproductive region. Protects against infertility risks linked to wireless radiation and heat. Scientifically Proven: Based on sound scientific principles, the anti-radiation fabric has been independently tested and verified, blocking 85% of electromagnetic radiation, offering crucial protection against infertility and potential cancer risks. How to Use: Softly Lined Case: Slide your laptop into the softly lined case to protect it from scratches, functioning as a normal laptop case or protective sleeve. Portable Design: Stylish black with red stitching design makes it suitable for work, coffee shops, or at home—ideal for on-the-go use. Lap Shield: Lay the case on your lap and set the laptop on top when you want to work. It creates a barrier, reflecting electromagnetic radiation away from you, acting as a Faraday cage for your laptop or tablet. EMF Radiation Blocking Hip Bag or Fanny Pack With Ultra Armor® Shielding Technology, this EMF Radiation Blocking hip bag blocks up to 99% of wireless Radio Frequency (RF) EMF radiation, covering the entire 5th Generation spectrum (300 Hz-90 GHz). Crafted with durable nylon, it features a spacious main compartment, polyester mesh pockets, and exterior zippered pockets for all your essentials. Ultra Armor® Shielding Technology: Blocks up to 99% of wireless Radio Frequency (RF) EMF radiation, covering the entire 5th Generation spectrum (300 Hz-90 GHz). Shields against Cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, and more. Body Protection: Shielding placed in the back safeguards your body from EMF emissions while ensuring your phone maintains signal connectivity. Durable Design: Crafted from durable nylon, featuring a spacious main compartment, polyester mesh pockets, and two exterior zippered pockets for all your essentials. Versatile Wear: Adjustable nylon strap with a plastic buckle allows for cross-body or hip wear, providing flexibility for different activities. Rotating Key Hook: Convenient rotating key hook in the main compartment for added practicality. Fit and Extensibility: Accommodates cell phones and devices up to 8". Waist/chest strap extends up to 42". Wear it cross-body or on your hip with the adjustable strap, and benefit from the rotating key hook and the convenience of a waist/chest strap that extends up to 42 inches. Order today! With so many options available, choosing a trusted brand becomes important. Defendershield, with its commitment to excellence and cutting-edge technology like Ultra Armour™, emerges as a beacon of reliability in the realm of Faraday protection. Safeguard your devices, protect your information, and stride confidently into the connected future with the assurance that your electronic world is in capable hands.

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Minimising the Risks of Major Industrial Accidents The UK Government has recognised large industrial accidents as major risks to infrastructure in the UK. Serious accidents (and near misses) still regularly occur worldwide in all ‘high-hazard’ industries. They have the potential for major loss of life, environmental damage, and a massive impact in terms of lost production, company value, and reputation. About the research At first sight, major ‘events’ such as the Columbia Shuttle disaster, the Texas City oil refinery accident and the collapse of a pedestrian walkway at the Port of Ramsgate may appear to have little in common. They occurred in different industrial settings, involved very different engineering failures, and happened in different operational contexts. However, analysis of the findings from the investigations that took place following these disasters reveals significant similarities in the organisational and cultural precursors. Various well-established and widely used tools are available to address engineering and human performance failures. However, the recurrence of these organisational and cultural failures in events spanning many decades, suggests that current preventative approaches are not sufficient. New approaches and associated tools are required to minimise the organisational and cultural precursors leading to events. This is being addressed by multidisciplinary research at the Safety Systems Research Centre at the University of Bristol, working closely with Dr Andrew Weyman of the Psychology Department at the University of Bath to ensure that both a systems engineering and social science perspective is taken. Industry and regulators have supported the research and remain involved. Twelve major events have been studied based on published investigation reports, including several from the petrochemical and nuclear industries, and some from transport and major civil engineering projects. It has allowed common organisational and cultural findings to be brought together based on actual experience and should enable this important and sometimes neglected area to be addressed more systematically and enable greater sharing of knowledge between industries. Identified recurring factors have been grouped under ten headings or repeating ‘themes’ which were observed in the events studied: 1. Leadership issues 2. Operational attitudes and behaviours (operational ‘culture’) 3. Safety management systems 4. Impact of the business environment (often commercial and budgetary requirements) 5. Oversight and scrutiny 6. Competence and training (at all levels) 7. Risk assessment and management (at all levels) 8. Organisational learning 9. Communication failures 10. Supply chain (management of contractors) Shortfalls in safety leadership have been a precursor to nearly all events studied. If excellence in safety is to be achieved, it is vital that leaders at all levels ‘set the tone at the top’ and reinforce this through their own actions and visible commitment. In many, commercial pressures (such as the need to complete a project to a very tight schedule or carry out major organisational change) have led to shortcuts being taken and other deficiencies. Good safety performance requires the presence of a well-understood management system that makes clear who is accountable for what and where the workforce follows clear and respected procedures. In some of the events studied, a culture of ‘casual compliance’ has developed over time without management awareness or action. Even where procedures are followed, however, there is a danger that errors have built up in them often as a consequence of changes elsewhere in the plant or process. This calls for continuous vigilance with a good understanding of the wider system. The build-up of problems such as these commonly reflects a shortfall in safety culture within the organisation. This is often characterised by a failure to adopt a questioning attitude, breakdowns in communication and a failure to learn from events both within and outside the organisation. It has also led to a failure to assess risks in plant or system design and construction as well as in operations. These shortcomings have frequently been exacerbated by reductions in training and competence, often a result of budgetary pressures. In some of the events studied, contractors have been used to carry out major tasks. Contracts have not always been formulated in such a way as to encourage the reporting of emerging issues and the client-contractor interface has been poorly managed. Finally, providing strong oversight and scrutiny in the organisation should allow the shortfalls discussed above to be addressed before major problems develop. In many cases, this has been absent or weak, or findings have not been addressed or fully implemented. These ten themes are being followed-up by developing statements of good practice designed to provide a basis for organisations to compare their own ‘expectations’ for performance in each area. The intent is that these are put into operational practice at all levels from the boardroom to the workplace. To check that this occurs, ‘penetrating’ questions are being developed to enable organisations to explore whether ‘reality aligns with expectation’. Use of these statements and questions will help organisations to identify their vulnerabilities. 1. Port of Ramsgate walkway collapse (UK, September 1994) 2. Heathrow Express NATM tunnel collapse during construction (UK, October 1994) 3. Longford gas plant explosion (Australia, September 1998) 4. Tokai-Mura criticality accident (Japan, September 1999) 5. Hatfield railway accident (UK, October 2000) 6. Davis Besse nuclear reactor pressure vessel corrosion event (USA, February 2002) 7. Loss of the Columbia Shuttle (USA, February 2003) 8. Paks nuclear plant fuel cleaning event (Hungary, April 2003) 9. Texas City oil refinery explosion (USA, March 2005) 10. Loss of containment at the THORP Sellafield reprocessing incident (UK, 2005) 11. Nimrod air crash (Afghanistan, 2006) 12. Buncefield oil storage depot explosion (UK, 2005) New systematic approaches are also needed to address these vulnerabilities. However, the analysis shows that these will need to model complex processes. Contributory factors exist within a complex network of causes and thus, what appears to be a straightforward change (such as improving a procedure) can lead to unintended consequences. A simple example illustrates this. A technique known as Causal Loop Modelling is used to depict the interactions between causal factors and the potential consequences of intended changes. It can explain why consequences can be subtle or hidden, how time lags can be important, and expose unforeseen long-term trends. The figure below shows how the approach can be used to analyse the possible consequences of actions to improve learning by increasing the number of ‘events’ being reported. The arrows represent causality. An ‘S’ means a similar change is caused (i.e. an increase causes an increase and a decrease causes a decrease). An ‘O’ means an opposite change is caused. The right-hand loop shows that more reporting leads to more investigations and more corrective actions. Unless carefully controlled, prioritised and resourced, this may lead to a significant increase in the workload and as this increases, the number of visible improvements and completed actions may go down because people cannot cope. This can lead to disillusion, cynicism from the workforce and a decrease in efforts to report events. Thus a worthwhile initiative can leave the organisation worse off than before it was launched, unless actions are taken at the outset to mitigate these unwanted consequences. Diagnosing current vulnerabilities based on the ‘library’ of findings obtained from the events studied, combined with new approaches to plugging vulnerabilities, can help to make organisations more resilient to major events in all ‘high hazard’ industries. ‘The importance of investigating and understanding the organisational causes of accidents cannot be overstated’ (Page 459, ‘Inquiry into the loss of RAF Nimrod XV230 - a failure of leadership, culture and priorities’ - Charles Haddon-Cave QC, HMSO, 2009. • Organisations should move towards to a more holistic approach to risk management policy, which takes account of behavioural and psychological responses to change. • To achieve this, it is necessary to use a ‘whole system’ approach that engages staff at all levels with different approaches, aspirations and levels of motivation, and which anticipates their different reactions to proposed initiatives and thus minimises unexpected ‘knock-on’ effects. • Regulatory bodies will benefit from developing a greater appreciation of these organisational and cultural factors and will then be able more effectively to scrutinise new proposals and to hold duty holders to account when failings occur. • In investigating ‘events’ there is sometimes a tendency to identify an immediate ‘cause’ (e.g. people were not sufficiently competent) without asking ‘why’? By exposing the mechanisms of underlying organisational and cultural factors, our research can provide a basis for deeper, more effective investigations. Finally, the approach we are developing may apply more widely - for example, when failures occur in areas such as the financial sector or in health and social care. • A Study of the Precursors Leading to ‘Organisational’ Accidents in Complex Industrial Settings, Taylor, R. H., Van Wijk, L. G. A., May J. H. M., and Carhart N.J.,2016, Process Safety and Environmental Protection (PSEP), I.Chem. E, Vol. 93, 50-67. • Understanding Organisational and Cultural Precursors to Events, 2017, Taylor, R, H, May, J, Weyman, A, Carhart, N,J, Forensic Engineering (ICE), 170(3), 1-10. Contact the Researchers Dr Richard (Dick) Taylor, Visiting Professor, Safety Systems Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1TR Dr John May, Reader, Director of the Safety Systems Research Centre, South West Nuclear Hub, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1TR Dr Neil Carhart, Lecturer in Infrastructure Systems, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, BS8 1TR Richard Voke, Visiting Research Fellow, University of Bristol; Partner, Ashfords LLP Dr Richard Taylor, Visiting Professor, Dr John May, Reader, Dr Neil Carhart, Lecturer, Richard Voke, Visiting Research Fellow

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The effect of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) on climate change could increase significantly in a few decades unless emissions are controlled or the compounds are phased out. HFCs were broadly commercialized as refrigerants in the 1990s, and their global-warming effects were known then. But they were seen as eco-friendly because they replaced substances that deplete stratospheric ozone. Now, scientists say the globally expanding use of HFCs is a significant environmental threat. HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere that otherwise would be lost to space. They remain in the atmosphere for times that vary from years to centuries. And they have global-warming potentials (GWPs) that, on a mass basis, are hundreds to thousands of times more powerful than that of carbon dioxide. Participants at the 2011 International Year of Chemistry Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone & Climate Change, held last month in Washington, D.C., discussed efforts to address the global-warming effects of HFCs. On the diplomatic front, nations are seeking a way to act on HFCs despite the glacial pace of international talks on curbing greenhouse gas emissions. On the industrial front, various chemical companies have found, and continue to develop, alternatives that have refrigerant properties without ozone-depleting and global-warming consequences. Humanity’s need for refrigeration and desire to cool indoor environments have been fraught with unintended consequences. Early air-conditioning and refrigeration systems required the use of ammonia, methyl chloride, or propane. These toxic compounds were eventually replaced by a new class of refrigerants that seemed to be comparatively benign: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their cousins hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Over time, however, atmospheric chemists figured out that CFCs and HCFCs had a downside: They break down stratospheric ozone, which helps screen Earth’s surface from the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Without ozone in the stratosphere, life on Earth as we know it would not exist. In response to the ozone-depletion crisis, governments all over the world agreed to phase out the production of the ozone-depleting substances. Chemical makers resisted this change at first, but innovation led to HFCs. Now the market for HFCs is booming globally as demand for refrigeration and automobiles with air-conditioning grows. But if current growth in demand for HFCs continues, the non-ozone-depleting but high-GWP refrigerants could become a serious contributor to human-caused climate change by 2050, Daniel Reifsnyder, a U.S. government negotiator, said at the symposium. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the concentration of HFCs in the atmosphere is rapidly increasing. Levels of HFC-134a, the most widely used HFC, rose about 10% per year between 2006 and 2010. And worldwide emissions of HFCs have the potential to become very large in the future and to contribute significantly to human-caused global warming, UNEP says in a report. Curbing worldwide emissions of HFCs over the coming years can buy some time for countries to transition to low-carbon economies without causing major disruption of the climate, said Durwood Zaelke, president of the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development. Controlling HFCs, he said at the symposium, is “the single and best opportunity the world has for getting climate relief.” Seeking cooperative international action on HFCs, as was done for ozone-depleting refrigerants, makes sense, Reifsnyder, deputy assistant secretary for environment with the State Department, told the conference. But it is proving problematic because HFCs are listed among the greenhouse gases countries agreed to control under the Kyoto protocol, a global climate-change treaty requiring emissions cuts by industrialized nations. Negotiations under that pact are moribund, in large part because the U.S. Congress continues to reject any binding international commitments to reduce the U.S.’s greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S., Canada, and Mexico recently proposed talks on a new international accord to cap and then reduce the production of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Reifsnyder said. This environmental treaty is what led to the phasing out of ozone-depleting refrigerants. However, Reifsnyder said, some countries oppose the proposal because HFCs are specifically named in the climate-change accord. Nonetheless, some in the chemical industry, particularly the companies that are positioning themselves to profit from a switch from HFCs, are supporting the proposal by the three North American nations. DuPont is one. Mack McFarland, environmental fellow at DuPont, explained that the company backs the idea of controlling HFCs under the Montreal protocol because industry is familiar with what’s needed to adhere to action under that treaty. And such a move would allow companies time to make plans for the switch away from HFCs, he said. Moving away from HFCs, however, requires finding suitable substances that have the desired properties but don’t harm ozone and have little or no potential for global warming. Chemists and companies are working on such next-generation refrigerants. Currently, several conference speakers noted, hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are at the top of the potential replacement list. One replacement is trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, also known as HFO-1234ze, noted Mark W. Spatz, refrigerant technology leader at Honeywell. Already on the market, he said, this chemical can replace HFC-134a and HFC-152a for two key uses: as a blowing agent and as a propellant. HFO-1234ze has a 100-year GWP of 6, compared with 1 for CO2, and has low toxicity, he said. In contrast, the GWP of HFC-134a is 1,300 and that of HFC-152a is 140. Another HFC replacement is 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, commercially known as HFO-1234yf, said Mario J. Nappa, a senior research fellow at DuPont. This HFO is the leading contender as an alternative to HFC-134a in automobile air conditioners, he said. HFO-1234yf has performance characteristics similar to those of HFC-134a and could directly substitute for it, according to Nappa. Earlier this year, the Environmental Protection Agency gave its blessing to HFO-1234yf as an automobile air-conditioning refrigerant (C&EN, March 7, page 11). Last year, Honeywell and DuPont announced a manufacturing joint venture to produce HFO-1234yf. Spatz of Honeywell noted that this new compound also has potential for use in chillers. HFO-1234yf has a 100-year GWP of 4 and has low toxicity. Companies are also exploring trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, also known as HFO-1233zd, said M.P. Sulbaek Andersen, a postdoctoral researcher at California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. HFO-1233zd has potential use as a blowing agent for foams, replacing HFCs or CFCs that are still used in some developing countries. This compound has a 100-year GWP of 7, he said. Although HFO-1233zd contains chlorine, an element linked to ozone depletion, the compound itself has an ozone-depletion potential of nearly zero, says David J. Williams, a senior research manager at Honeywell. Meanwhile, the refrigerant market—once dominated by a handful of CFCs and HCFCs—is fragmenting. Customers are increasingly seeking blends or individual chemicals tailored for specific applications, said Brett L. Van Horn, global project leader for refrigerant development at Arkema, a chemical manufacturer. They are seeking balances among a number of characteristics, he said, such as performance, efficiency, safety, durability, ozone-depleting potential, and GWP, as well as physical properties such as density, conductivity, and viscosity. Further complicating a phaseout of HFCs is the cost of the next-generation chemicals. According to DuPont’s Nappa, the new compounds are more expensive than the HFCs they are replacing. Cost and even environmental impact may be minimized with advanced chilling engineering that uses much less refrigerant in tighter, or less leaky, systems, said Cindy Newberg, chief of EPA’s Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch. Such systems will lead to less loss of any refrigerant into the atmosphere, she said, and likely require fewer recharges of the chemical than current systems.

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Internet network is a global information system functioning as a medium for cooperation and communication between people and the world’s way of broadcasting and transmission, as well as a powerful tool for business. It is difficult to find any kind of human activity which would not need to use the Internet. The Internet is an indispensable tool in tourism. Tourist business in recent years has changed significantly due to the development of computer and information technologies. The full application of Internet technologies is becoming one of the most urgent problems in the tourism industry. Booking of accommodation and transport, sightseeing and cultural-recreational services, packet or individual tours, acquiring information about the presence of various tours, dates of flights, and routes – this set of questions becomes relevant to the organization of the current and future activities of the tourist enterprises. Nowadays, the presence of a working website becomes a sign of professionalism and stability. Internet has already become not only a means of communication but also a major area for commercial activities (Plummer et al, 2007). The importance of a digital advertising can be viewed by using a fictional travel agency as an example. Travel agency “Tour Planet” was established in 2006 in Nashville, Tennessee. It works as a tour operator in the organization of tourist routes and weekend recreation for groups of American tourists. The main activities of the agency are tourist and excursion services: - Provision of accommodation services in hotels, tourist centers, boarding houses, motels, recreation centers. - Rent of the rooms in hotels, tourist complexes, resorts, motels, recreation centers. - Providing services on nutrition in restaurants, cafes, cafeterias, bars and other public catering organizations. - Reservation of railway and airline tickets, travel documents for sea and river vessels. - Vehicle rental (trains, cars, aircrafts, etc.). - Providing services for visas, passports, insurance policies, vouchers for trips of citizens, delegations, individual tourists and tourist groups. The agency is mostly targeting the local market of travel services because of its small size. The choice of this market is also reasonable because the company is still not very well known due to its rather passive advertising policy, which was mostly limited by publishing the advertisement in the local newspapers and giving out promotion flyers. However, managers of the agency hope to change this soon, with the implementation of a new advertising strategy, which is focused on the digital advertising. Reasons for using the Internet in the agency are providing information support to the customers, product advertising and brand promotion of the organization on the market. Such a trend has emerged in late 2006, and it has gained momentum since then. Of course, such support must be provided through the use of a corporate site. Analysis of the impact of the site on a number of clients who have turned to it via the Internet indicates that the mere presence of a website increases the number of customers almost twice. In this case, the site of high quality doubles the number of customers compared with companies with low quality site (Tibbs, 2010). Companies working in the travel sector, such as “Tour Planet”, are characterized by an even stronger impact site on the number of customers who contacted the company via the Internet. In order to organize an advertising campaign in the Internet, the company should have its own server or a web page where potential customers would be able to get acquainted with the company, find information about interesting proposals of the firm, and ask their questions. Business website is a complete analog of a corporate brochure with an unlimited access. In the case of the e-commerce, the site can simultaneously be an office and a store as well. From a marketing standpoint, a website is a collection of information blocks and tools to interact with one or more segments of the target audience. What information will be presented on the site, what tools will be used, how they will interact with each other depends on two aspects: - The chosen business model, short-term and long-term objectives; - The type of segment targeted audience and the means of interaction with it in any other way in order. Imagine that one of the sites is simply a text on a white background divided into paragraphs and the other has an interesting stylish design, nice selection of colors and friendly text layout and navigation. About 85% of visitors would choose the site with an appealing design (Plummer et al., 2007). After all, the designer is trying to the convenience of visitors. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze websites of other travel agencies in order to create a successful and attractive one. The best option is to conclude the analysis of websites of the company’s competitors – travel agencies “Dynatour” and “Vega”. Travel Agency “Dynatour” The basis of the site is to provide information on the activities of the agency, types of tours it provides and its contacts. The site is not very functional, however, because there is only a single module to search from. As for the site interface, it is easy to use, has well-chosen color scheme that blends well with the theme of the site. - Presence of a search module; - User-friendly interface; - Nice palette; - Full information about the activities of travel agency; - The site has a minimum number of functions, which does not simplify the work of the operator, as well as user actions, such as ordering a tour. Travel Agency “Vega” The site contains mostly information about tours and the travel agency that provides them. It has only a function of the use’s communication with the operator. Basically, this site is based on the information function. The site’s interface is not the best example of selection of colors and size of the text. - Feedback to the operator agency; - Information about the agency’s activities and tours that it provides. - Minimum number of functions meaning the website does not simplify the activity of both operator and user; - The site’s interface is poorly designed; it is overloaded with plain text, and it has an inappropriate color scheme (text printed in different colors, which leads to irritation of the eyes). After analyzing and considering the disadvantages of the competitors’ sites, a project of the company’s website will be created. It will supplement competitor’s sites in terms of functionality, as well as with a simple interface, which is not overloaded with information, with an appealing design. For the travel agency “Tour Planet”, the most suitable choice is a website that will combine the following functions: information and remote application. Information function will be presented in the form of providing relevant materials on the activities of the agency, so users can learn about this information any time by only having access to the Internet. Function of remote application will be to create specific modules that simplify actions of the user, as well as a customer of the agency. The website will also contain the following features: - Giving the visitors an opportunity to specify search criteria and get only a list of tours that meet the specified criteria. If desired, the visitor can send a request for a service he/she is interested at. - Attractive headlines for offered tour. Title and price – that is what the user will see in the first place. The most interesting offers will be displayed as separate lines. - Creating a constantly updated list of proposals offered by the agency. - Special offers will be displayed above the usual search results. They sometimes can be more expensive than the usual accommodation tours, but these offers will not go unnoticed. As a conclusion, it can be said that creating a website will play a vital role in implementation of the company’s advertising strategy. However, advertising opportunities on the Internet are not limited to tourist sites. Another very useful advertising platform for a travel agency is a search engine like Google (Springer, 2009). The company’s goal is to make its website be first on all relevant requests free of charge. However, it is quite difficult to achieve as competition between travel agents is very high. To work this out, it is necessary to turn to the professionals, such as advertising agencies, that can help find the right phrases to advertise certain tours. Another method is the usage of the opportunity to place paid advertisements for specific requests. The most affordable and most accepted way of Internet advertising is a banner, so the agency should consider this opportunity, as well. The price of such advertising may be determined depending on time and place of the banner or is calculated in the price per 1,000 banner displays (Springer, 2009). On some sites, there is a possibility of placing a banner with payment not by displaying but by clicking on it. In other words, the agency will place its banners on the maximum number of local sites, thus increasing the number of visitors of its corporate website and potential customers as well. The company’s banners will use calls inciting action, such as “Press it!”, “Move it!”, “Let’s go!”, which can significantly increase the rate of the banner. The agency will use animated advertising banners, response of which is higher than that of static ones. During last years, the rapidly increasing popularity of various social networks has been spotted. Considering this fact, the company’s management made a decision of utilizing the opportunities offered by social networks in its advertising strategy. The agency is planning to use Facebook and Twitter in achieving its goals. The Twitter account will give users a possibility to monitor any changes in the services of the company like hot tours, special offers, or discounts. Facebook page of the company will offer the users basic information of the agency and the services it offers, as well as contain a link to the company’s website. It is also will give all visitors a possibility to subscribe in order to receive the latest news considering the agency. The company is also planning to hold a lottery among all its Facebook subscribers, with a chance of winning a free tour to a place chosen by the winner. In conclusion, it can be said that traditional media in all their clarity and familiarity are no longer able to provide the level of efficiency required by a modern man. Therefore, more and more people are turning to the Internet to get the latest information about services and prices, or just news. The information on the website can be changed several times a day, so it will always be up to date. This attracts millions of Internet users (and potential customers) every day. Thus, the companies working in the services sector such as abovementioned travel agency “Tour Planet” must consider this fact when designing their advertisement strategy.

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Imagine if you could play a significant role in the battle against climate change, improve your health, and navigate the city streets with ease, all at the same time. This is actually completely achievable just by preferring to ride a bicycle. Opting for a bicycle over your car for daily transportation can reduce your carbon footprint by a staggering 10%. This simple change is a powerful step towards preserving our beautiful planet for future generations. In this article, we dive into the fascinating environmental benefits of cycling. From reducing greenhouse gas emissions and boosting air quality to conserving energy, cycling provides a sustainable and effective solution to many environmental challenges we face today. Cycling Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions Bicycles Produce Zero Tailpipe Emissions Bicycles do not have an exhaust system or a tailpipe. This means they do not generate harmful gases or particulate matter that contribute to air pollution and climate change. When you ride a bicycle, there are no emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or any other greenhouse gases, unlike in combustion engines where fuel is burned to power the vehicle. Let’s consider an example to illustrate the significant difference in emissions between a car and a bicycle. On average, a gasoline-powered car emits approximately 120 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilometer. In contrast, a bicycle, owing to its zero tailpipe emissions, generates no CO2 at all. This means if you replaced a 10 kilometer car drive with biking, you would prevent the emission of around 1.2 kilograms of CO2. That’s a substantial reduction in greenhouse gases just for a short distance, truly underscoring the environmental benefits of choosing a bicycle over a car for daily transportation. Cycling Reduces Emissions from Vehicle Manufacturing and Maintenance Another often overlooked aspect where cycling surpasses cars is in reducing the emissions associated with vehicle manufacturing and maintenance. The manufacturing process of a car, from mining the raw materials to assembly, all contribute to significant greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, regular maintenance, engine oil changes, and tire replacements further add to its carbon footprint. On the other hand, bicycles require much fewer resources to produce and maintain. The manufacturing process of a bicycle involves less energy-intensive operations and generates fewer emissions. The maintenance of bicycles is simpler and requires less frequent interventions, reducing the associated environmental impact. Bicycles Reduce Traffic Jam and Emissions Traffic jam is a common issue in many cities, leading to a multitude of problems like increased travel times, heightened stress levels and, importantly, elevated emissions due to idling vehicles. This is where the benefits of bicycles truly shine. Bicycles, by being compact and efficient, take up significantly less space on the road compared to cars. This smaller footprint means that more bicycles can fit on a stretch of road, translating to fewer traffic jams. It’s important to note that idling is a major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The smaller size of bicycles also means more efficient use of parking spaces, thereby reducing the environmental and urban costs associated with large-scale parking infrastructure. Let’s take a closer look at how cycling can significantly reduce emissions in a city. Suppose a mid-sized city has approximately 50,000 daily car commuters, each driving an average of 20 kilometers to and from work. That’s 1 million kilometers traveled by car each day. Given that a typical car emits around 120 grams of CO2 per kilometer, this results in 120,000 kilograms of CO2 emissions daily just from commuting. Now, if we imagine that half of these commuters switch to bicycles, the total daily distance traveled by car drops to 500,000 kilometers. At the same rate of emission, this would reduce CO2 emissions to 60 tonnes daily, saving 60 tonnes of CO2 every single day. Annually, this amounts to a remarkable saving of approximately 21,900 tonnes of CO2 emissions. This example clearly demonstrates the substantial emissions-saving potential of switching from cars to bicycles for daily commuting, even in a medium-sized city. Cycling Enhances Public Transport Efficiency Apart from the direct environmental benefits, bicycles can also indirectly contribute to the greening of our cities by improving the efficiency of public transportation. This is achieved through a twofold approach: reducing demand and increasing accessibility. By choosing to cycle, we decrease their reliance on public transport systems, thus reducing the demand for these services. This reduced demand can alleviate congestion on public transport routes, particularly during peak hours, leading to more efficient operation and less energy consumption per passenger. Bicycles can also significantly increase the accessibility of public transport. Often, in sprawling urban landscapes, the “last mile” problem – the challenge of traveling the final stretch from a bus stop or train station to one’s final destination – can deter people from using public transport. Cycling can provide an effective solution to this problem. With bicycles, individuals can swiftly and conveniently cover these last-mile distances. Cycling Improves Air Quality and Health Bicycles Reduce Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Smog and acid rain are primarily caused by the release of Sulphur dioxides (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Bicycles do not burn any fuel, so they emit no such pollutants. This lack of emissions directly translates to cleaner air, reducing the occurrence of smog and acid rain, phenomena that are harmful to both the environment and human health. Air pollution is also known to cause health problems. Fine particulate matter, for example, can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing respiratory issues, heart diseases, and even cancer. Let’s examine the city of Copenhagen, Denmark, often hailed as one of the world’s leading cycling cities. Approximately 62% of the city’s population commutes by bike, translating to about 1.44 million kilometers cycled daily. If these same commuters switched to cars, given the average emission rate of 120 grams of CO2 per kilometer, it would result in around 173 tonnes of CO2 emissions each day. Over a year, that’s an astronomical 63,000 tonnes of CO2! However, by choosing to cycle, the citizens of Copenhagen are preventing these emissions, leading to cleaner air and a healthier environment. Bicycles Promote Physical Activity and Wellbeing In addition to all the environmental benefits, bicycles also offer an excellent avenue for physical activity and maintaining health. Cycling is a low-impact exercise that is enjoyable and suitable for people of all ages. Unlike some forms of exercise that may put a lot of stress on joints, cycling provides an aerobic workout without the hard impact, making it an ideal choice for individuals looking for a moderate, sustainable means of staying fit. The rhythmic and aerobic nature of cycling can increase cardiovascular fitness, improve muscle strength and flexibility, and boost endurance. It also promotes mental well-being, with the fresh air and changing scenery serving as a natural mood enhancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends adults aged 18–64 to do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week. Cycling falls into the category of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. Thus, if an individual cycles for 30 minutes to and from work five days a week, they are already meeting the WHO’s minimum recommendation for physical activity. Cycling Saves Energy and Resources Bicycles Use Less Energy and Fuel Than Cars Bicycles, by virtue of their design and operation, are significantly more energy-efficient than cars. A bicycle requires only the energy or power exerted by the human body to propel it forward, which is considerably less than what is required to operate and move a car. When powered by a well-fed human, a bicycle can travel up to 15 kilometers on the energy equivalent of a single liter of gasoline. In contrast, the average car can only travel about 9 kilometers on the same amount of energy. This means that bicycles are about 60% more energy-efficient than cars. Bicycles Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuels and Foreign Oil Imports The utilization of bicycles as a primary means of transportation also reduces our reliance on fossil fuels and foreign oil imports. Cars, which primarily operate on gasoline or diesel, are significant contributors to the global demand for oil. With the shift to cycling, the demand for these oil-based fuels decreases significantly. This reduction in demand not only conserves valuable fossil fuel resources but also lessens the dependence on oil imports, particularly for countries that do not have their own oil reserves. In the long term, this can contribute to energy security and economic stability by reducing the financial resources expended on importing fuel. Thus, bicycles not only contribute to environmental sustainability but also to energy and economic resilience. Cycling reduces noise pollution Noise pollution is a significant issue in urban areas, contributing to stress, sleep disturbances, and other health issues among city dwellers. Transitioning to bicycles for short-distance travel can significantly decrease the ambient noise levels in our cities. Quieter cities not only mean less stress and better sleep for inhabitants but also a more favorable environment for urban wildlife, which often suffers from the constant barrage of noise in and around cities. By promoting the use of bicycles, we can contribute to both human health and biodiversity conservation, enhancing the overall quality of city life. Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, is a prime example of the numerous benefits offered by widespread cycling. Known as the “City of Bicycles,” Amsterdam boasts a cycling infrastructure that is second to none. With around 880,000 bicycles in the city, bicycles outnumber cars by four to one. The World Health Organization has highlighted Amsterdam as a city that has successfully managed noise pollution, largely attributing this success to the dominance of bicycles over motor vehicles. Promoting the use of bicycles as a primary means of transportation presents numerous advantages for both individuals and cities. It fosters environmental sustainability, enhances public health, improves city infrastructure efficiency, and contributes to energy and economic resilience. Therefore, it’s essential for cities to encourage cycling, perhaps by developing comprehensive biking infrastructure, implementing policies that favor cyclists, and initiating awareness programs emphasizing the benefits of cycling. Embracing a bicycle-friendly culture could indeed pave the way to more sustainable, healthier, and efficient cities.

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289, 268, 2349, 372, 87, 2196, 580, 1985, 419, 9460, 16, 4713, 673, 292, 608, 433, 18, 8936, 2195, 11125, 1735, 7993, 2438, 18, 829, 629, 1162, 580, 371, 332, 4956, 286, 292, 5379, 16, 2050, 268, 2964, 10863, 2288, 289, 10851, 9843, 289, 2187, 22, 574, 5808, 10275, 16, 362, 830, 1636, 288, 1149, 2493, 23, 6389, 5728, 289, 2187, 22, 3255, 1011, 1196, 18, 2730, 261, 715, 16, 336, 372, 87, 363, 10257, 466, 1278, 23, 16, 1347, 6389, 5728, 289, 2187, 22, 5, 1121, 16, 419, 5930, 292, 3853, 16, 268, 4341, 289, 6231, 270, 76, 9591, 356, 4888, 629, 3255, 16, 2469, 292, 11257, 1294, 291, 261, 6361, 1072, 18, 203, 38, 4915, 3216, 7801, 1623, 7145, 2058, 2862, 291, 5231, 2722, 203, 2983, 1879, 292, 516, 268, 2100, 1716, 16, 11795, 3216, 525, 1529, 363, 4139, 261, 5827, 331, 1646, 2067, 291, 3539, 661, 18, 6029, 4163, 316, 261, 1488, 17, 8539, 613, 2671, 336, 316, 10592, 291, 4021, 331, 689, 289, 516, 5685, 18, 6597, 579, 2779, 289, 2671, 336, 602, 1927, 261, 1774, 289, 1751, 341, 7310, 16, 11423, 1956, 363, 5622, 9649, 716, 491, 1298, 268, 1656, 1393, 16, 1355, 362, 363, 3890, 3185, 331, 1578, 2639, 331, 261, 7683, 16, 2742, 1486, 289, 8140, 3082, 18, 365, 7038, 4063, 291, 5622, 9649, 2075, 289, 11423, 375, 1643, 6568, 7188, 16, 1434, 3504, 2166, 291, 5960, 16, 291, 4663, 1199, 3549, 18, 553, 525, 6900, 1993, 767, 17, 2722, 16, 360, 268, 3525, 1294, 291, 3934, 646, 814, 93, 6914, 352, 261, 1493, 5215, 1949, 5825, 18, 203, 1461, 2461, 1988, 8191, 421, 59, 6897, 13, 10734, 3351, 8602, 1398, 2453, 26, 24, 292, 565, 430, 2144, 8048, 3373, 289, 7683, 17, 11749, 380, 5622, 9649, 1646, 2067, 2309, 268, 2569, 18, 225, 6029, 4163, 7244, 636, 268, 7252, 289, 7683, 17, 11749, 380, 5622, 9649, 2067, 18, 4387, 16, 717, 363, 1769, 8890, 331, 2553, 3373, 292, 291, 427, 716, 2584, 1962, 261, 2569, 16, 502, 356, 2226, 4962, 268, 11227, 372, 87, 5642, 1921, 318, 331, 1646, 2067, 18, 203, 39, 93, 4163, 343, 1847, 4673, 291, 7851, 203, 38, 4915, 3216, 2932, 7832, 4673, 291, 418, 2394, 321, 282, 351, 1267, 203, 38, 4915, 3216, 16, 419, 9861, 73, 289, 444, 1019, 291, 4531, 16, 356, 3105, 512, 1138, 17, 7664, 687, 5379, 18, 330, 11795, 1587, 2559, 794, 268, 1138, 361, 1056, 377, 9359, 419, 268, 1195, 1073, 292, 2933, 306, 362, 3882, 16, 518, 316, 1119, 2090, 1165, 687, 768, 316, 2207, 292, 5733, 291, 1454, 261, 877, 18, 203, 7508, 10714, 419, 261, 767, 17, 74, 286, 1195, 16, 261, 11795, 1587, 375, 2868, 644, 292, 2063, 11125, 341, 268, 1138, 7501, 289, 261, 2324, 2717, 289, 2238, 10344, 18, 450, 4980, 16, 268, 2964, 877, 375, 794, 2868, 608, 1717, 11125, 341, 268, 1162, 1944, 289, 1138, 18, 540, 1486, 336, 11795, 3216, 356, 608, 4306, 9, 512, 1138, 17, 7664, 687, 5379, 18, 203, 38, 4915, 3216, 3292, 1036, 413, 2427, 514, 341, 418, 1181, 309, 418, 89, 1137, 291, 9287, 533, 10817, 2670, 1316, 203, 1461, 11910, 289, 11795, 3216, 352, 261, 2818, 1486, 289, 4902, 525, 4993, 662, 711, 3275, 341, 5839, 6987, 291, 4562, 2396, 498, 1316, 18, 351, 1267, 16, 518, 4604, 5733, 341, 2238, 10344, 361, 8785, 306, 16, 356, 1297, 1567, 89, 909, 292, 268, 2106, 2906, 331, 2396, 18, 1440, 268, 5327, 292, 11423, 16, 268, 2906, 331, 629, 2396, 17, 2127, 6987, 10237, 3105, 18, 540, 4567, 288, 2906, 462, 794, 7921, 274, 3435, 5839, 3307, 1793, 566, 525, 1165, 614, 268, 2354, 514, 341, 2396, 498, 1316, 16, 2467, 331, 1933, 336, 565, 462, 437, 444, 1044, 2396, 11754, 18, 450, 268, 917, 2085, 16, 456, 375, 2885, 292, 1138, 2141, 291, 2268, 5348, 419, 2860, 268, 2153, 1793, 771, 5614, 341, 757, 281, 3307, 18, 4387, 16, 11795, 3216, 462, 794, 2885, 292, 2100, 4952, 566, 525, 292, 1138, 291, 2268, 5752, 18, 203, 39, 93, 4163, 4993, 5340, 4100, 203, 50, 83, 758, 4100, 316, 261, 1297, 2682, 288, 4013, 1511, 16, 6126, 292, 1751, 16, 1954, 9297, 1427, 16, 291, 586, 661, 1659, 1694, 2349, 295, 6347, 332, 18, 3526, 564, 281, 292, 11795, 3216, 331, 1912, 17, 72, 2401, 2868, 375, 3105, 5032, 268, 4971, 747, 5340, 1506, 288, 662, 4083, 18, 3695, 545, 345, 4083, 462, 794, 1555, 1165, 1751, 291, 1326, 1954, 331, 10932, 566, 525, 261, 512 ]

Evaluation is an increase in the quality of education (based on learning outcomes) compared to traditional education. - Evaluate the quality standards and curriculum to meet the level of output standard (in terms of course) by accessing CDIO better than traditional teaching. - Evaluation of positive feedback from students about teaching activities of teachers and learning environment. Experiments show that improvements with CDIO approach have a positive impact on the quality of training vocational teacher to meet professional 27 trang | Chia sẻ: honganh20 | Ngày: 25/02/2022 | Lượt xem: 260 | Lượt tải: 0 Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang tài liệu Cdio approach in training vocational teachers at undergraduate level major: Theory and education hi, để xem tài liệu hoàn chỉnh bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên oretical research has suggested objectives, content, learning environment and especially aimed at clarifying the nature of the acquisition of knowledge, as well as models of teaching techniques to make changes according to the study-defined objectives. If the theory Behavior, Perception, Tectonics highlight the truth: the acquisition of knowledge takes place inside a human, the theory of learning Reconnect attention to the acquisition of knowledge takes place inside outside people (i.e. knowledge is stored and processed by technology). In addition, it cannot be deflected if an insight into all learning theory so far, because each theory reflects its own philosophy and instruction to individual objects. However, in higher education, the theories aimed at forming behavior, perception, ability to create new knowledge, the autonomy, adaptation work, creative environment, promote and learning through experience introduction to the study will be useful to design appropriate adult-based teaching model, to facilitate personal development to meet the requirements of the profession and society. Ideological views about teaching integrated, proactive, experience with the philosophy expressed in tectonic CDIO approach, which is fully consistent with the basis of learning theory presented above, and our approach is the establishment of teaching model in training vocational teachers applied in training. 22.214.171.124. Traditional teaching models Traditional teaching is understood as the traditional way of teaching, it has become a habit and nature of transmitting knowledge from faculty’s teaching staff to students. It is a popular form of instruction in most college classes around the world. The job of the teacher is to teach and work of SV is received, understood, and receptive "teaching" - his words and his actions. We can see clearly the characteristics of traditional teaching model through the following elements: Teaching objectives: Guide to convey all the knowledge specified in the program. Preparing for exams students achieve high results and completion of the course, the graduation. Teaching content: Design mainly logical scientific content of the courses, usually expressed in the form of formulas, definitions, theorems, principles, rules, laws; focus on memorizing facts, objective information, true knowledge is paramount; little or no attention to social development. Teaching method: Mostly presentation explaining, he said game record. GV lo thoroughly presented the lesson content, which enlisted transmitting knowledge and his experience. Students acquire passive, trying to understand and remember what went GV, GV answer questions about issues raised taught. Organization in teaching: Organized by all classes. School students are arranged in layers in accordance with discipline, age and ability. All students in a class is taught the same material. Assessment: the teacher is the exclusive assessment of student learning outcomes, attention to retention and reproduction of the information provided by 126.96.36.199. Competence-based model (output standards) Access to power is actually approaching to output standard in the world of education has been mentioned for nearly five decades. It is a global trend and inevitable in schools at all levels. In competence-based teaching model, teaching objectives of the program are described through the development of group abiltiy: competence development; competence on method; social competence; and individual competence. Action-based competence is formed on the basis of the combination of these competences. Content-based development perspective is not limited capacity of knowledge and expertise that includes the content group to develop the field of energy. Teaching method of competence development does not only pays positive attention of students of intellectual activity, but also pay attention to train the capacity to solve the problem associated with situations of life and career, and associated activities intellectual activity with active practice, practice. Assessment of study outcomes focused on the ability to creatively apply knowledge in different application scenarios. 188.8.131.52. Development trend of teaching model in training vocational Along with the rapid development of all aspects of society, higher education has shifted dramatically from elite education to mass education, to meet the increasing demands of cultural life and qualified human resources. Several trends are evident in the world and will grow significantly in the future are: - Teaching philosophy aims to humanity, democracy, and sustainable - Change the target training requirements of social development - Contents of teaching that emphasizes individual capacity development and flexible organization structure enables students to adapt easily - Change the role of the teacher and students' learning. PPDH outlook is based on the school and its activities - Increased use of information technology, electronic goods in the development of materials, design and organization of the teaching process is a - Trends authentic assessment, based on competence standard will replace traditional assessment - based on the content. 1.2.3. Suggested teaching models based on CDIO approach in training 1) Ensures that reflects the achievements of modern learning theory and in accordance with the requirements of practical vocational teacher training in Vietnam in the context of international integration 2) Ensures flexible application thoroughly understand the basic points of the CDIO approach based on inheriting and developing existing teaching model. 3) Ensures the generalized and specific teaching model 4) Ensures the effective and feasible in practical application 1.2.4. Basic views on CDIO approach to form teaching model in training vocational teachers 184.108.40.206. Nature and points of view on CDIO approach CDIO approach (referred to as the CDIO approach) is defined as an approach to a theoretical model of training oriented output competences in technical universities. This theoretical model provides a scientific basis and the system 12 standards of quality assurance for higher education institutions, technical training of engineers to meet the needs of the stakeholders in the context of business and society. Twelve standard targeting philosophy of the program (Standard 1), development programs (Standard 2, 3 and 4), the experience design - implementation and learning spaces (Standard 5 and 6 ), the teaching methods and learning new (Standard 7 and 8), faculty development (Standards 9 and 10), student assessment and evaluation of curriculum (Standards 11 and 12). 12 In this standard, the standard 7 (*) are considered essential because they distinguish CDIO program with the proposed education reforms else. In other standard support CDIO program significantly and reflect best practices in technical education. 220.127.116.11. Output standard from a curriculum with CDIO approach Output standard from a curriculum is shown that what student need to know, understand, be able to work after a course completed. Teaching towards output standard is also objectification of learning based on competence-approached; it is an inevitable trend of modern teaching process. However, in many universities in Vietnam, the design of the output standard program has not been properly concerned with the superficial, built on the basis of the current program, not entirely derived from the needs of society; or are general, not specifically describe the capacity to be achieved by learners. CDIO approach has overcome the shortcomings pointed out that through a process of construction and development of output standard; it designs framework (called CDIO outlines) for the training sector with 4 levels of detail sufficient for the development of curriculum design, teaching and assessment. Level 1 of four outlines the expectations, demonstrating that a mature individual intends to develop careers in technical fields should own a set of personal skills, communication skills and the elements nature, as the focus for practice. To develop the complex technical systems with benefit, students must master the foundation of knowledge and techniques necessary arguments. To work in a modern environment and in groups, the students need to develop the communication skills to work in groups and communicate with others. Finally, to build and operate the products, processes and systems, students must understand at a certain level of conceptualization, design, deploy and operate in the context of business and society. Level 2 shows the detailed content of each component in level 1. Level 3 and Level 4. This level of detail required for the transition from the high-level goals towards to output standards can be taught and assessed. 18.104.22.168. Designing integrated programs - CDIO approach explained specific theoretical basis for an integrated curriculum, raises the important features of an integrated CDT, which is: - Curriculum is organized around subjects, was restructured so that subjects can connect and support each other more, as opposed to the separate and independent of each other. - The personal skills and communication skills create products, processes, and systems closely intertwined nature subjects to support each other, to relieve the potential conflict between the technical expertise and these skills. - Each course or learning experience and outcomes set out in detail the specialized knowledge, skills for personal and communication skills to create products, processes, and systems, to ensure sure students get the appropriate foundation for their future role of the engineer. In the process of developing the current curriculum, one has to focus on the content and structure of the program, just interested in the training process innovation and innovation of teaching methods, while referring to media teaching and assessment procedures, confirm the study results. Integration of the program will be represented in the content, structure and its training methods. - Program integrated emphasizes on creating learning project in which the integration of knowledge, skills, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and - Integrated program, sources of knowledge will not framed in the context of the subject / subjects that tend beyond the textbook, this creates openness in cognitive study activities. - Program enables integrated awareness - learning of students became more active and more flexible. - Integration also facilitates the learner is engaged in flexible groups of 22.214.171.124. Teaching method, integrated learning and activeness to meet CDIO model suggests teaching and learning to meet output standards of training programs through the integration of learning and teaching initiative (2 Standard 7 and 8 of the CDIO initiative), namely: The integrated learning experience (integrated learning) is the pedagogy to promote learning specialized knowledge and learning individual skills, communication skills and create products and specifications the system in the context of professional engineering practice. The approach emphasizes active learning attracting with the participation of students directly in the act of thinking and problem solving, participate in discovery, application, analysis, and evaluation of the idea. Active learning in courses may include methods: discussion with peers or in small groups, making demo, debate, and feedback from students about what they are learning. Active learning experiences is considered when students take on the role of simulation practice professional engineering, for example, the projects: design- implementation, simulations, and case studies. 1.2.5. Teaching model with CDIO approach in training vocational Teaching model with CDIO approach in vocational teacher training is a theoretical model describing the structure and function of a system of teaching, learning philosophical reflection is created, directed at top capacity the teacher's job to meet the requirements of the teaching profession in the field of vocational training. (Box diagram below) Structure of teaching model with CDIO approach in training vocational (a simulation of teaching theory by Bernd Meier) Teaching model with CDIO approach in training vocational teachers has elements including: Philosophy and learning goals; The content and organization structure of the educational content; Principles, methods and techniques of teaching; Learning and teaching facilities; Assessment of learning. 1.3. Current situation of teaching quality and model in training vocational teacher in Vietnam 1.3.1. Introduction to vocational teacher training in Vietnam 126.96.36.199. Education institutions in training vocational teachers at At present, education institutions where train vocational teachers at undergraduate level (system of technical education) is rapidly growing in number. Among them, there are five universities of technical education, seven faculties of technical education of all universities. In 2013 alone, there were 1960 students enrolled in system of technical education, this has contributed timely to meet the needs of teachers in the field of professional education. However, there is no unity and systematic investment in professional training and complete vocational pedagogy. 188.8.131.52. Model and method of training vocational teacher Education institutions where trains vocational teacher are in two main methods are parallel (simultaneously) and two-stage (serial) Philosophy and objective Materials and tools Principle and method Social context and profession 1.3.2. Current situation on teaching quality and model in training 184.108.40.206. Evaluation on the teaching model in training vocational teacher Models present teaching traditional, according to access the content, lack of philosophical training vocational teachers, lack of standardized training professional capacity; The relationship between these elements: objectives, contents, methods, ... in teaching fragmentary, inconsistent; The reform model is not uniform; The methods and teaching techniques of slow innovation. 220.127.116.11. Objective and aims The design and expression of learning goals in training vocational teachers predominantly described by the required knowledge, skills, attitudes needed to reach the SV (traditional), has not demonstrated the minimum power required to reach the end of the school curriculum of courses, courses, lessons (GPA average only poor: 2 to 2.03). The content of the program is to teach teachers and students assess the relative fit of the body of knowledge, but a bit light on the theory of professional knowledge, pedagogical knowledge. Especially practical knowledge skills are very mild and mild even practical knowledge and pedagogical bias toward light, while the general theoretical knowledge in favor of heavy level. 18.104.22.168. Teaching method and assessment, evaluation, testing study outcome from curriculums The method is mainly applied in teaching with "presentation" (GPA achieved at the highest level in the table). Meanwhile, the method associated with the integration of teaching, action-oriented than the less used. Especially the forging skills practice very little attention, namely: Practice at production facilities; Practice implementation capacity; Coaching, individual help; Use the online classroom; Visit reality (GPA of each method are evaluated at least in the table). Assessment of learning is mainly through essay exam, little attention was paid to the assessment process and the product under study. Efficiency of teaching method mainly aimed at helping students to acquire new knowledge (highest GPA: 2.6), less attention to developing the capacity of individuals, society and the profession of school (lowest GPA). 22.214.171.124. Self- evaluation from lecturers and students on training products in curriculum of vocational teachers Both students and teachers have noticed the development of moral superiority of the learned through training programs (highest GPA in the table and reached a fairly: 2.92), and the ability to see clearly the most restrictive they are "foreign language" (the lowest GPA in the table and only 2:10 point). In addition to language skills were rated the lowest, should also pay attention to the possibilities are evaluated at the average level or less. That is Skill practice / skills (2:45); Ability Informatics (2:36); Ability to manage and educate students (2:43); Creativity techniques (2:34); the ability to switch occupations (2:36). 1. CDIO is a model of higher education based on their competence to meet the requirements of the labor market in the new era. Access to CDIO to suggest teaching model in training vocational teacher is an appropriate way and necessary in the context of fundamental innovation, comprehensive education in our country towards modernization, democratization, and social cultural and international 2. Through academic research shows teaching model be understood as a theoretical model reflects the structure and function of a system of teaching; reflect the views, ideas, approaches to build a system of teaching in schools serving the needs of society in every period of history. The model was developed that linked to the achievement of learning theory, theories of learning and the reform of education in the world. Teaching is based on the output capacity (including CDIO is one such model) is replacing the traditional model, is the inevitable trend of higher education today. From the perspective of teaching theory, accessible through the basic thesis of CDIO to establish the structural elements of the teaching model in training vocational teachers appropriate theoretical and practical conditions of higher education in Vietnam , namely: 1) Design output standard of detailed program (level 4); 2) Design teaching content integration to deliver output standard issued; 3) teaching method with activeness, experience and academic assessment consistent with output standards. 3. Through the survey the status of teacher training in technical education - Models present teaching traditional, according to access the content, lack of philosophical training vocational teacher, lack of standardized training professional capacity; The relationship between these elements: objectives, contents, methods, ... in teaching fragmentary, inconsistent; The reform model is not uniform; The methods and techniques of teaching slow innovation. - The quality of teacher training at undergraduate level in technical ducation system currently not appreciated by the limitations also highlight: The content taught in curriculum was not reasonable (emphasis on the general theory of knowledge, light of practical knowledge and practical pedagogical skills); The efficiency of the selection, use the methods and means of teaching and assessment in curriculum is low, failing to meet the expectations of the participants on the need of it during training; Quality of training products do not really bring self- confidence to graduates after courses. CHAPRTER 2 –TEACHING MODEL WITH CDIO APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN TRAINING VOCATIONAL TEACHER 2.1. Teaching model with CDIO in training vocational teacher 2.1.1. Teaching philosophy in training vocational teachers Teaching philosophy in training vocational teacher towards excitement and passion from trainees about what teachers will teach as the role of "soul engineers" in the professional education institutions; this is aimed at developing pivotal competence for graduates: forming ideas - designing - implementation - completing the process of teaching and education in the context of oriented education reform in a way of normalization modernization, socialization, democratization and international integration. 2.1.2. Teaching aim setting and expressing In this section, we will present the establishment and expression of learning goals as output standard, performing at grade level and subject program in a unified structure to ensure that graduates will meet its after each course and at the end of program, level of output standards will be structured into four levels with outlined CDIO frame, and output standard will be specific subjects at level 4. 126.96.36.199. Output standard at curriculum level (in the field of vocational The content and structure of output standard Level 1: Includes four themes of knowledge, skills and qualities required of vocational teacher that social expectations for graduate students in the university environment and society, as described in the following table: The content and structure of output standard level 2: Level 2 of Part 1. Knowledge and Technical Education industry argues that the themes associated with the specific requirements of training vocational teachers of professional competence in a particular field. It is the body of knowledge of basic science in the fields of mathematics, natural techniques, humane society, political theory; blocks technical knowledge base and enhance the core of the industry, and the methodology of intensive industries. This section is a priority objective in training with CDIO approach because it aims to bring students the skills needed to start a career. Three rest towards the knowledge, skills and attitudes more generally that all graduates of the industry should have. We believe in training vocational teacher, part 3 - communication skills, will emphasize the peculiarities of communication pedagogy and interactive nature of teaching. The level of interaction and cooperation are essential skills in communication of vocational teacher because it is a factor in the success of teacher education in the school. Part 4 forming the basic competence of vocational teacher in their professional activities. That is, 1) Forming the idea of building projects, strategies: curriculum and education. This capacity reflects the thinking of the system level teachers, helping them to have a comprehensive view of the implementation of its mandate and confirmed their leading role in the process of teaching and education. 2) Design: As one of the capability to characterize the teaching profession. vocational teachers need to design a system specific learning goals and feasible; design curriculum, lessons, learning materials; design methods, teaching techniques; design of learning activities of students; design learning environments. 3) Implementation: vocational teacher is the direct implementation of the activities of teaching and educating students in the model was designed; implementation of monitoring, evaluating learning outcomes; and leadership, management trainees and learning to achieve the objective of teaching and education set. 4) Complete the process of teaching and education: After implementing the activities of teaching, education, the teacher must be based on performance and update feedback from learners to constantly 4. Formation of ideas, design, deployment and operation Improving teaching and education in the school setting and society 2. Skills and personal qualities in their 1. Knowledge and 3. The ability to improve and perfect the process of teaching and education in different contexts of school and society. Contents and structure of the output standard level 3: Includes topics included in output standard details to the subjects and skills in the curriculum. At this level, we will specify the areas of knowledge of the subject, the capacity of individual sectors, occupations and competencies that are specific CDIO skills into specific actions that learners should form when participating in curriculum. This level is the basis for the trainer to identify topics that o Các file đính kèm theo tài liệu này:

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Germany is a popular destination for foreign students to study and work. As part of the German education system, there is an important institution known as the Berufsschule. The Berufsschule is a vocational school that provides practical and theoretical training to students who are pursuing a vocational career path. It is an essential component of the dual education system that is unique to Germany. This is Berufsschule in Germany The dual education system in Germany combines both academic and practical training in order to produce highly skilled workers. The Berufsschule is an integral part of this system, as it provides the theoretical knowledge that students need to succeed in their chosen profession. The practical training is provided by the companies that students work for as part of their apprenticeships. The Berufsschule offers a wide range of vocational training programs, which can vary depending on the region and industry. Some of the most popular vocational training programs include healthcare, engineering, hospitality, and automotive technology. These programs are designed to provide students with the skills and knowledge they need to enter the workforce and succeed in their chosen career. One of the unique features of the Berufsschule is that it is free of charge for students. This is because it is funded by the German government as part of its commitment to vocational education and training. Students are also paid a salary during their apprenticeship, which is typically between 25-50% of what a fully qualified worker would earn in the same profession. How can I join a Berufsschule in Germany? In dual vocational training programs in Germany, employers play a crucial role in the education of their apprentices. Employers are responsible for providing practical training in their workplace, while the Berufsschule provides theoretical instruction to complement the practical experience. Therefore, it is the employers who ultimately choose the Berufsschule where their apprentices will receive theoretical instruction. When an employer decides to take on an apprentice or trainee, they will typically select a Berufsschule that is located near their workplace and offers relevant programs in their industry. This ensures that the apprentices can easily attend classes and that the curriculum is aligned with the practical training provided by the employer. However, employers may also consider other factors when choosing a Berufsschule. For example, they may look at the quality of instruction, the reputation of the school, and the resources and support provided to apprentices. Employers want to ensure that their apprentices receive a comprehensive education that prepares them for a successful career in their chosen profession. Once an employer has chosen a Berufsschule, they will typically notify their apprentice and provide them with the necessary information to enroll in the program. The apprentice will then attend classes at the Berufsschule while also working at the employer’s workplace to receive practical training. There may be options for the apprentice to influence on the selection of the Berufsschule, but better expect it to be fixed. While employers choose the Berufsschule, apprentices still have some choice in their education. For example, they can choose the specific vocational training program they want to pursue and may have the option to select certain electives or courses within the program. Additionally, apprentices may have the opportunity to attend different Berufsschule locations for certain courses or modules, depending on the requirements of their program. How is learning at a Berufsschule? When it comes to learning at a Berufsschule in Germany, students can expect a unique blend of theoretical knowledge and practical training. The goal of the Berufsschule is to prepare students for the workforce, and as such, the curriculum is designed to be highly relevant to the skills needed in the industry. The theoretical knowledge is taught in the form of lectures, seminars, and workshops. Students learn about the theoretical aspects of their chosen profession, such as the principles and concepts that underlie the practical work they will do. This knowledge is crucial for students to understand the reasoning behind the practical applications they will learn during their apprenticeship. In addition to theoretical learning, students also receive hands-on training in their chosen field. This practical training is provided by the companies that students work for as part of their apprenticeships. During their time at the Berufsschule, students will spend some of their time in the classroom and some of their time in the workplace. The practical training is designed to give students real-world experience and enable them to apply the theoretical knowledge they have learned. The structure of learning at a Berufsschule can vary depending on the program and the region. Some programs may require students to attend classes for a full day, while others may have classes in the morning and practical training in the afternoon. The curriculum is typically divided into modules, which are taught sequentially over the course of the program. Assessments at a Berufsschule can take many forms, including written exams, practical assessments, and project work. Students are evaluated on their theoretical knowledge and practical skills, and must pass both in order to complete the program. About participants in Berufsschule The participants in a Berufsschule in Germany can vary depending on the program and region. Generally, students who attend the Berufsschule are those who are pursuing a vocational career path through an apprenticeship. This includes both young people who have just completed their secondary education and are starting their vocational training, as well as adults who are returning to education to retrain or upskill. Class structures at a Berufsschule can also vary depending on the program and region. In some cases, students may attend classes with others in their field of study, while in other cases, they may attend classes with students from different professions. The structure of the classes may also vary, with some programs offering lectures and seminars, while others may offer more practical, hands-on learning experiences. Regardless of the structure of the classes, there is typically a strong emphasis on individualized learning at a Berufsschule. Teachers are often available to provide one-on-one support to students who are struggling with the material, and there may be opportunities for students to work at their own pace. This individualized approach to learning is designed to ensure that each student has the support they need to succeed in their chosen profession. In addition to the students, there are other participants in the Berufsschule who play an important role in the education and training of students. This includes teachers, who are responsible for delivering the theoretical knowledge and providing support to students, as well as trainers from the companies where students are completing their apprenticeships. These trainers are responsible for providing practical training to students and helping them to develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in their chosen profession. Questions and answers Are there any internship or apprenticeship opportunities available at Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, many Berufsschule in Germany offer internship or apprenticeship opportunities to students as part of their vocational training. What is the attendance policy at Berufsschule in Germany? Attendance policies vary depending on the specific school and program. However, attendance is generally mandatory and students must attend a certain percentage of classes in order to pass. Can students apply for a work visa after graduating from a program at Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students may be able to apply for a work visa after graduating from a program at Berufsschule in Germany, depending on their individual circumstances and qualifications. What kind of job placement assistance is available to graduates of Berufsschule in Germany? Many Berufsschule in Germany offer job placement assistance to graduates, including career counseling, job search support, and employer networking events. How does the grading system at Berufsschule in Germany compare to other grading systems? The grading system at Berufsschule in Germany is similar to other grading systems used in Europe, such as the ECTS grading system. Can students with disabilities attend Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students with disabilities can attend Berufsschule in Germany. Schools are required to provide accommodations to students with disabilities in order to ensure equal access to education and training. What kind of financial support is available to students attending Berufsschule in Germany? There are various financial support programs available to students attending Berufsschule in Germany, including scholarships, grants, and loans. Students should check with their school’s financial aid office for more information. Can students transfer between different Berufsschule in Germany? It depends on the policies of the specific schools and programs. In some cases, students may be able to transfer between schools, but they may have to meet certain requirements. Are there any extracurricular language courses available at Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, many Berufsschule in Germany offer extracurricular language courses for students who want to improve their language skills or learn a new language. What kind of support is available to non-German speaking students at Berufsschule in Germany? Many Berufsschule in Germany offer support services to non-German speaking students, including language assistance, cultural orientation programs, and academic support. Can students from non-EU countries attend a Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students from non-EU countries can attend a Berufsschule in Germany, but they must have a valid residence permit and meet certain requirements. Are there any online courses available at Berufsschule in Germany? Some Berufsschule in Germany offer online courses for certain programs, but this varies depending on the specific school and program. How are exams conducted at Berufsschule in Germany? Exams at Berufsschule in Germany may be conducted in various formats, including written exams, practical exams, or oral exams. What kind of student support services are available at Berufsschule in Germany? Student support services at Berufsschule in Germany can include academic support, counseling, financial aid, and career services. How can students apply to attend a Berufsschule in Germany? Students can typically apply to attend a Berufsschule in Germany directly through the school’s admissions office. Some schools may have additional application requirements or deadlines. What kind of safety measures are in place at Berufsschule in Germany? Berufsschule in Germany have safety measures in place to ensure the wellbeing of students and staff, including emergency protocols, safety drills, and security personnel. Can students from other countries obtain a student visa to attend Berufsschule in Germany? Yes, students from other countries may be able to obtain a student visa in order to attend Berufsschule in Germany. However, they must meet certain requirements and apply for the visa in advance. Data and statistics about Berufsschulen in Germany - There are approximately 1,600 Berufsschulen in Germany. - They are located in cities and towns of all sizes, ranging from small rural communities to large urban areas. - Berufsschulen offer vocational training programs in a wide range of professions, including trades such as mechanics, electricians, and carpenters, as well as programs in business, health care, and social work. - Berufsschulen can be either state or private institutions, but most are run by the government. - The average number of participants in a Berufsschule program varies depending on the program and the school, but can range from a handful of students to several hundred. - The number of subjects offered at Berufsschule also varies depending on the program and the school, but can include subjects such as mathematics, science, German language and literature, social studies, and vocational training courses specific to the chosen profession. Get more information In case you want to inform yourself more in detail you may start your research with one of the following Berufsschulen (selection): German State | Type of Vocational Program | Berufsschule / Vocational school | Baden-Württemberg | Skilled Trades | Gewerbliche Schule Im Hoppenlau – Stuttgart http://www.gs-hoppenlau.de/ | Baden-Württemberg | Healthcare | Medizinische Berufsfachschule Ravensburg https://www.medizinische-berufsfachschule.de/ | Bavaria | Business | Wirtschaftsschule am Oswaldsgarten – Regensburg https://www.oswaldsgarten.de/ | Bavaria | Information Technology | Berufsschule für Informatik – München http://www.bsi-muenchen.de/ | Berlin | Social Work | Alice-Salomon-Berufskolleg – Berlin https://www.asberlin.de/ | Berlin | Tourism and Hospitality | Oberstufenzentrum Gastgewerbe Berlin https://www.osz-gastgewerbe.de/ | Brandenburg | Agriculture | Oberstufenzentrum Landkreis Ostprignitz-Ruppin http://www.osz-o-r.de/ | Brandenburg | Engineering | Oberstufenzentrum Havelland – Technik https://www.osz-havelland.de/ | Bremen | Healthcare | Gesundheit Nord – Akademie für Gesundheitsberufe https://www.gesundheitnord.de/ | Bremen | Maritime | Berufsbildende Schule Seefahrt und Technik – Bremerhaven https://www.bbs-seefahrt-technik.de/ | Hamburg | Media | Berufliche Schule für Medien und Kommunikation – Hamburg https://www.bsmk.de/ | Hamburg | Aviation | Berufliche Schule für Luftfahrttechnik – Hamburg https://www.bsl-hh.de/ | Hesse | Automotive | Berufliche Schulen Bebra – Kfz-Technik https://www.bs-bebra.de/ | Hesse | Cosmetology | Landesberufsschule für das Friseurhandwerk – Frankfurt https://lbs-frankfurt.de/ | Lower Saxony | Logistics | BBS 3 Oldenburg – Logistik und Verkehr https://www.bbs3ol.de/ | Lower Saxony | Woodworking | Berufsbildende Schule Handwerk und Technik – Lüneburg https://www.bbs-handwerk-lueneburg.de/ | North Rhine-Westphalia | Energy | Berufskolleg für Technik und Informatik – Bochum https://www.bkti-bochum.de/ | North Rhine-Westphalia | Fashion | Friedrich-List-Berufskolleg für Bekleidung und Mode – Düsseldorf https://www.friedrich-list-berufskolleg.de/ | Rhineland-Palatinate | Construction | Berufsbildende Schule Trier – Bau- und Holztechnik https://www.bbs-trier.de/ | Rhineland-Palatinate | Food and Beverage | Hotelfachschule Kaiserhof – Bad Kreuznach https://www.hfs-kaiserhof.de/ | Saarland | Metalworking | BBZ St. Ingbert – Metalltechnik https://www.bbz-st-ingbert.de/ | Saxony | Electrical Engineering | Berufliches Schulzentrum für Elektrotechnik – Dresden https://www.bsze-dresden.de/ | Saxony | Retail and Sales | Berufsschulzentrum für Wirtschaft und Technik – Riesa https://www.bszt-riesa.de/ | Saxony-Anhalt | Automotive | Berufsbildende Schulen Stendal – Kfz-Technik https://www.bbs-stendal.de/ | Saxony-Anhalt | Healthcare | Krankenhaus St. Elisabeth und St. Barbara – Halle https://www.krankenhaus-elisabeth-st-barbara.de/ | Schleswig-Holstein | Maritime | Berufsbildungszentrum Lübeck – Seefahrt https://www.bbz-luebeck.de/ | Schleswig-Holstein | IT and Communications | Berufliche Schule des Kreises Nordfriesland – Informatik https://www.bsnf.de/ | Thuringia | Woodworking | Berufsbildende Schule Saalfeld – Holztechnik https://www.bbs-saalfeld.de/ | Thuringia | Health and Social Care | Diakonie Bildung Thüringen – Pflege https://www.diakonie-bildung.de/ | Keyword search: Apprenticeship in Germany

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Pages That Mention sierra The geographical and historical dictionary of America and the West Indies [volume 1] ABANCAY, a province and corregimiento of Peru, bounded on the E by the large city of Cuzco, (its jurisdiction beginning at the parish of Santa Ana of that city), and on the W by the province of Andahuailas; N by that of Calcaylares, forming, in this part, an extended chain of snowcovered mountains ; S by the provinces of Cotabamba and Aimaraez; S W by Chilques and Masques. It extends 26 leagues from E to W and is 14 broad. Its most considerable river is the Apurimac, which is separated from it at the N W and bends its course, united with other streams, towards the mountains of the Andes. This river is crossed by a wooden bridge of 80 yards long and 3 broad, which is in the high road from Lima to Cuzco, and other provinces of the sierra. The toll collected here is four rials of silver for every load of goods of the produce of the country, and twelve for those of the produce of Europe. The temperature of this province is mild, and for the most part salubrious, with the exception of a few vallies, where, on account of the excessive heat and humidity, tertian agues are not uncommon. It produces wheat, maize, and other grain in great abundance, and its breed of horned cattle is by no means inconsiderable; but its principal production is sugar, which they refine so well, that it may challenge the finest European sugars for whiteness : this is carried for sale to Cuzco and other provinces, and is held in great estimation. It also produces hemp, cloth manufactures of the country ; and in its territories mines of silver are not wanting, especially in the mountain which they call Jalcanta, although the natives avail themselves not of the advantages so liberally held out to them. Its jurisdiction comprehends 17 settlements. The repartimento, quota of tribute, amounted to 108,750 dollars, and it rendered yearly 870 for the alcabala. The following are the 17 settlements : The capital, Limatambo, Huanicapa, Mollepata, Curahuasi, Pantipata, Cachora, Pibil, Antilla, Chonta, Anta, Pocquiura, Ibin, Surite, Chachaypucquio, Huaracondo. Sumata, Abancay, the capital of the above province, founded in a spacious valley, which gives it its title: it is also so called from a river, over which has been thrown one of the largest bridges in the kingdom, being the first that was built there, and looked upon as a monument of skill. In the above valley the jurisdiction of this province, and that of Andahuailas, becomes divided. It is also memorable for the victories gained in its vicinity by the king's troops against Gonzalo Pizarro, in the years 1542 and 1548. It has a convent of the religious order of St. Dominic ; this order being the first of those which established themselves in Peru. 20 leagues distant from the city of Cuzco. Lat. 13° 31' 30" S Long. 72° 26' W.7 ABANES, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, in the plains of San Juan, to the N of the Orinoco. They inhabit the woods on the shores of this river, as well as other small woods ; and are bounded, E by the Salivas, and W by the Caberres and Andaquies. They are docile, of good dispositions, and are easily converted to the Catholic faith. ABANGOUI, a large settlement of the province and government of Paraguay. It is composed of Indians of the Guarani nation, and situate on the shore of the river Taquani. It was discovered by Alvar Nuñez Cabezade Vaca, in 1541. ABBEVILLE County, in Ninetysix district, S. Carolina, bounded on the N E by the Saluda, and on the SW by the Savannah, is 35 miles in length and 21 in breadth ; contains 9197 inhabitants, including 1665 slaves. ABEICAS, a nation of Indians of New France, bounded on the N by the Alibamis, and E by the Cheraquis. They live at a distance from the large rivers, and the only produce of their territory is some canes, which are not thicker than a finger, but of so hard a texture, that, when split, they cut exactly like a knife. These Indians speak the Tchicachan language, and with the other nations are in alliance against the Iroquees. Tlacolula, from whence it is distant a league ant a half to the N. ACATEPEQUE, S. Franciso de, a settlement of the head settlement of St. Andres de Cholula, and alcaldía mayor of this name. It contains 140 Indian families, and is half a league to the S of its capital. ACATLAN, a settlement and capital of the alcaldía mayor of this name. It is of a mild temperature, and its situation is at the entrance of the Misteca Baxa. It contains 850 families of Indians, and 20 of Spaniards and Mustees. In its vicinity are some excellent saltgrounds, in which its commerce chiefly consists. The jurisdiction of this alcaldía, which contains four other head settlements of the district, is fertile and pleasant, abounding in flowers, fruits, all kinds of pulse and seeds, and is well watered. They have here large breeds of goats, which they slaughter chiefly for the skin and the fat, salting down the flesh, and sending it to La Puebla and other parts to be sold. In its district are many cultivated lands. It is 55 leagues leagues to the E S E of Mexico. Long. 275° 10' W Lat. 19° 4' N. another settlement of the same name, with the dedicatory title of S. Andres, in the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Xalapa, in the same kingdom, situate on a clayey spot of ground, of a cold moist temperature, rendered fertile by an abundance of streams, which in a very regular manner water the lands; although,it being void of mountains and exposed to the N winds, the fruits within its neighourhood do not come to maturity. It contains 180 Indian families, including those of the new settlement, which was established at a league's distance to the S of its head settlement, and which is called San Miguel de las Aguastelas. Acatlan is a league and a half distant from its head settlement. another settlement, having the dedicatory title of San Pedro, belonging to the head settlement of Malacatepec and alcaldía mayor of Nexapa, in the same kingdom. It contains 80 Indian families, who trade in wool and in the fish called bobo, quantities of which are found in a large river which runs close by the settlement, and which are a great source of emolument to them. It is four leagues N of its capital. another settlement of the head settlement of Atotonilco, and alcaldía mayor of Tulanzingo in the same kingdom. It contains 115 Indian families, and a convent of the religious order of St. Augustin. — Two leagues N of its head settlement. ACATLAZINGO, Santa Maria de, a settlement of the head settlement of Xicula, and alcaldía mayor of Nexapa, situate in a plain that is surrounded on all sides by mountains. It contains 67 Indian families, who employ themselves in the culture of the cochineal plant. ACAXEE, a nation of Indians of the province of Topia. It is well peopled, and was converted to the Catholic faith by the father Hernando de Santaren, and others of the abolished society of the Jesuits, in 1602. They are docile, of good dispositions and abilities. In the time of their idolatry, they used to bend the heads of their dead with their bodies and knees together, and in this posture inter them in a cave, or under a rock, giving them provisions for the journey which they fancied them about to make ; also laying by them a bow and arrows for their defence. Should an Indian woman happen to have died in childbed, the infant was put to death ; for they used to say, it was the cause of her death. These Indians were once induced by a sorcerer to make an insurrection, but it was quelled by the governor of the province, Don Francisco de Ordinola, in the year 1612. ACAXETE, Santa María de, the head, settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Tepcaca, situate on the slope of the noted sierra of Tlascala. It is of a cold and dry temperature, contains seven Spanish families, 10 of Mustees and Mulattoes, and 176 of Mexican Indians. In its vicinity is a reservoir, formed of hewn stone, which serves at once to catch the waters as they come down from the sierra, and to conduct them to Tepcaca, three leagues N N W of its capital. ACAXUCHITLAN the head settlement of the alcaldía mayor of Tulazingo, to the N E. It contains 406 Indian families, and is a curacy of the bishopric of La Puebla de los Angeles. Distant four leagues to the E of its capital. ACAYUCA, the alcaldía mayor of Nueva España, and of the province of Goazacoalco. Its jurisdiction is very extended, and consists, for the most part, of places of a hot and moist temperature, but so fertile is it that it gives annually four crops of maize; and as there is no demand for this production in the other provinces, it follows, of course, that the Indians here are little given to industry. Indeed the ground never requires the plough, and the whole of their labours during the seedtime consist merely in smoothing the surface of the mountains, and in scratching up the ground with a pointed stick. It is at times infested by locusts, which destroy the plants and crops ; and having never been able to find a remedy against this evil, the inhabitants had recourse to the protection of the virgin of La Conception, which is revered in the head settlement of the district of the Chichimecas ; and it is said that, owing to her mediatory influence, the plague has been thought to diminish. This province is watered by the abundant river of the Goazacoalco. The settlements of this alcaldía are, Xocoteapa, Macayapa, Menzapa, Molocan, Theimanquillo, Tinantitlan, Chinameca, Zoconusco, Olutla, Otcapa, Pochutla, Ostitan, Cozolcaque, Ixhuatla, Macatepeque. another, the capital of the above, situate on the coast of the N. sea. Its inhabitants are composed of 30 families of Spaniards, 296 of Indians, and 70 of Mustees and Mulattoes. It lies a little more than 100 leagues S E of Mexico. Lat. 17° 53' N Long. 94° 46' 30" W. Acacingo, the head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Tepcaca, situate in a plain of a mild temperature, and watered by two streams which run close to all the houses of the settlement, to the great comfort of the inhabitants. In the middle of the above plain there is a beautiful fountain, a convent of the religious order of St. Francis, a very ancient building, and some other buildings, which have been erected since the conquest of the country. The parish church is a piece of the most ancient architecture. The inhabitants are composed of 150 families of Spaniards, 104 of Mustees, 31 of Mulattoes, and 700 of Indians; 3 1/4 leagues E to the NE of its capital. ACAZUTLA, a port of the S sea, on the coast of the province of the alcaldía mayor of Zuchitepec, in the kingdom of Guatemala, between the point of Los Remedios, and the settlement of Guapaca. [Lat. 14° 42' N Long. 90° 3'.] ACCHA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chilques and Masques in Peru, situate on the skirt of a mountain, which has a prominence, seeming as though it were about to fall upon the settlement. This mountain is constantly dwindling away without any assignable cause. Lat. 13° 19 s. Long. 71° 13' W [ACCOCESAWS. The ancient town and principal place of residence of these Indians is on the W side of Colorado of Rio Rouge, about 200 miles S W of Nacogdoches, but they often change their place of residence for a season : being near the bay, they make great use of fish, oysters &c.; kill a great many deer, which are the largest and fattest in the province ; and their country is universally said to be inferior to no part of the province in soil, growth of timber, goodness of water, and beauty of surface; they have a language peculiar to themselves, but have a mode of communication by dumb signs, which they all understand: number about 80 men. Thirty or forty years ago, the Spaniards had a mission here, but broke it up, or moved it to Nacogdoches. They talk of resettling it, and speak in the highest terms,of the country.]

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289, 268, 6903, 16, 316, 2805, 5302, 291, 3034, 7780, 16, 459, 655, 281, 288, 4557, 16, 4308, 16, 516, 5255, 289, 4491, 401, 291, 3902, 16, 291, 316, 767, 770, 286, 18, 900, 437, 1671, 1452, 9893, 289, 679, 1378, 16, 518, 502, 1580, 6218, 7437, 325, 331, 268, 1903, 291, 268, 2272, 16, 2016, 542, 1190, 268, 11798, 76, 16, 291, 9470, 362, 292, 5342, 382, 610, 640, 69, 291, 586, 2287, 292, 327, 3826, 18, 450, 606, 6903, 356, 772, 4884, 488, 7065, 18, 553, 316, 10088, 417, 6484, 417, 6484, 292, 268, 416, 343, 416, 289, 6017, 18, 5801, 18, 5778, 25, 5106, 1474, 11, 388, 5038, 18, 789, 5106, 988, 11, 465, 18, 203, 282, 1099, 9492, 289, 268, 1162, 1932, 16, 360, 268, 3721, 300, 1692, 6663, 289, 343, 18, 1256, 379, 16, 288, 268, 1747, 9492, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 2928, 280, 429, 69, 16, 288, 268, 1162, 9096, 16, 1967, 381, 341, 261, 9138, 7600, 4337, 289, 2107, 16, 289, 261, 3302, 8717, 2263, 16, 7549, 2142, 2805, 5302, 419, 363, 9833, 289, 9963, 16, 518, 288, 261, 1040, 1998, 4901, 770, 268, 7065, 31, 3781, 16, 297, 1018, 385, 1246, 289, 9145, 291, 4504, 292, 268, 465, 10497, 16, 268, 4308, 1291, 606, 4142, 455, 2700, 565, 462, 1631, 292, 3732, 1597, 18, 553, 3387, 10098, 3479, 3286, 16, 1118, 1014, 289, 268, 733, 9492, 16, 518, 454, 3413, 430, 261, 417, 6036, 743, 4227, 292, 268, 343, 289, 606, 1747, 9492, 16, 291, 518, 316, 1478, 4930, 383, 333, 2394, 386, 308, 301, 330, 2531, 603, 306, 301, 18, 2058, 271, 80, 282, 316, 261, 417, 6036, 291, 261, 2947, 10450, 427, 606, 1747, 9492, 18, 203, 282, 1099, 9492, 16, 2054, 268, 3721, 300, 1692, 6663, 289, 4930, 382, 286, 299, 16, 10144, 292, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 4858, 313, 381, 1084, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 465, 1389, 429, 69, 16, 288, 268, 1162, 9096, 18, 553, 3387, 4988, 3479, 3286, 16, 650, 3631, 288, 276, 859, 291, 288, 268, 2034, 1478, 285, 875, 83, 16, 9103, 289, 518, 356, 986, 288, 261, 1452, 4815, 518, 7282, 2828, 419, 268, 9492, 16, 291, 518, 356, 261, 1312, 2088, 289, 639, 320, 1799, 292, 622, 18, 553, 316, 1958, 417, 6484, 465, 289, 606, 3507, 18, 203, 282, 1099, 9492, 289, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 330, 278, 1448, 309, 4552, 16, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 307, 346, 282, 4253, 83, 288, 268, 1162, 9096, 18, 553, 3387, 2912, 25, 3479, 3286, 16, 291, 261, 5047, 302, 289, 268, 3849, 1544, 289, 908, 18, 4724, 263, 18, 1691, 5383, 417, 6484, 465, 289, 606, 1747, 9492, 18, 203, 3897, 3151, 7285, 62, 7015, 51, 16, 11394, 2406, 563, 386, 16, 261, 9492, 289, 268, 1747, 9492, 289, 2928, 300, 3829, 16, 291, 366, 71, 8655, 7650, 69, 602, 283, 289, 465, 1389, 429, 69, 16, 1967, 381, 288, 261, 8626, 336, 316, 10599, 341, 516, 6063, 419, 9145, 18, 553, 3387, 1278, 27, 3479, 3286, 16, 650, 1798, 2315, 288, 268, 2484, 289, 268, 742, 355, 475, 280, 1380, 18, 203, 3897, 37, 60, 9188, 16, 261, 3501, 289, 10371, 289, 268, 10391, 289, 6615, 563, 18, 553, 316, 767, 600, 389, 1041, 16, 291, 454, 9480, 292, 268, 7169, 4780, 419, 268, 4818, 402, 1605, 481, 83, 386, 11394, 591, 16, 291, 1548, 289, 268, 459, 320, 1341, 2429, 289, 268, 596, 274, 3179, 16, 288, 2648, 20, 22, 18, 900, 356, 1444, 621, 16, 289, 1060, 460, 2027, 1158, 291, 5384, 18, 450, 268, 669, 289, 444, 1191, 320, 271, 1080, 16, 502, 724, 292, 285, 593, 268, 8542, 289, 444, 3751, 360, 444, 3910, 291, 11688, 274, 1875, 16, 291, 288, 456, 9774, 630, 622, 288, 261, 11549, 16, 361, 1064, 261, 4216, 16, 3851, 622, 11274, 331, 268, 3405, 518, 502, 284, 797, 870, 622, 608, 292, 804, 225, 31, 525, 2131, 281, 419, 622, 261, 5167, 291, 598, 4405, 331, 444, 1175, 514, 18, 7637, 363, 3479, 4293, 4106, 292, 437, 4719, 288, 739, 4646 ]

Statistical Account of Cahircorney A statistical account or parochial survey of Ireland William Shaw MASON c181520 Parish of Cahircorney, (Diocese of Emly, county of Limerick) By the Rev. Patrick FITZGERALD, Vicar I. The Name of the Parish, Situation, Extent, &c. Cahircorney is the ancient and present name of the parish. It is situated in the county of Limerick, barony of Small County, and diocese of Emly. It was united by authotity of the diocesan, in the year 1795, to the small parish of Kilkellane. The union thus formed is bounded by the parish Aney on the south-east: on the west by Grange; by Carireeely on the east; and by Rochestown on the north. Its contents may be estimated at sixteen thousand acres. The parish of Cahircorney is divided into the townlands of Balingoola, Raleighstown, and Cahircorney. It contains 1000 acres, and is the estate of Edward CROKER of Ballinguard, Esq. The river Comogue, or Crooked River, which runs through the parish, takes its rise near the ancient cathedral of Emly, and after a direction nearly westerly, umites with the Maigue, near Croom. A small stream that joins the Comogue within a few yards of the Glebe of Balingoola, divides the diocese of Cashel from that of Limerick on the south-west. Two-thirds of the aprish are meadow and pasture lands. A chain of the most beautiful and verdant hills, consisting of limestone soiul, runs through it. There is a natural fall for springs and rain from these hills into the Comogue, on the the opposite side of which river, and parallel to it, is another range of hils,m consisting of very rich pasture. The immediate space is a level plain consisting of corcasss lands1, covered with water for nearly six months in the year; caused by the overflowing of the Comogue. The consequence is, that the air is very cold, and the houses and furniture very damp; and in the spring time, when the quantity of stagnant water thus collected is drying up and exhaling by the sun'sheat, the inhabitants are very subject to colds, coughsand sore throats. The sinking and widening of the river would in great measure prove a remedy to this evil,and could be effected by lowering the bed of the streamfive or six feet, for about sixty yards near LongfordBridge, and also at the Glebe of Balingoola. At present the river is on a level with these two place, so that cutting drains to convey the water from them into it is of no use. The parish has adjoining it on the west, Lough Gun, which is four miles in circumference, surrounded by lofty hills, some rocky, others covered with a thick and beautiful herbage. In the lake are three islands, one of which, called knock-a-doom, or the Fortress, is a beautiful hill of about 60 acres; the approach to it on the side nearest the land, was defended by a castle. This lake, together with the adjoining estates containing 4000 acres of very richland, belongs to the Count de Salis. Under this head very little can be noticed, as there are no indications of mines or minerals of any kind,unless indeed limestone be excepted, of which there are some bery fine quarries. It forms the substratum of the hills already described. The parish does not contain any public buildings, such as workhouses or infirmaries. An excellent slate house near the church has been lately buitl for the parish clertk, by general subscription of the gentlemen of the country, as a reward to him for shooting the leader of a banditti, which disturbed this neighbourhood in the year 1800. They assembled in large parties at night, mounted on horseback, and severely flogged those obnoxious to them, making farmers around comply with certain injunctions, and obliging them to have horses ready bridled and saddled at a certain hour everynight. These they abused very much by riding them constantly till morning. The captain of one of these parties named HOARD, coming one night to the house of FLOOD the clerk, demanded entrance, which FLOOD refused, remonstrating strongly at the same time, on the impropriety of such conduct. But as HOWARD persisted in his determination, FLOOD shot him dead on the spot; on which his party went off, leaving behind the dead body of their leader. In consequence of this, the country has never since been disturbed. FLOOD also received one hundred pounds from the Government, for his spirited conduct. The high road from Limerick to Hospital, (famous for its horse fairs,) passes through Herbertstown, a long village consisting of thatched houses. About a quarter of a mile to the west of the Glebe-house, but on the opposite side of the Comogue, and near the high road between Cork and Limerick, is the very beautiful and highly improved seat of Standish O'GRADY, Esq. And about a mile north of this, is Balinnaguard, the fine and extensive demise of Edward CROKER, Esq. It is highly ornamented with extensive plantations of aged oak, ash, beech, and elm. On the opposite bank of the river, near the glebe-house of Balingoola, are the remains of a small abbey, called Little Friarstown. About four miles to the west of this, on the banks of the same river, are the ruins of a very large and magnificent building, called in Irish, Monister-a-Nenagh, or Monastery of the Friars. Mr ARCHDALL, in his Monasticon Hibernicum, gives a fine description of it, and says, there were two great battles fought near it, in one of which the Irish were totally defeated by the then Lord Deputy commanding the English forces, but in the second the Irish were victorious, and many English officers and soldiers were slain. A gentleman who lived near this abbey, on making a trench in onee of the fields adjoining, found a vast quantity of human bones promiscuously thrown together, which probably were the remains of those slain in these battles. Near Balinguard is Rockstown Castle, built on a hill within two miles of Balingoola; at a short distance gfrom which place, are also the castles of Cahireely, Ballybricken, Skule, Williamstown, Rathmore, Glenogna, Kilpeacon, Lic-a-doon, Ballygrennan, Knockany, and Baggotstown. In the church is abeautiful monument belonging to the CROKER family, with the following inscription. "This burying place and monument were both made and erected at the charges of Edward CROKER, Esq. For him and his to be deposited in, till the resurrection of the dead, in the year of our Lord 1723, and in the 70th year of his age, being blessed with a numerous issue of his children's children, and an honest handsome provision for them. Which being done, it may be truly said Edward CROKER" In Ralieghstown are the remains of an ancient building, defended at its four angles by four small square towers. It is not known by whom it was erected, but from the window frames and flankers, its date seems to be about the reign of Elizabeth or James I. On the summit of the hills, mentioned in Sec. I are the remains of a kind of fortress or watch tower, from which stone walls seem to have extended in different directions, they have been connected by other walls, and these again fortified by small triangular buildings. They extend four or five miles, and seem to have been a strongly fortified Danish settlement. In one of the islands of Lough-Gun, on the side nearest the land, stands a strong castle nearly perfect; on another side, at the termination of a causway, are the fine ruins of what the inhabitants call Black Castle. A small island in the middle of the lake was also strongly fortified, and the English troops were much annoyed from it at a different period of time, on their march between Cork and Limerick, as the old road between these places passes near it. These castles, if the tradition deserves credit, were built by the Lords of Desmond, one of whom, as related by the Abbé MC GEORGHEGAN in his history of Ireland, fought a desparate battle with the BUTLER family, but being defeated, he fled to his fortress in the lake of Gun, in the county of Limerick. Near the lake are three stone circles, whether Druidical places of worship, or Scythian, introduced by the Danes, is doubtful. On the top of one of the highest hills adjoiniing the lake, called Knockfennel, is a Danish mound, and also a Cromleach. In one side of this hill which I very steep, and near the su,,it, is a deep cave called the foxes' den, to which some persons implicated in the rebellion of 1798, retired every night for fear of being arrested, if they slept in their own houses. Nearly opposite to this, in the island of Knock-a-doon, is a very large and deep cave, called red celler. On the top of a very steep and craggy hill, called Carrigfeagh, or the Reven's Rock, about a mile from Balingoola, are the remains of a very strong circular stone building, around which are many raths or moats.2 A report being prevalent, that there was near this a stone on which is delineated some ancient characters, on examonation it is found to be a large rudely shaped rock, on one side of which were raiesed some lines scarcely discernible, crossing each other at right angles, somewhat like the old Irish Ogham, which are to be seen in VALLANCEY's Irish Grammar3. In the parish of Kilellane, are the walls of an old church; and also a handsome house, built by the BOUCHIER family. At a place called Doon, about five miles distant, is buried the famous Irish outlaw Emun-a-knock, or Edmund of the hill, whose song of "Cool ahandas," so much admired and sung by the Irish, is beautifully translated by Miss BROOKE, in her Reliques of Irish poetry, into "Bright her locks of beauty grew." The number of houses in Cahircorney is 65; in Kilkellane, 55; and in that part of Herbertstown which lies within the parish of Kilkellane, 78; making a total of 198. The number of inhabitants in the union, therefore at an average of six a house, is 1188; an increase of more that two to one in the last tweny years. The middling classes of people are comfortable and well dressed; but the lower orders are in general very poor. Their usual food is potatoes and milk. They pay £8. Per acre for a small cabin and garden, while their daily hire is on shilling without food. Those who chance to have a house and garden without being obliged to pay for them by task-work, live more more cleanly and comfortably; they receive more wages, and are more at home to improve their cabins and gardens. Fuel is vary scarce in the parish of Cahircorney, as there is no bog attached to it. It is with much difficulty, and at a great expense, they can procure any from the neighbouring parishes. They cut what is called slane turf4 in March and April; this can be done by a few hands, and on dry ground. To make hand turf many men are necessary. This work is put off till June or July, for two reasons; first, because the people are generally employed during the former months, in cultivating their corn and potatoes; and next, because they could not without great danger stand in the cold water from morning to night, until the warm weather sets in. The siseases pecular to this district, and the causes are generally those mentioned in Sec. I. In February 1813 died in the parish of Kilkellane, John RYAN, aged 105; until a few days before his edeath he enjoyed the best health, and the use of all his faculties; he never wore spectales, and bled those who applied to him as skilfully as a regularly bred surgeon. Dennis HAYES lived in the parish of Cahircorney till the last four years; he is now 107 years old, goes regularly every Sunday to his place of worship, walks occasionally from his own house, a distance of 12 miles, and back again the same day, and is still healthy, lively, and intelligent. Potatoes and milk are his usual food. The middling classes speak English; the lower classes generally Irish. They are attentive and friendly to each other when sober. Their place of worship is at Herbertstown, at which they regularly attend both on Sundays and Holydays. After prayers many of them betake themselves to the different houses that retail spirrtis and beer, several of which the vilage contains; here they regale themselves and their friends, often continuingingg in them till night, and they seldom separate without fighting. They constantly fight at fairs, hurling matches, and race-courses; nay, oftentimes at their chapels,though their clergy do all in their power to prevent it, both by exhortation and ecclesiastical censures. In this parish, and indeed in all those around it, assemblages are held on the tops of the highest hillson every St. John's eve, when they light up clears, which are bundles of straw tied on long poles, and as all the most elevated places for forty miles around appear one blase of fire, the effect is very brilliant. It is a pagan custom, and is conjectured to have been a mode of worship paid to the heathen diety Baal, as the irish at this day call the 1st of May "La Baal tine," that is, "the day of Baal's fire." The inhabitants of these parishes have a great wish to have their children instructed, and pay from two shillings to half-a-guinea a quarter for their tuition. There are two Roman catholic schools in Herbertstown, one for the instruction in classics, the other for aritmetic, &c. Neither of these is endowed. The average number of pupils in each school may be calculated at seventy, fofty of which are boys. They attend about nine months in the year. The younger people, both male and female, with very few exceptions, know how to read and write. Many of the old men know the Irish language, and have some Irish manuscripts on various subjects of very old date; these are so black with smoke, and tattered and old, that it is often impossible to know the title, date, or subject of them.5 There are no nativemendicants in the parish; those that beg here are from other parts of the country. This parish, as has already said, is united to the small parish of Kilkellane: the ancestors of Lord Kenmare presented it, but since the revolution, it has been the gift of the Government. The glebe-house was built by one of the CROKER family, who gave it together with eight acres of land to the church; at an annual rent of £14 sterling. The impropriate tythes belong to Edward CROKER of Balinnaguard, Esq. The tythe has not encreased much in this parish, in consequence of a penalty of £10 for every acre turned up, over and above a certain number allowed by lease. For the tythe of potatoes, flax, wheat, and barly, the farmers pay on an average of ten shillings per acre, for meadows six, and for oats eight: the tythe for sheep is seldom demanded. Eight guineas per acre was paid by the present incumbent, for some meadow in this parish, which he had occasioned to take. For the tythe of these meadows the ususl price was paid, which is the one thirtieth part instead of the tenth. The farmers made thirty pounds per acre by their wheat last year, clear of all expenses. They paid as usual ten shillings per acre tythe, which is but one sixtieth:here therefore is no extraction in the collection. This is the node not only for Cahircorney, but also in sixteen parishes around it, with all of which the writer is well acquainted. The tythe is never asked for, nor paid in kind. The farmers generally meadow the low ground in this parish. They cultivate all kinds of grain, flax and potatoes. About the village of Herbertstown in particular, they raise a large quantity of flax, which when dressed they carry to the counties Kilkenny and Waterfordto sell. For the ground on which they raies it, they pay twelve guineas per acre, for which they take two crops, first of potatoes, the second of flax. The lands have been leased for the last ten years on an average of five pounds per acre. The old takes are set at very moderate rents. The parish is divided into farms, containing from 100 to 10 acres. The land is extremely rich. The first crop is potatoes; the second wheat or flax;then barley or oats: of the latter they can raise many crops, and this without any manure. A large field in this parish had been turned up for potatoes, which gave a crop of very fine flax the following year; they then let it run into heart three years, then turned it up for potatoes and flax again, never putting any kind of manure during the whole time. As this is an inland country, little can be said with respect to commerce or navigation; nor is there any domestic spinning or weaving carried out in the parish. Whatever relates to any of these heads has been alc\ready taken notice of in the preceding sections. List of Incumbents, from the First Fruits' Records. Ecclin. De Carkorney, rect. impropriat. Vic. Ibm. Donaldus MC FEIG. Richus MAYNE admiss. 29o, Junii 1638, per presentat. Johannis BROWNE, mil. Ad vicar. De Cahircorney et Kilkellan, 3l. 13s.2d. Georgius BRICE admiss. Fuit 17o, die April, 1661, ad vicar, de Ballynord, Kilfrush, Kilkillan, Cahircorney, Any, Ballymonamore, Ballynloghy, et Dunmoore, als Knocklong, com Tipperary, et Dioc. Predict. Constantin. KIEFFE, cler. Admiss. Fuit 12o, die Julii, 1681, ad vicarias de Cahircorney, et Kilcullane dioc. Imolacen. et com. Limerick. Alphonsus CULLEN, collat. Fuit 20o, die Julii, 1681, ad vicariam de Cahircorney et Killcullane, com Limerick. Henry BAYLY, A.M. Vicar Cahircorney and Kilkellane, 27 Jan. 1758, co. Limerick. Thomas RYAN, V Cahircorney et Kilkelane 9 Aug. 1769, Limerick. Patrick FITZGERALD, collated and instituted 8th October, 1807, V. Cahircorney et Kilkellane, vice Thomas RYAN, who eld from 9th of August 1769, and vacated by death, 10th June, 1807. The people are improving rapidly in manners and dress; their houses are in general comfortable and clean; their farms well stocked and cultivated. There are few prone to drink; none to disaffection. They are much attached to their own clergy and religion, yet highly respectful and attantive to those of the established church, and greatly gratifiied when they walk with or talk familiarly to them. Their greta fault is their propensity to fighting; but time will do away with this, as the people are becoming more sober and industrious, the magistrates more active, and the clergy more instructive. The parish of Cahircorney has many advantages; there is a large and fine mill at Ballingoola, where all the oats raised in this and the adjoining parishes are readily brought up. It is intersected by excellent roads, and is within eight miles of Limerick, and four of the market town of Bruff; yet its want of fuel is a great check on the encrease of its population, and the penalty already mentioned on that of its agriculture. The latter of these could be removed by the liberality of the landlord. The use of coal, which could behad on easy terms from Limerick, (particularly if the river Maigue were rendered navigable, which might be done,) would do away the impediment to the former. II. Mines, Minerals, &c. III. Modern Buildings &c. IV. Ancient Buildings, &c. he did provide for living and for dead; For which, to God be thanks and praise due, And the meet help he gave me so to doeV. Present & former State of Population, Food, Fuel &c. VI. Genius & Disposition of the Poorer Classes, &c. VII. The Education and Employment of Children, &c. VII. State of Religious Establishments, Tythes, &c. IX. Modes of Agriculture, Crops, &c. X. Trade, Manufactures, Commerce, &c. X1. Natural Curiosities, remarkable Ocurrences, &c. XII. Suggestions for Improvement, and Means for meliorating the Condition of the People Townlands of Cahircorney Name | Probable Derivation | Ballingoola | 'Baile,' town. Cool, geul.' Back, 'awa,' river or perhaps 'gual.' Coal, which may merit atention | Raleighstown | Of obvious signification | Mobawn | 'Moee or Magh,' a field, 'bawn,' white. | Broughaugh | 'Bruach,' border or margin, 'aha or fatha,' field. | Kilkellane | 'Leile,' a church, 'quoillawn,' a small wood | Herbertstown | Of obvious signification | Kilkellane parish is the estate of the present Chief Baron O'GRADY Cahircorney that of Edward CROKER of Ballinaguard, Esq. Annual produce for 1813. Cahircorney | Kilkellane | | Acres 10 | Oats | 33 | 50 | Potatoes Bere and Flax | 140 | 46 | Meadow | 180 | | Stock in 1813 | || Cows | 200 | 186 | Sheep | 80 | 100 | 1 This term is applied to designate low marshy ground, covered with water during part of the year. 2 Lord Lyttleton, in his history of Henry II, hs remarked that raths are generally found situated in low or wet ground. One near the glebe of Balingoola, is surrounded by a very large and deep quagmire. The like has been observed by the writer of this account on the estate of the late Mr FITZGERALD of Balinand, near Herbertstown, and in the parish of Glenogara, the estates of the Count De Salis, in the deepest and wettest grounds. There are also to be seen in the west of the county of Clare, on the driest and most elevated points over the Atlantic, many of these not more than two feet high, and perfectly circular. These low raths have not been noticed either by BOATE or MOLYNEUX in the natural history of Ireland: whether they were places of meeting or of retreat and safety, it is now for the antiquarians to decide. About siz miles from this parish, at a place called Dun-a-man, near Croom, there is a round tower, of which no account is to be found in Rd LEDWICH's catalogue of Irish antiquities. This is so very narrow and confined at ist summit, that it is impossible a bell placed within it, (for which use the Doctor supposes them to have been erected) could be heard at any distance.If they were intended for a certain set of Anchorites called Inclisi, as Dr. MILNER thinks, the poor anchorite could scarcely incline his head, or help himself to food in this. It also gives such indications of Christian times and founders, an is at such a distance from the coast, that it does away VALLANCEY's opinion, that they were built by the Phenicians in their commercial visits to Ireland as Pyratheia or fire-altars. Many of the Irish from the fifth to the ninth century, built monastaries and abbeys on the continent of Europe; may it not be supposed that they built the like in Ireland, and also round towers, both for ornament and use? They are always found near old churches, or the site of old churches, composed many of them of the same kind of stone, and seemingly of the same antiquity. If the number of these places of worship were only in proportion to the number of round towers now extant, was it not very necessary to point out their situations by something of this kind, in the then state of the country, thickly covered by wwoods. Lighted lamps, it is said, were hauled up occasionally at night, and the light cround by means of the four apertures at the top , to pilgrims and travellers, and such of the inhabitants adjacent as chose to assemble at the place of worship next day. 3 Since this account was written the stone has been reexamined by the writer, with great accuracy, but nothinmg was discernable that could throw more light on its origin or purpose. 4 Turf cut in the form of a brick, by means of a sharp edged instrument called a slane. 5 We are told that the Saracens under Caliph Omar destroyed the famous Egyptian library. The Goths and Vandals, according to ROBERTSON, in the 1st volume of his history of Charles V. Destroyed all the works of science, taste, and grandeur in the Roman empire during their incursions into it. If the danes, as Mr WARNER observes, burnt the libraries of the ancient Irish, and such monastries and places of antiquity as came in their way, and what they spared, or what was afterwards compiled went to wreck when the English took possession of the island, where are we to look for the proper documents to illustrate the ancient history of the Irish people? Certainly not in the mouldering manuscripts that now remain in Ireland, but in those deposited in the libraries of Lourain, the Sorbonne, and the Vatican.

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The coastline embracing the vast land of Africa and holding together the Arab North and the Sub-Saharan South, the East and the West, measures something over 30’000 kilometers and defines the shape of Africa. The distinct and clear-cut form of Africa has become a recognizable logo for the continent itself. It is printed on tee-shirts, artisans sell it as keyring and necklace pendants, and tourists buy its replica in leather, wood or gold and silver in any African country they visit. Geologically, the shape of Africa shows us what a continent is meant to be: A discrete landmass separated by water. At the time of early Homo sapiens, this was not completely the case. In the very North of Egypt, East of the Nile Delta, the Sinai Peninsula attached Africa to the Levant on the Arabian Peninsula. Already 1’400 years BC, the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt realized this imperfection and started digging a canal through the terrestrial connection. It took almost a thousand years until the waters of the lower Nile through a canal joined those of the Red Sea. But the shifting sand of the desert soon covered the canal and it disappeared. Around 600 AD it was reopened but two hundred years later, it was deserted again. Literally, left to the desert sand. In the middle of the nineteenth Century, the French who had occupied Egypt as ‘La Grande Nation’, cut the Suez Canal through the 200 kilometers of the Sinai Desert between Port Said and Suez. Shortly after completion of the works, the British took over. Rule Britannia! Anyway, the waters of the Mediterranean Sea were now permanently joined with those of the Red Sea. And ever since, Africa is a perfect continent, a landmass separated by water. Emphasize landmass. A Swiss friend with whom I climbed Mt Kenya once, knows much more about the Red Sea than I do. He goes diving there. His training being confined to the cold and murky waters of the Swiss lakes, he raves of the warm and sunlit water of the Red Sea. And the colorful marine life in the blue-green water, schools of fish and coral gardens. But not all is well, the Red Sea is on the list of the Global 200 Ecoregions of the World Wildlife Fund. And there it is evaluated as being ‘vulnerable’. This is a little bit better than many other African ecoregions on the list, like the rainforests of the Congo and West Africa, the Acacia Savannas of East Africa, the Niger Delta and the Lakes of the Great Rift Valley, which are all evaluated as being ‘critical’ or ‘endangered’. But my friend who goes diving in the vulnerable Red Sea is himself vulnerable. Diving gives him headache. And so did climbing Mt Kenya. In the evening before we went up to the 4’985 meters of Point Lenana, I overheard his conversation with an Austrian mountaineer in the hut where we spent the night. They had found out that both were also divers and exchanged their diving experiences in the Red Sea. And they found out that both of them got headache from diving below a certain sea level and both of them got headache from mountain climbing above a certain sea level. They brought out a hip flask and asked me to join them for a toast to their headaches. We all laughed and exchanged other stories, long into the night. But falling asleep, I wondered why people would do anything for the fun of it, when they get a headache doing it. The Red Sea is actually an inlet of the Indian Ocean, the seawater of which presses into it from the Gulf of Aden through the Strait of Bab el Mandab between Africa’s Djibouti and Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula. Due to tectonic movements and varying sea levels over the last few hundreds of thousands of years, the Strait of Bab el Mandab, which is dotted with many small islands, has at times been a land bridge between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. And it seems that ever since he mastered technology, Homo sapiens wanted to change Africa’s connection with Arabia. The Pharaohs and then later the French wanted to detach the continent by digging a canal and putting water between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. And today, working counter purpose, the Saudis want to reinstate the land bridge connecting the two. In 2008, they presented plans for a bridge across the Strait of Bab el Mandab. Judging by the time it took the Pharaohs and French to separate the continent, I am not betting on this project to reconnect Africa to the Arabian Peninsula to be realized in my lifetime. Nevertheless, the small francophone harbor state of Djibouti is the logic African bridgehead for the project. Tectonically, it is the point at which Africa, on the geological African Plate, pushes onto the Arabian Peninsula, on the Arabian Plate to its North. The fault line between the two plates creates the basin of the Red Sea. And due to the pressure of these two plates bumping together, under the ‘Island of the Devil’ in Djibouti’s Gulf of Tadjoura, the African Plate splits into an immense Nubian Plate to the West and a smaller Somali Plate to the East. The fault line between these two African plates runs from Djibouti southward all the way to the Mozambique Channel. Under the ground, it is called the African Rift, and what we see of it on the surface is called the Great Rift Valley. Djibouti is an important hub for Africa in many respects. Personally, it introduced me to Africa. In 1961, when I was ten years old, my father was transferred to Bangkok. He had chosen to do the trip together with the whole family by ship, on a freighter. We boarded in Marseilles and crossed the Mediterranean Sea, our first stop in Africa was Port Said but there, we were not allowed to go on land. Having then shipped through the Suez Canal and the full length of the Red Sea and now stopping there, Djibouti became the place where I first put foot on African soil. In the evening of the first day of our stop, we went on land. My father took me and my brother to town for dinner. In the dock, they were still off-loading and loading, it was already dark and on the way to town, my father asked a French legionary for a restaurant. We walked a few more busy streets, and I was a little bit scared. Back aboard in my bunk in the night, I dreamt of a mysterious language which I recognized as the one my parents spoke when we children were not supposed to understand what they were talking about, there were lean black men with curved knives in their belts carrying bags on their shoulders, there were soldiers in white uniforms and women with long black hair wearing colorful dresses, and a wobbling ceiling fan over the table was threatening to fall and chop me into pieces. But my dream did not foretell that Djibouti would repeatedly play a role in my later professional life. Politically, Djibouti always was and remains to be an important hub for international dealings with troubled Somalia. In 1998, two teams of two Frenchmen each were cruising their yachts in a race from Marseilles to Madagascar. They had both passed the Strait of Bab el Mandab at Djibouti and were sailing along the coast of Somaliland toward the apex of the Horn of Africa, Cape Guardafui. There, the trailing yacht was intercepted by Somali pirates and taken hostage. ‘Guardafui’ comes from the French ‘gardez-vous’, ‘be aware’ – not of pirates, but of the heavy sea as you enter the Indian Ocean. This hostage situation would bring me to the French legionaries in Djibouti again. As I was then the United Nations Coordinator for Somalia, the French government consulted me on the feasibility of a commando operation of the French Legion for the relief of the two Frenchmen. I advised against any forceful intervention and, the Legion not being in the line of business of negotiation, they gave the mandate to negotiate the release of the hostages to me. I remembered the seminar in Marrakesh and knew that somehow, I would have to apply the negotiation tool that Somalis know best, the Kalashnikov. We were in the middle of the constitutional conference for the formation of the federal Puntland State of Somalia, at the coast of which the pirates operated. We had already agreed that the UN would assist the new federal state in the transformation of the militia into the governmental police and security forces, so I convinced the warlord who wanted to become the president of Puntland that in this sense, the release of the French hostages was actually a first policing responsibility for him. We interrupted the conference and together with some of the brass of his militia and some Kalashnikovs he went to ‘talk to the pirates’, as he put it. The words and Kalashnikovs of the warlord swayed the pirates. I know that no shots were fired but I never learned whether any camels changed hands. Never mind, three weeks after their capture by the pirates, I handed over the hostages to the French Legion in Djibouti. The legionaries were not wearing white uniforms and the hostages were very impolite. Instead of saying thank you, they complained that we had not negotiated also the release of their yacht. We resumed the constitutional conference and founded the Federal Puntland State of Somalia. Courtesy of the United Nations, two missions had been accomplished. The warlord became the President of Puntland and later, Interim-President of Somalia. And in Nairobi a few months later, – I had already forgotten the Frenchmen and the legionaries – I received a luncheon invitation from the French Ambassador. With the words, ‘le Ministre a parlé’, he handed to me a personal ‘lettre de recommandation’ from the French Foreign Minister. Now, as a Swiss diplomat, beat that! Ten years later when I was the Swiss Ambassador to the country, I would get to know Djibouti yet from another side. I visited the Island of the Devil in the Gulf of Tadjoura – around which the Chinese were building a complex of industrial plants and ports. I saw the Chinese setting up their first military presence in Africa and building the railway terminal for the new Djibouti train that climbs to Addis Ababa in landlocked Ethiopia. I met all my Somali friends from Somaliland who did business there between Somaliland, Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and whose families lived there in a safe environment with public services. And I licked the salt of Lac Assal which lies 150 Meters below sea level, the deepest depression of Africa. If ever the ocean breaks into the Great Rift Valley, it will be the Red Sea at Djibouti breaking into this depression of the ‘Afar Triangle’ between Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Djibouti will be flooded and Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and most of Kenya and Tanzania will then be an island in the Indian Ocean.

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As the baby boomer generation ages, a new phenomenon called “gray divorce” has emerged, characterized by couples divorcing later in life. This increasingly common trend brings unique challenges and considerations that may not be present in divorces among younger couples. Factors driving the spike in gray divorce are complicated, multi-faceted, and often based on cultural or societal changes. From the the impacts of Empty Nest Syndrome to the retirement and financial implications of a divorce late in life, this complex terrain deserves special attention. - The “Gray Divorce Revolution” is a trend of increasing divorces among baby boomers, largely attributed to societal shifts and the pursuit of personal fulfillment. - Gray divorce can come with significant legal and financial implications including spousal support (alimony), navigating social security benefits, issues related to prior marriages, healthcare concerns, economic security, and other important ramifications. - Mediation in gray divorce is an effective method for reducing costs and stress while providing both parties an increased pace and control over proceedings. The Gray Divorce Revolution: Understanding the Trend The gray divorce revolution refers to the growing trend of divorces among baby boomers, with research from the U.S. Census Department and studies conducted by Bowling Green State University revealing that the rate of divorce has doubled for the over-50 age group, accounting for 34.9% of divorces. The rise in divorce rates among older spouses may be due to societal shifts that started in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, along with the motivations of the pursuit of personal fulfillment and an independent and freer life. Why is there an increase divorce rate among seniors? Baby boomers have been shown to contribute to the increasing divorce rate as a result of the propensity for remarriage and the reduced stoical stigma associated with divorce. Several factors may contribute to the increased prevalence of divorce among baby boomers, including: - Drifting apart over time - Abuse no longer tolerated - Remarriage is an option - Empty nest syndrome - Increased social acceptance of divorce among seniors Studies indicate that one in four individuals going through a divorce are over the age of 50, suggesting that the aging of the baby boomer generation and the rise of divorce in middle age are correlated. Societal shifts and their impact on gray divorces Factors such as increased financial autonomy for women, the rising societal acknowledgment of abusive behavior among spouses, and changes in relationship ideals are likely to be impacting the prevalence of gray divorces. With women now earning college degrees more than men and making up almost half of the American workforce, women have gained more financial independence and reduced their reliance on their spouses. This can contribute to higher divorce rates and can allow people to rediscovery their identities. The result is a financial harm to women and to men, however, the financial impact of gray divorce can still be slanted against men and can have devastating consequences. The changing role of women in society likely plays a part in the growing number of gray divorces. One’s marital status has become less of a constraint, allowing for more freedom in making such decisions with increased independence. This is especially true, considering that Illinois law states that all assets that are acquired during the course of a marriage are presumed to be assets that are marital in nature. In other words, the person who has their name on the title, their name on the deed, or their name on the retirement account, is not necessarily determined to be the person who will be awarded that asset in the divorce. Confronting Unique Challenges in Gray Divorce Gray divorces present unique challenges, particularly when it comes to complex asset division, the need to reevaluate retirement plans, and issues pertaining to financial security during the sunset years. When a couple divorces later in life, their accumulated retirement assets must be divided, potentially resulting in a decrease in the overall retirement savings for both parties. Moreover, divorce can significantly impact future retirement plans and savings, potentially halving assets, potentially doubling the expenses and leading to reduced economic security and a lower standard of living. Complex asset division and its implications Complex asset division in gray divorces can present financial complications and disputes. Common assets typically divided include: - Business ownership - Retirement accounts - Social security benefits - Real estate - Cars or furniture - Investment holdings - Burial plots - Other financial assets The division of these assets can be particularly intricate and may necessitate an appraisal to guarantee an equitable division. The most frequent financial complications associated with complex asset division in gray divorce involve dividing retirement assets accumulated over a lengthy marriage and underestimating the costs of the divorce, such as legal fees and asset division. Retirement planning and gray divorce Retirement planning is essential during gray divorce, as it can have a considerable effect on both parties’ financial futures. Gray divorce can have a substantial impact on retirement savings, with statistics showing that women can experience a 45% decrease in their standard of living post-gray divorce, and men may also be affected. It is important to note that retirement accounts, which are viewed as marital property, may need to be divided between the spouses, and a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) is typically used to divide retirement accounts such as 401(k)s and pension plans. Empty Nest Syndrome and Its Effect on Gray Divorce Empty Nest Syndrome can potentially lead to gray divorces, as couples may experience emotional adjustments and marital strain. Significant adjustments are often required when the child related goals that were the center of their gravitational force for decades is no longer at play. These adjustments can involve feelings of purposelessness, despair, loss, and the magnification of unresolved issues. These factors can cause couples to reevaluate their marriage and consider divorce. The empty nest can expose a gap in the relationship as couples might find they’ve grown apart without a common purpose. This can lead to communication difficulties, a loss of connection, and may increase the chance of divorce. Legal and Financial Considerations in Gray Divorce Legal and financial considerations in gray divorce include spousal support or alimony, the division of complex assets, issues relating to healthcare, and navigating social security benefits. Gray divorce can involve legal and financial implications, which can include the requirement that one spouse pay for their former spouse’s health insurance. The judge can require one spouse to pay for the cost of the insurance premiums for the other spouse’s healthcare insurance. Divorce courts can also order that one spouse’s pension must be cut in half and awarded to the other spouse, regardless of how secure or complex the pension plan is for the spouse named on the plan. The judge in divorce court can also order that burial plots be divided, that they be sold, or that they be awarded to the spouse who has the family connection to the particular cemetery where the plots are located. Navigating social security benefits during divorce Grasping and managing social security benefits during gray divorce is important to maintaining financial stability. In the event of a divorce, Social Security benefits are not considered marital property and thus cannot be divided between spouses. Social security benefits are also not considered to be guaranteed, since they are entitlements. However, social security monies received by your former spouse are considered income, which can have significant legal consequences in a divorce. Furthermore, divorced spouses may be eligible to receive benefits based on their former spouse’s earnings and social security contributions, provided that certain criteria are met. The Benefits of Mediation in Gray Divorce Utilizing mediation in gray divorce has numerous advantages, including cost-effectiveness and decreased stress. Engaging divorce lawyers with Certified Divorce Financial Analyst credentials can also be highly beneficial in gray divorce mediations. This can help both parties reduce costs, plan for the future, and avoid unforeseen expenses. The use of a mediator, who fills the role of a third party neutral arbitrator, can help the parties facilitate an agreement and avoid costly litigation. In conclusion, divorce presents a unique set of challenges for baby boomers, from emotional adjustments to complex asset division and retirement planning related or unrelated to social security. It is important to understand these complexities and to be aware of the vulnerabilities connected to those joining the “gray divorce revolution.” By understanding the factors driving this trend and seeking professional guidance, individuals can navigate the gray divorce terrain with confidence and secure a fair and equitable outcome as they embark on the next chapter of their lives. Schedule a Consultation with Attorney Zachary Townsend Call or text today – (815) 200-8802 Frequently Asked Questions What is considered a gray divorce? A gray divorce is a separation or divorce of older adults without minor aged children, which is becoming increasingly common in the United States. Gray divorces typically come with special circumstances that are specific to those that seek divorce later in life. What is the main reason for gray divorce? Psychological and emotional factors often have consequences that can lead to gray divorce, including the “Empty Nest Syndrome.” Financial disputes are also an important factor behind gray divorce. These can include disagreements about investments, budgeting, and how to spend retirement funds. What factors contribute to the rising trend of gray divorces among baby boomers? The rise in gray divorce is a cultural phenomenon that relates societal changes and shifts in cultural norms. This includes the increased autonomy of women, the reduced stigma of divorce, and changes in relationship values.

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In today’s interconnected world, routers and servers play a crucial role in networking. Whether you are browsing the internet, streaming videos, or accessing files on a shared network, routers and servers are the backbone of these operations. In this post, we will delve into the world of routers and servers, exploring what they are, how they work, and the key differences between them. We will also discuss the scenarios where one may be more appropriate than the other, and the advantages of using each in a network. What is a Router and How Does it Work? A router is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a network and directs data packets between them. It acts as a central hub, allowing devices to communicate with each other and access the internet. When a device sends a data packet to another device within the network or to an external network like the internet, the router analyzes the packet’s destination address and determines the most efficient path for it to reach its destination. Routers work by using routing tables that contain information about different networks and their associated addresses. These tables help the router make decisions about where to send data packets based on their destination addresses. Routers also use protocols such as IP (Internet Protocol) to ensure that data packets are properly addressed and delivered to their intended recipients. There are different types of routers available in the market, including wired routers, wireless routers, and enterprise-grade routers. Wired routers connect devices using Ethernet cables, while wireless routers use Wi-Fi technology to enable wireless connections. Enterprise-grade routers are designed for larger networks and offer advanced features such as load balancing and virtual private network (VPN) support. What is a Server and How Does it Work? A server is a computer or system that provides services or resources to other devices within a network. It stores and manages data, applications, and other resources that can be accessed by client devices. Servers are designed to handle multiple requests simultaneously and provide reliable and efficient access to resources. Servers work by running specialized software that allows them to perform specific tasks or provide specific services. For example, a file server stores and manages files that can be accessed by client devices, while a web server hosts websites and delivers web pages to users. Servers are typically more powerful than client devices and have more storage capacity, memory, and processing power. There are different types of servers available, each serving a specific purpose. Some common types include file servers, web servers, database servers, email servers, and game servers. Each type of server is optimized for its specific task and may have different hardware and software requirements. Key Differences between Routers and Servers While both routers and servers play important roles in networking, there are key differences between them in terms of their functions and capabilities. Routers primarily focus on directing data packets between devices within a network and between networks, while servers provide services or resources to client devices. Routers are responsible for managing network traffic and ensuring that data packets are delivered to their intended destinations. They use routing tables and protocols to make decisions about the most efficient paths for data packets. On the other hand, servers store and manage data, applications, or services that can be accessed by client devices. They respond to requests from client devices and provide the requested resources. Another key difference is that routers are hardware devices specifically designed for networking purposes, while servers can be both hardware and software-based. Routers are physical devices that connect devices within a network, while servers can be physical machines or virtual machines running on a host computer. Router vs. Server: Which One Do You Need? When it comes to choosing between a router and a server, there are several factors to consider. The decision depends on the specific needs of your network and the services or resources you require. If you are setting up a home network or a small office network, a router is essential. It allows you to connect multiple devices to the internet and enables communication between them. Routers also provide security features such as firewalls and network address translation (NAT) to protect your network from external threats. On the other hand, if you need to provide services or resources to client devices within your network, a server may be more appropriate. For example, if you want to host a website or store and share files within your network, a web server or file server would be necessary. Servers offer more advanced features and capabilities compared to routers, making them suitable for specific tasks. Can a Router Function as a Server? While routers and servers have distinct functions, some routers can also perform basic server functions. For example, many routers have built-in USB ports that allow you to connect external storage devices and share files within your network. These routers can act as file servers, allowing you to access files from different devices connected to the network. However, it is important to note that routers with server capabilities are limited in terms of their performance and features compared to dedicated servers. They may not have the same level of processing power, storage capacity, or software capabilities as dedicated servers. Therefore, if you require more advanced server functionalities or need to handle a large number of requests, it is recommended to use a dedicated server. Advantages of Using a Router Routers offer several advantages in networking: 1. Network Connectivity: Routers enable multiple devices within a network to connect to each other and access the internet. 2. Traffic Management: Routers manage network traffic and ensure that data packets are delivered efficiently. 3. Security: Routers provide security features such as firewalls and NAT to protect your network from external threats. 4. Wireless Connectivity: Wireless routers enable wireless connections, allowing devices to connect without the need for Ethernet cables. 5. Advanced Features: Enterprise-grade routers offer advanced features such as load balancing, VPN support, and quality of service (QoS) capabilities. Advantages of Using a Server Servers offer several advantages in networking: 1. Resource Sharing: Servers allow you to store and manage data, applications, or services that can be accessed by client devices within your network. 2. Scalability: Servers can handle multiple requests simultaneously and can be scaled up to accommodate growing network demands. 3. Performance: Servers are typically more powerful than client devices and have more storage capacity, memory, and processing power. 4. Centralized Management: Servers provide centralized management of resources, making it easier to control and monitor access to data or services. 5. Specialized Functions: Different types of servers offer specialized functions such as hosting websites, managing databases, or handling email services. Choosing the Right Router or Server for Your Needs When choosing a router or server for your needs, consider the following factors: 1. Network Size: Determine the size of your network and the number of devices that need to be connected. 2. Bandwidth Requirements: Consider the bandwidth requirements of your network, especially if you have high data transfer needs or multiple users accessing the network simultaneously. 3. Security Needs: Assess the security features offered by routers or servers and choose one that meets your security requirements. 4. Specific Services or Resources: Identify the specific services or resources you need to provide within your network and choose a server that offers those capabilities. 5. Budget: Consider your budget and choose a router or server that offers the best value for your money. Understanding the Importance of Routers and Servers in Networking In conclusion, routers and servers are essential components of any network. Routers enable devices to connect with each other and access the internet, while servers provide services or resources to client devices within a network. Understanding the differences between routers and servers, as well as their respective advantages, is crucial in choosing the right device for your networking needs. Whether you need to connect devices within a network, share files, host websites, or manage databases, routers and servers play a vital role in ensuring efficient and reliable network operations. By considering factors such as network size, bandwidth requirements, security needs, and specific services or resources, you can choose the right router or server that meets your networking requirements. If you’re wondering whether a router can also function as a server, you might find this article on routersreviews.org interesting. It explores the capabilities of routers and delves into the question of whether they can double as servers. Check it out here. What is a router? A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is responsible for directing network traffic based on its routing table. What is a server? A server is a computer program or device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called “clients”. It serves data to clients and manages network resources. Is a router a server? No, a router is not a server. While both devices are used in networking, they serve different functions. A router directs network traffic, while a server provides services to clients. What are some examples of servers? Some examples of servers include web servers, email servers, file servers, and database servers. These servers provide services such as hosting websites, sending and receiving emails, storing and sharing files, and managing data. Can a router act as a server? Some routers have built-in server functionality, such as a file server or media server. However, this does not make the router a server. It simply means that the router has additional features beyond its primary function of directing network traffic.

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Did you know that there are tons of fruits that start with C? It is actually pretty surprising how many fruits begin with this letter! If you are trying to eat your way through the alphabet, these letter C fruits will definitely help you on that quest. You can also just take a look at all the fruits that begin with C and remember them for your next trivia night or crossword puzzle. It is always good to have extra food knowledge! Fruits that Start With the Letter C Each fruit beginning with C on this list is unique and exciting. Check out each one and let us know which letter C fruits you are going to try first! 1. Cashew Apple Fruit The cashew apple fruit is also known simply as cashew apple. Either way, it is a great fruit to begin our list of fruits that start with C. The cashew tree is a tropical evergreen tree. The fruit is considered a false fruit since the seed grows outside rather than in the fruit. In the case of the cashew apple, the seed is the cashew! The cashew is harvested, shelled, and eaten while the rest of the apple is discarded. 2. Carob Fruit The carob tree is a flowering evergreen shrub that grows in the Mediterranean and middle east. It is popular due it its delicious, edible pods. Carob fruit is often compared to chocolate because of its nutty flavor and smooth texture. Carob fruit can be made into carob chips or powder. It can be used in place of chocolate chips or cocoa powder as a healthier alternative. The seeds look similar to a dark brown pea. 3. Citrus Fruits There are tons of fruits that fall into the category of citrus fruits. Citrus fruits have a thick peel with a juicy, pulpy center. They are often very acidic but also sweet. From hybrid fruit like a mandarin orange to a regular yellow lemon, tons of citrus fruit are to be tried! 4. Cantaloupe Fruit Cantaloupe fruit is a juicy, orange, round fruit that ripens in the summer. Cantaloupe fruit is related to watermelon and honeydew melon. It grows on low-lying vines and becomes a tannish color when ripe. Cantaloupe fruit is very sweet and juicy. It has a honey-like taste that is delicious when eaten raw. We had to include cantaloupe on our list of fruits beginning with C! 5. Capulin Cherry Fruit The capulin cherry fruit is cherry with dark red skin. It grows in subtropical regions on tall trees. Capulin cherries have firm flesh and a sweet taste. They have a single pit in the center of the fruit and a long stem easily removed. 6. Cherry Fruit Cherry is a round stone fruit that is typically red. Cherries can range from being light red with a hint of yellow to a deep maroon color. Cherry fruit is delicious when eaten fresh, baked into pies, or cooked as a sweet sauce for savory meat. Roasted pork with a cherry fruit sauce is a fantastic idea! 7. Cedar Bay Cherry Fruit Cedar bay cherry fruit is a type of Australian cherry. The fruit is pleasantly sweet with a berry and grape flavor. Cedar Bay cherry fruit has lots of antioxidants. It is a healthy fruit and one that is perfect for our list of fruits that start with C! 8. Chayote Fruit Chayote fruit was first cultivated in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Chayote fruit has a mild taste that is similar to a cucumber or squash. The texture of the chayote is crisp, like an apple. Chayote can be eaten fresh like a piece of celery or braised in a sweet syrup. It is a very versatile fruit that starts with C. 9. Crab Apple Crab apples are small, decorative apples. They are edible but not often eaten since they have a mealy texture and sour taste. Crab apples are often planted to help pollinate other nearby apple trees. The fruit is very small and best used to make cider or crab apple jelly. 10. Canary Melon Canary melon is the next fruit on our list of fruits that start with C. It is also called winter melon since the inner flesh is pale white like the snow. Canary melons are large, round fruit with bright yellow skin. They taste like a mix of Asian pear and cantaloupe. The sweet melon is great when eaten fresh. The tough outer skin is removed, and the soft, pear-like fruit in the center can be eaten right away. Canary melons are delicious in fruit salads or served as slices at a summer cookout. 11. Coco Plum Fruit The coco plum fruit is found throughout tropical Africa. They are also popular in the Caribbean and the Bahamas. The coco plum fruit is quite invasive but luckily also quite tasty. The coco plum is often made into jelly or canned. The fruit has a very mild, subtly sweet flavor. 12. Cacao Fruit The cacao fruit is what cocoa powder and chocolate are made from. The long pod is full of cacao seeds that can be eaten raw. Most cacao is dried, ground, and processed into chocolate products. Cacao is sweet, sour, and also slightly tropical. The fresh pulp tastes similar to citrus or mango. The cacao needs to be correctly cooked to taste like true chocolate! 13. Calamansi Fruit Calamansi fruit is a small citrus fruit that is used to flavor foods and drinks. It is also called a Philippine lemon. The calamansi fruit is bright green with an orange-colored pulp. The taste is a mixture of lemon, lime, and sweet orange. 14. Cluster Fig Fruit Cluster figs are an amazing fruit on our list of fruits that start with C. They are native to Australia and tropical Asia. The fruits grow on the stem and trunk of large trees. Cluster fig fruit can be picked young and made into a tasty condiment. They are often mixed into soup or curry. 15. Canistel Fruit Canistel fruit is cultivated in Southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador. They are orange-yellow fruit that is often called sapote fruit or egg fruit. Canistel tastes like hard-boiled egg yolk. The fruit is cut in half, and the brightly covered flesh is scooped out and eaten raw. Coconuts may be called a nut, but they are actually a fruit! Coconuts grow on a tropical tree that is in the palm tree family. Coconuts have a hard brown shell with a bright white center. The fruits are full of coconut milk which is also edible. The coconut flesh can be eaten fresh, toasted into chips, or pureed into a smoothie. It is one of the most versatile fruits on our list of fruits that start with C! 17. Cornelian Cherry Fruit This English type of cherry is an edible fruit that ripens in late summer. They are quite tart, making cornelian cherry fruit best for jam, jellies, pies, and wine. Cornelian cherry fruit is high in vitamin C. They have a berry-like taste that is known for preventing the common cold and flu. 18. Cranberry Fruit Cranberries are a popular super fruit. They are extremely versatile and can be used in juice, desserts, casseroles, and stuffings. The small, round fruit is quite tart. The edible berries grow in vines in and near water. The fruit is rich in antioxidants and is an excellent source of vitamin C. 19. Cape Gooseberry Fruit Cape gooseberry fruit is also known as Rasbhari. They are small, orange, berry-like fruit. The golden-colored fruit has a tropical flavor that is tart and sweet. Cape gooseberry fruit looks like small, golden tomatoes. They grow inside a paper wrapper. 20. Cucumber Fruit Cucumbers are often thought of as a vegetable. They are actually fruit! The tiny seeds inside the cucumber classify the long, green food as a tasty fruit. Cucumbers grow on vines and are ripe in the summer. The edible fruit is typically eaten fresh. Cucumbers can be preserved in a vinegar mix, turning them into pickles. 21. Calabash Fruit The calabash fruit is green with a cream-colored center. It has a sour and bitter flavor but barely any taste at all. Calabash fruit tastes similar to pineapple and guava but much less potent. It is often compared to soursop fruit, but it is much sourer. 22. Calamondins Fruit This small citrus fruit originated in China. It looks like a clementine but much smaller. Calamondins fruit is also called acid orange. They taste like a lemon but with a slight sweetness like an orange. 23. Cupuacu Fruit Next up on our list of fruits that start with C is the cupuacu fruit. It is closely related to cacao and has a chocolatey pineapple flavor. The juice of the cupuacu fruit tastes like a pear and banana. It is quite unique! Carambola is more commonly known as star fruit. The sweet and sour fruit is shaped like a five-pointed star. Star fruit is mild, sour, and crunchy. It turns bright yellow when ripe. Carambola is popular to use in fruit salads since they add a very pretty shape to the dish. 25. Caper Berries Caper berries are salty and sour. They are often used as a garnish for savory meals. Caper berries can be roasted or pan-fried to crisp. They are best when cooked rather than eaten fresh and taste similar to salty olives. 26. Chinese Quince The Chinese Quince is a hard and astringent fruit. It is used often in traditional Chinese medicine. Chinese Quince is eaten as food but is inedible when raw. It needs to be cooked in order to remove the strong, bitter taste. 27. Cherimoya Fruit Cherimoya fruit tastes like a banana and a pineapple mixed together. There are even hints of strawberry and kiwi mixed in. The creamy texture is similar to pudding. Cherimoya fruit is a great sweet snack. 28. Chokecherry Fruit Chokecherry fruit is a stone fruit similar to the common cherry and plums. Chokecherries are edible, but the seeds can be toxic when eaten in large quantities. Chokecherry fruit is mildly sweet and often used to make jam and pies. 29. Cloudberry Fruit Cloudberry fruit is golden yellow and very high in vitamin C. The juicy flesh has a distinct tart taste. The small berries look similar to a raspberry or blackberry. The sweet flavors are great in a fruit salad or cooked into a jam. 30. Custard Apple Custard apples are the next fruit on our list of fruits that start with C. They are sweet and native to central and south America. Custard apples have dark green skin and are loaded with beneficial nutrients that have been shown to improve your mood. 31. Conference Pear The conference pear is a type of green pear. It is named after the National British Pear Conference, where it won first prize in 1885. Conference pear tastes sweet with a nice crunch when ripe. Crowberries grow in the northern hemisphere in cold-weather regions. The small, dark berry is found on evergreen shrubs. The juicy fruits have edible, sweet flesh and are quite acidic in taste. The sour berries are popular in Alaska and are often made into jam or jelly. 33. Conkerberry Fruit Conkerberry fruit is also known as Australian plums or native currant. The small berries are dark green and turn bluish-black when they ripen. Conkerberries have a pleasantly sweet taste but will leave your mouth dry. You are going to need a big glass of water after eating a lot of these little berries! 34. Common Apple Berry Fruit The common apple berry fruit is also known as apple dumplings. They are edible fruit that turns purple as they ripen in the summer. Apple berries taste like a mixture of kiwi and cooked apples. They are often dried and eaten like a prune or sultana. 35. Charichuelo Fruit Charichuelo is often called lemon nerf balls. The small yellow fruit has a soft, white center that will melt in your mouth. Charichuelo is sweet and tart with the texture of mangosteen. Amazing Fruits that Start With C There are so many types of edible fruit that start with C. Give them all a try and let us know what fruit that starts with C is your favorite! It may be hard to choose.

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Get your little ones ready to count the ways they love Valentine’s Day! Our printable for preschoolers and toddlers brings together three fun activities that will help them practice counting and graphing. This is a must-add to your Valentine’s Day math activities for preschoolers! Hands On Math Activities for Valentine’s Day Button drop counting isn’t just a counting activity for preschoolers and kindergarten students; it’s a fun preschool math activity that teaches several different skills, such as the following: - one-to-one correspondence - rote counting - composing ten - color sorting Read the entire post to see how this one Valentine’s Day printable can teach all the above skills, and be sure to grab your free printable math game at the end of this post. FAQ About Composing 10 and Graphing with Preschoolers This printable will teach your preschooler how to compose ten as well as how to graph data. Yes, you read that correctly. Preschoolers are born mathematicians. Here are some frequently asked questions about teaching math preschoolers. The answers to these questions will serve as tips for helping you teach these skills to your preschooler. Composing ten means to join two numbers to make a set of ten in total. In its more simple explanation, composing ten means to add two numbers together to make ten. This is a basic addition skill that is introduced in late preschool and mastered in kindergarten. Being able to compose ten is an important math skill since our math system is based on sets of ten. Composing ten activities for preschoolers pair well with ten frame activities. If a preschooler has experience in ten-frame math, they are more likely to quickly catch on to composing ten activities. Addition activities in preschool are somewhat advanced math activities and shouldn’t be taught until one-to-one correspondence has been mastered. Preschool addition activities are best introduced as hands-on counting activities, where preschoolers count two separate sets of objects and then join them together. During the preschool years, the actual algorithm means very little to preschoolers and shouldn’t even be taught when introducing addition to preschoolers. When introducing graphing to preschoolers, it’s important to keep activities hands-on, allowing preschoolers to move real objects onto a printed graph. Keep the graph simple, offering only three choices at first and then growing to five or six choices in the data. It’s a popular practice to teach graphing skills during circle time with question of the day activities. It’s important to also teach a graphing preschool unit and to practice graphing in thematic lesson plans. Valentine’s Day Counting Activities for Preschool & Kindergarten Some of my favorite counting activities for preschoolers are button drop counting games. They’re quick and easy to prepare, and can be adapted to almost any theme. Here’s one to go along with my apple printable activities. Today I’m sharing a Valentine’s themed button drop game–including three variations in difficulty–that’s appropriate for both preschoolers and kindergarteners. We are completely skipping the Valentine’s Day math worksheets because these math Valentine games are so much more fun! Add these preschool counting activities for Valentine’s Day to your Valentine’s Day printable activities, too. Preschool Counting Activities for Valentine’s Day This Valentine’s Day button drop game is a fun way to teach slightly advanced math skills to preschoolers. But like all of my free printables, there are many different ways to use the printable, so be sure to read them all in this post. We also have this fun Valentine’s Counting & Addition Game, too! - free Valentine’s Day button drop game - small manipulatives in red, white, and pink This game is really easy to prepare. After printing in color on heavy cardstock, just make a single cut down the center of the graphing card, and set aside the extra graphing sheet or give it to another preschooler. Place the button drop counting mat on a tray. You’ll want a try to catch all the buttons as they are dropped. Set out your small Valentine manipulatives in red, white, and pink next to the tray with the graphing card and you’re ready to play. Count out ten manipulatives in a single color and set aside. It should look like the photo below. You’ll notice in the photos that I didn’t use buttons as I mention. Instead I found these cute, heart-shaped pony beads, and they worked just as well. The most important thing is to have the same manipulative in the three colors: red, white, and pink. Here are Some Materials to Consider You don’t have to be too picky about what materials you use for this, but these are what I have used and count on. How to Play Invite your preschooler to play the original button drop counting game. (Always supervise young children, since button sand beads can cause choking! Never leave your child or students unattended). The child gathers the buttons in his or her hand, holds the hand 6-8 inches above the heart-shaped mat, then drops the handful of buttons onto the tray. Preschoolers will have trouble identifying how high 6-8 inches is from the table, so I just tell my preschoolers to put their elbows on the table and then drop. The buttons or beads will scatter about, some landing on the mat, some not. The child then counts how many buttons fell onto different parts of the mat and graphs the results. For example, if four of the ten fall onto the red part of the heart, the preschooler then counts the same number of colored buttons or beads and adds them to the corresponding column on their graphing card. To help my preschoolers “transfer the data,” I have them collect the beads from the red part of the heart first and place them in a row below the mat. Then we count the number of beads. After that, we count out the same number from the bowl and add them to the graphing card. Then repeat these last steps with each color on the heart mat. After the results are recorded on the graphing card, gather up the ten beads and drop them again. Continue the process until one of the colors reaches ten on the graphing card. Don’t Forget Fun Valentine Picture Books! Any preschool theme can be enhanced by the use of carefully selected picture books for Valentine’s Day. Here is part of my personal book list. How to Simplify This Activity This game can easily be simplified by removing the graphing card. Have your preschooler drop the ten beads or buttons onto the mat and count how many fell onto the heart and how many fell outside the heart. If ten beads is too many, then start with only five, or for young preschoolers, start with three. How to Make This Even More Advanced If you have advanced preschoolers–or if you have kindergarteners or first graders–there are variations for you, too. For kindergarten students, practice more with composing ten. This counting activity makes a fun small group or morning meeting activity in kindergarten. Practice composing and decomposing ten by recording “happy” sets of numbers on the whiteboard. For example, if seven buttons fall onto the mat, the student records that in a chart, with the number of buttons that did not fall onto the mat (three) recorded in a second column. This helps students recognize set of numbers that compose–or add up to–ten. More advanced kindergarten students can be challenged to write the algorithm for each set of numbers on the chart (7+3=10). Tips for Doing Graphing Activities for Preschoolers Graphing can sometimes be a little tricky for preschoolers, which is why if you’re looking to simplify this Valentine’s Day math activity you can eliminate the graphing element. The preschoolers can just focus on counting and number recognition. There are several different types of graphs, not all of which will be appropriate to teach in preschool. Here are the graph types that preschoolers will have most success with. - bar graph (vertical and horizontal) - line graph - tally chart - pie chart Get Your Free Heart Drop Counting Mat Here Think you can use these preschool counting activities for Valentine’s Day? You betcha’! Grab you own copy by clicking the image below and the PDF will be sent to your email. Then keep reading for more counting activities for preschoolers. I’m Sarah, an educator turned stay-at-home-mama of five! I’m the owner and creator of Stay At Home Educator, a website about intentional teaching and purposeful learning in the early childhood years. I’ve taught a range of levels, from preschool to college and a little bit of everything in between. Right now my focus is teaching my children and running a preschool from my home. Credentials include: Bachelors in Art, Masters in Curriculum and Instruction.

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A story of love torn apart by wars between nations, or stories of gut-wrenching pain. It probably seems easier to not love at all; having nothing to lose seems like a better prospect than knowing your love is gone forever. The reason to advocate for nothingness over love was born out of the enduring love and pain that the poem “Ajj Aakhan Waaris Shah Nu” boldly puts forth – a true grit that stirs the imagination and sheds light on the fables of war that we only heard as stories, stories that lay the foundation of patriarchy. If “Still I Rise” awakened the strength of the woman inside its reader, then Amrita Pritam‘s Punjabi poem “Ajj Aakhan Waaris Shah Nu” awakens the endurance that pain provides. What makes this poem a memorable and celebrated piece is the fact that it is written by a woman, for women, in a society where war stories conventionally celebrate or lament men. It does not narrate the story of beautiful creatures like a bird or cloud but sings boldly of how society failed to protect its people, the people who were divided, families torn apart, women not considered human enough to exist and abused. It is a poem about women who witnessed Punjab blowing in the wind and everything burning down, a home they built all their life was gone in a day. It is a poem about how humans failed to live up to each other, for their own expectations, a poem that is unable to find happiness. So, what is love gone wrong? Hate? Or just nothingness? “Ajj aakhan Waris Shah nu kiton qabraan vichon bol Te ajj kitaab e ishq da koi agla warqa phol Ik roi si dhi Punjab di tu likh likh maare vain Ajj lakhaan dhiyyan rondiyan tenu Waris Shah nu kehn” Dedication, accusation, and invocation. This stanza sets the tone for the poem, where multiple things are happening simultaneously. First, she is invoking a poet who inspired her, Waaris Shah, like Don Mclean did in his song “Vincent” for Van Gogh. The song opens with the lines: “starry starry nights/paint your palette blue and grey/look out on a summer’s day/with eyes that know the darkness in my soul….” In the fourth stanza, he calls him by his name. Like Mirabai does in her poem “I have found my Guru” to Raidas: “I have found a guru in Raidas/he has given me the pill of knowledge/……” But unlike these two poems, where they are praising their talents or scholarship, Amrita Pritam is challenging Waaris Shah’s legacy. This invocation shows how deeply the partition has affected women. Instead of singing songs of praise or appreciation, she approaches him with a voice forged in pain, unheard, unnoticed. Hence, she creates a strong sense of juxtaposition to bring out the unseen or lesser comprehended side of division. Building her context over the love story of Heer & Ranjha, she writes on behalf of all women of Punjab and their lost love and ravages. “Uth dardmandaan dya dardiya uth tak apna Punjab Ajj bele laashaan vichiyaan te lahu di bhari Chenab Kise ne punjaan paniyan vich ditti zehar rala Te onhaan paniyan dhart nu ditta pani la” She is asking the poet to rise from his grave and write the stories of these women who are enduring pain and suffering for no fault of their own. As a writer of pain and tragic stories, Pritam wants him to speak for these women too, make their voices be heard. She wants to immortalize their suffering, bring poetic meaning to their lives. There is a parallel story to the events described in Pritam’s poem: during the Kalinga war, when Ashoka was ruthlessly killing soldiers, it was believed that the river Daya, where the war took place, turned red. At the war’s end, when Ashoka went to wash his face, he witnessed streams of red water flowing down the riverbank in an endless motion. Rivers and their tributaries have held significant positions in India’s mythology, making them sacred and revered. When river Daya was poisoned with blood, Ashoka is known to have changed his approach to life. India is a farming-oriented country. Punjab is known to have abundant lands and long flowing rivers, but during partition, these lands of lush green farms and strong water currents had become grounds for lifeless bodies waiting to decompose. While wives and daughters faced abuse, homelessness, and merciless treatment, devoid of any compassion or respite. Chenab river currently doesn’t flow through Indian Punjab. It used to flow through undivided Punjab before partition. So, Pritam is writing this at the cusp of the wars unfolding in a nation that was being divided at that time into two. Just like the fables of river Daya, the five rivers of Punjab from which its name comes were poisoned too with blood and scraps of war. “Es zarkhez zameen de loon loon phuttya zehar Gith gith charrhiyan laaliyan phutt phutt charrya qehar Dih vilsi da pher van van waggi ja Onhe har ik sans di wanjhali ditti naag bana” The poison that flowed in the rivers of Punjab has now thickened and permeated the depths of the water. This intensifies the impact of the war, revealing the fragile nature of humanity, its vulnerable mortality, and the haunting silence filled with screams and horrors. This poison has now evaporated into the air, poisoning the entire atmosphere. Punjab is fertile because of its water and this is bringing into the lands its poison where the fertile soil is now barren and dead. Ravages of war. The spread of the impact of partition is so deep that even human skin is unable to tolerate it and is bleeding metaphorically as well as physically. She draws an image of a city where Ranjha used to play flute and the air was filled with melodious joy. Punjab’s joy was robbed from it because of partition. Something that T.S Eliot does in his poem, “The Wasteland,” where he talks of the London bridge where soldiers marched with pride into the war and people who were left behind after the war walked with their heads low, in a ‘done with life’ sense. The rhythm of life is dead in both Amrita Pritam and T.S Eliot’s poem. “Pehla Dang Madaariyan, Mantar Gaye Guwaach, Doojey Dang Di Lag Gayi, Janey Khaney Nuu Lag Naagan kile lok munh bis phir dang hi dang Palo pali Punjab de neele pe gaye ang” In these lines, her development of the imagery of the ravages of war is stronger. She compares the destroyers with snakes, who are biting people relentlessly and this is happening because the first line of defense that was supposed to protect its people is down, the government is responsible for the partition. So, the spree of killing got wider, and the lands became pale and lifeless. It was morphing into the pale yellow effect that a dead body gives when it dies of a snake bite. There is a sense of frenzy and madness in these lines that she is talking about, a ruthlessness that the enemy seems to have been granted without limits. Laden with wounds throughout, Punjab is described to be so helpless that it could not even shed a tear without bloodshed or poison. “galeyon tute geet phir traklio tuti tand trinjhno tutiyaan saheliyan charakhde ghuukar band sani sej de beriyan luddan ditiyaan rohar sani daliyan peengh aj piplaan diti torr ajj aakhkha warish shah nu kito qabraan vicho bol” In these stanzas, she is acknowledging the absolute downfall of the nation, she is taking a regional example to talk about the entire country’s scenario. The farmlands of Punjab were destroyed, its cotton production was affected. Similarly, ‘Trinjna’ (a group of women who sit together to spin the charkha) couldn’t come together to use ‘traklio’ (which is a spindle used to produce threads from balls of cotton) to weave clothes together. They sang work songs to enrich their weaving time. This had instantaneously turned into a farfetched dream because the thread that builds the clothes was as broken as the thread that weaves the nation together. They were both falling apart. So, these spaces that weaved joy were broken and closed, just like the country at that point of time. One cannot weave after the thread is broken and a nation burned with screams that continue to haunt it. These women lost more than their livelihoods. Pritam further says that their wedding beds had floated away in the rivers of Punjab, so mighty was the water of the land. This metaphor simply reflects upon the countless broken marriages as the death toll was rising everywhere. Like one gives away the ashes of the dead body, like Kunti gave away Karna into the hands of Ganga, but here the marriages of these women of Punjab floated away without ash or body. Similar acts definitely but a different pain. The women who were left behind had very little option of escape, it was either ravage or death. So, the family life that prevailed before the partition was destroyed, the veranda that was earlier used for socializing had a broken swing, families torn apart. Whatever remains is being consumed by the powerful at the expense of the weak. “Jithe vajdi si phook piyar di oh vanjali gai gawach Ranjhe de sab veer ajj bhul gaye us di jaach Dharti te lahu wassya qabraan paiyyan chon Preet diyan shehzadiyan aj vich mazaran ron” She says the people who are causing the destruction are the same brothers who were with their friends and families living a melodiously loud life, playing flute and other instruments, naïve of societal destruction, harmless like the brothers-in-arms of Ranjha. These men have been soiled with war and are murdering each other without a thought. This was a harsh reality where dreams couldn’t breathe. These people were unable to rise over hate, limiting their minds and killing their souls. Was it fear or anger that made them do this? No reason can compensate for the loss of life, the graves that won’t bury anymore because they were outpouring death and horror. While the graves could not accommodate bodies anymore, the city markets were filled with young girls beating their hearts out with tears of pain and loss, nothing to love. “Ve ajj sab ‘gaido’ ban gaye, husn ishq de chor ajj kithon liyaiye labh ke waaris shah ek hor Ajj aakhan waaris shah noon kito qabraan vicho bol! Te ajj kitab-e-ishq da koi agla varka phol!” ‘Gaido’ is the villain in the story of ‘Heer and Ranjha’, so here Pritam is saying that everyone has turned into villains, humanity has turned against itself. Women of this time needed hope to live the life bestowed upon them, they required immense strength because a part of the loss they had to endure was more than death. For some, death seemed to be a better option. So, Amrita Pritam asks Waaris Shah again after narrating the horrors of the war during partition, to give them the strength that he provided to Heer. She asks him again to wake from his grave and write them stories of strength. Do you see how love went wrong here? I guess the pursuit of this essay is trying to underline all conflict resolution, be it at the scale of nations, communities or individuals. What would you pick to define love gone wrong? Born and brought up in Bhubaneswar, Ankita is an architectural historian with a master’s degree from CEPT, Ahmedabad. Professionally, Ankita’s passion lies in exploring conventional and unconventional spaces, writing about them, and adding a touch of graphics. During her masters, she underwent intensive research and academic writing, which she intends to apply to various fields of interest related to art, architecture, and literature. As she navigates the colonially obsessed world, Ankita sees herself as a clumsy human trying to create her subaltern identity, a trait she resonates with in the Blahcksheep community.

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The point of this post is to highlight, with reference to the sources, some of the less widely known beliefs among Jews around the time Christianity was emerging, and that would seem to have some resonances among Christian ideas we find in Paul and other early letters and gospels. The Jewish world from which Christianity emerged is infinitely more complex than our traditional readings of the Old Testament and the beliefs of current Judaism. I would love to compile an outline of all its variations — or better still, find a book where this is already done. Till then, here are a few snippets that are worth keeping in mind whenever the subject of Christian origins is addressed. - The human form of the Logos, God’s first-born, and Heavenly Man - The Heavenly Man and the Earthly Man - The human form of Wisdom - The heavenly Adam - Melchizedek and other vice-regents of God - Divine Heavenly Patriarchs The following is taken primarily from a chapter on Jewish sectarian texts (and from a few references in a chapter on Philo) in Alan Segal’s Two Powers in Heaven. 1. The Logos in Human Form The Logos [=Word] is a human figure: Wisdom of Solomon 18:15-16 Thine Almighty word [Logos] leaped down from heaven out of thy royal throne, as a fierce man of war into the midst of a land of destruction, And brought thine unfeigned commandment as a sharp sword, and standing up filled all things with death; and it touched the heaven, but it stood upon the earth. Philo identified the Logos with the Heavenly Man — see below. Philo also describes the Logos as God’s partner in creation Now, Bezaleel, being interpreted, means God in his shadow. But the shadow of God is his word, which he used like an instrument when he was making the world. And this shadow, and, as it were, model, is the archetype of other things. For, as God is himself the model of that image which he has now called a shadow, so also that image is the model of other things, as he showed when he commenced giving the law to the Israelites, and said, “And God made man according to the image of God.” . . . as the image was modelled according to God, and as man was modelled according to the image, which thus received the power and character of the model. What, then, can it be except the Word, which is more ancient than all the things which were the objects of creation, and by means of which it is the Ruler of the universe, taking hold of it as a rudder, governs all things. And when he was fashioning the world, he used this as his instrument for the blameless argument of all the things which he was completing. For if it was necessary to examine the mortal body of the priest that it ought not be imperfect through any misfortune, much more was it necessary to look into his immortal soul, which they say is fashioned in the form of the living God. Now the image of God is the Word, by which all the world was made. Logos is The Beginning, The Ruler of the Angels, the Name of God Confusion of Tongues, 146 And even if there be not as yet any one who is worthy to be called a son of God, nevertheless let him labour earnestly to be adorned according to his first-born word, the eldest of his angels, as the great archangel of many names; for he is called, the authority, and the name of God, and the Word, and man according to God’s image, and he who sees Israel. Logos is first-born of God and the Heavenly Man As an emanation of God he is also God’s offspring, the first-born son of God. As such he is a kind of immortal heavenly man or the true father of men. For, in fact, the one God alone is the sole Creator of the real man, who is the purest mind; but a plurality of workmen are the makers of that which is called man, the being compounded of external senses; (72) for which reason the especial real man is spoken of with the article; for the words of Moses are, “The God made the man;” that is to say, he made that reason destitute of species and free from all admixture. But he speaks of man in general without the addition of the article; for the expression, “Let us make man,” shows that he means the being compounded of irrational and rational nature. Therefore, the faculty which is common to us with the irrational animals, has blood for its essence. And it, having flowed from the rational fountain, is spirit, not air in motion, but rather a certain representation and character of the divine faculty which Moses calls by its proper name an image, showing by his language that God is the archetypal pattern of rational nature, and that man is the imitation of him, and the image formed after his model; not meaning by man that animal of a double nature, but the most excellent species of the soul which is called mind and reason. What is the man who was created? And how is that man distinguished who was made after the image of God? (Ge 2:7). This man was created as perceptible to the senses, and in the similitude of a Being appreciable only by the intellect; but he who in respect of his form is intellectual and incorporeal, is the similitude of the archetypal model as to appearance, and he is the form of the principal character; but this is the word of God, the first beginning of all things, the original species or the archetypal idea, the first measure of the universe. Moreover, that man who was to be created as a vessel is formed by a potter, was formed out of dust and clay as far as his body was concerned; but he received his soul by God breathing the breath of life into his face, so that the temperament of his nature was combined of what was corruptible and of what was incorruptible. But the other man, he who is only so in form, is found to be unalloyed without any mixture proceeding from an invisible, simple, and transparent nature. In reference to which I admire those who say, “We are all one man’s sons, we are men of Peace,” because of their well-adapted agreement; since how, I should say, could you, O excellent men, avoid being grieved at war, and delighted in peace, being the sons of one and the same father, and he not mortal but immortal, the man of God, who being the reason of the everlasting God, is of necessity himself also immortal? one of them being the archetypal pattern and above us, and the other being the copy of the former and abiding among us. (231) And Moses calls the one which is above us the image of God, and the one which abides among us as the impression of that image, “For,” says he, “God made man,” not an image, “but after that Image.” So that the mind which is in each of us, which is in reality and truth the man, is a third image proceeding from the Creator. But the intermediate one is a model of the one and a copy of the other. 2. The Heavenly Man and the Earthly Man (Two Adams in Eden) Allegorical Interpretation, 1, 31, 53, 55 “And God created man, taking a lump of clay from the earth, and breathed into his face the breath of life: and man became a living soul.” The races of men are twofold; for one is the heavenly man, and the other the earthly man. Now the heavenly man, as being born in the image of God, has no participation in any corruptible or earthlike essence. But the earthly man is made of loose material, which he calls a lump of clay. On which account he says, not that the heavenly man was made, but that he was fashioned according to the image of God; but the earthly man he calls a thing made, and not begotten by the maker. “And the man whom he had formed,” Moses says, “God placed in the Paradise,” for the present only. Who, then, is he in reference to whom he subsequently says that “The Lord God took the man whom he had formed, and placed him in the Paradise to cultivate it and to guard It.” Must not this man who was created according to the image and idea of God have been a different man from the other, so that two men must have been introduced into the Paradise together, the one a factitious man, and the other modelled after the image of God? Therefore, he calls that man whom he only places in Paradise, factitious; but him whom he appoints to be its cultivator and guardian he calls not factitious, but “the man whom he had made.” And him he takes, but the other he casts out. And him whom he takes he thinks worthy of three things, of which goodness of nature especially consists: namely, expertness, perseverance, and memory. Now, expertness is his position in Paradise; memory is the guarding and preservation of holy opinions; perseverance is the effecting of what is good, the performance of virtuous actions. But the factitious mind neither remembers what is good, nor does it, but is only expert, and nothing more; on which account, after it has been placed in Paradise, in a short time afterwards it runs away, and is cast out. The virtuous were descended from the higher Adam– see Allegorical Interpretations, 53; On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile, 35, 38f, 42, 43, 45, 78; On Flight and Finding, 64; That the Worse is Want to Attack the Better, 32, 68, 103. 3. Divine Wisdom or Sophia had a human form Wisdom found no place where she might dwell; Then a dwelling-place was assigned her in the heavens. Wisdom went forth to make her dwelling among the children of men, And found no dwelling-place: Wisdom returned to her place, And took her seat among the angels. And unrighteousness went forth from her chambers Whom she sought not she found, And dwelt with them, As rain in a desert And dew on a thirsty land. 4. Adam enthroned in heaven The Testament of Abraham ch.11 So Michael turned the chariot and brought Abraham to the east, to the first gate of heaven; and Abraham saw two ways, the one narrow and contracted, the other broad and spacious, and there he saw two gates, the one broad on the broad way, and the other narrow on the narrow way. And outside the two gates there he saw a man sitting upon a gilded throne, and the appearance of that man was terrible, as of the Lord. And they saw many souls driven by angels and led in through the broad gate, and other souls, few in number, that were taken by the angels through the narrow gate. And when the wonderful one who sat upon the golden throne saw few entering through the narrow gate, and many entering through the broad one, straightway that wonderful one tore the hairs of his head and the sides of his beard, and threw himself on the ground from his throne, weeping and lamenting. But when he saw many souls entering through the narrow gate, then he arose from the ground and sat upon his throne in great joy, rejoicing and exulting. And Abraham asked the chief-captain, My Lord chief-captain, who is this most marvelous man, adorned with such glory, and sometimes he weeps and laments, and sometimes he rejoices and exults? The incorporeal one said: This is the first-created Adam who is in such glory, and he looks upon the world because all are born from him, and when he sees many souls going through the narrow gate, then he arises and sits upon his throne rejoicing and exulting in joy, because this narrow gate is that of the just, that leads to life, and they that enter through it go into Paradise. For this, then, the first-created Adam rejoices, because he sees the souls being saved. But when he sees many souls entering through the broad gate, then he pulls out the hairs of his head, and casts himself on the ground weeping and lamenting bitterly, for the broad gate is that of sinners, which leads to destruction and eternal punishment. And for this the first-formed Adam falls from his throne weeping and lamenting for the destruction of sinners, for they are many that are lost, and they are few that are saved, for in seven thousand there is scarcely found one soul saved, being righteous and undefiled. 5. Melchizedek (= Elohim, Messiah, Principal Angel) The following Dead Sea Scroll excerpts speak of a Prince of Light. This prince appears to be identified with Melchizedek in the subsequent passages — where he is depicted as the Messianic Saviour of Israel, and the Principal Angel. 1 QS 3:20 All the children of righteousness are ruled by the Prince of Light . . . . For in ancient times, Moses and Aaron arose by the hand of the Prince of Lights and Belial in his cunning raised up Jannes and his brother when Israel was first delivered. . . . Melchizedek, who will return them [the captives] there and will proclaim to them liberty, forgiving them the wrong-doings of all their iniquities. . . . And the Day of Atonement is the end of the tenth Jubilee, when all the Sons of Light and the men of the lot of Melchizedek will be atoned for. . . . For this is the moment of the Year of Grace for Melchizedek. And he will, by his strength, judge the holy ones of God, executing judgment as it is written concerning him in the Songs of David, who said, ELOHIM has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgment (Ps. 82:1). And it was concerning him that he said, How long will you judge unjustly and show partiality to the wicked? Selah (Ps. 82:2). . . . its interpretation concerns Belial and the spirits of his lot who rebelled by turning away from the precepts of God to . . . And Melchizedek will avenge the vengeance of the judgements of God . . . and he will drag them from the hand of Belial . . . And all the gods of Justice will come to his aid to attend to the destruction of Belial. . . . And your ELOHIM is Melchizedek who will save them from the hand of Belial. Compare Michael, who also acts as the chief angel: The Testament of Abraham, 1, 7 Therefore the Lord God, summoning his archangel Michael, said to him: Go down, chief-captain Michael, to Abraham . . . The chief-captain said to him, I am the chief-captain Michael, that stands before the Lord, . . . Yahoel, an angel bearing God’s name, and vice-regent to God, second only to God himself, Apocalypse of Abraham 10 And the angel whom He had sent came to me in the likeness of a man . . . . I am called Jaoel by Him who moves those who exist with me on the seventh expanse over the heavens, a power in virtue of the ineffable Name that is dwelling in me. 6. Heavenly Israel Origen refers to a Jewish Prayer of Joseph in his Commentary on the Gospel of John, 2.25 Should the piece entitled “The prayer of Joseph,” one of the apocryphal works current among the Hebrews, be thought worthy of credence, this dogma will be found in it clearly expressed. Those at the beginning, it is represented, having some marked distinction beyond men, and being much greater than other souls, because they were angels, they have come down to human nature. Thus Jacob says: “I, Jacob, who speak to you, and Israel, I am an angel of God, a ruling spirit, and Abraham and Isaac were created before every work of God; and I am Jacob, called Jacob by men, but my name is Israel, called Israel by God, a man seeing God, because I am the first-born of every creature which God caused to live.” And he adds: “When I was coming from Mesopotamia of Syria, Uriel, the angel of God, came forth, and said, I have come down to the earth and made my dwelling among men, and I am called Jacob by name. He was angry with me and fought with me and wrestled against me, saying that his name and the name of Him who is before every angel should be before my name. And I told him his name and how great he was among the sons of God; Are you not Uriel my eighth, and I am Israel and archangel of the power of the Lord and a chief captain among the sons of God? Am not I Israel, the first minister in the sight of God, and I invoked my God by the inextinguishable name?” It is likely that this was really said by Jacob, and was therefore written down, and that there is also a deeper meaning in what we are told, “He supplanted his brother in the womb.” Consider whether the celebrated question about Jacob and Esau has a solution. We read, Romans 9:11-14 The children being not yet born, neither having done anything good or bad, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works but of him that calls, it was said, “The elder shall serve the younger.” Even as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.” What shall we say, then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. If, then, when they were not yet born, and had not done anything either good or evil, in order that God’s purpose according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calls, if at such a period this was said, how if we do not go back to the works done before this life, can it be said that there is no unrighteousness with God when the elder serves the younger and is hated (by God) before he has done anything worthy of slavery or of hatred? We have made something of a digression in introducing this story about Jacob and appealing to a writing which we cannot well treat with contempt; but it certainly adds weight to our argument about John, to the effect that as Isaiah’s voice declares Isaiah 40:3 he is an angel who assumed a body for the sake of bearing witness to the light. The last emphasized section of Origen’s discussion shows us that some early Christians also thought of John the Baptist as an angel in human form. (Did they take his identity as Elijah literally?) Alan Segal explains further that “almost any righteous person in the past could be called an angel.” (p.186). We find this not only in 1 Enoch but throughout the Jewish scriptures themselves, where righteous ones are promised “ascent to angelhood” and to be with the angels in heaven. Details will have to be reserved for another post. I also omit the many references to more well-known archangels Michael and Gabriel, and their heavenly colleagues such as Uriel. Latest posts by Neil Godfrey (see all) - Bruno Bauer’s “Christianity Exposed” now open access - 2024-02-28 02:30:32 GMT+0000 - The Idol of Zionism, the Negation of Judaism — 1904 - 2024-02-23 21:29:36 GMT+0000 - How Moving Jesus’ Cleansing of the Temple to the Beginning of the Gospel of John Rebuked the Gospel of Mark - 2024-02-14 03:33:48 GMT+0000 If you enjoyed this post, please consider donating to Vridar. Thanks!

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The critical importance of preventive health care is more evident now than ever. Preventive measures enhance our quality of life and alleviate the strain on healthcare systems. It also transcends individual benefits, laying the groundwork for a healthier society. However, health care is often reactionary and sought after only in response to illness or injury. This reactive approach is a trait I’ve seen too frequently, both personally and in the broader American medical landscape. I hope to empower you to take charge of your health and future by sharing my insights on preventive healthcare here. The Importance of Preventive Healthcare What is preventive health care? Simply put, preventive health care involves taking measures to prevent diseases rather than treating them after they have occurred. Why is preventive health care important? Preventive health care is vital for early disease detection, disease prevention, reduced healthcare costs, and a healthier life. Kinds of Preventive Health Care Primary Medicine refers to basic or general healthcare typically provided by primary care physicians. It is the first point of contact for patients and includes routine health screenings, management of chronic diseases, and treatment of acute conditions. Examples of Prevention Health Care in Primary Medicine - Immunizations against diseases like measles, flu, and HPV. - Promoting balanced diets, regular physical activity, and no tobacco use. - It is ensuring clean water and reducing pollution to prevent diseases. - Implementing safety norms like seat belts, helmets, and workplace safety guidelines. Benefits of Preventive Health Care in Primary Medicine - By preventing diseases from occurring, primary prevention significantly reduces the overall disease burden in the population. - Preventing diseases is often more cost-effective than treating them. - Effective primary prevention measures can increase life expectancy by decreasing the risk of life-threatening diseases. - By lowering the incidence of diseases, primary prevention reduces the demand for medical services, easing the burden on healthcare systems. - Primary prevention initiatives can target at-risk populations, helping to reduce health disparities, and promote health equity. - Focusing on wellness creates a culture that values health, encouraging healthy behaviors throughout the community. This approach, also called personalized medicine, tailors medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. It often involves the use of genetic or other molecular analyses to inform the best treatment strategies for a particular patient’s condition. Examples of Preventive Health Care in Precision Medicine - Uses genetic and molecular information for disease understanding, individually targeted therapies, and individualized treatment plans. - Precision medicine aims to optimize efficiency and therapeutic success by ensuring the right treatment at the right time. Benefits of Preventive in Precision Medicine - Precision medicine allows for more effective treatment. Medications and therapies can be tailored to work best for each individual, improving the chances of successful outcomes. - Precision medicine can increase patient engagement and satisfaction by involving patients more closely in their treatment plans and providing tailored information. Precision medicine also faces challenges, including high costs, ethical and privacy concerns, and the need for extensive genetic and health data for effective implementation. This is a relationship between a patient and a primary care physician in which the patient pays an annual fee or retainer. In exchange, they receive enhanced care, including more accessibility to the doctor, longer consultations, and more personalized and attentive medical care. Examples of Concierge Care Services - Patients often have their doctor’s phone number or email, allowing for quick and direct communication. - Longer appointment times ensure comprehensive discussions about health concerns, treatment options, and wellness planning. - In-depth health evaluations and personalized wellness plans tailored to individual health needs and lifestyle goals. - Emphasis on preventive care, including regular health screenings, risk assessments, and lifestyle counseling. Benefits of Concierge Care - With more time for each patient, care is highly personalized, addressing individual health concerns in depth. - Reduced appointment waiting times and direct communication channels offer convenience and peace of mind. - A strong emphasis on prevention can lead to early detection of health issues and a greater focus on maintaining long-term health. - Knowing that readily available healthcare support can provide patients with significant mental and emotional relief. Concierge care is particularly beneficial for those wanting a close relationship with their healthcare provider, value immediate and direct access to medical services, and are willing to pay extra for these conveniences. However, it’s important to note that concierge care costs are typically in addition to regular health insurance premiums and is not affordable or necessary for everyone. Barriers to Preventive Health Care Despite its benefits, preventive health care can face issues like overdiagnosis, false test results, cost burdens, psychological impacts, time commitments, and accessibility challenges. Barriers include cost, limited access, lack of awareness, cultural factors, healthcare system priorities, time constraints, insurance coverage, medical procedure fear, lifestyle challenges, and health literacy. How Can I Engage in Preventive Health Care? We can engage in preventive health care by regularly visiting our healthcare providers for check-ups and screenings appropriate for our age and risk factors. You should stay updated with vaccinations and follow guidelines for health screenings like mammograms, colonoscopies, and blood pressure checks. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is also a key component of preventive care, including maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress. Additionally, staying informed about health issues and understanding family health history can help identify personal health risks. Understanding and engaging in preventive health care is vital for maintaining good health and quality of life. It focuses on proactive health management, aiming to reduce the risk of illness and overall healthcare costs. Improving Your Own Preventive Care You can and should start by advocating for yourself. Advocating for yourself in preventive health care means taking proactive steps to ensure you receive appropriate and timely care to prevent diseases and maintain good health. Advocating for Yourself - Learn about preventive health care and its benefits. Understand what screenings, vaccinations, and lifestyle changes are recommended for your age, gender, and health history. Reliable sources include CDC, WHO, and healthcare providers. - Be aware of any health issues that run in your family. This information can guide you and your healthcare provider on specific preventive measures. - Regular visits to your healthcare provider are crucial. Use these appointments for immediate health concerns and to discuss preventive care. - Write down any questions or concerns you have before your appointment. Bring a list of all medications you’re taking and any symptoms or changes in your health. - Don’t hesitate to ask your healthcare provider for clarification on any advice or instructions. Understanding the ‘why’ behind their recommendations can help you make informed decisions. - Inquire about which screenings are appropriate for you based on age, sex, health history, and family history. Discuss the frequency of these screenings and their potential benefits and risks. - Familiarize yourself with what your health insurance covers regarding preventive care. Discuss this with your healthcare provider or insurance company if certain necessary screenings or vaccinations are not covered. - Talk to your healthcare provider about lifestyle changes that can improve your health, such as diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption. - After screenings or tests, ensure you understand your results and follow up on any recommended actions or further tests. - If you face barriers to accessing preventive care, bring them up with your healthcare provider. They may know of resources or alternatives to help. - Healthcare guidelines and recommendations can change. Stay updated with the latest information regarding preventive health care. - Surround yourself with friends, family, or support groups who encourage a healthy lifestyle and support your preventive health efforts. - Do you need clarification or a second opinion if you’re unsure of the free care provider’s advice? Get it. - Record your health history, including past illnesses, treatments, surgeries, and vaccinations. This is particularly useful when seeing new healthcare providers. By taking these steps, you can be a proactive participant in your healthcare, ensuring that you do your part to prevent diseases and maintain your best health. 15. Be aware of key biomarkers Understanding your health is crucial, and knowing key biomarkers can be a significant part of this. Biomarkers are measurable indicators of health status or disease presence. Here are some essential biomarkers that everyone should be aware of. High or low blood pressure can be a sign of various health conditions, including heart disease, kidney problems, or hormonal disorders. High levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Blood Sugar Levels Elevated blood sugar can indicate pre-diabetes or diabetes, conditions that can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly. Body Mass Index (BMI) While not a direct measure of health, a high or low BMI can indicate potential health risks associated with obesity or being underweight. Percent visceral fat Visceral fat is the fat that surrounds your internal organs in the abdominal cavity. High levels of visceral fat are associated with a range of metabolic problems, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and even certain cancers. This is measured in a DEXA scan. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) This is a marker of inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation can be a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease. Liver Function Tests These tests assess the health of your liver and can detect conditions like hepatitis or the effect of medications or alcohol on the liver. Kidney Function Tests Measures how well your kidneys are filtering blood and can detect kidney disease. Thyroid Function Tests These tests can reveal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, which affect metabolism. Vitamin D Levels Low levels of Vitamin D can lead to bone problems and has been linked with other major health issues. This test measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months, important for diagnosing and managing diabetes. Especially important for postmenopausal women, bone density tests can help diagnose osteoporosis. It’s important to note that the ideal levels for these biomarkers can vary based on age, gender, and other individual factors. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring these biomarkers and understanding what they mean for your personal health. FAQs: Importance of Preventive Health Care A preventive system in healthcare offers early disease detection, reduce the risk of severe health issues, lowers long-term healthcare costs, and promotes healthier lifestyles. It focuses on averting diseases before they start and improving overall health and wellbeing. Prevention healthcare leads to reduced disease risk, early detection and treatment of conditions, improved quality of life, longer life expectancy, lower healthcare costs, and reduced burden on healthcare systems. It emphasizes a proactive approach to maintaining health and preventing illness. A preventive health screening is a medical test conducted before symptoms appear, aimed at early detection of diseases. They identify health issues earlier when they’re often more treatable, leading to better health outcomes and potentially lower healthcare costs. Prevention in healthcare, it refers to measures taken to prevent diseases rather than treating them after they occur. It is essential because it helps reduce the risk of diseases, thereby improving the quality of life. It often involves lifestyle changes, vaccinations, and regular health screenings. Prevention is crucial as it can lead to early detection of diseases, reduce healthcare costs, and lower the overall burden on the healthcare system. The benefits of prevention include reduced risk of disease, early detection, long-term savings, and lower healthcare costs. Preventive health screenings are medical tests conducted when you’re symptom-free to check for potential health issues or diseases. They are essential because they can identify diseases or risk factors early. Early detection often leads to better outcomes, as many diseases are more effectively treated when caught early. Final Thoughts on Preventive Health Care The power of preventive health care lies in its ability to transform our perspective from merely reacting to health issues as they arise to proactively safeguarding our health. This shift benefits all of us and is pivotal in easing the burden on healthcare systems worldwide. We contribute to a healthier, more resilient society by adopting preventive measures. Whether scheduling that overdue health screening, opting for healthier food choices, or simply educating ourselves and others about health risks and prevention strategies, every action counts. In the evolving healthcare landscape, where technology and policy continue to shape our options and understanding; the core principle remains steadfast: Prevention is better than cure. Remember, your journey towards better health starts with you.

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Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma Jews around the world study the same page of Talmud each day as part of the 7-year cycle of the Daf Yomi. Join Rabbanit Dr. Tamara Spitz each week as she reviews the key topics of the previous week’s seven pages, gaining an overview of the entire Talmud while also doing a deeper analysis of one of the core issues in that week’s text. We will combine breadth and depth to gain insights into each Tractate being studied, and enjoy the benefits of moving through topics at a quicker pace. Whatever your background in Talmud, this shiur will allow you to connect to the worldwide phenomenon of Daf Yomi study, whether you learn the daf each day or just want to gain an overview of the entire Gemara. For the previous tractate, masechet Kiddushin, please visit HERE. For the next tractate, Bava Metzia, click HERE. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 1: Intro+Daf 2-6 Welcome to Baba Kama and Seder Nizikin. In this Masechet we are going to learn about damages that are caused by a person or their property. We will also learn the liability and consequences of these damages. This week we will learn about the four main categories of damagers. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 2: Daf 7-13 This week we will learn about different people who are owed money and what type of land they can collect from (superior, average, poor). We will also learn that if you have the responsibility to guard something, and it does damage, you are liable to pay for that damage. The Gemara will also list types of damages that one is exempt from reimbursing. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 3: Daf 14-20 This week we will learn the difference between a Tam (innocent) ox and a Muad (warned) ox. The payment of damages is based on the nature of the animal that did the damage. We are also going to learn the parameters of Regel (foot) which include damage done by normal animal behavior. We will then learn about Shen (tooth) which includes damage done while the animal is receiving benefit. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 4: Daf 21-27 This week we will outline when an animal causes damage through normal behavior as compared to damage from abnormal behavior, and what the payment would be for each. We will also learn that an animal, after behaving aggressively three times becomes “Muad” (warned), but it can revert to its “Tam” (innocent) status. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 5: Daf 28-33 This week we will learn a person’s liability if one puts objects in the public domain. Is the person responsible for paying for damages to property or is the person also liable to pay for any injuries to another person? What if you had permission to place the objects there in the first place? Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 6: Daf 34-41 Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 7: Daf 42-48 This week we will learn that if an ox meant to kill an animal but killed a person instead, the ox isn’t killed but the owner does need to pay Kofer. We will also learn that if a potter places his pots in someone’s courtyard without permission, and the owner of the courtyard breaks them, he is exempt from reimbursing the potter. If someone was injured by the pots. the potter is liable to pay for damages. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 8: Daf 49-55 This week, we will learn that if a person accidentally injures a pregnant woman and causes her to miscarry, he must pay an extra penalty to her husband or his heirs. We will then learn the parameters of liabilities when damage is caused by a pit in the public domain. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 9: Daf 56-62 This week we will learn about the liability one has to guard his fire. One is liable for anything that gets burned in someone else’s property, even scorched earth and stones. If a person lit a fire on his property and it crossed a river or a road, one isn’t liable for those damages. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 10: Daf 63-69 This week we will start the 7th chapter of Baba Kama. In this chapter, we will learn the penalty for stealing. If a person steals an item, he must pay twice the value. If a person steals an ox or a sheep and then sells it or slaughters it, he needs to pay back the owner 5 times or 4 times its value. If a person steals a stolen item from the thief, they do not have to pay double. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 11: Daf 70-76 This week we will learn about a person who stole an animal and then killed it or sold it. If there are witnesses that testify to this, the thief must pay 4 or 5 times the value of the animal. If he sold it on Shabbat or killed it on Yom Kippur, he still pays 4 or 5 times the value. If a set of witnesses say he stole an animal but only 1 witness says he killed or sold it, the thief only pays double the value and not 4 or 5 times. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 12: Daf 77-83 This week we will learn about a thief who stole an animal and then sold it but retained some ownership. He is liable to pay double the value but not 4 or 5 times the value. We will then learn about decrees made at different times in Jewish history to help settle the land and to make society more attuned to communal needs. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 13: Daf 84-90 This week we continue discussing the 5 payments a person makes if he injured another person. One needs to pay for the actual damage, the pain inflicted, medical bills, unemployment, and the embarrassment one experienced due to the injury. The Gemara explains each of these 5 payments and how they are determined. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 14: Daf 91-97 This week we will learn that even if a person pays for embarrassment, God doesn’t forgive the person till they ask for forgiveness. We will also learn that if a person steals wood and then makes it into a utensil, he acquires the object and only pays back the value of the item he stole. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 15: Daf 98-104 This week we will learn that if someone gave wool to a dyer, and it was dyed the wrong color or in an inferior way, the dyer must pay back the value of the wool. We will also learn that if a person stole an item and then swore falsely that he didn’t steal it, he must return the item directly to the owner, pay an additional fifth, and bring an Asham sacrifice. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 16: Daf 105-111 This week will continue learning about a thief who swears falsely that he didn’t steal an item or a collateral that he was holding on to. If he later admits to his crime, he not only pays back the item, but he must pay an addition fifth of the value and bring an Asham sacrifice. If the person he stole from was a convert who didn’t have any living relatives, the money was given to the Kohen who was working in the Temple on the day he arrives to bring his sacrifice. Daf Yomi One Week at a Time: Bava Kamma: Lesson 17: Daf 112-119 + Siyum This week, as we finish Masechet Bava Kama, we will learn about different cases involving an owner’s despair about his lost or stolen object. We will also learn that if a person ruins his own property to save his friend’s property, he is compensated for either his time or his lost property. Congratulations on finishing Masechet Bava Kama! Rabbanit Dr. Tamara Spitz is the Rosh Beit Midrash and Mashgicha Ruchanit of Midreshet Torah v'Avodah. She lectures on various topics in Gemara, including Daf Yomi, Halacha, and Tefilah. Dr. Spitz has held academic and administrative positions at various Midrashot and served as the Jewish Studies Principal of Instituto Yavne, one of the main Jewish day schools of Montevideo, Uruguay. She also runs a Chiropractic practice specializing in Women’s Health in Gush Etzion and is a Hip-Hop dance teacher.

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Dr. Beljanski’s interest in a remedy for immunodeficiency led him to exploit the discovery that RNA fragments are essential for DNA replication. He prepared small RNA oligonucleotides that enabled DNA synthesis in bone marrow stem cells triggering normal white blood cell production and the restoration of full immunity. These fragments solve the problem of immunodeficiency for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and provide critical support for individuals with weakened immune systems no matter the cause. “Your ideas and results are simply fascinating,” wrote Sten Friberg (Karolinska University) in 1980 to Dr. Mirko Beljanski, speaking of his discovery regarding the RNA fragments. BREAKING NEWS:A new clinical trial for Long COVID patients The Beljanski Foundation is sponsoring a new clinical trial for patients with Long COVID because of the urgent need for a new and successful treatment. Anecdotal reports from patients experiencing lingering symptoms from an infection with SARS-CoV-2 started to emerge shortly after the beginning of the pandemic, and the term “Long Covid” was coined to name this condition and alert the scientific community. Upwards of 65 million people worldwide are now suffering from this condition. The goal is to test whether the administration of a special preparation of small RNA fragments, originally developed by Dr. Mirko Beljanski, will work by stimulating stem cells in the bone marrow to produce new immune cells. Previous research conducted on this special preparation at Cancer Treatment Centers of America confirmed its safety and effectiveness for treating thrombocytopenia (low platelets) caused by chemotherapy. Thrombocytopenia has been seen in a significant number of Long COVID patients, and low platelets are associated with fatigue – a major symptom of Long COVID. The trial will also reveal the potential of the RNA fragments to re-balance immunity in these patients. Support Long COVID Research While the critical role of RNA primers was first discovered by Okazaki, those short segments of RNA acting as primers for initiating the synthesis of new strands of DNA were originally developed by Dr. Beljanski, a French Biologist from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France. The fragments work by stimulating stem cells in the bone marrow to produce our immune cells. They have been available as dietary ingredients in the US since the 90s, and it is a commercial preparation made available by Maison Beljanski, which will be used for the clinical trial. Enrollment for the clinical trial is already on its way in Europe. The findings are expected to provide valuable insight into whether improving bone marrow function and patient immunity is a pathway for successful Long COVID treatment. Read more “Platelet levels have been measured in depressed patients and have been found to be decreased when compared to normal controls. Therefore, interference in this process might be a promising avenue for further research to address mild thrombocytopenia in people with Long COVID, along with the most common side effects of this condition, which are fatigue and depression,” says Dr. John Hall, Director of Research at the Beljanski Foundation. Sylvie Beljanski and Dr. John Hall talk about the new clinical trial RNA Fragments and Cancer Support A clinical trial at Cancer Treatment Centers of America demonstrated that Beljanski’s RNA fragments (ReaLBuild) prevents the devastating loss of white blood cells in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy—a treatment that damages the generation of our immune cells. With Beljanski’s RNA fragments, platelet counts returned to normal. None of the patients protected by Beljanski’s RNA fragments required dose reduction, suspension of treatment or transfusion. All of the patients completed the full course of treatment without any negative side effects. Our immune systems are constantly challenged by environmental factors, stress and fatigue. Loss of white blood cells makes us vulnerable to all sorts of pathogens including viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Neutrophils are the white blood cells that respond first to these infections and if the response is strong the infection can be resolved. Beljanski’s RNA fragments provides a natural way to rebuild our immunity and boost low neutrophil counts into normal range. This enables an effective immune response. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SUPPORT There is increasing evidence that the immune system has gone awry in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A small set of doctors and families have seen striking improvements in language skills and reduced hyperactivity in autistic children who take low doses of Beljanski’s RNA fragments. They stimulate production of white blood cells and this fortification of the immune system gives rise to a neurological benefit in children with ASD. The precise mechanism of this profound result has yet to be determined. How it works Dr. Beljanski made a preparation of short RNA fragments and discovered that they function as primers that specifically initiate DNA duplication in bone marrow stem cells. When these stem cells divide and differentiate they give rise to white blood cells. Note that RNA primers are required for DNA replication and Beljanski thought that his fragments would provide critical immune support in individuals whose white blood cell counts are low. The clinical trial proved him right as the fragments restored normal counts in cancer chemotherapy patients with severe white blood cell loss. The trial also showed that the source of the specially prepared RNA fragments is critical—the fragments that work are prepared from E. coli K-12, a strain of bacteria normally present in a healthy intestinal tract. RNA fragments prepared from yeast cells functioned poorly by comparison. COMPARISON STUDY RNA FRAGMENTS BELJANSKI METHOD VS RNA FRAGMENTS FROM YEAST The activity of the RNA fragments is physiologic—administering RNA fragments to cancer patients with myelosuppression simply supplies RNAs that are normally present in the body to act as stimulators of white blood cell production. The RNA fragments are derived from a safe strain of E. coli and so may replace bacterial RNAs normally available from turnover of the intestinal flora that is commonly lost (as is bone marrow function) as a side effect of chemotherapy. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A NEW FRONTIER The Beljanski Foundation is planning to assemble more case histories that document the effects of RNA Fragments in children with ASD. The reports to date are extremely encouraging and additional case histories will provide a basis for a formal study and enable us to learn more about how the RNA fragments show neurological benefits. Clinical Trial and Other Publications RNA Fragments And their Effectiveness With Different Cancers Since 1999, The Beljanski Foundation has worked toward a natural cure for cancer following the steps of Dr. Mirko Beljanski’s research and discoveries. The Foundation has worked to prove the efficacy of RNA fragments to support a healthy immune system even when severely challenged by chemotherapy drugs. A Successful Clinical Trial Demonstrated that Natural RNA Fragments Can Help Maintain a Normal Level of White Blood Cells, Even Under Chemo Low platelet counts, a condition called Thrombocytopenia, is a side effect of chemotherapy drugs that damage the bone marrow stem cells that normally produce platelets. A Phase I clinical trial showed that Beljanski’s RNA fragments could prevent thrombocytopenia by inducing the production of new platelets. Read more Dr. Mirko Beljanski was the first scientist to develop RNA primers as a treatment for immunodeficiencies. This enabled chemotherapy patients and individuals with weakened immune systems to regain normal immune cell numbers and function. The drugs that are often prescribed to treat myelosuppression are associated with serious side effects whereas no negative side effects are associated with Beljanski’s RNA fragments. Additionally, they provide improvement in the symptoms of children with autistic spectrum disorder. “Beljanski’s RNA fragments are natural oligoribonucleotides. These are small fragments of building blocks in a cell. They offered, for the first time, a means not only of maintaining normal white blood cell or platelet levels during radiotherapy or chemotherapy, but also of preserving normal ratios among the various kinds of white blood cells, notably those that fight infection. And that makes them, in my view, far superior.” Professor Shmuel Shoshan | Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital of Jerusalem What it says about RNA Fragments “Rabbits received daily intravenous injections of Endoxan, each dose being forty times greater, proportionally in terms of weight, than the dose normally taken by a human in the course of one week, causing a drop of white blood cells expected to induce death of the animal within ten days. Then, RNA fragments were administered. The leukocyte count rose, and within twenty-four to forty-eight hours was normal again. Once the experiment was finished, the rabbits continued in good health, despite having received antimitotic doses far beyond the doses given in human therapy. Follow-up studies conducted one to two years after the experiment showed no side effects in the rabbits.” P.64-65 Winning The War On Cancer: The Epic Journey Towards a Natural Cure “Beljanski prepared his RNA fragments from E. coli K-12, a bacterial strain that is safe for human consumption. As seen in the results in the clinical trial at CTCA the E coli preparation stimulates platelet production very efficiently. When they are prepared from yeast cells they fail to stimulate platelet production as shown in this slide. The source of the RNA is critical to success.” Dr. John Hall RNA Fragments in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy | Dr. John Hall, Research Director at The Beljanski Foundation and Dr. James F. Grutsch | Researcher at Cancer Treatment Centers of America RNA Fragments | Sylvie Beljanski | The Beljanski Foundation Latest Chemotherapy Innovation | Dr. James F. Grutsch | Research at Cancer Treatment Centers of America RNA Fragments & DNA Synthesis | Sylvie Beljanski | The Beljanski Foundation Awarded Gold Seal of Transparency 5 Years in a Row The Gold Seal has been awarded to The Beljanski Foundation by GuideStar. GuideStar by Candid’s Gold Seal is given only to those non-profits displaying the highest level of transparency with financial reports, board governance and community engagement. This seal reveals our diligence with maintaining up to date data honestly and with integrity. Prospective donors appreciate this significant recognition of conscientiousness.

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In the UK and many other Western countries, breast-feeding rates fell throughout the first half of the 20th century and remain at low levels. Over the past decades, work conducted to raise the rates of breast-feeding has met with some successReference Hamlyn, Brooker, Oleinikova and Wands(1, Reference Bolling, Grant, Hamlyn and Thornton2), but serious problems remain internationally as highlighted in the second Innocenti Declaration on the protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding(3). In the UK around 24 % of babies will be formula-fed from birth, and by 6 weeks following birth 79 % of babies will be fed exclusively or partially on infant formulaReference Bolling, Grant, Hamlyn and Thornton(2), with the highest rates of formula feeding among women of lower socio-economic status. The situation is similar in other Western countries including the USA(4), while in other countries, including China, previously high breast-feeding rates are declining rapidlyReference Xu, Binns, Nazi, Shi, Zhao and Lee(5). Worldwide, many millions of babies will be fed breast milk substitutes, usually by use of a plastic bottle and teat. The health consequences of this are enormous, and result in increased mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countriesReference Edmond, Zandoh, Quigley, Amenga-Etego, Owusu-Agyei and Kirkwood(6, Reference Quigley, Cumberland, Cowden and Rodrigues7). Risks to the baby from formula feeding not only include the intrinsic nutritional and immunological deficiencies of formula compared with breast milk. They also include risks that could potentially be reduced, such as errors in the manufacturing process, contamination during storage and transport(8), errors in reconstitution of infant formula in the homeReference Renfrew, Ansell and Macleod(9), and ensuring effective cleaning and sterilisation of the equipment used. Article 1 of the WHO Code on the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes endorses ‘the proper use of breastmilk substitutes, when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate information’(10). What are the evidence-based ways of ensuring the ‘proper use’ of such substitutes? Unlike the evidence base for the promotion and support of breast-feeding, which has been strengthened considerably in recent decadesReference Fairbank, O’Meara, Renfrew, Woolridge, Sowden and Lister-Sharp(11–Reference Renfrew, Dyson, Wallace, D’Souza, McCormick and Spiby13), the evidence base for reducing the risks of formula feeding seems to be scanty. It is not clear from the epidemiological literature what proportion of common diseases such as gastroenteritis is an inevitable consequence of the use of a product of lower quality than breast milk and what proportion could be prevented by improved practice. One recent studyReference Quigley, Cumberland, Cowden and Rodrigues(7) has suggested that, in formula-fed infants, there was significantly more diarrhoeal disease in those infants whose carer did not sterilise bottles and teats with steam or chemicals, particularly in infants under 6 months of age (adjusted OR = 9·13; 95 % CI 1·17, 71·39; P = 0.012). No information was available, however, on the relative effectiveness of the different methods being used. Milk is the perfect medium for growth of bacteria, and therefore poorly cleaned feeding equipment can be a potent source of infection for babiesReference Thompson(14). The organisms of most concern are reported to be Salmonella (8) and Enterobacter sakazakii (8, Reference Forsythe15). To reduce contamination with these organisms, the Food Standards Agency and Department of Health in England have recently recommended that formula feeds are made up using boiled water that is >70°C (water that has been boiled and left to cool for no more than 30 min) and that formula is made up fresh for each feed(16). A report by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)(8) concluded that cleaning and sterilisation of equipment in the home is a critical part of the avoidance of infection; recommendations include the use of ‘sterile bottles, achieved by heating and chemical methods’, although no evidence is provided on the relative effectiveness of these methods. The recent WHO guidelines published in 2006 and updated in 2007(17) are consistent with the EFSA recommendations and suggest that manufacturer’s instructions should be followed for chemical or steam sterilisation procedures. These guidelines are stated (p. 2) to be ‘largely based on the findings of a quantitative microbiological risk assessment for Enterobacter sakazakii’. Effective cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment offers the opportunity to minimise risks to the baby and could result in significant clinical and cost benefitsReference Rowan and Anderson(18). Various methods of cleaning and treating infant feeding equipment are used internationally (Table 1). Potential problems in using these methods routinely include cost, the time-consuming and complex nature of some methods, confusion over the length of time equipment should be boiled, left to soak or left in the microwave, whether or not equipment left to soak in hypochlorite should be rinsed, and how equipment immersed in boiling water or hypochlorite should be removed and dried. Such confusion, expense and the time needed may result in a lack of compliance. It is also not clear if basic hygiene measures such as hand-washing are seen by parents and carers as important in the face of more complicated approaches. Furthermore, use of dishwashers has been implicated in the release of plasticisers following a relatively small number of washesReference Mountfort, Kelly, Jickells and Castle(19, Reference Brede, P Fjeldal, Skjevrak and Herikstad20). It is not surprising, therefore, that there is variation in the information and advice given by health professionals. One survey conducted in Scotland found that, before the birth of their baby, only 40 % (n 25) of women considering bottle feeding had been given any information on sterilising equipmentReference Cairney and Alder(21). It is essential to maximise the opportunities for women to breast-feed, and it is also very important to offer opportunities for parents to learn about minimising the risks of formula feeding. Two brief investigations were undertaken to inform this review and to search for unpublished studies. First, UK-based manufacturers of infant feeding equipment and formula who made recommendations for cleaning and sterilising techniques in the literature accompanying their product were identified. The health advisor for each company was contacted by telephone by one of us (M.M.); all agreed to be interviewed. They were asked for information about the evidence base that informed their published recommendations. Responses are summarised in Table 2. Although two infant formula companies and two manufacturers of feeding equipment reported that they based their instructions on Department of Health guidelines or policy, at the time of the interviews (2003) no such guidelines existed on the cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment. No relevant studies were identified. Second, we contacted the UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative Co-ordinator in similar developed countries and requested copies of relevant national guidelines and information about the evidence base used. The results for these six countries are summarised in Table 3 and demonstrate variation in whether sterilisation was recommended for all babies (UK, Ireland)(22–24), only for those under 3 months of age (New Zealand(25), Norway(26), USA(27)), or only on the recommendation of a health professional (Canada)Reference Younger-Lewis(28). In the USA and Norway the use of a dishwasher was recommended as an alternative to sterilisation. There were also variations in the detailed instructions for cleaning teats (i.e. use of salt or not), and in whether bottles and teats sterilised by the chemical method should be rinsed before use. No international respondent was aware of any evidence of effectiveness informing the guidelines from their country. The aim of the systematic review described in the present paper was to assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of different methods of cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment used in the home. The first search was conducted in 2003 on the following databases: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Psycinfo, British Nursing Index (BNI), Allied and Complementary Medicine, Premedline, Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), EBM reviews, SIGLE and the Cochrane library database (which included CDSR, ACP Journal Club, CCTR and DARE). Electronic database searches were supplemented with hand searches of the references of selected papers, relevant policy documents and consultation with the key professionals and companies in this field. Grey literature and unpublished studies not recorded on SIGLE were identified by searching the National Research Register and the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination database. A broad search strategy was used to identify all relevant literature, using the following keywords and Mesh terms: bottle$, artificial feed$, formula feed$, infant feed$, teat$, sterili?$, clean$, wash$, prepar$, disinfect$, saniti$, hygien$, breastfeeding, breast pump, germ free, spotless, infection, uncontaminated. A second, structured search was run on Medline in 2006 which identified only one additional paper; the full search strategy is shown in Table 4. No date limits were set on either search. The review included research studies from developed countries that examined methods of cleaning and/or sterilisation of infant feeding equipment, either in the home or applicable to home conditions, regardless of the research design used. Studies from developing countries were excluded, as the sterilisation and infection issues are different in such dissimilar settings. Outcomes of interest included clinical outcomes in infants; results of microbiological tests of bottles and teats; behavioural outcomes for carers; and costs. Data were systematically extracted by one reviewer (M.M. or A.M.) using pre-designed data extraction forms, and were checked by a second reviewer (M.J.R.). Included studies were assessed for quality using criteria published by the Centre for Reviews and DisseminationReference Khan, ter Reit, Glanville, Sowden and Klieijnen(29). Of the 1520 references identified, only nine studies published in eight papersReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Anderson and Gatherer30–Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36) met the inclusion criteria; all but oneReference Rowan and Anderson(18) were identified in the early search. The majority of the other citations were not research studies. No systematic reviews were identified. Details of the nine included studies are given in Table 5 and the quality of the included studies is summarised in Table 6. Eight were conducted between 1962 and 1987Reference Anderson and Gatherer(30–Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36) and one in 1998Reference Rowan and Anderson(18). Three were conducted in the USAReference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn(33, Reference Hughes, Sauvain, Blanton and DeLoache34, Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36) and six in the UKReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Anderson and Gatherer30–Reference Gatherer32, 35). One was a randomised controlled trialReference Hughes, Sauvain, Blanton and DeLoache(34), four were non-randomised controlled trialsReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Gatherer32, Reference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn33, Reference Vaughan, Dienst, Sheffield and Roberts36), and four were surveysReference Anderson and Gatherer(30–Reference Gatherer32, 35). The number of participants ranged from twenty-six to 758 (median, sixty-three). No studies examined cost-effectiveness. All studies had serious methodological weaknesses. ITT, intention to treat. * Using criteria in Khan et al.Reference Khan, ter Reit, Glanville, Sowden and Klieijnen(29). Two studies examined infant morbidity related to the cleaning method usedReference Gatherer(32, Reference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn33). No significant difference in the incidence of infections or illness was identified, although no studies were of appropriate design or sufficient quality or size to answer these important questions. The largest studyReference Anderson and Gatherer(30), conducted in 1970, took place across four different geographical areas in the UK, each selected because of proximity to a public health laboratory. Methods used in the home differed across the four areas; these included the hypochlorite method alone (48 %), boiling (30 %), hypochlorite and boiling together (11 %), and the remainder either used another method (not stated) or nothing (12 %). Bottles and teats sterilised using the hypochlorite method had lower colony counts (bacterial count ≤5: 63 % (n 475) of bottles; 52 % (n 395) of teats) when samples were tested in the laboratory. The majority of mothers who used the hypochlorite method lived in rural areas and also spent more time washing and sterilising the equipment. The majority did not carry out sterilisation procedures as recommended, in spite of the fact they had received health education in this field. Clegg et al.’s study in England in 1977Reference Clegg, Duke and Prosser-Snelling(31) found similar results. The most recent studyReference Rowan and Anderson(18) examined the effectiveness of commonly used cleaning and disinfecting procedures on the removal of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus from feeding bottles. This non-randomised experimental study was conducted in the laboratory, but included subjecting bottles to storage conditions which may occur in the home. The results showed that thorough cleaning reduced, but did not completely eliminate, all microbes. All of the three disinfection procedures tested (one chemical and two thermal) eliminated the organism at low levels of contamination (<105 organisms/ml) but the chemical method failed to eliminate B. cereus at potentially hazardous levels (≥105 organisms/ml) which may occur with improper use in the home. Authors of several of the included studiesReference Hargrove, Temple and Chinn(33, Reference Hughes, Sauvain, Blanton and DeLoache34) suggested that the ‘clean’ (washed with hot soapy water and rinsed with hot running water) method is a safe alternative to traditional ‘sterilisation’ techniques, provided the safety of the water is assured. However, three studiesReference Anderson and Gatherer(30, Reference Gatherer32, 35) found higher numbers of organisms on teats, suggesting that they are more difficult to clean effectively than bottles. GathererReference Gatherer(32) indicated that bacteriology results were excellent using either thorough cleaning or sterilisation; this was attributed to the education provided for mothers. Other studiesReference Anderson and Gatherer(30–Reference Gatherer32, 35) identified a link between the failure to correctly sterilise and prepare formula feeds and a lack of ante- and postnatal education from health professionals, multiparity (mothers with two or more children) and low socio-economic status. Several authorsReference Rowan and Anderson(18, Reference Anderson and Gatherer30, Reference Clegg, Duke and Prosser-Snelling31, Reference Gatherer and Wood37, Reference Wharton and Berger38) have suggested that improved teaching for mothers and consistent advice from health professionalsReference Wharton and Berger(38) are key factors in improving sterilisation and cleaning of infant feeding equipment. The striking finding from the present study is the lack of good-quality information on clinical and cost-effective ways of cleaning and sterilising infant feeding equipment in the home, especially under conditions relevant to families in developed countries in the 21st century. Only two studies examined clinical outcomes for the babies. Design flaws identified included lack of randomisation, inadequate sample size and selection bias. This lack of high-quality evidence probably explains the variation in international guidelines that we identified. The majority of studies identified were conducted in the 1950s to the 1980s, before the introduction of microwaves and the widespread use of dishwashers in the home. It was during the 1950s that there was a steady improvement in infant mortality rate due to the reduction in deaths from childhood infectious diseases, including gastroenteritisReference Anderson and Gatherer(30, Reference Lucas and Cole39, 40). This was in part due to the recognition of the dangers of contaminated water and the introduction of chemical sterilisation methods for infant feeding equipmentReference Gerber, Berlinger and Karolus(41), and forms of sterilisation used in the 1950s are still recommended. Only one studyReference Rowan and Anderson(18) tested more recent approaches (electric and microwave steam sterilisation) and found both to be more effective than chemical sterilisation. The contribution of microwaves, with the potential for overheating, and dishwashers, with the possible hazards of salt and detergent residues and the release of plasticisers, remains to be examined. Our preliminary work found that the evidence base for the current advice given by some infant formula or feeding equipment manufacturers in the UK is unclear. Several respondents stated that they based their advice on Department of Health guidelines, but we were unable to identify the existence of such guidelines at that time. Since we conducted this preliminary work, limited guidelines have been issued by the Food Standards Agency in the UK(16) and by EFSA(8) in Europe, in response primarily to recent concern about E. sakazakii and Salmonella. The recommendation in those guidelines to make up each feed as required is likely to have implications for compliance with complex sterilisation procedures. In the absence of a secure evidence base, it is not clear what advice health professionals should be giving. Such information as we have from the included papers in this review, however, suggests that input from health professionals does have the potential to make a difference, probably in promoting compliance with whichever method is used. We found no studies that examined the views and experiences of parents and carers about the problems of cleaning and sterilising in the home environment, or ways in which the process might be simplified and made more efficient and effective. Unanswered questions remain: what are parents and carers actually doing? Which methods are easier and achieve best compliance? Which methods achieve the best clinical outcomes for the babies? Are basic hygiene measures such as thorough hand-washing, cleaning of equipment and a clean water supply sufficient? Bottle feeding carries inherent risks for the baby and is a potential source of bacterial contamination. There is scanty of evidence, however, on clinical and cost-effective ways of cleaning and sterilising infant feeding equipment, including both bottles and teats, in the home, and there is a risk that some parents may reject current methods as cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive. Further, the focus on ‘sterilisation’ procedures could have a paradoxical effect of reducing basic hygiene procedures such as hand-washing and thorough washing and drying of equipment, as it could induce complacency about the possibility of infection. The current evidence base provides little information about effectiveness of the range of old and new methods used, and there is no evidence that either manufacturers or health policy makers have identified the problems parents might face in their own homes. Studies are old, of poor quality and largely irrelevant to circumstances in the home in the early 21st century. Research is needed to determine which methods of cleaning or sterilisation of infant feeding equipment are most effective and efficient, for both bottles and teats. Epidemiological studies could contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of the risks of poor practice and the likely effects of improved procedures in this important public health issue. Further surveys and qualitative studies could provide updated information on what parents and carers actually do in the home environment and what the barriers to good practice are. Such information would inform the design of a randomised controlled trial, adequately powered, of the range of methods in common use, measuring clinical and cost outcomes, as well as the views of parents and carers. None of the authors has any competing interests. We are grateful for the input of international colleagues in providing and translating their national guidelines: Cindy Turner-Maffei, National Coordinator, Baby Friendly, USA; Julie Stufkens, Executive Officer, New Zealand Breastfeeding Authority, New Zealand; Pat Martz, Project Manager, Population Health Strategies Branch, Alberta Health and Wellness, Canada; Rachel Myr, Staff breastfeeding specialist midwife, Sørlandet Sykehus, Kristiansand, Norway; Elisabeth Tufte, Norwegian Resource Centre for Breastfeeding, Norway; Genevieve Becker, National Coordinator, Baby Friendly, Ireland. We also thank the anonymous respondents from manufacturing companies who provided information.

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Introduction: The Influence of Colors on Human Perception and Emotion Colors have a remarkable influence on our emotions and perceptions. This fascinating field of study, known as color psychology, delves into the psychological impact that different colors have on our moods and behaviors. Whether we realize it or not, colors hold a significant power to evoke specific feelings and convey symbolic meanings. Color symbolism further adds depth to this intriguing subject. Throughout history and across cultures, certain colors have been associated with specific meanings or concepts. For example, red often symbolizes passion or danger, while blue is frequently linked with tranquility or trustworthiness. With such profound effects on human psychology and perception, harnessing the power of colors can significantly enhance communication, evoke desired emotions, and create memorable experiences. By leveraging this knowledge in copywriting efforts, businesses can effectively engage their target audiences by strategically selecting the right colors that align with their brand identity and messaging. Fortunately, AI writing assistants are here to lend a helping hand in this endeavor. These advanced tools possess an extensive knowledge base on color psychology principles which they utilize to generate persuasive copy that resonates with your desired audience. By collaborating with an AI writing assistant who understands how different colors impact emotions and symbolism in various contexts, copywriters can save valuable time while ensuring their content effectively communicates the intended message. In conclusion, embracing the fascinating realm of color psychology allows us to tap into the powerful influence that colors exert over our emotions and perceptions. With AI writing assistants at our side providing expert guidance based on these principles, we can create compelling copy that captivates audiences, enhances brand messaging, and ultimately drives desired outcomes. The Impact of Colors in Marketing and Branding Strategies In the fast-paced world of marketing and advertising, creating a strong brand identity is crucial for businesses to stand out from the competition. One powerful tool that copywriters and marketers have at their disposal is color branding. By strategically using colors to influence consumer behavior, companies can effectively communicate their message and build a lasting connection with their target audience. Color psychology plays a significant role in advertising campaigns as different colors evoke specific emotions and associations. For example, warm colors like red and orange are often associated with excitement, passion, and energy, making them ideal choices for brands targeting a young and adventurous demographic. On the other hand, cool colors such as blue and green exude calmness, reliability, and trustworthiness – qualities that can be appealing to consumers seeking stability or eco-friendly products. Choosing the right color palette for a brand involves careful consideration of various factors such as target audience demographics, industry norms, cultural influences, and desired brand personality. A knowledgeable copywriter understands how to leverage these elements to create an impactful visual identity that resonates with consumers on both conscious and subconscious levels. Fortunately, AI writing assistants are now available to help copywriters streamline this process even further. With access to vast databases of color psychology research combined with their ability to generate engaging content rapidly, these AI assistants provide invaluable support in crafting compelling narratives that align seamlessly with chosen color schemes. In conclusion, leveraging color branding techniques in advertising campaigns allows businesses to tap into the power of human emotions and perceptions effectively. By understanding the psychology behind different colors’ impact on consumer behavior and utilizing AI writing assistants’ capabilities efficiently – copywriters can create persuasive content that not only captures attention but also builds long-lasting connections between brands and their target audience. Incorporating Color Psychology into Visual Content Creation and Graphic Design In the visually-driven world we live in today, choosing the right colors for your visuals has never been more important. Whether it’s designing a website, creating social media posts, or even developing a brand identity, understanding color harmony and contrast principles is crucial for making a lasting impression on your audience. Colors have the power to evoke emotions, convey messages, and enhance the overall user experience. When used effectively, they can capture attention and create a sense of harmony that resonates with your target audience. Contrast is another essential aspect when it comes to choosing colors. It involves using different shades or tones to create visual interest and make certain elements stand out. High contrast can be used to grab attention or highlight important information, while low contrast can be employed for a more subtle and sophisticated look. By leveraging these AI writing assistants’ capabilities in color selection algorithms based on color theory principles like harmonious palettes or contrasting combinations; you can save valuable time and energy while ensuring your visuals make a powerful impact. In conclusion, understanding color harmony and contrast principles is essential in creating visually captivating content across various platforms. With AI writing assistants at your disposal to assist in selecting the perfect hues for your visuals based on proven theories; you’ll not only save time but also create stunning designs that leave a lasting impression on your audience. Embrace this technological advancement today for efficient creation of visually appealing content! Developing Your Skills in Color Psychology: Resources and Techniques to Deepen Your Knowledge Discover the power of color psychology and unlock a world of endless possibilities in your marketing and design efforts. Color plays a vital role in influencing human emotions, behavior, and perception. It can be the subtle difference between capturing attention or being overlooked. Color psychology books provide an in-depth exploration of how colors impact our minds and emotions. These carefully curated works offer valuable knowledge on color selection, brand identity development, and effective communication through design. By studying case studies on successful use of color psychology, you can gain practical insights into how businesses have leveraged specific hues to evoke desired responses from their target audience. In addition to books and courses, numerous online resources provide valuable information on color psychology. Websites dedicated to this subject matter serve as treasure troves for designers, marketers, and copywriters seeking inspiration or guidance when incorporating colors into their work. These resources often include articles featuring real-life examples that demonstrate the successful implementation of color psychology principles across various industries. Investing time in studying case studies on successful use of color psychology will give you a competitive edge in effectively communicating your brand message. By understanding how different colors influence consumer behavior and perception, you can make informed decisions when selecting palettes for your designs or crafting persuasive copywriting. So whether you’re an aspiring designer wanting to create impactful visuals or a copywriter looking to enhance your persuasive writing skills, exploring books, courses, and online resources dedicated to color psychology will undoubtedly prove invaluable. Embrace the power of color psychology and let it propel your creative endeavors to new heights. Conclusion: Harnessing the Power of Colors for Personal and Professional Success In conclusion, it is evident that harnessing the power of colors can greatly contribute to both personal and professional success. The psychology of colors plays a significant role in influencing human emotions and behaviors. By understanding the symbolism behind different colors and making conscious color choices, individuals can create environments that enhance their mood, productivity, and overall well-being. In a professional setting, selecting the right colors for branding materials or office spaces can have a profound impact on how customers perceive a business or how employees feel motivated and engaged. Colors can evoke specific emotions and associations that align with desired outcomes or brand values. On a personal level, incorporating certain colors into one’s wardrobe or living space can positively affect mood and self-confidence. For example, wearing red may boost feelings of energy and assertiveness during important presentations or interviews. It is crucial to note that individual preferences for colors may vary based on cultural backgrounds and personal experiences. Therefore, it is essential to consider the target audience or context when utilizing color strategies. By harnessing the power of colors consciously and strategically in both personal and professional realms, individuals can unlock their full potential for success. Whether it’s through creating visually appealing marketing materials or establishing an inspiring home environment – the possibilities are endless when it comes to leveraging the psychological impact of colors. So why not embrace this powerful tool for achieving your goals? Start exploring the world of colors today! - The Role of Attention and Perception in Image Processing: Understanding How our Brain Interprets Visual InformationIntroduction: Exploring the Fascinating Connection between Attention, Perception, and Image Processing In the vast realm of image processing, attention and perception play a pivotal role in unlocking the true potential of visual interpretation. As humans, our eyes are naturally drawn to certain elements within an image, focusing our attention on what is most important. Similarly,… Read more: The Role of Attention and Perception in Image Processing: Understanding How our Brain Interprets Visual Information - Making Informed Decisions: The Key to Success in Every Area of LifeIn every area of life, making informed decisions is the key to success. Whether it’s in our personal relationships, career choices, or financial matters, the ability to gather relevant information and analyze it critically is crucial. Making informed decisions allows us to consider all available options and weigh their potential outcomes. It helps us avoid… Read more: Making Informed Decisions: The Key to Success in Every Area of Life - The Role of the Psychological Association in Advocating for Mental Health AwarenessIntroduction: Understanding the Importance of Mental Health Awareness In today’s fast-paced and demanding world, mental health has become more important than ever. The global conversation surrounding mental health awareness has grown exponentially in recent years, shedding light on the significance of promoting mental wellness and advocating for those who may be struggling.The importance of mental… Read more: The Role of the Psychological Association in Advocating for Mental Health Awareness - Unlocking the Power of Color Psychology: Why Understanding Color Psychology is a Valuable SkillIntroduction: The Influence of Colors on Human Perception and Emotion Colors have a remarkable influence on our emotions and perceptions. This fascinating field of study, known as color psychology, delves into the psychological impact that different colors have on our moods and behaviors. Whether we realize it or not, colors hold a significant power to… Read more: Unlocking the Power of Color Psychology: Why Understanding Color Psychology is a Valuable Skill - The Ultimate Guide to Creating Irresistible Membership Applications that ConvertOur membership application process is designed to be absolutely irresistible, making it a breeze for potential members to convert into loyal supporters of our community. We have developed a comprehensive and user-friendly guide that takes applicants through the entire process step-by-step, ensuring that they have all the information they need to make an informed decision.… Read more: The Ultimate Guide to Creating Irresistible Membership Applications that Convert - Unlocking the Power: Exploring the Psychological Effects of Static Images on Consumer BehaviorIntroduction: The Influence of Visuals in Consumer Decision Making In today’s fast-paced and visually driven world, marketers understand the power of images in influencing consumer behavior. The psychological effects of images have a profound impact on how consumers perceive brands, make purchase decisions, and engage with marketing content. Static images, in particular, play a crucial… Read more: Unlocking the Power: Exploring the Psychological Effects of Static Images on Consumer Behavior - Exploring the Role of Psychological Associations in Understanding Human Behavior and Mental HealthIn the field of psychology, understanding human behavior and mental health is a complex and multifaceted endeavor. One crucial aspect of this exploration is the role played by psychological associations. These organizations play a vital role in advancing our knowledge and understanding of the human mind and behavior through research, therapy, diagnosis, and other essential… Read more: Exploring the Role of Psychological Associations in Understanding Human Behavior and Mental Health - The Power of Static Images: How They Play a Crucial Role in Generating Emotional ResponsesIntroduction: Understanding the Impact of Static Images on Emotional Responses In today’s visually driven world, the power of static images to evoke emotional responses and communicate messages is undeniable. From advertising campaigns to social media posts, visuals play a crucial role in capturing our attention and leaving a lasting impact. Understanding the psychology behind visuals… Read more: The Power of Static Images: How They Play a Crucial Role in Generating Emotional Responses - Unleashing the Power and Importance of Still Images: How Visual Content Drives Engagement and Enhances CommunicationIntroduction: The Influence and Impact of Still Images in the Digital Age In today’s digital landscape, the power of images cannot be underestimated. Visual content has become an integral part of our daily lives, playing a crucial role in effective communication. In this fast-paced era, where attention spans are shrinking, still images have the ability… Read more: Unleashing the Power and Importance of Still Images: How Visual Content Drives Engagement and Enhances Communication

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Your donation will support the student journalists of the Evanstonian. We are planning a big trip to the Journalism Educators Association conference in Philadelphia in November 2023, and any support will go towards making that trip a reality. Contributions will appear as a charge from SNOSite. Donations are NOT tax-deductible. Governmental action on Sand Creek in recent years Content warning: The following article contains graphic, disturbing descriptions of the aftermath of the Sand Creek Massacre. February 27, 2023 After 149 years of oppression and ignorance from the government, Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, the first Native American to ever serve in Congress, created a bill in hopes of preserving the site and Sand Creek. The bill aimed to kindle the memorialization of the site at Sand Creek, protecting the area for the purpose of honoring the many Cheyenne and Arapaho people who were victims of the massacre. Campbell, who is American Cheyenne, was one of Colorado’s representatives of its third congressional district prior to becoming one of the state’s two senators, made the first governmental move toward preserving the historical site, making a statement on March 2, 1998. Introducing the importance of the Sand Creek Massacre sight, Campbell highlighted the importance of preserving the land as a protected place. “This bill authorizes the government to preserve such a significant piece of history that I believe is needed to remind us not just of the horrible deeds that took place in this country, but to the native Americans and to honor their memory.” Campbell then described the atrocious events of the Sand Creek Massacre. Starting with the unsuspecting demeanor of the familiar peace chief, Black Kettle, he described the vulnerable state of the tribes going about their day. With the impending wave of soldiers taking over, Campbell touched on the large difference in scale between soldiers killed from the Colorado militia and the large number of Native Americans brutally murdered. He describes the grotesque forms of torture used on many people and the inhumane actions of such soldiers after the massacre eventually subsided. This action will provide remembrance to the event and allow present and future generations of Americans to learn from our history—including much more glory and grace. — Former Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell on the preservation of the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site “When the skirmish ended, the Colorado volunteers then scalped and sexually mutilated many of the bodies of these people and proudly displayed their trophies to jeering crowds on the streets of Denver while desecrating the Cheyenne heritage,” explained Campbell. By examining the relentless torture and cultural denigration, Campbell made clear the justice and healing that has yet to become present for many descendants of the Cheyenne and Araphaho tribes. He recounted the lack of reparations or attempts at remembering the tragedies that took place at Sand Creek over the 149 years. Campbell encouraged the preservation of the site by pointing out the unique opportunity of the government. With the site being sold, there is no better moment to do whatever the government can to obtain the land. “This action will provide remembrance to the event and allow present and future generations of Americans to learn from our history—including much more glory and grace.” Sand Creek National Historic Site In October 1865, the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes signed the Treaty of Little Arkansas, which offered them reparations for the Sand Creek Massacre in addition to access to the lands south of the Arkansas River. Less than two years later, however, the original treaty was essentially scrapped, and the Medicine Lodge Treaty reduced the allocated reservation lands by 90 percent. The promised reparations were never paid or even kept track of by the U.S. government, despite more than a hundred attempts to account for them over the last century. Efforts to establish a Sand Creek National Historic Site began with the passage of Public Law 105-243, which mandated that the National Park Service determine the exact location of the massacre. Using historical documentation, oral history, aerial photography and archeology, a team of researchers pieced together answers and found the exact locations where the events of the massacre took place. The bill was sponsored by Campbell. On Nov. 7, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed Public Law 106-465, which created the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. The site was dedicated and formally opened on April 27, 2007. It consists of 3,025 acres, of which about 1,560 acres are owned by the National Park Service and 1,465 acres are owned by the park service in connection with the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. The site, located in southeast Colorado, includes a bookstore, a visitor picnic area and Monument Hill, upon which one can overlook Sand Creek. “Throughout all of that process, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes were very much involved. Every time they would study at the site, there were tribal representatives here,” Teri Jobe, a park guide at the site, notes. “There were a lot of meetings between National Park Service Representatives, the tribal representatives and also local people from some of the towns nearby like Eve and Lamar.” For about a hundred years, the people living in the territory, and later the state of Colorado, felt that what John Chivington had done, while not great, was justified [because] it helped the state become what it was. — Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site guide Teri Jobe Today, through the work of the site, people from all walks of life are educated on the atrocities that occurred at Sand Creek. “It’s not a conflict that a lot of people know about, and so it’s helpful for people who are even just driving by on the road, they sometimes see the sign and will go, ‘Oh, National Park. Let’s go,’” Jobe says. “Some people have prior knowledge. There has been a movement in Colorado to put this into schools. Some people have studied, and some people have come back many times over the years because they feel a connection to this place. We do not let people go into the site itself where the camp was and where the massacre actually took place because that is considered sacred ground to the tribe today. People can see that site from what we call a monument hill, looking down into the valley and the same Big Sandy Creek, and you can see that area really well from monument hill.” Another significant change made by the bill was the name of the site itself. Previously, the site had been marked by a red granite headstone, referring to Sand Creek as a battleground. This often skewed public perception in favor of Chivington. “For about a hundred years, the people living in the territory, and later the state of Colorado, felt that what John Chivington had done, while not great, was justified,” Jobe says, “[because] it helped the state become what it was.” Steps Towards Healing Every November since 1999, about 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho Sand Creek descendants have gathered at the Sand Creek Massacre Historic Site to run a 173-mile relay. As they make their way to the Colorado State Capitol, participants follow the route that soldiers took when returning to Denver after the massacre, reflecting on the atrocities that happened to their ancestors more than a century ago, even taking a moment to pause for Captain Silas S. Soule at the intersection of Arapaho and 15th Street in Denver, who told the truth about the military’s motivations during a military court hearing and was subsequently murdered. When they arrive at the building, tribal members engage in tributes and prayers to honor their historical roots. This event is called the Spiritual Healing run, and up until the surge of COVID-19, had been an integral part of the Sand Creek Massacre Historic Site’s programming. “Before COVID, it was usually a very large event. We could have up to 200 people or more who would come to [the run]. There would be prayers offered by some of the elders of the Cheyenne and Arapaho, and it would be followed by a relay run from the site of Sand Creek to Denver,” Jobe reflects. “Now, I’ve never followed that whole route, and I don’t think it was quite the complete route, but it was large chunks of it. Then a couple days afterward, when the group got to Denver, there would be a further ceremony at the steps of the Capitol building. With the onset of COVID, that has changed a bit for health and safety reasons. Many of the tribes only send a few people to do prayers and ceremonies here at the site just to protect their communities.” In 2014, then-governor John Hickenlooper took the healing run as an opportunity to finally apologize for the harm he and preceding government officials have inflicted on the native tribes. When I go to Colorado or other places in America, it’s clear that there are still so many people who do not know anything about Sand Creek or other massacres that happen around the country. There is so much that needs to be done to heal. — Gale Ridgley, member of the Northern Arapaho tribe “Today, we gather here to formally acknowledge what happened: the massacre at Sand Creek. We should not be afraid to criticize and condemn that which is inexcusable, so I am here to offer something that has been too long in coming, and on behalf of the State of Colorado, I want to apologize,” Hickenlooper said on that day in 2014. “On behalf of the good, peaceful, loving people of Colorado, I want to say we are sorry for the atrocity that our government and its agents visited upon your ancestors.” Before issuing the apology, Hickenlooper collaborated with former governors to ensure that the speech was coming from an accurate, genuine place. “That was from the state of Colorado. It wasn’t the federal government that did that, and he spoke on behalf of himself and all prior Colorado governors,” Jobe elaborates. “He’d actually spoken with the previous governors who were still living at the time just to make sure that all the governors that he could speak to were on board with that apology.” While the apology made strides in terms of government accountability for the massacre, most feel it is merely the first step in making amends for the generational trauma and pain that descendants have endured for a century and a half. Gale Ridgley, member of the Northern Arapaho tribe, reflects on the long-standing need for the government to do more. “As an Arapaho person, an educator and former principal, I do believe that politics and power are stories of education,” Ridgley says. “I believe that when I go to Colorado or other places in America, it’s clear that there are still so many people who do not know anything about Sand Creek or other massacres that happen around the country. There is so much that needs to be done to heal.” After 149 years of generational trauma, loss and poverty, of broken promises and deception, descendants of the Sand Creek Massacre sought to gain reparations for the United States’ betrayal. In 1865, federal representatives joined Arapaho and Cheyenne tribal members to develop the Treaty of Little Arkansas, which renounced the massacre and promised compensation for family members of the victims. However, 149 years later in 2013, the Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Trust—backed by more than 15,000 identified descendants—filed a class action lawsuit under the belief that little of the money actually made it into the hands of their ancestors. There was a congressional appropriation [following the massacre], so Congress appropriated monies to pay for part of the damages. Those monies never made it to the Indigenous people; some of it actually went back into the U.S. Treasury. — Dave Askman, lawyer of the Sand Creek Massacre Descendants Trust “First of all, there was a congressional appropriation [following the massacre], so Congress appropriated monies to pay for part of the damages,” explains Dave Askman, the trust’s lawyer and adopted father of two possible descendants of the massacre. “Those monies never made it to the Indigenous people; some of it actually went back into the U.S. Treasury. That may have been because they couldn’t find tribal representatives who wanted to take the money, or they couldn’t find the individuals, or they just didn’t know how to do it. I don’t know what the motives would have been of an agent of a Bureau of Indian Affairs in the 1870, but we know that the monies did not make it to the individuals who are identified in the treaties. We also found that some monies were paid to tribes. That seems on its face to be partial fulfillment of the obligations in this treaty, but paying the money to the tribes is like paying it to the government—you’re not giving it to the individuals who have agreed to get it, and no tribes are identified to receive monies in the treaty. There are individuals identified in the treaty.” Before the lawsuit even began, the trust ran into a few challenges. Back when the search for reparations started brewing in 2012, Eric Gorski, then a reporter for the Denver Post, published an in-depth look into the case. At the time, there were four different groups all seeking justice, with arguments developing over who would qualify for the compensation. “I think the number of different groups is a very tangible sign of the divisions within that community and frankly, so many communities,” Gorski notes. “In this case, it involves very profound disagreements—disagreements about which tribes were wronged and about when to stop counting the number of folks who would be eligible for reparations. That’s tough.” In terms of its legal argument, the team had to find justification to sue. All the way back to the United States’ founding, a doctrine known as sovereign immunity was established, mandating that the government could not be sued without its consent or an express waiver. While no explicit language designated an express waiver in either the Treaty of Little Arkansas or the Appropriations Act that allocated its funds, much of the legislation within the Appropriations Act inferred a statute of limitations—a time limit on how long a person can sue someone for a particular cause. Thus, the trust’s legal team argued that the presence of these statutes implies consent to sue. Ultimately, the trust’s case was not enough to convince the Colorado court. Their opinion stated that the government had not established an explicit trustee relationship with the tribes, nor was there unequivocal consent to sue in either of the cited documents. Later, in an appeal to Colorado’s Tenth Circuit Court, the lawsuit’s dismissal was upheld. “The United States unfortunately argued successfully that the treaty did not create what they call a trust relationship between the persons identified in the Treaty and the United States. Now, I just think that that’s a gross miscarriage of justice. I think it’s absolutely wrong, and I think that the United States, when it makes a promise in a treaty, especially [with] tribes it’s in control of, [has to] fulfill those promises. Anyway, a district court decided if there was no enforceable agreement, no enforceable trust created, then the United States didn’t have to account for those monies,” Askman elaborates. I think that the United States, when it makes a promise in a treaty, especially [with] tribes it’s in control of, [has to] fulfill those promises. — Dave Askman For Askman, the loss was hardly a surprise. “When you’re a lawyer like I am, who practices Indian law, you get used to cases where you’re absolutely right on the facts, and you’re absolutely right on the equities involved in the case,” Askman says. “You’re on the right side of issues that somehow courts in the United States seem to always rule against, and they sometimes bend over backwards in order to rule against tribes. What it meant was we had to go back to the drawing board and figure out a different way to try to make our clients whole.” The interests of the U.S. government in a case like this can’t be pinpointed, but it can be assumed that its lawyers will always protect the interests of the country. “I can’t really speak to their motives, because I don’t know exactly what they are. There are a lot of lawsuits out there where tribes are making claims about violations of the United States trust responsibility to them, and I’m guessing they don’t want bad law on the books that might be precedent in another case. I think that, anytime you’re talking about the amounts of money that might be involved in a case like this, or if you’re talking about the amount of effort it would take to do and accounting for 150 years of mismanagement or non-payment of funds, that’s something they obviously don’t want to do,” Askman notes. “We fully expected the United States to put up a defense, and I honestly believe that, sometimes, lawyers, who are charged with defending the United States, their first reaction is not, ‘Is this right or wrong?’ but ‘How do we defend this case?’ instead of trying to figure out whether or not what they’re doing is correct.” The battle for reparations isn’t over yet. After the legal team was struck down by yet another loss when the supreme court refused to hear their case in 2016, the plaintiffs sought out other methods to receive justice. “There are other options available to us. I can’t really talk in detail about all of those because we’re working on them right now, but there are other branches of government. It’s not just the judicial system. If you can convince the legislature that the United States ought to keep its promises, especially to Native peoples, then maybe legislation could solve our problem. That’s certainly possible,” Askman elaborates. “There’s a possibility that an international court may hear this issue at some point. The United Nations is already aware of this case, and they sent an official to take a history from my clients, and they actually came up with the opinion that this was a wanton abuse of human rights in one where the United States really needed to make reparations.” For the descendants of the massacre, the people that felt a duty to find justice for their slaughtered ancestors, winning the lawsuit would mean more than just money—it would mean finally living in peace. “They’re not people who have dollar signs in their eyes. They’re not looking to get rich. They are quite the opposite, actually. They are people who are much more concerned with the United States fulfilling its obligations to the tribes and trying to close a chapter in their life which these people feel every day,” Askman says. “It’s hard to imagine, from my perspective, being so affected by events that happened to my ancestors 150 years ago, but that is absolutely the case here. It would bring closure. I know that my clients, the trust itself, would be very interested in setting up educational facilities, tribal lands or lands for persons who are affected. “It’s now been 159 years, and they’re still looking for justice.” On Oct. 5, 2022, Michael Bennet, a Colorado senator and American attorney, joined Hickenlooper and multiple leaders from the Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes in remembering the tragic events of 1864 at the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. Along with live music and multiple speakers from the members of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, Bennet and Hickenlooper proudly announced the additional funds and 3,500 extra acres of land to the site. With them was Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland, the first Native American to serve as a member of a presidential cabinet. “It is our solemn responsibility at the Department of the Interior, as caretakers of America’s national treasures, to tell the story of our nation,” said Haaland at the event. “The events that took place here forever changed the course of the Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.” Bennet and Hickenlooper hoped that by adding land to the site, there would be more access to the public. Creating more publicity will increase the acknowledgement and education of what happened during the Sand Creek Massacre. “This is a long overdue step to respect and preserve land sacred to the Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes,” said Bennet. “We will never forget the hundreds of lives that were brutally taken here—men, women and children murdered in an unprovoked attack,” Haaland said. “Stories like the Sand Creek Massacre are not easy to tell but it is my duty—our duty—to ensure that they are told. This story is part of America’s story.”

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The ‘Unique Construction’ interview series takes a deeper look into the challenges faced by unique construction companies and managers. Throughout this series interviews with construction professionals and experts from these fields will give readers first-hand accounts of and deep insights into the safety, security, and management challenges faced by these remarkable industries and individuals. The ‘Unique Construction’ series begins with ‘Site Safety Over (and under) the Sea.’ It features Kevin Wheatcroft, the Safety Director at Advanced American Construction and overviews the shocking safety challenges of a marine construction company. Over 96 people died while building the Hoover Dam. Many of these individuals were “high-scalers,” workers that climbed down the canyon wall using only a small rope to jackhammer and blast away loose rock. Frequently, these workers fell into the waters below, sometimes to their death. Others were injured or killed from falling rocks above. These were obvious hazards, yet surprisingly, protective equipment was not freely provided. To ensure their safety, the dam workers had to create their own head protection. Dipping cloth hats into sticky tar, they used the Nevada desert sunlight to warm and harden the tar into makeshift hard hats. The equipment and environmental challenges of working on the Hoover Dam were second to none in marine construction. Thankfully, much has changed since the 1930’s construction of the Hoover Dam. Mainly, the formation of The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1971. On marine construction sites today, safety nets and safety harnesses are required. Life vests and life preservers are always on-site. Adequate toilets and wash stations must be readily available, and companies need to submit health and safety plans. The marine construction processes have significantly changed too. Modern companies use 3D visualization systems to understand and survey surrounding waters and coasts before and during the construction process to detect potential hazards. Before starting some projects, advanced cofferdams are used to pump out water from the site. During nighttime construction, boat lighting and detection is used to prevent collisions. Some companies, like the one interviewed in this article, even complete underwater construction with specialized diving sets. Needless to say, the industry has seen considerable advancement from tar hard hats. Despite these significant improvements, however, marine construction safety still challenges even the most experienced safety managers. This construction niche ranks as one of the most hazardous occupations, largely due to the unpredictable nature of the weather. In the winter, water might freeze, breaking equipment and creating major slip hazards. In rainy seasons, the wind can get heavy and cause long delays in the construction schedule. In some areas, tide swings can be up to 12-feet tall and powerful enough to rock ships. As if weather was not challenging enough, local citizens sometimes live, work, and walk close to or on worksites, requiring safety managers to focus beyond just their own workers. With these many potential hazards, it is necessary for contractors to be prepared for each step in the marine construction process. Yet, there is no singular construction process in the marine niche. From coastal homes to expansive bridges to underwater pipelines, the situations contractors face change drastically from site to site. To ensure each unique site is safe, contractors must look at the weather, local environment, bystanders, and water accessibility, amongst countless other factors. Undoubtedly, marine construction safety is a unique and demanding niche of the industry. Based out of Portland, Oregon, Kevin Wheatcroft is the Safety Director at Advanced American Construction. His company is a recognized leader in the Safety and Marine Construction fields. Wheatcroft has been a safety professional for over 16 years, having had the opportunity to take positions as a safety chairman, safety director, and safety consultant. It is fair to say he is an expert in safety. In character with his profession, Wheatcroft conducted his interview on a tugboat. While discussing the uniqueness of the marine construction industry, we were treated to the background sounds of seagulls squawking and water whooshing. From stories of 12-foot-tall tide swings to underwater explosions, Wheatcroft had lots to share about his experiences in marine construction. Wheatcroft explained how his three years as Safety Director for Advanced American have been challenging. “The water adds a whole layer of risk,” he stated, especially with commercial diving. Welding steel underwater can produce combustible gas. If too much gas is trapped in a small area, the result can be massive underwater explosions. On top of that, divers face risks when surfacing, and need hyperbaric chambers for recompression. If the divers come up too fast, there is a real threat for them getting bends, a decompression sickness. Wheatcroft explained, “it can mess divers up if they get the bends and do not know how to treat it.” The divers have to be sure to get the correct oxygen treatment, or else it can be life-threatening. Overall, divers face a workplace fatality rate nearly 40x higher than the national average across industries. Wheatcroft pointed out many over-the-water challenges too. He explained that his company uses “small steel boats, 20 ft long workboats.” The risk of smashing hands between the boats or a steel piling of another boat is always on a worker’s mind. Falling out of the boat and drowning is a big concern as well. With these many risks, Wheatcroft uses specialized Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), like life jackets, and techniques and training to keep his teams safe. With all these risks, workers need copious training. Every member of the diving team, for example, needs certification for commercial diving. This can take around eight months of preparation. They must also receive extensive medical training. Divers need to know how their bodies will react underwater, and how to keep themselves safe if an accident does occur. “There is a lot that goes into it,” Wheatcroft said. While being able to watch from a tv screen, he still finds it hard to understand all the hazards commercial divers face underwater. He explained, “you cannot know exactly what they face without being down there with them.” Like with any marine contractor, the weather is a major concern of Wheatcroft. Last September, he oversaw a project on the windiest section of the Columbia River Gorge. “The wind was just blowing,” Wheatcroft explained. The whole project fell days behind schedule simply because they could not use the cranes in the wind. In some other bays, the tides become a big factor. Some workers have to fight tides 10–12 feet tall, or worse, according to Wheatcroft. Beyond concern for the crew, Wheatcroft has a lot to think about with pedestrians. Currently, Advanced American is replacing access for the commercial fishing fleet in Newport. One of the requirements of the jobs is to give fishermen access to the [dock/port] 100% of the time throughout the 5–6 month job. Thus, the safety of the fisherman, or whoever else may be around, plays a big role in the construction process. In Newport, they have hundreds of people walking up and down the boardwalk. This adds an element overlooked by many when thinking about the responsibilities of marine contractors. When working with water, contractors are forced to come up with clever solutions to solve their building problems. When constructing bridges over the water, it is often too difficult to build a temporary track as one might do on land. For one, support systems cannot be transported by truck underneath the bridge like what may happen on land. Instead, the building materials need to be transported over the water. Wheatcroft maintains that on land strategies are “just not feasible” over the water, so alternative strategies must be used. His company hires subcontractors to drill foundation piers with steel and concrete. Once the foundational piers are in place, they then use a big barge to float the 330-foot bridge span. The visual of sending a multi-million-pound bridge up a river is extraordinary. Using cranes, the company lifts the bridge pieces one by one from the barges to on top of the foundational piers. The construction process, with all its complications and responsibilities, is what Wheatcroft finds most interesting and exciting. While on projects with drastically different sites and setbacks, he gets to see water problem-solving skills at work, and witness individuals figure out safe solutions to the challenges of water. “It’s safety — period. The rules are not to make your job harder. The rules are there to make you go home safe at the end of the day. We all work for our time off, the way I look at it. There’s an old song, right, ‘Working for the Weekend.’ I think that’s very true with anybody, you know. I don’t come to work just so I can pay my bills and keep the electricity on. I come to work so I can have enough money and time to spend with my family… Anybody can get hurt, whether you’re at home, whether you’re on the job, injuries happen and they can all really impact your quality of life. Keeping people safe, whether they understand it or not, is for the future and for their families as well. I have seen some pretty bad injuries and have seen how they can really impact people’s lives. And, almost everybody out here in this trade gets paid by the hour. So, let’s take the time to do it right, do it safe… No amount of money would make me want to get injured for the rest of my life, and not be able to, you know, walk around or hike, hang out with your kids or grandkids, or whatever it may be.” Marine construction holds safety challenges that most construction professionals will never have to face. Wheatcroft may have summarized it best and most simply: “the water just adds a whole layer of risk.” Perhaps the most interesting part of these unique challenges is the ability for these companies to find ways to adapt and overcome with one-of-a-kind solutions. From using hyperbaric chambers to huge barges, maritime construction companies like Advanced American Construction find ways to complete their projects over and under the water safely. Thanks again to Kevin Wheatcroft and Advanced American Construction for participating in the “Unique Construction” interview series. The “Unique Construction” Series will be back with more captivating interviews with individuals across the construction industry. Stay tuned for future posts and updates! Wheatcroft has been a safety professional for 16 years and is based out of Portland, Oregon. Before becoming a safety professional, he was a truck mechanic, welder, fabricator, and millwright. He worked in a large fabrication company located outside of Portland and was on the safety committee. Soon, he came to be the committee chairman. He spoke of a particular incident during that time when “one of their machinists dropped a pretty sharp chuck of stainless steel on his hand from about 8'’ or a foot — maybe higher.” Unfortunately, the machinist cut his fingers off at a 45-degree angle. Wheatcroft researched the incident, striving to make a game plan that would ensure it did not happen again. What did he find? The company he worked for was not doing any kind of training on the equipment the machinist had used. Furthermore, they were not using the equipment according to the manufacturer’s instructions. He wrote up a training program and saw positive safety results. Having done a good job on the mitigation, the company asked if he wanted to be the new safety leader. After eight years of being the Safety Director, Wheatcroft became a Safety Consultant. As a safety consultant, he worked with Associated General Contractors in Oregon-Columbia. Later, he ended up at Advanced American Construction and works as the Safety Director there today.

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BERNTSON FAMILY NARRATIVE NOTE: The Berntson family also went by the last name Benson. Their name is also found as Berntsen. Andrew Berntson (Anders Berntson) was a native of Norway, born 15 January 1845. He emigrated to the United States around 1870 with his brother, James Berntson, and other siblings. The Berntson siblings settled in San Francisco, where Andrew worked in the shipyards. In 1872, Andrew married Bertha Olson (Berte Oleson), also a native of Norway, on 7 October in San Francisco. The family attended church at the Ascension Lutheran Church, which is likely where they were married. Bertha emigrated to the United States in 1870 with many of her siblings, including: August Olson, Kund Olson, Samuel Olson, and Regenheldt Olson and possibly their parents. At least one sibling remained behind in Norway. She was born 4 April 1849. The Berntson and the Olson families were part of a post-Civil War Norwegian emigration surge. Between 1825 and 1925, Norway lost over one-third of its population to those that had “America Fever.” Most of the Norwegian immigrants in America found their way to the newly opened lands of the Midwest, settling in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas. Some, like the Berntson’s and the Olson’s made their way to the Pacific Coast. By 1879, Andrew and Bertha had migrated north to Stewarts Point, Sonoma County, California. They likely lived with or near Bertha’s sister, Regenheldt Olson, who had married Michael Williams. The Williams Ranch was located near Clarks Crossing (between Stewarts Point and Annapolis), and was passed down through Regenheldt’s daughter, Regenheldt Williams Rasmason’s family, and was purchased by the Richardson family in 2002. Moving to Gualala by 1881, Andrew worked at the Gualala Mill, and then the family had moved up to Elk Prairie by 1883. On 1 July 1884, while working in the woods near Gualala, Andrew was killed by a falling tree. An inquest was held, and his death was determined accidental. The owners of the Gualala Mill allowed Bertha and her children to have a lifetime estate in their home at the Gualala Mill. Bertha and Regenheldts children were close, and often spent time with each other. The Williams family held at least one dance, when the Berntson’s daughter, Anna Belle, came to visit. Life for this family was typical of those that worked in the Mill. They migrated where the work was, attended church at the Gualala Church, and the children attended the Gualala School. After Andrew’s death, Bertha continued to live in Gualala, but would spend the winters in Willits and/or San Francisco with her daughters, Ida Berntson Johnson and Anna Berntson. Bertha died 11 February 1930 at home in Gualala, after being ill for five years. Andrew, Bertha, and their son Andrew Bearnhart are all buried in the Gualala Cemetery. Andrew and Bertha had seven children: Emma Berntson (1874-1874): Emma was born in San Francisco on 9 Mar 1874. She died on 10 July 1874. Her cause of death is unknown. She was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in San Francisco, and later removed to the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Colma. Oscar Olson Berntson (1875 – 1960): Oscar was born in San Francisco on 25 October 1875. He died on 12 August 1960 in Crescent City, Del Norte County, California. He lived much of his life in Crescent City on fifth street and worked as a janitor at Del Norte High School. He later took over his uncle’s job as janitor of the Del Norte County Courthouse. Oscar is buried in the IOOF Cemetery in Crescent City. Ida Adeline Berntson (1877 – 1931): Ida was born in San Francisco on 16 April 1877. She died on 27 August 1931 in San Francisco. She was the only child of Andrew and Bertha who married. Her husband was Charles W. Johnson, an emigrant from Sweden. They lived in Little Lake (present day Willits), Mendocino County, California, where Charles was an edgerman in the mill. Eventually they moved back to the coast, living in Point Arena. Both Adeline and Charles are buried at the Cypress Lawn Garden Cemetery in Colma. They had no children. Andrew Bearnhart Berntson (1879-1938): Andrew was born in the Salt Point Township on 28 September 1879. He worked throughout his life in the timber industry, winding his way through Mendocino and Humboldt Counties. He first worked in the mill in Little Lake (Willits) along with his brother, Harry, and brother-in-law, Charles Johnson. In 1917, he was working for the Pacific Lumber Company in Scotia, and then by 1920 found himself in the town of Newburg, just east of Fortuna, established and built by the Eel River Valley Lumber Company in 1884. Today, Newburg no longer exists, the buildings, mill pond, and railroad tracks have all disappeared. He worked in Newburg for a few years, and then Andrew migrated to Metropolitan, working at the Metropolitan Lumber Company as a millhand. This small company town consisted of 25 homes, a hotel, and store. Like Newburg, it no longer exists, having been destroyed by the Eel River Flood of 1964. Like so many in the timber industry, Andrew found himself in the storied company town of Samoa, working for the Hammond Lumber Company. By the time he arrived here, he was working as a skilled millman, and lived in the company owned homes on the peninsula. Samoa, originally known as Brownsville, served as a prisoner of war camp for Native Americans captured in the Bald Hills War, and then a dairy farm, before it became the heart of Humboldt County’s timber industry. The sawmill was built in 1892, and the Samoa became the largest mill site in Northern California. Today, it is one of the very few company towns that still have inhabitants. Around 1827, Andrew moved ashore to Eureka, living on Summer Street, with some of his co-workers from the mill. Moving back to Mendocino County in the 1930’s, worked in Albion and then shortly before his death in 1938 moved to Stewarts Point, likely living with his Williams cousins. Andrew never married and had no children. He is buried in the Gualala Cemetery. Anna Belle Berntson (1880/1-1958): Records conflict as to Anna’s exact year of birth, but she was born on 30 July in either 1880 or 1881. As a young woman, she moved to San Francisco, and then returned to the coast, working as the Chief Operator for the telephone exchange in Gualala, and then later as the post mistress, retiring in 1951. She lived in the family home until her death in 1958. Anna is buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Point Arena. Anna never married and had no children. Harry William Berntson (1883-1953): Harry was born at Elk Prairie, Mendocino County, California on 9 July 1883. He migrated to Little Lakes (Willits), where he worked in the mill and lived with his brother, Andrew, and next door to his sister Ida, and her husband Charles. At some point, he moved to Crescent City, living with his brother Oscar and uncle James, probably still working in the timber industry, before he moved back to the coast and lived with his sister, Anna, until her death. Harry died after a series of strokes, in Fort Bragg, California on 7 July 1953. He is buried in a shared plot in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Point Arena. Harry never married and had no children. Unknown Child: Census records indicated that Bertha had seven children, and five of them were alive in 1900. The unknown child was either born before Emma, or sometime between 1880 and 1900, and died young. Research by Kelly Richardson, Anchored Genealogy

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Animate that Haiku! - Preview | - Standards | - Resources & Preparation | - Instructional Plan | - Related Resources | Although some students insist they cannot write poetry, the haiku's short form and its lack of rhyme will make the students less apprehensive of the task. Because of their brevity, haikus are perfect for teaching students how to use Animoto, an online web tool to create short slideshows. After reading haikus and examining the haiku format, students write their own haikus that they then animate using Animoto. - Haiku Poem App: TThis free mobile app from ReadWriteThink will be used for students to write their haikus. - Animoto: Students will use this online web tool to create slideshows to illustrate their haikus. From Theory to Practice Cheney points out that English teachers have oftentimes taken away their students’ enthusiasm for poetry by overanalyzing the literary qualities of poems. In particular, he suggests that teachers who concentrate on form have not instructed their students on the true essence of haiku poetry. He believes instructors should focus on the haiku’s quality of capturing a “moment, image, or feeling drawn from the close observation of nature.” Likewise, according to Parr and Campbell, teachers need to find low-anxiety methods to teach poetry that allows students to delve into poetry without the emphasis on form and rhyme. Additionally, by tying in technology elements with poetry, students may be more motivated to write as Hutchison, Beschorner and Schmidt-Crawford noted that students were highly engaged when using iPads in the classroom. Furthermore, Parr and Campbell state that students need to be given opportunities to share their own poetry. By using the Haiku Poem App and then creating short slideshows through Animoto, students have two unique platforms to communicate their poems. Common Core Standards This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. This lesson has been aligned to standards in the following states. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. NCTE/IRA National Standards for the English Language Arts - 1. Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; to acquire new information; to respond to the needs and demands of society and the workplace; and for personal fulfillment. Among these texts are fiction and nonfiction, classic and contemporary works. - 2. Students read a wide range of literature from many periods in many genres to build an understanding of the many dimensions (e.g., philosophical, ethical, aesthetic) of human experience. - 4. Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. - 5. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. - 6. Students apply knowledge of language structure, language conventions (e.g., spelling and punctuation), media techniques, figurative language, and genre to create, critique, and discuss print and nonprint texts. Materials and Technology - Samples of haiku poetry from books and/or websites - Classroom computer with projection capabilities - Computers with Internet capabilities and headphones - Items from nature such as pinecones, pebbles, and dried flowers At this website teachers can sign up for a free educator account which provides six-month access for fifty students. This is the website for noted children’s science author Seymour Simon where each week he posts a "Cool Photo of the Week," which can serve as inspiration for writing haikus. Although this website is geared for elementary students, it can serve as an introduction to haiku poetry and most of the haikus are illustrated with at least one image. The portions of the current issue of this society’s journal Frogpond is online. Since the haikus are not illustrated, the haikus at this website would be useful to have the students identify the descriptive, concise language of haikus. At this website you will find several haikus under the section Featured Haiku, some traditional and some not. None are illustrated, so again students can explain what images the language of the haiku evoke. This website features haikus from children around the world. You may want to invite your students to add their haikus to this website. - Sign up for a free educator account at Animoto, and then create student accounts. Instructions for creating student accounts came be found at How Do I Set Up Accounts for My Students?. - Familiarize yourself with Animoto using the Animoto Instructions printout. Depending on the level of your students, you might want to make one copy of this for each student. - Decide where you will post the students’ finished slideshows. One possibility is to create a classroom wiki at Wikispaces or a class website at Google Sites. Both tools are free - Reserve time in your school’s computer lab for one session. If possible, bookmark Animoto or post the link on the class wiki or website. If neither option is feasible, simply have the students type in the address in the browser. - Select several haikus from the websites listed and/or from the Suggested Haiku Books printout to use during the first class session. Choose haikus that follow the traditional format as well as ones that do not. If you use haikus online without images, find at least one image per haiku online that could correspond with these selected haikus. Save these images to the classroom computer that will be used for projecting. Least Things: Poems about Small Nature by Jane Yolen and Jason Stemple is an excellent resource for showing haikus combined with photography. - Using one of the selected haikus, create an Animoto slideshow to share with the students. - Collect nature items, such as pinecones, pebbles, and dried flowers, for your classroom to serve as inspiration during the writing process. - Find nature images online that you can print or use actual photographs to serve as additional inspiration. If you search “Cool Photo of the Week” at Seymour Simon’s website, you will find many interesting nature images that will engage students. - Make one copy of first page of the Haiku Starter and the Haiku Rubric for each student. - Secure the tablets that students will use in session three. Download the Haiku Poem App on these tablets. Familiarize yourself with the app, especially how to customize the background image. - identify the format and topic of traditional haiku poetry. - create haikus using concise and descriptive language to evoke images. - create haikus using a mobile app. - create a slideshow through the use of Animoto to illustrate the descriptive language of a haiku. - Begin by projecting one of the traditional haikus on the board. Read the haiku together. - Ask students questions about the traditional format of a haiku. Cover the following areas: - Number of syllables per line (5-7-5 pattern) - Number of lines (three lines) - Typical nature theme - Ask students to circle on the board the descriptive words they find in the haiku. - Show the image(s) you found for the haiku and reread the haiku. Discuss the following about the image: - How does this image fit the descriptive language of the haiku? - What emotions does the image invoke? - Do these emotions fit the mood of the haiku? - Divide the class into small groups and give each group a traditional haiku to examine and present to the class. Ask them to discuss the following in their small groups and then share with the class while the haiku is projected (write these on the board or project them for students to see): - The traditional 5-7-5 syllable line format - Number of lines - The nature theme - The descriptive words - The mood of the haiku - What image(s) they imagine would fit their haiku - Project a non-traditional haiku on the board. Read the haiku together and discuss the following: - Number of syllables per line - Number of lines - The theme of the haiku - The concise, descriptive language that is present in all haikus - Project the image(s) you found for this haiku and reread the haiku. Ask students how this image fits the haiku. - Have students return to their small groups and give each group a non-traditional haiku to present to the class using the same topics above. If this is not completed during this session, give students time to finish with their groups at the beginning of the next session or require them to finish it out of class. - Share with the students that in the next session they will write their own haikus on tablets using Haiku Poem App. Explain that after they have written their haikus, the students will then use Animoto to create slideshows of their haikus. Give the students the Haiku Rubric and show the students the Animoto slideshow you have created to compare to the rubric. - Before the students arrive for this session, lay out your nature items (or items that students provided) and hang your images/photos in the classroom. - Connect one tablet to the projector and project the Haiku Poem App. Together read through the descriptions in the app about What is a Haiku? and How to write a Haiku. Take one of the nature items or images, and solicit from the class suggestions for the Brainstorming section. Then together create a haiku using the ideas from brainstorming. Remind students that because of the brevity of a haiku, not every item on the brainstorming list needs to be included in the finished poem. Model for the students how to change the text and customize the background to match the haiku. Model for the students how to save their final poem as well as e-mail to you for printing. - Hand out the tablets with the mobile app to the students. Tell them they may use one of the nature items or images to create their list, or they may choose any other nature-related topic. Also, remind them that only traditionally formatted haikus require the strict 5-7-5 syllable pattern. Allow time for students to complete their haikus. Circulate throughout the classroom, helping those who have trouble with the app and probing those who have problems writing the haiku. - Check that all students have completed their haikus and sent them to you. Print each student’s haiku for use in the next session. Check that all students completed their haikus in the last sessions. If not, allow time for those who have not finished to complete the assignment. Again play the Animoto slideshow you have created but do not project the slideshow. Therefore, the students are just hearing the soundtrack you have selected. Discuss what emotions the music evokes. Show the slideshow with projection and discuss how the music and images complement the haiku. Model for the students how to find images online that will correspond to their haikus. Discuss the following: - Searching using specific words (for example, using tulip instead of flowers) - Copyrighted images cannot be used Model of the students where you want them to save their images. Hand out the students’ haikus that they created on the tablets and you have printed. Provide each student with a user name and password for Animoto. Allow students time to work on their slideshow. While students are working, discuss with students individually the following: - Use of descriptive language Images that reflect the descriptive language Music that mirrors the mood of the haiku Problems they have in creating their slide show When students complete their slideshows, have them work with a partner to check each other’s slideshow against the Haiku Rubric. Allow students to make any necessary changes. Collect the students’ printed haikus at the end of the hour, so that this can be used as part of their assessment and for possibly displaying these in the classroom or in the school building. - Allow time for students to continue to work on/finish up their slideshows. - When students complete their slideshows, have them work with a partner to check each other’s slideshow against the Haiku Rubric. Allow students to make any necessary changes. - Collect the Haiku Starter at the end of the hour as part of the student assessment and remind students that they will be presenting their slideshows to the class in the next session. - Have each student share his/her slideshow. - Allow time for students to comment on each other’s haikus and choice of images as well as music (you may either have students fill out a rubric for each presenter, or provide some sort of guiding questions that students should use to give constructive feedback). - If possible, post the students’ slideshows to the class wiki or website and encourage the students to share these with members of their families. - Have the students draw their own pictures for their haikus. Using digital cameras, take pictures of their artwork and upload these to Animoto. - Use the tablets to take pictures of the students’ own drawing. Use these images as background in the Haiku Poem App. - Have additional books from the Poetry Books with Good Illustrations printout in the classroom and encourage students to read these. - Try other forms of poetry and create Animoto slideshows for these poems. - Use the mobile app Word Mover to create “found poetry.” - Have students share their slideshow with a younger class at school. - Invite parents to a Poetry Coffeehouse and share the students’ work. - Display the students’ haikus creating using the Haiku Poem App on a class bulletin board or in the hallways for others to enjoy. - Invite students to post their haikus to the website Kids on the Net for an even larger audience to enjoy their creative writing. Student Assessment / Reflections - Examine the completed haikus made with the app. - Use the Haiku Rubric to assess students’ finished slideshows. - Keep notes on students’ participation in group work and time on task. - Ask the students to explain (in a few sentences/paragraph) the relationship between the images and the music they choose for their haikus.

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Did you know that over half of domestic cats are overweight or obese? This can lead to health problems such as diabetes, joint issues, and heart disease. However, with proper care and attention, it’s possible to help your cat lose weight and maintain a healthy lifestyle. In this article, we’ll provide a comprehensive guide to putting your cat on a diet, including tips for choosing the right food, creating a feeding schedule, and monitoring your cat’s progress. The Ultimate Guide to Putting Your Cat on a Diet Putting your cat on a diet requires a step-by-step process to ensure that your cat remains healthy while losing weight. 1. Consult with a Veterinarian Before making any changes to your cat’s diet or exercise routine, consult with a veterinarian. They can advise you on the right type of food and the appropriate number of calories your cat should consume each day. 2. Calculate Your Cat’s Daily Caloric Needs Once you have consulted with a veterinarian, you can calculate your cat’s daily caloric needs. This will help you determine the appropriate amount of food to give your cat to support their weight loss goals. 3. Choose the Right Type of Food Choosing the right type of food is crucial to helping your cat lose weight. Look for high-protein, low-calorie foods that don’t contain fillers or by-products. Wet food can also help your cat feel fuller for longer. 4. Create a Feeding Schedule Create a feeding schedule that involves feeding your cat smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day. This can help prevent overeating and promote weight loss. 5. Monitor Your Cat’s Progress Regularly monitor your cat’s weight and behavior to ensure that they are losing weight at a healthy rate. Use a food scale to measure portions, and weigh your cat regularly to track their progress. Advice on How to Choose the Right Type of Food 1. Look for High Protein, Low Calorie Foods High-protein, low-calorie foods are the best type of food to help your cat lose weight. Look for foods that contain real meat as the first ingredient, as these will provide your cat with the protein they need to feel full and satisfied. 2. Avoid Foods with Fillers or By-Products Foods with fillers or by-products can contribute to weight gain and provide little nutritional value for your cat. Read the ingredient list to ensure that the food you choose is free from these ingredients. 3. Consider Feeding Your Cat Wet Food Wet food can help your cat feel full for longer and can provide hydration that dry food does not. It can also be a good option for cats who are prone to overeating, as the added water can help them feel full without consuming too many calories. Tips for Monitoring Your Cat’s Progress 1. Use a Food Scale to Measure Portions Measuring your cat’s food portions with a food scale is one of the most accurate ways to ensure that you are giving them the appropriate amount of food each day. 2. Weigh Your Cat Regularly Weigh your cat every few weeks to track their progress and ensure that they are losing weight at a healthy rate. This will also help you adjust their feeding schedule if necessary. 3. Keep Track of Your Cat’s Behavior and Energy Level Keep an eye on your cat’s behavior and energy level throughout the day. If your cat seems lethargic or isn’t showing interest in their food, they may need a different type of food or a change in their feeding schedule. Why Your Cat Might Need to Lose Weight Obesity can increase the risk of developing diabetes in cats. By helping your cat lose weight, you can lower their risk of developing this condition. 2. Joint Problems Carrying excess weight can put additional stress on your cat’s joints. This can lead to joint problems such as osteoarthritis or injuries that can be costly to treat. 3. Heart Disease Cats who are overweight or obese are at a higher risk of developing heart disease. By maintaining a healthy weight, you can reduce the likelihood of your cat developing this condition. Tips and Strategies for Helping Your Cat Lose Weight 1. Encourage Playtime and Exercise Playing with your cat and providing them with opportunities to exercise can help them burn calories and lose weight. Try playing games that encourage your cat to run and jump, such as chasing a feather wand. 2. Gradually Increase Your Cat’s Activity Level If your cat is overweight or obese, it may be difficult for them to start exercising right away. Instead, gradually introduce more activity into their daily routine to avoid overwhelming them. 3. Increase the Frequency of Feeding to Help Your Cat Feel Full Feeding your cat smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day can help them feel full and avoid overeating. This can also help them maintain a healthy weight over time. How to Make Mealtime Fun for Your Cat 1. Introduce New Flavors and Textures Introducing new flavors and textures can make mealtime more exciting for your cat. Try switching up their usual food with a different flavor or protein source to keep them interested. 2. Use Puzzle Feeders Puzzle feeders can make mealtime more engaging for your cat. These special bowls or toys require your cat to work for their food, which can help them burn calories and feel more satisfied after eating. 3. Incorporate Playtime into Feeding Time Combining playtime with feeding time can help your cat associate food with positive experiences. For example, you could hide pieces of kibble around the house for your cat to find, or play with them using a food puzzle toy. The Top 10 Foods to Help Your Cat Lose Weight Feeding your cat the right type of food is crucial to helping them lose weight. The following foods are high in protein and low in calories, making them a great choice for cats on a diet: - Blue Buffalo Wilderness High Protein Grain-Free, Natural Adult Dry Cat Food - Hill’s Science Diet Adult Perfect Weight Cat Food - Wellness Complete Health Natural Grain-Free Wet Canned Cat Food - Merrick Limited Ingredient Diet Grain-Free Wet Cat Food - Purina ONE Ideal Weight Adult Dry Cat Food - Instinct Original Grain-Free Recipe with Real Chicken Freeze-Dried Raw Coated Dry Cat Food - Royal Canin Feline Weight Care Thin Slices in Gravy Canned Cat Food - ACANA Regionals Wild Atlantic Cat & Kitten Grain-Free Dry Cat Food - Nulo Freestyle Grain-Free Cat Food - Fancy Feast Classic Pate Tender Beef Feast Canned Cat Food The Do’s and Don’ts of Putting Your Cat on a Diet 1. Do Create a Feeding Schedule Creating a feeding schedule can help your cat maintain a healthy weight and prevent overeating. 2. Do Measure Portions Measuring your cat’s food portions with a food scale can ensure that you are giving them the appropriate amount of food each day. 3. Do Monitor Your Cat’s Progress Regularly monitoring your cat’s weight and behavior can help you determine whether your cat is losing weight at a healthy rate. 1. Don’t Drastically Reduce Your Cat’s Food Intake Reducing your cat’s food intake too quickly can be harmful to their health. Instead, gradually reduce their daily calorie count over time, with the guidance of a veterinarian. 2. Don’t Feed Your Cat Human Food Feeding your cat human food can be extremely harmful to their health, as it often contains ingredients that are toxic to cats. Stick to commercial cat food to ensure that your cat is getting the nutrients they need to be healthy. 3. Don’t Feed Your Cat from the Table Feeding your cat from the table can encourage bad habits, such as begging for food or overeating. Instead, keep your cat’s meals separate from your own and avoid giving them table scraps. Putting your cat on a diet requires attention to detail and a willingness to commit to your cat’s health and wellness. By choosing the right type of food, creating a feeding schedule, and monitoring your cat’s progress, you can help your feline friend lose weight and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Remember to consult with a veterinarian before making any changes to your cat’s diet or exercise routine, and to be patient and persistent in your efforts to help your cat lose weight. Final Advice for Cat Owners Putting Their Cat on a Diet Remember to always consult with a veterinarian before making any changes to your cat’s diet or exercise routine. Be patient and persistent in your efforts to help your cat lose weight, and remember that every cat is different – what works for one cat may not work for another. Finally, be sure to give your cat plenty of love and attention throughout the process – a little extra TLC can go a long way in helping them maintain a healthy lifestyle.

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numera oftast kallad 1983 was a big year for Sweden. We were able to celebrate a new holiday, our first National Day on the sixth of June, and on the same day our Queen, Silvia, for the first time wore ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN (the Swedish National Costume). ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN is not a new invention, but it took eighty years for it to be accepted. It was another Swedish Queen, Viktoria, also like Queen Silvia born in Germany, who unwittingly inspirered ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN (the Swedish National Costume). In line with the patriotic and romantic ideas common in Sweden at the turn of the century (1900) Queen Viktoria decided that the court and employees at the Royal Castles should wear appropriate folk dresses in line with the traditional dress worn in the areas. In 1900 a young gardening pupil came to the Royal Castle of Tullgarn in the province of Södermanland. Her name was Märta Palme. The daughter of a wealthy merchant in Norrköping. She was dressed in the typical middle-class woman's fashion of the time - tight fitting at the waist and long skirt wich dragged in the dust of the street. At the Royal Castle of Tullgarn Märta Palme came into contact with the folkdress that then Crown Princess Viktoria had introduced. This Costume was both romantic as well as more comfortable then her own middle-class clothes. Märta married the son of the Gardener at Tullgarn and under her new name, Märta Jörgensen, they moved to the province of Dalarna. As a teacher in a rural domestic college at Falun she was forced to return to using her tightly laced middle-class clothes. But her experiences at the Royal Castle of Tullgarn of Crown Princess Viktoria had awoke a strong feeling in Märta Jörgensen for traditional Swedish dress. Together with similarly inclined woman she started "SVENSKA KVINNLIGA NATIONALDRÄKTSFÖRENINGEN" (The Swedish Wopman's Society for National Costumes) in 1902 to further the use of traditional Swedish Folk Dress. But as man of the Society's woman came from parts of Sweden with no local or provincial costumes, (mostly towns), it become necessary to create a new one. In 1903 Mörta Jörgensen designed the first ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN! (The Swedish National Costume), a name wich she shortened to "din SVENSKA DRÄKT" (your Swedish Costume). Here soma quotes from a series of articles from 1909 in wich she describes her creation: ALLMÄNNA SVENSKA NATIONALDRÄKTEN (the Swedish National Costume) hs bees designed in accordance with the principle of granting as much room as possible to differente tastes, "naturally within the limits of style, cut and fabric." (As far as we know, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN has originally only been made of wool). "This means that the costume can be made in two "The first model is orginally accepted design with the skirt and the bodice (=laced vest) as separate pieces and the second way, accepted later, is the (short) bodice and the skirt to be worn (and sewn) together (LIVKJOL), a design wich originates from Vingåker in the province of Södermanland (and the style used of Crown Princess Viktoria) and the apron in yellow". "The skirt and bodice can both be made of cloth in the established 'Swedish' blue color, or with the skirt alone in this hue and the bodice in bright red." (Both the blue and the yellow must be in the more subdued tones of the turn of the century Swedish flag in wool, not the bright colors of today's flag in "In addition we need the bright colors of the peasant costumes. They have an invigorating effect on our censes that is all to often underestimated and 'they are necessary as a contrast to the deep green pine forest and teh white snow' - as the great artist Carl Larsson writes in "ETT HEM" (A Home)." "there are two different headgears wish can be worn." "The stockings should be black unless red is used in teh costume in wich case they should be red." "Shoes, preferably with straps or laces, in black, never yellow (=brown)." Unfortunately, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN did not catch on, in spite of the patriotism of that time. After the First World War, nationalism declined and the idea of a National Costume was forgotten, although Märta Jörgensen continued to use hers until her death in 1967. But in the last few years SVENSKA DRÄKTEN has experienced a renaissance which we wish Märta Jörgensen could have witnessed. It is becoming increasingly popular and will probably become the single most used form of folk dress in Sweden. The woman's and the girl's costume we provide material for are faithful copies of the oldest exemples of SVENSKA DRÄKTEN of wich we are aware, both in style and fabric. We have a very light wool in skirt and bodice, and a slip in pure cotton to keep you cool and comfortable even when the weather is warm. And it does not crumpled as much as a costume in cotton. Photo on a daughter / granddaughter of the pupill at the school in Falun with Märta Jörgensen as teacher. BUT WHAT ABOUT THE MEN AND THE BOYS ?? After having written a number of articles in LAND (one of the largest weekly papers in Sweden) we receives so many questuins that Bo Skräddare (=Bo 'Tailor') created a SVENSKA DRÄKTEN for men (NYA SVENSKA MANSDRÄKTEN, The New Swedish Costume for Men) in 1982. Bo Skräddare's guiding principle was to design a costume for men that would agree in both style and period with Marta Jörgensen's costume for women. The result was an embroidered vest in the some colors as the woman's bodice in 'Swedish blue' and bright red, with pants in navy blue or black and a silk kershief to a stiff-collared shirt. An elegant escort to a stylish woman in the beautiful SVENSKA DRÄKTEN ! Nationalism and fashion come and go. now, both 'National Costumes' and 'Folkdräkter' are more popular then ever, and our new Queen Silvia did what Queen Viktoria never did, she wore SVENSKA DRÄKTEN on our first National Day, the sixth of June 1983, (and our second 1984 and all following, as well). And in August 1984 Sweden got a new Queen, the Queen of Beauty, Miss Universe, former Miss Sweden, the then 21-year old Yvonne Ryding from Eskilstuna, Of course she wore SVENSKA DRÄKTEN, made by SVENSKA DRÄKTEN. 'The beautiful smile and the National Costume gave her many extra points' as a Swedish paper wrote. With love from Bo Skräddare, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN, Sweden. Especially for: BO SKRÄDDARE / SVENSKA DRÄKTEN. Ågestavägen 27, STUVSTA. S-141 37 STOCKHOLM-HUDDINGE. SWEDEN. Phone 46 (0)8 711 4060. Åter till sida ett. Back to Main page. This article may be copied freely, provided the source is given. Writer: Bo Skräddare, SVENSKA DRÄKTEN, Stockholm.

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“Equal Rights to All Men” Divergent coverage of Jim Crow– and Civil Rights–era violence in Louisiana Young had fled slavery in Kentucky but was later reclaimed by his owner and sold to a Natchez planter who banished him to the cotton fields of Concordia Parish. After the Civil War, Young was elected to several offices and positions, including the school board and the Louisiana legislature, serving in both the House and the Senate. He also became a merchant in Vidalia, the parish seat. Young’s name appeared in the top left corner of the front page of the Eagle, the official journal of the parish. This distinction meant that public bodies were required by the state legislature to publish their minutes and other business in the Eagle. The designation of “official journal” also provided the publication credibility as well as a modest income in advertising revenue from governmental bodies. In the pages of the Eagle, Black people received positive newspaper coverage for the first time in the parish. Prior to the Civil War, coverage of African Americans typically included articles defending slavery or advertisements seeking runaway slaves. In the Eagle, in 1875, Young published an article praising the work of W. G. Brown, Louisiana’s first Black Superintendent of Education. Meetings of the school board were held in Young’s home, where applicants for teaching positions were interviewed. Information on the meetings was published primarily in legal notices, but this was significant for members of the Black community because now they were positively portrayed as educators and leaders. But before the decade of the 1870s ended, Young was no longer publisher of the Eagle, and gains made for Black people were quickly erased when various white supremacy groups took over the political arena. During the 1878 election, armed white men tampered with ballot boxes in Concordia Parish and threatened Black community members to prevent them from voting, resulting in the old regime of white planters, or their handpicked choices, regaining control of local government. This disenfranchisement of Black voters was revealed in January 1879, when a US Senate committee investigating the election of 1878 held a hearing in New Orleans. The committee found that in Concordia and Tensas Parishes, an orchestrated move by former Confederate officers and Klansmen resulted in a violent purge of Black officeholders and Black voters. The hearings made public that at least twenty-five Black men, maybe as many as hundred, were slaughtered by the Klan in the two parishes. As the Jim Crow era was born, David Young relocated to New Orleans. Not long afterward, the Eagle folded. The Concordia Sentinel took over the title of official journal. For the next eighty-nine years, until 1965, one white family owned the Sentinel, the parish’s only weekly. The last family publisher, Percy Rountree, grandson of the first owner, died in 2015 at the age of ninety-four. In the Sentinel, as in most Louisiana weeklies and dailies, news about sports, church, or schools in Black communities was basically nonexistent prior to 1950. If African Americans were mentioned at all, it was usually to report fears of a Black uprising or the murder of a white person allegedly at the hands of a Black man. During the 1950s to the mid-1960s, the Sentinel criticized the Civil Rights Movement and the politicians who supported it, instead promoting continued segregation. There was periodic coverage of the Black community but always under the headline of “Colored.” These articles in almost every case were submitted by Black citizens. In 1950, an article in the Sentinel headlined “Among the Colored” listed community, school, and church events. In 1963, another story under the headline “Colored School News” discussed the local Black school’s recent programs involving history, social studies, and 4-H. That same year, a Black family thanked the community for support following the loss of a loved one. It was published under the category “Colored Card of Thanks.” By the mid-1960s, when the Rountree family’s nine decades of ownership of the Sentinel came to an end, the state, like much of the South, was in turmoil. The Ku Klux Klan had become a feared terrorist organization, and in Ferriday, Louisiana, in 1964, the Klan murdered African American Frank Morris, who for three decades had operated a shoe shop with a loyal Black and white clientele. On December 10, 1964, a front-page headline in the Sentinel announced: “Fire Destroys Frank’s Shoe Shop in Ferriday Thursday.” The article noted, “[O]wner Frank Morris (colored) is reported to be in critical condition from burns. The building was completely demolished.” There would be no follow-up on the Morris murder case in the Sentinel until 2007. Four days after the fire, Morris died at the hospital in Ferriday. After his second day as a mortally wounded patient, he had gone into a coma, but not before talking to FBI agents. In a morphine daze, he gave a somewhat confusing physical description of the two Klansmen who torched his shop. That was historic. It was the only time during the era that a victim of Klan violence lived long enough to describe his attackers. Though the Sentinel abandoned this local story, the NAACP publication the Crisis, other Black newspapers and periodicals, and major national newspapers continued to report on the Morris murder. The Crisis found an informant who said “there was a burst of flames, a loud pop and Mr. Morris came running out of the building, his clothes on fire. The flames were beaten out, but he later died at the hospital.” In Memphis, the Black-owned Tri-State Defender picked up some of its coverage from the New York Times but added its own conclusion concerning the probability of resolution: “Frank Morris is dead and there seems every likelihood that his death will come no nearer solution than any of the atrocious racial crimes, which are plaguing the Deep South.” When another white journalist, Sam Hanna, a longtime political reporter in Louisiana, bought the Sentinel from Percy Rountree in 1965, there had been, inclusive of Morris, at least two Klan murders of Black men in Concordia Parish. The other was Joseph Edwards, whose body has never been found. Since there were no investigations by local law enforcement, the FBI moved in, but agents would not comment on the cases to the press. The Justice Department would not comment either. Instead, Hanna aimed his press coverage at the sheriff, Noah Cross, and his violence-prone chief deputy, Frank DeLaughter. Both lawmen were Klansmen, the FBI learned through its investigation into the murder; they considered DeLaughter a leading suspect in the murder of Frank Morris. Although Hanna was not privy to that information, he knew that the sheriff and deputy were otherwise involved in criminal activities. Hanna’s long-term coverage of the corruption in the sheriff’s office helped lead to the federal conviction of the sheriff and the deputy in the early 1970s—the sheriff for racketeering in connection with the operation of a brothel and casino in the parish, and the deputy for police brutality. Both went to federal prison, and perhaps more importantly, they were forced to turn in their badges forever. (In 2007, two of Hanna’s children, now operating three Louisiana weeklies, supported a multi-year investigation by the Sentinel into the Frank Morris murder as well as other murders linked to a Klan cell known as the Silver Dollar Group. The Sentinel published approximately two hundred stories in the series.) In 1960, four years before the murder of Frank Morris, the horrendous shotgun murder of four Black men (Marshall Alfred Johnson, Ernest McFarland, and brothers Albert Pitts and David Lee Pitts) and the wounding of a fifth made news in Monroe. The men’s employer, Robert Fuller, a future state Klan leader and the owner of a septic tank pumping service, was arrested for the killings, but a grand jury refused to indict him. The case drew both statewide and national coverage, most of it concentrated on Fuller’s claim of self-defense and police accounts of Fuller’s story. But the African American publication the Louisiana Weekly, based in New Orleans and founded in 1925 by Orlando Capitola Ward Taylor and Constant C. Dejoie Sr., reached out to the Black community and the dead men’s families. The paper’s story on the killings revealed a major contrast in coverage. The paper reported that the true story of the “wholesale slaughter” by a white businessman “may never be known.” A reporter for the paper talked with friends and relatives of the victims, who were aged nineteen to twenty-four. Those interviews alleged that Fuller was abusive and violent toward his Black employees, who were underpaid and sometimes cheated out of their earnings. When the men attempted to peaceably confront Fuller about their pay and the fact that Fuller had hit another Black employee the day before, Fuller pulled a shotgun from his truck and opened fire. In less than a minute, all five Black men were lying on the ground bleeding, three apparently killed instantly. The murder scene was reported to be horrific. Fuller was one of only two Klansmen arrested by police for a racial murder in Louisiana in the 1960s. Both men walked free; the grand jury hearing Fuller’s case refused to indict, and in the other case, the grand jury was never asked to indict. The murder in this second case happened six miles north of Bogalusa in 1965. The first two Black deputies in Washington Parish were patrolling in their police car through the village of Varnado when they were shot up by a group of Klan assassins passing by in a pickup. The driver, Oneal Moore, a father of four daughters, died instantly. His partner, Creed Rogers, severely wounded, broadcast news of the attack over the police car radio, providing a detailed description of the pickup. Less than an hour later, Ernest Ray McElveen, a forty-one-year-old Klansman and decorated World War II veteran, was apprehended driving through Tylertown, Mississippi, just north of the Louisiana line, in the pickup Rogers had vividly described. The white sheriff who hired the Black deputies, Dorman Crowe, traveled to Mississippi and escorted McElveen to Franklinton, the seat of Washington Parish, where he charged him with murder. Without enough evidence to hold him, however, the district attorney released the suspect eleven days after his arrest on $25,000 bond paid primarily by Klansmen. Although a grand jury looked into the matter, no action was taken. After a half century of intensive investigation, the FBI and Justice Department could do no better. In Bogalusa, which combined with the rest of Washington Parish had the largest Klan membership in the state, the white publisher of the Daily News wrote multiple stories on the murder of Oneal Moore during the 1960s. Critical of the Klan, the publisher, Lou Major, was himself the victim of cross burnings, threats, and harassment. A white television reporter from Baton Rouge, beaten by the Klan in 1964, told FBI agents that Klansmen planned to beat Major as well. The Klan boycotted the Daily News, threatened advertisers who did business with the paper and sometimes followed Major about town. The Daily News also covered the Civil Rights Movement in Bogalusa—the marches and demonstrations and the federal court cases testing the newly passed civil rights laws. If Major did not write the story himself, he printed articles provided by United Press International. Overall, Major’s coverage of the murder and the racial turmoil in Bogalusa may have been the most courageous and comprehensive by a white publisher in the state during that era. But, like most white editors in Louisiana and the South, Major occasionally editorialized against civil rights groups, particularly the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), which assisted in community activism. And even the Bogalusa Daily News, whose coverage was exceptional, failed to reach out to Black residents for comments on the attack on the two Black police officers or gauge their feelings on the progress of civil rights legislation, not to mention their economic and educational needs. Fourteen decades have passed since David Young was robbed of his vote and his office. But during his time as editor and publisher, the Concordia Eagle reflected the astounding changes and hopes for Black people that came immediately after the Civil War. Although Young was forced to leave the parish during the Klan takeover in the late 1870s, African Americans continued in the following decades to publish newspapers that provided comprehensive coverage of the Black community. Notably, the Louisiana Weekly’s coverage of the Klan murders during the 1960s are relied upon today by journalists who are still working to unravel the many unsolved cases. Stanley Nelson is editor of the Concordia Sentinel in Ferriday and author of the book Devils Walking: Klan Murders Along the Mississippi in the 1960s (Louisiana State University Press, 2016). A finalist for thethe Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting in 2011 for his coverage of the Frank Morris and other civil rights–era murders, he is an adjunct professor at the LSU School of Mass Communication. In that role, he is co-leader of a team of students that actively investigate and report on Klan murders and on African American organizations from the civil rights era. This article is part of Split Press: Democracy, Race, and Media in Black and White, a four-part multimedia series exploring the relationship between the media and African American and Afro-Creole experiences of citizenship and civil rights in Louisiana. Part of the Democracy and the Informed Citizen initiative, Split Press is a project of the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities made possible by a grant from the Federation of State Humanities Councils with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For additional Split Press coverage, stay tuned to 89.9 WWNO New Orleans and 89.3 WRKF Baton Rouge.

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Let’s talk about how you can create a sustainable kitchen, even if you currently have an average run-of-the-mill one. - Building a Sustainable Kitchen Haven - 3 Sustainable Kitchen Practices - Cooking with Ethical Ingredients in Your Sustainable Kitchen - Energy-efficient kitchen practices to include in your sustainable kitchen - Waste reduction and recycling – the power behind a sustainable kitchen - Fun Sustainable Kitchen Challenges A sustainable kitchen is what helps keep you afloat while helping the environment. And don’t worry. If that’s not on your priority to-do list just yet, it’s still a great way to setup your kitchen. Building a Sustainable Kitchen Haven Why should you want to revolutionize your kitchen? Glad you asked! Part of enjoying a self-sufficient life is building a sustainable and ethical kitchen. One where every meal becomes a conscious choice, not just for our taste buds but for the planet. And all the bits and bobs tied to that are intentional too. This may be trendy right now, but transforming your kitchen into a sustainable haven is a powerful step towards making a positive impact. So check this out. Your kitchen not only serves up delicious meals but also contributes to a healthier environment and supports ethical practices. It’s no longer just about what’s on your plate. It’s about the journey those ingredients took to get there and the footprint they leave behind. I read an amazing book that opened my eyes to the impact of making small food changes, even just one home cooked meal a week would make a difference. The book is Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life by Barbara Kingsolver. We can’t know what we haven’t been taught. – Barbara Kingsolver So, even if you’re just starting to really explore your kitchen, this is one place where sustainability and ethics come together. Sustainable practices = longevity. And that means that ethically sourced ingredients and tools support community and clean consciences for a long time! 3 Sustainable Kitchen Practices #1 Mindful Meal Planning Planning is the root of sustainable practices. Not only does having a plan keep you on track, practicing the plan simplifies things and reduces food waste. When you realize the delicious purpose an item has, you minimize the chances of it being forgotten in the back of your fridge or pantry. Here’s how you can tackle it. - Start by jotting down a simple meal plan for the weekend. Or if you can manage it, do a 5 or 7-day meal plan. - Consider your ingredients. - Use what you already have first & what’s nearing it’s expiration/best-by date. - Lean towards ingredients that can be used in multiple recipes. This streamlines your grocery shopping & maximizes each item. Bonus tip: when you arrange your meals, do so thinking of how you can use leftovers. Chicken left over from one meal can be added to a salad or soup of another. Something like that. #2 Eat Local: Farm to Table You may hear this a lot. But here it is again. Eating locally will turn your kitchen into a portal to the world. So when you actively choose to source products locally, that brings the world closer to home. Support local farmers not only for the fresh & vibrant produce but also for the positive impact on your community. This way you won’t just enjoy seasonal flavors. You become a crucial part of a sustainable cycle that supports the livelihoods of those around you who also are doing their best to nourish the Earth. And what’s more, you cut down on some of the environmental impact of long-distance food transportation too. Bonus: Plus, shopping with a small farmer helps you build community and connection. This is so valuable. You might not be ready or able to grow your own food yet, but the goal is that someday you will. It’s these very connections that will help you do it. #3 Waste Less, Compost More Composting is like giving your kitchen scraps a second chance at life. And it won’t cost you anything more than whatever you’ve been doing with them (likely tossing them am I right?). Meanwhile, you can start creating nutrient-rich soil for your own windowsill or balcony garden. OR you can donate these precious food scraps at most farmers markets or community gardens. Diverting food waste from landfills isn’t just a sustainable kitchen practice. It minimizes your environmental impact & contributes to the cycle of renewal. All you need to do is collect your food scraps in a sealed container and store them either in your fridge or pantry. If you’re able to actually compost them yourself, just transfer them to your composting container. And if you’re donating them, be sure to keep do so frequently to avoid less-than-pleasant smells. Bonus tip: Use reusable containers and try to reduce single-use plastics here. Make a small investment in quality reusable food storage containers or alternatives. And when possible, minimize packaging waste by buying in bulk. That saves you money in the long run too! Cooking with Ethical Ingredients in Your Sustainable Kitchen Shifting gears a bit, let’s talk about food. Being ethical in the kitchen means making thoughtful choices about what you buy. It’s like being a superhero for farmers and the environment. First, there’s conscious consumerism. Be a mindful shopper. Maybe you’re early on in your self-sufficient living journey like me. We can’t be 100% self-reliant so when purchases are made, it’s important to do the best you can with what you have. Understanding food labels and certifications is one way to do that. Whether it’s “Fair Trade” (meaning fair wages for farmers) or “Organic”, the label signals sustainable farming practices. Decoding these labels means you get to make choices that align with your values. And that’s HUGE. Here’s the caveat. You have to do your research. The little conspiracy theorist in me is doubtful about how much any of these labels truly mean. But that’s why I said you have to do the best you can with what you have. Knowledge is your defense. Use it wisely. Then there’s animal welfare. I’m a meat and dairy eater. So is the rest of my family. Thus, in this category of a sustainable kitchen with ethical values, it’s important to understand labels like “free-range”. That term is a sliding scale though. Sometimes it means the animals have access to roam freely. However, they may only have that access for a small part of the day and not the full day as you may think. You can read the governing agency literature on it. Or simply ask your farmer to explain their practices. This is an area where it’s important to consider the humane treatment of an animal. And also the impact that industrial farming has on animals. If you’re opposed to it all, you can try a plant-based diet or experiment with meatless meals to cut back on the amount of animal products you’re using. Energy-efficient kitchen practices to include in your sustainable kitchen Opt for energy-saving cooking to reduce your carbon footprint. If you’re not generating your own energy yet, here are a couple tips to minimize energy consumption. - Optimize oven and stovetop usage for efficiency. - Use lids on pots and pans to retain heat and reduce cooking time. - Explore cooking methods like slow cooking for energy savings. Now, for the benefits of using energy-efficient appliances. If you’re renting (and that’s fine, btw!), use what you have. But don’t be afraid to have a conversation with your landlord about swapping out some appliances (within reason). Upgrading to Energy Star-rated appliances, for instance. They may be interested in the environmental impact and cost savings too. The best time to bring it up is when an older model naturally needs replacing. You can advocate for that! Reducing Water Waste Saving water in the kitchen isn’t just about turning off the tap – it’s a lifestyle. And here are some practical ways to conserve water while cooking and cleaning. - Use a basin or stop your sink when washing fruits and vegetables instead of running water. - Collect and reuse water from rinsing fruits and veggies for plants. Or flushing toilets. - Opt for efficient dishwashing practices to minimize water usage. - Install water-saving devices and faucets. - Explore faucet aerators to reduce water flow without compromising pressure. - Consider installing a low-flow kitchen faucet for efficiency. - Learn about smart technology that optimizes water usage in the kitchen. Reducing Food Waste Food waste is huge in America, but there are simple practices we can do to reduce that. - Kitchen Inventory – This is the EASIEST way to reduce food waste. Keep track of the food on hand. Because “out of sight, out of mind.” Keeping food visible gives it a higher chance of being used before it requires composting. Use our basic kitchen inventory management worksheets to get started. - Meal plan – Keep it simple. Whether it’s one day, one week or just one ingredient. Make a plan for the food you just identified you have & needs to be used. For example, if you find you have 5 potatoes reaching the end of their prime, decide what to do with them. Maybe make a breakfast skillet hash or bake a couple for roasted potatoes. And if you really won’t eat them, make a plan to preserve them! Preserving food at home as a beginner is as easy as using vacuum seal bags to stash something in the freezer without it getting the dreaded freezer burn. - Proper storage – This helps maintain the freshness of food for a longer period, preventing premature spoilage. Keep perishables like fruits and vegetables in the refrigerator, store dry goods in airtight containers and freeze or preserve items that you won’t use immediately. - Get creative with leftovers – turn last night’s chicken into today’s quick stir fry or cozy chicken noodle soup. Repurposing leftovers also adds variety to your meals. It’s a win-win – less waste and a chance to discover new flavor combinations or practice some basic cooking techniques. Waste reduction and recycling – the power behind a sustainable kitchen Zero-Waste Kitchen Challenges When I make space for my competitiveness in the kitchen, it becomes exciting. So turning waste reduction into a game was so much fun! Remember, zero-waste practices don’t mean you have to be perfect. Everything I’m sharing is about progress. And here specifically, we’re looking for creative ways to repurpose kitchen scraps, minimize waste and just enjoy the journey we’re on. So here’s a few tips on zero-waste practices and repurposing kitchen scraps (before they need to be composted). - Take on weekly or monthly zero-waste challenges. - Set achievable goals to gradually reduce kitchen waste. - Explore the zero-waste movement and its principles. - Transform vegetable scraps into flavorful broth. - Transform fruit peels into powerful vinegars for cleaning surfaces. - Explore DIY projects using repurposed kitchen items. Effective recycling strategies for your new kitchen We’ve reached the point where it’s time to start sorting and recycling materials like paper, plastic, and glass. Just maybe, you can repurpose them into functional storage solutions! Just be sure to thoroughly clean and dry them first to avoid contamination. You can turn glass jars into all sorts of storage vessels. Cardboard boxes can be used for freezer & pantry organization. And you can even upcycle some packaging material in other parts of your home too! The game is “how many lives can this item live before its final resting place?” Fun Sustainable Kitchen Challenges (plus a downloadable game card too!) - Make mindful choices one at a time. From reducing single-use plastics to choosing eco-friendly kitchen products. - Try dedicating the first week of each month to something like “plastic-free week” or “reusable shopping challenge”. - Host a product swap get-together with a few friends. - Maybe even break out a small pot of dirt to plant some herbs! Whatever you do, start small. Overwhelm never helped anyone do anything. I should know. Your sustainable kitchen is now underway! These practices are going to have a long-lasting impact on not only you, your home and family, but on your community too. You’ve got this, lovely. I’m glad you’re on this journey with me. Comment below how your kitchen transformation is going. I’d love to know! 🌱 Start Small. Start Now. Start where you are with what you have. The rest will follow.🌱 Is being more self-sufficient is something you’re interested in but you’re not sure where to begin? Then check out the Self-Sufficient Living Roadmap! I designed it to help you eliminate some of the overwhelm of starting an incredibly massive journey.

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The ancient settlement of Taxila in the western outskirts of the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad is a UNESCO World Heritage Site; it is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of South Asia, and for good reason. There is a modern town with the archaeological sites scattered nearby. Taxila began as Takshashila meaning the hill capital of the Takshakas, a Bronze Age (3rd and 2nd millennium BCE) tribe. In its glory days it was one of the main cities of the Kingdom of Gandhara, which existed from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE and included much of what are now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was part of the Persian Empire from the 6th BCE century until Alexander the Great took it in the 320s BCE. The Taxilan leader joined Alexander peacefully and assisted him against Gandharan leaders who did not. What makes Taxila unique and fascinating is the mainly Buddhist art and architecture of the Gandharan period, though there are also a few attractions that date from earlier or later periods. This art, especially the sculpture, shows a strong Greek influence. Taxila is easily the most important Buddhist site in Pakistan; it was a centre of learning from the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE with many large monasteries and one of the earliest universities in the world. The city attracted monks, nuns, pilgrims and students from across Asia; even today it attracts Buddhist pilgrims from as far as Southeast Asia and Japan. However, it was never exclusively a Buddhist city; there is a Jain temple among the ruins and the Hindu scholar Pāṇini — who wrote the definitive grammar of Vedic Sanskrit — was certainly a Gandharan and quite likely worked in Taxila. There is also much to interest modern non-Buddhists; almost anyone with an interest in archaeology, history, art or architecture will find the place fascinating. It was occupied by various empires and was a regional or national capital for many dynasties over the centuries. Persians, Greeks, Central Asians and Hindus have all left their marks on the area. Taxila is on several trade routes which have been important since ancient times. It was one of the main centres from which Buddhism spread along the Silk Road, most notably to China and Mongolia. The main trade routes were: - going southeast, a route that even in ancient times connected Gandhara to the Ganges Valley. The Maurya Empire, 322 – 185 BCE, improved this into a good highway from Taxila to their capital in what is now Patna. - going west, the road to Peshawar (the other main city of Gandhara), and up the Khyber Pass to Kabul. Beyond Kabul, roads lead on west to Persia (now Iran) or north to Bactria and Central Asia. - Later those roads became parts of the Grand Trunk Road running all the way from Chittagong, now in Bangladesh to Kabul, Afghanistan. This was built by various Indian kings before the British arrived, was important through the British Raj, and is still a major road in four countries. Today Taxila is just off the Grand Trunk Road. - going north, multiple routes over different passes: All these routes remained in use into modern times though the separation of India and Pakistan reduced trade on some routes, the pass north of Ladakh is not much used today, and recent troubles in Afghanistan have greatly reduced trade there. Today the region around Taxila remains well-connected to anywhere in Pakistan by road and rail, and the Karakoram Highway is an important trade route. British army engineer Alexander Cunningham excavated the area and discovered the ruins of an ancient city in the mid-19th century, and the renowned archaeologist John Marshall — who was at time the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India and was also behind the discovery of once-thriving ancient city of Mohenjo-daro — carried out excavations at Taxila over a period of twenty years between 1913 and 1934. There is archeological evidence of early settlement in the area first by prehistoric neolithic people and later by the Indus Valley Civilization around 2000 BCE, but not of a city in those time periods. Taxila is mentioned as a city in the Hindu epic poem the Mahabarata, which describes events around 1000 BCE. Guides Around the archeological sites, self-deputized tour guides may offer to show you around. Frequently their English is not very good and they don't really tell you anything you can't read from the signs, then strongly imply that they want a tip. If you want some local color, go ahead, but otherwise tell them "no thanks" immediately. You may be approached by numerous "guides" at each site. In addition, people selling trinkets like small statues and allegedly old coins may come up to you. | The main excavated ruins are all from Taxila's glory days, after 600 BCE. They are divided into three major cities, each of which belongs to a distinct time period: - The oldest area is Bhir Mound. Bhir and the nearby Hathial mound date from the 6th century BCE when the Persian king Darius took Taxila, and belong to the Achaemenid Empire or First Persian Empire. - The second city is Sirkap, which was built by the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius in the 2nd century BCE. - The third and last city is Sirsukh, which was founded by the Kushan king Kanishka after 80 CE. Later Taxila gradually waned in importance, and the town was eventually destroyed by nomadic Hun tribesmen in the 5th century CE. For a more detailed history, see the Guide to Historic Taxila online at the Pakistani government's national heritage site. The story given there is considerably more complex than just the three main excavated areas mentioned above. Pakistan's longest highway N-5, which runs between the southern city of Karachi and the northwestern city of Peshawar, also passes by Taxila, making the town easily accessible from anywhere in Pakistan. The nearest major cities are Rawalpindi and Islamabad, both of which are less than 50 km away, and it is quite feasible to base yourself in either and visit Taxila on one or more day trips. See those city articles for more information. If you hire a taxi from Rawalpindi or Islamabad, make sure the taxi driver is familiar with the locations of sites in Taxila; otherwise, be prepared to hire a local taxi driver from Taxila who knows the sites well. Air-conditioned buses mostly bound for major cities such as Peshawar and Abbottabad can drop you at Taxila but charge full fare, whereas non-aircondioned buses and vans leave at intervals of no more than an hour from Rawalpindi. May not be very comfortable but cheap. Buses from Rawalpindi usually leave from Pir Wadhai and Saddar otherwise you can always take transport moving towards Taxila on the Grand Trunk Road. Taxila railway junction near the museum building serves the town. Two daily trains, both non-air-conditioned, make brief stops at the railway station. Awam Express runs between Karachi and Peshawar while the Hazara Express runs between Karachi and the scenic town of Havelian. Both are economy-only trains without air conditioning which make a lot of stops at stations along the route, so the journey can be uncomfortably long. Both trains leave from Karachi early in the morning around 6 and reach Taxila around noon the next day. An economy class seat on either train can cost less than Rs 1,500. If you are travelling from southern Pakistan, particularly Karachi, a better option is to first travel to Rawalpindi on an air-conditioned train and then travel to Taxila either by road or train. - 1 Taxila Cantonment Junction railway station (ٹیکسلا کینٹ جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن). Ruins and structures of archaeological sites are spread over a vast area of 20 to 25 km2 scattered around the modern town of Taxila, but most of the main ones are close to town within 2km of the museum building which is your first stop when starting a tour of Taxila and is likely the last one when you finish the tour. Taxila has a good network of paved roads, and most of the sites are easily accessible by road. The distances between sites are long enough to make walking difficult and time-consuming, and with the frequent hot weather it can also be seriously uncomfortable and sometimes dangerous. Taxis, auto rickshaws and tangas (horse-drawn carriages) can be easily hailed near the museum. Tangas and auto rickshaws are convenient for getting from one site to another. Most of the sites are off the main road and are properly marked, so even if you're in your own car, you won't have a problem in locating the sites. A GPS device can make things even easier. From a vehicle, most of the sites can be seen within a couple of hours; if you're walking, it could perhaps be done in one very hectic day. A taxi can be hired for as high as Rs 2,000 to see most of sites whereas a rickshaw can cost around Rs 1,000. Entry ticket Tickets can be purchased at the museum building. Tickets for the museum and for three archeological sites (Dharma rajika, Sirkap and Mohra Moradu) are sold separately. For foreigners, it is Rs 500 for each ticket and for locals, Rs 50. Taxila is near the border of two provinces Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, so to get access to sites such as Jaulian, which are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, you may have to purchase a separate ticket for entry. Entry to Bhir mound is free. | The Kingdom of Gandhara had its own unique style of art, and many of the best examples are at Taxila. In its heyday the region was predominantly Buddhist; for a time in the 3rd century BCE it was part of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka, India's greatest Buddhist king. However, it was also very strongly influenced by the Greek culture of Alexander and his Graeco-Bactrian successors who ruled the area starting in the 3rd century BCE. The Kushan Empire, which ruled Gandhara and a large chunk of Central Asia from the 1st century CE to about 375, was also heavily influenced by Greek culture. The best-known art objects are Buddhist statues and rock carvings, with Greek influences often clearly visible in the style. World Heritage Sites There are some three dozen large and small sites which include stupas, monasteries, and other ancient buildings spread out over a wide area. The UNESCO World Heritage listing for Taxila includes 18 of these and assigns a unique identification number to each. The 18 are: - 1 Khanpur Cave (near Mohra Murado Cave). is a Mesolithic period archaeological site which reveals that Taxila was inhabited in prehistoric times. The 10ft deep and 25ft wide Mesolithic period cave high up on the hill and has produced microlithic made tools as well Buddhist stupas and monastries. - 2 Sarai Kala (near railway station). The mound of Sarai Kala has evidence of the earliest prehistoric settlement, in the Mesolithic period, and also later Bronze age and Iron age settlements. It preserves Neolithic remains going back to 3360 BC and Early Harappan (Indus Valley Civilisation) remains of 2900-2600 BC. - 3 Bhir Mound (near the museum). is an archaeological site which was once a major city founded around the 6th century BC, the oldest ruins of a city at Taxila. The oldest part of ruins, from the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, are believed to be the remains of Persian/Achaemenid Taxila. Later ruins are from the 4th century BCE, after the invasion of Alexander the Great, and the 3rd, during the time of the Maurya kings of India. There are also some ruins from after the Mauryan period. - 4 Sirkap. This was once a major thriving walled city. It was founded by the Greek king Demetrius I in the 2nd century BCE and was later rebuilt by king Menander I of the Indo-Greek kingdom. Sirkap houses a round stupa which is one of the oldest stupas in the Indian subcontinent, a large sanctuary building known as Apsidal Temple, a magnificent Double-Headed Eagle Stupa as well many houses. - 5 Sirsukh. The fortified ruined city of Sirsukh was once a major city, and was among the last ancient cities of Taxila. The city was founded by the Kushan king Kanishka the Great after 80 CE. - 6 Dharma rajika stupa and monastery (2.5 kilometers from the museum on PMO Colony Rd). The Buddhist stupa at Dharma rajika is also known as "Chir Tope", and is the largest stupa at Taxila. It is believed that this 15-meter-high circular structure was built during the 3rd century BCE by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka The Great. The area also has Gandhara-style monasteries and some smaller stupas. It is one of the well-preserved and important sites. - 7 Khader Mohra (Akhuri) (to the south-east of Dharmarajika). Limited excavation shows marks of a monastery foundation. - 8 Kalawan group of buildings. Consists of some stupas and monastic cells as well as a few caves. - 9 Giri complex of monuments. Consists of Buddhist monasteries, a mosque, a tomb and a Middle Ages period fort. - 10 Kunala stupa and monastery (above Sirkap). contains the remains of an extensive monastery and a stupa nearby. - 11 Jandial complex. Contain the ruins of a Greek temple and is believed to have been location of a Zoroastrian (Parsi) tower. - 12 Lalchak and Badalpur Buddhist stupa (north-eastern corner of Sirsukh). contains the ruins of some mounds that reveals some monasteries, stupas and chapels. - 13 Mohra Moradu stupa and monastery (Jinnan Wali Dheri?). a well-preserved complex where there are the remains of two Buddhist stupas (one main and other one votive) and an ancient Buddhist monastery. The city is believed to be from the Kushan age as it was built in the 2nd century CE and later renovated in the 5th century. The double story monastery building is an impressive structure which consists of 27 rooms for students, a pool, kitchen and assembly hall. - 14 Pippala stupa and monastery. consists of the ruins of a stupa and a monastery. - 15 Jaulian stupa and monastery (7 kilometers from the museum on Taxila Rd). Fifth century CE ruins on a hill with a Buddhist stupa, a Buddhist monastery and what is believed to have been a university. The courtyard and foundation of ancient buildings are still well-preserved which make it an important site. - 16 Lalchak mounds. Consists the remains of a stupa, and monastery. - 17 Buddhist remains around Bhallar stupa. location of where there was an impressive Buddhist stupa. - 18 Giri Mosque and tombs. contains the remains of few tombs, a three-dome mosque and a madrasa (Islamic school) from the 10th-14th century CE. It was known to Persians as the Madrasa of Margalla. While Taxila is the main source for Gandharan artifacts and the Taxila Museum has a fine collection, it is not the only such collection. In Pakistan, both the National Museum in Karachi and the Lahore Museum have much Gandharan art. In Kipling's novel Kim the Tibetan Lama comes to Lahore mainly to see the Gandharan sculpture in the museum there. Outside Pakistan, India's National Museum in Delhi and the British Museum in London both have some Gandharan art. The huge Buddhist statues at Bamiyan were another famous example of Gandharan art. However, Taliban considered them idolatrous and un-Islamic, so they destroyed them almost completely. - 19 Taxila Museum (ٹیکسلا میوزیم). This century old museum is dedicated solely to the remains of the Gandhara civilisation. It has an extensive and impressive collection of Gandhara art such as stone Buddhist sculpture, and has thousands of objects on display. Most of the artifacts were excavated around Taxila and date from the period 600 BCE to 500 CE. The museum gives a good overview of Taxila and is certainly worth a visit. Entrance is Rs 200 rupees for foreigners, Rs 20 for locals. - 20 Nicholson's Obelisk (نکلسن کی ابلیسک) (In the Margalla Pass, above the Grand Trunk Road between Rawalpindi and Taxila). Captain John Nicholson, from Ireland, was one of the most colourful characters of the East India Company's army in Victoria's time, a decorated officer and an effective administrator, but also a bit of a madman. He hunted tigers armed with only a sword and personally went after one bandit chief, cut off his head, and kept it on his desk for months as a warning to others. At one point he learned of a plot to poison the British officers, hanged all the cooks, then calmly proceeded to dinner. During the Mutiny of 1857 Nicholson planned a bold attack on Delhi, and bullied the aged and conservative General in charge into approving it. He was shot while leading the attack and died a few days later, aged 35, but the British took Delhi and ended the mutiny. The British considered him a major hero, and some of the natives (much to his dismay) treated him as a rather odd sort of saint, creating a cult of "Nikal Seyn" which lasted well into the 20th century. His tomb is in Delhi and there are statues in both Delhi and Ireland, but this monument is on the frontier where he spent most of his career. The unique souvenirs of Taxila are mirrored objects; the "disco cat" is the most popular. This is a plaster statue of a cat or panther, covered in small square pieces of mirror, much like a disco ball. They make a great conversation piece or gift. Sizes range from 1 foot to 3 feet and prices from Rs 500 for a small one to Rs 2,500. Among other popular souvenirs are statues of Buddha, artifacts, coins, trinkets, pots and many replicas. You'll find locals and many shacks selling these souvenirs outside the museum, along the highway and outside of various sites. There are plenty of shops lined up on Taxila Rd where you can buy many kinds of souvenirs as well. Post cards, photographs and books on Taxila can also be purchased both from the gift store and local sellers. Taxila is also known for good quality but low-priced mortars and pestles. Eat and drink As Taxila is quite a large town, modern eateries are plentiful and basic Pakistani food can be found anywhere in town, mostly concentrated on Khanpur Rd, near the railway station and outside the museum building. There are also plenty of roadside dhabas on Khanpur Road, on the Grand Trunk Road, and near archeological sites, serving street food from fish to kebabs. A few recommendations are: - 1 Food City Taxila, HMC Rd, Near Overhead Bridge. Serve delicious Pakistani dishes, Bar BQ as well as seafood. - 2 Royalson, Grand Trunk Road. Restaurant with pleasant ambience inside the Hotel Royalson, has some mouthwatering Pakistani and Chinese dishes on the menu. - 3 Gandhara hotel and restaurant, Khanpur Rd. Serves some of the most delicious Pakistani food and fried fish in town. A few other establishments that serve basic but hygienic Pakistani food are Sherazi Restaurant, Dream Land, Krispo fast food, all on Khanpur Rd, or Hang In, Kabli Hotel and Valley Food scattered along the National Highway within the town limits. As in other Pakistani cities, any decent restaurant will be happy to serve you good chai, juice or coffee. Given that Taxila is close to the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, where there are a plenty of options to stay, there are few lodging facilities in Taxila as majority of visitors visit Taxila as a day trip. But for those who decide to stay, here are some recommendations: - 1 PTDC Motel. Government-owned motel with six spacious room and a good restaurant, adjacent to the museum. - 2 Royalson Hotel, GT Rd, ☏ . It has a good in-house restaurant serving delicious Pakistani Bar BQ. It has quite spacious rooms equipped with basic amenities. Rs 7,500. - 3 POF Hotel, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, ☏ . Owned and run by a Government-owned corporation in the adjacent military town of Wah Cantt (Cantonment). Has spacious rooms equipped with basic amenities. - Youth Hostel (near Taxila museum), ☏ , . A budget and basic accommodation with some 30+ beds, run by Pakistan Youth Hostel Association. Non-members can stay as well. - Murree — a popular hill station and summer resort just 100km northeast. - Abbottabad - also in the hills, but not as high as Murree and a larger town

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The design and modeling of digital systems sometimes employ the potent language VHDL (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). It offers a methodical, systematic way of expressing how electronic circuits behave and are built. The process, which acts as the core functional unit for modeling concurrent behavior, is one of the essential building blocks in VHDL. For successfully developing and implementing digital systems using VHDL, understanding processes is crucial. Processes give you the ability to concurrently and event-driven define the activity of your circuits. You may record the intricate relationships and interactions between various signals and system components by using processes. We will delve into the concept of processes in VHDL and examine their function in modeling digital systems in this blog post. We’ll look at a process’ syntax and structure, how they’re used to define both combinational and sequential logic, and how they’re used to distinguish between concurrent and sequential execution within processes. What is a Process in VHDL? A. Definition of a process in VHDL: A process in VHDL is a key component for modeling and describing the behavior of digital systems. It is an illustration of a concurrent control structure that specifies a series of sequential statements that are carried out in response to specific occurrences. These occurrences may include adjustments to the input signals or the fulfillment of particular time requirements. B. Role of processes in modeling digital systems: In order to fully capture the concurrent nature of digital systems, processes are essential. They let designers express complicated behaviors and interactions between various components of a design by enabling the description of both combinational and sequential logic. Designers can produce modular, reusable parts that can be combined to form larger systems by applying procedures. C. How processes are used to describe concurrent behavior: Multiple statements may run concurrently in VHDL because it is a concurrent language by nature. In VHDL, processes offer a means to specify the timing and sequence of these concurrent operations. Sensitivity lists enable processes to be launched in response to changes in predefined signals or events, providing fine-grained control over the execution flow. D. Comparison with sequential behavior in VHDL: While VHDL processes provide a means to describe concurrent behavior, they can also be used to model sequential logic. Sequential processes represent a sequence of statements that are executed one after another, simulating the behavior of flip-flops, registers, and other sequential elements in a digital system. By combining concurrent and sequential processes, designers can accurately represent the behavior of complex systems that exhibit both concurrent and sequential aspects. Understanding the concept of processes in VHDL is essential for effectively designing and simulating digital systems. In the next section, we will explore the syntax and structure of a process, providing a foundation for implementing behaviors using this fundamental VHDL construct Syntax and Structure of a Process A basic building component for defining the behavior of digital systems in VHDL is called a process. It enables you to specify concurrent behavior, which enables many processes to run simultaneously and communicate with one another via signals. In this section, we’ll look at the syntax and organization of a process in VHDL. A. Process Declaration and Begin/End Keywords: In VHDL, a process is declared using the “process” keyword followed by a sensitivity list. The sensitivity list specifies the signals that the process is sensitive to, meaning that the process will be triggered whenever a change occurs on any of the listed signals. The process body is enclosed between the “begin” and “end” keywords. process (clk, rst) begin — Process statements go here end process; | B. Sensitivity List and Signal Events: The sensitivity list plays a crucial role in determining when a process is executed. It consists of a comma-separated list of signals enclosed in parentheses. Whenever a change, known as a signal event, occurs on any of the signals in the sensitivity list, the process is triggered and its statements are executed. process (a, b) begin — Process statements go here end process; | C. Sequential Statements within a Process: Inside a process, you can write a sequence of sequential statements that define the behavior of the digital system. These statements are executed sequentially within the process body. Common sequential statements include variable assignments, conditional statements (if-else), loops, and procedure calls. process (a, b) begin if (a = ‘1’) then c <= b; else c <= ‘0’; end if; end process; | D. Importance of Process Sensitivity and Event Triggering: The sensitivity list and event-triggering mechanism are crucial for the proper simulation and synthesis of VHDL designs. By accurately specifying the signals in the sensitivity list, you ensure that the process is triggered only when necessary, conserving simulation resources. Additionally, precise sensitivity lists help the synthesis tool infer the correct hardware structure for the described behavior. Behavioral Modeling with Processes Behavioral modeling is a crucial aspect of VHDL that allows designers to describe the functionality of digital systems. Processes play a vital role in this modeling approach by enabling the representation of both combinational and sequential logic. A. Describing Combinational Logic using Processes: Combinational logic circuits are those in which the outputs depend solely on the current values of the inputs, without any memory or feedback. Processes in VHDL provide an effective way to model such circuits. To describe combinational logic using processes, you can follow these steps: - Declare a process using the process keyword, specifying the input and output signals. - Inside the process, use the beginning and end keywords to enclose the sequential statements. - Use signal assignments (<=) or conditional statements (if-then-else) to define the relationship between the input and output signals. - Ensure that all necessary signals are included in the sensitivity list to trigger the process when their values change. For example, let’s consider a 2-input AND gate modeled using a process in VHDL: architecture Behavioral of AndGate is begin process (input1, input2) begin output <= input1 and input2; end process; end Behavioral; | B. Describing Sequential Logic using Processes: Sequential logic circuits have memory elements, such as flip-flops or registers, where the outputs depend not only on the current inputs but also on past inputs and internal states. Processes in VHDL are well-suited for modeling such sequential behavior. To describe sequential logic using processes, you can follow these steps: - Declare a process with the necessary signals and variables. - Inside the process, use the beginning and end keywords to enclose the sequential statements. - Utilize variables to store internal states or intermediate values. - Use signal assignments (<=) or conditional statements (if-then-else) to define the relationship between the input, output signals, and internal states. - Include all relevant signals in the sensitivity list to trigger the process when their values change. Let’s take an example of a D flip-flop modeled using a process in VHDL: architecture Behavioral of DFlipFlop is signal d, clk, q, qn: std_logic; begin process (clk) begin if rising_edge(clk) then q <= d; qn <= not d; end if; end process; end Behavioral; | In this example, the process triggers when a rising edge is detected on the clock signal (clk). It updates the output signals (q and qn) based on the value of the input signal (d). By using processes, designers can effectively capture the behavior of various digital circuits, including more complex sequential elements like registers and state machines. Understanding how to use processes for behavioral modeling is essential for implementing accurate and efficient digital systems in VHDL. Concurrent vs. Sequential Execution in Processes In VHDL, processes can be executed concurrently or sequentially, depending on their sensitivity list and the events that trigger them. Understanding the difference between concurrent and sequential execution is crucial for designing reliable and efficient digital systems. A. Concurrent Execution in VHDL: Concurrent execution refers to the simultaneous execution of multiple processes or statements. In VHDL, concurrent execution allows multiple processes to run concurrently, with each process potentially influencing the others through shared signals. Concurrent execution offers the advantage of modeling systems with parallel behavior, where different components or modules can operate independently and concurrently. This can lead to more efficient designs and better use of hardware resources. B. Sequential Execution in VHDL: Sequential execution refers to the ordered execution of processes or statements, one after the other, following a specific control flow. In VHDL, sequential execution is used to model behaviors that require a specific order of operations or have dependencies between different stages or states. Sequential execution is commonly employed in modeling sequential logic, where the outputs depend on the current and past inputs or internal states. By controlling the order of execution, sequential processes can accurately model the flow of data and timing within a system. C. Handling Concurrent Events and Event Triggering: In VHDL, processes are triggered by specific events or changes in the signals included in their sensitivity list. Understanding how events are handled during concurrent execution is essential for the proper modeling of digital systems. - Concurrent Event Handling: - When an event occurs on a signal in the sensitivity list of a process, the process is triggered and its statements are executed. - Concurrent processes with overlapping sensitivity lists can execute concurrently, potentially leading to race conditions or unexpected behavior. - To avoid race conditions, proper care must be taken to ensure that concurrent processes do not access or modify the same signals simultaneously. - Event Triggering and Process Sensitivity: - The sensitivity list of a process determines which events can trigger the process. - Adding all the necessary signals to the sensitivity list is crucial to ensure that the process is triggered when the expected events occur. - Missing signals in the sensitivity list may result in incorrect or incomplete behavior of the design. Understanding the distinction between concurrent and sequential execution in VHDL is vital for designing accurate and efficient digital systems. Proper handling of concurrent events and thoughtful selection of process sensitivity lists are essential to avoid race conditions and ensure the desired behavior of the system. Process Attributes and Configurations In VHDL, process attributes and configurations provide additional flexibility and customization options when working with processes. Understanding process attributes and how to configure processes can enhance the design and improve the overall functionality of digital systems. A. Introduction to Process Attributes: Process attributes in VHDL provide metadata or additional information about processes, allowing designers to access and utilize specific characteristics of processes during simulation or synthesis. B. Commonly used process attributes include: - ‘EVENT: This attribute returns the current event causing the process to execute, providing information about the event triggering the process. - ‘ACTIVE: This attribute indicates whether the process is currently active or idle. - ‘STABLE: This attribute checks if a signal’s value has remained unchanged since the last time the process was triggered. - ‘LAST_EVENT: This attribute returns the last event causing the process to execute. Process attributes enable dynamic behavior based on the context and can be utilized to optimize or control the execution of processes. C. Configuration Options for Processes: Configuration statements in VHDL allow customization and fine-tuning of processes to suit specific design requirements. - Process Configuration: - Processes can be configured using the configuration block to override default settings or customize their behavior. - Configuration blocks specify different process attributes, such as sensitivity lists, delay values, or resolution functions. - By configuring processes, designers can modify the process behavior without modifying the process itself, promoting reusability and flexibility. - Conditional Compilation and Configuration: - Conditional compilation directives, such as ifdef, ifndef, and elsif, can be used to conditionally include or exclude specific process configurations based on predefined conditions. - Conditional compilation allows designers to adapt processes based on different design scenarios or target platforms. Process attributes and configurations enable designers to fine-tune the behavior of processes and adapt them to specific design requirements. They provide flexibility and control over process execution, enhancing the overall functionality and efficiency of digital systems. Processes are the fundamental building blocks in VHDL that enable the modeling of digital systems. They play a crucial role in capturing both combinational and sequential logic, allowing designers to accurately describe the behavior of complex circuits. Understanding processes, their syntax, and execution are essential for creating effective VHDL models. By utilizing process attributes and configurations, designers can customize the behavior of processes and enhance their functionality. Mastering processes empowers designers to create robust and efficient digital systems. Embrace the power of processes in VHDL to unleash your creativity and design innovative solutions.

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A recent study following 346 pregnant patients found that 63 percent of the women were admitted into the hospital for uncertain diagnosis or delivery—all because preeclampsia has many of the same symptoms of other diseases. The good news, however, is that there’s a new test currently underway that could make the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia easier in order to prevent potentially dangerous outcomes for the mother and baby, as OB/GYN Dr. Kara Rood explains. MR. NACINOVICH: I am Mario Nacinovich, and joining me today on the Clinician's Roundtable is Dr. Kara Rood. We will discuss her focus in maternal fetal medicine and focus our conversation on a complex disease in pregnancy that is difficult to diagnose, the progressive disease of preeclampsia. Dr. Kara Rood is a Board-Certified OBGYN specializing in maternal fetal medicine at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio. We will be discussing the symptoms and diagnosis of preeclampsia. Evidence tells us that preeclampsia is truly a dynamic process and difficult to diagnose. We will discuss some of Dr. Rood's recent research with her colleagues on a simple, rapid, noninvasive test for early recognition of preeclampsia. Dr. Rood, welcome to the program. It is a pleasure to be speaking to with you about such complicated topic that can produce such devastating adverse outcomes for both mother and children. DR. ROOD: Thank you so very much for having me. MR. NACINOVICH: What is preeclampsia and what causes this progressive disease? DR. ROOD: Preeclampsia is a disease that occurs in pregnancy or the immediate postpartum period after preeclampsia. It is normally characterized by elevated blood pressure, protein in the urine, and symptoms of different organ systems that it affects, such as headache, changes in vision, right upper quadrant pain. It affects the liver and the kidneys. Preeclampsia, itself, is known very much in the disease of hypothesis. I would say none of us exactly know the underlying cause of preeclampsia. We do infer that it has to do with abnormal functioning of the placenta. However, the exact mechanism is not known. MR. NACINOVICH: Who gets preeclampsia and how common is the disease? DR. ROOD: About eight to ten percent of pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia. It is somewhat difficult to predict who indeed is going to get it, but there are some known risk factors, such as women with a history of preeclampsia, women with a history of high blood pressure, first pregnancies, as well as ones with multiples like twins and triplet pregnancies. MR. NACINOVICH: When does this occur during pregnancy? DR. ROOD: The majority of the diagnoses of preeclampsia come in the third trimester of pregnancy. However, it can happen any time after 20 weeks, and some of the earlier onset preeclampsia are some of more concerning and more progressive forms of the disease. MR. NACINOVICH: How many women would you say have signs or symptoms of preeclampsia during their pregnancy that may require medical attention? DR. ROOD: Depending on the population that you serve, the population that I most likely look after is the high-risk population, and there about 25 to 30 percent of those women have some signs or symptoms that could be concerning for preeclampsia. MR. NACINOVICH: I understand that there is actually two forms of preeclampsia, and there are also other forms of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. What is the difference between preeclampsia, toxemia, PET, and PIH? DR. ROOD: Currently the working definitions of them are the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy spectrum whereas those range from gestational hypertension, meaning just high blood pressure in pregnancy, to preeclampsia without severe features to preeclampsia with severe features and then a progressive form called HELLP disease. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and toxemia are some of the past definitions and terminology that we used. MR. NACINOVICH: We have HELLP syndrome. As you mentioned, it is one of the most severe forms of preeclampsia. It can occur in about 5% to 12% of preeclamptic patients. Tell us a little bit more about this syndrome. Do you truly see it in 5% to 12% of your patients? DR. ROOD: HELLP is definitely a more severe form of preeclampsia. It is characterized by elevated liver function tests as well as low platelets. Once we have identified this, delivery has to occur pretty quickly thereafter, given the high risk of rupture of the liver capsule and spontaneous bleeding secondary to low platelets. MR. NACINOVICH: We know this is a very complicated topic and certainly, as I mentioned earlier, it can produce very devastating adverse outcomes for both mother and child. What is the impact of preeclampsia in terms of the health to the mother and the unborn child? DR. ROOD: Preeclampsia, itself, is the number one reason of why we, as providers, initiate preterm births here in the United States of America. Therefore, it does have all of the risk associated with prematurity for the unborn child. Also it increases the risk of placental abruption, which can result in stillbirth for the child. Then for the mother and herself, not identifying preeclampsia early and it progresses to some of the worsening state can cause eclamptic seizures as well as stroke for the mother. MR. NACINOVICH: Recent evidence strongly suggests that preeclampsia is also attached with later life cardiovascular events for these women. This is not just an issue restricted during their pregnancy or the postpartum period. This is something that could potentially come back in another form later in their life. DR. ROOD: That is one of the new focuses on preeclampsia with emphasis on some of the primary care providers and internal medicine providers asking those questions about prior pregnancies, identifying women whose pregnancies were complicated with preeclampsia, therefore, so they can screen appropriately due to that risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. MR. NACINOVICH: For those just joining us on the Clinician's Roundtable, this is Mario Nacinovich on ReachMD. I am with Dr. Kara Rood, a specialist in the area of maternal fetal medicine at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. We spoke earlier about getting to understand a bit about the disease of preeclampsia and its impact. Now we are going to shift to how preeclampsia is actually currently diagnosed and discuss some of the recent newsworthy events with the release of data regarding a diagnostic that Dr. Rood and her colleagues have been focused on. First, help us understand how patients with preeclampsia are currently diagnosed. DR. ROOD: Currently we do screening at routine prenatal visits where blood pressures are obtained and for a majority of the patients, we are still obtaining a urine dipstick to assess for protein in the urine. If any of these factors are identified, then we do a symptoms screen, asking about some of the common symptoms, like headache, changes in vision, right upper quadrant pain. If at this point here we have a suspicion for preeclampsia, then they would either go on serial blood pressure monitoring and collection of a larger volume of urine to assess for protein as well as a venipuncture to assess their liver functions, their kidney functions, and their platelets. MR. NACINOVICH: Dr. Rood, can you speak to how difficult this is to diagnose at its current stage? DR. ROOD: Giving our increasing complexity of our patients with more comorbidities, with hypertension, underlying kidney disease, the diagnosis of preeclampsia has become a bit more challenging as a lot of these other diseases can produce the exact same signs and symptoms as preeclampsia. Therefore, it makes it challenging from a physician standpoint to make sure that it is preeclampsia and a delivery is warranted rather than just a flair in their underlying disease, which can be managed by medication and to continue with the pregnancy. MR. NACINOVICH: That is actually a great segue to my next question. I understand preeclampsia is called the disease of exceptions and the great masquerader, which are great monikers attached to this because it can look like so many other diseases, symptoms not specific, and it does not behave consistently. Sometimes it takes longer to progress. Other times it progresses to dangerous levels almost instantly. Tell us and the audience a little bit how this progresses. How does preeclampsia actually progress? DR. ROOD: It is very difficult to predict how preeclampsia is going to progress. We do know that the earlier that the disease is present, a lot of the times that progresses a lot faster whereas people who are diagnosed later in the pregnancy, near the end of it, those ones do not seem to progress as quickly. That may be due to the fact that at that point there we recommend delivery for them. MR. NACINOVICH: How difficult is it to rule out and address some of the various underlying conditions? DR. ROOD: It can be very challenging. You can imagine we do not want to get it wrong because of the devastating effects of preeclampsia if we do misdiagnose it. As a provider, there are many times that we try to weigh the risk with benefits to try to get the mother and the baby to a gestational age where they will both have favorable outcomes, but it is very challenging. MR. NACINOVICH: How important is it for yourself and for some of your colleagues to address the underlying conditions that are being presented? DR. ROOD: I think it is very important. With the invention of the electronic medical records, we are fortunate to at least have some of the prior history of women, but it does take an investigative tact to figure out if somebody does have underlying chronic hypertension as the women do not always know themselves that they have been diagnosed with this, especially in some of the populations where routine medical care is not something that they have participated in prior to pregnancy. MR. NACINOVICH: Before we discuss the specifics of your recent research, can you tell us about the collection of proteins that are misfolded and aggregate together in urine of women who have preeclampsia? DR. ROOD: This is a very fascinating finding. We know that protein are in the urine of women with preeclampsia. However, we did not understand the confirmation in the misfolded part of these proteins in the urine. That is what was identified in the basic science component prior to creating this point-of-care test that women with preeclampsia, their proteins are actually misfolded in their urine in comparison to women without preeclampsia. They do not have these misfolded proteins. One of the most interesting parts about the misfolded proteins is the ability for it to attach to this Congo Red dye, which is kind of the premise of the test. MR. NACINOVICH: What is the role of the Congo Red Dot Rapid Paper test or CRD paper test in identifying this collection of proteins. DR. ROOD : Given the misfolded confirmation of these proteins, the Congo Red dye has the ability to attach to them, and that makes this test very specific for these misfolded proteins in the urine of women with preeclampsia. Whereas other non-misfolded proteins, the Congo Red dye would not attach to. MR. NACINOVICH: You recently conducted a rather pragmatic study in 346 consecutive pregnant patients. What did you and your colleagues uncover in your research? DR. ROOD: We identified that we as physicians do have a lot of uncertainty in diagnosing preeclampsia where, out of the 346 women that presented, 217 or about 63% of them were admitted to the hospital for further evaluation to determine if they did or did not have preeclampsia. When we looked at this population too, we found out that the test, which appeared to other biomarkers and was much more closely able to predict a diagnosis of preeclampsia based on providers reviewing the charts and also giving a diagnosis of preeclampsia. It actually showed a sensitivity of 80% specificity of 89% with a negative predicted value of 92%. I think the most impressive part is that it had an 87% accuracy to correctly diagnose preeclampsia. MR. NACINOVICH: Everyone involved in these studies were blinded to the test results, the providers, the nurses, patients themselves. Each diagnosis of each of these patients was independently adjudicated. Why was this such an important aspect of this research? DR. ROOD: It really does help minimize bias and ensure that the results are true results. If we knew the results of the test and especially for us that have worked with the test and had the confidence in the fact that we know that the test works, we may be less likely to diagnose someone with preeclampsia if we knew the test was negative. For those more challenging cases where we are on the fence, is it preeclampsia or is it another medical condition, that test may have swayed our management. While hopefully once the test is approved for use, that will help guide management. We would need to undergo the study without that bias involved to ensure the accurate results. MR. NACINOVICH: You and your colleagues were working with a prototype of the Congo Red Dot Rapid Paper test that is currently under clinical development. Can you tell us a little bit about the trial that is currently underway? DR. ROOD: Since the results of our study were extremely promising, and it does support the value of noninvasive point of care, Congo Red dot urine diagnostic test to establish or rule out preeclampsia in the clinical setting. Due to that, the enrollment for our large multicenter U.S. trial supported by GestVision has already actually achieved one-third of its target goal, and we are hoping that upon successful completion of this trial, the gestation plans to seek an FDA premarket clearance for the GestAssured test. While there are no current placebo barriers with the FDA, progress can obviously be affected by risks and uncertainties relating to a number of other important factors, which could include requests for more analysis or our ability to enroll patients in the study. MR. NACINOVICH: That is a great way to round out our discussion with Dr. Rood. We have discussed her recent work in the diagnosis of preeclampsia, and we have certainly learned quite a bit about the signs and symptoms of this incredibly complex and progressive disease that is also associated with later-life cardiovascular events. We also were able to hear about her latest research and how a simple urine test could save lives of both mothers and unborn children. I want to thank my guest, Dr. Rood, for joining me today on the Clinician's Roundtable. Dr. Rood, it was great having you on the program. Thank you for sharing not only your thoughts, but on behalf of all of us, thank you for your truly lifesaving research and for all the work you do each day in maternal fetal medicine. I certainly want to wish you and your colleagues much continued success. I know so many lives are depending on it. DR. ROOD: Thank you so much. MR. NACINOVICH: I am Mario Nacinovich. To access this episode of the Clinician's Roundtable and others focusing on women's health and some of the pioneering work to advance maternal fetal medicine, I invite you to visit ReachMD.com where you can be part of the knowledge. Thank you for listening. - Clinician's Roundtable Optimizing Vulvovaginitis Care: A Look at Screening Modalities & Treatment Guidelines Charles Turck, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP Oluwatosin Goje, MD - Clinician's Roundtable Reducing the Burden of Vulvovaginitis with Improved Diagnostics & Therapies Oluwatosin Goje, MD - Advances in Women's Health Choosing OB-GYN: One Practitioner’s Story Ana Maria Rosario Patricia M. Boatwright, MD - Clinician's Roundtable Concerns in the Community: Obstacles to Accessing the COVID-19 Vaccine Hector O. Chapa, MD, FACOG Robert Owens Carpenter, MD, MPH, FACS, FASMBS Toni E. Keaton, MD, MPH

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This study of the development of Marx’s theory of revolution–using Marxism as its method–focuses on the formative years of 1842-1848. Although I will raise some criticisms concerning the treatment of dialectics, it is unusual and especially valuable in drawing connections between Marx’s theoretical concepts and his deepening involvement in this early, ideologically vibrant period of European working class activity. PART 1. REVOLUTION: POLITICAL AND/OR SOCIAL? This study of the development of Marx’s theory of revolution–using Marxism as its method–focuses on the formative years of 1842-1848. Although I will raise some criticisms concerning the treatment of dialectics, it is unusual and especially valuable in drawing connections between Marx’s theoretical concepts and his deepening involvement in this early, ideologically vibrant period of European working class activity. Michael Löwy successfully shows how Marx’s distinctive theory of revolution–the self-emancipation of the working class — crystallized, at least in part, out of his actual interactions with workers and their organizations in conjunction with his profound critique of Hegel’s philosophy and of other Young Hegelians.(1) Löwy’s The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx (Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2003) was originally published in French in 1970. It has only recently been translated into English (by an unnamed translator) as part of the Historical Materialism Book Series sponsored by the London-based quarterly of that name. This publication is timely in light of the growing, international movement that urgently seeks an alternative to capitalism. At least some in that movement have put revolution back on the agenda after decades in which it was scornfully dismissed as poppycock. Löwy makes it abundantly clear that the kind of revolution Marx came to conceptualize is a social revolution, which goes far deeper than a political grab for power. Michael Löwy is a well-known sociologist in France. He was born in Brazil and his work is widely discussed in Latin America as well. He was a student of Lucien Goldmann who himself was influenced by Georg Lukács. He has written on an unusually wide variety of cultural/political topics. This book is a well-constructed, lucid, readable, largely chronological account of the events, persons and ideas in Marx’s milieu, and how they affected the course of his thought. The author follows several distinct themes in the development of Marx’s thought while, in the spirit of totality, delineating their interconnections with each other and with his ripening theory of revolution. In the process, Löwy introduces us to writings by the young Marx that are, sadly, rarely cited. Löwy views Marx’s actual meetings with workers, starting in late 1843 when he arrived in Paris, and his increasing involvement with revolutionary socialist associations, as major formative experiences in his theoretical/political evolution. Löwy’s monograph fills in the gap between strictly biographical studies of Marx, which give little attention to his thought, and, conversely, studies that treat his intellectual/political growth apart from the workers’ movements of that day. Marx was caught up in the swirl of intellectual and political currents that were bred by the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and Hegel’s philosophical revolution. From these seemingly disparate elements, Marx, in the remarkably short space of a few years, was able to develop what Raya Dunayevskaya called “a new continent of thought” (Philosophy and Revolution, Lexington Books, Third Edition, 1989, p. 53). Löwy considers Marx’s political activities “not a biographical detail but the necessary complement of his writing, since both the one and the other had the same purpose, namely, not just to interpret the world but to change it, and to interpret it in order to change it.” (p. 12) This theme of praxis is central to both Marx’s thinking and Löwy’s book. Biography, when considered in this light, becomes more than an historical adjunct but is rather a necessary component for comprehending the genesis of theory. Full Human Emancipation Löwy convincingly documents Marx’s sharp distinction between the realms of the political, on the one hand, and of civil society, on the other, in modern capitalist society. Marx posited the primacy of civil society in initiating revolutionary change. Marx first articulated the cleavage between civil society and the state in his 1843 “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law.” According to Marx, Hegel saw the state as the pinnacle and unifier of society–the unity of the particular and universal. For Marx however civil society was the arena for battle between particular interests, and further, imparted “dynamism” to all parts of society, including the state. Hegel’s conception of the state represented an ideal, but alien, universality. Marx argued that capitalist civil society is an undergirding for the modern state. The political form of the state therefore does not alter the essential character or “content of” its civil society. For example: “…the entire content of the law and the state, is the same in North America as in Prussia, with few modifications. The republic there is thus a mere state form, as is the monarchy here. The content of the state lies outside these constitutions (“Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, NY: International Publishers, 1975ff [hereafter CW], vol. 3, p. 31).” The antithesis between the material content of civil society and its political constitution was introduced in the bourgeois era that followed the French Revolution. For Marx it followed that: “The atomism into which civil society plunges in its political act follows necessarily from the fact that the community, the communal being in which the individual exists, is civil society separated from the state, or that the political state is an abstraction from it” (“Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law,” CW 3, p. 79). Thus the state is not organically linked with but is rather abstracted from the divisions within an already abstracted, divisive, competitive, bourgeois civil society. Marx argued throughout his life that fundamental societal change thus depended on change in the mode of production, the prime determinant of the social relations of civil society, rather than in power relations within the state. Löwy shows that Marx’s 1843 essay “On the Jewish Question” takes pains to distinguish the limited political emancipation available to the citizen of the state from full human emancipation. Civil society, as defined by the French Constitution’s “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,” remained the sphere of egoism, of the bellum omnium contra omnes. Therefore the furthest the state can go in granting liberty is “the liberty of man viewed as an isolated monad.” Marx concluded: “Political emancipation is the reduction of man, on the one hand, to a member of civil society, to an egoistic, independent individual, and, on the other hand, to a citizen, a juridical person. Only when the real, individual man re-absorbs in himself the abstract citizen, and as an individual human being has become a species-being in his everyday life, in his particular work, and in his particular situation, only when man has recognized and organized his own powers as social forces, and consequently no longer separates social power from himself in the shape of political power, only then will human emancipation have been accomplished” (CW 3, p. 168). By implication, radical individual/societal transformation will involve the re-connection of the isolated individual with her alienated social powers; this could be achieved only by a revolution which dissolves those powers in their abstract, juridical, alienated, political form. True Human Community At this point, Löwy brings to the fore another, rarely-cited essay written by Marx in early 1844, “Comments on James Mill, Elemens d’économie politique.” In this critique of the classical political economists, Marx again contrasts the estranged community of individuals considered as atomized citizens of the state and as owners of private property, with real community. In the purchase and sale of private property: “The social connection or social relationship between the two property owners is therefore that of reciprocity in alienation, positing the relationship of alienation on both sides…it is the opposite of the social relationship” (CW 3, pp. 218, 219). Marx contrasted this alienated, detached relationship with a truer relationship, which involves social activity and social enjoyment. He argued: “Since human nature is the true community of men, by manifesting their nature men create, produce, the human community, the social entity, which is no abstract universal power opposed to the single individual, but is the essential nature of each individual, his own activity, his own life, his own spirit, his own wealth. Hence this true community … is produced directly by their life activity itself…as long as man does not recognize himself as man, and therefore has not organized the world in a human way, this community appears in the form of estrangement, because its subject, man, is a being estranged from himself. Men, not as an abstraction, but as real, living, particular individuals, are this entity” (CW 3, p. 217). Marx is often misunderstood as valuing the collectivity over the individual person, of subordinating the individual to society. But here we see Marx’s intense interest in the distinctive individual although that individual is broadly conceived as “the social entity,” not the estranged individual. The Uprising of the Silesian Weavers: Of What Significance? Löwy next examines the consequences for Marx’s political thinking of his theoretical separation between the state and civil society: Marx voiced vigorous support for the 1844 revolt of the Silesian weavers. Marx’s comments, called “Critical Marginal Notes on the Article ‘The King of Prussia and Social Reform’ by a Prussian’” were published in August 1844, in the Paris newspaper Vorwärts. Marx exposed the fact that the original article in that newspaper was written not by a Prussian, as claimed, but rather by Arnold Ruge, his co-editor of the newly founded Deutsch-Französische Jahrbucher. For Löwy, the “Critical Notes” are not yet appreciated as “the point of departure for the intellectual journey that led to the Theses on Feuerbach and The German Ideology… in which his theory of the revolutionary self-emancipation of the proletariat took shape” (p. 91). On what basis did Löwy make that judgment? Ruge viewed the uprising in Silesia as merely a local occurrence in politically backward Germany. In contrast, Marx argued that the revolt ushered in a new phase of revolt and class consciousness among European workers, led by workers from his homeland, Germany. The modern state is powerless, Marx wrote, to correct any debasement in the economic relations of civil society because the modern state is premised, as we have seen, on that very separation between public and private life. What is needed, Marx contended, is not so much political revolt as social revolution involving “the standpoint of the whole because it is a protest of man against dehumanized life.” “The state is based on the contradiction between public and private life, on the contradiction between general interests and private interests…. Indeed, confronted by the consequences which arise from the unsocial nature of this civil life, this private ownership, this trade, this industry, this mutual plundering of the various circles of citizens, confronted by all these consequences impotence is the law of nature of the [state] administration” (CW 3, p. 198). Marx’s very positive attitude toward the uprising of the Silesian weavers can serve as an example of Löwy’s methodological point that the significance and meaning of an objective event will be determined, in large part, by the theorist’s ideological “receptivity.” The Consciousness of the Weavers What of the thought of the weavers themselves? Ruge disparaged their social consciousness. He claimed that they could not see beyond their hearth, their district, or their factory. Hence, Ruge maintained, the whole question of poverty “has so far still been ignored by the all-penetrating political soul” (CW 3, p. 200). Marx retorted, “that not one of the French and English workers’ uprisings had such a theoretical and conscious character as the uprising of the Silesian weavers…. The Silesian uprising begins precisely with what the French and English workers’ uprisings end, with consciousness of the nature of the proletariat” (CW 3, p. 201). Marx concluded that the weavers’ revolt had implicitly announced its opposition to the society of private property. On what basis did Marx reach such a broad and far-reaching conclusion? The Silesian workers had destroyed not only the machines but also account books and titles to property. Their struggle had thus been directed not only against the visible enemy, the factory owner, but also against the hidden enemy, the banker, and thus capital itself. Hence Marx proudly called the proletariat of his native Germany “the theoretician of the European proletariat…. A philosophical people can find its corresponding practice [Praxis] only in socialism, hence it is only in the proletariat that it can find the dynamic element of its emancipation” (CW3, p. 202). Löwy uses the term “Praxis” rather than “practice” in his translation. For Löwy, the decisive development in Marx’s theory of revolution was that socialism was no longer presented as pure theory, an idea “born in the philosopher’s mind,” a “philosophical communism,” but rather as praxis. Löwy remarks: “In discovering in the proletariat the active element of emancipation, Marx, without saying a word about Feuerbach or philosophy, breaks with the schema to which he had still adhered” in his critiques of Hegel’s philosophy of the state. “By this practical stand taken on a revolutionary movement the path is opened to the Theses on Feuerbach” (p. 95). What then is the role of the thinker in relation to such struggles? Marx chided the arrogance of the intellectual: “Confronted with the first outbreak of the Silesian workers’ uprising, the sole task of one who thinks and loves the truth consisted not in playing the role of schoolmaster in relation to this event but instead in studying its specific character”(CW 3, p. 202). Marx discerned in the uprising of the Silesian workers the expression of a philosophical people; the self-awareness of the proletariat; and its bent toward socialism. By contrast, when the proletariat thinks in exclusively political terms, it “sees the cause of all evils in the will, and all means of remedy in violence and in the overthrow of a particular form of state” (CW 3, p. 204). Once again Marx differentiates between political revolution with its “narrow-minded spirit” and “the universal soul” of social revolution. PART 2. LÖWY’S METHOD Löwy tells us that he will attempt a Marxist analysis of the origins of Marxism. The Preface and Introduction are largely devoted to how he intends to accomplish this task and are well worth reading from a methodological standpoint alone. We have seen that Löwy highlights the impact on Marx’s thinking of his actual interactions with politically conscious workers. It is Löwy’s thesis that it is “through an active exchange with this social environment (as well as with the Left-Hegelian currents) that the young Marx formulated the seminal kernel of a new world-view, the philosophy of praxis, which provides the theoretical foundation for his conception of revolution as proletarian self-emancipation” (Preface, p. vii). Löwy posits that the exploration of “socio-historical settings” is indispensable for fully comprehending a theory, in this case Marx’s theory of revolution. This exploration of the socio-historical settings of Marx’s theory is necessary “for understanding the very content, the internal structure and precise significance of what is being studied” (p. 3). It is not merely a historical adjunct. The concept of “settings” includes the socio-philosophical doctrines and political theories of the day. I would add that virtually all of Marx’s published theoretical writings were written in response to–and often in debate with– the ideas of his contemporaries, including those on the Left. An obvious example is Marx’s The Poverty of Philosophy written in response to the socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s Philosophy of Poverty. Settings, Events, and Ideas Löwy cites Marx’s dictum that ideas themselves can become material forces. Löwy also avoids a rigid base-superstructure dichotomy. Instead he embraces the notion of totality: thought and social settings are not “congealed in abstract oppositions.” Rather they are “dialectically linked together and integrated in the historical process” (p. 3). Further, objective events carry more or less significance to political thinkers depending on the state of their theory building. We have already seen the very different significance that the revolt of the Silesian weavers held for Arnold Ruge, who considered it a local, unimportant matter, as opposed to Marx who considered the revolt an important early expression of working class consciousness and a likely forerunner of future working class activities. Marx refers to the revolt as a “literary debut of the German workers” and speaks of their “gigantic infant shoes” (CW 3, 201). Their divergence is especially telling because, until that point, Ruge and Marx had been intellectual companions. Indeed, before this public debate they had teamed up to establish a journal and were its co-editors. Thus the importance of an event depends in large measure on “its significance in relation to the theory…. We thus perceive that, very often, it is not an historical event or a philosophical or political theory ‘in itself’ that influences the development of a doctrine, but the event and the theory as these are grasped and interpreted by that doctrine.” This interplay underscores the active role for the theorist in assimilating the outside event. Löwy suggests that “the doctrinal system ‘selects’ and interprets the settings, events and ideas which are to condition its development” (pp. 5,6). I find this a felicitous perspective. Yet I believe that it was not only the state of Marx’s theory at that moment which was decisive but rather the broad trajectory of his growing allegiance to the working class. In dialectical philosophy, thought reaches out to the future. From this perspective, Marx came to view the Silesian uprising as a forerunner of other activities yet to be undertaken by an increasingly active and self-aware working class. Löwy, too, terms Marx’s support for the Silesian weavers “anticipatory” in light of the immaturity of the workers’ movement organizationally and theoretically at that time. PART 3. BIGGEST SHORTCOMING: THE PHILOSOPHI DIMENSION Löwy credits Engels with recognizing in the development of ideas the reciprocal character of condition and receptivity, of the external event and how it is registered internally. But Löwy neglects to trace this insight to its true author, Hegel. Hegel said of teleological activity that: “in it the end is the beginning, the consequent the ground, the effect the cause, that it is a becoming of what has become, that in it only what already exists comes into existence…”(Cf. Hegel’s Science of Logic, translated by A. V. Miller, Humanities Press International, 1969, p. 748). More generally, Löwy overlooks Marx’s selective appropriation — a term coined by Norman Levine — of Hegel’s dialectical philosophy. This is not to deny that Löwy is a nuanced and comprehensive historian of ideas who is aware there is a philosophical dimension of Marxian thought. For instance, in his essay, “From the ‘Logic’ of Hegel to the Finland Station in Petrograd,” Löwy demonstrated the practical impact of Lenin’s reading, while in exile, of Hegel’s Logic on his political thinking at the fateful moment of his return to Russia (See his On Changing the World, Humanities Press International, 1993). Yet Löwy stands apart from the “Hegelian Marxists” of the twentieth century, such as Lukács, Korsch, Marcuse and Dunayevskaya, who see in that philosophical dimension the very essence of Marx’s concept of revolution. Dunayevskaya identified Marx’s concept of “revolution in permanence” as a red thread that ran through his lifetime of political work; she interpreted that concept as rooted in Hegel’s dialectic of negativity. She wrote: “Marx dug deep into revolution, permanent revolution. Marx’s unyielding concentration on revolution, on revolutionary praxis–revolutionary ruthless critique of all that exists–reveals that dialectical philosophy was the basis of the totality of Marx’s work, not only in philosophy but in practice, and in both politics and economics…. Marx transformed Hegel’s revolution in philosophy into a philosophy of revolution” (Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation, and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution, University of Illinois Press, second edition, 1991, p. xxiii). Löwy, in contrast, tends to downplay the relation between Marx’s philosophical perspective and his theory of revolution. For Löwy it was an important advance in Marx’s concept of revolutionary agency–and there is much truth in this– when he gave up the idea of “philosophical communism” in which “revolution begins in the brain of the philosopher.” Revolutionary impulses and ideas, Marx said explicitly only a few years later in “The Communist Manifesto,” have their source in a revolutionary class, the proletariat. But it is important to keep in mind that Marx characterized the revolutionary proletariat as both independent and “self-conscious,” that is, aware of its historical role, not a thoughtless mass. Recall, too, that Marx had seen in the uprising of the Silesian weavers a “consciousness of the nature of the proletariat,” the expression of a “philosophic people” (CW 3, p. 201). Marx added: “As philosophy finds its material weapons in the proletariat, so the proletariat finds its spiritual weapons in philosophy” (CW 3, p. 187). According to Löwy, however, this well-known formulation is “not yet Marxist” (p. 59). I would argue that for Marx there was no contradiction between recognizing the proletariat as the agency of revolution, and, recognizing the philosophical dimension in revolution. The 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts It is in his treatment of the 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts that Löwy most clearly falls short in his recognition of the philosophic dimension in Marx’s theory of revolution. Löwy’s appreciation of the Manuscripts lies primarily in their economic analysis of the proletarian condition. Because Löwy tends to avoid discussing the philosophic aspect of Marx’s theory of revolution, he shrinks away from many of the assertions in the manuscript, “Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole.” Dunayevskaya, in contrast, hailed that manuscript. She saw both its criticism of Hegel in limiting transcendence only to the realm of thought, and, at the same time, its embrace of Hegel’s dialectic method, which Marx “praises, takes over, develops…” What Hegel calls “the dialectic of negativity,” Dunayevskaya wrote, Marx affirms as “the moving and creative principle.” She insisted “that for Marx as for us today, nothing short of a philosophy, a total outlook–which Marx first called, not ‘Communism’ but ‘Humanism,’ can answer the manifold needs of the proletariat” (Marxism & Freedom, Humanity Books, 2000, pp. 57-59). Löwy criticizes the Manuscripts as “still somewhat Feuerbachian.” Why? Because, Löwy claims, Feuerbach’s critique of religious alienation is simply applied to economics by Marx: Feuerbach’s God is transposed into private property; atheism is transposed into communism. I see this as an oversimplification of Marx’s dialectical and complex train of thought. The Relation between Alienated Labor and Private Property To demonstrate this I will focus on one such abridgment of the dialectic by Löwy. Löwy claims that this unwarranted parallelism of Marx’s analysis of society with Feuerbach’s analysis of religious alienation led Marx to mistakenly attribute private property to the alienated quality of the labor that produces it rather than the more obvious other-way-around: “This parallelism even leads him [Marx] to see in private property not the cause but the consequence of the alienation” (p. 86). While Löwy’s effort to correct Marx’s purported error may appear to be of little consequence, it is connected to a significant political difference: Seemingly, Löwy sees property ownership as more fundamental than the activity of laboring. From Löwy’s standpoint, socialism is essentially the elimination of private property and its replacement with public or state ownership of the means of production. This sharp theoretical difference makes it worthwhile to follow Marx’s dialectical thinking in order to evaluate properly Löwy’s claim that Marx made an error of reversal. In the manuscript on “Estranged Labour” Marx made it clear: “Thus through estranged labour man not only creates his relationship to the object and to the act of production as to powers [men] that are alien and hostile to him; he also creates the relationship in which other men stand to his production and to his product, and the relationship in which he stands to these other men. Just as he creates his own production as the loss of his reality, as his punishment; his own product as a loss, as a product not belonging to him; so he creates the domination of the person who does not produce over production and over the product…. Through estranged, alienated labour, then, the worker produces the relationship to this labour of a man alien to labour and standing outside it. The relationship of the worker to labour creates the relation to it of the capitalist… Private property is thus the product, the result, the necessary consequence, of alienated labour…though private property appears to be the reason, the cause of alienated labour, it is rather its consequence, just as the gods are originally not the cause but the effect of man’s intellectual confusion. Later this relationship becomes reciprocal. Only at the culmination of the development of private property does this, its secret, appear again, namely, that on the one hand it is the product of alienated labour, and that on the other it is the means by which labour alienates itself, the realisation of this alienation” (CW 3, pp. 279, 280). This passage demonstrates, I believe, that Marx is more fundamentally concerned with human activity, with the “relationship of the worker to labour,” than property forms per se. While Marx did use an analogy from religion, his attention is steadily fixed on social relations of production. Dunayevskaya reaffirmed that: “In the alienation of the object of labor is only crystallized the alienation in the very activity of labor. It follows that: The struggle against private property is the struggle not only against the alienation of the product of labor but against the alienation of the very activity of labor as any kind of self- development” (Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation, and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution, Second Edition, University of Illinois Press, 1991, p. 126). In Dunayevskaya’s view, Marx held that property forms are derived from social relations in production. She wrote additionally: “For Marx the abolition of private property was a means toward the abolition of alienated labor, not an end in itself…. He never tired of stressing that what is of primary importance is not the form of property, but the mode of production. Every mode of production, he said, creates a corresponding form of property…” (Marxism & Freedom, Humanity Books, 2000, p. 61). The Place of Alienation in Marx’s Thinking In keeping with his slighting of the alienation of labor, Löwy shows an overall failure to recognize the crucial role played by Marx’s concept of alienation not only in the early writings but also in his more decidedly political-economic works as well. Drawing from “Results of the Immediate Process of Production,” written some twenty years after the 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts and intended as the concluding chapter of volume 1 of Capital, Marx wrote: “The activity of labour-power, i.e. labour, objectifies itself in the course of production and so becomes value. But since the labour has ceased to belong to the worker even before he starts to work, what objectified itself for him is alien labour and hence a value, capital, independent of his own labour-power” (Penguin edition, p. 1016). Alienation is also integral to Marx’s concept of labor power as a commodity to be sold and bought, and thereby to wage labor, perhaps capital’s most distinctive feature. And the recuperation of our alienated human powers both as individuals and collectively as members of the human community remains, I believe, central to the Marxian goal of social revolution. Istvan Meszaros in his never-outdated Marx’s Theory of Alienation shows the tremendous range of Marx’s concept of alienation–expressed in humanity’s relation to nature, in the person’s relation to herself and to others, and in relation to all humankind. Further, Meszaros points to Marx’s originality and creativity in making the concept of alienation the keystone of his critique of capital. Lastly, Meszaros demonstrates that it was Hegel rather than Feuerbach who provided the philosophic inspiration for Marx’s concept of alienation: “Consequently Hegel anticipated to a much greater extent than Feuerbach the Marxian grasp of history, although even Hegel could only find ‘the abstract, logical, speculative expression for the movement of history” (Marx’s Theory of Alienation, The Merlin Press, 1970, p. 43). Dunayevskaya likewise saw alienated labor as “the most fundamental contradiction of capitalism”: “Marx’s analysis of labor–and it is that which distinguishes him from all others, not only the tendencies in Marx’s day, from which he had to break, but the Socialists and Communists of our day–goes much further than the economic structure of society. His analysis goes not only to class relations, but to actual human relations. What is wrong with other critics is that they speak of labor as an abstraction instead of seeing that labor under capitalism “materializes itself in an inhuman way…” (Rosa Luxemburg, p. 126). Löwy acknowledges that the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts consider the proletariat as an alienated class. He is critical nonetheless of Marx for not approaching the proletarian revolution “except through the abstract angle of the relation between the proletariat as an alienated class and [of] communism as a movement of disalienation” (p. 90). In light of Löwy’s tendencies to downplay both the centrality of Marx’s concept of alienation and the philosophic dimension of his theory of revolution, it comes as no surprise that Löwy chafes at Marx’s concepts of disalienation and of the “self-transcending of communism.” The Negation of the Negation Löwy maintains that some themes of the 1844 Manuscripts “were to be flatly abandoned by Marx in his later writings” (p. 90). These themes include “positive humanism” and the idea that communism is not the final goal but “merely the ‘revolutionary moment’ beyond which lies ‘truly human society’” (p. 90). These issues turn on the all-important concept of the negation of the negation. Löwy, again, sees Marx as recapitulating Feuerbach’s line of thought by conceiving a direct parallel between religious alienation and the alienation of labor. This would transpose the goal of disalienation to atheism, on the one hand, and, in the case of labor, to communism. But Marx takes pains in his “Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole” to distinguish his appreciation of the negation of the negation from both Feuerbach’s stunted, abbreviated concept and from Hegel’s abstract concept. Löwy notes Marx’s favorable assessment of Feuerbach for “his opposing to the negation of the negation, which claims to be the absolute positive, the self-supporting positive, positivity based on itself.” Marx does hold onto this aspect of Feuerbach’s thinking — positivity based on itself — and goes further with it. It appears in Marx’s 1844 writings as the idea of “the creation of man through human labour…his birth through himself, of his genesis” (CW 3, p. 305). This amounts to a positive humanism based on itself, not on some other foundation. However, Marx is critical of Feuerbach’s concept of negation of the negation when it is viewed “only as a contradiction of philosophy with itself–as the philosophy which affirms theology (the transcendent, etc.) after having denied it…” (CW 3, p. 329). Marx sees no need to remain with atheism as a negation of God which then “postulates the existence of man through this negation; but socialism as socialism no longer stands in any need of such a mediation. It proceeds from the theoretically and practically sensuous consciousness of man and of nature as the essence” (CW 3, p. 306). This does not mean a rejection of the Hegelian concept of negation of the negation, however. For in his 1844 “Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic,” Marx also identifies Hegel’s concept of negativity as the most crucial point for his own dialectical vision. He does so early in the essay, when he refers to “the outstanding achievement of Hegel’s Phenomenology and of its final outcome, the dialectic of negativity as the moving and generating principle…” (CW 3, p. 332). Marx affirms the real human being and practical sensuous consciousness in the following stirring passage: “Whenever real, corporeal man, man with his feet firmly on the solid ground, man exhaling and inhaling all the forces of nature, posits his real, objective, essential powers as alien objects by his externalization, it is not the act of positing which is the subject in this process: it is the subjectivity of objective essential powers, whose action, therefore, must also be something objective” (CW 3, p. 336). As we might expect, Marx takes Hegel to task for considering the negation of negation solely in the sphere of ideas. Yet Marx also credits Hegel with discovering the only true and positive concept of the negation of the negation. We can discern both sides of Marx’s critique of Hegel in the following passage: “But because Hegel has conceived the negation of the negation, from the point of view of the positive relation inherent in it, as the true and only positive, and from the point of view of the negative relation inherent in it as the only true act and spontaneous activity of all being, he has found the abstract, logical, speculative expression for the movement of history, which is not yet the real history of man as a given subject…” (CW 3, p. 329). Löwy reads Marx’s notion of disalienation far too narrowly. Marx conceives of disalienation as a process by which the human being’s “objective essential powers” are recuperated into the self. Alienation in this context consists of humanity’s separation from the products through which “he can express his life in real, sensuous objects.” The negation of this alienation in the labor process would transform it not narrowly, but grandly, into an activity for individual self-expression as well as for meeting social needs. It includes a social aspect because Marx’s concept of disalienation includes an objectivity of one person for another person. “To be objective, natural and sensuous, and at the same time to have object, nature and sense outside oneself, or oneself to be object, nature and sense for a third party, is one and the same thing” (CW 3, p. 336). The human being’s hunger after “objects” includes hunger for other persons.(2) For Marx, the supersession of alienation considered generally comes about “through the supersession of the objective world in its estranged mode of being,” and most fundamentally in the alienated labor that characterizes the capitalist mode of production. Marx returns to the metaphor of religion to explain his concept of positive humanism: “…atheism is humanism mediated with itself through the supersession of religion, whilst communism is humanism mediated with itself through the supersession of private property. Only through the supersession of this mediation–which is itself, however, a necessary premise–does positively self-deriving humanism, positive humanism, come into being” (CW 3, pp. 341,342). Löwy sees “positive humanism” and the related notion of the limitations of communism and of its transcendence, as ideas of the young Marx “that were to be flatly abandoned in his later writings” (p. 90). Löwy is troubled and perplexed by Marx’s assertion that: “Communism is the position as the negation of the negation, and is hence the actual phase necessary for the next stage of historical development in the process of human emancipation and rehabilitation. Communism is the necessary form and the dynamic principle of the immediate future, but communism as such is not the goal of human development, the form of human society” (CW 3, p. 306). Once again, we find Löwy unappreciative of this dialectical and open-ended dimension of Marx’s theory of revolution. Löwy likewise sounds critical of the idealistic tenor of Marx speaking “even of the ‘self-transcending’ of communism and its ‘transcendence’ by consciousness” in the following passage: “It takes actual communist action to abolish actual private property. History will lead to it; and this movement, which in theory we already know to be a self-transcending movement, will constitute in actual fact a very rough and protracted process. But we must regard it as a real advance to have at the outset gained a consciousness of the limited character as well as the goal of this historical movement — and a consciousness which reaches out beyond it” (CW 3, p. 313). The Marxist-Humanist project of conceptualizing a society beyond capitalism is precisely an exercise of “a consciousness which reaches out beyond” the existing social order. The impetus to reach beyond is essential to dialectical philosophy. Did the concept of positive humanism disappear in Marx’s later writings as Löwy asserts? I think not. In Capital, volume 3, to take just one example, Marx stated: “The realm of freedom really begins only where labour determined by necessity and external expediency ends; it lies by its very nature beyond the sphere of material production proper…. The true realm of freedom, the development of human powers as an end in itself, begins beyond it, though it can only flourish with this realm of necessity at its basis. The reduction of the working day is the basic prerequisite” (Penguin edition, 1981, pp. 958, 959, my emphasis). This statement is breathtaking in its vision yet practical enough to speak to American workers today who are overburdened by long hours. It is drawn from Capital, Marx’s theoretically most mature work. In sum, the most important deficiency in Löwy’s treatment of the 1844 Manuscripts is that he diminishes the extent and significance of Marx’s appropriation of Hegel’s dialectical philosophy with its core concept of the negation of the negation. In contrast, Dunayevskaya uncovered Marx’s appreciation and use of Hegel’s dialectic in both the early writings and in his later “economic” works. She wrote: “From the very beginning Marx, in his critique of the Hegelian dialectic, dug so deeply into its roots in thought and in reality that it signaled a revolution in philosophy and at the same time a philosophy of revolution” (Philosophy and Revolution, Lexington Books, 1989, p. 48). PART 4. WORKING CLASS SELF-EMANCIPATION Löwy’s thesis is that Marx’s actual experiences with workers and their socialist organizations which began when he arrived in Paris in November, 1843, transformed him from a “philosophical communist,” one of the several Left Hegelians who believed that their ideas would penetrate and give direction to workers. Within the framework of philosophic communism, workers were seen as passive and lacking political consciousness. Within four years, Marx had achieved the idea of workers’ self-emancipation through their independent thought and organization. Marx became reoriented to “the communist movement considered as an independent expression of the worker masses…” Löwy credits this intellectual/political development largely to “his direct contacts with the workers’ societies” (pp. 79, 68). Marx now conceptualized a dialectical reciprocity between socialist theory and the revolutionary proletariat. Thus in The Holy Family which Marx and Engels wrote together in August 1844, they criticize “all political ideologies that counterpose an ‘enlightened minority’ to the ‘ignorant masses’” (p. 98). Rather the workers recognize in their associations that they have needs beyond their immediate, concrete needs as workers; they have needs as human beings. Further, unlike the Left Hegelians Marx and Engels were criticizing, “the mass-minded, communist, workers employed, for instance, in the Manchester or Lyons workshops, do not believe that by ‘pure thinking’ they will be able to argue away their industrial masters and their own practical debasement. They are most painfully aware of the difference between being and thinking, between consciousness and life. They know that property, capital, money, wage-labour and the like are no ideal figments of the brain but very practical, very objective products of their self-estrangement and that therefore they must be abolished in a practical, objective way…” (CW 4, p. 53, emphasis added). In short, Marx was impressed by the consciousness of the working class as well as its political dedication. He wrote: “One must know the studiousness, the craving for knowledge, the moral energy and the unceasing urge for development of the French and English workers to be able to form an idea of the human nobility of this movement…. a large part of the English and French proletariat is already conscious of its historic task and is constantly working to develop that consciousness into complete clarity” (p. 102; see also CW 4, p. 37). PART 5. CONCLUSIONS Löwy has demonstrated that this period of social, political and intellectual ferment; this place, Paris; and these direct encounters with radical workers, served as the inspiration for Marx’s 1844 writings. What then is the role of the theoretician who is not a manual worker? The role of the theoretician becomes, in Löwy’s words, “to help the proletariat in its intellectual labour, in the evolution of its consciousness, as yet vague and formless, towards complete clarity and coherence” (pp. 102, 103). Marx was to attempt and succeed in doing precisely that by authoring the Communist Manifesto at the request of the Communist League. Earlier, while in Brussels after the government forced him to leave France, Marx gave lectures on political economy to workers, later published as Wages, Price and Profit. Also in Brussels in February 1846, Marx together with Engels organized their first political organization, the Communist Correspondence Committee, with the intent of establishing links between communists throughout Europe. We find no separation of Marx the philosopher from Marx the organization man, of Marx the theoretician and Marx the educator. Löwy considers Marx’s 1845 Theses on Feuerbach as the first text to outline the foundations of the philosophy of praxis. Löwy writes: “Marx thus finds in the revolutionary praxis of the proletariat the prototype of truly human activity, which is neither purely ‘theoretical’ nor egoistically passive, but objective and practical-critical: ‘Feuerbach wants sensuous objects, really distinct from conceptual objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective activity’” (p. 104). For Löwy, the Theses on Feuerbach establishes the concept of revolutionary praxis as the foundation in theory for self-emancipation of the proletariat through revolution. Is this revolution to be political or social? In answer to this question, which I posed at the start concerning the relation between political and social revolution, Löwy concludes that Marx saw both political and social aspects in every socialist revolution. It is political in that it overthrows the old power; it dissolves the old society. More specifically, Marx states in his “Critical Marginal Notes on the Article by a Prussian”: “Revolution in general–the overthrow of the existing power and dissolution of the old relationships–is a political act. But socialism cannot be realizes without revolution. It needs this political act insofar as it needs destruction and dissolution. But where its organizing activity begins, where its proper object, its soul, comes to the fore–there socialism throws off the political cloak” (CW 3, p. 206). Löwy has shown clearly that Marx had dismissed the idea of a solely political redress of society’s ills as early as the 1844 revolt of the Silesian weavers. In this spirit, I think we need to emphasize the need for a philosophical, social revolution. Following the thinking of Marx depicted in this book, I argue that we need a social revolution that will take humankind beyond the rights of isolated citizens in a bourgeois state, to full human emancipation in a stateless society. Only then will the narrow, abstract mandates of civil rights be superseded. Only then will the individual be able to take root in society’s soil and develop into a full member of the human community, into a “social individual.” In conclusion, despite deficiencies in its discussion of the relation of Marx’s theory of revolution to dialectical philosophy, this book makes an important contribution to revolutionary Marxist thought. It does so particularly by richly documenting its thesis of an integral connection between the development of Marx’s theory of revolution and the early thinking and activity of the working class which he interacted with after his arrival in Paris in 1843. This close connection itself reflects Marx’s distinctive theory of social revolution: the self-emancipation of the working class through its own praxis. 1. My thanks to Kevin Anderson, Alex Hanna, Matt Garrett, and Chris Waldron for their help in preparing this for publication. 2. Virtually all contemporary schools of psychoanalysis highlight this insight, most notably by the interpersonal theories of Harry Stack Sullivan and the object relations school of Margaret Mahler and D. W. Winnicott (cf. Jay R. Greenberg and Stephen A. Mitchell, Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory, Harvard University Press, 1983).

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Metacognitive therapy (MCT) can be highly effective in improving mental health, but it’s important to be aware of the common reasons for failure to maximize the benefits of this therapeutic approach. Factual data: Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is often effective in improving mental health, but there are common reasons why some people fail to succeed with this therapy. One reason is giving up too quickly, expecting quick results without consistent practice. Another reason is not doing the homework assigned between therapy sessions, which is necessary for reducing rumination and worry. Using MCT to get rid of negative emotions is another way to fail, as it is not meant to eliminate them but rather let the mind self-regulate them. Expecting immediate happiness is also a mistake, as focusing on eliminating negative emotions can actually amplify them. Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others instead of taking responsibility for one’s own reactions can hinder progress in therapy. Trying to solve a specific problem instead of focusing on reducing rumination and worry is also a common pitfall. Lastly, self-sabotage in the form of self-limiting beliefs can hinder progress in MCT. It is important to recognize and challenge these beliefs. Overall, consistency, acceptance of negative thoughts and feelings, and focusing on external goals are key to success in MCT. - Giving up too quickly can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. - Neglecting homework assignments between therapy sessions can impede success. - Trying to get rid of negative emotions instead of self-regulating them is a common mistake. - Expecting immediate happiness can intensify negative emotions in metacognitive therapy. - Denying problems and blaming others hinder personal growth and progress. Giving Up Too Quickly in Metacognitive Therapy One common reason for failing at metacognitive therapy is giving up too quickly and expecting immediate results without putting in the necessary effort and commitment. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a therapeutic approach that requires consistency and patience, as the process of rewiring cognitive patterns takes time. When individuals embark on MCT, they often hope for quick relief from their emotional distress. However, it is important to understand that sustainable change in thoughts and emotions requires consistent practice and self-reflection. Giving up prematurely may result in missed opportunities for growth and improvement. In MCT, it is crucial to recognize that change does not happen overnight. It requires a commitment to regularly practicing metacognitive techniques, such as thought monitoring and cognitive restructuring. By engaging in these practices consistently, individuals can develop the skills needed to effectively manage their thoughts and emotions. As the saying goes, Rome wasn’t built in a day, and the same applies to metacognitive therapy. It is essential to embrace the process and understand that progress may not always be linear. By persevering and remaining dedicated to the therapy, individuals can increase their chances of success and achieve the desired outcomes. Neglecting Homework Assignments Neglecting the homework assigned between metacognitive therapy sessions is a common mistake that can impede progress in therapy and limit its effectiveness. The homework assignments in metacognitive therapy are designed to reinforce the skills and strategies learned in therapy sessions and provide opportunities for practicing and integrating these techniques into daily life. Failing to complete the assigned tasks can hinder the development of new habits and hinder progress in therapy. One of the primary goals of metacognitive therapy is to reduce rumination and worry – repetitive and unproductive thinking patterns that contribute to anxiety and depression. The homework assignments often involve engaging in activities that interrupt these negative thinking patterns and promote more adaptive cognitive processes. By neglecting to do these assignments, individuals miss out on valuable opportunities to challenge and restructure their thoughts, thereby limiting the potential benefits of the therapy. Effects of Neglecting Homework Assignments | Solutions to Overcome Setbacks | Slower progress in therapy | Make a commitment to complete the assigned tasks and allocate dedicated time for homework | Less consolidation of therapy insights | Set realistic goals and break down assignments into manageable tasks | Missed opportunities for cognitive restructuring | Seek support from a therapist or support group to stay accountable | Persistent rumination and worry | Practice self-compassion and avoid self-judgment when setbacks occur | To overcome the setback of neglecting homework assignments, it is essential to prioritize and commit to completing the assigned tasks. This can be achieved by setting specific goals, breaking down assignments into manageable tasks, and allocating dedicated time for homework each day or each week. Seeking support from a therapist or a support group can also help individuals stay accountable and motivated to complete their assignments. Furthermore, it is crucial to practice self-compassion and avoid self-judgment when setbacks occur. Progress in therapy is not always linear, and having setbacks is a normal part of the process. By acknowledging and accepting these setbacks, individuals can learn from them and continue to work towards their therapeutic goals. Consistency and commitment to the homework assignments are key to overcoming setbacks and achieving success in metacognitive therapy. Trying to Get Rid of Negative Emotions One way to fail at metacognitive therapy is by expecting it to completely eliminate negative emotions, which goes against the principles of this therapeutic approach. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) does not aim to eradicate negative emotions but rather to develop the ability to self-regulate and manage them effectively. It is important to understand that experiencing negative emotions is a normal part of being human, and trying to suppress or eliminate them entirely can actually intensify them. In MCT, the focus is on changing your relationship with negative thoughts and feelings, rather than trying to make them disappear. By accepting and acknowledging the presence of negative emotions, you can learn to observe them without getting overwhelmed or caught up in them. This process allows you to gain a better understanding of their underlying causes and develop healthier coping strategies. Instead of trying to get rid of negative emotions, MCT encourages you to cultivate a metacognitive stance by examining your thoughts and beliefs about these emotions. By challenging negative and irrational beliefs, you can work towards developing a more balanced and adaptive way of thinking. This approach helps you develop resilience and a greater sense of control over your emotions, leading to long-term emotional well-being. Common Mistakes in Metacognitive Therapy | Expecting complete elimination of negative emotions | Suppressing or denying negative emotions | Not addressing underlying beliefs and thoughts | Overlooking the importance of self-regulation | “The goal of metacognitive therapy is not to rid yourself of negative emotions but to develop the skills to regulate them effectively.” – Dr. Sarah Cooper, Psychologist By understanding and accepting the purpose of negative emotions in MCT, you can avoid the pitfall of trying to get rid of them completely. Instead, embrace them as a valuable part of your emotional experience and focus on developing the skills to manage them in a healthy and constructive way. Expecting Immediate Happiness in Metacognitive Therapy Expecting immediate happiness and fixating on the goal of eliminating negative emotions can be counterproductive in metacognitive therapy, potentially leading to setbacks and frustrations. While it is natural to desire relief from distressing emotions, metacognitive therapy (MCT) focuses on developing a healthier relationship with these emotions rather than trying to eradicate them entirely. By understanding the pitfalls associated with unrealistic expectations and negative emotions, you can navigate the challenges of MCT more effectively. MCT is designed to help individuals gain insight into their thinking processes and develop metacognitive skills to regulate their thoughts and emotions. It involves recognizing unhelpful thinking patterns, such as rumination and worry, and learning techniques to manage them more effectively. However, expecting immediate happiness may set unrealistic standards for progress in therapy. Metacognitive therapy is not a quick fix, but rather a gradual process that requires consistent effort and practice. Instead of focusing solely on eliminating negative emotions, it is important to accept that they are a normal part of life. By adopting a more accepting and compassionate approach, you can learn to regulate your emotions, rather than being overwhelmed by them. To troubleshoot the issue of expecting immediate happiness, it can be helpful to shift your focus to the broader goals of metacognitive therapy. Rather than seeking happiness as the ultimate outcome, consider focusing on external goals, such as improving relationships, achieving personal growth, or enhancing overall well-being. By redirecting your attention and energy towards these goals, you can find a greater sense of fulfillment and progress in therapy. Common Pitfalls in Metacognitive Therapy: | Expecting immediate happiness | Fixating on eliminating negative emotions | Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others | Not doing assigned homework between sessions | Trying to solve specific problems instead of addressing rumination and worry | Self-limiting beliefs and self-sabotage | Overcoming Setbacks and Achieving Success In order to avoid failure in metacognitive therapy, it is essential to recognize and address these common pitfalls. By acknowledging the importance of consistency, patience, and accepting negative thoughts and emotions, you can enhance your progress in MCT. Additionally, seeking support from a qualified therapist or seeking out a support group can provide valuable guidance and encouragement along the way. Remember that metacognitive therapy is a journey, and setbacks are a normal part of the process. Instead of viewing setbacks as failures, see them as opportunities for growth and learning. By embracing the challenges and staying committed to the therapeutic process, you can overcome obstacles and achieve success in metacognitive therapy. Denying the Problem and Blaming Others Progress in metacognitive therapy can be impeded when individuals deny the existence of a problem, placing blame on others instead of taking responsibility for their own reactions and emotions. This common mistake can hinder the therapeutic process and prevent individuals from achieving success in metacognitive therapy. By refusing to acknowledge personal accountability, individuals limit their ability to develop self-awareness and make meaningful changes in their thinking patterns. Denial and blame can create a cycle of negativity and stagnation, preventing individuals from addressing the underlying issues that contribute to their distress. It is essential to recognize that metacognitive therapy requires self-reflection and active participation in order to achieve positive outcomes. By acknowledging the presence of a problem and taking responsibility for one’s own reactions, individuals can begin to break free from negative thought patterns and work towards productive change. In order to overcome this barrier, it is crucial to challenge self-limiting beliefs and embrace a growth mindset. Engaging in open and honest self-reflection allows for the identification of thought patterns and behaviors that perpetuate negative emotions. By taking ownership of these reactions, individuals can develop strategies for coping and flourishing in the face of adversity. - Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. - Taking responsibility for one’s own reactions and emotions is crucial for personal growth. - Challenging self-limiting beliefs and embracing a growth mindset can lead to positive change. - Open and honest self-reflection is necessary for identifying and addressing negative thought patterns. Metacognitive Therapy Failure: | Common Mistakes in Metacognitive Therapy: | Avoiding Failure in Metacognitive Therapy: | Denying the problem and blaming others | Giving up too quickly | Consistent practice and patience | Neglecting homework assignments | Trying to get rid of negative emotions | Developing self-regulation skills | Expecting immediate happiness | Focusing on specific problems instead of rumination and worry | Addressing underlying issues | Focusing on Specific Problems Instead of Rumination and Worry A common mistake in metacognitive therapy is fixating on solving specific problems without addressing the underlying patterns of rumination and worry that contribute to overall distress and impaired functioning. While it is important to address immediate concerns, such as relationship issues or work-related stress, it is equally crucial to delve deeper into the cognitive processes that perpetuate these problems. Rather than solely focusing on specific problems, metacognitive therapy encourages individuals to examine their thinking styles and metacognitive beliefs. By exploring how rumination and worry play a role in amplifying negative thoughts and emotions, individuals can gain a greater understanding of the cognitive patterns that contribute to their distress. “Rumination and worry are like fuel for the fire of negative emotions. By addressing these underlying patterns, individuals can learn to regulate their thoughts and emotions more effectively.” A helpful strategy in metacognitive therapy is to use cognitive restructuring techniques to challenge negative thoughts and beliefs, while also developing metacognitive awareness to identify and interrupt rumination and worry. This broader focus allows individuals to work towards reducing distress in a more comprehensive and sustainable way. Metacognitive Therapy Pitfalls | Common Mistakes in Metacognitive Therapy | Reasons for Metacognitive Therapy Failure | Troubleshooting Metacognitive Therapy | Fixating on specific problems | Giving up too quickly | Trying to get rid of negative emotions | Expecting immediate happiness | Ignoring underlying patterns of rumination and worry | Neglecting homework assignments | Denying the problem and blaming others | Overcoming Setbacks and Achieving Success in Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy offers great potential for improving mental health, and by understanding and avoiding common pitfalls, individuals can overcome setbacks and achieve success on their therapeutic journey. One common reason for failure in metacognitive therapy is the tendency to give up too quickly. It’s important to remember that progress takes time and consistent practice is essential. Avoid the mistake of expecting quick results and instead, focus on developing patience and perseverance. Another common pitfall is neglecting the homework assigned between therapy sessions. These assignments are designed to help reduce rumination and worry, which are often underlying issues that need to be addressed. By actively engaging in the assigned tasks, individuals can make significant strides towards better mental health. It’s also important to understand that metacognitive therapy is not about getting rid of negative emotions completely. Instead, the goal is to develop the ability to self-regulate and manage these emotions effectively. Trying to eliminate negative emotions entirely can lead to frustration and disappointment. Embracing the process of learning to navigate and understand these emotions is key to success. Expecting immediate happiness is another mistake to avoid. Focusing solely on eliminating negative emotions can actually intensify them. Instead, it’s important to adjust expectations and recognize that progress is a gradual process. By accepting and working through negative thoughts and feelings, individuals can pave the way for more long-lasting positive change. Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others instead of taking personal responsibility can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. Self-reflection and accountability are crucial for growth and healing. Acknowledging one’s own reactions and working towards constructive solutions is essential for success. Additionally, it’s important to focus on reducing rumination and worry rather than solely solving specific problems. By addressing the underlying issues that contribute to these patterns, individuals can experience more lasting change. The ability to redirect focus and develop a broader perspective is key. Finally, in order to overcome setbacks and achieve success in metacognitive therapy, it is vital to recognize and challenge self-limiting beliefs. These beliefs can sabotage progress and hinder growth. By actively working to replace negative self-talk with more empowering and positive beliefs, individuals can create a foundation for success. Consistency, acceptance of negative thoughts and feelings, and the pursuit of external goals are fundamental to achieving success in metacognitive therapy. By understanding and avoiding common pitfalls, individuals can overcome setbacks and experience the transformative power of this therapeutic approach. What are common reasons why some people fail to succeed with metacognitive therapy? Some common reasons include giving up too quickly, not doing the assigned homework, trying to get rid of negative emotions, expecting immediate happiness, denying the problem and blaming others, focusing on specific problems instead of rumination and worry, and self-sabotage through self-limiting beliefs. Why is giving up too quickly a mistake in metacognitive therapy? Consistent practice and patience are crucial for success in metacognitive therapy. Expecting quick results without consistent effort can hinder progress in therapy. How important is doing the assigned homework in metacognitive therapy? Doing the assigned homework between therapy sessions is necessary for reducing rumination and worry. Neglecting these homework assignments can hinder progress in therapy. Can metacognitive therapy eliminate negative emotions? Metacognitive therapy is not meant to eliminate negative emotions entirely. It focuses on developing the ability to self-regulate and manage negative emotions effectively. Is immediate happiness an achievable goal in metacognitive therapy? Expecting immediate happiness in metacognitive therapy can be a mistake. Focusing solely on eliminating negative emotions can actually intensify them. Adjusting expectations and focusing on broader goals is important. What hinders progress in metacognitive therapy? Denying the existence of a problem and blaming others instead of taking responsibility for one’s own reactions can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. Self-reflection and personal accountability are important for growth. Why is it important to focus on reducing rumination and worry in metacognitive therapy? Focusing solely on solving specific problems instead of addressing underlying issues of rumination and worry can hinder progress in metacognitive therapy. Maintaining a broader focus is important for success. How can setbacks be overcome in metacognitive therapy? Overcoming setbacks in metacognitive therapy requires consistency, acceptance of negative thoughts and feelings, and focusing on external goals. Challenging self-limiting beliefs is also important for progress.

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Standard III: TEACHERS PLAN AND DELIVER EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION AND CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT THAT FACILITATES LEARNING FOR THEIR STUDENTS B. Assessments – Teachers plan and consistently deliver instruction that draws on results of student assessments, is aligned to academic standards, and advances students’ level of content knowledge and skills | H. Feedback – Teachers use appropriate methods to assess what each student has learned, including formal and informal assessments, and use results to plan further instruction | Wed. 9-17-14: First, the day before, a student was asked to run fast, then slow down, then walk medium speed over three different distances that we measured out on the floor. Each distance segment was 3 meters. Then, three students timed how long it took the student to cross each segment. Then, on this day, the students were shown a quick , then I demonstrated on the board how to plot the points and construct the graph. I then told them that they were going to go outside with their teams and gather their own times for distances that they would set on the ground. But, before we went outside, I wanted to know if everyone understood how we were going to do it. So, I asked students to volunteer random numbers that I would plot on the board as examples of times and distances for plotting. I had students pair-share with their partners, and used thumb signals to identify where they were with the understanding before proceeding to the Plotting points on the board and asking students for understanding by using “thumbs up” for full understanding, “thumbs sideways” for slight understanding but need help, and “thumbs down if they don’t understand at all. | | Soliciting student example numbers for more points to plot on the continuous motion graph. This time, I would ask something different. Since I made this number a negative distance, “how would it look on the graph?” Students had to do a “pair share” with their table partner before I plotted it on the board. I would call on someone to see if they could predict where it went. Then plotted it while explaining. Then, asked for a thumbs up, sideways, or down. | | Finally, I asked for another number, made it the denominator. But added a numerator of zero over it. They had to say which number was distance and time: numerator was distance, and denominator – time. Then, asked the class to share with their partners how would this look on the graph. After a debate ensued, I asked for a volunteer to share how that would look. Then, plotted it in front of the class while explaining that time doesn’t stop, it just keeps right on ticking, as you are stationary, so it makes a flat horizontal line on the graph. Then, asked for a thumbs up, sideways, and down for a final check for understanding. | | This is a short vid clip of my third period. They have been asked to Pair Share about how they think a plot on a continuous motion line graph would look for the time of 2 and the distance of zero. So the point to plot on the graph is 0/2. It ends up being a straight horizontal line. | | Then, we went outside to set down tape at three measured distances. Each team used three timers, and had one student run, walk, trot at three speeds to graph continuous motion that changes three times over the three distances. | | September 22nd: Gave Clicker Quiz on Aspects of Speed in a formative style. Students were allowed to talk to each other, use their notes we had taken over the past week, their books where I gave related page numbers, and calculators for speed calculations. 1/6-7/15: Before the winter break students had learned about how we had derived the Kinetic Energy Formula 1/2MV^2. I recreated the experiment Thomas Young had done in 1801. But, we had not actually done anything with the formula. I felt that we needed to do something formative with the formula, and decided upon a demonstration, which would then lead to all of the students doing the same calculation and helping each other to find the kinetic energy. So, I had one student measure the distance between a row of desks. Another would find the mass of a golf ball on a scale. And, another would time the ball with a stopwatch as it rolled between the desks and hit the timer’s foot. The students used our classroom set of computers to answer two questions from my website about the energy that the ball carried on its roll. ENERGY QUESTIONS I used an exemplar to help the students see what an “A+” paragraph would be as they calculated and wrote their answers on a google form. ENERGY EXAMPLARS block (A) days, Monday March 2nd, and Wed. March 4th A first time experiment with my 6th graders. Transition time of year between physical science and chemistry. We had learned 3 column note technique and were taking notes on the differences in physical and chemical changes the day before. I had them look on p. 42 and 43 of their textbook at schematic of the physical separation of a three chemical mixture; Iron, Sulphur, and Salt. I decided to make a contest out the recreation of the separation of substances on those pages. But, since we no longer have Sulfur, I substituted pepper, it being mostly insolvent in water. The class separated into teams and followed the textbook’s example of the mixture separation by using magnets to pull out the Iron, adding water to dissolve the salt, and filtering out the third insoluble ingredient with coffee filters inserted into funnels. I chose to give a minimum of instruction, though I showed where everything was located. I gave them a template for writing down their masses, and told them the goal of first measuring the mass of the mixture given to their group, then separating everything out into the three pure substances, measuring each separate mass, and adding them together to compare the original mass of the mixture to the sum of the separate masses. The team with the best match of mixed mass compared with the separate summed masses would win and each winning team member would get a prize. I had them answer questions from their book on this topic during the lab, whenever they weren’t needed immediately for measurements. We debriefed on the second day before starting, and after finishing up. Students learned what they had done right and wrong from doing the lab, and were able to discuss what they would do differently the next time, or what were good ideas to share. Some of the things they learned were; don’t put the magnet directly into the mixture, because it’s quite difficult to get the iron off of the magnet. Better to put paper around it, or place it in a ziplock bag, extract the iron, then drop it onto a pre-massed piece of paper to find its mass. Also, when boiling off the water, the salt begins to pop, so cover it with paper towels. An interesting result of this experiment was that each class had teams that would get closer. The closest in the first period was off by one gram. The closest the next was 2 tenths, then two teams tied with one tenth, then in the final class, two groups had the exact same mass before and after! This whole process was invaluable to our upcoming chemistry labs, and using the block period was super helpful to get through it all. Test on Friday 13th March Almost every student got the mixture separation question, number two, correct! Quiz 7 page 1 | STANDARD V: TEACHERS DEMONSTRATE LEADERSHIP F. Student Collaboration – Teachers provide students with opportunities to work in teams and develop leadership qualities | September 25th: On day 2 of Inclined Roll Lab. Instead of giving a debrief to the class, then saying, “go”, which is my normal technique; today, I had teams do a group-think before they started with materials. I wanted them to plan out how the lab is going to work; who gets the ruler and measures, who gets the tape, who is getting the books to stack for the plank and angle, who gets the car. I wanted them to get used to planning ahead before jumping into things. They also checked each other’s data tables to see that everyone in their group had it right. Then, they looked at the graph and discussed how they would probably plot it later. Also, some group dynamics were worked out before the “heat of the battle”. I told them that some are leaders that push others to do things, and that the others should respect that. Also, that there are “silent” leaders who watch, know, understand, and have good stuff to offer when people allow them to give their ideas. And of course the “doers” who love moving the stuff around. They’re important too. So, this will hopefully help out group dynamics in a general way. Only after the group-think meetings did they then get materials and continue on with the lab. Most teams were able to get the time data for all of the 5 angles they had chosen I asked each class afterwards if they thought the group-think meeting at the beginning of class helped, and they mostly all agreed that it was in fact effective! B. Professional Leadership – Teachers contribute knowledge and skills to educational practices and the teaching profession LMS Tech Contact 2013-14-15 Science representative for Louisville Middle’s LCC 2014-15 Jan. 21: 30 min. morning Presentation on Educator Effectiveness to the LMS staff Feb. 4: 10 min. morning Presentation on experience with Consensus Training, from the previous week’s BVSD sponsored workshops, to the LMS staff

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622, 261, 1456, 9236, 331, 2445, 1190, 444, 2390, 274, 16, 291, 4225, 622, 268, 3114, 289, 855, 7283, 268, 2390, 289, 268, 7936, 2050, 292, 444, 1730, 16, 1023, 2728, 673, 3423, 628, 636, 268, 1391, 6391, 5471, 16, 7283, 1011, 4514, 2390, 16, 291, 4654, 622, 1875, 292, 7104, 268, 3388, 2390, 289, 268, 7936, 292, 268, 2205, 289, 268, 4514, 2390, 274, 18, 365, 1675, 360, 268, 1274, 4285, 289, 6465, 2390, 2973, 360, 268, 4514, 2205, 4424, 2390, 274, 830, 2293, 291, 1011, 8278, 1675, 4147, 830, 886, 261, 11844, 18, 334, 850, 622, 3257, 2212, 427, 444, 2077, 341, 456, 3800, 995, 268, 2550, 16, 9117, 502, 276, 265, 270, 372, 88, 2224, 4248, 331, 7108, 18, 924, 386, 1048, 1711, 286, 341, 268, 1901, 1196, 1134, 4089, 16, 291, 1003, 951, 2793, 644, 18, 4271, 4574, 768, 502, 850, 2217, 1328, 291, 4358, 427, 2776, 268, 2550, 16, 291, 664, 1542, 292, 1868, 768, 502, 830, 565, 8120, 268, 2033, 669, 16, 361, 768, 664, 1060, 2854, 292, 2538, 18, 1399, 289, 268, 1612, 502, 4574, 664, 31, 1373, 372, 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Acute: New, often rapid onset of a medical condition. In comparison to chronic which is longer lasting and often gradual in onset. For example acute kidney failure refers to new onset kidney failure. Very different to a cute medical condition, which may see your kidney develop into a fluffy kitten — you should still consult a doctor if this happens. Atonic bladder: Loss of bladder muscle tone due to a chronic blockage or delayed urination over many years. An atonic bladder is no longer able to generate an adequate muscle contraction. This leads to poor bladder emptying and persistent urine left in the bladder. Atrophy: Scarring or shrinkage of an organ. This may be caused by chronic blockage of a kidney (renal atrophy), poor development (congenital testicular atrophy) or inflammation (vaginal atrophy from low estrogen levels). Azoospermia: Lack of sperm in the semen leading to male infertility. May be due to a blockage along the path from the testicles to the semen (obstructive azoospermia) or due to an inherent issue with production of the sperm in the testicles (non-obstructive). This should not be confused with the colloquial “weak swimmers”, which generally refers to the sperm’s ability to progress toward the egg, rather than the number of sperm. Balanitis: An infection or inflammation of the penis. Most often seen in uncircumcised men due to an entrapment of bacteria or fungi underneath the foreskin. Can also occur due to random inflammatory conditions. Not to be confused with an erection, which is a perfectly natural inflammation of the penis. Benign: Non-cancerous medical condition or growth of tissue. In contrast to malignant which refers to a cancerous tissue or growth. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate. It is often used to describe any urinary symptoms in men due to prostate enlargement (more accurately described as LUTS or lower urinary tract symptoms). Bladder Tuck: Term commonly used by women to discuss any vaginal repair to the urethra or bladder. Technically refers to a cystocele repair. e.g. The surgeon did a bladder tuck at the time of my hysterectomy. Blue Balls: Colloquial term used for the pain and congestion felt in the testicles and epididymis when ejaculation is delayed for a period of time. More commonly seen in teens and men in their 20’s. Brachytherapy: A type of radiation, often for prostate cancer, in which radioactive seeds are placed into the prostate during an outpatient procedure. The high-energy seeds emit radiation over several months and kill prostate cancer cells. This exposure to radiation is not known to give you superpowers, but you should certainly inform your oncologist if you find that you’re suddenly able to fly. Chronic Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland. May refer to repeated urinary tract infections in men which originate in the prostate. Often used to describe chronic male pelvic pain regardless of whether an infection is ever found. Cryotherapy: A procedure that rapidly freezes (-50°C) cancerous tissue to cause cell damage. A probe is placed through the skin or during a surgery under ultrasound or CT scan guidance. Used to treat prostate and kidney cancer. Cryptorchidism: A hidden (crypto) testicle (orch). This is the result of either the testicle failing to descend completely into the bottom of the scrotum (sac) during fetal development, or the testicle never formed or died during development. Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder most often due to a bacterial infection (e.g. acute bacterial cystitis or the technical term for a bladder infection or UTI). Cystitis may also be caused by radiation, viruses, medications or inflammatory conditions. Cystocele: Bulging of the bladder through the upper vagina. Presents as a mass or lump a woman can see or feel at the vaginal opening. It’s not always painful, but it can be quite uncomfortable. It is fixed with a “bladder tuck” or resupporting of the vaginal wall and surrounding tissues. Cystectomy: Surgical removal (-ecctomy) of the bladder (cyst). A radical cystectomy is complete removal for invasive bladder cancer. A partial or simple cystectomy may be performed for a localized cancer or a non-functioning bladder. Cystoscopy: A diagnostic procedure where a scope is inserted into the urethra and bladder to determine abnormalities of the lower urinary tract. Usually performed in the office under local anesthesia or mild sedation. Not usually appropriate for sharing on social media, but that would be a judgement call. #cystoscopy. Cystogram: An imaging test in which the bladder is filled with contrast material to check for a “bladder leak”. Performed after some surgeries (prostate removal) and to rule out a urinary fistula. Usually undertaken by inserting a catheter into the bladder and moving dye through the bladder. Pictures or live video may be taken both during the process and shortly afterward. Down There: This is a term usually used by embarrassed patients to describe any problem of the male or female genitalia. e.g. “Doc, I’ve got a problem down there that I need help with.” Rest assured, your urologist will not blush if you choose to use either the medical or colloquial names for your genitalia. They may even have heard them called things you haven’t; so don’t be afraid to ask if you want to add some new ones to your vocabulary. Dyspareunia: Painful sexual activity in women. Most often due to a narrowed, inflamed vaginal opening or pelvic muscle tightness. Causes include: vaginal surgery, pelvic radiation or low estrogen levels post-menopausal. Aside from the physical symptoms, this can also affect your sexual desire, which in turn can impact your general mental wellbeing. Speak to your doctor if you feel discomfort. Remember, despite what the 1950s would have women believe, sexual activity is supposed to be pleasant for everyone involved. Enuresis: Another term for incontinence. Most commonly used to describe nocturnal enuresis or unintentional bedwetting. Nocturnal enuresis is more common in boys and usually resolves by 18 years old. There can be a variety of causes. Some of these are physical — bladder development, constipation putting pressure on the bladder — while others are psychological in nature. Erectile Dysfunction: ED is any difficulty in obtaining or maintaining an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. The #1 cause is a blood vessel blockage (atherosclerosis) from other medical conditions. It can also be caused by nerve damage, medications and low hormone levels. Too many men are so embarrassed about this that they delay speaking to a physician. The conversation doesn’t have to be awkward; remember that everyone involved wants you to have a happy, healthy sex life! Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): A procedure that uses sound waves to break-up kidney stones without inserting any device or tool inside your body. Performed under anesthesia as an outpatient, ESWL uses live x rays to locate and “bust-up” the stone. It’s like having a superpower, except the superpower is science and the capes are optional. Fellowship: Subspecialty training performed by some doctors after completion of residency. These doctors focus on a particular area of medicine within their field (e.g. urogynecology, urologic oncology, male infertility). Not the same kind of fellowship you’d find Hobbits involved with. Except, maybe, Hobbit urologists. Fistula: An abnormal connection between two organs that are not normally connected. For example, a colovesical fistula (colon and bladder) due to diverticulitis, or a vesicovaginal fistula (vagina and bladder) due to a pelvic surgery complication. Usually detected via a cystoscopy, and requires surgical repair. Hematospermia: Blood seen in the semen or ejaculatory fluid. Maybe pink, red or dark brown. While it can be alarming to discover these symptoms, it is almost always benign and requires no further evaluation. Hematospermia usually resolves on its own and is not dangerous. Hematuria: Blood in the urine that is either microscopic (detected on urine test) or gross (visible to the naked eye). Requires evaluation by a urologist and depending on the specifics may require further testing. The causes are numerous, ranging from simple vigorous physical activity, to more serious bladder cancer or polycystic kidney disease. As such, symptoms should not be ignored. Hydrocele: An abnormal build-up of fluid around the testicle. A congenital hydrocele is seen in children due to an open sac in the groin area. An adult hydrocele most often occurs for no reason but can be caused by infection or cancer. While symptoms usually take the form of painless swelling of either or both of the testicles, there can be discomfort, and it’s important to consult a doctor to rule out the more serious causes of a hydrocele. Hydronephrosis: Swelling of the ureter and/or kidney (hydro – water, nephrosis – abnormality of kidney). May be caused by an obstruction (e.g. kidney or ureteral stone) or reflux of urine from the bladder (congenital reflux or blockage of bladder outlet). As a result, the urine is unable to drain from the kidneys, and causes a build up. In severe cases, surgery may be required to fix a blockage or correct the reflux. Hypospadias: Birth abnormality in which the male urethra opens on the underside of the penis. The urethra in these cases is usually located in one of three areas. Subcoronal, when the opening is located just below the head of the penis (glans). Midshaft, as the name suggests, sees the opening somewhere along the penis shaft. Penoscrotal refers to hypospadias where the opening occurs where the scrotum and the penis meet. This is usually repaired by a pediatric urologist. Impotence: Another term for ED or erectile dysfunction. Incontinence: Unintentional loss of bladder of bowel contents. Urinary incontinence types include stress, urge and overflow incontinence. Bowel or fecal incontinence can be addressed by a colorectal surgeon or at times a urologist. Interstitial Cystitis: A poorly understood, chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder. Symptoms include pain with bladder fullness, urinary frequency and urgency. Sometimes known as IC or chronic bladder pain syndrome. Kegel Exercises: Also known as pelvic floor exercises. Kegels involve squeezing and relaxing the pelvic muscles (perineum) in order to improve stress urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction. Also a form of exercise you can be doing in public and nobody would know you were doing it. It’s like you’re working out in incognito mode. Kidneys: Two bean-shaped organs located in the upper back that filter the blood and create urine. The “meat” of the kidney (parenchyma) consists of microscopic filtration systems (glomeruli) and the “plumbing system” (renal pelvis and calyces) carry the urine to the ureter. Veal kidneys are considered to be delicious with Roquefort and walnut butter. Your urologist is unlikely to be able to provide you with human kidney recipes, but it doesn’t hurt to ask. Kidney Stone: A hard, painful rock that develops in the kidney from excess crystals and/or inadequate urine production (dehydration). Range in size from 1 mm to 2-3 cm. Kidney stones may pass on their own or require surgical removal. The largest known kidney stone was 13cm at its widest point — needless to say it did not pass naturally. Thankfully this kind of nightmare fuel is extremely rare. Laparoscopy: Minimally invasive surgery performed through keyhole incisions (5-12 mm) in the abdomen using a camera and long, narrow instruments. Robotic surgery for prostate and kidney cancers are types of laparoscopic surgery. Rest assured that these robots are guided by medical professionals, and not attempting to take over the human race one small surgery at a time. Lithotripsy: Any procedure that breaks up kidney stones. Shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is performed with sound waves. Laser lithotripsy is performed with a laser fiber under direct visualization of a stone during ureteroscopy. Nephrectomy: Removal of the kidney. A radical nephrectomy is removal of the entire kidney and surrounding fat for the treatment of kidney cancer. Can be performed through an open incision or laparoscopically. In some cases, there is also the potential for a Partial Nephrectomy, in which the surgeon removes only the diseased tissue. Nephrolithiasis: Medical term for kidney (nephro-) stones (lithiasis).Kidney stones can be non-obstructive and not cause pain. When they “pass” down the ureter they cause hydronephrosis and severe pain. While some stones pass without intervention, you should consult a doctor if you are experiencing severe pain, blood in the urine, nausea and vomiting, fever, or chills. Nephrologist: A kidney specialist who focuses on the function of the kidney. Begins training as a primary care doctor and then completes a fellowship in nephrology. Further specialist pediatric training is required for those who wish to qualify as a pediatric nephrologist. Neurogenic Bladder: Any abnormal condition of bladder function caused by nerve damage. Can be: congenital (e.g. spina bifida), traumatic (e.g. spinal cord injury) or autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Orchalgia: Fancy doctor term for testicular (orch-) pain (-algia) of any source. Most causes of testicular pain are musculoskeletal or neurologic in nature with no abnormality of the actual testicle. This doesn’t mean that you can go out, swinging them around as if they’re invulnerable. Be kind to your testes. Orchiectomy: Removal of a testicle. Radical orchiectomy is performed through a groin incision for testicular cancer. Simple orchiectomy is performed through a scrotal incision for benign conditions. If the patient so wishes, a prosthetic testicle can be inserted during an orchiectomy, to retain some of the feel and appearance of their testicles prior to surgery. No bionic testicles though, you can’t be Iron Man-parts just yet. Orchitis: Infection of the testicle. STDs like gonorrhea may lead to epididymo-orchitis (infection of the testicle and epididymis). Orchitis is also seen with urinary tract infections (E. coli). Resolves if treated with antibiotics quickly, so it’s in your best interest to go and speak to your physician as soon as possible. Penile Fracture: A rupture of the internal erectile chamber of the penis typically during sexual activity. Symptoms include an audible “pop”, immediate severe swelling and bruising. It requires immediate medical attention to surgically repair the tear. In the future, you and your partner will be laughing about that pop. Feel free to have a little cry about it first, though; you fractured your penis, after all. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): A minimally invasive kidney stone surgery performed through small incisions in the back. A tube and instruments are placed directly into the kidney. Typically performed for kidney stones greater than 2 cm or for patients with abnormal anatomy. Pelvic prolapse: A general term used to describe any bulging from the vaginal opening. Includes a cystocele (bladder bulging), rectocele (rectal bulging), vaginal vault prolapse (bulging after a hysterectomy, and complete uterine prolapse (cervix and uterus bulging). Who knew there were so many options for bulging from your vaginal opening? Now you have something to talk to your kids about over dinner. Pessary: A plastic ring that is inserted into the vagina for non-surgical treatment of pelvic prolapse. It supports the vaginal wall preventing vaginal bulging. It is placed in the office by a female urology specialist. As the greatest philosopher of our time, Beyonce, once famously told us: “If you didn’t want a pelvic prolapse, you should have put a ring on it.” Peyronie’s Disease: Also known as PD, Peyronie’s is caused by plaque formation on the erectile chamber of the penis. This leads to penile pain or curvature during an erection. In severe cases of PD, it may cause shortening of the penis or erectile dysfunction. Having a bent penis is no fun for anyone; the novelty of ejaculating around corners soon wears off. Phimosis: An abnormal tightening of the foreskin that causes pain and/or difficulty retracting the foreskin. Normal to see in children and usually resolves during puberty. Reappears in adulthood due to obesity, diabetes and poor hygiene. Can be treated through the use of topical steroids, though in severe cases a circumcision may be required. Priapism: An abnormal erection not associated with sexual desire or stimulation. Most commonly painful and caused by medications or sickle cell anemia. Requires immediate medical attention. Prostate: A gland that starts at the bladder opening, contains the prostatic urethra, and ends at the urethral sphincter. The prostate contributes 15% of the semen volume. It enlarges with age and can cause urinary symptoms (BPH) or develop into cancer. Prostate cancer: The most common solid organ malignancy in men. Has various forms including slow-growing, insignificant types and very aggressive types that spread and cause death to over 30,000 men a year in the U.S. As a result, it is usually advisable to have yearly prostate exams from the age of 50. However, if you are in an at-risk group (more than one of your relatives experienced prostate cancer at an early age, for instance), you should start screening as early as the age of 40. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA): A protein made specifically by the prostate gland. It is used as a screening tool for prostate cancer. When elevated may require further blood/urine testing, MRI or a prostate biopsy. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland. Acute bacterial prostatitis is a serious bacterial infection causing fever and painful urination in men. Requires immediate medical treatment with antibiotics. Prostrate: Incorrect term for prostate. ProstRate means lying motionless on the floor often when you’re dead. That’s not good. The good news is you can still get a prostrate exam, but we tend to call that an autopsy. Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine which is often a sign of kidney disease. Often requires evaluation by a nephrologist to determine the function of the kidney and underlying cause. Pyuria: White blood cells in the urine seen on urine samples. Often defined by cloudy, discolored, or different smelling urine. Would also be a great name for a mythical land — does anyone have George R. R. Martin’s phone number? Pyelonephritis: A bacterial infection of the kidney. Acute pyelonephritis presents with fever, back pain and nausea/vomiting. Usually begins as a bladder infection (bacteria travel up to the kidney) but may also start from an infection elsewhere in the body (bacteria spread via bloodstream). Pyeloplasty: A surgical procedure to repair a blockage of the kidney where it connects to the ureter (ureteropelvic junction). Usually performed laparoscopically, the surgeon will cut and reconnect the ureter to the kidney relieving any obstruction. Radiation: An invisible high-energy source that is used to treat cancer. It is focused on the cancerous organ and delivered through multiple sessions using a sophisticated machine. Radiation is commonly used to treat prostate and testicular cancer. Imagine; the same thing that created Godzilla can treat your cancer. What an age we live in! Radical Prostatectomy: Removal of the entire prostate gland and seminal vesicles for the treatment of prostate cancer. May be performed through an open incision or robotically through small incisions. Renal Pelvis: Main part of the plumbing system in the kidney that collects urine produced by the kidneys and connects to the ureter (at the ureteropelvic junction). Can be dilated from hydronephrosis or reflux of urine. Robotic surgery: A minimally invasive surgery typically performed laparoscopically with the use of a robotic surgical system. From a console, the surgeon controls the surgical instruments and the “robot” the entire operation. We cannot emphasize this enough — we wouldn’t let an unsupervised robot perform surgery on you. That’s how apocalypses happen. Sacral Neuromodulation: A therapy for the treatment of urge urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence. After a trial evaluation, a permanent lead and battery are placed in the upper buttocks area to “rewire” the communication pathway between the brain and the bladder/bowels. That’s right; not only does your incontinence get treated, but you now have bionic buttocks. You might need to get a t-shirt made so your voice doesn’t get tired from telling everyone about it. Seminal Vesicles: The paired organs that produce 85% of semen. They connect to the prostate and vas deferens. Sperm travel to the seminal vesicles and are stored in the semen until ejaculation occurs. Sling: A surgical procedure treating stress urinary incontinence. Involving placement of a “hammock” underneath the urethra to provide missing support. Slings can be man made (synthetic) or created from your own tissue (fascia). Yes, you’re right, it does bring a whole new meaning to the term “banana hammock”. Snip: a slang term for a vasectomy. A snip is performed to ensure men are shooting blanks (no sperm in the semen) such that a natural pregnancy is no longer possible. Despite the name, your urologist is very unlikely to use scissors as part of the procedure — although a weed whacker isn’t out of the question. Stress Urinary Incontinence: (SUI) Involuntary leakage of urine during coughing, laughing, sneezing, or lifting. When stress is placed on the bladder, the urethra cannot hold the urine in. It is especially common following childbirth or prostate surgery. Usually caused by a weakening of the muscles which provide support to the urethra. As such, it can be treated with pelvic floor exercises or surgery. Ureter: The urinary tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. When urine is created by the kidney, the ureter carries the urine into the bladder. Distinguished from the ure-THRA which is the tube where urine passes from the bladder outside your body. Trust us, you don’t want to get those two mixed up during dinner party conversations. So embarrassing. Ureteral Calculus: A kidney stone which has passed into the ureter. A ureteral calculus typically causes an obstruction, leading to hydronephrosis and pain. Other potential symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (blood in the urine). They will either pass spontaneously or require surgical removal. Still, we’re sure you’d agree that this is the least painful type of calculus you’ve ever faced. Ureterocele: A congenital swelling and obstruction of the ureteral opening. It causes a blockage of the kidney and can present with pain, recurrent urinary tract infections or as an incidental finding on imaging. While this issue is most commonly discovered while the patient is an infant, it can still be found in older children and adults. Can be treated with various types of surgery, depending upon the age of the patient and how the kidney has been affected. Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ): Where the ureter joins the renal pelvis. A UPJ Obstruction occurs when there is a blockage of this connection. Can be caused by scar tissue or abnormal location of the kidney blood vessels (crossing vessels). Ureteroscopy: A surgical procedure under anesthesia where a small scope is placed into the urethra, bladder and up the ureter. Most commonly performed to remove kidney stones or to inspect the inside of the ureter or kidney. Not all types of kidney stones can be easily located using x-ray procedures, as such this provides a more agile and thorough examination. Urethra: The tube through which urine passes from the bladder during urination. In women it is a short (4 cm) muscular tube. In men the urethra includes the prostate, sphincter muscle and portion that runs behind the scrotum and the underside of the penis. Urinalysis: A lab test of the urine to identify the presence of blood cells, protein or bacteria. A dipstick urinalysis is performed at the point of care and usually less accurate than a microscopic urinalysis. Urinary Incontinence: The involuntary loss of urine (enuresis). Characterized as stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence. Affects over 30 millions Americans and can be treated by a urologist. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Any infection of the urinary system. Most commonly due to bacteria. Can be used to describe bladder (cystitis), kidney (pyelonephritis) and prostate (prostatitis) infections. Urodynamics: Bladder function tests used in the evaluation of complex urinary difficulties. In the office, small catheters are placed in the urethra while the bladder is filled with fluid. Measures bladder size, compliance and urine flow rates. Urogynecologist: A female urology specialist who has usually completed a Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) fellowship. May have originally trained as a urologist or obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN). Urolithiasis: Stones anywhere in the urinary system (from the kidney to the urethra). The most general term to describe all urinary stones. Compared to terms kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), ureteral stones (ureterolithiasis) or bladder stones. Urologist: A specialist trained in treating conditions of the male and female urinary tract and male genitalia. Urologists have completed a 5-6 year surgical residency and see patients in clinic, ER and inpatient settings. Sometimes misheard as “neurologist”, but trust us, you don’t want a urologist messing around with your brain. Varicocele: Dilation (enlargement) of the veins draining the testicles. Seen in 15% of men most commonly on the left side. May lead to sperm abnormalities (male infertility) and/or chronic testicular pain. Often doesn’t present obvious symptoms, and as such may go unnoticed until investigations into fertility are undertaken. Can be repaired with surgery. Vas Deferens: The tube’s sole purpose is to carry sperm (swimmers) from the testicle/epididymis to the seminal vesicles (swimming pool). It is severed during a vasectomy and plays no role in the transport of testosterone. Vasectomy: A form of permanent sterilization performed in men. Using a variety of techniques, a vasectomy involves an incision in the scrotum after which the vas deferens are disconnected preventing the sperm from reaching the ejaculatory fluid. Vasectomy (no-needle, no-scalpel): A minimally invasive vasectomy. Local anesthesia is injected via a needleless device. A skin poke is then performed without the use of a scalpel. Leads to less pain and a quicker recovery. Vasovasostomy: Vasectomy reversal performed for men now desiring to father children via natural conception. The procedure is performed as an outpatient surgery by a fellowship-trained infertility specialist using a surgical microscope. It is considered to be around 95% effective. Vesicovaginal Fistula: An abnormal connection between the bladder and the vagina. Most commonly seen as a complication to pelvic surgery. Presents with urine leakage from the vagina and requires surgical repair.

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Top 10 Biggest & Most Beautiful Offshore Wind Farms in the World Off the Danish coast, the first offshore wind farm in history was put into operation in 1991. The facility, called Vindeby, had just 11 turbines and had a nameplate capacity of 4.95 MW. Modern turbines that are 300 m tall would be dwarfed by the 35 m rotor diameter of Vindeby’s turbines. This list only includes wind farm projects that have already begun producing electricity. There are many more that are either being built or are being considered as proposals. Off the coast of South Korea, the biggest of these could produce more than 8 GW of electricity. The term “wind power” describes the electricity produced by wind-driven turbines, most frequently windmills. In contrast to oil, which requires burning fossil fuels, wind energy is considered to be a clean and renewable source of energy because it is produced by natural forces. The wind drives a turbine, which uses a number of mechanisms to alter its rotational speed as it travels to a generator, to produce electricity. In most cases, the amount of power produced by wind is measured in gigawatts. In contrast to coal or natural gas, using the wind to generate electricity has no costs, but it is challenging for nations to use wind power as their main source of energy. The cost of purchasing or producing wind turbines and other necessary infrastructure is the first drawback. Furthermore, it may be difficult or even impossible to rely heavily on wind power due to logistical issues like shifting wind directions and an abundance of wind. Investigate the information in the map and charts to learn more about wind power usage by nation. The Hornsea 2 wind farm started up for the first time on August 31, 2022, and started producing electricity. It quickly surpassed all other offshore wind farms as the biggest in the world. Nearby to the smaller Hornsea 1 wind farm, Hornsea 2 is situated in the North Sea about 89 km off the northeastern coast of England. It can provide electricity to more than 1.4 million homes in the UK thanks to its nameplate capacity of over 1.3 GW. It will cover 462 km2 with its 165 Siemens Gamesa 8MW SG 8.0-167 DD turbines. It not only has the biggest offshore wind farm in the entire world, but it also has the biggest offshore substation. The second offshore wind farm to be put into operation so far is the 630MW London Array, which is situated in the UK’s outer Thames Estuary. The London Array is also the sixth-largest total wind farm in the world. A partnership between Masdar, E.ON, and DONG Energy created the array. The wind farm’s offshore area is about 100 km2, and there are about 450 km of cables there. Siemens is providing 175 turbines for phase one, along with an onshore substation and two offshore substations. The first turbine was put in place in January 2012, and the final one was put in place within a year, with the official opening taking place in July 2013. At its current capacity, the wind farm eliminates 900,000 t of carbon dioxide annually. The third-largest offshore wind farm in the world by installed capacity, the 500MW Greater Gabbard offshore wind farm, is also situated in the UK. The wind farm is located 25 kilometers (km) off the Suffolk coast in the North Sea. Together, Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) and RWE npower (RWE) own the Greater Gabbard wind farm. A joint venture between Airtricity and Flour was responsible for its initial launch. The wind farm has 140 turbines with a 3.6MW capacity each. On steel monopoles drilled 24 to 34 meters deep in the ocean, the turbines are mounted. The Leviathan vessel operated by Seajacks completed offshore installations. Siemens was the supplier of the turbines. The fourth-largest offshore wind farm in the world is Bard Offshore 1, which is situated in the North Sea 100 kilometers to the northwest of Borkum Island. The wind farm has 80 turbines totaling 5MW in a 60km2 area. The wind farm was built by Bard Engineering. The wind farm’s construction was finished by the end of July 2013 with the installation of the final turbine. August 2013 marked the official opening of the wind farm. Currently, it provides 80% of the offshore power generated in Germany. Bard Offshore 1’s turbines are made of more than 120,000 tonnes of steel. The German wind farm is credited with having the longest shore connection in the world at 200 kilometers. Using a variety of jack-up and support vessels, the first 40 wind turbines of the wind farm were installed in a record-breaking seven months. The 400MW Anholt offshore wind project is the biggest offshore wind farm in Denmark and ranks fifth in the world in terms of total installed capacity. It received its formal inauguration in September 2013. The majority stake (50%) in the Anholt wind project is owned by Danish utility company DONG Energy, which also manages the wind farm. Pension Danmark and PKA, two pension fund companies, each own 30% and 20% of the project. 111 Siemens wind turbines with a 3.6MW each make up Anholt. The rotor has a 120m diameter. Danish engineers designed the turbines, towers, and foundations. Nearly 4% of Denmark’s total energy requirements are met by the wind farm. Walney, the sixth-largest offshore wind farm in the world, is run by DONG Energy. The wind farm is situated 15 kilometers west of Barrow-in-Furness in the East Irish Sea in the UK’s Cumbria. The wind farm, which was constructed in two stages, has a 367.2MW installed capacity. In January and November 2011, the two phases of the offshore wind farm were connected to the grid. Early 2012 saw the beginning of both phases’ commercial operation. 102 Siemens 3.6MW wind turbines total, 51 installed in each phase, make up the Walney wind farm. The wind farm will be expanded with an additional 120 turbines, bringing its total installed capacity to over 1,000MW. The first offshore wind farm in Belgium, called Thornton Bank, is situated 30 kilometers off the Belgian coast in the North Sea, in water as deep as 30 meters. The wind farm has a 325.2MW installed capacity and was built in three stages. The seventh-largest offshore wind farm in the world as of right now. 2009 saw the commissioning of the first phase of the offshore wind farm owned and run by C-Power. In 2013, the second and third phases were put into operation. Thornton Bank 1 has six REpower 5MW turbines installed. There are 24 REpower 6.15 MW turbines in Thornton Bank 2. Thornton Bank 3 also has 24 REpower 6.15MW turbines, which were put into service in September 2013. Around 600,000 people can receive electricity from the wind farm. The Sheringham Shoal wind farm, with a nameplate capacity of 317MW, is the eighth-largest offshore wind farm in the world and is situated 17 to 23 kilometers off the coast of Norfolk in Greater Wash, United Kingdom. The wind farm is situated 35km2 offshore in a diamond-shaped layout. There are 88 3.6MW turbines on Sheringham Shoal. The turbines are supported by monopole foundations with a diameter of 4.2 to 5.2 meters. Wells Harbour on the coast of Norfolk serves as the wind farm’s operational headquarters. The project includes one onshore substation and two offshore substations. The Sheringham Shoal wind farm was constructed by Scira Offshore, a joint venture between Statkraft and Statoil, with an estimated $1.8 billion in funding. The wind farm is currently run by Statoil, but Statkraft will take over management in January 2014. With a 300MW installed capacity, the Thanet Offshore Wind Farm is situated 11 km offshore of Thanet, Kent, United Kingdom. Vattenfall owns and manages the 35 km2 wind farm, which is located in water between 20 and 25 meters deep. The £780 million ($1.25 billion) wind power project’s construction started in 2008 and was finished in 2010. In September 2010, Thanet Offshore Wind Farm opened for business. The world’s eighth-largest offshore wind farm is currently located there. There are 100 Vestas V90 3MW wind turbines in the wind farm. The distance between rows and along each row of the turbines is measured at 800 meters. The highest point of each turbine is 115 meters high. The Lincs wind farm is currently the ninth largest offshore wind farm and is owned and operated by the British company Centrica. In August 2013, the 270MW wind farm, which is eight kilometers off the coast of Lincolnshire, was formally opened. The Lincs wind farm’s 75 Siemens 3.6MW turbines provide clean energy to more than 200,000 homes. The wind farm’s construction began in 2010, and by the end of March 2013, the final turbine had been installed. In ten to fifteen meters of water, the turbines were set up. DONG Energy and Siemens Project Ventures each own 25% of the Lincs wind farm, which is owned by Centrica to the tune of 50%. The wind farm will run for at least 20 years before being decommissioned. With a 209MW installed capacity, Horns Rev 2 is currently the 11th largest offshore wind farm. When Horns Rev 2 was inaugurated in September 2009, it was the largest offshore wind farm in the world. The 160MW Horns Rev wind farm was expanded by the wind farm owned by DONG Energy. Siemens provided 91 wind turbines with a 2.3MW rating for Horns Rev 2. The two Horns Rev wind farms have a total nameplate capacity of 369 MW. The first offshore wind farm with an accommodation platform was Horns Rev 2. 24 on-site employees are housed on the offshore platform, which is connected to the transformer platform by an outer gangway. This weekend marks the beginning of the installation of the first 13 megawatt (MW) turbines at Dogger Bank, the largest offshore wind farm in the world and located in the UK. The Voltaire, the biggest offshore jack-up installation vessel ever built, will install the 277 13 MW Haliade-X turbines from GE Renewable Energy about 80 miles off the coast of Yorkshire. The lifting capacity of the ship with ultra-low emissions is 3,200 tonnes. The height of the Haliade-X turbines is 260 meters (853 feet). Each is the same height as New York’s Rockefeller Center, to put that in perspective. Their 107-meter-long (351-foot-long) blades can generate enough clean energy in one rotation to supply an average UK home with power for two days. The Dogger Bank Wind Farm will be built on a seabed that was once a land bridge connecting the UK and Europe, taking up an area nearly the size of Greater London. The 3.6 gigawatt (GW) offshore wind farm will be able to generate enough clean energy each year to power the equivalent of 6 million homes once it is operational. It will result in annual CO2 emissions savings equal to those of almost 1.5 million typical gas-powered cars. The largest offshore wind farm in the world is being developed and constructed by SSE Renewables of the UK in a partnership with Equinor and Vrgrnn of Norway (a partnership between Eni Plenitude and Hitec Vision). This 600 MW offshore wind farm is currently under construction in the Baltic Sea on the Danish waters. It will be part of the planned 400 MW interconnector between Denmark and Germany. The Danish Energy Agency found a favourable site with ideal wind conditions back in 2010. Kriegers Flak is also in close proximity to the German offshore wind farm ″EnBW Baltic 2″. Kriegers Flak thus has the location advantage to connect with the Danish grid and the ″EnBW Baltic 2″ German grid. Naturally divided into two portions by a sand dredging area, the wind farm has a west 200 MW side as well as an east 400 MW capacity side. If we were to ground all the four Borssele wind projects together, it can technically generate well over the largest. Netherlands’ Borssele Wind Farm though is divided into Borssele I & II and Borssele III & IV respectively for business and commercial reasons. Borssele I & II is a 752MW offshore wind power project peppering the Dutch North Sea, owned and operated by Ørsted. It has been fully operational since November 2020. Ørsted bagged the Netherlands Government tender at an approximate price of £65.7 (€72.7) per MWh. Approximately 190km of inter-array cables transmit the electricity generated by each wind turbine to a Borssele Alpha offshore substation. The Borssele III and IV are also in proximity and has a capacity of 731.5MW. Owned by the Blauwwind consortium, the Borssele III & IV has many partners Group including Shell (20%), Mitsubishi Corporation’s subsidiary Diamond Generating Europe (15%) and other biggies. They installed the last of the 77 wind turbines last year, and it has the potential to generate 3,000 GWh of green electricity a year; enough to power 825,000 Dutch households or 2.3% of the country’s total electricity demand. Until recently, offshore wind farms have not found favour in Australia, cited as being too expensive and difficult to build. That has changed recently, however, with the country’s first offshore wind project, Star of the South. The proposal for the facility suggests that up to 200 turbines could be installed as close as 7 km to the Victorian coast line, passing over the Basslink cable. If developed to its full potential capacity of 2.2 GW, Star of the South could provide a fifth of Victoria’s electricity requirements – that’s around 1.2 million homes. It would also easily move to first place in our list of the world’s five largest offshore wind farms. The Australian Government is currently seeking feedback on whether the proposed area is suitable for development. Join KnowInsiders.com to find out the top largest wind farms around the world. These farms not only provide electricity, but also are places that many … The largest salt fields in the world not only provide salt, but also a famous tourist destination that you should explore. Looking for a good water tanker supplier? 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1. CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT As far as the law is concerned over 80 per cent of people who work in the UK are employees. This means that they have a contract of employment with their employer, with the duties and privileges that that implies. The employer may be an individual, as with most small businesses, or the contract may be with a large corporation. Throughout this book we use terms like ‘organisation’ and ‘business’ more or less interchangeably and ‘employer’ is the legal term to describe the dominant partner in the employment relationship. This derives from the old notion of a master and servant relationship and indicates that the employee (or servant) has obligations to the employer or master and vice versa. In contrast, those who are self-employed or subcontractors have greater autonomy, but no one standing between them and legal accountability for their actions. The law makes an important distinction between the two groups, employees having access to a wider range of legal rights than non-employees. While some areas of employment law apply to all workers, others only apply to employees. Non-employees are deemed to be working under ‘a contract for services’ rather than ‘a contract of service’ as is the case for employees. In 2007 the main statutory rights that applied to each were those shown in Table 6.1. In addition to the statutory rights conferred by Acts of Parliament, a range of common law duties are owed by employers to employees and vice versa which do not apply in the case of other forms of relationship. The major obligations are as follows: 1. Owed by employers to employees: - a general duty of care - a duty to pay agreed wages - a duty to provide work - a duty not to treat employees in an arbitrary or vindictive manner - a duty to provide support to employees - a duty to provide safe systems of work 2. Owed by employees to employers: - a duty to cooperate - a duty to obey reasonable/lawful instructions - a duty to exercise reasonable care and skill - a duty to act in good faith 3. Owed by employers to employees and vice versa: - to maintain a relationship of mutual trust and confidence 4. Owed by employees and ex-employees: - duty of fidelity A contract of employment, contrary to common perception, need not exist in written form. It is much more satisfactory for both parties if there is documentary evidence of what terms and conditions have been offered and accepted, but a contract of employment exists whether agreed verbally on the telephone or sealed with no more than a handshake. Where there is any doubt about whether someone is an employee or not, the courts look at the evidence presented to them concerning the reality of the existing relationship between the two parties. If they consider, on balance, that it is governed by a ‘contract of service’ rather than a ‘contract for services’, they will consider the worker to be an employee and entitled to the full range of rights outlined above. An employment contract comes into existence when an unambiguous offer of employment is made and is unconditionally accepted. Once agreed neither side can alter the terms and conditions which govern their relationship without the agreement of the other. An employer cannot therefore unilaterally cut employees’ pay, lengthen their hours of work, reduce their holiday entitlement, change their place of work or move them to another kind of work. To do so the employer either has to secure the employees’ agreement (by offering some kind of sweetener payment) or has to ensure that the right to make adjustments to terms and conditions is written into the contract by means of flexibility clauses. Where an employer forces changes through without securing the agreement of employees directly, or in many cases through negotiation with union representatives, legal action may follow. An employee may simply bring a claim for breach of contract and ask that the original contract be honoured. In such circumstances compensation may or may not be appropriate. Alternatively, where the employer’s breach is serious or where it is one of the implied duties listed above that has not been honoured, employees are entitled to resign and claim constructive dismissal in an Employment Tribunal, in which case their situation is treated as if they had actually been dismissed (see Chapter 10). Table 6.2 provides a checklist for preparing a contract of employment. 2. WORKING PATTERNS Aside from payment arrangements, for full-time workers the pattern of hours which they are expected to work is the most important contractual issue. The total number of hours worked by the average full-time worker in the UK fell substantially for much of the past 150 years, but started to rise again in the 1990s (Harkness 1999). In 1850 the normal working week was established as 60 hours spread over six days of 10 hours each. Now, the average number of hours worked each week by full-time workers, including paid and unpaid overtime, is 45 hours for men and 40 hours for women (Walling 2007, p. 40). Interestingly, in the last five or six years there is evidence that people have started working rather fewer hours again, the number working in excess of 45 hours a week falling by 20 per cent (Office for National Statistics 2006). A return to the downward trend in terms of hours worked may be a direct response to new regulation in this area. The European Union’s Working Time Directive was introduced into UK law in 1998 as a health and safety initiative (see Chapter 22). Among other measures, it seeks to ensure that no one is required to work more than an average of 48 hours a week against their will. In some countries legislation limiting working hours is primarily seen as a tool for reducing unemployment. In recent years the most extreme example of such regulation has been the ‘loi Aubry’ which was introduced in 2000 in France limiting people to an average working week of only 35 hours (EIRR 1998). In the view of many economists, however, such laws tend to reduce productivity over the long term because they limit the capacity of highly productive people to put their skills at the disposal of the national economy. For this reason during the French presidential election of 2007 President Nicholas Sarkozy argued that he would be happier if 35 hours was the minimum number of hours that people worked rather than the maximum. The past two decades have also seen some increase in the proportion of the working population engaged in shiftworking. This is nothing new in the manufacturing sector where the presence of three eight-hour shifts has permitted plants to work round the clock for many years. Recently, however, there has been a substantial rise in the number of service-sector workers who are employed to work shifts. Over 32 per cent of workplaces now employ shiftworkers, their numbers being most heavily concentrated in health and social work, hotels and restaurants, and the energy and water industries (Kersley et al. 2006, p. 79). They, unlike most factory-based staff, are not generally paid additional shift payments to reward them for working unsocial hours. The change has come about because of moves towards ‘a 24-hour society’ which have followed on from globalisation, the emergence of e-commerce and consumer demand. Each year more and more people are reported to be watching TV and making phone calls in the early hours of the morning, while late-night shopping has become the norm for a third of adults in the UK. Banks, shops, airports and public houses are now round-the-clock operations. The result is a steadily increasing demand for employees to work outside the standard hours of 9-5, Monday to Friday, a trend long established in the USA, where fewer than a third of people work the standard weekday/daytime shift (IDS 2000, p. 1). While some people remain attached to the ‘normal’ working week and would avoid working ‘unsocial hours’ wherever possible, others like the flexibility it gives them, especially where they are rewarded with shift premia for doing so. Shiftworking particularly appeals to people with family responsibilities as it permits at least one parent to be present at home throughout the day. Several types of distinct shift pattern can be identified, each of which brings with it a slightly different set of problems and opportunities. Part-timer shifts require employees to come to work for a few hours each day. The most common groups are catering and retail workers employed to help cover the busiest periods of the day (such as a restaurant at lunchtime) and office cleaners employed to work early in the morning or after hours in the evening. This form of working is convenient for many and clearly meets a need for employers seeking people to come in for short spells of work. Permanent night shifts create a special category of employee set apart from everyone else. They work full time, but often have little contact with other staff who leave before they arrive and return after they have left. Apart from those working in 24-hour operations, the major categories are security staff and maintenance specialists employed to carry out work when machinery is idle or when roads are quiet. There are particular problems from an HR perspective as they are out of touch with company activities and may be harder to motivate and keep committed as a result. Some people enjoy night work and maintain this rhythm throughout their working lives, but for most such work will be undertaken either reluctantly or for relatively short periods. Night working is now heavily regulated under the Working Time Regulations 1998. Double day shifts involve half the workforce coming in from early in the morning until early afternoon (an early shift), while the other half work from early afternoon until 10.00 or 11.00 at night (a late shift). A handover period occurs between the two shifts when everyone is present, enabling the organisation to operate smoothly for 16-18 hours a day. Such approaches are common in organisations such as hospitals and hotels which are busy throughout the day and evening but which require relatively few people to work overnight. Rotation between early and late shifts permits employees to take a 24-hour break every other day. Three-shift working is a well-established approach in manufacturing industry and in service-sector organisations which operate around the clock. Common patterns are 6-2, 2-10 and 10-6 or 8-4, 4-12 and 12-8. A further distinction can be made between discontinuous three-shift working, where the plant stops operating for the weekend, and continuous three-shift working, where work never stops. Typically the workforce rotates between the three shifts on a weekly basis, but in doing so workers suffer the consequences of a ‘dead fortnight’ when normal evening social activities are not possible. This is avoided by accelerating the rotation with a ‘continental’ shift pattern, whereby a team spends no more than three consecutive days on the same shift. Split shifts involve employees coming into work for two short periods twice in a day. They thus work on a full-time basis, but are employed on part-timer shifts to cover busy periods. They are most commonly used in the catering industry so that chefs and waiting staff are present during meal times and not during the mornings and afternoons when there is little for them to do. Drawbacks include the need to commute back and forth from home to work twice and relatively short rest-periods in between shifts in which staff can wind down. For these reasons split shifts are unpopular and are best used in workplaces which provide live-in accommodation for staff. Compressed hours shifts are a method of reducing the working week by extending the working day, so that people work the same number of hours but on fewer days. An alternative method is to make the working day more concentrated by reducing the length of the midday meal-break. The now commonplace four-night week on the night shift in engineering was introduced in Coventry as a result of absenteeism on the fifth night being so high that it was uneconomic to operate. 3. FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS Another way of dealing with longer operating hours and unpredictable workloads is to abandon regular, fixed hours of working altogether. This allows an organisation to move towards the ‘temporal flexibility’ we discussed in Chapter 5. The aim is to ensure that employees are present only when they are needed and are not paid for being there during slack periods. However, there are also advantages for employees. Three types of arrangement are reasonably common in the UK: flexitime, annual hours and zero-hours contracts. A flexitime system allows employees to start and finish the working day at different times. Most systems identify core hours when everyone has to be present (for example 10-12 and 2-4) but permit flexibility outside those times. Staff can then decide for themselves when they start and finish each day and for how long they are absent at lunchtime. Some systems require a set number of hours to be worked every day, while others allow people to work varying lengths of time on different days provided they complete the quota appropriate for the week or month or whatever other settlement period is agreed. This means that someone can take a half-day or full day off from time to time when they have built up a sufficient bank of hours. There are great advantages for employees working under flexitime. Aside from the need formally to record time worked or to clock in, the system allows them considerable control over their own hours of work. They can avoid peak travel times, maximise the amount of time they spend with their families and take days off from time to time without using up holiday entitlement. From an employer’s perspective flexitime should reduce the amount of time wasted at work. In particular, it tends to eliminate the frozen 20-minute periods at the beginning and end of the day when nothing much happens. If the process of individual start-up and slowdown is spread over a longer period, the organisation is operational for longer. Moreover, provided choice is limited to a degree, the system encourages staff to work longer hours at busy times in exchange for free time during slack periods. 3.2. Annual hours Annual hours schemes involve an extension of the flexitime principle to cover a whole year. They offer organisations the opportunity to reduce costs and improve performance by providing a better match between working hours and a business’s operating profile. Unlike flexitime, however, annual hours systems tend to afford less choice for employees. Central to each annual hours agreement is that the period of time within which fulltime employees must work their contractual hours is defined over a whole year. All normal working hours contracts can be converted to annual hours; for example, an average 38-hour week becomes 1,732 annual hours, assuming five weeks’ holiday entitlement. The principal advantage of annual hours in manufacturing sectors, which need to maximise the utilisation of expensive assets, comes from the ability to separate employee working time from the operating hours of the plant and equipment. Thus we have seen the growth of five-crew systems, in particular in the continuous process industries. Such systems are capable of delivering 168 hours of production a week by rotating five crews. In 365 days there are 8,760 hours to be covered, requiring 1,752 annual hours from each shift crew, averaging just over 38 hours for 46 weeks. All holidays can be rostered into ‘off’ weeks, and 50 or more weeks of production can be planned in any one year without resorting to overtime. Further variations can be incorporated to deal with fluctuating levels of seasonal demand. The move to annual hours is an important step for a company to take and should not be undertaken without careful consideration and planning. Managers need to be aware of all the consequences. The tangible savings include all those things that are not only measurable but capable of being measured before the scheme is put in. Some savings, such as reduced absenteeism, are quantifiable only after the scheme has been running and therefore cannot be counted as part of the cost justification. A less tangible issue for both parties is the distance that is introduced between employer and employee, who becomes less a part of the business and more like a subcontractor. Another problem can be the carrying forward of assumptions from the previous working regime to the new. One agreement is being superseded by another and, as every industrial relations practitioner knows, anything that happened before, which is not specifically excluded from a new agreement, then becomes a precedent. 3.3. Zero hours A zero-hours contract is one in which individuals are effectively employed on a casual basis and are not guaranteed any hours of work at all. Instead they are called in as and when there is a need. This has long been the practice in some areas of employment, such as nursing agencies and the acting profession, but it has recently been used to some extent in other areas, such as retailing, to deal with emergencies or unforeseen circumstances. Such contracts allow employers to cope with unpredictable patterns of business, but they make life rather more unpredictable for the individuals involved. The lack of security associated with such arrangements makes them an unattractive prospect for many. Source: Torrington Derek, Hall Laura, Taylor Stephen (2008), Human Resource Management, Ft Pr; 7th edition.

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The mistake by researchers on Pattani and Ayutthaya is that they always thought that Thais are descendent of the Siamese and all Thais themselves today think they are Siamese. In terms of people to country relationship this is correct but in term of monarchy to country relationship this is not so. The ruling Thai monarchy only came into power when Rama I, a Buddhist general was nominated as King after the attacked by Burmese Alaungphaya in 1767. Before this date, Siam was a Muslim empire ruling from Ayutthaya to the tip of peninsular Malaya and from Cambodia to Acheh. It form part of the Muslim Monggol Empire in India which is tributary to the Emperor of China (see map below, "Empire of the Great Monggol,1744") Today, the Malays of peninsular Malaysia especially in the northern state of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Pattani in Thailand are the descendent of that Siamese Kingdom, before Ayutthaya was attacked. Siamese language, not thai is still spoken in this state, up to Haadyai in Thailand. Meanwhile, the Thai's originate from Lannathai where the Sukhothai Kingdom, led by their king, Alaungpaya (and later on by Prince Hsinbyushin) was allowed to set up their small kingdom within Ayutthaya borders as a tributary state to Siam. They then attacked the Toung Oo Kingdom (in Burma) which is tributary to Siam in 1758, then in 1767 invade Ayutthaya from Burma. Historically today, the Burmese takes the blame for attacking Ayutthaya in 1767. During the invasion, they burnt all documents, art treasures, the libraries and its literature, and the archives housing its historical records pertaining to Muslims Ayutthaya and claim the Ayutthaya Kingdom to be Theravada Buddhist simply because the Siamese Muslim history started much earlier in Kedah (pls. refers to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa). From Burma they purchased weapons from the British through an agreement in 1760. With these new weapons they then attacked Muslims Ayutthaya in 1767. Therefore after 1767, the Siamese should be address as Thai because Sukhothai (the invaders of Siam), are Theravada Buddhist. Thaksin or Mukhtar Hussin (governer city of thak, hence thaksin) the Ayutthaya Muslim military tactician and strategist, sided with Alaungpaya and ruled for a few years in Lopburi. He was soon killed in the years to come for ridiculous reasons and replaced by the Chakri Rama I, Yot Fa Chula Lok, the first Buddhist King of Siam, of Sukuthai descendent. In Siamese (not Thai) Chula Lok carries the meaning 'son of a minister'. Historical records have shown that religious tolerance in administration in a multi religion and multi culture society only existed in Muslim Ayutthaya (during Narai tenure as King) but not in Buddhist Thailand under the Chakri Kings. If they do exist, like in Muslim Malaysia today, then the situation in Pattani will not be like it is today. Human Right’s Watch claimed that Thai police and armies practice ‘ethnic cleansing’ in Pattani. Theres nothing new about this tactics because the same technics were used much earlier when attacking Kedah, Patani and Kelantan, the northern state of peninsular Malaysia in 1821, 1832 and 1876. Since 1992 Thailand HRW has consistently been reporting to the Geneva-based UN Commission on Human Rights, 34 cases of disappearance, excluding Somchai’s, the human right lawyer disappearance. This tactic is not new to the Thais when they came down to Kedah in 1821, under Rama II instruction to hunt and killed the last King of Ayutthaya, Boromoraja Ekataat V, Sultan Sharib Shah Monggol, and his relatives in order to finish off his bloodline. He was ruling as the Raja of Ligor from 1767 to 1821. Durind the attacked, even innocent children and pregnant women in Kedah were not spared and brutally massacred (Read Sherrard Osbourne, "My Jounal in Malayan Waters: Blockade of Quedah", 1861). On the Ayuttahaya Kingdom, MAHA TAMMARAJA II “Siamese King Chau Pija Si Thammarat, Sultan Sarib Shah Monggol, Siamese King , render of Islamic Emperor Pasai Siam which is in Siamese language known as Cau Pija Si Thammarat, Sultan Sarib Shah Monggol, Hereditary from Raja Siam of Dynasty Pija Maha Zin Tadhu Toung Oo Siam and Raja Ayu The Ya India, Sultan Bahador Shah Monggol, Son in law of Raja Siam Toung Oo Siam”. The Islamic Siamese King started from 1350 - 1767 - , An Assumption Of Prof D.G.E Hall,“A HISTORY OF SOUTH EAST ASIA”, 1955 by Datuk Ismail Salleh, Kedah Historian. In 1876 the Thai’s invaded Kedah again and murdered Ekataat’s grandsons, Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah (then ruling in Nagara Kedah) and his younger brother, Tengku Nai Long Abu Taha and they ruled Kedah for 5 years until 1881. During the 5 years period of ruling Kedah, they demolished not less than 15 palaces belonging to the King of Siam, their ancestors palaces, carted away furniture’s, documents and valuables possessions belonging to the King and murdered his relatives in order to stop his bloodline. All this happens under the nose of the British who did nothing but support the slaughter. Conspiracies such as this should be expose not hidden from the knowledge of current generations. Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah or better known as Long Jaafar descendent today is Tuanku Nai Long Kasim ibni Tuanku Nai Long Ahmad, the last surviving Muslim King of Siam. Meanwhile the descendent of Tuanku Nai Long Abu Toha (Raja of Bagan Serai), the younger brother of Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah is non other than the current Malaysian Prime Minister, Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Seeing on local TV, Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi’s official visit to Thailand in early 2007 and meeting up with King Bhumiphol Adulyadej, I wonder who should bow down to whom. Some of the royal Siamese families in the 1800’s survived by changing their names and become a commoner, living out of fear whether their identities have been discovered. The King’s tomb is now located in Kedah, well taken care by his ancestors and so is the sword and Crown of Ayutthaya with Islamic writings inscribed around the crown. Meanwhile, the people of Pattani are not of Thai’s origin but actually Muslims Siamese just like the Malays of Kedah, Kelantan and Perlis. With the British propaganda in Malaya all Siamese, Minang, Bugis, Banjar, Javanese are known as one common race that is Malays or Melayu. Hence the people of Patani is also known as Melayu while in fact they are also Siamese like their cousins in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia. The Patani people clearly state that they do not want to be ruled by the Buddhist Chakri kings and prefers and autonomy Muslim state. It is their right to do so because historically they were a tributary state under ‘The Muslim Empire of the Siamese Continent of Kedah Pasai Ma’. Local and foreign historical researchers making claims that Thai are Siamese are the same simply shows their blatant disregard and insight into the actual fact of history. The Siamese people still exist today in the northern state of peninsular Malaysia. They are just like the Malays of other Malay states who have Javanese, Bugis or Achenese ancestors. The Siamese language which is spoken daily is totally different from the Thai language although it sounds almost similar to the ear. The writings have however, disappeared. The Siamese in Kedah, Kelantan and Perlis were not forced to change their cultural identity through the 'Phibul Songgram' and‘Rathaniyom Policy’ of one race, one language, as what happen to the people of Pattani who doesn’t speak Siamese anymore (they speaks thai) but maintain their Muslim’s religion. Until today certain culture of the Siamese like washing their feet before going to bed, taboo to touch one’s head, yellow attire for the ruling Sultan’s is still practiced in Malaysia. Meanwhile upon completing these policies, the country of Siam was change to Thailand, ‘land of the free’. With the killing in Pattani today, the international nation of the world wonder how does the government of Thailand today define the word free. The muslims cannot even use their Muslims names, unlike in Malaysia where non Muslims can use their own names. According to a former British officer of the Colony negotiating independence in the 1950’s, “If the affairs in this world were settled by common sense and equity, I personally have no doubt what ever that Patani ought to be seperated from Siam (read as thai) and become part of Malaya. The inhabitants are 90% Malays and 90 % Mohamedans (in a Buddhist county). All their connections are with the south, and particularly with Kelantan, and the Siamese (read as Thai) record in Patani is one of dreary mis-rule interspersed with sporadic outbursts of actual tyranny. There is no doubt that where the wishes of the inhabitants lie, and a fair plebiscite (if one could be arranged) could only have one result. In the complex affairs of international politics, however, mere practical considerations of this mind do not find much place”. Marcinkowski, M. Ismail, wrote, “Apparently there exist other fragments of Thai chronicles which survived the sack of the Ayutthaya in 1767 at the hands of Burmese invaders but to which the present author has had no access”. In “Kidnapping Islam? Some Reflections on Southern Thailand's Muslim Community between Ethnocentrism and Constructive Conflict-Solution”, Marcinkowski, M Ismail also wrote, “Today, more than 50 mosques are still extant in Ayutthaya and its environs. Although the Muslim population in that region seems to be nowadays entirely Sunnite, the existence of such a large comparatively number of mosques in that area bears witness to the importance of Ayutthaya for the Muslims in the past”. The Ayutthaya Siamese King history has to be revealed because their bloodline has strong relationship with the ruling Raja of Perlis, Sultan of Kedah (queda), Perak (beruas), Selangor, Johor (klangkeo), Pahang (paham), Terengganu (talimgano)Kelantan, Riau (banqa), Acheh, Pattani, Brunei, Sulu, Persian, Rome, the Monggol of India and the Emperor of China. No claims over any territory is necessary. Furthermore without the revealation, history of countries in the Malay Archipelago seems unfinished. The history of Ayutthaya in Thailand and History of Malaysia should be rewritten in a truthful and sincere manner. List of references Farouk, Omar. "Shaykh Ahmad: Muslims in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya," in: JEBAT Journal of the History Department of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 10 (1980-81), pp. 206-14. The Muslims of Thailand, vol.1: "Historical and Cultural Studies" (Gaya, Bihar/India: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1988). Muhammad Rabi‘ Ibn Muhammad Ibrahim. The Ship of Sulayman, transl. J. O’Kane (New York NY: Columbia University Press, 1972). Kraus, Werner. "Islam in Thailand. Notes on the History of Muslim Provinces, Thai Islamic Modernism and the Separatist Movement in the South," in: Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 5, no. 2 (July 1984), pp. 410-25. Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. "Persian Religious and Cultural Influences in Siam/Thailand and Maritime Southeast Asia: A Plea for a Concerted Interdisciplinary Approach," in: Journal of the Siam Society, vol. 88, pt. 1-2 (2000), pp. 186-94. Pipes, Daniel. The Hidden Hand. Middle East Fears of Conspiracy (Houndsmills and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1996). Wyatt, David. K. Thailand. A Short History (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999, reprint). T.N.L Kasim, T.N.L. Ahmad, Islamic Epigraphy, Historical Reality of Kedah,2006

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Tonight we conclude our consideration of what is often referred to simply as “the long psalm.” We’ve said that it was a psalm meant to be memorized, internalized as an instrument of spiritual enculturation. We said that it was a lament, a fact that alters our understanding of the psalm and its purpose. We spoke of what it has to teach us about the nature of what nowadays we all refer to as our “relationship with God.” And finally, last time, we considered what is meant by the meditation on the Word of God of which the psalm frequently speaks and of which it is itself an illustration. Tonight I want to consider one of the most prominent notes of the psalm, again something said throughout the poem and in many different ways. I’m speaking of the psalmist’s love of the Bible or his delight in the Bible, which, I gather, are two ways of saying the same thing. It is one thing to recognize the importance of the Word of God, even its divine authority. But surely it is another to love it and to take delight in it. Look at the characteristic expressions in just the section we read this evening. - “My heart stands in awe of your words.” - “I rejoice at your word, like one who finds great spoil.” - “I love your law.” - “Great peace have those who love your law…” - “I love your testimonies exceedingly.” Remember, the man isn’t talking simply about the commandments of the Law of Moses, the Ten Commandments and so on, even when he speaks of loving God’s law. All the terms he uses – word, testimony, law, and a number of others throughout the psalm – in this context they all refer to the entire Word of God: its historical narrative, its legal texts, its songs and poems, the sermons of the prophets, and all the rest. All of it is designed to teach theology, ethics, worship, and wisdom, no matter the genre of the particular biblical literature. After all, there is theology even in the Ten Commandments – e.g. the nature of God in commandments 1 and 2 and his work as the Creator in the fourth commandment – as there is law in biblical narrative. There are theology and wisdom in Job as there are ethics and instruction in worship, history, and law in the Psalms. The members of John and Charles Wesley’s “society” or, in modern parlance their “small group” at Oxford in the 1730s, what their detractors called “the Holy Club” – were maligned as “Bible moths.” The slur suggested that they ate up the Scripture as moths eat up wool clothes. Well, that is what this man did and continued to do and making it all so much easier to be a Bible moth was the fact that he loved the Bible. Reading it and studying it and pondering its teaching was something he genuinely enjoyed. Every Christian should ponder this fact. Why did he love the Bible, delight in the Bible. And since it is obvious that this attitude toward the Word of God is being commended to us, why should we love the Bible? I can you tell, as a matter of personal testimony, that I can’t remember really loving the Bible when I was a young man and a young Christian. I knew that it was important. I knew it was the Word of God. I had no doubt about its authority. I grew up in a Bible family. But I don’t remember ever thinking that the Bible was a sheer delight to me or that I loved it. But I do now. I think part of the index of my growth as a Christian man, such as it has been, is the fact that I have come more and more to love the Bible and to take real pleasure in reading and studying it. I wish, frankly, that I had come as far in the life of prayer as I have in the life of the Word of God. But I am immensely thankful that I feel about the Bible as I do now. You might well think – I think I probably thought myself at one time – that having to study two different biblical texts every week and write a sermon on each would grow very tiresome. But, strange to say, it has not. I never resent having to study the Word of God or having to think about how to preach it to you. Whether I did at the beginning of my ministry, now I find Holy Scripture perpetually fascinating and satisfying, and it is the great privilege of my calling that morning, noon, and night the Bible is in my hands. Why should it be so? Why was it so for this man? Before we descend to particulars, let’s begin here, with the fact that the Bible is the Word of God. It is from God and by it we come to know God. In a very real sense the Bible can be identified with God himself. To be sure, the Bible as a book full of pages on which ink is printed, cannot be identified with God. We do not worship the Bible as if it were God. No one can fairly accuse Protestant believers as bibliolaters as has sometimes been done, as if Christians worship the Bible instead of God. But the fact is that the Bible itself identifies God and his Word. Consider a few classic examples. In Galatians 3:7-8, at the beginning of Paul’s defense of justification by faith and not by works, we read: “Know then that it is those of faith who are the sons of Abraham. And the Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, ‘In you shall all the nations be blessed.’” Now, to be precise, it wasn’t the Scripture that made that promise to Abraham – the Scripture had not yet been written – but God himself speaking directly to the man he had chosen. It wasn’t the Scripture that foresaw the salvation of the Gentiles, it was God, who later had that prophecy written down in his book. But to say that God said something and the Scripture said something is to say the same thing. Or consider Romans 9:17, where we read that “the Scripture says to Pharaoh, ‘For this very purpose I raised you up, that I might show my power in you, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.’” Well it wasn’t the Scripture that said that to Pharaoh, it was the Lord himself speaking through Moses. But once again, it is a distinction without a difference. There are other examples of this phenomenon. Again, to say that God said something and the Scripture said something is to say the same thing. We identify God with his Word. We have biblical authority to identify God with his Word. And, of course, there is nothing particularly unusual or controversial in that. We do the same thing ourselves all the time: identify a person with the words he or she speaks. We understand that in a very real sense the words a person speaks are that person, they are the expression and embodiment of his life, his personality, his purposes, his convictions, his opinions, and so on. We wouldn’t know anyone without knowing what he or she says. If the eyes are the window of the soul, the words are the door! So there is both biblical justification for and an obvious logic to the identification of the Word of God with God himself. And surely, above and beyond anything else, that is why any Christian loves the Bible. He loves the Bible because he loves God and the Bible is God’s word! But there are other reasons why a man like the author of Psalm 119 would love the Bible and delight in the Bible. A number of very good reasons. - Let’s begin with a very obvious fact, but one we grow accustomed to and may not appreciate as much as we should: the Bible is a remarkable book; a most remarkable book. It is an extraordinary book, unlike any other book in the world. Written by a variety of authors, over the course of some 1500 years – a millennium and a half! – in three different languages representing quite different historical and cultural circumstances, the Bible is in fact a library of books, books of very different type but, at the same time, it is a single book. Its diversity and unity are both obvious to any interested reader. “From the literary standpoint these books are a heterogeneous mix, histories and biographies rubbing shoulders with visions, sermons, poems, philosophical reflections, genealogies, statistics, rituals, and much else. But the books are bound together by a common purpose and by an extraordinary unity of subject matter as they fulfill [a] common purpose.” [J.I. Packer, Truth and Power, 149] For all the diversity of literature which it contains, and for all the ages over which it was written, and for all the human authors that contributed to it, the Bible contains a coherent narrative plot from beginning to end, what we nowadays call a metanarrative, an explanation of the history of the world from its origin to its final destiny. Indeed, the Bible in one reading is simply the ever-unfolding of that metanarrative with ever increasing detail. “No other anthology of literature in the history of the world even attempts to undertake [such a task].” [Craig Blomberg, Can We Still Believe the Bible? 5] But there is more. The Bible, alone among the holy books of the world, is a book of serious history. It makes a host of historical assertions. It places its story within the ordinary history of human life in the world. In that respect it leads with its chin. But so many of those assertions have been confirmed or at least made entirely plausible by modern archaeological and historical research. There exists today not one demonstrated error of historical reporting in the Bible. Do you have any idea what an astonishing fact that is? I don’t say that scholars don’t claim this or that assertion of historical fact is in error – they certainly do –, but for each of those claims there are counter-claims by scholars of all stripes. What is one scholar’s mistake is another’s accurate, often surprisingly accurate historical datum. Fact is, still, after all these years of study and minute examination, we really can go to the Bible – no matter its theological purpose – to find out what happened in history. In a way that is both utterly brilliant and wonderfully satisfying the great message of the Bible is woven into the fabric of human history. That is one reason to love the Bible: it is such an extraordinary, unique performance of human literature. - Second, the Bible’s tremendous influence for good makes it delightful. The Bible, without question, has exercised a greater influence upon human beings individually and entire cultures and peoples, a greater influence for human betterment than any other book, indeed perhaps than any other influence in the history of mankind. The story of that wonderfully wholesome influence is undeniably one of the great themes of human history. We cannot overstate how much better human life is today because of the influence of the Bible. People understandably have attempted to deny this, but the effort is futile because the fact is so obvious. A man whose life is shaped by the teaching of the Word of God is invariably a better man; a culture whose life is shaped by the teaching of the Bible is invariably a more just, a more stable, a more happy, and a more prosperous culture. We have only to ask whether anyone could possibly think that a person would be poorer for learning to live honestly, chastely, faithfully, and humbly, for cultivating a grateful spirit, to bear the afflictions of life with courage and a sense of purpose, and understanding himself or herself obliged to live with regard to the welfare of others, not simply for himself or herself. Few would contest the fact that a life of love ought to be the supreme goal of our daily life. What American public figure would stand up and say, “We need less love in our world today. The world would be better off with a lot less love.”? But that is the Bible’s definition of a human life well lived. Few would dispute that such is the definition of a good life, but many fail to realize how unique to the Bible that definition actually is and how in the Bible alone sufficient motivations are provided to keep a man or woman striving for exactly that kind of life, difficult as it is to live it with our sort of hearts. Why, after all, is cunning not a chief virtue of human life as it was among the ancient Greeks? Why is torture thought to be evil in our culture when it is widely practiced, even celebrated in many other cultures in our world today? Why is sexual libertinism still regarded very widely, even in our culture, as a betrayal of humanity? Because we know what is right and wrong and, to a large extent, we know why. Men may love to look at porn, but they know very well that women will never respect them for that and no woman will be content to marry a man whose idea of pleasure is looking at pictures of naked women on a computer screen. This technology does not make him more of a man, but less; indeed, it emasculates him. And the fact is, everybody knows it! Why? Because the Bible has left its indelible mark on our culture. The man who wrote Psalm 119 knows very well that he had been made better by the Word of God. That much is clear and that must have been a principal reason for his love of the Word of God and his delight in it. It had done him such wonderful good! - There is more. Another reason to love the Bible is that in it we find the truth about the most important things human beings must know. I have myself come more and more to love the Bible for this attribute, perhaps the more as we enter into a time when the Bible’s account of reality has come under increasing public attack. Do you realize what a privilege it is actually to have a grasp of reality? Readers of the Bible know the answers to the great questions of human existence: where did we come from, what are we here for, and where are we going? We have been given to know why human life takes the form that it does, why we are the persons we are. It is astonishing, even as it is so wonderfully confirming of the Bible’s truth and authority, that all the other attempts to answer those questions are such pathetic substitutes for the searching and satisfying answers provided in the Word of God. I have made a point of emphasizing this in my preaching over the past several years because I want you to be thoroughly convinced of this point and able to articulate it to others. As I pointed out in a recent sermon, the new atheists may claim that human life is simply a gigantic, utterly improbable accident, that human beings are simply biochemical machines, that our lives mean nothing and are going nowhere, but they don’t live as if any of that were true. They may argue that truth and falsehood, right and wrong, good and evil, are actually merely words we use to express our opinions our nothing more than our biological sensations, that they have no independent existence, that moral judgments are not real things, but they don’t live as if any of that were true either. Our human nature itself is the evidence that what we are taught about reality in the Word of God is true. We know, as all human beings know – whatever they may say when standing on their feet in a debate – that we are extraordinary creatures, that human consciousness is an absolutely unfathomable reality and cannot be explained as an accident, that the personal cannot come from the impersonal, that consciousness cannot come from the unconscious, that our moral natures are not a fantasy but reflect the nature of reality itself, which is and continues to be an absolutely moral affair. That human beings should think themselves intrinsically important, that we are obliged to use the tremendous gifts we have been given in a responsible and loving and honest way, these are facts of life as we know life to be, indeed as all men know life to be judging by the way they actually think and speak and behave. We also know that our failures to live an honest and loving life are genuine faults and that we ought to do better than we do. No animal thinks that way. There are no associations of lions meeting to devise alternate sources of food that will not require the killing of prey. But we do and cannot help to do all manner of things just like that. The world rings with man’s effort to improve his life morally. We have crusaders everywhere. We’re exhausted from all the crusading that goes on around us. Why for goodness sakes? Because we cannot help but evaluate our lives in moral terms and we know very well that we find ourselves falling short morally. Human sin, selfishness, and stupidity may corrupt the improvement process, but that there is such a process and an unending commitment to it no one can deny. That such a process of improvement is one of the great, unchanging realities of social life no one can deny. We are never satisfied with the level that we have already attained. We must strive for what is better. Again, why? The Bible explains this and its explanation is so much more consistent with the facts of human experience than any other explanation ever offered, which is why those explanations come and go but the Bible’s remains a constant and why it remains the conscience of the world. Left to themselves human beings have proved themselves to be capable of the worst forms of cruelty, corruption, criminality, and hatred. They are entirely capable of making life utterly miserable for themselves and vast numbers of other people. But the world never accepts this as a normal state of affairs. We crave justice, and kindness, and honesty, and admire sacrifice on behalf of others. We celebrate it. Again, why? The Bible explains all of this with its metanarrative of creation in the image of God, the fall of man into rebellion and sin, and the redemption of sinful humanity by the sacrifice of God the Son. No other explanation is nearly so profound, so satisfying, or so consistent with the ordinary facts of human life that are before you every time you open your eyes. Still today, in our so-called scientific age, the worldview taught in the first book of the Bible, is a much more convincing explanation of the world in which you and I actually live than any of those myriad of counter-explanations that have come and gone and will continue to come and go in human history. The new atheists – Dawkins, Hitchens, Daniel Dennett and others – are actually not at all “new.” Their arguments are retreads – you can read most of those arguments in the critics of Christianity who wrote in Greek or Latin in the Patristic period of church history — and are convincing only to those wanting to be convinced. Even serious professional philosophers who would identify as atheist are embarrassed by their efforts to demonstrate that religion is bad and God does not exist. Brothers and sisters, the simple fact is, with your Bible in your hand, you know more about reality that 98% of the professional philosophers now working in the American academy, or the vast majority of the professional scientists. And that is a reason to love your Bible. It gives you the truth; it gives you your place in the world; it gives you meaning and purpose and hope, what so many human beings crave but struggle to believe is possible. Before publishing his commentary on Galatians, the late John Stott, had preached through the book to his congregation at All Souls in central London. In the preface to the commentary, Stott writes: “During the months when I was preaching this series, I kept saying this kind of thing to myself: ‘Here we are, a comparatively sophisticated congregation in twentieth-century London, giving ourselves week after week to the systematic study of a short letter written in the first century by a then more or less unknown Jewish Christian to obscure little congregations tucked away in the mountains of Galatia.’ … This study has left me more deeply convinced than ever of the divine inspiration, and therefore the permanent authority and relevance of the Scriptures.” Do you see his point? The Bible explains what always needs to be explained about human life. It teaches us and shows us reality as we know it to be. Its great message is based on the only truly satisfying account of reality there is and certainly the only one that has remained unchanged and yet massively influential from the beginning of human history to our own day. This explains, by the way, the peculiar place of the Bible among the holy books of the world. In Islam there is no critique of the Quran that is permitted. If you ask hard questions of the Quran, you run the very real risk of being branded an infidel and, in some parts of the world, you risk your very life. But the Christian church has always been willing to subject Holy Scripture to the severest critique and test. Why? Partly because God himself, in his Word, records the confusion and doubt that his people have often had and he obviously shows sympathy and concern for that state of mind. But more to the point the church has always been absolutely confident that the Bible will continue to pass every such test to which it is subjected, as it always has before. Underneath everything the Bible says is the diamond-hard surface of reality! - Of course, another reason to love your Bible, a supreme reason, is that it shows you the path to eternal life. We have been made to live forever, every human being knows that down deep. We were made for life, not death. Consciousness is the demonstration of that fact. Death is an intruder, something from outside. What is more, we all know that we were made for a better life. We have within us the aspiration to that better life. We all know the difference between what we are and what we ought to be. We all know immediately how our lives should be and could be better. We could be less selfish, more loving; we could be more ready to suffer for what is right – the very same sacrificial spirit we admire in others –; we could be more faithful to our callings as spouses, as parents, as children, as workers, and so on. We would be happier, very much happier, to be better people than we are now. Why on earth should we think this way except that we were made for perfection, we have the image of it in our souls because we were made in God’s image, and we have the longing to be like God, to be worthy of God because that God-likeness is the very thing we lost in our rebellion against God. There is something both impossibly beautiful and intensely satisfying in the biblical account of redemption – from the cross to the changed heart – an account that has captivated untold multitudes of human beings through the ages. It is a solution so utterly unlike the cheaper, often bizarre, and always insufficient proposals made in other religions and philosophies of the world. John Wesley put it best: “I am a creature of a day, passing through life as an arrow through the air… I want to know one thing – the way to heaven; how to land safe on that happy shore. God himself has condescended to teach the way, for this very end he came from heaven. He hath written it down in a book. O give me that book! At any price, give me the book of God! I have it; here is knowledge enough for me. Let me be homo unius libri (a man of one book). Here then I am, far from the busy ways of men. I sit down alone; only God is here. In his presence I open, I read his book…” [Preface to Sermons on Several Occasions] It is this nature of the Bible as a map to heaven, as an explanation of the way of God’s grace, that explains why so many have been saved, have entered eternal life by reading the Bible. J.C. Ryle, the great Anglican bishop of the 19th century became a Christian simply hearing Ephesians 2 being read in a church service. Augustine, long before him, crossed from death to life reading the last verse of Romans 13. Some of us in this church have found life reading the Bible’s account of how life is found. We find in the Bible the hard, even unwelcome truth about ourselves. We find there an account of what God did, and only God could have done, to deliver us from sin and death. The more honest people reckon with the Bible’s gospel, its explanation of salvation, the more necessary this salvation seems to become and the more perfect the solution to our problem that God contrived. And here too, we find some proofs within ourselves. We are not simply souls, but souls and bodies. Our best and our worst parts are both spiritual and physical. True and perfect humanity can never be the escape of the soul from the body or a disembodied human life because that’s not what human beings are; and that’s not the true and full goodness of a human being. And yet only Christianity reflects those universal convictions and supports them with the historical fact of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the promise of our own bodily resurrection in due time – a message that was completely out of accord with the intellectual atmosphere and philosophical thought of the Greco-Roman world of the early centuries of the first millennium that only the power of God can explain why so many people embraced that message when they did. In a similar way, what every human being wants is not less love, but more. Buddhism, for example, is a betrayal of human nature in its supposing that human perfection is found in the abolition of emotion and of passion. Every human being, down deep, knows it would be altogether better to feel more pain if only we could have more love. That is perhaps unexpected and certainly in some respects the astonishing message of the Bible but you find it nowhere else in the world. Why, after all, does the Dali Lama so ardently desire the liberation of Tibet, when according to his Buddhism, desire is the mother of all sin and sadness? He doesn’t live according to his religious understanding of the world; no one lives according to that understanding. No one can. There is so much more to say in explaining why a person might love the Bible and delight in the Bible. We have said nothing about its beauty. True enough, there are passages that are not particularly beautiful – think of the liturgical regulation in Leviticus or the genealogies that begin the book of Chronicles (though that anchoring of the Bible’s message, its account of reality, and its proclamation of the grace of God in the life of flesh and blood individuals like ourselves — whose names we know but of whose life we know nothing, as our names may be known to a subsequent generation but of our lives they will know comparatively little or nothing — is hugely important and thrilling; for we are just as they were, ordinary people, living ordinary lives at a particular moment in the history of the world) – but there are many, many passages in the Bible that are heartrendingly beautiful. Think of the 23rd or the 121st psalm, those and other psalms that have been so beautifully said and sung at untold thousands of deathbeds, and on battlefields, as in church services. Or think of 1 Corinthians 13 or Isaiah 55 or so many of the episodes from the Lord’s ministry recorded in the four Gospels, such as, for example, his dealing with the proud Pharisee and the poor grateful woman at the end of Luke chapter 7. Or think of Job, of which Alfred Lord Tennyson said it is “the greatest poem of ancient or modern times.” Or think of Paul’s so gentlemanly letter to Philemon about the latter’s runaway slave Onesimus. Or, for that matter, think of the majestic first chapter of the Bible, so many of its phrases and cadences having entered forever into the imagination of the human race. Compare that ancient literature to other great literature of the period, Semitic or Greek or Latin, compare it to the other holy books of the world, and you will immediately see the difference. Those books belong to their time and, while undoubtedly in some respects may be great literature, they have little to nothing to teach us about the meaning of life today. No one looks to them to teach any such things, the way that untold multitudes of people look to the Bible. Compare the heroes of the Bible to those of the Iliad or Odyssey, or the heroes of some of the ancient near eastern epics and you find yourself in a wholly different and so much higher moral and spiritual atmosphere. The heroes in both the great works of the ancient world and of the Bible have feet of clay, because human beings do, but in the Bible there is none of the silliness, none of the absurd that you find everywhere in those other works. The high morality, the deep spiritual sobriety, the grace and compassion, the sheer goodness of the Bible’s teaching and all so beautifully and powerfully served by its prose and poetry makes Holy Scripture utterly unique and powerfully captivating. If you have not read the Quran – not all of it but enough to give you a good sense of the book, I urge you to do so. As a Christian in today’s world you ought to know something of its teaching, but, more than that, it will give you still more of a living sense of how different and how much more beautiful and captivating the Bible is, with its many literary genres, its fascinating and instructive biographical detail, its capacity to teach reality and the way of salvation through historical narrative, its realistic portrayal of the ups and downs of believing life, the temptations and afflictions of life, indeed, its panorama of human life, its magnificent hymns and songs, and above all its transcendently beautiful and awe-inspiring description of the living God and of Jesus Christ his son. It appeals to every human power: of thought, of emotion, of will. Compared to the Bible the Quran reads like a table of algorithms. But beautiful as the Bible is, it is also earthy, worldly in the best sense of the word. Whether in its practical instruction for life such as we find in Proverbs or Paul’s letters, in its unabashed recounting of the sins of some of its heroes, or in its honest reckoning with the ponderous pace of divine grace in the transformation of believing life, we get the cold, hard facts in the Bible in a way you do not get them anywhere else. You may imagine you do, but the fact of the matter is you do not, except in those books that are repeating the teaching of the Bible. Anyone who reads the Bible often, thoughtfully, and intentionally, and learns its lessons, is prepared for what he or she will find in life and in the world. Think of its accounts of sexual temptation, or its frank admission of the power of the love of money to misshape a life, or the often punishing mystery of God’s providence. This is earthy realism of the sort that every human being needs, much more every Christian. And finally may I say that I love the Bible and you should too for the way it perpetually repays study. It is a well of truth and no one has yet got to the bottom. John Robinson, the pastor of the Plymouth pilgrims who remained in Holland, famously promised: “The Lord has more truth yet to bring forth from his Word.” That was in the early 17th century. And that has proved true. Every faithful generation of Christians has found more in the Bible than its spiritual ancestors found. The great message is the same, of course, but who would have imagined the revolution in the study of biblical narrative that has taken place over the last forty years or so. The histories of the Old Testament sparkle in a way they never did before, now that we see how brilliantly they were written. We understand the Song of Songs much better than it has ever been understood in the Christian period because of advances in the translation of cognate or related literature from Egypt and Babylon and the new appreciation of Hebrew literary technique. We know more about the history of Israel’s kings than previous generations even imagined being able to know. And as one discovery piles on top of another the coherence and unity of the Bible remains not only absolutely unchanged, but brilliantly highlighted. Brothers and sisters, we ought to love the Bible and we ought to be nothing short of thrilled to have this book in our hands. It ought to send shivers up and down our spine! There is every reason for it to do so. If we don’t feel this way about Holy Scripture it is only because we don’t fully appreciate what an extraordinary gift God has given to us in his Word and how utterly remarkable it is as the revelation of the truth to the world. The man who wrote the 119th psalm understood this about the Bible and he treasured it accordingly. We should do no less.

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by Matt Gibson Wondering about whether to use egg shells in your garden, and how you’d do it? As the planet is shifting to a greener way of living, the spotlight is on ways to recycle our trash, repurpose our waste, and find new ways to utilize those everyday household items that are all too often tossed into the wastebasket without a second thought. Just one great way each of us can live more sustainably is to recycle and reuse our “trash,” like the eggshells we feature here. This article delves into how you can give the eggshells you have left over from cooking a new purpose in the garden. At the same time, you’ll be decreasing your own contribution to the landfill. Recycling is not a modern invention. (The concept and practice actually dates back to ninth-century Japan.) Despite recycling’s extensive history, curbside recycling services didn’t become available in the United States until the 1960s. Citizens are now asked to toss paper, plastic, glass, aluminum, and other recyclable materials into their own container, completely separate container from the other household waste, so these items can be recycled and made into new products. Many gardeners are taking the green life one step farther by repurposing kitchen waste (also known as food scraps) to create compost heaps, effectively turning their trash into healthy, nutrient-rich soil. You know what they say about trash and treasure. As with any subject, you’ll find as much misinformation out there on the Internet about reusing eggshells in the garden as you’ll find truthful information you can use. There are more than a few widespread myths about ways for gardeners to repurpose the shell of a chicken egg they would otherwise throw away. That’s why we’ve debunked the common myths in this article—to warn you against putting faith in these old wives’ tales and wasting your time putting them into action. Armed with the knowledge of unexpected ways that you can reuse your old eggshells in the garden, and warned against those common myths that have misled folks in the past, after reading this article, you’ll be equipped to choose the most effective way (or ways) to recycle your empty shells in the garden from this day forward. First Step: How to Collect and Prepare Eggshells to Recycle Them in Your Garden After cracking open your eggs and plopping them into the skillet, rinse the shells off with cool water, then place the eggshells into an open container (such as a bowl or a jar with no lid) for long enough to let them dry out completely. Contrary to popular belief, as long as you’ve rinsed them off thoroughly (and the eggs were fresh) dry eggshells do not stink or attract insects. Once you have a lot of eggshells in the container pulverize them into smaller pieces. The easiest way to do this is to use a wooden spoon or mallet. Once they are broken into small enough bits, you will be able to fit many more shells into your containers. True: Eggshells Can Be Reused as Fertilizer for Garden Soil Eggshells are mainly made up of the calcium carbonate (which is the carbonic salt of calcium), and calcium is an essential nutrient for giving your garden soil what it needs to nourish plant life. That makes eggshells an excellent source of calcium your garden beds are wishing for. Calcium is a major botanical nutrient that boosts the ability of the plants in your garden to build healthy cell walls. Once you grind up your used eggshells thoroughly and mix them into the soil, they will go to work to increase the soil’s aeration, improve the soil’s drainage, and reduce the soil acidity. Use a mortar and pestle or a blender to crush the shells down into a fine eggshell powder before you till them into the soil. You can plan on it taking several months for your eggshells to break down into the soil well enough for them to be absorbed by the roots of your plants. Till the eggshells into your garden beds in the fall so that the nutrients they’ve added will be available to the plants you’ll be sowing seeds for or transplanting outside in the spring. And once spring rolls around, add another batch of eggshell fertilizer to the soil in your garden so that those new eggshells will have time to break down and will be ready to provide nutrients they contain for the plants you’ll be sowing in the fall. To get even more for your time and energy, you may choose to mix the crushed shells with other types of organic matter and combine them with your garden soil in the areas where you plant to put in new plants in the near future. Tomatoes are one of many garden vegetables that will benefit greatly from the added calcium you’ll get from this eggshell treatment. You can try a nutrient-rich blend of eggshells and used coffee grounds to amend your soil with boosts of both calcium and nitrogen. Amping up the quality of your soil is one of the simplest and most effective ways to ensure success in your garden, and it doesn’t get any easier or more affordable than reusing your eggshells from cooking that would otherwise be destined for the landfill. False: Eggshells Don’t Make Optimal Seed Starting Containers (However Cute and Pin-Worthy They May Be) There are a handful of articles and infographics online that suggest whole tomes of ideas for ways you can recycle your leftover eggshells in your home. One of the methods you’ll see listed most frequently is to create your own seed starters out of eggshell halves. The instructions for this project will tell you to first collect the larger side of each eggshell half, and then carefully make small holes in the bottom of each one to offer some drainage. After that, you are supposed to add soil and seeds to the shells, then simply watch and wait for newly sprouted plants to appear. Once the sprouts become seedlings that are ready to transplant, you can plant them directly into the soil as-is, eggshells and all, since the shells will decompose in the soil with time and the roots of your growing plants should break through the delicate drainage holes once they grow large enough and strong enough. It turns out that using eggshells as seed starting containers is not the best way to repurpose your eggshells for several reasons. First, if the seedlings produce several true leaves, they will all need to be transplanted into larger containers before ever being transplanted into the soil that will be their permanent home. Why not start the seedlings in a larger pot to begin with and skip the extra labor? Another reason to avoid using eggshells as seed starting containers is that the shells can easily trap the roots of slow-growing specimens and keep the plants from growing to their maximum potential size. The drainage hole or holes that were created at the beginning of the project may provide a large enough crack in the shell’s surface to allow the roots of newly sprouted seedlings to break through, but there’s a good chance that the plant’s roots will be unable to break free and remain trapped inside of the shell instead of expanding freely throughout the entire container or establishing themselves securely deep in the soil below. Because it takes several months for even the most shattered of eggshells to break down completely and give up their nutrients to the soil, you can likely guess that would take even longer for shells that have only been split in half to decompose. That means for the months-long period of decomposition when their nutrients are not yet free for plants to draw out of your garden soil for an extended period, eggshells that have been repurposed as seed starters in the garden don’t offer any real benefits. Long story short: Eggshells do fertilize soil with calcium carbonate eventually, but they may restrict plant roots, and there’s such a long span of time before the calcium is available that other fertilization methods are more worthwhile. Undecided: It May (or May Not) Be Worth Your While to Toss Eggshells Into the Compost Heap It’s true that adding your eggshell fragments to your garden’s compost bin will boost the essential nutrients, making them available for plants the next time you use compost in your garden. However, bear in mind that (as we just discussed) that it will take several months for the eggshells to break down fully so they will be able to release the calcium and other nutrients they contain into the soil. This isn’t such a problem when you’re using eggshells in compost, though, as the other ingredients in the compost also will take a few months to break down and reach their full nutrient-rich potential. It’s true that tossing your eggshells from their collection container straight into the compost heap seems like a low-effort, high-reward strategy for repurposing what would otherwise be just another piece of kitchen trash. However, when it comes to compost, it’s possible to have too much of a good thing. Eggshells are not just a source of calcium and other needed nutrients for your garden soil. They also contain a high amount of sodium, and when the shells break down as they decompose, the sodium gets released into the compost heap along with the nutrients your plants need. This is because an excess of sodium in your soil can be toxic to your garden’s plants. To combat this issue, if you’re going to add eggshells to your compost heap, it’s important that you do testing to keep an eye on the sodium level in your compost as well. If you choose to go ahead with this method, you may wish to only add around half of the eggshells you end up with as kitchen waste to the compost heap. You can reserve the other half of your eggshells to put them to use in another way. Undecided: Eggshells Can Pitch In to Help Keep Out Certain Garden Pests—While Drawing In Others Though recent studies have debunked the idea that crushed eggshells will deter snails and slugs wherever they’re sprinkled, eggshells may still provide some benefit as a pest repellent. Crushed eggshells are recommended as an excellent deterrent against Japanese beetles. Also, when they’re added to your garden beds, crushed eggshells have been said to actually prevent deer from grazing on the fruits (or veggies) of your garden harvest. While it is no doubt a blessing that deer can’t stand the smell of eggs, it is a curse that rodents love their sulfurous smell. Although you may see the perks of keeping the local deer population out of your garden, you may not enjoy the corresponding results of inviting neighborhood rodents to your garden getaway. However, if your area has lots of deer but doesn’t suffer from a rodent problem, this strategy may be perfect for your garden. True: Eggshells Are an Excellent Way to Feed the Birds Your garden’s plants are not the only forms of life in your yard that can benefit from the calcium your kitchen waste eggshells can provide. Your local birds also need calcium to thrive—especially females, which need extra doses of calcium before and after laying their eggs. If you’re going to use your eggshells as bird food, first sterilize the leftover eggshells by leaving them in a cooling oven after you’ve had it warmed up, then crush the dehydrated shells into fine bits and mix them into your favorite bird seed. True: Eggshells Make an Effective Garden Mulch Let’s face it, you may never be able to eat enough eggs to make a two-inch layer of eggshell mulch on top of all of your garden beds. That said, crushed eggshells will work as well as any commercial mulch on the market when it comes to deterring weeds. When you crush those eggshells into small pieces and use them to top your garden soil, the papery white color and fine texture serve to create a surprisingly attractive and unique garden bed. False: Eggshells Won’t Prevent Blossom End Rot When you’re growing eggplant and/or tomato plants, you will need to provide a calcium-rich soil that easily transfers nutrients to the developing eggplants and tomatoes. Blossom end rot can occur even when there is plenty of available calcium is present in your garden soil. This issue is is usually caused by irregular watering, a problem that obviously cannot be solved by adding eggshells to the soil. The notion that eggshells can prevent blossom end rot is simply not true. For a comprehensive guide to controlling blossom end rot in your garden, instead check out this Gardening Channel feature article on fighting off blossom end rot. Ways to Reuse Eggshells Outside the Garden The garden is not the only place where you can put your leftover eggshells from the kitchen to good use. Check out these ideas for the eggshells you have remaining after you’ve used them in the garden with your favorite strategies from above. 1) Age-defying eggshell facial treatment: Pulverize clean, dried eggshells with a mortar and pestle, then mix them with egg whites to create a healing, restorative facemask. Just rub it on your face, let it dry, and rinse with cool water. 2) Household eggshell cleaner: Mix ground eggshells with a little soapy water to create an abrasive, nontoxic household cleaner that will help you tackle dirty dishes without a ton of effort. 3) Natural eggshell drain cleaner: Keep a handful of ground eggshells in your kitchen sink strainer. The jagged broken edges will help trap solids, and as the shells break down and go down the drain, they’ll also help to keep your pipes clean and clear. 4) Eggshell blemish treatment: Soak a crushed clean, dry eggshell in a container of apple cider vinegar for two or three days, then retrieve the shell. Blot the resulting mixture on minor blemishes, rashes, and other skin irritations to relieve itching and soothe irritated skin. 5) Eggshell health booster for dogs: Dry your eggshells in an oven at 250 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. Then place the dried shells in a Ziploc bag, seal it, and crush the shells with a rolling pin until they have become a fine powder. Add the powder to your dog’s food to give Fido a calcium boost and improve the health of canine bones and teeth.

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9078, 292, 792, 593, 424, 1976, 360, 1337, 6939, 289, 1079, 5833, 291, 7375, 18, 330, 755, 281, 644, 268, 1630, 289, 424, 1976, 316, 597, 289, 268, 4857, 443, 291, 710, 1783, 1714, 292, 1530, 1577, 288, 424, 3340, 16, 291, 362, 2752, 372, 88, 886, 723, 3402, 361, 512, 7718, 687, 304, 7090, 424, 4334, 76, 4983, 427, 6052, 336, 830, 5654, 327, 3294, 1451, 331, 268, 10519, 399, 18, 203, 42, 6410, 30, 4166, 2318, 76, 4983, 3818, 372, 88, 4007, 3392, 473, 280, 2245, 286, 5550, 281, 1161, 572, 332, 421, 6724, 827, 351, 1490, 291, 382, 263, 17, 59, 2024, 93, 900, 2924, 1367, 13, 203, 6695, 356, 261, 1129, 703, 289, 5204, 291, 582, 2210, 1067, 2049, 336, 2954, 2399, 292, 6674, 289, 2854, 331, 1714, 337, 375, 3812, 1587, 424, 417, 74, 278, 357, 4334, 76, 4983, 288, 424, 1311, 18, 1507, 289, 268, 2222, 337, 372, 660, 901, 6583, 710, 3983, 316, 292, 1408, 424, 1044, 4635, 1236, 332, 628, 289, 4334, 76, 467, 7914, 973, 18, 203, 1461, 5424, 331, 456, 1707, 513, 2565, 337, 292, 855, 6385, 268, 3080, 2031, 289, 1011, 4334, 76, 467, 2947, 16, 291, 1023, 5104, 804, 1139, 7157, 288, 268, 4689, 289, 1011, 597, 292, 1529, 579, 8630, 18, 2122, 336, 16, 337, 356, 8066, 292, 769, 1976, 291, 3902, 292, 268, 422, 4983, 16, 1023, 2842, 3668, 291, 6833, 331, 8352, 440, 463, 691, 1648, 292, 1951, 18, 203, 9076, 339, 268, 440, 463, 340, 1343, 4635, 7884, 336, 356, 4054, 292, 10441, 16, 337, 375, 1380, 622, 2978, 636, 268, 1976, 352, 17, 277, 16, 4334, 76, 4983, 291, 516, 16, 1812, 268, 422, 4983, 513, 10319, 595, 288, 268, 1976, 360, 669, 291, 268, 4543, 289, 424, 2574, 1648, 788, 2603, 734, 268, 8919, 8630, 7157, 2340, 502, 932, 1452, 1982, 291, 1806, 1982, 18, 203, 4077, 6805, 628, 336, 1001, 4334, 76, 4983, 352, 4635, 4089, 7912, 316, 462, 268, 1274, 898, 292, 751, 324, 2536, 424, 4334, 76, 4983, 331, 1520, 3218, 18, 3029, 16, 717, 268, 4635, 7884, 2346, 1520, 2915, 2951, 16, 502, 513, 516, 648, 292, 327, 817, 476, 4874, 636, 3080, 7912, 1134, 2577, 1018, 817, 476, 4874, 636, 268, 1976, 336, 513, 327, 444, 6273, 1311, 18, 2995, 462, 1236, 268, 4635, 7884, 288, 261, 3080, 1076, 292, 1980, 360, 291, 885, 517, 268, 3485, 3333, 35, 203, 7353, 1099, 2190, 292, 1833, 1001, 4334, 76, 4983, 352, 4635, 4089, 7912, 316, 336, 268, 422, 4983, 375, 2619, 11838, 268, 4543, 289, 2634, 17, 75, 5517, 722, 344, 614, 291, 1288, 268, 1648, 427, 2574, 292, 444, 5213, 1439, 2155, 18, 365, 8630, 7016, 361, 7157, 336, 664, 2370, 430, 268, 3484, 289, 268, 1707, 602, 1153, 261, 1452, 1982, 9407, 288, 268, 8377, 372, 87, 2248, 292, 1059, 268, 4543, 289, 8352, 440, 463, 691, 4635, 7884, 292, 2603, 734, 16, 566, 686, 372, 87, 261, 1060, 3961, 336, 268, 1380, 372, 87, 4543, 513, 327, 6320, 292, 2603, 1776, 291, 3406, 1498, 3742, 3004, 289, 268, 8377, 3087, 289, 9116, 10201, 2309, 268, 2414, 6967, 361, 8213, 2315, 3447, 325, 2295, 288, 268, 1976, 2321, 18, 203, 38, 312, 699, 362, 2844, 1520, 2489, 331, 919, 268, 710, 422, 1397, 286, 289, 4334, 76, 4983, 292, 2603, 1190, 3686, 291, 1888, 644, 444, 3600, 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Losing weight is a journey that requires dedication, consistency, and the right nutrients. To shed those extra pounds, it’s important to focus on a balanced diet that includes essential nutrients. However, with so many diets and fitness trends, it can be overwhelming to know which nutrients to prioritize. In this article, we’ll explore the key nutrients that can help you achieve your weight loss goals. From protein to fiber, learn how these nutrients can boost your metabolism, curb cravings, and support a healthy lifestyle. Get ready to unlock the power of nutrients for effective weight loss! Effective weight loss requires a focus on consuming nutrients that support a healthy metabolism and reduce caloric intake. Protein, fiber, and healthy fats are essential for maintaining muscle mass and feeling full, while limiting processed carbohydrates and added sugars can help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce overall calorie intake. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help boost metabolism and reduce hunger cravings. Incorporating a variety of nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help support effective weight loss and improve overall health. Understanding Macronutrients for Weight Loss Importance of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a crucial component of a balanced diet and play a significant role in weight loss. They are the body’s primary source of energy and are necessary for the proper functioning of the brain, muscles, and other organs. Understanding the importance of carbohydrates and how they affect weight loss can help individuals make informed decisions about their diet. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are quickly digested and absorbed by the body, while complex carbohydrates are slower to digest and absorb. Simple carbohydrates include sugars, sweets, and starches, while complex carbohydrates include whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of how quickly carbohydrates are digested and absorbed by the body. Foods with a high GI are quickly digested and absorbed, causing a rapid increase in blood sugar levels, while foods with a low GI are slowly digested and absorbed, causing a slower increase in blood sugar levels. Foods with a low GI are considered better for weight loss as they help regulate blood sugar levels and promote feelings of fullness. Healthy sources of carbohydrates include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. These foods are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and are low in calories, making them ideal for weight loss. Whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread are excellent sources of complex carbohydrates and provide a steady source of energy. Fruits and vegetables are also rich in complex carbohydrates and are low in calories, making them ideal for weight loss. Legumes such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas are also excellent sources of complex carbohydrates and are high in protein, making them a great addition to a weight loss diet. In conclusion, carbohydrates are an essential component of a balanced diet and play a significant role in weight loss. Understanding the different types of carbohydrates, the glycemic index, and healthy sources of carbohydrates can help individuals make informed decisions about their diet and promote effective weight loss. Protein and Its Role in Weight Loss Protein is an essential macronutrient that plays a vital role in weight loss. It is composed of amino acids, which are the building blocks of the body. There are various types of protein, including animal-based sources such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products, as well as plant-based sources such as legumes, beans, nuts, and seeds. Optimal protein intake for weight loss varies depending on individual factors such as age, gender, weight, and activity level. However, a general recommendation is to aim for 0.8-1 gram of protein per pound of body weight per day. Consuming adequate amounts of protein can help boost metabolism, promote satiety, and prevent muscle loss during weight loss. Protein has a high thermic effect, meaning that the body burns more calories digesting and metabolizing protein than it does with carbohydrates or fat. This can help increase calorie expenditure and aid in weight loss. Additionally, protein has been shown to increase feelings of fullness and reduce appetite, which can help prevent overeating and support weight loss efforts. It is important to note that consuming excessive amounts of protein can have negative health consequences, such as dehydration, kidney stress, and increased risk of certain cancers. Therefore, it is crucial to consume protein in moderation and from a variety of sources to ensure adequate intake of all essential amino acids. In summary, protein is a vital macronutrient for weight loss, and consuming adequate amounts can help boost metabolism, promote satiety, and prevent muscle loss. Essential Fats for a Balanced Diet When it comes to weight loss, the right kind of fats can be a game-changer. Essential fats are necessary for the body to function properly, and they can also help in weight loss. In this section, we will discuss the different types of fats, the difference between good and bad fats, and why healthy fats are important for weight loss. Types of Fats There are three main types of fats: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats. - Saturated fats: These are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, butter, and cheese. Consuming too much saturated fat can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. - Unsaturated fats: These are typically liquid at room temperature and are found in plant-based sources such as nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. Unsaturated fats can be further divided into two categories: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats are found in foods such as avocados and olive oil, while polyunsaturated fats are found in foods such as salmon and other fatty fish. - Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have been artificially altered through a process called hydrogenation, which turns them into a more solid form. Trans fats are commonly found in processed foods such as cookies, cakes, and fried foods. Consuming too much trans fat can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. Good vs. Bad Fats Not all fats are created equal. Good fats, also known as healthy fats, are essential for the body and can help in weight loss. Good fats include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which are found in foods such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish. These fats can help lower cholesterol levels, improve heart health, and even boost weight loss efforts. On the other hand, bad fats, also known as unhealthy fats, can have negative effects on the body. Bad fats include saturated fats, trans fats, and excessive amounts of unsaturated fats. These fats can raise cholesterol levels, increase the risk of heart disease, and even hinder weight loss efforts. Importance of Healthy Fats for Weight Loss Including healthy fats in your diet can be beneficial for weight loss. Healthy fats can help you feel fuller for longer, which can reduce overeating and prevent cravings. They can also boost your metabolism, which can help your body burn more calories throughout the day. In addition, healthy fats can help reduce inflammation in the body, which can be a contributing factor to weight gain. By incorporating good fats into your diet, you can help support overall health and wellbeing, as well as promote weight loss. Overall, when it comes to weight loss, the right kind of fats can make all the difference. By focusing on healthy fats and limiting bad fats, you can support your weight loss efforts and improve your overall health. Micronutrients for Optimal Weight Loss Results Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients that play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including metabolism and weight loss. There are several vitamins and minerals that are particularly important for effective weight loss, which include: - Vitamin D: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. It also plays a role in weight loss by regulating the production of fat cells and improving insulin sensitivity. - Iron: Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body. Iron deficiency can lead to fatigue, which can make it difficult to exercise and lose weight. - Calcium: Calcium is essential for bone health and also plays a role in weight loss by regulating the production of fat cells and improving insulin sensitivity. - Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is essential for energy production and the metabolism of fat cells. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to fatigue and weight gain. - Magnesium: Magnesium is essential for energy production and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. A deficiency in magnesium can lead to fatigue and weight gain. Common deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals can have a significant impact on weight loss efforts. For example, a deficiency in vitamin D can lead to decreased muscle mass and an increased risk of obesity. Similarly, a deficiency in iron can lead to fatigue and a decreased ability to exercise, which can make it difficult to lose weight. Food sources of these essential vitamins and minerals include: - Vitamin D: Fatty fish (such as salmon and mackerel), egg yolks, and fortified foods (such as milk and cereal) - Iron: Red meat, poultry, fish, beans, and fortified cereals - Calcium: Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods - Vitamin B12: Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products - Magnesium: Dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains It is important to ensure that you are consuming adequate amounts of these essential vitamins and minerals through a balanced diet in order to support effective weight loss efforts. Fiber: The Key to a Healthy Weight Loss Diet Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. It is found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. There are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance, while insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and adds bulk to the stool. Fiber plays a crucial role in weight loss by helping to regulate digestion and maintain a feeling of fullness. When fiber is consumed, it absorbs water and swells in the stomach, creating a sense of fullness and reducing the urge to eat. This can lead to a reduction in calorie intake and aid in weight loss. Additionally, fiber helps to regulate blood sugar levels by slowing down the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream. This can help to prevent sudden spikes in blood sugar, which can lead to cravings and overeating. Some sources of fiber-rich foods include: - Fruits and vegetables: berries, broccoli, spinach, sweet potatoes, and avocados - Whole grains: brown rice, quinoa, whole wheat bread, and oats - Legumes: lentils, chickpeas, and black beans - Nuts and seeds: almonds, flaxseeds, and chia seeds Incorporating these foods into your diet can help to increase your fiber intake and support effective weight loss. It is important to note that increasing fiber intake should be done gradually to avoid digestive discomfort. It is also recommended to drink plenty of water to aid in digestion and prevent dehydration. Hydration and Weight Loss Hydration is a critical component of weight loss, as it plays a vital role in various bodily functions that contribute to fat loss. Drinking enough water can help you feel fuller, increase your metabolism, and prevent dehydration-related fatigue, all of which can aid in weight loss efforts. The general recommendation for daily water intake is about 8-12 cups (64-96 ounces) for women and men, respectively. However, individual water needs may vary depending on factors such as age, activity level, and climate. It’s essential to monitor your urine color and frequency to ensure adequate hydration, with the goal of producing pale yellow urine throughout the day. While water is the most effective hydration source, other beverages and foods can also contribute to your daily fluid intake. Some hydrating options include: - Herbal teas, such as green tea or cucumber infusions - Low-fat milk and dairy products - Fruits and vegetables, particularly those with high water content like watermelon, cucumber, and tomatoes - Soups, particularly broth-based ones - Homemade smoothies made with water or ice as the base It’s important to note that while hydration is crucial for weight loss, it should not be the sole focus of your diet. A balanced intake of macronutrients and micronutrients is necessary for overall health and effective weight loss. Lifestyle Modifications for Effective Weight Loss Mindful Eating Strategies Mindful eating is a practice that involves paying attention to the food you eat, as well as the thoughts and feelings that may influence your food choices. By adopting mindful eating strategies, you can develop a healthier relationship with food and make more informed choices that support your weight loss goals. Here are some specific mindful eating strategies you can try: - Practicing portion control: One of the most effective ways to manage your weight is to pay attention to portion sizes. Eating too much food, even healthy foods, can contribute to weight gain. To practice portion control, use smaller plates and bowls, and aim to fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, a quarter with lean protein, and a quarter with whole grains or starchy vegetables. - Understanding hunger and fullness cues: Hunger and fullness cues are the physical and emotional signals that tell you when it’s time to eat, and when you’re full. By paying attention to these cues, you can avoid overeating and make more mindful food choices. To tune into your hunger and fullness cues, take time to eat slowly and savor your food, and pay attention to physical sensations such as hunger pangs, feelings of fullness, and changes in energy levels. - Incorporating mindfulness techniques: Mindfulness is the practice of paying attention to the present moment without judgment. By incorporating mindfulness techniques into your eating habits, you can develop a more mindful relationship with food and make healthier choices. To practice mindful eating, try the following techniques: - Eat slowly and savor your food. - Pay attention to the colors, textures, and flavors of your food. - Focus on the experience of eating, rather than distractions such as TV or social media. - Take time to chew your food thoroughly. - Notice physical sensations such as hunger, fullness, and satisfaction. - Be kind and compassionate to yourself, and avoid negative self-talk or guilt about food choices. By incorporating these mindful eating strategies into your daily routine, you can develop a healthier relationship with food and support your weight loss goals. Regular Exercise for Weight Loss Exercise is an essential component of any weight loss program. It not only helps in burning calories but also helps in building muscle mass, improving cardiovascular health, and reducing stress levels. Regular exercise can help you achieve your weight loss goals faster and maintain the weight loss over the long term. Types of Exercise for Weight Loss There are several types of exercises that can be beneficial for weight loss. Some of the most effective exercises for weight loss include: - Aerobic exercises such as running, cycling, or swimming - High-intensity interval training (HIIT) - Circuit training - Resistance training with weights or resistance bands - Yoga and Pilates Building a Sustainable Exercise Routine To achieve effective weight loss through exercise, it is essential to build a sustainable exercise routine. This means finding an exercise routine that you enjoy and can stick to in the long term. Here are some tips to help you build a sustainable exercise routine: - Start slowly and gradually increase the intensity and duration of your workouts - Choose exercises that you enjoy and find challenging - Incorporate a variety of exercises to keep your routine interesting - Schedule your workouts in advance and make them a priority - Find an accountability partner or join a fitness class to stay motivated Combining Cardio and Strength Training Combining cardio and strength training is an effective way to achieve weight loss and improve overall fitness. Cardio exercises such as running or cycling help in burning calories and improving cardiovascular health, while strength training helps in building muscle mass and increasing metabolism. Here are some tips for combining cardio and strength training: - Start with a warm-up such as light jogging or stretching - Incorporate both cardio and strength training exercises into your routine - Alternate between cardio and strength training days - Gradually increase the intensity and duration of your workouts over time - Focus on proper form and technique to avoid injury and maximize results Sleep and Its Impact on Weight Loss Importance of Quality Sleep The importance of quality sleep in weight loss cannot be overstated. Sleep plays a vital role in the body’s ability to regulate hormones, repair and restore muscles, and maintain overall health. During sleep, the body produces hormones such as leptin, which helps regulate appetite and metabolism, and ghrelin, which stimulates appetite. When the body does not get enough sleep, it can lead to a disruption in the production of these hormones, which can result in overeating and weight gain. Sleep Duration and Weight Loss Research has shown that getting enough sleep is crucial for weight loss. Studies have found that individuals who get enough sleep tend to lose more weight than those who do not. The recommended amount of sleep for adults is 7-9 hours per night, and individuals who get less than 5 hours of sleep per night are more likely to be overweight or obese. Additionally, lack of sleep can lead to increased cravings for high-calorie, high-fat foods, making it harder to stick to a weight loss plan. Tips for Improving Sleep Quality Improving sleep quality can have a significant impact on weight loss efforts. Here are some tips for improving sleep: - Establish a consistent sleep schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends. - Create a sleep-friendly environment: Keep the bedroom dark, quiet, and cool, and invest in a comfortable mattress and pillows. - Limit screen time before bed: The blue light emitted from screens can interfere with the production of melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep. - Avoid caffeine and alcohol: Both can interfere with sleep quality and make it harder to fall and stay asleep. - Relax before bed: Engage in relaxing activities such as reading, taking a warm bath, or practicing relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation. By prioritizing sleep and implementing these tips, individuals can improve their chances of success in their weight loss journey. Stress Management for a Healthy Weight Loss Journey - Effects of stress on weight loss - Stress can lead to an increase in cortisol levels, which can contribute to weight gain, particularly around the abdominal area. - Chronic stress can also disrupt sleep patterns, affecting the body’s ability to regulate appetite and metabolism. - Furthermore, stress can lead to emotional eating, often resulting in consuming high-calorie, comfort foods. - Techniques for managing stress - Mindfulness practices, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, can help to reduce stress and promote relaxation. - Regular exercise, particularly cardiovascular activities, has been shown to decrease stress levels and improve mood. - Maintaining a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, can also help to manage stress. - Additionally, getting adequate sleep and creating a regular sleep schedule can help to reduce the impact of stress on weight loss efforts. - Importance of self-care and support during weight loss - Prioritizing self-care, such as engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy, can help to reduce stress and promote a healthy mindset during weight loss. - Building a support system, whether through friends, family, or a professional network, can provide encouragement and accountability during the weight loss journey. - It is also essential to celebrate small successes and acknowledge progress, as this can help to maintain motivation and prevent feelings of overwhelm. 1. What are the essential nutrients for weight loss? The essential nutrients for weight loss are protein, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates. These nutrients help you feel full and satisfied, which can prevent overeating and promote weight loss. It’s important to focus on nutrient-dense foods that provide a balanced mix of these nutrients, such as lean meats, fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. 2. Should I avoid certain nutrients for weight loss? Yes, it’s important to limit or avoid nutrients that are high in calories, sugar, and unhealthy fats. These include processed foods, sugary drinks, and saturated and trans fats. These nutrients can lead to weight gain and other health problems, so it’s best to minimize their intake as much as possible. 3. How much protein should I consume for weight loss? The recommended daily amount of protein for weight loss is about 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. So, for example, a person who weighs 70 kilograms should consume about 56 grams of protein per day. Good sources of protein include lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and nuts. 4. Are there any specific supplements I should take for weight loss? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as different people may have different nutrient needs. However, some supplements that may be helpful for weight loss include protein powder, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber supplements. It’s important to talk to a healthcare professional before taking any supplements, as they can have side effects and interact with other medications. 5. Can I still enjoy my favorite foods while losing weight? Yes, you can still enjoy your favorite foods while losing weight, but it’s important to do so in moderation. Try to focus on nutrient-dense versions of your favorite foods, such as grilled chicken instead of fried chicken, or a small piece of cake instead of a large slice. You can also try to find healthier alternatives to your favorite foods, such as using Greek yogurt instead of sour cream or opting for a smaller portion size.

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Learning Japanese is an exciting endeavor that opens the door to a rich cultural and linguistic landscape. However, like any language, Japanese comes with its unique set of challenges. Fear not! Here are 10 hurdles you might encounter on your Japanese learning journey and some valuable tips to help you overcome them. Mastering the Japanese writing systems is a crucial milestone for anyone embarking on the journey to learn the language. The complexity of having three distinct scripts – Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji – may initially seem overwhelming, but each plays a vital role in Japanese communication. Hiragana and Katakana, with their phonetic nature, serve as the building blocks for expressing native and foreign words, respectively. Dedicated practice and repetition are instrumental in achieving fluency in these syllabaries. On the other hand, the inclusion of Kanji, logographic characters representing entire words or concepts, adds a layer of depth to the language. While Kanji might appear daunting due to its vast number of characters, employing mnemonic devices, spaced repetition techniques, and context-driven learning helps learners gradually navigate this intricate writing system. The beauty of the Japanese writing systems lies in their interplay, creating a rich tapestry of expression. Hiragana and Katakana provide the phonetic foundation, while Kanji introduces a visual and semantic depth that enhances the language's expressiveness. As learners dive into these writing systems, they not only decode the characters but also unlock a profound understanding of Japanese culture and communication. The journey of mastering these scripts is a transformative process, guiding learners toward linguistic proficiency and a deeper connection with the intricate beauty of the Japanese language. Remembering Kanji is often considered one of the most formidable challenges in learning Japanese, given the intricate nature of these logographic characters. Unlike alphabet-based writing systems, Kanji symbols represent entire words or concepts, demanding a different approach to memorization. Mnemonics play a crucial role in this process, allowing learners to associate each character with vivid stories or memorable mental images. Creating these mental connections transforms the seemingly abstract characters into tangible and memorable entities, making it easier to recall their meanings and pronunciations. Utilizing mnemonic techniques not only aids in overcoming the sheer volume of Kanji but also adds an imaginative and personalized dimension to the learning experience. Spaced repetition is another powerful tool in the arsenal of Kanji memorization. The strategic review of characters at intervals, gradually increasing the time between repetitions, reinforces the retention of these symbols over the long term. Flashcards and dedicated apps employing spaced repetition algorithms provide learners with a structured and efficient way to reinforce their Kanji knowledge. By incorporating these techniques into their study routine, learners can navigate the intricate world of Kanji with confidence, transforming what may initially seem like an insurmountable challenge into a manageable and rewarding aspect of their Japanese language journey. Different Grammatical Structure Navigating the unique grammatical structure of the Japanese language stands out as a distinctive challenge for learners accustomed to Indo-European languages. Japanese sentence construction differs significantly from English, with the subject often placed at the beginning and verbs at the end. This inversion can be initially perplexing, but breaking down sentence patterns into smaller components and understanding the role of particles – small words that indicate grammatical relationships – proves invaluable. Visual aids and diagrams further aid in comprehending the flow of Japanese sentences, offering learners a roadmap to decipher the language's intricate syntax. The diverse array of honorifics and politeness levels further compounds the challenge of mastering Japanese grammar. Respectful language, or keigo, is deeply ingrained in Japanese communication and adds layers of nuance to expressions. Navigating this system requires learners to pay careful attention to the context and the relationships between speakers. While the grammatical structure might seem unfamiliar initially, regular practice, exposure to authentic language materials, and a willingness to embrace the differences contribute to a more nuanced understanding and mastery of Japanese grammar over time. Mastering honorifics in the Japanese language is a cultural and linguistic challenge that adds layers of politeness and respect to communication. Honorifics, or keigo, play a pivotal role in expressing social hierarchy and maintaining harmonious interactions. Japanese speakers employ honorifics to convey politeness, and the nuances associated with their usage can be intricate. Learners often start by understanding basic honorific forms, such as adding the suffix "-san" for general politeness. As learners progress, they delve into more advanced forms, like humble language (kenjougo) and respectful language (sonkeigo), which involve subtle shifts in verb conjugations and vocabulary choices to convey humility or deference appropriately. Immersing oneself in Japanese media and real-life conversations provides essential context, helping learners develop an instinctive feel for when and how to use honorifics effectively. The use of honorifics extends beyond mere linguistic conventions, reflecting the deep-seated cultural values of respect and humility. Politeness levels are carefully tailored based on the relationships and social dynamics involved. While the intricacies of keigo might be daunting initially, they contribute significantly to effective communication in Japanese society. Embracing the study of honorifics not only enhances language proficiency but also deepens cultural awareness, fostering a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of social interactions in Japan. Pronunciation poses a unique challenge for learners venturing into the realm of Japanese, especially for those accustomed to English or other Indo-European languages. While Japanese is not tonal like some other Asian languages, the language features a distinct set of vowel sounds and consonant pronunciations that may be unfamiliar. Paying meticulous attention to these phonetic nuances is crucial for clear and accurate communication. Vowel length, pitch accent, and the absence of certain English sounds, such as "th," contribute to the distinctiveness of Japanese pronunciation. To overcome pronunciation challenges, learners often engage in shadowing exercises, mimicking native speakers to hone their intonation and rhythm. Recording oneself while speaking Japanese allows for self-assessment and identification of areas needing improvement. Consistent practice with native speakers, language exchange partners, or language learning apps that offer pronunciation feedback further refines pronunciation skills. Embracing the sounds of the language not only enhances communication but also deepens cultural appreciation, as correct pronunciation is integral to conveying respect in Japanese social interactions. Lack of Cognates The scarcity of cognates, or shared words, between Japanese and English presents a considerable challenge for learners accustomed to the relatively common vocabulary overlaps in European languages. While languages like Spanish or French may have recognizable words due to their shared Latin roots with English, Japanese vocabulary is rooted in a completely different linguistic family. This divergence necessitates a more deliberate and strategic approach to vocabulary building. Learners often find themselves relying on spaced repetition apps, etymology resources, and mnemonic techniques to reinforce the memorization of new words. Breaking down complex words into simpler components, understanding their origins, and creating mental associations become essential strategies in overcoming the lack of cognates. Confronting the vocabulary gap between English and Japanese becomes an integral part of the language-learning journey. Rather than relying on familiar words, learners embrace the challenge of building an entirely new lexicon. Through systematic exposure, repetition, and creative memory aids, learners gradually overcome the initial hurdle of unfamiliar vocabulary, developing a richer understanding of the language and fostering a deeper connection with Japanese culture and expression. Finding Learning Resources Navigating the plethora of learning resources available for mastering Japanese can be a daunting task for beginners. The sheer variety, from textbooks to apps and online courses, can lead to a sense of overwhelm. To overcome this challenge, it's advisable for learners to start with beginner-friendly resources that offer structured lessons and gradual progression. Textbooks like "Genki" or online platforms such as Duolingo and Rosetta Stone provide foundational knowledge and interactive exercises. As learners advance, they can explore more specialized resources that align with their learning style and interests, such as JapanesePod101 for audio-based learning or WaniKani for dedicated Kanji practice. Joining language learning communities and seeking recommendations from experienced learners can also guide newcomers in selecting resources that cater to their individual needs. Staying motivated and engaged in the learning process is often closely tied to the appropriateness of chosen resources. As technology evolves, new apps and platforms continuously emerge, offering diverse approaches to language acquisition. Experimenting with different tools and platforms allows learners to discover what resonates with them, creating a personalized and effective language-learning experience. Flexibility and an open-minded approach to trying various resources ensure that learners not only overcome challenges but also find joy and satisfaction in their journey to master the Japanese language. Staying motivated throughout the journey of learning Japanese is a crucial aspect of language acquisition. Language learning is a marathon, not a sprint, and plateaus and moments of frustration are entirely normal. To maintain motivation, learners should set realistic, achievable goals that provide a sense of accomplishment. Celebrating small victories, such as mastering a challenging grammar point or successfully holding a basic conversation, helps reinforce the progress made. It's essential to recognize that language proficiency develops gradually, and each step forward, no matter how small, contributes to the overall learning experience. Building a sense of community can be a powerful motivator. Connecting with other Japanese learners through language exchange programs, online forums, or local meetups provides a supportive environment to share experiences and encouragement. Engaging with authentic Japanese content, such as movies, music, and literature, also adds an element of enjoyment to the learning process. Additionally, incorporating variety into the study routine, trying new learning methods, or setting thematic challenges can inject excitement and prevent monotony. By staying adaptable, maintaining a positive mindset, and fostering a passion for the language, learners can navigate challenges more effectively and find sustained motivation throughout their Japanese language journey. Finding opportunities to practice Finding opportunities to practice speaking and listening in Japanese is crucial for language fluency. While studying grammar and vocabulary is essential, practical application through conversation is where true proficiency blossoms. Joining conversation groups, either in person or online, provides a structured and supportive environment for learners to engage in dialogues, receive constructive feedback, and enhance their communication skills. Language exchange platforms, such as Tandem or HelloTalk, connect learners with native speakers, fostering reciprocal learning experiences that expose individuals to real-life language nuances and cultural expressions. Embracing a proactive approach to practice, learners can seek out language partners or participate in language exchange events within their local communities. Conversing with native speakers not only hones pronunciation and comprehension but also provides insights into colloquial expressions and cultural contexts. Additionally, utilizing language learning apps with speech recognition features allows for solo practice and self-assessment. Overcoming the initial hesitations about making mistakes is crucial – it's through these errors that meaningful learning occurs. By actively seeking diverse opportunities to apply their language skills, learners can bridge the gap between theory and practical fluency, fostering a deeper connection with the Japanese language and culture. Understanding and appreciating cultural differences is an integral aspect of mastering the Japanese language. Japan's rich cultural tapestry influences not only the language itself but also the nuances of communication. Learners benefit from immersing themselves in various aspects of Japanese culture, such as literature, movies, and social practices, to develop a contextual understanding of language use. For example, the concept of "wa" (harmony) is deeply ingrained in Japanese society, influencing communication styles that prioritize group harmony over individual expression. By exploring cultural intricacies, learners gain insights into the social dynamics that shape language interactions and adapt their communication style accordingly. Cultural awareness extends beyond language nuances and affects everyday interactions. Politeness and respect are highly valued in Japanese culture, evident in the intricate system of honorifics (keigo). Learners grasp the significance of these cultural expressions through exposure to authentic materials and experiences, helping them navigate social situations with sensitivity. Embracing cultural differences not only enhances language proficiency but also fosters a genuine connection with Japanese society, enabling learners to engage meaningfully with native speakers and navigate the diverse social landscapes inherent to the language. Cultural Differences Remember, every language learner faces challenges. Embrace the journey, focus on progress over perfection, and enjoy the unique experience of learning Japanese!

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition of persistent mental and emotional distress occurring as a result of injury or severe psychological shock, typically involving disturbance of sleep and constant vivid recall of experience, with dulled responses to others and to the outside world. Symptoms typically include nightmares or flashbacks, avoidance of situations that bring back the trauma, heightened reactivity to stimuli, anxiety or depressed mood. The condition may last months or years, with triggers that can bring back memories of the trauma accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions. PTSD is fairly common in the US; more than 3 million cases are diagnosed per year. Of motor vehicle accident survivors, 9% develop PTSD. Research conducted to identify at-risk individuals disclosed the following: Pre-existing factors for the likelihood of development of post motor vehicle accident PTSD include: Accident related variables: Post-accident predictors are: The difference between MVA-related PTSD is an increased likelihood of being injured or developing chronic pain syndrome. As a result, many people rely on their primary care physicians for treatment and do not seek out psychological treatment for some time. It is important to identify PTSD symptoms early and seek appropriate psychological treatment so symptoms to not become chronic. Behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and medications have proven effective for treating MVA-related PTSD. It may also be useful for the claimant to work with a chronic pain specialist to help manage the physical pain caused by injury. These treatments can be provided in conjunction with one another. To learn more about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Civil Litigation, register for our complimentary luncheon presentations by Terence Young, PsyD, a Board Certified Neuropsychologist scheduled to take place on October 19th at Rare on the Square in Madison, and October 26th at the Capital Grille in Milwaukee. See our Seminars/Events page for more information and to register. These presentations will offer CLE credit and space is limited, so register today! In the UK, the “whiplash capital of Europe,” for every single accident reported, there are 2.7 claims for whiplash damages. In the United States, whiplash injuries make up for 25% of payments made by insurance companies, with approximately $2.7 billion being paid out annually. So, it is clear that whiplash is a claim to be reckoned with. So, what exactly is whiplash? Whiplash is caused by the head’s jerking action pulling muscles and ligaments beyond their typical range of motion, causing fibers to tear. Torn fibers in muscle or tendon is termed a “strain.” If it involves a ligament, it is referred to as a “sprain.” Whiplash often involves a combined strain and sprain. A whiplash injury can involve cervical muscles, intervertebral joints, disks, ligaments and/or nerve roots. Most often it is limited to soft-tissue injury. However, whiplash injuries can be complex and could include many related problems such as joint dysfunction, disk herniation, nervous system problems, chronic pain, and cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms of whiplash become apparent usually within the first 24 hours following the accident, but typically appear within the first six to 12 hours. Symptoms can continue to get worse days after the injury. Common symptoms often include neck pain and stiffness, and headaches that usually start at the base of the skull. Other symptoms might include: dizziness, pain that hurts more with neck movement, fatigue, loss of range of motion in the neck, tingling or numbness in the arms, and/or tenderness or pain in the upper back, shoulder or arms. Risk factors for whiplash include degenerative disease, pre-existing health problems, vehicle size, headrest position, position of head at impact, and age. Women and children are more seriously injured then men because they have smaller necks. Not using the shoulder harness and failure to wear a seatbelt greatly increase the risk of whiplash injury. So, how is whiplash treated? Usually, recovery is complete within the first few months, though some people experience ongoing symptoms. Generally, symptoms that extend beyond six months are considered chronic. Typically, treatment includes pain medication and special exercises to help increase range of motion in the neck. Here are some interesting facts about whiplash: Want to learn more about Whiplash? Register to attend the 2017 Advanced Topics in Civil Litigation. For more information or to register, click here. Medical Systems recently held a lunch and learn at Lombardi’s Steakhouse in Appleton, Wisconsin at which hand surgery expert Jan Bax, M.D. discussed common hand injuries. During his presentation, Dr. Bax alerted attendees to a recent white paper from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (“AAOS”) that reports a moderate level of medical evidence links computer use to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome (see p. 222). As Dr. Bax pointed out, the paper was published in the last couple of months so its ultimate effect in the worker’s compensation arena is undetermined. Nevertheless, Dr. Bax expressed concern that the paper will lead to renewed carpal tunnel syndrome claims based on repetitive computer use (keyboarding and mouse use). He noted this is especially troublesome because the hand surgery section of the AAOS considers it a settled issue that computer use does not cause carpal tunnel syndrome. The white paper assigns levels of evidence supporting the various factors that are sometimes alleged to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. The highest level of evidence is “strong,” which requires consistent evidence from two or more high quality studies. The second highest level of evidence is “moderate,” which requires consistent evidence from two or more moderate quality studies or evidence from a single high quality study. This is the level of evidence the AAOS finds for the position that computer use causes carpal tunnel syndrome. The second lowest level of evidence is “limited,” which requires consistent evidence from two or more low quality studies, one moderate study, or insufficient/inconsistent evidence recommending for or against the diagnosis. The lowest level of evidence is “consensus,” which requires that there is no reliable evidence but rather is based on unsupported clinical opinion. As Dr. Bax noted, finding that moderate evidence supports the link between computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome is troubling because it is actually is a high level of evidence and may sway triers of fact despite the nearly uniform position of actual hand surgery specialists that there is no such causal link. This is especially true given the findings in some of the research cited. Coggon, et al., specifically stated that there was an “absence of association with the use of computer keyboards” and noted this “is also consistent with the findings overally from other research.” The researchers concluded that “obesity and diabetes, and the physical stresses to tissues from the use of hand-held vibratory tools and repeated forceful movements of the wrist and hand, all cause impaired function of the median nerve” but that computer keyboard probably only focuses attention on symptoms without being injurious to the tissues of the wrist. Coggon, et al. seem to support a more nuanced relationship between computer keyboard use and carpal tunnel syndrome than is portrayed in the AAOS white paper. Likewise, Eleftheriou, et al. studied the link between computer keyboard use and carpal tunnel syndrome but related the following disclaimer: One limitation is related to [the study’s] cross-sectional design which does not allow us to conclude if the association between cumulative exposure to key-board use is of causative nature. The study included workers present when the study was formed, which implies a possible selection bias as is the case in all cross-sectional studies, especially if the study population was affected by high turn-over. It’s a limitation of our study that we don’t have data on actual turn-over of the staff…Further, we didn’t control for possible confounding factors like anthropometric characteristics of the wrist… Eleftheriou, et al. reported only “a possible association between cumulative exposure to keyboard strokes and the development of [carpal tunnel syndrome]…” They specifically noted that additional studies need to be done to verify their results and to address causality. The AAOS white paper is a troubling development in carpal tunnel syndrome worker’s compensation cases since it potentially throws into question the settled opinion among hand surgery specialists that keyboard use does not cause carpal tunnel syndrome. As Dr. Bax noted at the recent Medical Systems lunch and learn, it is too early to tell exactly what the effects of the paper will be, though they are not likely to be positive. In the event that the AAOS white paper is cited to support work-related carpal tunnel syndrome cases among keyboard users, it will be critical to choose experts who understand and can explain the limitations of the evidence on which the paper relies. Without an expert who will vigorously question and thoroughly refute the evidence, the AAOS white paper is likely to carry more weight in keyboard-related carpal tunnel syndrome claims than it otherwise should. Last week psychiatrist Jeffrey Zigun, M.D. and psychologist Brad Grunert, Ph.D. spoke at Medical Systems’ 2016 Advanced Medical Topics in Civil Litigation Symposium on mild traumatic brain injury. Three topics came up repeatedly during the individual experts’ presentations and in the follow-up panel discussion: The answers to the first two of the three issues are surprisingly simple, while the answer to the third is, or at least can be, much more complicated. With respect to the question of whether mild traumatic brain injuries can get worse over time, the simple answer according to the experts is “no.” Both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert were clear in their statement that recovery from mild traumatic brain injury follows a predictable recovery. The physical injury to the brain itself reaches maximum medical improvement within a year and all expected improvements in functioning occur within two years of the injury. This is significant because a number of participants in the seminar reported scenarios in which a claimant/plaintiff experienced a precipitous decrease in functioning 12, 18, or even 24+ months after the initial injury. In at least some cases, the decrease in functioning was measured on neuropsychiatric testing and was deemed not to be malingering. Both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert were clear in their presentations and in the panel discussions that such a decrease in functioning would not be due to an underlying mild traumatic brain injury, even if the injury were permanent. Brain injuries get better over time; they don’t yo-yo up and down or suddenly get worse after a period of improvement. Unfortunately, a decrease in functioning after a period of improvement can still be related to the accident. More on this later. One of the more interesting aspects of the symposium was the discussions about the role of intelligence in recovery from a mild traumatic brain injury. The experts both stressed that intelligence is enormously important in assessing how individuals will recover from permanent mild traumatic brain injury. The reason is that those with more intelligence have more to lose before the loss of function becomes a significant impairment. The example Dr. Grunert used was an academic researcher: she may have some memory impairment following a mild traumatic brain injury, but it may only mean that she has to look up citations she previously had memorized. This will obviously add some time to her research, but it will not impair the quality of the research itself or her ability to write. On the other hand, a factory worker who has to follow a specific procedure when operating a dangerous machine will have no margin for error. If her memory was on the lower end of average to begin with, losing any amount of memory function could cause her to be unable to follow the specific procedure when operating machinery. Since there is no margin of error, the factory worker’s memory impairment would cost her the ability to do her job. Hence, one point both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert made was that impairment following mild traumatic brain injury is often different for persons of high intelligence than it is for persons of lower intelligence. The trickiest question the experts dealt with is how to determine the fact of a traumatic brain injury. In many cases a person hits their head and the symptoms of concussion are obvious. These might include brief loss of consciousness, dizziness, retrograde and/or anterograde amnesia, headache, wooziness, etc. In other cases the fact of injury might be less obvious. Perhaps the person did not strike their head in a motor vehicle crash, but reported some symptoms consistent with mild traumatic brain injury. Further complicating matters are cases where there is a preexisting history of psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, or other psychological diagnoses. In all cases, Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert stressed the importance of early neuropsychological testing. Dr. Grunert noted that neuropsychological testing has a high degree of reliability and specificity. In addition, neuropsychological testing is good at ferreting out malingering from legitimate claims. Early testing also establishes a baseline from which test results should not decline in mild traumatic brain injury. As the experts and the audience discussed, often the fact of injury is not an issue at the beginning of a claim, though. Instead, the fact of injury becomes an issue after a year or more. Usually, this seems to occur as a result of a decline in functioning, whether supported through neuropsychiatric testing or not. As the experts agreed, simply because a person declines in functioning after a mild traumatic brain injury should have stabilized does not mean that they are not continuing to suffer from a permanent brain injury or that the decline in function is not legitimate or related to the accident. Both Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert agreed that a decline in functioning a year or more after a mild traumatic brain injury only means that the brain injury itself is probably not responsible for the decline in functioning. Instead, they pointed to psychological conditions as often being the culprit. When the audience heard this, many persons wanted to know if the psychological conditions would be related to the accident, especially if there was a preexisting history. As Dr. Zigun noted numerous times, it depends. For example, Dr. Zigun addressed the simple fact that many of the drugs used to treat psychological conditions also have positive effects on the sequelae from traumatic brain injury. Take SSRIs, commonly used to treat depression. Dr. Zigun pointed out that one symptom of depression is memory impairment, which is also a symptom of mild traumatic brain injury. SSRIs help alleviate memory impairment in both depression and mild traumatic brain injury. Dr. Zigun noted that if a person is diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury, they may very well end up on an SSRI. Once the brain injury stabilizes, the person may be weaned off the SSRI. However, if the person has simultaneously developed depression, weaning her from the SSRI may cause a decrease in functioning related to the depression, including worsening memory impairment. Both experts agreed that the decrease in functioning in such a case could be legitimate but that it would not be related to the mild traumatic brain injury. How, then, can we determine if a decline in functioning relates to the accident? The answer, unfortunately, is not clear cut. The experts stressed that to evaluate whether a decline in functioning, once determined to be legitimate and not malingering, relates to an accident, the analysis essentially looks to the totality of the circumstances to attempt to parse out the causal factors. The case a number of audience members brought up was the situation in which there is a preexisting history of a psychological condition such as depression which is determined to be the reason for the post-accident decline in functioning. Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert agreed that it is exceptionally difficult to determine whether the development of a psychological condition is accident-related. They noted that many factors could cause the onset of depression episode that would be related to the accident. For example, if the mild traumatic brain injury caused a memory impairment that prevents the injured person from returning to work, it would not be unusual for the person to develop depression. The depression would not be caused by the brain injury itself, but rather would be the result of the job loss, which resulted from the brain injury. On the other hand, if the injured person has recovered well and is coping with any residual impairments from the brain injury, the depression is likely to be independent of the brain injury. The bottom line is that declines in psychological functioning in the context of a permanent mild traumatic brain injuries present challenging cases for experts in which causation can only be determined by assessing the totality of the circumstances. Mild traumatic brain injuries can present vexing cases for claims professionals. As Dr. Zigun and Dr. Grunert discussed, mild traumatic brain injuries can be diagnosed and treated effectively, even in the case of concomitant psychological conditions. We are grateful for their participation in Medical Systems’ 2016 Advanced Medical Topics in Civil Litigation Symposium and for the many insights they shared with our audience. I do beguile the thing I am by seeming otherwise. -Iago in Othello, II.2.122-3. Shakespeare’s Othello, while ostensibly about the titular character and his wife, Desdemona, centers on English literature’s most notorious and effective liar, Iago, a character so perplexingly foul as to cause Samuel Taylor Coleridge to describe him as “motiveless malignity,” evil for only evil’s sake. Since most of us have long since forgotten our high school and college lit classes, a brief recap: Othello saves Venice from a Genoan invasion and is elevated to general. He also wins the heart of the Doge’s daughter, Desdemona, and marries her. Iago ostensibly hates Othello because he passed him over for a promotion to lieutenant. He hatches a plan to convince Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful, which he successfully executes through a series of lies and half-truths, manipulating the other characters like a puppeteer. Iago ultimately convinces Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful, whereupon he kills her and commits suicide (the play being, after all, a tragedy). To Coleridge, the greatest imaginable horror is not the overtly hostile brute, but rather the deceiver. The reason is that the challenge of the hostile brute, while perhaps significant, is open and obvious. We know what to expect and can prepare to deal with it. The deceptive person is exponentially worse because we often have no idea that we are being deceived or that the person is deceptive. We have no chance to prepare because we have no expectation of malfeasance or misbehavior. Hence, in the play Othello unwittingly considers Iago to be his truest friend while Iago leads him to his demise. Human biology suggests Coleridge was right to fear liars. We became spectacularly successful because of our ability to cooperate and trust one another. It is how we went from hunter-gatherers to denizens of today’s massive and massively complex technological society. Deceit directly assaults our social nature and causes us to question the motives of everyone with whom we interact. This is particularly harmful for social beings whose existential success depends on cooperation. As a result, our inherently social nature makes us particularly poor at detecting deception. Despite the fact that we are not very good lie detectors, we often think that we are. While liars are popularly depicted as either furtive bundles of nerves and sweat or overconfident and suave psychopaths, in truth all persons lie to varying degrees and there is no one personality type that is particularly adept at being deceitful. Studies generally find that we are poor lie detectors. We often think that traits like Machiavellianism, psychopathy, or narcissism make a person a more effective liar; however, research finds that persons having these personality traits are neither particularly effective liars nor particularly effective lie detectors. About the only things we know for sure about lying are that, “the ability to lie well correlates with an ability to better detect deception in others; and the control of response latency difference when lying may be the key to producing successful lies and detecting those lies in others.” Contrary to media portrayals, liars cannot be stereotyped. Also, the popular belief that persons lying give off telltale signs of deception is simply untrue. If a person wants to lie, chances are no one will notice. The problem of deceit in traumatic brain injury is particularly vexing since there are limited objective measures available to differentiate between legitimate claims and malingering or symptom magnification. To give an idea of the scope of the problem, research has demonstrated symptom magnification or malingering likely occurs in about 40% of mild head injury claims. This presents difficulties for both insurers and legitimately injured claimants. Insurers are understandably wary of paying claims for which little or no objective evidence exists and high rates of symptom magnification and malingering exist. Claimants get frustrated when insurers question their claims because they suffered an injury for which limited diagnostic tests are available. Both insurers and claimants would be served best if there was a reliable way to differentiate legitimate traumatic brain injury from malingering or symptom magnification. The question is whether there is such a reliable way to do so. The good news is that advances in neuroimaging are beginning to differentiate how physically injured brains function versus uninjured brains and brains of persons with psychological conditions. For example, a July 2015 study published at PLoS ONE described differences in single photon emission computed tomography (“SPECT”) scans between persons suffering from traumatic brain injury versus posttraumatic stress disorder. The study specifically concluded that “hypoperfusion in the orbitofrontal cortex, temporal poles, and anterior cingulum are consistent with the most frequent findings in the TBI literature” while “increases in the limbic structures, cingulum, basal ganglia, insula, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobes” were noted in subjects with PTSD. The authors report that SPECT scans may be able “to differentiate TBI from PTSD with sufficient sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to incrementally enhance clinical decision-making.” The bad news is that we are just at the cusp of the neuroimaging revolution. This means doctors cannot simply order a SPECT scan (or any other imaging study) and state to a reasonable degree of medical certainty whether a particular patient is suffering from a particular condition based on the results of the scan. More research will be needed before imaging studies can be relied on to differentiate between the fact of injury and the type of injury being claimed. Though the news on the neuroimaging front is encouraging, until it becomes medically accepted as a diagnostic tool we will have to rely on clinical examination and testing to assess whether a particular patient is suffering from a TBI, a psychological injury, or is attempting to deceive us. So can we determine if a claimant is trying to deceive us with clinical examination and testing? First, it is useful to define exactly what malingering is. According to the American Psychiatric Association, malingering is “the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives…” In the case of malingering in a personal injury claim, the external incentive is to obtain compensation from the tort system. It is also useful to know that the vast majority of mild traumatic brain injury resolves within 6 months. Most mild traumatic brain injuries are unremarkable events that are self-limiting and require little active care. In most cases, a person suffering a mild traumatic brain injury will get better no matter what they do and whether they seek treatment or not. The symptoms of traumatic brain injury are nonspecific and include memory loss, attention deficits, mood changes, anxiety, and headache. These symptoms are also present in psychological conditions such as depression and PTSD and are so nonspecific as to be easily feigned. Fortunately, neuropsychological testing “can identify those who exaggerate or fake with moderately high levels of sensitivity and specificity.” One of the chief ways of detecting feigners is through the use of tests or indices that measure effort or intentional failure. These include the Test of Memory Malingering (“TOMM”), the Word Memory Test, the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias, the Portland Digit Recognition Test, and the Victoria Symptom Validity Test. For example, the TOMM has been found to have a 100% positive predictive power (the likelihood that a person has the condition when a test detects the condition) and a 90% negative predictive power (probability that a person does not have the condition when a test does not detect the condition). Researchers noted that “these statistics indicate that we can be 90% confident that a person gave good effort when he or she scored above the suggested cutoff value (for suboptimal performance). On the other hand, when a participant scored below the cutoff, we can have 100% confidence that he or she performed suboptimally.” Interested in learning more about traumatic brain injuries and how to tell legitimate claims from illegitimate ones? Attend Medical Systems’ Advanced Medical Topics in Civil Litigation Symposium where Dr. Marc Novom and Dr. Brad Grunert will tackle traumatic brain injury from medical and psychological perspectives to give you their insights on how they analyze these claims and what you can do to manage them more effectively. What is it about shoulders? They seem to cause an inordinate amount of problems, especially when the rotator cuff is involved. And invariably, there is a question as to whether a shoulder claim involves an acute injury, an acute aggravation of a preexisting condition, an occupational injury, or the mere manifestation of a preexisting condition. One of the biggest challenges in claims is determining whether and to what extent a shoulder condition is work-related. Unfortunately, this task is often difficult for physicians too. The hallmark of an acute rotator cuff injury is an asymptomatic shoulder, a discernible traumatic event, and immediate pain and weakness. Unfortunately, this type of presentation accounts for less than 10% of all rotator cuff tears according to some literature. In addition, the medical literature suggests that acute rotator cuff tears are underdiagnosed in emergency departments and often attributed to tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, or some combination of all three. To further complicate matters, many other conditions of the shoulder, cervical spine, and peripheral nerve system can produce symptoms that are similar to symptoms occurring in rotator cuff tears. And finally, a somewhat sizable percentage of the population has asymptomatic rotator cuff tears which makes the determination of the etiology of the cuff defect difficult to determine. The best way to assess whether a rotator cuff tear is acute or traumatic is with diagnostic imaging. Numerous studies have found that mid-substance tears are more likely to be acute than insertional tears. The presence of swelling and joint fluid or a hematoma also suggest that a tear is acute. To the contrary, the absence of joint and bursal fluid suggests a chronic tear. The presence of fatty infiltration and the degree of rotator cuff atrophy are also useful findings to assess the chronicity of the tear. Interestingly, at least one study found that the “injury mechanism and the activity at the moment of injury did not correlate with the presence of a rotator cuff lesion,” but also found “a strong age correlation, with a prevalence of RCTs above 50% in patients aged over 50 years…” This study suggests a shockingly high rate of rotator cuff injury resulting from shoulder trauma in persons over 50. The strong correlation between age and rotator cuff tear caused one study’s authors to postulate that “it is even likely that there [is] no such thing as an acute cuff tear without some previous tendon degeneration.” The authors of another study address the complicated relationship between the chronicity and symptomatic nature of rotator cuff tears and note that the “duration of symptoms does not necessarily reflect the duration a patient has had a rotator cuff tear… It is not understood why full-thickness tears become symptomatic in some individuals and not others.” How then, can any physician determine to a reasonable degree of medical certainty if a particular rotator cuff tear relates to the patient’s employment in the absence of diagnostic imaging that suggests a tear is acute? In truth, the answer is that any physician who attributes a symptomatic rotator cuff tear to a workplace injury is most likely engaging in speculation if there is no acute traumatic event and no diagnostic imaging evidence demonstrating that the tear is acute. This doesn’t mean that the tear can’t be acute and work-related, simply that there is no reasonable basis for a physician to determine the exact etiology of the tear to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. In handling claims, it is important to recognize these situations and pose the question to the IME doctor directly as to there is any way, given the current state of evidence-based medicine, to determine what caused a rotator cuff tear (or caused it to become symptomatic) to a reasonable degree of medical certainty in the absence of an acute traumatic event, diagnostic imaging evidence that a tear is acute, or occupational risk factors such as repetitive overhead work. If there are no specific risk factors, no precipitating injury, and no diagnostic imaging evidence of an acute tear, the answer should always be “no.” From a claims perspective, there are several useful things that can be gleaned from the medical literature addressing rotator cuff conditions. First, a definitive assessment of causation in the absence of a discrete, acute precipitating event with imaging evidence demonstrating the presence of an acute tear or an occupational risk factor should be considered impossible. Of course treating surgeons will attempt to relate rotator cuff conditions to workplace injuries that do not meet the above criteria, but it is incumbent from a claims perspective that the IME physician points to the relevant medical literature and explains why it is not possible, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, to determine the etiology of a rotator cuff tear in the absence of the above criteria. Second, it should not come as a surprise if an employee over 40 who says they hurt their shoulder and is told that it is just a strain or tendinitis when they go the ER later discovers she has a rotator cuff tear. The medical literature suggests that clinical examination in the emergency setting underestimate the presence of rotator cuff tears. The relevant study found that in the patient population complaining of an acute shoulder injury who have an inability to perform active abduction above 90° and normal radiographs, more than 50% will have rotator cuff tears. In establishing reserves, if the medical records show normal radiographs coupled with an inability to actively abduct the shoulder above 90°, it may be wise to consider the likelihood of a rotator cuff tear requiring surgical intervention to be 50%. Finally, knowing the different shoulder, neck, and peripheral nerve conditions that have similar symptom constellations to rotator cuff tear will help to assess what the likely diagnosis will be based on the clinical history, examination, and positive findings. Thus, a shoulder complaint that can be localized to the acromioclavicular joint, is more likely to be a shoulder separation or acromioclavicular arthritis than a rotator cuff tear. In another example, a complaint of gradual onset of shoulder pain with weakness that is especially noticeable during sleeping hours is likely to be a chronic rotator cuff tear or advanced impingement syndrome than an acute rotator cuff injury. The bottom line is that shoulder injuries are often difficult claims, especially when they involve rotator cuffs. Knowing the medical literature about how rotator cuff tears occur and what suggests acute versus chronic tears can help guide the claims analysis. To learn more about the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of rotator cuff tears, join us on February 26, 2015 for the Medical Systems Advanced Medical Topics in Worker’s Compensation in Brookfield, Wisconsin at which Dr. Bartlett will give an in-depth presentation on acute shoulder injuries. Claim handlers and legal professionals alike will gain valuable information on what claims will likely be compensable and what medical information can be used to defend against those which should not be compensable. The employee is a delivery driver and is in a rollover accident. Miraculously she suffers only minor injuries in the crash. However, she hits the inside part of her right leg near her knee in the rollover and now, 18 months after the rollover, she still can’t go back to regular duty because she has a permanent foot drop. Another employee gets his hand stuck in the machine he works on. The broken bones heal and the tendons are repaired. Unfortunately, it has been difficult returning him to work because he complains of burning pain every time he touches anything with the injured hand and his doctor has permanently restricted him to one-handed work. What do these claims have in common? Peripheral nerve injuries. Peripheral nerve injuries are complicated, slow-healing, and often result in permanency. Why are they so complicated and what you can do to make peripheral nerve injury claims go as smoothly as possible? In this short primer, we hope to answer some of these questions. To understand why nerve injuries are so challenging, it helps to know some basic nerve physiology. Nerve cells (neurons) are essentially made up of little factories (axons) that produce chemicals (neurotransmitters) which mediate the electrical signals each nerve cell sends (axon) and receives (dendrite). Nerve cells are not physically connected to each other and must send the electrical signals across a gap (synapse) to the next nerve cell (dendrite). The axon of each nerve cell is encased in fatty cells (myelin) that increase the rate at which electrical signals are transmitted between nerve cells. Branching extensions of the nerve cells (dendrites) receive the electrical signal from the axon of an adjacent nerve cell and transmit the signal to the axon for further transmission. A failure of any part of this process will disrupt the nerve cell’s functioning and cause sensory or motor problems or both. Unfortunately, nerve injuries take a long time to heal and often heal poorly because of the complex, compound, and disconnected nature of nerve cells. Nerve injuries are categorized according to the degree to which the nerve cells are compromised. There are two classification systems – one use three categories and one using six categories. This post will use the simpler, three part system because it is more concise (the six part system breaks second degree injuries into four subcategories based on the seriousness of the injury). In first degree injuries, or neurapraxia, the nerve remains intact but its signaling ability is damaged. Ordinarily persons suffering first degree injuries recover completely without residual sensory or motor impairment. In second degree injuries, or axonotmesis, the axon is damaged but the surrounding connective tissues remain intact. Recovery takes longer than in first degree injuries, but complete recovery without residual sensory or motor impairment is still the general rule. In third degree injuries, or neurotmesis, both the axon and the surrounding connective tissue are damaged. Recovery is exceptionally long in third degree injuries and typically results in some residual sensory or motor impairment. In addition, surgery is often necessary to restore function in third degree injuries. The alternate classification system essentially divides the axonotmesis category into four parts based on the severity of the insult to the axon. We will focus on third degree injuries because they are the most difficult to treat and usually result in permanency. In a third degree nerve injury both the axon and supporting connective tissue are injured. This means that the nerve cell must regenerate both the axon and its supporting structure. The regeneration is complicated by a post-injury process called Wallerian degeneration. Approximately 24-36 hours after the initial injury, the axonal injury disintegrates, the myelin sheath degrades, and macrophages and Schwann cells remove the cellular debris from the injury. In third degree injuries, the supporting connective tissue (endoneurium), which is a tubular structure containing individual axonal fibers, is severed. This causes problems because regenerating axonal fibers may meander into surrounding tissue or inappropriate neural tubes, thus failing to reinnervate their proper end organs. The resulting loss of function is analogous to what would happen in a marionette show if the strings to the marionette controllers are cut and then randomly reattached, sometimes to the correct controller, sometimes to the incorrect controller. Nothing really works right. When nerve cells start regenerating after Wallerian degeneration, the process is slow. Within four days of the injury, the injured axons start sending sprouts toward the neurolemma (tube comprised of Schwann cells surrounding the axon). Schwann cells produce growth factors that attract the sprouts. If a sprout reaches a neurolemma, it grows into the tube and advances approximately 1 mm per day until it reaches and reinnervates the target tissue. Surgery may be necessary to guide the sprouts into the neurolemma when the gap is too wide or scar tissue has formed. This regeneration and repair phase can last many months. Human peripheral neurons are capable of initiating a regenerative response for at least 12 months after an injury. Hence, it can be well after a year from the date of injury before a treating physician or an IME doctor will be able to place a patient who sustained a peripheral nerve injury at maximum medical improvement. Further complicating matters, third degree injuries do not usually heal completely. Several factors can contribute to an incomplete recovery. First, intramuscular fibrosis (scarring) may hinder the muscle contraction a nerve impulse produces. Erroneous cross-reinnervation may result in impaired functioning (the marionettes with crossed strings). The imperfect regeneration also results in sensory deficits, especially in proprioception (how the body perceives itself in space), that rarely go away completely. Even in first and second degree nerve injuries, sensory recovery often takes 6-12 months, so determining whether and to what degree permanent sensory impairment has resulted can take a year or more post-injury. The site of the injury itself and the regeneration process can result in the development of neuromas or gliomas, which can increase pain and disability. If surgical realignment or stump approximation does not occur, the migration of axoplasm may form a neuroma, which is an errant scaffolding (structure) for axonal migration. Essentially, the strands of axonal fibers get tangled as they seek the distal nerve stump, forming a ball of connective tissue and axonal fibers. While some neuromas cause no problems, many are painful and impair functioning. Treatment and rehabilitation following peripheral nerve injury present their own challenges. For example, in nerve injuries with extensive damage a graft may be needed to connect the two ends of viable nerve. Using a graft will leave the patient with a large area of numbness that the donor nerve previously innervated. The size of this area of numbness will shrink over time, but will not go completely away resulting in residual permanency for loss of sensation at a site remote from the injury. In addition, nerve regeneration itself can be uncomfortable and accompanied by paresthesia (pins and needles) as the target tissue is reinnervated. Some of the direct consequences of peripheral nerve injury included: Unfortunately neuropathic pain is not well-understood and is difficult to treat. Anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants are the most popular drugs for neuropathic pain. “Complete relief is very difficult and only 40-60% of patients achieve partial relief.” The persistence and refractory nature of neuropathic pain causes psychological distress and is difficult to understand for persons who are accustomed to the way more typical musculoskeletal pain responds to conventional analgesic medications. From a claims standpoint, neuropathic pain presents great impediments to returning claimants to work because claimants are conditioned to equate pain with physical disability and loss of function, but neuropathic pain frequently does not impair function and is only disabling from a psychological perspective (not to diminish the psychological distress that neuropathic pain causes). It is critical for return to work efforts that the treating physicians and occupational/physical therapists convey the distinction between neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain to the claimant to avoid protracted disability beyond the period of actual physical impairment caused by the injury. Weakness and loss of function are common complications of third degree nerve injuries because even in the best case scenario nerve regeneration is imperfect. As noted above, weakness and loss of function result from many complicating factors including slow regrowth causing irreparable muscle atrophy, imperfect regrowth resulting in loss of function, and the presence of scar tissue in the muscle preventing normal contracture. This presents challenges to the claim handler who must attempt to gauge return to work, appropriate rehabilitation, and permanent partial disability. EMG can determine the rate at which nerves are growing and muscles are reinnervating, but functional use/restoration will lag behind reinnervation. The reinnervated muscles have been without innervation for a time, so the body must relearn how to use the muscles again which takes time. In addition, the muscles are usually reinnervated imperfectly, so the body is not only relearning how to use the newly innervated muscles, but it is also learning a new neural pattern of action. The body cannot rely on muscle memory to speed the relearning process because the newly configured reinnervation is different than it was before, meaning muscle memory itself is altered or lost. Some studies have found that conservative therapies can be used alone or in conjunction with surgery to help restore function in peripheral nerve injuries. Laser phototherapy “maintains functional activity of the injured nerve for a long period, decreases scar tissue formation at the injury site, decreases degeneration in corresponding motor neurons of the spinal cord and significantly increases axonal growth and myelinization.” In addition, acupuncture has been found to be an effective treatment modality in improving the rate of recovery. In managing nerve injury claims, it is important to know what therapies work and what do not. Effective claim handlers should be conversant in treatment modalities that can hasten recovery and improve ultimate function so they can ensure patients with peripheral nerve injuries receive the treatment that will get them to an end of healing the fastest and will minimize the inevitable permanent partial disability rating. Even with effective conservative treatment modalities such as laser phototherapy or acupuncture, recovering function and building strength in peripheral nerve injuries are long and arduous processes that require skilled therapy and a motivated patient. If either variable is lacking, recovery is likely to be compromised. A supreme difficulty for claim handlers is managing the nerve injury case where either the employee lacks motivation or their choice of treating therapist appears to be wanting in some fashion. Early engagement in the claim can help foster a “can do” attitude in the injured worker and a positive relationship with the therapist so that he or she pushes the worker and provides the highest and best evidence-supported rehabilitative care. The Medical Systems, Inc. “Advanced Topics in Worker’s Compensation Symposium” will address these and other issues related to severe, acute industrial injuries to the hand and wrist with Dr. Jan Bax. Join us to learn why severe hand and wrist injuries present such difficult challenges, what the best medical and surgical treatments of these injuries are, and what strategies you can utilize to help claimants get the best physical recovery and (in the process) lower your costs.

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Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition that primarily affects the face, causing redness and visible blood vessels. It often begins with episodes of flushing and can progress to persistent redness, acne-like bumps, and thickened skin. Understanding the nature of rosacea and its symptoms is essential for effectively managing this condition. What is Rosacea? Rosacea is a skin disorder that typically manifests on the central areas of the face, including the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. It is characterized by facial redness and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as stinging or burning sensations, visible blood vessels, and the development of small, red bumps or pustules. The exact cause of rosacea is still unknown, but factors such as genetics, immune system dysfunction, and certain environmental triggers are believed to play a role in its development. While rosacea can affect anyone, it is more commonly observed in individuals with fair skin and a family history of the condition. Common Symptoms of Rosacea Rosacea presents with various symptoms that can vary in severity from person to person. Some of the most commonly observed symptoms include: - Facial redness: Persistent redness on the central areas of the face, often resembling a blush or sunburn. - Flushing: Episodes of sudden and temporary facial redness, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heat or warmth. - Visible blood vessels: Small, dilated blood vessels that are visible on the surface of the skin. - Bumps and pimples: Development of small, red bumps or pus-filled pimples similar to acne. - Thickened skin: In some cases, the skin may become thicker, especially around the nose, leading to a bulbous appearance. It is important to note that rosacea symptoms can fluctuate and may be triggered by various factors. Identifying these triggers can help individuals manage their condition more effectively. Triggers and Factors that Aggravate Rosacea Rosacea symptoms can be exacerbated by certain triggers and factors, including: - Sun exposure: Prolonged sun exposure and intense heat can lead to flare-ups of rosacea symptoms. It is crucial to protect the skin from the sun by wearing broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF and seeking shade when necessary. - Hot beverages and spicy foods: Consuming hot beverages, such as coffee and tea, as well as spicy foods can trigger flushing and worsen rosacea symptoms in some individuals. - Alcohol: Alcohol consumption, particularly red wine and spirits, has been known to trigger rosacea flare-ups. It is advisable for individuals with rosacea to limit their alcohol intake or avoid it altogether. - Stress: Emotional stress and anxiety can contribute to rosacea flare-ups. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, may help alleviate symptoms. - Harsh skincare products: Using harsh cleansers, toners, or exfoliants can irritate the skin and aggravate rosacea. Opt for mild, non-irritating skincare products specifically formulated for sensitive skin. - Extreme temperatures: Exposure to extreme cold or hot weather conditions can trigger rosacea symptoms. Protecting the skin from extreme temperatures and using appropriate clothing or accessories can help minimize flare-ups. Understanding rosacea triggers is crucial in managing the condition and reducing the frequency and severity of flare-ups. By identifying and avoiding these triggers, individuals with rosacea can take proactive steps towards maintaining a more balanced and comfortable complexion. For further information on managing rosacea symptoms, consider reading our article on managing rosacea symptoms. Skincare Tips for Rosacea When it comes to managing rosacea, a consistent and gentle skincare routine can make a significant difference in improving the condition of your skin. Here are some essential skincare tips to help you achieve a flawless complexion: Cleansing is an important step in any skincare routine, especially for individuals with rosacea. However, it’s crucial to choose a cleanser that is gentle and non-irritating. Look for fragrance-free and soap-free cleansers specifically formulated for sensitive skin. When cleansing your face, use lukewarm water and avoid hot water as it can trigger flare-ups. Gently massage the cleanser onto your skin using your fingertips rather than harsh scrubbing motions. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry with a soft towel. Moisturizing for Hydration Moisturizing is essential for individuals with rosacea as it helps to hydrate and soothe the skin. Look for moisturizers that are fragrance-free, hypoallergenic, and non-comedogenic. These formulations are less likely to irritate the skin or clog pores. Choose moisturizers that contain hydrating ingredients like hyaluronic acid or ceramides to help replenish and retain moisture. Apply the moisturizer to your face and neck using gentle upward motions, avoiding any harsh rubbing. Sun Protection and SPF Sun exposure is a common trigger for rosacea flare-ups. Protecting your skin from harmful UV rays is vital in managing the condition. Look for broad-spectrum sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 30. Apply sunscreen generously to all exposed areas of your face and neck, even on cloudy days. Opt for physical sunscreens that contain ingredients like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. These create a protective barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the sun’s rays. Remember to reapply sunscreen every two hours, especially if you are outdoors or sweating. By following these skincare tips, you can help reduce inflammation, soothe your skin, and achieve a flawless complexion. Remember to be consistent with your skincare routine and listen to your skin’s needs. For more information on managing rosacea and reducing redness, check out our article on reducing redness in rosacea. Calming and Soothing Ingredients When it comes to managing rosacea, incorporating calming and soothing ingredients into your skincare routine can help reduce inflammation and promote a clearer complexion. There are both natural remedies and specific ingredients to look for in skincare products that can provide relief for rosacea symptoms. Natural Remedies for Rosacea Natural remedies can be a gentle and effective way to soothe rosacea-prone skin. Here are a few options to consider: Aloe Vera: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, aloe vera can help calm redness and irritation associated with rosacea. Apply pure aloe vera gel to affected areas and leave it on for 15-20 minutes before rinsing off. Green Tea: Green tea contains antioxidants that can help reduce inflammation. Brew a cup of green tea, allow it to cool, and use it as a facial mist or soak a clean cloth in the tea and apply it to your face as a compress. Chamomile: Chamomile has soothing properties that can alleviate redness and inflammation. Steep chamomile tea bags in hot water, let them cool, and then place them on your face for a few minutes. Oatmeal: Oatmeal has anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties. Create an oatmeal mask by mixing ground oatmeal with water to form a paste. Apply the mixture to your face, leave it on for 10-15 minutes, and rinse off with lukewarm water. Remember to patch test any natural remedies before applying them to your entire face to ensure you don’t have any adverse reactions. For more information on natural remedies for rosacea, visit our article on natural remedies for rosacea. Ingredients to Look for in Skincare Products When choosing skincare products for rosacea, it’s important to opt for gentle formulations that are free from potential irritants. Here are some key ingredients to look for: Hyaluronic Acid: Hyaluronic acid is a hydrating ingredient that helps to moisturize the skin without clogging pores. It can soothe dryness and improve the skin’s barrier function. Niacinamide: Niacinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that has anti-inflammatory properties. It can help reduce redness and calm irritated skin. Licorice Extract: Licorice extract contains compounds that can help soothe sensitive skin and reduce redness. It also has antioxidant properties that can protect the skin from environmental stressors. Centella Asiatica: Also known as gotu kola, centella asiatica has anti-inflammatory properties and can help repair and strengthen the skin barrier. Allantoin: Allantoin is a soothing ingredient that helps to calm and protect the skin. It can reduce redness and irritation associated with rosacea. By incorporating skincare products with these calming ingredients into your routine, you can help manage rosacea symptoms and promote a healthier complexion. Remember to always read product labels and patch test new products to ensure compatibility with your skin. For more tips on creating a rosacea-friendly skincare routine, check out our article on rosacea-friendly skincare routine. Makeup Tips for Rosacea For individuals with rosacea, using makeup can help minimize the appearance of redness and create a more even complexion. However, it’s essential to choose the right makeup products and employ specific application techniques to avoid exacerbating the condition. Let’s explore some makeup tips for rosacea that can help you achieve a flawless look. Choosing the Right Makeup Products When selecting makeup products for rosacea-prone skin, it’s crucial to opt for those specifically formulated for sensitive skin. Look for products labeled as “rosacea-friendly” or “suitable for sensitive skin”. These products are typically free of common irritants and have a gentle formulation. Here are some key points to consider when choosing makeup products: Foundation: Choose a lightweight, non-comedogenic foundation with a green tint. Green color corrects redness, helping to neutralize the appearance of flushed skin. Avoid heavy or oil-based foundations, as they can clog pores and worsen the condition. Concealer: Use a creamy concealer with a yellow undertone to counteract redness. Apply it only to areas with visible redness or blemishes, blending it gently with your fingertips or a makeup sponge. Powders: Opt for loose or mineral powders instead of pressed powders. These are less likely to clog pores and can provide a matte finish without exacerbating redness. Blush: Choose blush shades that complement your skin tone and appear natural. Light peachy or pink shades tend to work well for most individuals with rosacea. Apply blush sparingly to the apples of your cheeks, blending it softly to create a subtle flush. Remember to always perform a patch test on a small area of your skin to ensure that the makeup products do not cause any irritation or flare-ups. Application Techniques for Rosacea Proper application techniques can make a significant difference in achieving a natural-looking finish while minimizing the appearance of redness. Here are some application tips for individuals with rosacea: Preparation: Start with a clean and moisturized face. Apply a gentle moisturizer suitable for sensitive skin to create a smooth canvas for makeup application. Allow it to absorb fully before proceeding. Color Correction: If your foundation doesn’t already have a green tint, consider using a green color-correcting primer or a color-correcting concealer on areas of redness before applying foundation. Gently blend the color corrector into the skin for an even base. Light Layering: Instead of applying a thick layer of foundation, opt for light and buildable coverage. Apply a small amount of foundation using a damp makeup sponge or a brush, gradually building up the coverage as needed. This approach helps to avoid a heavy and cakey appearance. Spot Concealing: Use a small concealer brush to apply concealer only on areas with visible redness or blemishes. Pat the concealer onto the skin and blend it gently to avoid rubbing or tugging on the delicate skin. Finishing Touches: Once you’ve applied your foundation and concealer, set your makeup with a light dusting of loose or mineral powder. This helps to extend the longevity of your makeup and minimize shine throughout the day. By following these makeup tips for rosacea, you can achieve a natural-looking complexion while minimizing the appearance of redness. Remember, it’s essential to prioritize skincare and choose makeup products that are gentle and suitable for sensitive skin. Lifestyle Tips for Managing Rosacea Living with rosacea involves more than just skincare. Making certain lifestyle adjustments can help manage the symptoms and reduce flare-ups. Here are some essential lifestyle tips to consider: Stress is known to trigger rosacea flare-ups. Finding effective stress management techniques can help minimize the impact on your skin. Consider incorporating activities such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or engaging in hobbies that promote relaxation. Check out our article on rosacea and meditation for more information. Diet and Nutrition While there is no specific “rosacea diet,” certain dietary choices can potentially aggravate symptoms. It’s important to identify your personal triggers and make adjustments accordingly. Spicy foods, hot beverages, alcohol, and acidic foods have been reported to trigger flare-ups in some individuals. Experimenting with an elimination diet or seeking guidance from a healthcare professional or registered dietitian can be beneficial. Learn more about rosacea diet and nutrition in our comprehensive article. Skincare Routine Adjustments Adapting your skincare routine to accommodate your rosacea is crucial. Opt for gentle, fragrance-free products that are specifically formulated for sensitive skin. Avoid harsh ingredients like alcohol, exfoliants, and abrasive scrubs that can aggravate your skin. Our article on rosacea-friendly skincare routine provides detailed guidance on how to care for your skin. Additionally, incorporating cooling techniques and using soothing products can help calm and reduce redness. Check out our article on cooling techniques for rosacea and soothing products for rosacea for more information. By implementing these lifestyle tips, you can effectively manage your rosacea and reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups. It’s important to remember that what works for one person may not work for another, so it’s essential to listen to your skin and find the strategies that work best for you. Seeking support from rosacea support groups can also provide valuable insights and coping strategies. Remember, managing rosacea is a journey, and with the right lifestyle adjustments, you can improve your quality of life and promote a healthier complexion.

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Blog: Blockchains and trust Many have heard how, according to economics, technological development is the main driver for economic growth in the long run. Because of this it has been often assumed that the countries lagging in technology will grow faster in the future compared to the technologically advanced countries, because they can utilize the technology developed in the advanced countries. In real world this hasn’t been the case and the gap between developing countries and developed countries is still large, and in many cases even growing. So why is this? According to former World bank economist Stephen Knack, the biggest single explaining factor for this is trust. This blog post will go over how trust creates efficiency to markets and how blockchain technology can revolutionize the economies of the countries with low trust and lift people up from poverty. Last updated: 10.03.2022 12:34Quick economic framework Through what mechanism does trust create efficiency to economic activity and create wealth? To simplify, when the economic actors can trust the validity of contracts and agreements, it will create better incentives to invest and lower the cost needed for controlling and enforcing contracts. Because the whole economic activity can be described as making contracts between different parties, the effect of high trust will quickly multiply through the whole society. Paul Zak’s and Stephen Knack’s research on the subjects found that a 15% increase in trust increases GDP/capita growth by 1%. Over the years this will multiply with compounded interest and create incredible growth to countries with high trust. Next, let’s briefly model trust effects with economic function that will help visualize the benefit of trust, and examples on how this can be seen in real life. The benefits of trust can be modeled with expected utility function. To simplify, we can think that an economic event can have two possible outcomes, one positive and one negative. The expected utility is the sum of these two outcomes. Take for example the expected benefit of buying a house. In a positive event everything goes as expected and the buyer gets to keep and live in their house. In the negative outcome the buyer for some reason loses their house and with it the money spent on it. The higher the likelihood for the negative outcome is the lower the expected utility will be. This is of course a simplified example, but it helps to understand the mechanism by which higher trust creates efficiency to the economy. When people can trust that the agreement’s other side, for example bank or the state, will follow the terms of the agreement, will this lower the possibility of the negative outcome thus raising the expected utility. However, if there is a high likelihood that the other party will breach the contract terms, the expected utility will fall. In the example of buying a house, a breach of the contract can be for example the bank’s unilateral decision to alter the loan terms, or the expropriation of the house by the state. Buying a house is also a good example on how trust can compound though society. Usually, the buyer will need a loan to buy a house. The higher the trust between the loan applicant and lender is, the cheaper the loan can be. In countries with high trust, people can get very long loans with moderate interest rates from banks. In addition, both the bank and the home buyer can trust that the ownership of the house is secure and provable. If the buyer lives in a county with low trust, the purchase will be considerably harder. Often in these countries the financial institutions are less advanced or even non- existent compared to stable countries. For this reason, getting a loan from the bank can be very hard for many people. The interest rates and loan time will also be significantly worse. In addition to these factors, the trust for example to property rights are considerably lower, as a natural disaster or regime change can destroy the evidence of ownership overnight. This has been the case for example in Haiti, where hurricanes destroyed peoples houses and at same time the evidence of the ownerships and insurances. The World Bank has also drawn attention to this problem. If people can’t trust that their ownership can be proven, the expected utility to invest in long term wealth-building projects will decrease, and slow down the growth of people’s prosperity. Similar examples can be found throughout the economy, where trust between different parties will raise efficiency and utility for all parties. How can trust then be built to achieve this? This is an excellent question, where we haven’t clearly been able to find a permanent answer. But with blockchain technology there has been a different kind of solution. What if we wouldn’t need trust between the parties at all? Blockchains and trust Usually, the trust has been tried to be established by using so-called trusted third parties (TTPs). TTPs are for example banks that handle money transactions, the state offices that are responsible for keeping needed documents safe and up to date, as well as many other institutions. But, like stated before, often trust to these institutions is very hard to build or in some cases they aren’t even trustworthy to all parties. From the development of cryptocurrencies and other blockchain projects have luckily risen many innovations that can help to solve the lack of trust. In short, blockchain is a distributed ledger or database and the data stored into it cannot be later changed. This sounds simple, but it has the potential to revolutionize the world in many ways. Firstly, blockchain can bring financial services to millions, even billions, of people who haven’t had access to them before. Because using cryptocurrencies doesn’t need banks or any other institutions, can anyone who has access to the internet also use cryptocurrencies. In addition to financial services, blockchain technology can better many more services that have required TTPs until now. In many cases blockchain can completely remove the need for TTP. Large percentage of blockchain projects are so-called trustless systems. This means that the systems enable interactions between parties completely unknown to each other without the need to trust the other party or centralized third party. In the centre of these systems are public blockchain, open- source code, that anyone can check and verify if they want, and lastly decentralized governance, which ensures that not a single centralized actor can control how the system operates. This means that users don’t have to trust any single actor because the trust is built into the systems protocol and incentives, on which centralized actors cannot affect. Next, we’ll go through some examples of these kinds of services and how blockchain technology can potentially fix the trust dilemma in them in the future. The trusted institution for currencies is mainly the banking sector and especially the central banks. A big problem for trust is that central banks can create money out of nothing as much as they want and destroy the value of already circulating money with inflation. In addition, using banks to safekeep funds creates risk for bank accounts being frozen or funds to be confiscated, especially in unstable countries. These problems make it more difficult for example to save up for investments. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Litecoin, make it possible to safekeep and transfer assets digitally without the need for a third party. This means that for example people can send remittances without banks, which can charge very high fees for these services. Cryptocurrencies also run predictably following their protocol that no one can change. This removes the uncertainty for unexpected monetary changes. Thanks to these features the person from the previous house buying examples can save their earnings before the purchase, even in unstable countries, without the fear of somebody stealing them or destroying their value with inflation. This means the expected utility of saving money increases as the probability for these negative events decreases. 2. Financial services Banks are considered trusted parties also in many other financial services. These include for example loan services, insurances, and investment services. With DeFi services the home buyer from the previous example can now apply for a loan globally without the need to resort to the local, potentially corrupt, banking sector. In decentralized loan services, such as Aave, everyone can get a loan on the same terms, without the need for the familiar bureaucracy of traditional banking services. Also the fear of sudden unilateral decision to alter loan terms disappears. Loans created with smart contracts cannot be altered after the fact with the lender's decision. These services also increase equality, because the code doesn’t care if the borrower is a farmer from Indonesia or a banker from New York, the service is the same for everyone. This means people aren’t excluded from these financial services, which has been a big problem for especially minorities and women of several countries. This won’t necessarily revolutionize the lives of people living in rich and stable countries, but it can improve the opportunities for people in poor countries with bad financial infrastructure to finance their lives and businesses in unprecedented ways. There are also many DeFi projects, like Synthetix and UMA, that are creating opportunities for these people to invest in more traditional investments like the stock market. Before the internet, investing into stock markets was quite difficult even for many residents in rich countries. With the help of the blockchain technology these services can also be enabled to people in the poorest countries, without bank accounts and without the need for third parties. Blockchain technology thus can remove barriers of entry for financial services and increase their trustworthiness, as they no longer need to be tied to institutions in one's own area. 3. Data markets As a result of digitalisation, data has become an increasingly more valuable and demanded commodity. As a new kind and hard to perceived commodity the ownership and monetisation of data has been however concentrated largely to big tech companies like Google and Meta (previously Facebook). Having data controlled by a single actor, and even on centralized data servers, it will be vulnerable to natural disasters, attacks, and manipulation. Many will remember news about how attacks on centralized cloud servers have led to the data of millions of people, and for example users’ images, and documents, to be stolen by hackers. Many blockchain projects have built services to enable decentralized data storage, in which case data cannot be controlled by centralized entities. When data is distributed to a decentralized global network, an attacker or natural disaster cannot no longer corrupt the data from a single point. This also makes the data more trustworthy because the user doesn’t even need to trust the service provider when the data is stored in a distributed manner into blockchain. In this case no single operator, even the service provider, can manipulate the data, like is the case in current centralized systems. This is also more cost efficient as the data can be stored to users’ idle storage spaces, meaning the users can be also compensated. It is very possible that the current companies dominating the cloud service markets, like Amazon, Google and Microsoft, will also utilize blockchain technology for the services in the future. If they don’t, the competition will ensure that their market share will collapse. By using blockchain and cryptography, user data can also be made better crypted and so that only the owner of the data has the control to share it. For example, a blockchain project called Ontology has been creating a service around this. Already in the near future this technology can be used to improve for example the security of patient records. This allows people to better manage their own data in the future, without the fear of its misuse or falling into wrong hands. 4. Trust in registers Using blockchain to store data creates an opportunity to also improve many governmental activities. When documents and registers are saved into blockchain they remain there securely and without changes even if natural disasters or local conflicts would destroy local infrastructure. When the infrastructure for data maintenance is open and globally distributed, the events in the country cannot destroy it. This makes keeping these registers much more reliable and therefore more beneficial. Several countries have already started utilizing blockchain technology for example maintaining land registers. Of course, just the register doesn’t make sure that governments and state officials will respect these agreements, but blockchain gives the people an excellent tool for more transparency and evidence for these documents. The transparency enabled by blockchains reduces the potential for corruption and forces the administrations to operate more openly and be more trustworthy. Many more examples on how using blockchain technology can improve services that thus far have needed to trust third parties could be listed. Instead let’s recap on what these trustless systems utilizing blockchain could mean for the world. Historically, in stable countries these institutions have created a basis for unprecedented growth for the economy and well-being. Unfortunately, in many unstable areas in the world this hasn’t been the case. Now by using blockchain technology, infrastructure for these services can be built where people don’t need to trust third parties like banks, companies, or governments. These services can be produced and maintained globally in a distributed and open way, so that no single party can stop people from using them. In the future whether the issue is loans or property rights, people don’t have to fear that the side with more power suddenly changes terms of agreement with unilateral decisions or forges documents. Many powerful institutions will most certainly fight against this development. But we can see from history that the resistance against good development is not worth it. We are going to see more and more decentralized services, like Aave, but also centralized companies and governments that will utilize blockchain technology. This competition for people’s trust will be especially beneficial for those who haven’t had the access to utilize trustworthy services and reliable agreements. As the examples in the beginning of the blog showed, when the probability of betrayal of the trust decreases, the expected utility and thus well-being will increase. Manu Isto Cryptocurrency specialist

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A number of new commercial online services have emerged in recent years, each promising to reshape some aspect of the way Americans go about their lives. Some of these services offer on-demand access to goods or services with the click of a mouse or swipe of a smartphone app. Others promote the commercialized sharing of products or expertise, while still others seek to connect communities of interest and solve problems using open, collaborative platforms. These services have sparked a wide-ranging cultural and political debate on issues such as how they should be regulated, their impact on the changing nature of jobs and their overall influence on users’ day-to-day lives. A national Pew Research Center survey of 4,787 American adults – its first-ever comprehensive study of the scope and impact of the shared, collaborative and on-demand economy – finds that usage of these platforms varies widely across the population. In total, 72% of American adults have used at least one of 11 different shared and on-demand services. And some incorporate a relatively wide variety of these services into their daily lives: Around one-in-five Americans have used four or more of these services, and 7% have used six or more. At the same time, around one-quarter of Americans (28%) say they have not used any major shared or on-demand platforms, and many are wholly unfamiliar with the tools and vocabulary of the new digital economy. For instance, 15% of Americans have used ride-hailing apps like Uber or Lyft, but twice as many have never heard of these apps before. Similarly, 11% of Americans have used home-sharing platforms like Airbnb or VRBO, but roughly half have never heard of home-sharing sites. In addition: - 61% of Americans have never heard of the term “crowdfunding.” - 73% are not familiar with the term “sharing economy.” - 89% are not familiar with the term “gig economy.” Each of these individual platforms has its own unique user base. Still, exposure to these shared, collaborative and on-demand services at a broad level is heavily concentrated among certain demographic cohorts. In particular: College graduates – 39% of college graduates have used four or more of these services, compared with just 8% of those with a high school degree or less. At the same time, around one-quarter of college graduates have used none (11%) or only one (15%) of these services. Those with relatively high household incomes – 41% of Americans with an annual household income of $100,000 or more have used four or more of these services, three times the proportion among households earning less than $30,000 annually. Those under the age of 45 – Exposure to these shared and on-demand services begins to drop off rapidly starting at around age 45. Around one-third of those ages 18-44 have used four or more of these services, and relatively few in this age range have no exposure at all to these services. By contrast, 44% of Americans ages 50 and older (and 56% of those ages 65 and older) have not used any of these 11 platforms. A number of these services – though by no means all of them – are offered primarily in and around urban population centers. And urban and suburban residents are around twice as likely as those living in rural areas to use four or more of these services. At the same time, around one-quarter of urban and suburban dwellers have not used any of the platforms measured in this survey. This report offers a detailed examination of three different services that exemplify the shared, collaborative and on-demand economy: ride-hailing apps, home-sharing platforms and crowdfunding services. Key findings about each of these three services are discussed in more detail below. Ride-hailing apps (used by 15% of American adults) More so than many of the services examined in this survey, ride-hailing apps appeal heavily to younger adults. The median age of adult ride-hailing users in the United States is 33, and 18- to 29-year-olds are seven times as likely to use these services as are those age 65 and older (28% vs. 4%). Ride-hailing use is also heavily concentrated among urban residents (especially younger urbanites and those with relatively high levels of income and educational attainment), while being consistently low among rural residents of all kinds.1 Ride-hailing users’ attitudes toward these services are strongly positive; users are in near-universal agreement that ride-hailing saves them time and stress, and that these services offer good jobs for people who prioritize flexible working hours When presented with a number of attributes that might describe ride-hailing apps, users respond especially strongly to two in particular: 86% of ride-hailing users feel that these services save their users time and stress, while 80% feel that they offer good jobs for those who want flexible working hours. Users also broadly agree that these services could be a good transportation option for older adults with limited mobility, and that they are less expensive than traditional taxi services. Ride-hailing users are more divided on questions such as whether or not these services simply help serve people who already have plenty of transit options available to them, and whether they are a good way to transport unaccompanied minors. But relatively few (11%) think that these services collect too much personal information about their users. And a sizable majority of users feel that these services use drivers that they feel safe riding with (70% feel that this describes these services well, while just 5% disagree). Frequent ride-hailing users are less likely than other Americans to own a car – but also rely heavily on a range of other transit options Some 3% of American adults use ride-hailing apps on a daily or weekly basis, and around two-thirds of these regular ride-hailing users indicate that they own a car or regularly drive a personal vehicle. Although this means that a majority of these regular ride-hailing users are car owners/drivers, they are significantly less likely to own or drive a car than either occasional ride-hailing users or Americans who do not use ride-hailing at all. Yet although they are less dependent on personal vehicle ownership, these regular ride-hailing users rely heavily on a wide range of personal transportation options that go well beyond ride-hailing alone – such as taking public transit, walking or riding a bike, or even using traditional taxi services. To be sure, this trend carries a strong geographic component: For Americans who live far from urban centers, a personal vehicle might be the only available option to get from one place to another. But for those with the option of doing so, ride-hailing apps can serve as one element among many in a network of transportation options that can help reduce users’ reliance on personal vehicle ownership. Ride-hailing users are closely following the debate over the best way to regulate ride-hailing apps – and are extremely reluctant to apply legacy taxi regulations to these new services Just 15% of Americans have used ride-hailing apps themselves, but nearly half of all adults (48%) have heard at least something about the debate happening in cities across the country over how best to regulate these services. Ride-hailing users themselves are following this issue especially closely: Fully 85% of ride-hailing users have heard at least something about this debate, and 39% indicate that they have heard “a lot” about it. When it comes to their views on how to best regulate these services, the public at large is relatively split. Among Americans who have heard of this issue, 42% feel that these services should not be required to follow the same rules and regulations as existing taxi companies when it comes to things like pricing, insurance or disability access; 35% think that they should have to follow these rules, while the remaining 23% are not sure how they feel. But although the engaged segment of the general public is relatively divided, ride-hailing users themselves tend to favor the notion (by a two-to-one ratio) that these services should not have to follow the same rules and regulations as legacy taxi operators. Among ride-hailing users who have heard of this debate, 57% believe that these services should not be required to follow the existing regulations that are in place for incumbent providers, while just 27% believe that existing rules and regulations should in fact apply to these new market entrants. Are they contractors or employees? Employers or platforms? Users have varying views about the relationship between ride-hailing apps and ride-hailing drivers Ride-hailing apps are one of the leading examples of the so-called gig economy, but many users are not entirely clear about the nature of the relationship between these services and the drivers who use them. In the abstract, users tend to view these services as software platforms rather than transportation companies, and they view their drivers as independent contractors rather than employees. Some 58% of ride-hailing users view these apps as software companies that simply connect drivers with people who are looking for a ride, while 30% view them as transportation companies that have a great deal of control over their drivers and the overall customer experience. Similarly, 66% of ride-hailing users think of the drivers who work for these services as independent contractors, while 23% view them as employees of the app or service. At the same time, ride-hailing users place varying degrees of responsibility on drivers and the services themselves when it comes to managing various aspects of the day-to-day customer experience: - 68% of ride-hailing users believe that both drivers and the services themselves should be responsible for making sure that drivers are properly trained. One-quarter (23%) believe this is the sole responsibility of the services, while 8% think it is the responsibility of each individual driver. - 62% of users believe that both drivers and services should be responsible for making sure that the vehicles that customers request are clean and safe. Some 12% think this is the responsibility of the services alone, while 24% think it is up to individual drivers to ensure this. Ride-hailing apps are discussed in detail in Chapter 2 of this report. Home-sharing platforms (used by 11% of adults) Around one-in-ten Americans have used a home-sharing site such as Airbnb or HomeAway to stay in someone’s home for a period of time – and these services appeal to a relatively broad age spectrum in comparison with ride-hailing apps. Americans ages 35-44 are nearly twice as likely as those ages 18-24 to have used home-sharing services (16% vs. 9%), and the median age of home-sharing users in the United States is 42 – nearly a decade older than the median ride-hailing user. Users view these services as a good option for groups traveling together and a good way for homeowners to make extra income; at the same time, many users view these services as best for adventurous travelers, and around one-in-five think of them as risky to use When presented with several attributes that might define home-sharing services, users respond especially strongly to the notion that these services are a good option for families or people who travel as a group (87% of users feel that this describes home-sharing sites well), and that they are a good way for homeowners to earn extra money (85%). At the same time, many users of these sites view home-sharing as something that is perhaps not for everyone. Roughly half of users (53%) say these services are best-suited for adventurous travelers; 42% say the properties on these sites are not always as appealing as they seem online; and around one-in-five (18%) say they are generally risky to use. 37% of home-sharing users have used these services to stay in a shared space in someone’s home Some 37% of home-sharing users report that they have used these services to reserve a single room or other type of shared space in someone’s home (this works out to 4% of all American adults). However, many of these users express some level of reservation about doing so. Some 48% of those who have stayed in this type of shared lodging say they worry about staying with someone they have never met before, and 66% of these users feel that home-sharing services are best for adventurous travelers. In addition, these users are twice as likely to have had a bad experience using home-sharing compared with other users. As was true of ride-hailing, the structure of home-sharing services is difficult for many users to place into the context of the traditional hospitality industry Much like ride-hailing apps in the context of the employer/worker relationship, home-sharing services are structured much differently from traditional hotels – and consumers are not always clear on the precise nature of this new arrangement. Some 58% of home-sharing users indicate that they see these services as software companies whose business is simply connecting people with a spare room or empty house with others who are looking for a place to stay. At the same time, 26% view them as hospitality companies that vouch for the quality of the properties they list and have a good deal of control over the customer experience. And as was also true in the case of ride-hailing, home-sharing users place varying levels of responsibility on homeowners and the services themselves when it comes to managing specific aspects of the day-to-day user experience: - 67% of home-sharing users believe that both individual homeowners and the services themselves should be responsible for making sure that properties are described accurately. Some 8% think it is the sole responsibility of the app or service that people use to book their stay, while one-quarter (23%) believe it is the sole responsibility of individual homeowners. - 57% of users believe that both homeowners and services should be responsible for resolving payment issues between hosts and guests. Some 31% think this is the responsibility of the services alone, while 11% think it is the responsibility of individual homeowners. - 53% of users believe that both homeowners and services should be responsible for addressing problems that might come up during someone’s stay. One-in-ten (10%) believe that this is the sole responsibility of the app or service, while 35% believe it is the responsibility of the homeowner alone. Most home-sharing users are not following the debate over the legal and regulatory status of these services particularly closely; those who are following this issue tend to feel that these services should be legal, and that owners should not have to pay hotel or lodging taxes Much like ride-hailing apps, the legal and regulatory status of home-sharing services has been the subject of much debate in cities around the country. But in contrast to ride-hailing, relatively few Americans have been following the debate over home-sharing services: 22% of Americans have heard something about this issue, with just 6% indicating that they have heard “a lot” about it. Even users of home-sharing services themselves are not following this issue particularly closely: Just 19% of home-sharing users have heard “a lot” about it, while 37% have heard “a little.” But although home-sharing users have not been following the legal debate over these services with nearly the same intensity as their ride-hailing counterparts, those home-sharing users who have been following this issue tend to feel that these services should be both legal and tax-free for owners. Among home-sharing users who are aware of the legal debate over these services, 56% believe that these services should be legal, and that owners should not have to pay any local hotel or lodging taxes; just 31% believe that owners should be able to legally rent out these services but should have to pay taxes for the privilege of doing so. Home-sharing sites are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. Crowdfunding sites (used by 22% of adults) Around one-in-five American adults have contributed to an online fundraising project on a site like Kickstarter or GoFundMe, and 3% of Americans have created their own fundraising project on one of these sites. Most crowdfunding donors have made relatively modest contributions to a handful of projects The overwhelming majority of crowdfunding users have contributed to a handful of projects: Some 87% of donors say they have contributed to a total of five projects or fewer on these sites. And while 62% of donors have given $50 at most to an individual project, relatively large donations are not uncommon: 21% of these donors have given between $51 and $100 to an individual project, 14% have given between $101 and $500, and 3% have donated more than $500 at one time. Contributions to help an individual in need – often a friend or family member – are the most common type of crowdfunding donation Users frequently contribute to crowdfunding projects as a way to help individuals in need. Fully 68% of crowdfunding donors have contributed to a project to help someone facing some sort of hardship or financial challenge, making it the most common type of project of the five evaluated in this survey. In addition to these types of projects: - 34% of crowdfunding donors have contributed to a project to fund a new product or invention. - 32% have contributed to a project for a school. - 30% to a project for a musician or other creative artist. - 10% to a project for a new restaurant or other type of business. Contributions to help someone in need are more often directed toward a person who is already known by the donor, as opposed to a stranger or a public figure. Among those who have contributed to a crowdsourced project to help someone in need, 63% say they have given to help a friend of a friend or an acquaintance, while 62% have contributed to help a close friend or member of their family. By contrast, just 7% of these donors have given to a campaign to assist a public figure, while 28% have given to help someone who was not a public figure but whom they did not know personally. Men and women take a different approach to crowdfunding: Women are more likely to contribute to help someone in need, while men are more likely to fund new products or inventions Men and women differ in a number of ways when it comes to their use of crowdfunding platforms. Male donors are roughly twice as likely as female donors to have contributed to six or more projects, and are also nearly twice as likely to have contributed more than $100 to an individual project. And while women are more likely to contribute to a project to help someone in need, men are more likely to help fund new products or inventions, as well as projects for musicians or other creative artists. Younger men are especially interested in funding new products and inventions: 48% of men ages 18-49 who have made a crowdfunding donation have contributed to this type of project. Crowdfunding sites are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. Other notable findings - Men and women are equally likely to use most shared and on-demand platforms, but women are twice as likely as men to buy handmade or artisanal goods online: 29% of women have done this, compared with 15% of men. - A cohort of young adults uses ride-hailing apps with great intensity: 7% of all 18- to 29-year-olds (and 10% of 18- to 29-year-olds living in urban areas) indicate that they use ride-hailing on a daily or weekly basis. - 27% of Americans are aware of ride-hailing apps and indicate that they live in an area where these services are offered, but have not yet tried ride-hailing themselves. - Users’ views on how best to regulate ride-hailing and home-sharing services stand in contrast to their overall political leanings. Even users of these services who are politically liberal tend to support the notion that they should be legal and tax-free (in the case of home-sharing), or that they should be free to operate outside of existing regulatory structures (in the case of ride-hailing). - Men and women tend to perceive and experience these services somewhat differently when it comes to the issue of user safety – though these differences are not always dramatic or consistent. For instance, women are more likely than men to express safety concerns about the drivers used by ride-hailing services, and women are also more likely to report having a bad experience using a home-sharing site. At the same time, a substantial majority of female ride-hailing users indicate that these services do indeed use drivers that they feel safe riding with. And female home-sharing users are no more likely than men to view these services as risky to use. - 2% of Americans have contributed to an online fundraising project to help someone in need primarily because they felt socially obligated to do so. - 6% of women ages 18-49 have started their own online fundraising project, double the figure for the population as a whole.

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Otosclerosis is a common cause of hearing impairment. Hearing loss is the primary sign of otosclerosis. In the preliminary stages, the individuals suffer from partial hear loss which gets worse over time and results in complete deafness. In addition to it, the condition presents itself with the following signs and symptoms: Entire Body System - Surgical Procedure Advances in cochlear implant technology and coding strategies have led to developments in different surgical procedures to manage cochlear ossification. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Treatments The hearing can be restored with a surgical procedure called stapedectomy. Hearing aids can be helpful in patients who do not desire surgical treatment. [texasearcenter.com] Morphological investigations of the otosclerotic focus show all three phases of a chronic inflammation with bone resorption, formation of new bone and finally eburnation. Various hypotheses about the cause of inflammation were proposed in the past. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Nervous System Puts the Brakes on Inflammation March 1, 2018 Cells in the nervous system can “put the brakes” on the immune response to infections in the gut and lungs to prevent excessive inflammation, according to research by Weill Cornell Medicine [nycornell.org] Learn More About Topic Swimmer's Ear Swimmer’s ear (also called acute otitis externa) is a painful condition that affects the outer ear and ear canal that is caused by infection, inflammation, or irritation. [entnet.org] CONCLUSION: There is weak evidence from one study with significant limitations that deterioration of hearing loss in otosclerosis patients receiving sodium fluoride treatment is less than in patients treated with a placebo. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Weakness of the Face A very rare complication of stapedectomy is temporary weakness of the face. This may occur as the result of an abnormality or swelling of the facial nerve. [michiganear.com] In a series of 700 stapedectomies, only 2 patients had facial weakness; both were of delayed onset (around postoperative day [POD] 5), and both completely resolved within 2 weeks with steroid administration. [emedicine.medscape.com] Notify our office immediately if any of the following occurs: Sudden hearing loss Intense pain Prolonged or intense dizziness Facial weakness Packing is placed in the ear at the time of surgery, so hearing improvement will not be noticed until it is removed [dariuskohanmd.com] Learn more about arthritis and other health issues in our Women's Health Center. Comprehensive women's health information provided by MerckSource.com. Learn more about arthritis and other health issues in our Women's Health Center. [web.archive.org] Patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis 3. Patient who are pregnant / lactating 4. In children before skeletal growth has been completed 5. Patients who show allergy for the drug 6. [drtbalu.co.in] People with stomach problems, significant arthritis, and kidney disease should not take fluorical. Pregnant women and children should not take fluorides. [earcentergreensboro.com] There are numerous side-effects to these Medical treatments, including occasional stomach upset, allergic itching, and increased joint pains which can lead to arthritis. Famous patients Edit The renowned German composer Beethoven was theorized to [psychology.wikia.com] Molecular genetic testing is useful to differentiate otosclerosis from syndromic stapes ankylosis. Congenital stapes ankylosis is genetically heterogeneous. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Pathological condition of the bony labyrinth of the ear, in which there is formation of spongy bone; may cause bony ankylosis of the stapes, resulting in conductive hearing loss; cochlear otosclerosis may also develop, resulting in sensorineural hearing [icd9data.com] The otosclerotic focus may be asymptomatic, or if present in the area of foot plate of stapes it may give rise to ankylosis of foot plate with resultant conductive deafness. [drtbalu.co.in] OBJECTIVE: Otosclerosis and osteoporosis are metabolic bone diseases. In this paper, we investigated presence of osteoporosis with bone mineral density test in patients who had surgery for otosclerosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. 2001. JAMA. 285:785-95. [dizziness-and-balance.com] Biphosphonates such as Didronel (Etidronate Diaxodium), used for osteoporosis, has been utilized by some to regulate bone metabolism in the medical management of otospongiosis. [newyorkear.com] CONCLUSION: Low pitch tinnitus is more likely to be resolved after stapedotomy for patients with otosclerosis. High pitch tinnitus may not resolve even after closure of the Air-Bone Gap at tinnitus frequencies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Also, see eMedicineHealth's patient education article Tinnitus. [emedicine.medscape.com] - Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment from Otosclerosis If we were able to examine the inner ear bone under a microscope before a hearing impairment developed, we would see minute areas of both softening and hardening of the bone. [epichearing.com] If you feel a significant degree of hearing impairment following stapedectomy, revision surgery can be performed with good odds of success. [hillsent.com.au] Types of Hearing Impairment The external ear and the middle ear conduct sound; the inner ear receives it. If there is some difficulty in the external or middle ear, a conductive hearing impairment occurs. [michiganear.com] Otosclerosis is caused by an abnormal bone homeostasis of the otic capsule and represents a frequent cause of hearing impairment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] - Progressive Hearing Loss This far-advanced otosclerosis often presents with a family history of hearing loss or a gradually progressive hearing loss that starts early in adult life. [emedicine.medscape.com] Patients complain on progressive hearing loss and tinnitus. The diagnosis is made clinically by conventional audiologic evaluation and radiologically by x-ray mastoid Schuller's view and CT scan. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] - Hearing Problem The condition may not need to be treated until you have more serious hearing problems. Using some medicines such as fluoride, calcium, or vitamin D may help to slow the hearing loss. [nlm.nih.gov] Extensive hearing tests will confirm the diagnosis. Treatment People with otosclerosis often benefit from a properly fitted hearing aid. The surgical replacement of the stapes has become a common procedure to improve conductive hearing problems. [encyclopedia.com] With over 16 years of experience serving patients in the Orange County and Long Beach area, we are proud to offer all of our patients a complete, all-in-one solution to any hearing problem or medical related ear condition. [eardoctor.org] Hearing Loss Genetic Hearing Loss Noise Induced Hearing Loss Bilateral Hearing Loss Unilateral Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss High Frequency Hearing Loss Low Frequency Hearing Loss Sensorineural Hearing Loss Hearing Problems Fungal Ear Infections [hiddenhearing.co.uk] Bedside: The otologic clinician should confirm audiological testing suggesting a conductive hearing loss with bedside examination. [dizziness-and-balance.com] Suggested mechanisms include end-organ or neural degeneration or biochemical derangement in the perilymph by contact of the disease process. [emedicine.medscape.com] Some authors have suggested an inflammatory etiology for otosclerosis resulting from persistent measles virus infection involving the otic capsule. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Patients sometimes experience dizziness and nausea after stapedectomy surgery. Some mild unsteadiness and brief dizziness with head turning is not uncommon. If dizziness is marked, do not get up without assistance. [tampabayhearing.com] […] have hearing loss You develop fever, ear pain, dizziness, or other symptoms after surgery Otospongiosis; Hearing loss - otosclerosis House JW, Cunningham CD. [nlm.nih.gov] The post-operative course was uneventful in 12 of 14 cases with no EH in the vestibule, and the other two cases had a short period of dizziness, but two cases with EH in the vestibule had a long period of dizziness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] METHODS: Fifty otosclerosis patients comprising 27 patients with vertigo (Group A) and 23 patients without vertigo/dizziness (Group B) were enrolled. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] The study, of 140 patients with otosclerosis who underwent stapedial surgery, found that, while 12 patients [8.6%] reported having vertigo prior to surgery and no vertigo after the operation, 36 patients [25.7%] who had no vertigo before surgery reported [emedicine.medscape.com] Ossification may occur as a consequence of the pathology of meningitis, chronic otitis media, severe otosclerosis, autoimmune inner ear diseases, temporal bone traumas, and other diseases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Infection is rare and must be identified and treated early to avoid profound sensorineural hearing loss, meningitis, and a prolonged hospital course. [emedicine.medscape.com] Infection: Luckily rare, a post-operative infection after stapedotomy can lead to profound hearing loss and, in rare cases, meningitis. The latter occurs when bacteria transgress the vestibule to enter the CSF-containing subarachnoid space. E. [audiologyonline.com] 1878– Kessel—first successful stapes surgery 1890– Miot reported a series of 200 stapes mobilization surgery 1900 Politzer and Siebenmann condemned stapes surgery because of potential risk to cause meningitis 1916-- Gunnar Holmgren Father [slideshare.net] A normal examination of the ear using auriscope would usually not show any abnormalities. Individuals should therefore visit an ENT specialist to get a differential diagnosis done. Specialized instruments such as tympanometer would help to evaluate the movement of the bones inside the middle ear. This is usually a painless procedure and yields quick results. In certain conditions, imaging studies of the head may also be required, such as temporal bone computed tomography . Temporal bone computed tomography can further be enhance with the use of 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography to elucidate bone metabolism of the inner ear . The relative hypodensity in otosclerosis of the round window during CT scan can help surgeons in counselling and in deciding whether to proceed for surgical stapedectomy . In the preliminary stages, the hearing loss is mild and does not require any treatment. However, over a time of time, the condition can worsen and individuals are then immediately put on treatment. The following are the several methods employed for treating otosclerosis: - Hearing aids are meant for treating moderate hearing loss. But, when the condition turns severe then hearing aids are not of much help. - Supplements of fluoride, calcium and vitamin D can be of some help in slowing down the progression of the disease . However, not enough research has been conducted in this regard and efficacy of nutritional supplements is yet to be proved. - Surgery is often the treatment of choice to restore hearing ability. In this, the part of the ear known as stapes is replaced by prosthesis which can restore hearing function. In many cases, a total replacement may be required and such a procedure is known as stapedectomy . Operative intervention of the middle ear may require local or general anesthesia with sedation . Individuals often recover well with surgery and hearing ability is restored . This is however a very delicate operative procedure and in certain cases can even damage the neighboring nerves calling for complications. The risk though small, can contribute towards development of unpleasant conditions. - Advances in ear surgery has implored the use of endoscopic surgery to significantly lower risk and morbidity . If prompt treatment is not initiated then the condition may worsen over a period. Individuals can suffer from total deafness for the rest of the life. Surgical procedures can be carried out to restore the hearing function to certain extent; but may not always be successful. Possible complications of otosclerosis include the following conditions: The exact cause that triggers such an abnormal bone remodeling mechanism is unknown. However, there have been some pieces of evidence suggesting that otosclerosis is an inherited condition and can be passed from one generation to other. In otosclerosis the bone remodeling function is disrupted as a result of which the sound waves are unable to travel to the inner ear from the middle ear. Such a condition causes hearing loss. Some other theories point towards the fact that otosclerosis develops as a result of measles virus. The exact theory states that individuals may be born with certain kind of genetic defect and a viral infection may further trigger the onset of the disorder. In addition to this, low levels of fluoride can also have some kind of link with development of otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a common condition affecting about 3 million Americans. Women are more prone to contract this condition than males. This condition is often diagnosed in mid adulthood and is a common cause of hearing loss amongst the young adult population. It has also been estimated that Caucasians are more affected by this disease condition than individuals of other regions. Under normal conditions, for individuals to be able to hear, sound waves must travel from the middle ear to the inner ear. Such sequence of events does not take place in otosclerosis due to an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Bone remodeling is an ongoing process wherein the bone tissues are periodically renewed by replacing the old with new. However, due to abnormal remodeling such an activity does not take place and the sound waves are unable to travel to the inner ear. There is an observable fixation of stapes ossicle to the oval window causing a disruption in the sound transmission . Otosclerosis can affect one or both ears. It is not possible to prevent otosclerosis. It is a genetic defect that occurs spontaneously thus making it difficult to prevent the development of such a disease condition. However, there have been small pieces of evidence suggesting fluoride tablets and measles vaccination as preventive measures against otosclerosis. There is still dearth of information in this regard, and more research needs to be carried out. Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal development of bone in the middle ear. Such a condition can contribute to hearing loss and other associated abnormalities. It is a serious condition demanding prompt diagnosis. Otosclerosis develops due to abnormal remodeling of the bone. Such an event interrupts the travelling of the sound waves from the middle ear to inner ear contributing to hearing loss. It is not an uncommon condition and affects millions of individuals across the globe. Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear region. This causes gradual ear loss which can lead to complete deafness over a period of time. The exact cause that triggers the development of otosclerosis is unknown. However heredity and genetic factors are known to play foul. Researchers also believe that measles virus and low fluoride can also cause otosclerosis. Diagnosis of otosclerosis is done using specialized instruments that can measure the activity of the bone inside the middle ear. Individuals need to consult an ENT specialist for appropriate diagnosis of the condition. In addition to this, CT scan of the head may also be required. Individuals with mild hear loss do not usually require any treatment. Those with moderate hear loss require hearing aids to deal with the problem. However, in severe cases, hearing aids are of no help and surgical procedures are the only resort. - Toynbee J. Pathological and surgical observations of the diseases of the ear. Trans Med Chir Soc Lond. 1841; 24:190-196. - Jack FL. Remarkable improvement of hearing by removal of the stapes. Trans Am Otol Soc. 1893; 284:474-89. - Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK. The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. Otol Neurotol. Sep 2013; 34(7):e55-60. - Waterval JJ, Vallinga M, Brans B, Winkens B, Stokroos RJ. 18F-fluoride PET/CT scan for quantification of bone metabolism in the inner ear in patients with otosclerosis--a pilot study. Clin Nucl Med. 2013; 38(9):677-85 - Mansour S, Nicolas K, Ahmad HH. Round window otosclerosis: radiologic classification and clinical correlations. Otol Neurotol. 2011; 32(3):384-92 - Liktor B, Szekanecz Z, Batta TJ, Sziklai I, Karosi T. Perspectives of pharmacological treatment in otosclerosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013; 270(3):793-804 - Jack FL. Remarkable improvement of hearing by removal of the stapes. Trans Am Otol Soc. 1893; 284:474-89. - Lempert J. Improvement in hearing in cases of otosclerosis: A new, one-stage surgical technic. Arch Otolaryngol. 1938; 28:42-97. - Thomeer HG, Kunst HP, Cremers CW. Congenital stapes ankylosis associated with another ossicular chain anomaly: surgical results in 30 ears. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Sep 2011; 137(9):935-41. - Kojima H, Komori M, Chikazawa S, Yaguchi Y, Yamamoto K, Chujo K, et al. Comparison between endoscopic and microscopic stapes surgery. Laryngoscope. May 13 2013.

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Doctors have to learn not only how to talk to patients with limited literacy, they will also need to acquire a new set of digital literacy competencies in order to be able to communicate with the new generation of young adults who live half their lives in front of a computer screen. This can be extremely challenging for the older generation of doctors, some of whom even have difficulty typing. The easy availability of free health information online represents both a boon and a bane. One danger is that it contributes to the digital divide, which means that poor people (who usually also have poor literacy skills) find it much harder to access this information because they do not have easy access to the Internet. However, we now have a chance to leapfrog traditional barriers and deliver high quality health information to billions of people, if we learn to use the technology cleverly. The Internet is a great means of reaching out to patients with low literacy, simply because its a graphic medium that does not merely rely on text to convey information. The good news is that users with limited literacy skills are willing to use the Web to access health information; and are successful in accomplishing their tasks when Web sites are designed well. However, websites are usually designed for sophisticated users, who are often affluent and educated. Thus Web sites that are not well designed can prove to be a major hurdle for low literacy patients. The irony is that its not the users limited literacy skills but the limited ability of the designer to create a user-friendly website which causes the problem. The major problem is that because there is no much garbage online, patients with limited literacy skills find it hard to determine which information is reliable and which is not. Patients get lost and confused and this ends up frustrating the doctor as well. The solution to this is simple - every doctor needs to publish his own website. By providing this information, a doctor is able to establish himself as a credible expert. Patients trust their doctors, and would rather rely on the information that he provides, rather than having to search for it on Google. It does involve some effort on the part of the doctor, but this a worthwhile investment. The beauty is that once you have created online content, you can use it many times, for many patients, over many years. "Create once, use multiple times" is very cost-effective. You can "refer" patients to your website at the end of a consultation, so patients can educate themselves. Patients appreciate this and this kind of positive word of mouth will help you to get more patients. Doctors will have to adapt by learning new skills. Doctors have to learn not only how to talk to patients with limited literacy, they will also need to acquire a new set of digital literacy competencies in order to be able to communicate with the new generation of young adults who live half their lives in front of a computer screen. This can be extremely challenging for the older generation of doctors, some of whom even have difficulty typing. However, this is a great opportunity for technologically savvy doctors, because it enables them to reach out beyond the four walls of their clinic, to millions of people who are looking for health information online. Simple navigation and clearly-defined content can help adults with limited literacy skills find, understand, and use health information on a Web site. The US Department of Health and Human Services has developed a guide for creating health-related websites for people with limited literacy skills. The strategies are very likely to improve the experience of everyone who uses the Internet, even those with high literacy skills, in much the same way that people appreciate appropriately designed print materials, regardless of their literacy level. Their goal is to deliver messages that are actionable and engaging. The user interface can be improved by paying attention to the following aspects: - Appropriate use of illustration and photography. While photos may grab attention, research shows that they have many distracting details and may not resonate well with low-literate viewers. Simple line drawings and stick figures may often be more effective at communicating the message. Pictographs are well accepted by low-literate patients. - Careful use of captions that explain each action step, thus maximising the effectiveness of the visuals. - "Chunking" of healthcare information into groups to enhance comprehension. - Making appropriate use of audio. While audio is highly favoured by low-literate patients, they may have trouble starting and stopping the audio or adjusting the volume. Users may need your help with these features. - Simpler the better. Fewer colours, a single font type and size, and limited content enhance learning and comprehension among low-literate users. Usability testing observes patients using the website to discover errors and areas of improvement. It involves measuring how well test subjects respond in four areas: efficiency, accuracy, recall, and emotional response. The results of the first test can be treated as a baseline or control measurement. All subsequent tests can then be compared to the baseline to indicate improvement. - Efficiency - How much time, and how many steps, are required for people to complete basic tasks? (For example, to find the causes for hypertension). - Accuracy -How many mistakes did people make? (Did they get lost? confused?) - Recall -How much does the person remember afterwards? - Emotional response - How does the person feel about the tasks completed? Is the person confident, stressed? Would the user recommend this system to a friend? Usability testing usually involves systematic observation under controlled conditions to determine how well people can use the product. Rather than just showing users a rough draft and asking, "Do you understand this?" usability testing involves watching people trying to use something for its intended purpose. Text layout, readability, use of plain language, illustration quality -all affect how user friendly your site it. You can use exactly the same principles to evaluate all your patient communication materials. Design is the key, but this is something to which doctors often dont pay enough attention. User-centred design is especially important for patients with disabilities, and universal design endorses the design of products, services, and environments so they are usable by as many people as possible, regardless of age, ability, or circumstance. It suggests that all technologies meant for use by the general public should also be accessible to limited-literacy populations. The beauty is that paying attention to these basics will enhance the value of your website for all your users. After all, everyone appreciate beautiful design and the success of the iPad is a living example of this. Look at model websites and learn from them. How do you know if your website meets the needs of people with limited literacy skills? Ask them! The best way to improve the comprehensibility of your website is to involve users with limited literacy skills in ALL stages of website development. This process is accomplished through three main steps: The key to iterative design is to continually apply what you learn from users to improve your site. The process of designing an excellent website can be time consuming and costly. It is critical that you do not invest your time and resources only to discover that your users cannot easily find the information, thus requiring you to start the process all over again. To avoid this problem, involve your users from the initial design to the final testing of the site. Be sure you understand your users, who they are and what their goals are before you begin to design your site. For example, are they looking for information for themselves or for a loved one? You can do this by conducting individual interviews, setting up focus groups with people who have tried the site, and providing specific scenarios or tasks for your users to try out on your site. A proven formula for presenting actionable health information on a website is the following: - Describe the health behaviour - Describe the benefits of taking action - Provide specific action steps How is online content different from print? People who use the Internet are usually looking for an answer to a very specific question, rather than browsing for general information. They usually do not stay very long on a single page (less than 30 seconds). They want to quickly find information on a particular health problem to determine the best course of action. You, as the designer, need to provide this information in a clear, concise and engaging manner. Otherwise, they will simply "click away" to some other website. As one user said, "Get my attention. Then get to the point." Keep in mind that just providing information in "plain language" is not enough. You must give people specific action steps that they can take to address the health issue. Instead of just telling them what to do, you must help them learn how to do it. For example, instead of simply saying, "Its important to monitor what you eat and how much you exercise;" say "Keep a daily diary in a notebook of what you eat and what physical activity you do each day." For more information on how to develop health websites that work for people with limited literacy skills, please download Health Literacy Online: A guide to writing and designing easy-to-use health websites, @https://www.health.gov/healthliteracyonlin e/Web_Guide_Health_Lit_Online.pdf You can learn a lot by studying the following online resources that make use of the above principles. HealthFinder, (@https://healthfinder.gov/) the US Department of Health and Human Services website for health information. Medline Plus (@https://www.medlineplus.gov) provides over 166 interactive tutorials covering various subjects such as Diseases, Tests, and Surgery. The tutorials are self-paced, so that those with low reading skills are not forced to rush through them. Another great source of easy-to-read health information is the Speaking Books website, @https://www.speakingbooks.com/impact/library.html. It provides a large collection of useful information on a wide range of subjects, some of which are related to health literacy. When you click on one of the books on this site, the corresponding illustrated or cartoon book is opened in YouTube, which enables you to "flip" through its pages as the narrator reads the words to you. One of the benefits of this site is that many of the books are read aloud in over 20 different languages, including those indigenous to Africa and Asia. If there are videos that may be valuable to your patients but are only available in English or a language that your patients do not understand, you may find Dotsub (@ https://www.dotsub.com) helpful. It enables users to upload videos and then use their tools to create subtitles in many different languages, enabling people in other countries to learn from them. CARDIO stands for Creating a Real Dialogue in the Office (@https://timetotalkcardio .com/) and is designed to help patients and clinicians build communication skills to help better manage health conditions.

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203, 52, 73, 653, 650, 666, 268, 4868, 356, 1840, 2639, 331, 363, 3257, 292, 261, 1040, 1430, 2302, 16, 2359, 687, 7098, 281, 331, 2177, 1009, 18, 900, 1840, 565, 462, 2503, 1040, 917, 341, 261, 2324, 3492, 421, 1465, 687, 2553, 7630, 802, 900, 1333, 292, 2640, 1255, 1009, 341, 261, 1510, 661, 1676, 292, 2747, 268, 1274, 1911, 289, 2433, 18, 990, 16, 352, 268, 1019, 265, 16, 648, 292, 1153, 456, 1009, 288, 261, 1763, 16, 2812, 758, 291, 4797, 4901, 18, 203, 51, 411, 3644, 16, 502, 513, 2842, 991, 1215, 868, 2014, 6, 292, 579, 586, 3110, 18, 760, 597, 2849, 1211, 16, 991, 43, 364, 1290, 2383, 18, 3574, 886, 292, 268, 1813, 2555, 203, 47, 73, 559, 288, 1710, 336, 1039, 2352, 1009, 288, 991, 476, 412, 1719, 6, 316, 462, 1982, 18, 990, 1204, 1888, 689, 1430, 2433, 2845, 336, 502, 375, 1071, 292, 1750, 268, 661, 2682, 18, 4507, 289, 1039, 9445, 622, 768, 292, 565, 16, 337, 1204, 617, 622, 1213, 667, 292, 565, 362, 18, 906, 1214, 16, 3087, 289, 2842, 5390, 16, 991, 45, 340, 851, 292, 2591, 768, 337, 2564, 291, 667, 1111, 337, 2671, 31, 6, 1856, 991, 47, 73, 559, 261, 2438, 1135, 556, 288, 261, 3251, 4207, 289, 768, 337, 2564, 291, 768, 1646, 2067, 337, 565, 1011, 1196, 2555, 203, 8679, 512, 1009, 341, 667, 292, 709, 661, 6345, 336, 716, 331, 689, 360, 3064, 7303, 1607, 16, 5009, 5816, 1988, 9014, 1495, 7212, 30, 330, 3233, 292, 2445, 291, 8397, 2289, 17, 278, 17, 2013, 661, 6345, 16, 225, 36, 11986, 782, 2908, 4442, 18, 6310, 18, 8989, 19, 6310, 80, 3072, 1495, 266, 5067, 303, 19, 3464, 70, 67, 43, 89, 496, 67, 8472, 581, 67, 48, 297, 67, 9076, 1279, 18, 84, 9097, 203, 7556, 375, 1213, 261, 1774, 419, 5732, 268, 1685, 2049, 1793, 336, 804, 666, 289, 268, 2159, 3995, 18, 203, 8472, 581, 42, 4966, 16, 421, 36, 11986, 782, 2908, 6310, 74, 4966, 18, 8989, 19, 13, 268, 2065, 3968, 289, 1988, 291, 4784, 7077, 3110, 331, 661, 1009, 18, 203, 49, 286, 1279, 11128, 421, 36, 11986, 782 ]

The Vietnam War | Vietnam War, part of the Cold War | • Capitulation of South Vietnam • Reunification of Vietnam under communist rule Major Combatants | United States of America Democratic Republic of Vietnam National Liberation Front ~1,200,000 (1968) | ~420,000 (1968) | Total dead: 287,232 Wounded: 1,496,037 | Total dead: 1,100,000 Civilian Casualties: 4,000,000 Military history of Australia Military history of New Zealand Military history of the Philippines Military history of South Korea Military history of the Soviet Union Military history of Thailand Military history of the United States Military history of Vietnam The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1957 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. In Vietnam, the conflict is known as the American War (Vietnamese Chiến Tranh Chống Mỹ Cứu Nước, which literally means "War Against the Americans to Save the Nation"). For more details of the events during the war, see: Timeline of the Vietnam War. Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. Participation by the South Korean military was financed by the United States, but Australia and New Zealand fully funded their own involvement. Other countries normally allied with the United States in the Cold War, including the United Kingdom and Canada, refused to participate in the coalition, although a few of their citizens volunteered to join the US forces. Fighting on the other side was a coalition of forces including the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the National Liberation Front, a South Vietnamese opposition movement with a guerrilla militia known in the Western world as the "Viet Cong". The USSR provided military and financial aid along with diplomatic support to the North Vietnamese and to the NLF, partly as support against the U.S. and South Vietnamese government and partly as a counter to Chinese influence in the region. Prosecution of the war by the United States transformed it into a larger regional conflict involving the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos, known as the Second Indochina War. Many experts consider the war to be a battle in the then-ongoing Cold War. The Vietnam War is classed as the second war of the Indochina Wars and was in many ways a direct successor to the French Indochina War in which the French, with the financial and logistical support of the United States, fought a losing effort to maintain control of their former colony of French Indochina. France had gained control of Indochina in a series of colonial wars beginning in the 1840s and lasting until the 1880s. During World War II, Vichy France had collaborated with the occupying Imperial Japanese forces. Vietnam was under effective Imperial Japanese control, as well as de facto Japanese administrative control, although the Vichy French continued to serve as the official administrators. After the Japanese surrender, the French fought to retain control of their former colony against the Viet Minh independence movement, led by Communist Party leader Ho Chi Minh. After the Viet Minh defeated the French colonial army at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the French withdrew, and the colony was granted independence. According to the ensuing Geneva Conference (1954), Vietnam was partitioned, ostensibly temporarily, into a Northern and a Southern zone of Viet-Nam. The former was to be ruled by Ho Chi Minh, while the latter would be under the control of Emperor Bao Dai. In 1955, the South Vietnamese monarchy was abolished and Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem became President of a new South Vietnamese republic. The Geneva Conference (1954) specified that elections to unify the country would be scheduled to take place in July, 1956, but such elections were never held. In the context of the Cold War, the United States (under Eisenhower) had begun to view Southeast Asia as a potential key battleground in the greater Cold War, and American policymakers feared that democratic elections would allow communist influences into the South Vietnamese government. Diem's RVN government had gained the support of the US to circumvent the scheduled democratic elections, and under Diem's dictatorship, South Vietnam would be free of both socialism, and a democratic process that threatened to irreversibly install it. The North Vietnamese had been winning the public relations battle; it had implemented a massive agricultural reform program which distributed land to peasant farmers, and the people of the South took notice. President Eisenhower noted in his memoirs that if a nation-wide election had been held, the communists would have won. Also, it was said to have been unlikely that the Northern Communists would allow a free election in their half of Vietnam. In the end, neither the US nor the two Vietnams had signed the election clause in the accord. Initially, it appeared as if a partitioned Vietnam would become the norm, similar in nature to the partitioned Korea created years earlier. The NLF led the popular insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. (The RVN and the US referred to the NLF as Viet Cong, short for Viet Nam Cong San or "Vietnamese Communist". The NLF itself never called itself by this name.) In June 1961, John F. Kennedy met Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, where Khrushchev sought to bully the young American President into conceding to the Soviets certain key contests, notably Berlin, where large numbers of skilled workers had been escaping to the West. Kennedy left the meeting agitated, and quickly determined that Khrushchev's attitude towards him would make an armed conflict virtually unavoidable in the near future. Kennedy and his advisers soon decided that any such conflicts had better follow the Korea model, being confined to conventional weaponry, through proxy parties, as a way to mitigate the threat of direct nuclear war between the two superpowers. It was decided that the most likely theatre for such a conflict would be in Southeast Asia. By the political calculations of his administration, the U.S. had to work quickly to create a "valve" to release any built-up political pressures. The North, along with its Soviet backers knew well that the South was prepared to vote for a communist government. The U.S. cared little for Diem, but forged its alliance with his government out of fear that an easy communist victory would only bolster the perceived bravado that Khrushchev had shown to Kennedy at Vienna. The U.S. fatefully decided that an immediate stand against Soviet expansion was both prudent and necessary, regardless of the human cost (The Red Scare). On December 11, 1961, the United States sent 900 military advisors, and after began to clandestinely send more, both to give temporary support to the South's Diem RVN regime, and to engage in terrorism against both North and South Vietnam. Some of these bombing attacks were designed to inflame and exacerbate both the civil war in the South and to exacerbate the impression of a greater conflict with the North. The local strategy was to create the impression that a "legitimate" government was being overrun by "hostile Communist forces," though this was while the "Communist forces" were limited to a rising insurgency among the South Vietnamese. At the time, this insurgency was mostly inspired, not directed, by the North, and as such the definition of an "enemy" by philosophical and political grounds would prove to be fateful for U.S. soldiers ordered to make life-and-death choices on the ground. To US planners, however, these distinctions were neither forseeable nor did they matter as much as the creation of a greater conflict itself. The impossible task of defining who the enemy was would lead directly to the general quagmire and the human rights atrocities for which the Vietnam War is widely known. The greater overall strategy was simple; to deliberately create a more desirable conventional conflict with the Soviet Union, through the two Vietnamese proxies, rather than to allow nuclear conflict to erupt elsewhere, as was greatly feared at the time. Cuba, Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea were known hotspots that were feared could get out of control, should there be no pressure valve. Because the majority of the South was sympathetic to the North's communist ideology, the U.S. strategy was designed to artificially exacerbate the divide between North and South, along lines which could be reported to the American people as ideological. The so-called ideological divide has little meaning among the Vietnamese, who well understand the beginnings of its civil conflict as being ethnic in origin; and for their own particular reasons, different outside parties took sides, and desired influence. Backed by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, North Vietnam began supporting the NLF with arms and supplies, advisors, and regular units of the North Vietnamese Army, which were transported via an extensive network of trails and roads through the neutral nation of Laos, which became known as the Ho Chi Minh trail. The stage was set for the escalation to come, wherein a civil war between Vietnamese farmers seeking to overthrow a puppet despot would find themselves pawns in a larger proxy war between the competing expansionist systems of U.S. capitalism and Soviet communism. Combatants in the war In major combat there were, depending upon one's point of view, two to four major combatant organizations; the four being the United States Armed Forces and allied forces; the Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN—the South Vietnamese Army, pronounced Arvin); the NLF, a group of indigenous South Vietnamese guerilla fighters; and the People's Army of Viet Nam (PAVN—the North Vietnamese Army, pronounced Pahvin). Arguments over which of these four were the actual combatants was a major political focus of the war. The U.S. sought to depict the war as one between ARVN defenders with U.S. help against PAVN forces, thus depicting the NLF a puppet or shadow army and the war as a South Vietnamese defense against North Vietnamese aggression. The North Vietnamese portrayed the conflict as one between the indigenous South Vietnamese NLF and the United States, with the noncombat support of North Vietnam and its allies. This view held ARVN to be a puppet of the U.S. These conflicting propaganda stances were later played out in early peace talks in which arguments were made over "the shape of the [negotiating] table" in which each side sought to depict itself as two distinct entities opposing a single entity, ignoring its "puppet". U.S. involvement in the war was eventually called escalation, using the analogy of an escalator rising slowly but steadily to increase war pressure on the enemy, as opposed to the traditional declaration of war with the usual massive attack using all available means to secure victory. Under escalation, U.S. involvement increased over a period of years, beginning with the deployment of non-combatant military advisors to the South Vietnamese army, to use of special forces for commando-style operations, to introduction of regular troops whose purpose was to be defensive only, to using regular troops in offensive combat. Once U.S. troops were engaged in active combat, escalation shifted to the addition of increasing numbers of U.S. troops. The policy of escalation helped complicate the ambiguous legal status for the war. Since the U.S. had pre-existing treaty agreements with the Republic of Viet Nam, each escalation was presented as simply another step in helping an ally resist what the U.S. portrayed as a Communist invasion. The U.S. Congress continued to vote appropriations for war operations, and the Johnson Administration claimed these actions as a proxy, along with Tonkin, for the Constitutionally mandated requirement that Congress retain war power. In U.S. political debate, the advantage of escalation to those who wanted to be engaged in the war was that no individual instance of escalation dramatically increased the level of U.S. involvement. The U.S. populace was led to believe that the most recent escalation would be sufficient to "win the war" and therefore would be the last. This theory, combined with ready availability of conscripted troops, reduced grassroots political opposition to the war until 1968, when the Johnson Administration proposed increasing the troop levels from approximately 550,000 in-country to about 700,000. This was the "straw" that broke the back of escalation and widespread U.S. support for the war. The troop increase was abandoned and by the end of 1969, under the new administration of Richard M. Nixon, U.S. troop levels had been reduced by 60,000 from their wartime peak. Increasing US involvement to 1964 NLF ("Viet Cong") casualties. US involvement in the war was a gradual process. This involvement increased over the years under three U.S. presidents, both Democrat and Republican (successively Eisenhower-R, Kennedy-D and Johnson-D, and was sustained for additional years in the administration of Richard Nixon-R), despite warnings by the US military leadership against a major ground war in Asia. Though actions under the administrations of Eisenhower and Kennedy are considered to have cast the die for the future conflict, it was Johnson who expanded and transformed the engagement into a distinctly U.S. operation, a policy which eventually led to opposition within his own party that convinced him not to seek a second term in 1968 after internal polling showed the depth of public doubt and anger. There was never a formal declaration of war but there were a series of presidential decisions that increased the number of "military advisors" and then active combatants in the region. In the campaign for the presidency in 1960, the perceived Soviet threat and slippage in U.S. standing in the world was a prominent issue and Kennedy made erosion of the U.S. position in the world a major campaign issue. The Pentagon Papers (Chapter I, "The Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961,") elaborated on this point. - A further element of the Soviet problem impinged directly on Vietnam. The new Administration, even before taking office, was inclined to believe that unconventional warfare was likely to be terrifically important in the 1960s. In January 1961, Khrushchev seconded that view with his speech pledging Soviet support to "wars of national liberation". Vietnam was where such a war was actually going on. Indeed, since the war in Laos had moved far beyond the insurgency stage, Vietnam was the only place in the world where the Administration faced a well-developed Communist effort to topple a pro-Western government with an externally-aided pro-communist insurgency. The prominent anti-war critic Noam Chomsky claims that Kennedy ordered the US Air Force to start bombing South Vietnam as early as 1962, using South Vietnamese aircraft markings, to disguise US involvement. He also accuses Kennedy of authorizing the use of napalm, along with other crop destruction programs at this earlier date, rather than as a later part of the larger war. The traditional view claims that "actual increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War" didn't occur until 1964. The program of covert GVN (South Vietnamese) operations was designed to impose "progressively escalating pressure" upon the North, and initiated on a small and essentially ineffective scale in February 1964, according to standard sources. The active U.S. role in the few covert operations that were carried out was limited essentially to planning, equipping, and training of the GVN forces involved, but U.S. responsibility for the launching and conduct of these activities was unequivocal and carried with it an implicit symbolic and psychological intensification of the U.S. commitment. Kennedy and South Vietnam The Kennedy administration efforts to contain North Vietnam occurred simultaneously with an effort to modernize the regime of the South. Kennedy strongly believed that if South Vietnam was a stable and democratic country, it would largely discredit the North and its Communist rhetoric. Aid to the South was often made on the condition that the government would undertake certain political reforms. Soon, US Government advisors were playing a prominent role in every level of South Vietnam's government. South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem had little time for these reforms, and was quite uncooperative. He would often go through the motions of these US-prescribed reforms, but in very superficial ways that ended up quite embarrassing for the US. For example, when he ran for election, only one opposition candidate was allowed, and there were widespread allegations of vote-rigging. Diem did not believe that US ideas of democracy were applicable to his government, since the country was still so young and unstable. Kennedy was accused of being overly naive and utopian in his belief that US values could be instantly imported into any country, no matter what their culture or history. Eventually, the Kennedy administration grew increasingly frustrated with Diem. In an embarrassing incident that was widely reported in the US press, Diem's forces launched a violent crackdown on Buddhist monks. Since Vietnam was a predominantly Buddhist nation while Diem and much of the ruling structure of South Vietnam was Roman Catholic, this action was viewed as further proof that Diem was completely out of touch with his people. US messages were sent to South Vietnamese generals encouraging them to act against Diem's excesses. Though there is some debate as to whether or not this was Kennedy's intention, the South Vietnamese military interpreted these messages as a call to arms, and staged a violent coup d'état, overthrowing and killing Diem on November 1, 1963. Far from uniting the country under new leadership, the death of Diem made the South even more unstable. The new military rulers were very inexperienced in political matters, and were unable to provide the strong central authority of Diem's rule. Coups and counter-coups plagued the country, which in turn served as a great inspiration to the efforts of the North. Three weeks after Diem's death, Kennedy himself was assassinated, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was suddenly thrust into the war's leadership role. Newly sworn-in President Johnson confirmed on November 24, 1963 that the United States intended to continue supporting South Vietnam militarily and economically. Johnson and the Gulf of Tonkin Johnson raised the level of U.S. involvement on July 27, 1964 when 5,000 additional US military advisors were ordered to South Vietnam which brought the total number of US forces in Vietnam to 21,000. On July 31, 1964, the American destroyer USS Maddox, continued a reconnaissance mission in the Gulf of Tonkin that had been suspended for six months. The purpose of the mission was to provoke a reaction from North Vietnamese coastal defense forces as a pretext for a wider war. Responding to a claimed attack, and with the help of air support from the nearby carrier USS Ticonderoga, Maddox destroyed one North Vietnamese torpedo-boat and damaged two others. Maddox, suffering only superficial damage by a single 14.5-millimeter machine gun bullet, retired to South Vietnamese waters, where she was joined by USS C. Turner Joy. U.S. President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson. On August 3, GVN again attacked North Vietnam; the Rhon River estuary and the Vinh Sonh radar installation were bombarded under cover of darkness. On August 4, a new DESOTO patrol to the North Vietnam coast was launched, with Maddox and C. Turner Joy. The latter got radar signals later claimed to be another attack by the North Vietnamese. For some two hours the ships fired on radar targets and maneuvered vigorously amid electronic and visual reports of torpedoes. Later, Captain John J. Herrick admitted that it was nothing more than an "overeager sonarman" who "was hearing ship's own propeller beat". This was not, however, clear at the time. The U.S. Senate then approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964, which gave broad support to President Johnson to escalate U.S. involvement in the war "as the President shall determine". In a televised address Johnson claimed that "the challenge that we face in South-East Asia today is the same challenge that we have faced with courage and that we have met with strength in Greece and Turkey, in Berlin and Korea, in Lebanon and in Cuba," a dangerous misreading of the politics of the Vietnamese conflict. National Security Council members, including Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and Maxwell Taylor agreed on November 28, 1964 to recommend that President Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines became the first American combat troops to land in South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 US military advisers already in place. The air war escalated as well; on July 24, 1965, four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi became the targets of antiaircraft missiles in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One plane was shot down and the other three sustained damage. Four days later Johnson announced another order that increased the number of US troops in Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000. The day after that, July 29, the first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrived in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay. Then on August 18, 1965, Operation Starlite began as the first major American ground battle of the war when 5,500 US Marines destroyed a NLF stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quang Ngai Province . The Marines were tipped-off by a NLF deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the US base at Chu Lai . The NVA learned from their defeat and tried to avoid fighting a US-style war from then on. The Pentagon told President Johnson on November 27, 1965 that if planned major sweep operations needed to neutralize NLF forces during the next year were to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam needed to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000. By the end of 1965 184,000 US troops were in Vietnam. In February 1966 there was a meeting between the commander of the U.S. effort, head of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam General William Westmoreland and Johnson in Honolulu. Westmoreland argued that the US presence had prevented a defeat but that more troops were needed to take the offensive, he claimed that an immediate increase could lead to the "cross-over point" in Vietcong and NVA casualties being reached in early 1967. Johnson authorized an increase in troop numbers to 429,000 by August 1966. On 12 October 1967 US Secretary of State Dean Rusk stated during a news conference that proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives were futile because of North Vietnam's opposition. Johnson then held a secret meeting with a group of the nation's most prestigious leaders ("the Wise Men") on November 2 and asked them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They concluded that the American people should be given more optimistic reports on the progress of the war. Then based on reports he was given on November 13, Johnson told his nation on November 17 that, while much remained to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress." Following up on this, General William Westmoreland on November 21 told news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing." Two months later the Tet Offensive made both men regret their words. U.S forces bomb NLF positions in 1965. Continued escalation of American military involvement came as the Johnson administration and Westmoreland repeatedly assured the American public that the next round of troop increases would bring victory. The American public's faith in the "light at the end of the tunnel" was shattered, however, on January 30, 1968, when the enemy, supposedly on the verge of collapse, mounted the Tet Offensive (named after Tet Nguyen Dan, the lunar new year festival which is the most important Vietnamese holiday) in South Vietnam, in which nearly every major city in South Vietnam was attacked. Although neither of these offensives accomplished any military objectives, the surprising capacity of an enemy that was supposedly on the verge of collapse to even launch such an offensive convinced many Americans that victory was impossible. There was an increasing sense among many people that the government was misleading the American people about a war without a clear beginning or end. When General Westmoreland called for still more troops to be sent to Vietnam, Clark Clifford, a member of Johnson's own cabinet, came out against the war. Soon after Tet, Westmoreland was replaced by his deputy, General Creighton W. Abrams. Abrams pursued a very different approach to Westmoreland, favoring more openness with the media, less indiscriminate use of airstrikes and heavy artillery, elimination of bodycount as the key indicator of battlefield success, and more meaningful co-operation with ARVN forces. His strategy, although yielding positive results, came too late to sway a domestic US public opinion that was already solidifying against the war. Facing a troop shortage, on October 14, 1968 the United States Department of Defense announced that the United States Army and Marines would be sending about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours. Two weeks later on October 31, citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announced to his nation that he had ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1. Peace talks eventually broke down, however, and one year later, on November 3, 1969, then President Richard M. Nixon addressed the nation on television and radio asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies. The credibility of the government suffered when the New York Times, and later the Washington Post and other newspapers, published the Pentagon Papers. It was a top-secret historical study, contracted by the Pentagon, about the war, that showed how the government was misleading the US public, in all stages of the war, including the secret support of the French in the first Vietnam War. Operation Rolling Thunder Operation Rolling Thunder was the code name for the non-stop, but often interrupted bombing raids in North Vietnam conducted by the United States armed forces during the Vietnam War. Its purpose was to destroy the will of the North Vietnamese to fight, to destroy industrial bases and air defenses (SAMs), and to stop the flow of men and supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Beginning in the early 1960s, communist North Vietnam (The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, or DRV) began sending arms and reinforcements to the guerrillas of the National Liberation Front (NLF) fighting a war of reunification in South Vietnam. To combat the NLF and shore up the regime in the south, the United States sent advisors, supplies and combat troops. A war escalated that would see American soldiers engaging NLF insurgents and North Vietnamese regular troops in the field. The supply lines for the war ran south across the demilitarized zone (DMZ) separating North and South Vietnam, or via Laos and Cambodia along the infamous ‘Ho Chi Minh Trail’. The source of these supplies was the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The road and rail network of the north was vital for transshipping material south. The hub of this network was the national capital, Hanoi. In August 1964, the ‘Gulf of Tonkin Incident’, a skirmish between DRV and United States Navy ships, gave the US a pretext to launch air strikes against the North. The objective, outlined by President Lyndon B. Johnson, was to discourage further "Communist aggression" by launching punitive attacks against the DRV. In late 1964 the Joint Chiefs of Staff drew up a list of targets to be destroyed as part of a coordinated interdiction air campaign against the North’s supply network. Bridges, rail yards, docks, barracks and supply dumps would be targeted. However, President Johnson feared that direct intervention by the Chinese or Russians could trigger a world war and refused to authorize an unrestricted bombing campaign. Instead, the attacks would be limited to targets cleared by the President and his Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara. Beginning in 1965 Rolling Thunder was a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Early missions were against the south of the DRV, where the bulk of ground forces and supply dumps were located. Large-scale air strikes were launched on depots, bases and supply targets, but the majority of operations were “armed reconnaissance” missions in which small formations of aircraft patrolled highways and railroads and rivers, attacking targets of opportunity. Afraid the war might escalate out of hand, Johnson and McNamara micromanaged the bombing campaign from Washington. Rules of Engagement were imposed to limit civilian casualties or attacks on other nationals, such as the Eastern Bloc-crewed supply ships in Haiphong harbor or the Soviet and Chinese advisors helping train the Vietnamese military. However, the American policy of ‘graduated response’ – slowly ramping up pressure on the DRV leadership – meant that more targets became available to airmen to bomb. The bombing moved progressively northwards toward Hanoi. Exclusion zones were maintained around Hanoi and Haiphong to keep bombers away from the population centers, but eventually raids would be authorized even into these sanctuaries. To keep the United States Air Force and Navy out of each other’s way the DRV was divided into air zones called ‘Route Packages’ (RPs), each assigned to a service. The area around Hanoi included Route Packages 5 and 6a (the USAF’s responsibility) and 4 and 6b (the USN’s). Strikes into RP 6a or 6b were reckoned to be the toughest of all. The Vietnamese, with Soviet and Chinese help, had built a formidable air defense system there. Initially this consisted of anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) and MiG fighter jets, but from mid-1965 this was supplemented by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). A radar net now covered the country that could track incoming US raids and allocate SAMs or MiGs to attack them. To survive in this lethal air defense zone the Americans adopted special tactics. Large-scale raids were assigned support aircraft to keep the bombers safe. These would include fighters to keep the MiGs away, jamming aircraft to degrade enemy radars, and ‘Iron Hand’ fighter-bombers to hunt down SAMs and suppress AAA. New electronics countermeasures devices were hurriedly deployed to protect aircraft from missile attacks. By 1966 the air war in the higher Route Packages was getting hotter. Though most of the casualties came from AAA, there were an increasing number of encounters with SAMs and MiGs. MiGs were a particular problem because the Americans’ poor radar coverage of the Hanoi region allowed obsolete jets such as the MiG-17 to get the jump on them. Airborne Early Warning aircraft had great trouble detecting MiGs at very low altitude. Most of the USAF raids against the North came out of bases in Thailand. They would refuel over Laos before flying onto their targets. Sometimes the Americans would fly low and use prominent terrain features such as Thud Ridge to mask them from radar as they approached. After attacking the target – usually by dive-bombing – the raid would either head directly back to Thailand or exit over the relatively safe waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Navy raids would be launched from TaskForce 77 ’s carriers cruising on Yankee Station. The complement of a carrier air wing was needed to form an ‘Alpha Strike’. The Navy aircraft would usually take the shortest way into and out from the target. Bombing halts became a feature of the war. Some of these were politically enforced, as President Johnson tried a ‘carrot and stick’ approach to coax the DRV into a peace agreement. Others were the fault of the weather that for six months a year made bombing near impossible. Attempts were made to overcome the weather by developing blind bombing techniques using radar or radio navigation systems, but at best they generated mediocre results and were often useless. 1967 saw America’s most intense and sustained attempt to force the Vietnamese into peace talks. Almost all the Joint Chiefs’ target list was made available to be attacked, and even airfields – previously off-limits – came in for a pasting. Only the center of Hanoi (nicknamed ‘Downtown’ after the Petula Clark song) and Haiphong harbor remained safe from harm. The Vietnamese reacted by becoming more aggressive with their MiGs and using AAA and SAM to rack up an impressive tally of US aircraft. After two years of bombardment the Vietnamese were well equipped to handle US raids, having dispersed their supplies and developed the means to repair and rebuild the supply network after the raids had passed. Their strategy was longsighted. They did not have to defeat the Americans, merely absorb the punishment and outlast them. By 1968 McNamara had become convinced that airpower could not win the war. In spite of the air campaign the Tet New Year holiday saw Hanoi and the NLF mount an offensive in the south. The Tet Offensive was a military disaster for the North and their NLF allies, but it still broke the will of the American leadership. Hoping that Hanoi would enter into peace talks, President Johnson offered a bombing halt. The communists, licking their wounds after Tet, agreed to talks and the Rolling Thunder campaign came to an end. Opposition to the war Small scale opposition to the war began in 1964 on college campuses. This was happening during a time of unprecedented leftist student activism, and of the arrival at college age of the demographically significant Baby Boomers. Growing opposition to the war is attributable in part to the much greater access to information about the war available to college age Americans compared with previous generations because of extensive television news coverage. Thousands of young American men chose exile in Canada or Sweden rather than risk conscription. At that time, only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted; and most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states, the Selective Service System office ("Draft Board") in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption. The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted (September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970; the following year July 9 held this distinction). The image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military but not allowed to vote or drink also successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and the drinking age in many states. In order to gain an exemption or deferment many men obtained student deferments by attending college, though they would have to remain in college until their 26th birthday to be certain of avoiding the draft. Some got married, which remained an exemption throughout the war. Some men found sympathetic doctors who would claim a medical basis for applying for a 4F (medically unfit) exemption, though Army doctors could and did make their own judgments. Still others joined the National Guard or entered the Peace Corps as a way of avoiding Vietnam. All of these issues raised concerns about the fairness of who got selected for involuntary service, since it was often the poor or those without connections who were drafted. Ironically, in light of modern political issues, a certain exemption was a convincing claim of homosexuality, but very few men attempted this because of the stigma involved. The draft itself also initiated protests when on October 15, 1965 the student-run National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States. The first draft lottery since World War II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays. This issue was treated at length in a 4 January 1970 New York Times article titled "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". Even many of those who never received a deferment or exemption never served, simply because the pool of eligible men was so huge compared to the number required for service, that the draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available (until 1969) or because they had high lottery numbers (1970 and later). The U.S. people became polarized over the war. Many supporters of the war argued for what was known as the Domino Theory, which held that if the South fell to communist guerillas, other nations, primarily in Southeast Asia, would succumb in short succession, much like falling dominoes. Military critics of the war pointed out that the conflict was political and that the military mission lacked clear objectives. Civilian critics of the war argued that the government of South Vietnam lacked political legitimacy, or that support for the war was immoral. President Johnson's undersecretary of state, George Ball, was one of the lone voices in his administration advising against war in Vietnam. Gruesome images of two anti-war activists that set themselves on fire in November 1965 provided iconic images of how strongly some people felt that the war was immoral. On November 2 32-year-old Quaker member Norman Morrison set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon and on November 9 22-year old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte did the same thing in front of the United Nations building. Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier (and ongoing) Buddhist protests in South Vietnam itself. The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the US government. On August 16, 1966 the House Un-American Activities Committee began investigations of Americans who were suspected of aiding the NLF, with the intent to introduce legislation making these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupted the meeting and 50 were arrested. On 1 February 1968, a suspected NLF officer was summarily executed by General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. Loan shot the suspect in the head on a public street in front of journalists. The execution was filmed and photographed and provided another iconic image that helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war. On 15 October 1969, hundreds of thousands of people took part in National Moratorium antiwar demonstrations across the United States; the demonstrations prompted many workers to call in sick from their jobs and adolescents nationwide engaged in truancy from school - although the proportion of individuals doing either who actually participated in the demonstrations is in doubt. A second round of "Moratorium" demonstrations was held on November 15, but was less well-attended. The U.S. realized that the South Vietnamese government needed a solid base of popular support if it was to survive the insurgency. In order to pursue this goal of "winning the hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people, units of the United States Army, referred to as "Civil Affairs" units, were extensively utilized for the first time for this purpose since World War II. Civil Affairs units, while remaining armed and under direct military control, engaged in what came to be known as "nation building": constructing (or reconstructing) schools, public buildings, roads and other physical infrastructure; conducting medical programs for civilians who had no access to medical facilities; facilitating cooperation among local civilian leaders; conducting hygiene and other training for civilians; and similar activities. This policy of attempting to win the "Hearts and Minds" of the Vietnamese people, however, often was at odds with other aspects of the war which served to antagonize many Vietnamese civilians. These policies included the emphasis on "body count" as a way of measuring military success on the battlefield, the bombing of villages (symbolized by journalist Peter Arnett's famous quote, "it was necessary to destroy the village in order to save it"), and the killing of civilians in such incidents as the My Lai massacre. In 1974 the documentary "Hearts and Minds" sought to portray the devastation the war was causing to the South Vietnamese people, and won an Academy Award for best documentary amid considerable controversy. The South Vietnamese government also antagonized many of its citizens with its suppression of political opposition, through such measures as holding large numbers of political prisoners, torturing political opponents, and holding a one-man election for President in 1971. Despite the increasingly depressing news on the war, many Americans continued to support President Johnson's endeavors. Aside from the domino theory mentioned above, there was a feeling that the goal of preventing a communist takeover of a pro-Western government in South Vietnam was a noble objective. Many Americans were also concerned about saving face in the event of disengaging from the war or, as President Richard M. Nixon later put it, "achieving Peace with Honor". In addition, instances of Viet Cong atrocities were widely reported, most notably in an article that appeared in Reader's Digest in 1968 entitled The Blood-Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh. However, anti-war feelings also began to rise. Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds, seeing it as a destructive war against Vietnamese independence, or as intervention in a foreign civil war; others opposed it because they felt it lacked clear objectives and appeared to be unwinnable. Some anti-war activists were themselves Vietnam Veterans, as evidenced by the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Some of the Americans opposed to the Vietnam War, as for instance Jane Fonda, stressed their support for ordinary Vietnamese civilians struck by a war beyond their influence. The anti-war sentiments gave reason to a perception among returning soldiers of being spat on. In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson began his re-election campaign. A member of his own party, Eugene McCarthy, ran against him for the nomination on an antiwar platform. McCarthy did not win the first primary election in New Hampshire, but he did surprisingly well against an incumbent. The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign, taken together with other factors, led the President to make a surprise announcement in a March 31 televised speech that he was pulling out of the race. He also announced the initiation of the Paris Peace Talks with Vietnam in that speech. Then on August 4, 1969 US representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy began secret peace negotiations at the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris. The negotiations eventually failed, however. Seizing the opportunity caused by Johnson's departure from the race, Robert Kennedy then joined in and ran for the nomination on an antiwar platform. Johnson's vice president, Hubert Humphrey, also ran for the nomination, promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government. Kennedy was assassinated that summer, and Eugene McCarthy was unable to overcome Humphrey's support within the party elite. Humphrey won the nomination of his party, and ran against Richard Nixon in the general election. During the campaign, Nixon has been said to have claimed knowledge of a secret plan to end the war; this claim did not actually occur. It was thought to have occurred because at one point, his opponent for G.O.P. nomination, Gov. George Romney of Michigan, asked him "Where is your secret plan?" Opposition to the Vietnam War in Australia followed along similar lines to the United States, particularly with opposition to conscription. While Australian disengagement began in 1970 under John Gorton, it was not until the election of Gough Whitlam in 1972 that conscription ended. Anti-Vietnam war demonstration Nixon was elected President and began his policy of slow disengagement from the war. The goal was to gradually build up the South Vietnamese Army so that it could fight the war on its own. This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, the doctrine was called "Vietnamization". The stated goal of Vietnamization was to enable the South Vietnamese army to increasingly hold its own against the NLF and the North Vietnamese Army. The unstated goal of Vietnamization was that the primary burden of combat would be returned to ARVN troops and thereby lessen domestic opposition to the war in the U.S. During this period, the United States conducted a gradual troop withdrawal from Vietnam. Nixon continued to use air power to bomb the enemy, at the expense of American troop incursions. Ultimately more bombs were dropped under the Nixon Presidency than under Johnson's, while American troop deaths started to drop significantly. The Nixon administration was determined to remove American troops from the theater while not destabilizing the defensive efforts of South Vietnam. Many significant gains in the war were made under the Nixon administration, however. One particularly significant achievement was the weakening of support that the North Vietnamese army received from the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China. One of Nixon's main foreign policy goals had been the achievement of a "breakthrough" in relations between the two nations, in terms of creating a new spirit of cooperation. To a large extent this was achieved. China and the USSR had been the principal backers of the North Vietnamese army through large amounts of military and financial support. The eagerness of both nations to improve their own US relations in the face of a widening breakdown of the inter-Communist alliance led to the reduction of their aid to North Vietnam. U.S. soldiers' massacre of Vietnamese villagers at The morality of US conduct of the war continued to be an issue under the Nixon Presidency. In 1969, American investigative journalist Seymour Hersh exposed the My Lai massacre and its cover-up, for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. It came to light that Lt. William Calley, a platoon leader in Vietnam, had led a massacre of several hundred Vietnamese civilians, including women, babies, and the elderly, at My Lai a year before. The massacre was only stopped after two American soldiers in a helicopter spotted the carnage and intervened to prevent their fellow Americans from killing any more civilians. Although many were appalled by the wholesale slaughter at My Lai, Calley was given a life sentence after his court-martial in 1970, and was later pardoned by President Nixon. Cover-ups or soft treatments of American war crimes also happened in other cases, e.g. as revealed by the Pulitzer Prize winning article series about the Tiger Force by the Toledo Blade in 2003. In 1970, Nixon ordered a military incursion into Cambodia in order to destroy NLF sanctuaries bordering on South Vietnam. This action prompted even more protests on American college campuses. Several students were shot and killed by National Guard troops during demonstrations at Kent State. One effect of the incursion was to push communist forces deeper into Cambodia, which destabilized the country and in turn may have encouraged the rise of the Khmer Rouge, who seized power in 1975. The goal of the attacks, however, was to bring the North Vietnamese negotiators back to the table with some flexibility in their demands that the South Vietnamese government be overthrown as part of the agreement. It was also alleged that American and South Vietnamese casualty rates were reduced by the destruction of military supplies the communists had been storing in Cambodia. In an effort to help assuage growing discontent over the war, Nixon announced on October 12, 1970 that the United States would withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas. Later that month on October 30, the worst monsoon to hit Vietnam in six years caused large floods, killed 293, left 200,000 homeless and virtually halted the war. Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invaded Laos on 13 February 1971. On August 18 of that year, Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from Vietnam. The total number of American troops in Vietnam dropped to 196,700 on 29 October 1971, the lowest level since January 1966. On November 12, 1971 Nixon set a 1 February 1972 deadline to remove another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. On April 22, 1971, John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress about the war, when he appeared before a Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. He spoke for nearly two hours with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in what has been named the Fulbright Hearing, after the Chairman of the proceedings, Senator J. William Fulbright. Kerry presented the conclusions of the Winter Soldier Investigation, where veterans had described personally committing or witnessing war crimes. In the 1972 election, the war was once again a major issue in the United States. An antiwar candidate, George McGovern, ran against President Nixon. Nixon's Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, declared that "Peace is at Hand" shortly before the voters went to the polls, dealing a death blow to McGovern's campaign, which had been facing an uphill battle. However, the peace agreement was not signed until the next year, leading many to conclude that Kissinger's announcement was just a political ploy. Kissinger's defenders assert that the North Vietnamese negotiators had made use of Kissinger's pronouncement as an opportunity to embarrass the Nixon Administration to weaken it at the negotiation table. White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler on 30 November 1972 told the press that there would be no more public announcements concerning American troop withdrawals from Vietnam due to the fact that troop levels were then down to 27,000. The US halted heavy bombing of North Vietnam on December 30, 1972. A campaign to bomb Vietnam's dikes and thus threaten the North Vietnamese food supply was employed to pressure the North to concede, the details of which only began to surface much later. The end of the war South Vietnamese civilians scramble to board the last US helicopter leaving the country. On 15 January 1973, citing progress in peace negotiations, President Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam which was later followed by a unilateral withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam. The Paris Peace Accords were later signed on 27 January 1973 which officially ended US involvement in the Vietnam conflict. This won the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for Kissinger and North Vietnam's Prime Minister Le Duc Tho while fighting continued, leading songwriter Tom Lehrer to declare that irony had died. The first American prisoners of war were released on February 11 and all US soldiers were ordered to leave by March 29. In a break with history, soldiers returning from the Vietnam War were generally not treated as heroes, and soldiers were sometimes even condemned for their participation in the war. The peace agreement did not last. Nixon had promised South Vietnam that he would provide military support to them in the event of a crumbling military situation. Nixon was fighting for his political life in the growing Watergate Scandal at the time. Economic aid continued, most of it was siphoned off by corrupt elements in the South Vietnamese government and little of it actually went to the war effort. At the same time aid to North Vietnam from the USSR and China began to increase, and with the Americans out, the two countries no longer saw the war as significant to their US relations. The balance of power had clearly shifted to the North. By 1975, the South Vietnamese Army stood alone against the powerful North Vietnamese. Despite Vietnamization and the 1972 victories against the NVA offensive ,the ARVN was plagued with corruption , desertion, low wages, and lack of supplies. Then in early March the NVA launched a powerful offensive into the poorly defended Central Highlands, splitting the Republic of South Vietnam in two. President Thieu , fearful that ARVN troops in the northern provinces would be isolated due to a NVA encirclement, he decided on a redeployment of ARVN troops from the northern provinces to the Central Highlands. But the withdrawal of South Vietnamese forces soon turned into a bloody retreat as the NVA crossed the DMZ. While South Vietnamese forces retreated from the northern provinces, splintered South Vietnamese forces in the Central Highlands fought desperately against the NVA. On March 11, 1975 Bumnethout fell to the NVA. The attack began in the early morning hours. After a violent artillery barrage , 4,000- man garrison defending the city retreated with their families. On March 15, President Thieu ordered the Central Highlands and the northern provinces to be abandoned, in what he declared to lighten the top and keep the bottom General Phu abandoned the cities of Plieku and Kontum and retreated to the coast in what became known as the column of tears. General Phu led his troops to Tum Ky on the coast , but as the ARVN retreated, the civilians also when with them. But due to already destroyed roads and bridges the column slowed down as the NVA closed in. As the column staggered down mountains to the coast , NVA shelling attacked. By April 1, the column ceased to exist after 60,000 ARVN troops were killed. On March 20 , Thieu reversed himself and ordered Hue, Vietnam’s 3rd largest city be held out at all cost. But as the NVA attacked, a panic ensured and South Vietnamese resistance collapsed. On March 22, the NVA launched a siege on Hue, the civilians , remembering the 1968 massacre jammed into the airport, seaports, and the docks. Some even swam into the ocean to reach boats and barges. The ARVN routed with the civilians and some South Vietnamese shot civilians just to make room for themselves. On March 25, after a 3-day siege , Hue fell. As Hue fell, NVA rockets hit downtown Da Nang and the airport. By March 28, 35,000 NVA troops were poised in the suburbs. On March 29, a World Airways jet led by Edward Daley landed in Da Nag to save women and children, instead 300 men jammed onto the flight , mostly ARVN troops. On March 30, 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the NVA marched victoriously through Da Nang on that Easter Sunday. With the fall of Da Nang , the defense of the Central Highlands and northern provinces collapsed. With half of South Vietnam under their control , NVA prepared for its final phase in its offensive , the Ho Chi Minh campaign , the plan: By May 1 ,capture Saigon before South Vietnamese forces could regroup to defend it. The NVA continued its attack as South Vietnamese forces and Thieu regime crumbled before their onslaught. On April 7, 3 NVA divisions attacked Xuan-loc , 40 miles east of Saigon , where they met fierce resistance from the ARVN 18th Infantry division. For 2 bloody weeks. Severe fighting raged in the city as the ARVN defenders in a last-ditch effort tried desperately to save South Vietnam from military and economic collapse. Also , hoping Americans forces would return in time to save them. The ARVN 18th Infantry division used many advance weapons against the NVA , and it was in the final phase in which Saigon government troops fought well. But on April 21, the exhausted and besieged army garrison defending Xuan-loc surrendered. A bitter and tearful Thieu resigned on April 21 , saying America had betrayed South Vietnam and he showed the 1972 document claiming America would retaliate against North Vietnam should they attack. Thieu left for Taiwan on April 25, leaving control of the doomed government to General Minh By now NVA tanks had reached Bienhoa , they turned towards Saigon , clashing with few South Vietnamese units on the way. The end was near. Fall of Saigon By April , the weakened South Vietnamese Army had suddenly collapsed on all fronts. The powerful NVA offensive forced South Vietnamese troops on a bloody retreat that ended up as a hopeless siege at Xuan-loc , a city 40 miles from Saigon and the last South Vietnamese defense line before Saigon. On April 21 , the defense of Xuan-loc collapsed and NVA troops and tanks rapidly advanced to Saigon. On April 27 , 100,000 NVA troops encircled Saigon , which was to be defended by 30,000 ARVN troops. On April 29 The US launched Option IV , the largest helicopter evacuation in history Chaos , unrest ,and panic ensured as hectic Vietnamese scrambled to leave Saigon before it was to late. Helicopters began evacuating from the US embassy and the airport. Evacuation were held to the last minute because US ambassador Martin thought Saigon could be held and defended. The operation began in an atmosphere of desperation as hysterical mobs of South Vietnamese raced to takeoff spots designated to evacuate, many yelling to be saved. Martin had pleaded to the US government to send $700 million dollars in emergency to South Vietnam in order to bolster the Saigon regime’s ability to fight and to mobilize fresh South Vietnamese units. But plead was rejected many Americans felt the Saigon regime would meet certain collapse none the less and President Ford gave a speech on April 23 , declaring the end of the Vietnam War and the end of all American aid to the Saigon regime. The helicopter evacuation continued all day and night while NVA tanks reached the outskirts of Saigon. In the early hours of April 30, the last US Marines left the embassy as hectic Vietnamese breached the embassy perimeter and raided the place. NVA T-54 tanks moved into Saigon . The South Vietnamese resistance was light Tank skirmishes began as ARVN M-41 tanks attacked the heavily armored Soviet T-34 tanks. NVA troops soon dashed to capture The US embassy, the government army garrison ,the police headquarters , radio station , presidential palace, and other vital targets. The NVA encountered greater-than excepted resistance as small pockets of ARVN resistance continued. By now the helicopter evacuation had saved 7,000 American and Vietnamese and soon became to an end. The presidential palace was soon captured as the Vietcong flag waved victoriously over the palace. President Minh surrendered Saigon to the NVA colonel Bui Tin and the surrender came over the radio as Minh ordered South Vietnamese forces to lay down their weapons. Columns of South Vietnamese troops came out of defensive positions and surrendered. Saigon fell on April 30, 1975. As for the Americans, many stayed in South Vietnam but by May 1, 1975 most Americans had fled , leaving the city of Saigon forever. The Vietnam War was America most humiliating defeat, over 58,000 died and many were injured and left crippled or paralyzed. As for the people of South Vietnam , over a million ARVN soldiers died in the 30-year conflict. North Vietnam united both North and South Vietnam on 2 July 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Saigon was re-named Ho Chi Minh City in honor of the former president of North Vietnam. Hundreds of supporters of the South Vietnamese government were rounded up and executed, many more were imprisoned. Communist rule continues to this day. On 21 January 1977 American President Jimmy Carter pardoned nearly all Vietnam War draft evaders. Main article: Casualties of Vietnam War Estimating the number killed in the conflict is extremely difficult. Official records from North Vietnam are hard to find or nonexistent and many of those killed were literally blasted to pieces by bombing. For many years the North Vietnamese suppressed the true number of their casualties for propaganda purposes. It is also difficult to say exactly what counts as a "Vietnam war casualty"; people are still being killed today by unexploded ordnance, particularly cluster bomblets. More than 40,000 Vietnamese have been killed so far by landmines and unexploded ordnance. Environmental effects from chemical agents and the colossal social problems caused by a devastated country with so many dead surely caused many more lives to be shortened. In addition, the Khmer Rouge would probably not have come into power and committed their slaughters without the destabilization of the war, particularly of the American bombing campaigns to 'clear out the sanctuaries' in Cambodia. The lowest casualty estimates, based on North Vietnamese statements which are now discounted by Vietnam, are around 1.5 million Vietnamese killed. Vietnam's Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs released figures on April 3, 1995, reporting that 1.1 million fighters -- Viet Cong guerrillas and North Vietnamese soldiers -- and nearly 2 million civilians in the north and the south were killed between 1954 and 1975. The number of wounded fighters was put at 600,000. It is unclear how many Vietnamese civilians were wounded. The accuracy of these figures has generally not been challenged. Of the Americans, 58,226 were killed in action or classified as missing in action. A further 153,303 Americans were wounded to give total casualties of 211,529. The United States Army took the majority of the casualties with 38,179 killed and 96,802 wounded; the Marine Corps lost 14,836 killed and 51,392 wounded; the Navy 2,556 and 4,178; with the Air Force suffering the lowest casualties both in numbers and percentage terms with 2,580 killed and 931 wounded. American allies took casualties as well. South Korea provided the largest outside force and suffered something between 4400 and 5000 killed full details including WIA and MIA appear difficult to find. Australia lost 501 dead and 3,131 wounded out of the 47,000 troops they had deployed to Vietnam. New Zealand had 38 dead and 187 wounded. Thailand had 351 casualties. were also at least in the hundreds but, like the Philippines, it is difficult to locate accurate figures for their losses. Although Canada was not involved in the war, thousands of Canadians joined the American armed forces and served in Vietnam. The American fatal casualties include at least 56 Canadian citizens. It is difficult to estimate the exact number because some Canadians crossed the border to volunteer for service under false pretenses whereas others were permanent residents living in the United States who either volunteered or were drafted. In the aftermath of the war many Americans came to believe that some of the 2,300 American soldiers listed as Missing in Action had in fact been taken prisoner by the DRV and held indefinitely. The Vietnamese list over 200,000 of their own soldiers Missing in Action, and bodies of MIA soldiers from World War I and II continue to be unearthed in Europe. Both during and after the war, significant human rights violations occurred. Both North and South Vietnamese had large numbers of political prisoners, many of whom were killed or tortured. In 1970, two American congressmen visiting South Vietnam discovered the existence of "tiger cages", which were small prison cells used for torturing South Vietnamese political prisoners. After the war, actions taken by the victors in Vietnam, including firing squads, torture, concentration camps and "re-education," led to the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese. Many of these refugees fled by boat and thus gave rise to the phrase "boat people." They emigrated to Hong Kong, France, the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries, creating sizable expatriate communities, notably in the United States. Among the many casualties of the war were the people of the neighboring state of Cambodia. Approximately 600,000 died as a result of US bombing campaigns. The bombing campaigns also drove many Cambodians into the arms of the nationalist and communist Khmer Rouge who took power and continued the slaughter of opponents or suspected opponents. About 1.7 million Cambodians were murdered or fell victim to starvation and disease before the regime was overthrown by Vietnamese forces in 1979. Domestic effects and aftermath in Indochina Virtually every Vietnamese, especially South Vietnamese, was affected by the war, having endured relentless bombardments and targeted killings. Many Vietnamese lost relatives as a result of the war. The end of the war marked the first time that Vietnam was at peace in many years. North and South Vietnam was reunified under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the communist victory. Fear of persecutions initially caused many highly skilled and educated South Vietnamese connected with the former regime to flee the country during the fall of Saigon, severely depleting human capital in Vietnam. The new government promptly sent people connected to the South Vietnam regime to concentration camps for "re-education", often for years at a time. Others were sent to so-called "new economic zones" to develop the undeveloped land. Furthermore, it implemented land reforms in the south similar to those implemented in North Vietnam earlier. However it is as well to remember that large areas of land in South Viet Nam had already been appropriated by the communists well before the end of the war - and their owners compensated for the loss by the South Vietnamese government. Persecution and poverty prompted an additional 2 million people to become boat people over the 20 years since unification. The problem was so severe that during the 1980s and 1990s the UN had to set up refugee camps in neighboring countries to process them. Many of these refugees resettled in the United States, forming large anti-communist Vietnamese-American communities. Ravaged by war, Vietnam is still in the process of recovery. It remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Remittance from overseas Vietnamese constitute a considerable part of the economy. Vietnamese people often make reference to events as happening "before 1975" or "after 1975", but life in South Vietnam before 1975 is rarely discussed since newspapers and movies published in the South prior to 1975 were forbidden from circulation. The large number of people born after 1975 may be indicative of a post-war baby boom. Many people are disabled during war, and continue to be killed and disabled by unexploded ordnance. Agent Orange, used as a defoliant during the war, is alleged by the Vietnamese government to continue to cause birth defects in many children. In the late 1980s the government instituted economic reforms known as đổi mới (renovation), which introduced some market elements, achieving some modest results. The Soviet collapse in 1991 left Vietnam without its main economic and political partner, and thus it began to seek closer ties with the West. After taking office, U.S. President Bill Clinton announced his desire to heal relations with Vietnam. His administration lifted economic sanctions on the country in 1994, and in May 1995 the two nations renewed diplomatic relations, with the US opening up an embassy on Vietnamese soil for the first time since 1975. Shortly before the war in Vietnam ended, the Khmer Rouge seized power in Cambodia. Following their takeover was a bloody genocide in which people were systematically killed. They were driven from power in 1979 when Vietnam invaded and installed its own puppet government. Domestic effects and aftermath in the United States The Vietnam war had many long term repercussions for American society and foreign policy. Politically, the war's poor planning and legislation that President Johnson regarded as "blank checks" to pursue the war led to Congress reviewing the way that the United States waged war. Due to the Vietnam War buildup, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution of 1973, which curtailed the President's ability to commit troops to action without first obtaining Congressional approval. From a social point of view, the war was a key time in the lives of many younger Americans, especially the so-called baby boom generation. For protester and soldier alike, the war created many strong opinions in regards to American foreign policy and the justness of war. As a result, the Vietnam War was also significant in showing the degree that the public can influence government policy through mobilization and protest. The use of the defoliation agent known as Agent Orange, designed to destroy the hiding places of the Viet Cong, has caused many health maladies and birth defects to this day for people on both sides of the conflict. The war and its aftermath led to a mass emigration from Vietnam, mostly to the United States. They included both Amerasians (the children of Vietnamese young women and US military personnel) and Vietnamese refugees, especially those who had served under South Vietnam, who fled soon after the Communist takeover. During the subsequent years over 1 million of these people arrived in the United States (see Vietnamese American) Social attitudes and treatment of veterans In 1982, construction began on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (also known as 'The Wall') designed by Maya Lin. It is located on the Washington DC mall adjacent to the Lincoln Memorial. The Three Soldiers statue was added later, in 1984. Service in the war was unpopular, especially among the contemporaries of the soldiers who fought it. Veterans of the war received benefits no better than those in the prior peacetime service period, and in contrast to the generous benefits afforded veterans of World War II. Some of the war's veterans experienced shunning in the society, and a few had profound difficulties—including homelessness—since returning from Vietnam. Many veterans who had been exposed to "Agent Orange" during service later contracted a number of cancers, skin diseases and other health problems. The U.S. department of Veterans Affairs awarded compensation to only 1,800 of some 250,000 claimants. Also in contrast to the post-World War II period, the great majority of major elected officials in the U.S. have not been war veterans, which was virtually compulsory in the recent past. Each of the eight Presidents from 1945 to 1992 was a veteran of one of the World Wars. George McGovern, the pacifist opponent of Nixon, was a highly-decorated B-24 bomber pilot. Many who did serve during Vietnam served in auxiliary forces such as the National Guard or reserve forces that were minimally called up during the conflict, including current President Bush. Former President Bill Clinton initially signed up for ROTC, but successfully withdrew his commitment, and did not serve at all. Contemporary status of Vietnam veterans Vietnam service has become more respected, especially in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and was important to the election of some American politicians; for example, it was a factor in the election of John McCain, a former Vietnam POW, to the US Senate. John F. Kerry became the first Vietnam combat veteran to run as a major party candidate for president and he made his service there a major issue in the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign. His Vietnam record was controversial with veterans coming out for and against the candidate. Whether or not Kerry's tour of and subsequent protest of Vietnam had any effect on voters, his candidacy did not succeed. Major military operations of the Vietnam War with launching dates Major battles of the Vietnam War Major bombing campaigns of the Vietnam War Major figures of the Vietnam War Common military medals of the Vietnam War Republic of Vietnam medals Vietnamese unit citations United States Vietnam Service See also: Awards and decorations of the United States military Phillip Davidson. 1988. Vietnam at War: The History 1946-1975 Daniel Ellsberg. 2002. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press. - Frances Fitzgerald . 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Little Brown and Company. David Halberstam. 1969. The Best and the Brightest. New York. Ballantine Books. Patrick J. Hearden. 1991. The Tragedy of Vietnam New York: Harper Collins. - George C. Herring . 1979. "America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975". Boston: McGraw-Hill. - Stanley Karnow . 1983. Vietnam, A History. New York: Viking Press, ISBN 0140265473 - Robert J. McMahon . 2003. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War. New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 061819312X Robert McNamara. 1995. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. (written with Brian VanDeMark) New York: Vintage Books. - Robert Mann . 2001. A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam. New York: Basic Books. - James S. Olson (editor). 1988. Dictionary of the Vietnam War. New York: Greenwood Press, Inc. Neil Sheehan. 1988. A Bright Shining Lie. New York: Vintage. - Lewis Sorley . 1999. A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam New York: Harcourt. - Fall, Bernard. 1967. "Hell in a Very Small Place: the Seige of Dien Bien Phu". - Just, Ward. 1968. "To What End: Report from Vietnam." - Oberdorfer, Don. 1971. "Tet: the Story of a Battle and its Historic Aftermath". - Emerson, Gloria. 1976. "Winners and Losers: Battles, Retreats, Gains, Losses and Ruins from a Long War". - Caputo, Philip. 1977. "A Rumor of War". - Santoli, Al. 1981. "Everything We Had: an Oral History of the Vietnam War by 33 American Soldiers Who Fought It". - Mason, Robert C. 1983. "Chickenhawk". - Moore, LTG Harold G., and Galloway, Joseph L. 1992. "We Were Soldiers Once... and Young". - O'Brien, Tim. 1973. "If I Die in a Combat Zone". - Puller, Lewis B. Jr. 1991. "Fortunate Son". - Woolf, Tobias. 1994. "In Pharaoh's Army". - Langguth, A. J. 2000. "Our Vietnam: the War 1954-1975". - Laurence, John. 2002. "The Cat from Hue: a Vietnam War Story". - Dileo, David L. 1991. "George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of Containment". Ford, Daniel. 1967. "Incident at Muc Wa" (filmed 1976 as "Go Tell the Spartans") - Greene, Graham. 1955. "The Quiet American". - Herr, Michael. 1977. "Dispatches". - O'Brien, Tim. 1978. "Going After Cacciato". - Webb, James. 1978. "Fields of Fire". - Heinemann, Larry. 1986. "Paco's Story". - O'Brien, Tim. 1990. "The Things They Carried". - Meyers, Walter Dean. 1988. "Fallen Angels". Last updated: 10-16-2005 08:00:51

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Is mercury a quicksilver bullet or a slow poison? The name quicksilver is a good characterization for mercury in many respects. Apart from its physical appearance and effortless motility as a liquid metal, it is at the same time a semi-noble metal (suggesting non-reactive behaviour), but present in many chemical forms and it can participate in many chemical reactions. A broad classification would be to divide it into three forms: metallic mercury, inorganic salts, and organic mercury. Mercury is ubiquitous, it is present in soil, it is released into atmosphere in the burning of coal, it is easily amalgamated with other metals making it useful for dentistry as well as for many technical uses, and we can still find old mercury thermometers in the medicine cabinet or blood pressure meters. Even though human activities release several thousand tons into the environment yearly, natural sources still predominate. This essay concentrates on methyl mercury which is the most important form from the environmental point of view. However, one should not forget the mad hatter of Alice in Wonderland, a victim of chronic poisoning of the mercury used in felt preparation. The occupational exposure to metallic mercury vapour typically causes increased excitability and tremors along with a variety of other symptoms of the central nervous system and peripheral organs. A “new” source is energy-saving lamps in homes, if they break; they may contain 2–5 mg metallic mercury. At high concentrations, all forms of mercury are toxic and cause a myriad of symptoms. The differences are mainly kinetic; methyl mercury is absorbed better, and concentrates better in the brain than the other forms of mercury. Mercury is a natural component of the bedrock. Therefore weathering of rock releases mercury into the environment, as do volcanic eruptions. The most important anthropogenic source is power plants burning coal; this accounts for about two thirds of all man-made release. Some industries have also released considerable amounts of mercury; they include chloralkali plants and metal and cement production. Mercury releases have decreased in Europe and North America, but are increasing rapidly in Asia. One lethal use of mercury has been in the separation of gold from rocks and sand by dissolving it to mercury which is then evaporated. This causes terrible occupational risks to the gold miners already working in primitive conditions, and it also contaminates the nearby land and rivers. It has been estimated that 130 tons of mercury are being released each year into the Amazon basin alone. Methyl mercury is formed in the aqueous environment by anaerobic microbial transformation. This means that a lack of oxygen promotes its formation, and thus methyl mercury levels can vary extensively in even quite close water sources – depending on how well they are oxygenated. High concentrations of oxygen-depleting organic material such as humus promote this transformation, and therefore certain fish e.g. pike which live in the brown-coloured lakes of the coniferous forest and marshlands, may contain very high concentrations of methyl mercury even when there are no industrial plants upstream. Exposure to methyl mercury The methyl mercury intake of Europeans originates mainly from fish, and the adult intake in most countries is 10–30% of the tolerable weekly intake value, which was revised to 1.6 micrograms/kg/week in 2003. In children, the data are rather sketchy, but it seems to be around the same range. Variations are great between countries and even within countries, and in many individuals these recommendations are exceeded. The reason for fish being the most important source is bioaccumulation and biomagnification of methyl mercury within the aquatic food chains. Other forms of mercury do not accumulate into organisms, because metallic mercury is not reactive, and inorganic salts are so water-soluble that they are unable to not pass easily through lipid (fatty) membranes of living cells. Different fish accumulate methyl mercury very differently. The highest concentrations are found in large, old predatory fish such as pike, perch, swordfish, shark, and tuna (lower in canned tuna). The maximum concentrations set by the authorities in different countries are 0.5–1 mg/kg fresh weight, but in some species, concentrations of 3–4 mg/kg can be detected. Fate in the human organism The lipid solubility of methyl mercury helps it to accumulate in living organisms, but that is the end of similarities with the POPs. Methyl mercury does not concentrate in fat but in proteins. This is because it has a special attraction for the sulphur groups of one amino acid, cysteine and can also bind to cysteine-containing peptide glutathione, and proteins containing cysteine. This is both a blessing and a curse, because cysteine complexes help to make methyl mercury water soluble and allow it to be pumped out of cells and the central nervous system. On the other hand, binding to protein cysteines disturbs the functions of the proteins, and this is the reason for the diverse but specific forms of toxicity. The glutathione complexes attempt to remove methyl mercury from the body by helping its excretion to bile, but unfortunately this complex becomes degraded in the gut and then the methyl mercury is reabsorbed back into the human body. Since excretion to urine is minimal, methyl mercury can be rather persistent in human body, and its half life is of the order of two months. Methyl mercury concentrations are higher in the brain than in blood or most other tissues. It also readily passes through the placenta into the foetus, and levels in foetal brain are 5–7 times higher than those in maternal blood. Methyl mercury binds avidly to hair, because hair keratin is rich in cysteine. The sulphur-containing cysteine is why hair smells so terrible if burned. The high levels make it possible to analyse mercury in hair, and with long hair it is even possible to calculate exposure at different times by cutting the hair to pieces and calculating the situation at the time when each piece was growing. Hair concentrations are about 250 times higher than the corresponding concentrations in blood. The negative health effects of mercury are difficult to study, because the main intake comes from fish, and fish has been clearly shown to be beneficial to health in many ways. For example, fish consumption decreases the risk of acute cardiac deaths, it may prevent development of coronary disease, it has been shown to promote normal development of the nervous system and improve intellectual development in children. There are two major health concerns associated with methyl mercury in fish: increased cardiovascular mortality in adults, and developmental deficiencies of the central nervous system after exposure during pregnancy or in early childhood. Most of the data on cardiac deaths are from a large 14-year cohort study in Finland. Abundant use of non-fatty predatory fish such as pike was associated with heart disease. If the hair concentration of mercury exceeded 2 microg/g, then the protective and beneficial effects of fatty acids of fish were lost. Developmental problems are even more difficult to evaluate. It is clear from the incidences of frank poisoning that methyl mercury is highly damaging to the developing nervous system, especially the central nervous system. This was clearly shown in Minamata where industrial wastewater contaminated Minamata Bay with mercury, and the resulting methyl mercury poisoned virtually the whole population. Another poisoning incident was due to consumption of methyl mercury treated seeds during a famine in Iraq. In both cases, various developmental defects were seen when pregnant mothers were exposed to mercury; in particular developmental defects of the central nervous system. The impact of low intake from fish is far more difficult to assess. There are three major series of studies addressing the issue, from the Faroe Islands, the Seychelles and New Zealand. Fish consumption of mothers was highest in the Seychelles, averaging 12 meals a week. No definite developmental defects were found. In the Faroe Islands, the intake was mainly from whale meat and blubber. Slight retardation was seen in children at 7 and 14 years of age, of the order of a 2-month delay in development when their mercury concentration doubled. All studies agree with the possibility that the risk level would be about 10 μg/g in maternal hair, confirming suspicions based on the Iraq incident. A few mothers exceeded that level in the Seychelles and Faroes, but in most countries where there is lower fish consumption, the advice is that fish consumption could be safely increased, even though the safety margins are not very high. Mercury, in the form of methyl mercury, is presently the most important toxic heavy metal. The problem is that intake is mainly from fish, and no one can doubt that fish consumption confers clear benefits for health, in fact counteracting the same health outcomes worsened by mercury: fish oils prevent cardiovascular mortality, and are important for the development of the central nervous system. The safety margin is probably less than with any POP at the present levels. In many populations, some individuals are exceeding the safe weekly intake, not only the administrative tolerable intake estimates with their safety margins. Mercury intake originates mostly from fish, and it is clearly advisable to avoid consuming too often the kinds of fish with high mercury content. These include shark, swordfish, large pike, and tuna. During pregnancy, these species are best avoided. One should never forget that fish is a healthy foodstuff, but a variety of species should be consumed. Notes and references One level up: Is man defiled by what goes to his mouth? Previous chapter: Are heavy metals still a problem today? Next chapter: If this kills insects, what effect is it having on me?

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A warm-up is not Cardiorespiratory Training. It is a warm-up, movement that has a sole purpose to improve blood flow to the entire body and prepare the supporting systems for exercise. Therefore Cardiorespiratory training is a necessary independent component of fitness that must be addressed with the same vigor and assessment precision as a resistance training program. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be improved via a variety of exercise components and modalities, but the similar factor within that exercise is the consistent elevation of heart rate, for an extended period of time, which meets the ACSM’s recommendations for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness. The elevated heart rate must be a direct result of repeated large muscle contractions, causing the coordination of heart and lungs to produce energy and movement. For this assignment you will measure your personal level of cardiorespiratory fitness. Using the NASM protocols for cardiorespiratory assessment and the attached Labs 3.1-1 through 3.2-3, as criteria for assessment. Assignment #4 WK6 Describe and list the results of your personal cardio respiratory assessment. Your results should include: all elements listed on the document titled “CPT7_cardio_assessment_template” including your fitness ratings. In your description of your results explain why you think you displayed these fitness rating results. Does your lifestyle contribute to your rating? Why? Why not? Based on your results and fitness rating, develop a Cardiorespiratory exercise program. Use the attached Assignment 4 WK6 Template to assist you with layout. Within your assignment use a combination of narrative & any templates charts/graphs that you think are appropriate (see assignment attachments noted within the instructions). Requirements: The narrative of your paper should be a minimum of 3 written pages (not including title page and reference page); charts or tables will enhance your project but will not count toward your total page count. Please support the rationale for your thoughts and opinions. Cite the sources of any definitions or ideas that are not your own using appropriate academic sources (minimum of 2 References – required readings as sources are allowed and encouraged). Formatting: The writing component must meet all rules of APA formatting (7th edition) Including the title and reference pages, your entire submission will be no shorter than 5 pages. **Also, please refer to our APUS Library for help with APA formatting. And the Perdue Owl: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html Please use your NASM text readings (both in class and via NASM.org), the NASM forms (attached), and any other peer-reviewed/scientific resources you may find as reference material for this assignment. Our APUS Library Search Engines are a good place to begin. Please refer to the attached rubric for additional details and guidance. There are several ways to incorporate a Template/Table into your WORD document; a few hints: If you are unsure of how to do this -the easiest way is to complete your template on one document, then take a screenshot (I use a Mac & the command for screenshot is command+shift+4, which then gets saved as a pic. On a PC, there is often a “print screen” button which actually saves the screenshot to your desktop OR to a clipboard for you to paste in a word doc), open and copy the picture, then paste it into the document in the appropriate spot. Please refer to the attached rubric for additional details and guidance. | University of Maryland University Campus Mass Communications and Media Studies Social media has taken the front seat to the various means of media communication in an industry that is constantly evolving due to the fast-paced technology industry. Society is heavily influenced my information they gather through these channels when it comes to real-world news items, celebrity news, or as consumers. These media channels have opened a whole new world to marketers and businesses in ways to share their messages. Due to this growth, there has been an increase in the many theories that are being studied on the effects that media has on its society, culture, and audience. The articles below helped increase my understanding of media on a psychological level. What is the core purpose behind media outlets such as Twitter or Facebook? What are businesses hoping to accomplish by having a strong social media presence? The various studies help the readers understand the influences that mass media has on a person’s lifestyle and daily habits. Cavender, Kurt. “Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice.” Cultural Studies (2013): p656-p659. Author Kurt Cavender shares the views of various researchers who have studied the effects that different social media channels have on its audience. Furthermore, rather than asking how Facebook or Twitter are being used, one researcher (Bruno Latour) wants to understand what habits are formed because of these social media channels and the influence they have on our day-to-day productivity. There are many theories discussed such as; object-oriented media theories, system-oriented media theories, and a new theory introduced by Latour known as actor-network theory (ANT). Latour introduced ANT as “a method for following the circulation across space of people and objects as actors make up their worlds”. The main takeaway is that “social practice occupies an intersection between the semiotic and the material, that the movements of actors within media have both symbolic value and material implications in society.” Media and its traditional term is evolving which is highlighted in the journal article to help readers understand the impact of media and society. Saat, Rafeah, Selamat, Mohamad. “The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Information Richness on Trust.” Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting Vol. 8 No. 3 (2014): p67-p81. The authors of this study set out to test the effects that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has on the success of a business. This concept “describes the relationship between company and society.” The article focuses on how a new culture of communicating has been created through the internet which allows companies to share their CSR message with society. The authors designed a study to further understand the benefits of CSR through the Media Richness Theory (MRT), where companies can share their messaging through this avenue. The study is designed to help readers understand if sharing CSR through social media channels results in sales or if consumers become skeptical of the company’s mission and building trust in consumers. The study helps us understand how audiences receive and interpret messages through media. Bechmann, Gotthard, Stehr, Nico. “Niklas Luhmann’s Theory of Mass Media.” Society Vol. 48 Issue 2 (2011): p142-p147. In this paper, the authors study Niklas Luhmann’s theory of mass media and its true reality. Originally, Luhmann set out to prove the public’s suspicion of mass media as the basis of his research but shifted his beliefs as he got further into his research. The authors highlight that Luhmann’s thoughts about mass media is that they “do not present an image of a reality that they have distinguished but rather they themselves create the reality which they communicate daily as news, reports, advertising.” But this reality is what Luhmann refers to as “manufactured reality” that is circulated selectively by mass media. Further on, Luhmann widens his research to view mass media communication from the end users point of view to better understand the effects of mass media on our culture. Coming to an End: The Weekend Coming to an End: The Weekend After extensive research and examination of the Weeknd’s music, lyrics, styles, over comings and life hardship, I have found myself to be extremely well aware of every aspect of his life (that I could get my hands on). The Rhythm and Blues famous artist is hugely inspirational in consideration of his humble background to where he is now regardless of the hardships he underwent through as he was growing up. Also, proving himself as a legend in the music industry was not that easy due to his race and the fact that his family did not have the capability of supporting him. As a tolerant, the Weeknd does not only inspire through the touching music and lyrics but also through supporting the marginalized racial communities. In this paper, the issue of racism is discussed in a more significant context on how it has significantly affected the Weeknd’s life and shaping him to who he is now in the music field. The Weeknd also was known as Abel Tesfaye was born at Toronto in Canada by his parents Makkonen and Samra who were Ethiopian immigrants. When growing up, there was a challenge regarding his race, his voice and the family’s poverty level considering the community was racial biased. Due to his race and color, the Weeknd faced bullying and segregation in high school which made him abandon his learning at the age of seventeen. The legend takes this challenge as an inspiration and gets the idea of majoring in music as a way of spreading togetherness, giving him someone to talk to that no one wants to hear and a theme to talk about that others did not want to listen about it. The talent in him has been significant to people’s life nevertheless his race which he belongs (Eells, page 12). His fans would have disliked his appearance, but the power of music speaks making the get in touch with his art. In consideration of the Weeknd’s music, the issue of racism enhanced a significant impact. The facts that he has faced in live acts as an experience and motivation stimulator as there is the urge to change the way of taking things among the society. The racist learns from the art that all people have equal rights and every person has different capabilities which are all constructive if well natured regardless of the ethnicity. The positivity and encouragement that the Weeknd got from the people who looked down on him have enabled him to acquire many trophies more than a hundred awards in the music industry. The uniqueness equips the artist many precious opportunities in the entertainment field not only performing and encouraging fans but also enhancing perfection of other artists work. For instance, he has produced a variety of songs in the soundtrack of various favorite movies such as The Hunger Game among many others (Kumru, page 20). It is awkward to come across a Rhythm and Blues artist addressing social issues affecting the society such as rape and race segregation, but the Weeknd do this correctly. Many of other artists majors in making allusions to drugs, violence, and alcohol, use of pejorative language and the humiliating of people women in particular. On the other side, the Weeknd makes take a positive perspective of the mentioned above matters and relate them to the happenings in society to bring a positive impact and social-economic development. The artist has diversification in his physical and actual being, and he is oriented in his capabilities. In the today’s world, there is racism, and a pessimistic character will not survive in the competition as Abel did. One can just say that the fact of Abel being an Ethiopian disadvantaged him on achieving his objectives in the music industry which is not the case. The Weeknd did not and is not at any time looking back to give this mentality an opportunity to draw him back, and he believes in the capability of doing even more than anyone expects in the music industry. The issue of racism is evident even today and the Weeknd takes it as a degrading matter in that renders society development by bringing enmity between the American people. It hurts Abel to the extent that made him address the issue in public. The specific issue he talked about regards the police brutality when dealing with blacks. The artist did not have interest in politics, but it was inevitable to expose the issue according to him as it is touching and against human rights and justice. He broke up the silence that the police unfairly treat the blacks after the recent shootings. Furthermore, the Weeknd has kept the legacy of donating two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to the Black Lives Matter Network (Wagstaff, page 6). The organization deals with facilitating freedom and justice to the black people living in North America, and it has gained popularity after challenging police treatment to the minorities. As discussed above, the Weeknd is a hero who is passionate in the music industry and has the capability of coming up with racism crisis. It is a lesson and urges to the minority communities and people coming from a humble background who sees like there is no future ahead to have a positive perspective of working towards the targeted objectives. Racism is an excellent society back draw that has to be dealt with to ensure equality and justice in the country. Abel has proved it that no matter how hard situation that one goes through seems to be, at the end there is victory after achieving the expected goals. Eells, Josh. “Sex, Drugs and R&B: Inside the Weeknd’s Dark Twisted Fantasy.” Rolling Stone. 2015. Web. 28 Oct. 2017. Kumru, S. “Category: Slang and Language Subcultures.” “The Weeknd in Washington – Macleans.ca.” Macleansca. 2016. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 Vozick-Levinson, Simon. “Ready For The Weeknd.” Rolling Stone 1243 (2015): 15. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 30 Oct. 2017. Wagstaff. Keith. “10 Things You Should Know About the Weeknd.” GQ. 2015. Web. 30 Coming To America Movie Review Coming to America is a movie written by Barry W Blaustein and David Sheffield. Craig Brewer directs the movie, and it is a 1988 American romantic comedy. It is created by Eddie Murphy, who is also a star in the movie. He casts as prince Akeem, the soon-to-be king of Zamunda. The main cast includes Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem, Arsenio Hall as Semmi , servant to the prince. A friend to the prince, Shari Headley as Lisa MacDowell, is Akeem’s love interest, James earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer, Akeem madge Sinclair as queen Deleon Joffer, John Amos as Cleo McDowell Lisa’s father, and Pauls bates as Oha, a royal servant. Discontented with his pampered life, an African prince decides to move to America to find his wife. It is on his 21st birthday that a wife is selected for him. Unfortunately, he is not pleased with his wife to be since he would love to have a wife who will love him for who he is and a wife who will share with his knowledge, not one who will follow all of his commands without questioning. He moves to America’s poorest area, and he lives as a working-class man. This is an indication of the current situation when people want to change their environment and move on to a new phase of life whereby they feel better and fresh to start a new life. On his first days of searching, he is not contented with the women he meets. He claims that they all have a severe emotional problem; therefore, he asks an older man at the barbershop, Mr. Clarence, where they can find a nice woman. They go to the black awareness rally where Lisa catches the eye of Akeem. Akeem gets a job at the McDowell so that he could get to know Lisa better. Once Lisa accepts him, the king travels to America by the word of Semi and informs Lisa that Akeem is to marry someone else. On his wedding day, Akeem is surprised to find his bride is Lisa. All this is to help us understand the concept of love and how it is always a challenge to many people. In conclusion, therefore, this movie reflects the struggles a person gets in their lives and how different people deal with them. It also brings us to the face of the complicated issue of love. Landis, John, et al. “Coming to America.” IMDb, 29 June 1988, www.imdb.com/title/tt0094898. Accessed 16 Mar. 2021. Come back from Car Accident Name of the student Report submitted to: Name of instructor Introduction with theme 32645358851265450000We have so many tragedies and misfortunes happening in our lives, some of which are life changing. I can recall clearly how my friends’ life, Frank, has changed after he had a car accident on his trip to Chicago. His explanation is still clear and the marks visible. This essays discuss the comeback from Frank’s accident, how the accident happened, kind of surgery, healing period and how friends stood by him all the way long. It explains the impacts of the accident in his personal life and relations with others. Accident and kind of surgery It was a standout amongst the most alarming days of his life, the day of Frank’s car accident. In his explanation Frank details, the events that followed in that chilly Monday morning on his trip to Chicago. The tragedy started when an approaching track swayed from one side of the road to the other. The various attempts to escape by Frank was in vain. The track had hit Frank’s car causing an accident. What frank can recall is that he was found between frosty soil and the hot metal of the car breaking his left leg and dislocated his jaw bone. The police found him unconscious and rushed him to the hospital. He underwent knee-surgery and jaw-born relocation. Frank was lucky that he had other minor bruises in other parts of the body, but they got treated very fast. Healing period that he had to walk again According to Frank, it was not clear to him how he became unconscious and rushed to hospital. The family members how heard what happened had ran to the hospital. Other friends and relatives also ran to the Hospital. The Doctor at the Hospital worked round the clock to help Frank recover very fast. The support of the family members and friends was also of great importance. Frank was hospitalized for a period of three weeks after which he was discharged. Friend take him out of Hospital and encourage him to walk Friend and family members have been close to Frank all the way long. The day he was discharged, he got escorted back to his house by friends and family members. The family and friends have tried encourage him to walk again and they were next to him every step in his life. The support, encouragements, being there for him have calmed him and strengthened him. After another two weeks, Frank has started walking and moving on with his daily life. Though the marks of the stitches in his knee is still a reminder of that fateful Monday, Frank has recovered fully. I now acknowledge how valuable life truly is, and that it can be taken away in a flash or in a moment. I now comprehend why my father cautioned me to abstain from driving on specific streets to avoid bringing down the danger of having an accident. One little accident can bring about a change in one’s entire life. Frank will always remember that minute when he was lying on the ground and the events in Hospital. This has been a learning curve for both Frank family members and friends. Combined Research Paper Draft The difficulty Paper Gee talks about secondary discourse, where he defines it as the process where an individual acquires other skills in order to fit into a given group of people. He describes that we all have the primary discourse which we gain at our early childhood days while still at home. Mostly these primary discourses are dependent on the family members. These family members are the one who teaches us how to interact with the immediate environment we live in at that early stage in life. The most confusing part about Gee under his article is that he does not articulate how we need to gain these secondary discourses. We are also not in a position to clearly explain or identify these secondary discourses. Does associating a lot with other people improve our secondary discourse? Since secondary discourse is acquired from the as meet new people, it is true to conclude that our company and the time we spend we other people improve the way they perceive the world at large. For instance, Gee gives as a detailed example of how certain had to learn more skills and techniques on how to play softball. She was huge hence not fit to play the game at a competitive level. Her case was very simple; she was only supposed to gain confidence in order to help her be included in the team. Her interaction with friends helped her gain this confidence. Our company affects the way we associate or view the world in general. Like the say goes, ‘Birds of same feathers fly together.’ We tend to copy and adopt some behaviors and characters from those surrounding us. However, our primary discourse determines how we will approach the secondary discourse. Having an excellent primary discourse will attract the right kind of people in some one’s life. People will be pulled by the way we behavior them, and hence our primary discourse determines the type of people we would attract. Personally, I think the secondary discourse also attracts a certain character in the primary discourse. A group of persons that might be having the best secondary discourse are likely to attract new members whom they feel van blend in with their characters and mode of doing things. It is; therefore, true to suggest that secondary discourse and primary discourse are closely related. People tend to join groups that can benefit them, and again, any group would also recruit member whom they think they can help them in progressing positively. Having deeply analyses both primary and secondary discourse it is, therefore, clear to conclude that in order for one to clearly understand one of these aspects, they need to be well aware of the both of them i.e., having an explicit knowledge on primary discourse would help in understanding more about the secondary discourse. The context of the Research The aboriginals in Australia are considered as some of the indigenous people in thecountry. The population of the Aboriginals is present both in the mainland and the numerousislands such as Tasmania, Fraser, and Groote. Even though the name is considered offensive andoutdated, it is still used in various contexts, including academic works. As it stands, thecommunity of aboriginals is considered to be faced with several social issues. Among the mostprofound and observable challenges facing the population is a massive consumption of alcoholas well as drug abuse. The most worrying trend about the community is the tendency of illiteracycharacterized by significant school dropouts and failure to attain the educational qualifications bya number of them. Thus, the research context is on the Aboriginals and the social challenges mostof their people undergo in their everyday activities and operations. Participants and SiteThe participants in this research are the Aboriginals in Queensland. According to mydesktop research, I established that approximately 68% of the aboriginal tribes live inQueensland, Victoria, and New South Wales. Thus, I settled in Queensland as it has the people intheir large numbers. In the year 2016, the total number of Aboriginals in Queensland was 26,553.However, for the case of my study, the population targeted will be 50 people, though spreadacross the town. The people of interest in my group are the ones with addiction problems andhigh alcohol consumption. Finding them will call that I visit the drinking joints and somebackstreets within their residences. Before accessing the place, I will seek permission from theauthorities and ask for the guide from the community members, preferably the elders. Plan for data collection and analysis The process of data collection will take the primary methods of information acquisition.There will be an observation of the group of interest and the interview. The process willcommence through the performance of surveillance in which the survey will be done to thepeople within the drinking joints. The method of the study will take two days, preferablyweekends. Note-taking strategy for the data collection process is the outline in which there isanticipation that the notes are easy to read. Interviews are included in the data collection processin which the 50 selected people within the group are taken through the interview process. Thechoice of what to include in the interview included the frequency of alcohol consumption andwhether the interviewee is currently abusing the drug. The thread which will be followed in thiscase is IMRAD entailing introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. The thread presentedherein is informed by the fact that I want the research to be professional and easy to follow aswell as the logical flow of information Even though this research will be marked with the highest level of fairness andprofessionalism, some aspects might intersect the data with my perspective. Sincerely, myattitude and view will be informed by elements of history in which the indigenous people arejudged. Even though I am mindful of the fact that people are biased in judging or perceiving theindigenous aboriginals, it is precise that the same is not likely to form part of the activity of datacollection and research as a whole. In case I infer that whatever I read about the people is nothappening in reality, I will apply the utmost professionalism in ensuring that I note what I observed and generated the data as I said them in the interview document. I believe that my position will be informed with the reality and facts as well as finding within the area of study. The Research of Blog In various countries with racial diversity, there is a likelihood that the issue of color is likely to emerge in social settings such as schools and even in the working places. Through the analysis of the article entitled Narrative Analysis of Students’ of Color Experiences at Predominantly White Institutions and the Implications of Support Systems by Stephanie Blake, there is an insight developed to the readers, particularly the popular audience on their opinion regarding racism in the learning institutions. Through the use of Jarrett’s article in the styles of reading, the point, in this case, is to make the audience understand the view of the item on the students of color. Analysis of the Research From the study, it is precise that students of color perceive themselves as minorities who need family and peer support in conforming to the white-dominated schools. The article gives an appropriate response to the question posed by the topic of how the students of color interact with the institution dominated by the whites. Precisely, the students of color cannot conform adequately to the school environment. Thus, they need support from the people who are close to them. Hunter (2016) posits that discrimination in learning institutions in the United States affects the educational performance of African American and Latina students. There are recommendations for the institutions to create more cultural awareness for both the students of color and the white students in the learning institutions to ensure harmony and positive coexistence. Thus, the school orientation should be more intentional in fostering the creation of interactive space for more peaceful operations of both parties. As a matter of analysis, it is summarized explicitly that there is a negative perception of the white-dominated schools by the students of color as compared to the former. As can be noted from the analysis, the idea of race has preoccupied the mind, and psychological make up the students in such setups that it is putting them to the state of vulnerability. On the side of students of color, there is created the idea of an inferiority complex when they compare themselves with their white counterparts. It turns out that their perceptions are likely to develop the pitfalls for their learning. On the contrary, the students of the white descents perceive the schools as Better Avenue for education. However, some are not comfortable with the people of color sharing with them social facilities. Nevertheless, it should be realized that the aspects of racial discrimination are the orientation of the individual student. Lessons Drawn from the Article The white-dominated learning institutions have been blamed by the students of color as a result of their experiences in such institutions. The idea of separating students in line with their academic ability is considered one of the factors promoting racial segregation, particularly by African American students. There are claims by the students of color that their skin color prevents them from leading (Modica, 2015). When the statement on racial impediments is connected to the article under review in this discussion, it emerges that most of the students of color perceive the white-dominated schools as more segregated and are responsible for their failures to attain excellence in their school endeavors. A lesson learned from the article is that there is more evidence to ascertain that students of color perceive the school dominated with their white counterparts as an impediment to their success and excellence in all school-related activities. Objectives of Writing this Discussion The goal of writing an analysis of this article is to develop an insight and understanding of various student factions in the United States and how the racial perceptions paly in the school setups. In essence, there is the point of creating awareness that the issue of racial discrimination is a challenge and that it is likely to affect the operations of students not only of color but even of the white descents. As noted in this case, there are students of color who are not feeling comfortable in the white-dominated school to the extent that they need the help of their closest associates to conform to the settings of the learning environment. From the various reviews connected to the presentations and articles presented, there is realized the negativity some students of color have developed in the school dominated by the white students. Some believe that through the segregation of students according to their academic abilities, they are not likely to excel in their academic endeavors. Therefore, it can be concluded that through the views of the students of color, it is realized there is poor development of the same There were interview exercises conducted in which the people of Maori were asked about how they perceive visitors in their ceremonies. From the study carried out, there was a lot of information gathered in terms of the practices carried out among the people in my case. The population in consideration for the study was the people of Maori. The main point of attention was on how they perceive the visitors in their communities. In particular, there was concern about how visitors are treated in this community. From the observation, it was realized that the people of Maori are more involved in ceremonies in which they welcome visitors through songs and ceremonial dances. As could be achieved, people welcome visitors with threatening incarnations to test their brevity. Upon confirming the brevity of the visitor, there is the point in which they give the visitor seat to take part in their traditional ceremonies. From the interviews conducted, it was learned that the majority of Maori people are welcoming to visitors in their ceremonies. Specifically, from the presentation data, it was clear that approximately 70% of the entire population interviewed. However, about 20% stated that they were not comfortable with the visitors as they are not trustworthy. Approximately 10% of the people reported that they are not sure of whether they are welcoming to the visitors or not. In giving the reason for the perception of the visitors, the main reason for the 20% decline the issue of visitors; they pointed untrustworthiness as the main reason for their decisions making process. Interpretation of data In general conclusion, it can be asserted that the majority of the Maori people are welcoming. On the same note, it was clear that the people of the community value the issue of trust as the main reason for their choice of visitors. Also, there is the aspect of some people (10%) not giving their verdict about the visitors in which it can be interpreted that they value secrecy and confidentiality in treating strangers. It can be pointed out that the issue of the ceremony gives the best avenue to get observations about the Maori people and their perceptions about visitors. However, in getting a valid response, the interview must be conducted on individual members of the community in which they give their verdict without consideration to other factors like the judgment from other members of the community. Framing of discourse community The idea of is discourse community is one of the most sorted after concept in explaining the shared values and beliefs about a given group of people in a particular community or a society in general. The existence and practices of Maori people is a clear definition of the discourse community at play. The people of Maori identify with the history of New Zealand as one of the indigenous inhabitants of the Oceania nation. The most striking feature of this community is their uniqueness, as observed in their culture and beliefs, which is derived from a distinct orientation. It becomes necessary that the people are looked at and studies in a comprehensive approach to extract the essential features of the community. As opposed to modern societies and communities, the people of Maori are more concerned with their abilities to conserve their traditional acquired communication skills and practices. From the studies conducted, and the findings obtained, the Maori people are welcoming to strangers. Even though the review was more inclined and confined to a specific function of the community, it can still be used to reflect on the general perspective of the community to strangers. From the literature review, it could be concluded that the people of the Maori descents are all welcoming and that it is challenging to find one who is not fully into the culture and activities of the community. However, from the study, it could be registered that there are people of the Maori descents who debunk the myth of the people being all welcoming. The statistical data presented in the findings section is a clear indication that the people, just like other societies in various parts of the world, embrace diversity in opinion. A close look at the situation reveals an exciting idea about the community in which there are known unique communication codes and acceptable ways of interaction, which is known only to the people of the Maori society. As stated, the community has its unique language, which they have kept dear ever since they were known to the people of the modern world. Combating the Negative Impacts of Covid-19 The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic shook all aspects of life. Most countries were forced to adopt strict and harsh policies to control the spread of the virus and protect people’s health. Local and international movements were restricted altogether as part of the initiative. For this reason, many people lost their jobs and source of income. Approximately 3.3 billion workforce globally lost their livelihoods due to the pandemic (Stoecklin et al., 2020). The state issued a directive requiring the public to stay home to minimize physical contact among individuals. It was a tough time for most individuals because besides losing jobs, they lived in uncertainty and the death tolls linked to the virus kept increasing by the day. Most people who succumbed to Covid-19 were the senior members of society and individuals with chronic underlying diseases like heart problems, high blood pressure, kidneys problems, and diabetes. Various agencies were established and invested in the research and development of a vaccine to save people’s lives now that the deaths increased dramatically. This paper will discuss the role of agencies in facilitating vaccinations of the virus and in combating the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic The economic and social disruptions caused by the pandemic threatened to put a large section of the population below the poverty line worldwide. It was undeniable that the pandemic was beyond a health crisis since it caused an imbalance in all country sectors. The financial crisis dues to the drastic decrease in the labor force have made it challenging for both the government and the public to meet financial requirements (Ma & Miller, 2021). The government was forced to channel more of its resources and funds towards mitigating the effects of the pandemic, minimizing the spread, and eventually developing a long-term solution that would see people lead everyday lives. This aspect strained the country’s financial position and made it challenging to balance combating the effects of covid-19 and other social amenities necessary for the public. As different brands of the covid-19 vaccine are mandated, controversies tension grew among populations worldwide. Individuals against the covid-19 jab term it as a violation of human rights. Countries like Canada have protested against the vaccine meant to keep people safe and restore normalcy. Large and stable companies in the market authorized their employees to get vaccinated before reporting to work. Consequently, workers in different occupational fields took to the streets to protest against the private-sector mandates Covid-19 has become the most prominent global crisis for a long time for the government and corporations. The agency has prioritized the economic and health emergencies resulting from covid-19. Programs and projects have been rearranged in the agency’s portfolio such that the pandemic receives adequate attention and funding. The main concerns addressed by the agency during the pandemic are food security, public health, the labor force, and the safety of employees in their respective places of work (Rume & Islam, 2020). More resources and funds have been channeled into the healthcare system to combat the effects of the pandemic. Coronavirus spreads very fast because it is transmitted through physical contact. The increased cases require health facilities to be fully equipped with items like oxygen tanks and beds and be ready for patients. The high rate of Coronavirus infection is overwhelming to medical practitioners since the ratio of doctors to patients is disproportionate (García-Sánchez et al., 2020). There is a need to absorb more medical practitioners into the labor force to reduce the workload. Additionally, the funds channeled to the healthcare systems are used to buy personal protective gear for medical practitioners because they are exposed to people with the virus all the time. Furthermore, the offset of the pandemic threatened food security in most countries because limited movement affects productivity. The agency allocated funds to provide food for various families in the country. Most people lost their jobs which is their source of income. As a result, most families experienced financial strain due to limited resources. This initiative helped public members to sustain themselves until the government responded or issued a directive of the next move. The agency’s CEO plays a vital role because they foresee projects and ensure that they are implemented accordingly to keep the people safe and control the spread of the pandemic (Stoecklin et al., 2020). As the CEO, one should be at the frontline in fighting against the virus by creating awareness of covid-19, transmission channels, and the measures to take at an individual and community level. Additionally, the CEO needs to follow up on funds allocation to different departments to ensure that the funds are distributed evenly and appropriately to maximize a positive outcome. It is undeniable that Covid-19 disrupted operations and normal daily activities for the population across the world. The pandemic was also an eye-opener to the loopholes in the healthcare sector and other sectors in the country. The vulnerable groups in society were adversely affected by the pandemic. Their vulnerability made them an easy target for the virus hence recording the most cases and death tolls. It is imperative that they receive special treatment and care during the pandemic to restore their health and keep them safe. Therefore, society needs to portray global solidarity and support vulnerable groups. García-Sánchez, I. M., & García-Sánchez, A. (2020). Corporate social responsibility during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 126. Ma, H., & Miller, C. H. (2021). The effects of agency assignment and reference point on responses to COVID-19 messages. Health Communication, 36(1), 59-73. Rume, T., & Islam, S. D. U. (2020). Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon, 6(9), e04965. Stoecklin, S. B., Rolland, P., Silue, Y., Mailles, A., Campese, C., Simondon, A., … & Levy-Bruhl, D. (2020). First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(6), 2000094. Combat trauma is a common mental condition in active soldiers as well as in veterans. Trauma is caused by witnessing or going through terrifying happenings and is characterized by either consistent flashbacks to the event, hypersensitivity, anxiety and consistent thoughts on the event. Thesis statement: This paper will provide a summary of the nature of combat trauma which include: Intrusive memories, cutting off people, shift in emotional reactions and consistent negative thoughts. It will also focus on the causes of trauma such as loss of friends, terrifying human suffering and survivor’s guilt among others. Lastly it will consider the different methods of dealing with the trauma, both long term and short term solutions. Nature of trauma Intrusive memories- these include flashbacks to the events that often trigger anxiety and negative thoughts. It is also characterized by nightmares or reliving the memories of the events by the patient. Cutting off people- victims tend to think that family and the civilian community does not understand them hence tend to create walls in such relationships. It can also include avoiding visiting places that bring back memories of the traumatic event. Shift in emotional reactions which involves being hypersensitive and aware of danger that is not even present, high irritability, destructive behaviors such as drugs and substance abuse, aggressive behavior and sleeplessness. Consistent negative thoughts such as guilt, regret over doing things better at the time of the event or suicidal thoughts. Causes of combat trauma War is the biggest cause as brings with it intense human suffering which can be result to trauma Death of colleagues in the unit can cause survivors guilt hence trauma Change in environment upon returning home Betrayal by a fellow soldier causing lack of trust Ways of dealing with combat trauma Therapy and counselling Use of drugs such as morphine in cases where the victim is badly injured Finding purpose through spiritual guidance Rehabilitation and detoxification services by medical military professionals. Combat trauma in active and veteran soldiers cannot be ignored. Trauma can take the form of intrusive memories, negative thoughts, cutting off people and changes in emotional and physical reactions. These people can however be helped through therapies and counselling sessions done by professionals, administration of drugs that are likely to reduce trauma once the patients recover, spiritual guidance and rehabilitation and detoxification services done by medical military professionals. Combat trauma is a common thing among soldiers; both veterans and those active in service. Soldiers are trained in such a way that they view each other family and as such a closely knit relationship is often seen when serving and long after they get off service. However, their time is can be characterized by traumatic events which can affect their lives in a very destructive way. Combat trauma often appears in the form of intrusive memories such as nightmares and reliving traumatic events, cutting off people or avoiding places where the traumatic event occurred, having negative thoughts some which may be suicidal and also changes in emotional and physical reactions such being aggressive and highly irritable. This paper also focuses on the causes of combat trauma and specifically looks at causes such as war and the terrific occurrences that happen, loosing fellow soldiers and never having enough time to grieve, changes in environment once they return home and also betrayal by fellow soldiers. However, this is a mental condition that can be dealt with before it morphs into a chronic mental disorder such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). These solutions include Rehabilitation and detoxification services, administration of drugs that reduce the likelihood of having PTSD, therapy and counselling and also seeking purpose and spiritual guidance from spiritual leaders. Holbrook, T., Galarneau, M., Dye, J., Quinn, K., & Dougherty, A. (2010). Morphine Use after Combat Injury in Iraq and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New England Journal Of Medicine, 362(2), 110-117. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa0903326 For Military Treatment Professionals. (2019). Retrieved from https://stoningtoninstitute.com/treatment-programs/starlight-program/military-treatment-professionals/ Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2014. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57.) Chapter 3, Understanding the Impact of Trauma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/ Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967 Institution of Affiliation Columbus Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, 1493 Christopher Columbus wrote a letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez who was among his patrons and had assisted him to finance his exploration trip (Wadsworth, 2016). Columbus wrote the letter in March of the year 1493 upon his arrival from his return journey from Cathay, which would later be named as America. The author was not administrative personnel but a missionary explorer as well as an economic scout in search of treasures. By his description of the nature of the inhabitants of the regions he visited as being timid indicates that he was an educated individual. In fact, a scout and explorer who is in charge of a voyage have to be educated enough so that he is capable of determining the routes and recording the encounters in his diaries. Lord Raphael Sanchez was the intended recipient of the letter. In his letter, he used a more formal language that was in Spanish where it was later sent to Italy for translation to Latin. Lord Raphael Sanchez could not be able to read in Latin, and therefore this prompted Christopher Columbus to make extra efforts for the conversion of the letter. The main reason behind writing the letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez was due to the debt owned for financing his journey, his success to subdue the native people that he found on the islands as well the thrilling environmental nature of the region. The area was full of rich indigenous culture with the people know neither possessing weapons. The matter amazed Columbus and saw this as an opportunity to show allegiance to Lord Raphael Sanchez through taking control of the area and converting the people to Christianity, paying loyalty to the king and the people of Spain. The other reason for writing the letter was because Lord Raphael Sanchez was among the patrons of Christopher Columbus voyages and thus he was required to report all his discoveries to Lord Raphael Sanchez. The storyline behind Columbus’ letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez is the detailed accounts of what he witnessed during his journey to America. He tells of how the people in the regions are fearful and timid and how they become friendly after realizing that there was no harm to them. He continues to tell how he exchanged items with rifles and to sometimes nothing in return claiming that the people were so generous. The generosity of the people in the region amazed Columbus making feel ashamed for trading useless items with the most precious items in the region such as gold. In an attempt to convince Lord Raphael Sanchez, Columbus says that the people had a potential to obey the king and serve him without questioning and even love the king’s people (Wadsworth, 2016). Columbus also tells Lord Raphael Sanchez that he could organize that they could obtain more men as slaves from the region to work as soldiers and provide other labor in the home country. Columbus further continues to claim that with Lord Raphael Sanchez’s assistance he would ask his men to search for medicine and other valuables such as gold in as many contents as possible. The document was written due to the necessity to acknowledge Lord Raphael Sanchez’s effort to finance the voyage as well as being the patron of the voyage and therefore as a fact, a subject is expected to show allegiance to his master. It is in this quest that Christopher Columbus wrote the letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez immediately after his return from the voyage. Lord Raphael Sanchez had interests in the exploration journey, and therefore it was a necessity for them to be notified of the success of the crew as the patron. Columbus had to report whatever he saw and anything that was of value to the kingdom including all the treasures that he found in the regions of the visit. All these made him write the letter immediately after his return. Columbus was so much excited about his success of subduing the indigenous people and also their willingness to work with him devoting whatever they had to the crew as they were seen as gods to whom the people referred to as the people who fell from the sky. Columbus’ letter is more of research than just a mere trip as he was assigned the duty of searching the valuables and reporting back to the patron (James, 2016). Columbus letter to Lord Sanchez can be termed as more of a political and economic document though to some extent it might be seen as a private letter. The reason as to why it can be regarded as a political letter is due to Columbus claim that the area and its people could pay allegiance to the king. Also, there were economic motives along with political motives. The reason to why it can be referred to as economic letter is the claim that if he had more support from the government, he could bring along more treasures such as medicine, gold and men to work as soldiers and provide the necessary labor in the land. Furthermore, the letter says that the people could easily be converted to Christianity a religion which proves the letter to be more of a spiritual encounter for missionaries in the attempt to convert more people to Christianity (Young, 1983). On the other hand, the letter may be deemed to be private; this is because Lord Raphael Sanchez was a patron to the crew and among the personnel behind the financing of the voyage and thus a unique finding could be directly addressed to him. The inclusion of Lord Raphael Sanchez’s names may, therefore, proof the letter to be more private. In the letter, Columbus made no assumptions to Lord Sanchez. He wrote the letter in Spanish and sent it to Italy for its translation to Latin. He knew Lord Raphael Sanchez could not read Spanish and a translator would be needed. Taking into consideration that it was a private letter, he was prompted to translate the letter in advance before it reached to his patron. Yes, I can believe the document as it is the original document written in Spanish making me think and believe that Columbus was the original writer of the letter. Also, his direct address to Lord Raphael Sanchez and as well the letter is written in the first person singular meaning that whatever was written was the personal encounter to which he narrated to the recipient in the form of a letter. The letter postulates that the people from Columbus region were opportunists who took advantage of the weaker people making them their subjects forcing them to adopt their culture and making them slaves to the extent of making them worshipped (Hickman, 2016). The people were used to slavery as Columbus took several individuals with him along his return journey were on some made it through as they were subjected to torture threatening their lives. It is also evident that the Spanish people were Christian and therefore were in the urge to make colonies and convert the inhabitants to Christianity. The issue of economic exploitation is not new in his homeland, as he tells Lord Sanchez that if he had the support, he would bring all the treasures such as gold and medicine along with the slaves to work as soldiers. Columbus’ letter is an important document in history as it indicates the pioneers of colonization and economic exploitation in the world (Phillips & Phillips, 1993). Though it might not be of much relevance in today’s political activities, it can be used as a reminder of the indigenous cultures of the early people. It is through such documents that we come to realize how the world was viewed during the past days in history by inhabitants of the areas. The letter is important to me as it contains Columbus own views on the indigenous people of the new world to which he explored. It is through this letter that I understand the kind of relationships to which the explorers had with the indigenous people and how they traded. It is to my surprise that the explorers took advantage of the indigenous people’s fear to exploit them both socially and economically. The letter is also of vital importance to historians and navigators as the explorers were the pioneers of navigation. Hickman, J. (2016). Black Prometheus: Race and Radicalism in the Age of Atlantic Slavery. Oxford University Press. James, M. (2016). The Great Explorers. New Word City. Phillips, W. D., & Phillips, C. R. (1993). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press. Wadsworth, J. E. (Ed.). (2016). Columbus and his first voyage: a history in documents. Bloomsbury Publishing. Young, J. D. (1983). Confucianism and Christianity: The first encounter (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press. <Institution of Affiliation> Columbus letter on his first voyage, 1493 Christopher Columbus wrote a letter to the king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who had assisted him to finance his exploration trip (Buckley, Veronica, and John, 2015). Columbus wrote the letter on 15th march of the year 1493 upon his arrival from his return journey from the Caribbean. The author was not administrative personnel but a missionary explorer. By his description of the nature of the inhabitants of the regions he visited as being timid indicates that he was a learned person. In fact, an explorer has to be educated enough so that he is capable of determining the routes and recording the encounters in his diaries. Columbus wrote the letter to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella as the primary audience, though some of the people had access to read the letter. In his letter, he used a more formal language in Spanish where it was later sent to Italy for translation to Latin. The king could not be able to read in Latin, and therefore this necessitated Christopher Columbus to make efforts for translation. The main reason behind writing the letter to the king was due to the debt owned for financing his journey, his success to subdue the native people that he found on the islands as well the thrilling environmental nature of the region. The area was full of rich indigenous culture with the people know neither possessing weapons. The matter amazed Columbus and saw this as an opportunity to show allegiance to the king through taking control of the area and converting the people to Christianity. The storyline behind the letter is Columbus’ letter to the king with detailed accounts of what he witnessed during his journey to the Caribbean. He tells of how the people in the regions are fearful and timid and how they become friendly after realizing that there was no harm to them. He continues to narrate how he exchanged items with rifles and to sometimes nothing in return claiming that the people were so generous. In an attempt to convince the king, Columbus says that the people had a potential to obey the king and serve him without questioning and even love the king’s people. The document was written due to the necessity to acknowledge the king’s effort to finance the voyage and therefore, as a matter of fact, a subject must show allegiance to his master. It is in this quest that Christopher Columbus wrote the letter to the king immediately after his return from the voyage. The king together with the queen had interests in the exploration journey, and therefore it was a necessity for them to be notified of the success of the crew. Columbus had to report whatever he saw and anything that was of value to the kingdom. All these made him write the letter immediately after his return as it was like an exam although he was so much excited about his success of subduing the indigenous people. The letter is more of a scholarly thesis as it was more of research than just a mere trip. The letter is more of a political document though to some extent it might be seen as a private letter. The reason as to why it can be regarded as a political letter is due to Columbus claim that the area and its people could pay allegiance to the king and thus somehow indicates that there was some economic along with political motives (Graziano, 2017). Furthermore, the letter says that the people could easily be converted to Christianity a religion which proves the letter to be more political due to exploitation. On the other hand, the letter may be deemed to be private; this is because the king and the queen were the personnel behind the financing of the voyage and thus a special finding could be directly addressed to them just like Columbus deed indication the king’s and queen’s name on the letter. The inclusion of the names may, therefore, proof the letter to be more private. In the letter, Columbus made no assumptions. He wrote the letter in Spanish and sent it to Italy to be translated into Latin. He knew the king and the queen could not be able to read the Spanish language and could need a translator prompting him to translate the letter in advance before it reached to the king. Yes, I can believe the document as it is the original document written in Spanish making me believe that Columbus was the original writer also his address to the king and the queen are present. Furthermore, the letter is written in the first person singular. The letter indicates that the people from Columbus region were opportunists who took advantage of the weaker people making them their subjects forcing them to adopt their culture (Olwell, Robert, and Alan, 2015). The people were used to slavery as Columbus took several individuals with him along his return journey were on some made it through. Just a few individuals making it to Spain indicate that they were subjected to torture that threatened their existence. It is also evident that the Spanish people were Christian and therefore were in the urge to make colonies and convert the inhabitants to Christianity. Columbus’ letter is an important document in history as it indicates the pioneers of exploration and confiscation as well (Winsor, 2018). Though it might not be of much relevance in today’s political activities, it can be used as a reminder of the indigenous culture and how people used to conduct their daily lives. It is through such documents that we come to realize how the world was viewed during the past days in history by inhabitants of the areas. The document is important to me; this is because it has an original data, a letter showing a method of communication by then. Also, the contents of the letter are of much value to historians as they get to know the events that happened in the past and to which evidence may be lacking thus act as a bridging gap. The letter is also important to me as it is an original script written by a famous historian and explorer who in many aspects influenced the lives of many individuals. Buckley, Veronica, and John Middleton. “A LASTING LEGACY.” Lifelines in World History:” The Ancient World”,” The Medieval World”,” The Early Modern World”,” The Modern World” (2015): 241. Graziano, Manlio. In Rome We Trust: The Rise of Catholics in American Political Life. Stanford University Press, 2017. Olwell, Robert, and Alan Tully. Cultures and Identities in Colonial British America. JHU Press, 2015. Winsor, Justin. Christopher Columbus. BoD–Books on Demand, 2018.

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- Tiger reserves are a safe haven for tigers and other wildlife species and provide a host of ecosystem services to humans. - An official government study analysed the economic valuation of 10 of the 50 tiger reserves across the country and found that for every rupee spent on their management they, on average, gave benefits of Rs 2,500 per reserve. - Benefits related to the provisioning of water from these 10 tiger reserves is over Rs. 330 billion, which is more than the total budget of the government’s newly created Ministry of Jal Shakti. Making a case for the conservation of tiger reserves in India, a study has worked out the monetary value of the reserves and deduced that for every rupee invested, the returns amount to an average of Rs. 2,500 per tiger reserve. A latest government study that calculated the economic valuation of 10 of 50 tiger reserves of the country, reveals that for every rupee spent on their management, the reserves provided benefits ranging from lowest of Rs 346.7 to highest of Rs 7,488 within and outside the tiger reserves. Mongabay-India analysed these benefits for all the ten reserves and found that, on average, it translated to Rs 2,500 per rupee for each tiger reserve. The study looked at tangible and intangible flow benefits that result from investment in tiger reserves, including employment generation, fishing, fodder, fuelwood, carbon sequestration, water provisioning, water purification, sediment retention/soil conservation, nutrient retention, biological control, pollination, gas regulation, climate regulation, gene pool protection, moderation of extreme events, cultural heritage, recreation, spiritual tourism and more. The study “Economic valuation of tiger reserves in India: A value + approach” by the Centre for Ecological Services Management (CESM) of the Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) in collaboration with the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) analysed economic valuation of 27 ecosystem services in 10 tiger reserves. These were Anamalai (Tamil Nadu), Bandipur (Karnataka), Dudhwa (Uttar Pradesh), Melghat (Maharashtra), Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh), Pakke (Arunachal Pradesh), Palamu (Jharkhand), Panna (Madhya Pradesh), Similipal (Odisha), and Valmiki (Bihar). In January 2015, a similar study by IIFM calculated the economic value of six tiger reserves: Corbett, Kanha, Kaziranga, Periyar, Ranthambore and Sundarbans. At present, there are 50 tiger reserves across 18 states in the country. This report was released along with the All India Tiger Estimation – 2018 and the Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) of Tiger Reserves 2018 report by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on July 29, 2019. The latest tiger estimation pegged the population of India’s national animal, at 2,967. To understand the flow benefits of every tiger reserve, the study analysed the monetary amounts released for management of every tiger reserve each year. Among the 10 tiger reserves analysed, for every rupee spent on management costs in the Melghat tiger reserve per year, flow benefits of Rs 346.7 were realised within and outside the tiger reserve. It was the lowest among the 10 tiger reserves and the highest was for the Nagarjunasagar Srisailam tiger reserve where every rupee spent on management costs resulted in flow benefits of Rs 7,488.6 within and outside the tiger reserve. The monetary value of flow benefits from the 10 reserves ranged from Rs 50.94 billion (Rs 5,094.91 crore) to Rs 162.02 billion (Rs 16,202.11 crore) annually. The study also found that together these 10 tiger reserves provide annual tangible and intangible benefits worth Rs 5.96 trillion (Rs 596,502.14 crore). A rough calculation shows this is equal to about 17.94 percent of Rs 33.23 trillion (Rs 33,23,988.66 crore), which is the Indian government’s total expenditure through budget and resources of public enterprises for 2019-20. The tangible and intangible benefits from these 10 tiger reserves alone per year are over 201 times the environment ministry’s allocated budget of Rs 29.54 billion (Rs 2,954.72 crore) in 2019-20. Of the Rs 29.54 billion, Rs 3.5 billion (Rs 350 crore) have been allocated for project tiger in this year’s budget. Factors such as the generation of employment, fodder, timber, fuelwood, non-timber forest produce and bamboo are considered tangible benefits while factors such as carbon sequestration, water provisioning, sediment retention/soil conservation, nutrient retention, biological control, pollination, climate regulation, gene pool protection, habitat for species, carbon storage, cultural heritage, recreation and spiritual tourism are intangible benefits. To make it simpler to understand, all the benefits from the total of Rs 5.96 trillion can’t be realised directly. For instance, the benefits like carbon storage and soil conservation will happen if we just let the forests remain undisturbed. But then there are also benefits like non-timber forest produce which directly impact people living around these forest areas. For instance, the report noted, that population of around 100,000 is dependent on water supply from the Srisailam Dam in Andhra Pradesh’s Nagarjunasagar Srisailam tiger reserve and about 1.2 million gallons of purified water is supplied per day to nearby Srisailam town. Among the 10 reserves, M.P.’s Panna tiger reserve provided tangible and intangible benefits of Rs. 671.4 million (Rs. 67.14 crore) and Rs. 206.32 billion (Rs. 20,632.95 crore) respectively, the lowest of economic benefits from all ten reserves studied. The highest tangible and intangible benefits worth Rs. 343.3 million (Rs 34.33 crore) and Rs. 1.09 trillion (Rs 109,664.82 crore) respectively were from Jharkhand’s Palamu tiger reserve. India’s Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar called tiger reserves the engines of economic growth. “Looking at the triggered effect of investment in tiger reserves leading to the creation of multiple benefits, it would not be wrong to designate these tiger reserves as the engines of economic growth,” said Javadekar, in his message, in the report. Conservation of tiger reserves translate to economic benefits The results of the study indicate that tiger reserves provide a host of ecosystem services which are of significant value in a time when countries are investing heavily in climate change adaptation and mitigation. The study stressed that the “tiger reserves offer resilience for climate change and other environmental challenges the world faces today by conserving what matters” and are “crucial if future generations are to have an opportunity to enjoy natural landscapes that exist today.” The study also found that natural ecosystems in the tiger reserves provide adequate resources to humans that can be valued in the range of Rs. 16.43 billion to Rs. 70.42 billion (Rs. 1,643-7,042 crore). The 10 tiger reserves offer protection from disease, predators and parasites, which is an avoided cost in the range of Rs. 77 million to Rs. 241.5 million (Rs. 7.7-24.15 crore). Water and health benefits of tiger reserves The report emphasised that forests play a pivotal role in augmenting water flows and tiger reserves “conserving the forests, wetlands and other ecosystems have a profound impact on the hydrological processes of the watershed.” “When precipitation falls on a forested area, it is intercepted by dense canopy cover, thereby reducing its intensity. Some of the water that reaches the surface evaporates back, some of it goes as a run-off and some of it is absorbed by the roots of the trees and moves out into the atmosphere through the process of transpiration. After the soil moisture reaches its field or saturation capacity, the remaining water recharges the groundwater table,” the report explained. It pegged that benefits related to the provisioning of water from these 10 tiger reserves at over Rs. 330 billion (Rs 33,000 crore). The significance of this amount is highlighted when compared to the total budget of the Indian government’s newly created Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2019-20 budget which is Rs. 282.61 billion (Rs 28,261.59 crore). The Jal Shakti ministry includes the department of water resources, river development and Ganga rejuvenation and the department of drinking water and sanitation which, this year, have been allocated Rs. 82.45 billion (Rs 8,245.25 crore) and Rs. 200.16 billion (Rs. 20,016.34 crore) respectively. The report emphasised that economic valuation helps in “recognising, demonstrating and capturing the ecosystem services values into the mainstream socio-economic system and policymaking.” “Recognition of these values is likely to provide an evidence base for enhanced investment (mainly by the government) and targeted management practices,” it noted. The analysis also emphasised the impact of tiger reserves on the health and overall well-being of human beings. The health benefits from the tiger reserves included ecosystem services like gene pool protection (of flora and fauna), carbon sequestration, water provisioning, biological control, pollination, recreation, nature interpretation, and climate regulation services that have a “huge direct and indirect impact on human health.” As per the study, the collective worth of the ecosystem services having a direct-indirect impact on human health was found to be in the range of Rs 110.14 – 345.93 billion every year (Rs 11,014 crore to Rs 34,593 crore) for the selected tiger reserves. “I have a simple understanding of the report that it gives a new perspective on how we look at our natural resources. Quantifying the ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, provisioning of freshwater, oxygen and then the direct benefits like tourism, timber, non-timber forest produce etc is a complex thing,” Parveen Kaswan, an Indian Forest Service officer currently posted with West Bengal’s forest department, told Mongabay-India. “I think such studies nudge policymakers and user agencies to take alternate route than diverting good forests. It puts a value on things which people take for granted. Even in the case of resource utilisation there is a debate of who should get what. Such studies tell us what we are talking about. Saving the environment makes economic sense also,” said Kaswan. The findings of the study are significant as, according to the report, a “proper understanding of what ecosystem services are available from a tiger reserve and who has access to them can, therefore, assist in understanding how costs and benefits of conservation are distributed, and thus help to address conflicts related to tiger reserves.” Across the country, tiger reserves and wildlife corridors, which connect such reserves, are increasingly under threat from developmental projects such as highways, railway lines, dams, mining and others. Banner image: The study showed that tiger reserves provide immense water and health benefits to people. Photo from Pixabay.

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As climate change causes Arctic sea-ice to retreat at an accelerated rate, the region becomes more open to anthropogenic activities that Arctic communities have not seen before. The potential for new, shorter shipping routes through the Arctic seems promising for shipping companies that are looking to save time and money, but the impact they will have on the Arctic marine ecosystems and Indigenous communities in the area is still unknown. The Northwest Passage (NWP) is a shipping route that connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and makes shipping shorter and cheaper for companies travelling from Asia to North America. In 2013, the bulk carrier Nordic Orion traversed the Northwest Passage with an icebreaker escort that shortened their journey by four days and saved an estimated $200,000 USD. The proposed route from East to West would begin in the Davis Strait and travel north through Baffin Bay into the Canadian Archipelago. After crossing through the Canadian Archipelago, the route would continue into the Beaufort Sea and exit through the Chukchi Sea into the Bering Strait. Currently the route is not possible to complete without an icebreaker escort, but due to climate change, it may soon become possible with the Arctic being ice free in the summer months. With this opportunity for monetary savings, the Northwest Passage may very quickly become a popular shipping route that may have a dramatic impact on the ecosystems it passes through. Researchers have attempted to estimate when the Northwest Passage will become ice free in the summer. Currently, the summer sea-ice extent in the Arctic at its minimum is around five million square kilometers and decreasing at a rate of 79,000 square kilometers per year. Using models, researchers have estimated that, “By the end of the twenty-first century the prolongation of the season with a free passage along the NWP may be increased from 2 to 4 months.” Based on other models, some say the Northwest Passage will “become substantially more accessible by 2040–2059” (as stated by Smith & Stephenson, 2013). When the NWP becomes accessible, it will decrease transit distance for most voyages by at least 7,000 km, compared to going through the Panama Canal or around the tip of South America. This decrease in distance decreases transit time and dramatically decreases the costs of shipping. This lower cost is attractive to shipping companies, making the prospect of an ice-free Northwest Passage very promising. In the future, it will likely include heavy ship traffic during its ice-free period in the future. The Northwest Passage passes through the waters of three countries: Canada, the United States, and Greenland. The politics of the region may have an impact on the potential for future shipping when the passage becomes ice-free. In a report prepared by the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Ice Center, the Oceanographer of the Navy, and the Arctic Research Commission in the United States, “Both Russia and Canada assert policies holding navigable straits in the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and Northwest Passage under their exclusive control. The United States differs in its interpretation of the status of these straits, with a potential for conflict.” With this potential for conflict, the question presents itself: How should Canada prepare for the opening of the Northwest Passage to shipping in relation to other countries’ claims of its sovereignty? In this policy brief, I argue that Canada should plan to charge companies a fee to send ships through the Northwest Passage, because fees can reduce the amount of ships traveling through the passage, generate revenue for the country, and provide some benefits of access to technology for the Indigenous people living in Canada’s Arctic. Currently there are no existing policies agreed upon between nations that determine who can and cannot pass through the Northwest Passage. In the past, Canada and the United States have made agreements about their relationship considering the Northwest Passage and its usage, but beyond that most countries have developed their own opinions regarding the ownership of the NWP. Even the Inuit living in Canada have separate claims about the ownership of the Northwest Passage. The Canadian policy regarding the Northwest Passage is that it is part of their internal waters, and therefore their waterway to control. Representatives of Canada have previously implied that the Northwest Passage would be available for use, but under Canada’s terms, and reinforced those statements by placing borders around the Arctic Archipelago claiming it as their own. Many other countries have defied this argument stating that the Northwest Passage should be an international strait under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea because it connects two major bodies of water. The United States has been one of the countries with the greatest opposition to Canada’s claims of sovereignty over the Northwest Passage. Recently in a foreign policy speech, the United States Secretary of State said that, “The US has a long contested feud with Canada over sovereign claims through the Northwest Passage” (Pompeo, 2019). The United States and Canada resolved this conflict in the past through an agreement signed in 1988. The Agreement on Arctic Cooperation states that the United States will ask for Canada’s consent any time it sends an icebreaker through the Northwest Passage. It also discusses the sharing of information between the two countries in order to promote cooperation and knowledge of the area. It appears that today the United States is disregarding this agreement with the prospect of increased monetary gain from a shorter shipping route through the Arctic. Another group that contests Canada’s claim of sovereignty over the Northwest Passage is the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), who claim that the ice and water in the Northwest Passage is their territory. The Inuit define their land as “anywhere our feet, dog teams, or snowmobiles can take us.” This definition includes the ice that covers the Northwest Passage in the winter. They claim that the ice is integral to their society because it allows movement, as well as provides necessary resources to ensure their survival. For these reasons, the Inuit challenge Canada’s claim to the Northwest Passage, and claim that they should have power in determining the governance of the Northwest Passage moving forward. There are no official treaties confirming the Inuit claims, but they are trying to make their way into the negotiations regarding the passage. - Charging fees to users of the Northwest Passage in order to restrict use and promote revenue. The opening of shipping routes through the Northwest Passage offer the potential for incredible economic opportunities for shipping companies, but also present massive threats to the Arctic ecosystem and the people who live in it. By charging fees for people trying to traverse the Northwest Passage, Canada could both decrease demand for passage by making it financially unsustainable for some groups, as well as raise money to reinvest in the Arctic to further research on the region and aid Indigenous groups. The increased traffic through the Arctic has the potential to harm the ecosystem and many of the organisms that live there. These ecosystems are necessary to support the communities that live in the Arctic, and at the same time provide ecosystem services that are important for the rest of the world. Increased human activity in the Arctic during a longer ice-free period and other economic development in the Arctic are forcing native Arctic species out of their habitats. This displacement is making it more difficult for them to survive. In some areas of the Arctic where shipping has already increased dramatically, species have recovered at a much slower rate than those who occupy less developed parts of the Arctic Ocean. By implementing a fee on the usage of the Northwest Passage, Canada would be able to decrease the total number of ships crossing through the passage, therefore reducing the total impact that ships have on the ecosystem. Charging fees on ships through the Northwest Passage also gives Canada the opportunity to raise money. Canada can use the money raised to invest in research in the Arctic so we can learn how to better protect the resources found there. Money raised from fees can also give Indigenous people financial help in order for them to continue living their lifestyle. Another benefit to charging fees on users of the Northwest Passage is that it still allows anyone access to use the Northwest Passage. This option may work as a compromise with the countries who defy Canada’s claim to sovereignty over the passage. Although they will not have free use of the passage, Canada would not place specific regulations that prevent them from using the Northwest Passage altogether. - Allowing Free Use of the Northwest Passage Another option for Canada is to allow anyone to use the Northwest Passage freely. By opening the Northwest Passage to free trade, Canada could increase its standing with other world powers. Allowing them free trade through Canada’s waters would improve their relationship with Canada, as well as increase the potential for Canada to benefit from cheaper trade. Indigenous people in Canada’s Arctic may also benefit from the increased access to technology and proximity to resources. Canada has the potential to improve its relationship with Asia by opening the Northwest Passage to free trade. Companies in Asia have been looking to the Northwest Passage as a way to reduce their costs and expand their business ever since the ice in the Arctic began to melt. Free trade would help to create bilateral agreements with many Asian countries that could benefit Canada in the long run. Increased shipping could also provide some benefits to Indigenous people in Canada’s Arctic. More ship traffic through the Northwest Passage could lead to the development of better infrastructure in Inuit territories along the passage. These upgrades in infrastructure and easier access to technology could boost Indigenous communities to make greater economic gain and give them greater power to speak for themselves on an international scale. More activity in the Arctic will also likely increase access to education, which will further promote Indigenous advancement. These changes may also threaten the Inuit way of life. New technologies and industries in the area may make it impossible for local residents to continue their traditional way of life. The potential damage to the ecosystem is another danger of opening the Northwest Passage to free trade. The threat of oil spills, pollution, and noise interference all impact the fragile ecosystems that exist in the Arctic. Destroying these ecosystems would contribute to the loss of the traditional way of life for the Inuit people, and also contribute to the loss of valuable ecosystem services. I recommend that Canada pursues a policy that would charge a fee for ships using the Northwest Passage because it would reduce the negative impacts that shipping has on the Arctic ecosystem and Indigenous communities. This policy would also grant the region some of the positive aspects of shipping by increasing the flow of technology and money into northern communities, as well as increasing revenue for Canada which they can invest in more Arctic research. Finally, this policy would appease countries who disagree with Canada’s claim of ownership of the Northwest Passage by allowing them to use it with only monetary restrictions. This whole argument relies on the fact that other countries respect Canada’s claim to sovereignty over the Northwest Passage, which is unlikely especially in the case of the United States. Therefore, my recommendation of charging fees for people wishing to use the Northwest Passage is what Canada should plan to do when the Northwest Passage becomes more accessible even if other countries are unlikely to comply. Other countries are likely not to comply because they will be seeking the maximum profits that they can obtain through usage of the Northwest Passage. These issues will likely cause debates in the near future as the possibility of travelling through the Northwest Passage becomes more likely. When the time comes for Canada to make a decision on how they will govern the Northwest Passage, they must decide how to control usage of the passage and enforce these decisions while still maintaining their relationships with other countries around them who may disagree. Di Liberto, T. (2016, September 16). Northwest Passage Clear of Ice Again in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/northwest-passage-clear-ice-again-2016 George, J. (2019, May 09). Canadian Inuit Challenge U.S. Stance on Northwest Passage. Retrieved from https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/canadian-inuit-challenge-u-s-stance-on-northwest-passage/ Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2014). The Sea Ice Never Stops. Circumpolar Inuit Reflections on Sea Ice Use and Shipping in Inuit Nunaat. Jernelöv, A. (2010). The Threats from Oil Spills: Now, Then, and in the Future. Ambio, 39(5-6), 353-366. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0085-5 Khon, V. C., Mokhov, I. I., Latif, M., Semenov, V. A., & Park, W. (2009, October 10). Perspectives of Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage in the Twenty-First Century. Climatic Change, 100(3-4), 757-768. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9683-2 Lajeunesse, A. (2008). The Northwest Passage in Canadian Policy: An Approach for the 21st Century. International Journal, 63(4), 1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200806300414 Lu, D., Park, G. K., Choi, K., & Oh, S. (2014). An Economic Analysis of Container Shipping through Canadian Northwest Passage. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, 1, 60-72. Naval Operations in an Ice Free Arctic Final Report (2001). Office of Naval Research, Naval Ice Center, Oceanographer of the Navy, and the Arctic Research Commission NSIDC (2018). Unusual Warmth Continues. National Snow & Ice Data Center Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/Arcticseaicenews/ Pompeo, M. R. (2019, May 6). Looking North: Sharpening America’s Arctic Focus. Speech presented in Finland, Rovaniemi. Powell, N. (2018, December 28). Northern Exposure: Can the Northwest Passage Live Up to Its Billing as a Maritime Superhighway? Retrieved from https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/northern-exposure-can-the-northwest-passage-live-up-to-its-billing-as-a-maritime-superhighway Reeves, R., Rosa, C., George, J., Sheffield, G., & Moore, M. (2012). Implications of Arctic Industrial Growth and Strategies to Mitigate Future Vessel and Fishing Gear Impacts on Bowhead Whales. Marine Policy, 36(2), 454-462. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.08.005 Smith, L. C., & Stephenson, S. R. (2013). New Trans-Arctic Shipping Routes Navigable by Midcentury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(13). doi:10.1073/pnas.1214212110 Stephens, H. (2018, May 16). Northwest Passage a Key to Canada’s Relationship with Asia. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/northwest-passage-a-key-to-canadas-relationship-with-asia/article30091202/ UN General Assembly, Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982

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Broadcast: August 18, 2004 This is Steve Ember. And this is Faith Lapidus with EXPLORATIONS, in VOA Special English. Today, we tell about American pilot Jacqueline Cochran. During her time as a pilot, she set more speed, distance and altitude records than any other pilot in aviation history. Jacqueline Cochran was known as Jackie. She said she was born in Nineteen-Ten. She did not really know. Her parents died when she was a baby. Another man and woman adopted her. They became her legal parents. These people were very poor. They lived in several towns in Florida and Georgia. Jackie went to school for just two years. Then she began work in a cotton factory. She was eight years old. She earned six cents an hour. Later, Jackie studied to be a nurse. But, she decided to be a beautician, a person who cuts and fixes other people's hair. She went to a special school and worked in several beauty shops in the South. Then, she decided to move to New York City. There she worked in a very fine beauty shop. On a business trip, she met a wealthy financial expert, Floyd Odlum (ODE-lum). He urged Jackie to learn to fly. He also helped her establish what was to become a very successful business. Jackie had dreamed of selling her own beauty products. At that time, the United States was in severe economic trouble, the Great Depression. Floyd told Jackie it would be very difficult to sell enough beauty products to make her company successful. She would have to sell them all across America. To cover the territory, he said, she would need wings. She thought it was a great idea. Years later, Jackie Cochran remembered how she talked with her friends about learning to fly. They all warned her how difficult it would be. She did not think so. So she went to Roosevelt Field on New York's Long Island to learn how. After two-and-a-half weeks of lessons, she received her official pilot's license. She immediately flew to Montreal, Canada. The year was Nineteen-Thirty-Two. Three years later, she competed in the Bendix Trophy Race from Los Angeles, California to Cleveland, Ohio. The race was an important competition for both male and female pilots. In her first try, Cochran had trouble with her plane. She failed to finish. Another young female pilot, Amelia Earhart, finished fifth. In Nineteen-Thirty-Six, Jackie and Floyd were married. She continued to operate her company, Jacqueline Cochran Cosmetics. And he continued to support her flying activities. In Nineteen-Thirty-Seven, Amelia Earhart attempted to fly around the world. She disappeared during that flight. A group of female pilots held a memorial ceremony to honor her. Jackie Cochran spoke at the ceremony. "We can mourn her loss," Cochran said, "but not regret her effort. We will carry on her goals." A month after Earhart was declared lost at sea, Cochran flew again in the Bendix Trophy Race. She was the only female pilot. She finished in third place, ahead of several of America's toughest male pilots. The winner of that race flew a new kind of military plane. It was designed by Alexander de Seversky. He had come to the United States from Russia. Seversky wanted to sell his new long-distance plane to the United States Army Air Corps. He thought the army would notice his plane if a female pilot flew it in a race and did well. So he asked Cochran to fly it in the next Bendix race. She accepted immediately. Seversky added extra fuel containers in the wings. He wanted to show that the plane could fly long distances without stopping. Cochran would be the first pilot to use the new system. Twenty-one pilots flew a test course before the race. Only ten completed it successfully -- nine men and Jackie Cochran. The race began in Burbank, California, in the middle of the night. Forty-thousand people were there to watch. Seversky's plane, with Cochran at the controls, speeded down the runway. Its silver wings and body shone in the lights around the airfield. The plane lifted off the runway, climbed up and disappeared into the darkness. Another crowd was waiting in Cleveland, Ohio. They cheered as the first plane landed and crossed the finish line. It was the silver plane flown by Jackie Cochran. She had won the race. Cochran had flown three-thousand-two-hundred-seventy kilometers in eight hours and ten minutes. She had done it without stopping. But only she knew there was enough fuel left to fly just a few more minutes. Jackie Cochran won something else that year -- recognition. She received the Harmon Trophy, the highest award given to a pilot in America. She would win the Harmon Trophy thirteen more times. The next year, Nineteen-Thirty-Nine, World War Two started in Europe. Cochran believed female pilots could help in the war effort. She thought they should be permitted to fly military transport planes. In that way, she said, more male pilots would be free to fly combat planes. In Nineteen-Forty, she tried to get the United States Army Air Force to support her idea. Cochran wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt's wife, Eleanor. She said the real problem in wartime was likely to be a lack of trained pilots. Many women, she noted, already were trained. Cochran received permission to go to England to observe female pilots in the newly formed British Air Transport Auxiliary. She stayed there several years. By Nineteen-Forty-Three, the United States realized that it did need more pilots. The commander of America's Army Air Forces, General Henry Arnold, visited England. He asked Cochran to come home and organize a program for female pilots. The group would be known as the Women Airforce Service Pilots, or WASPs. The group existed for two years. During that brief time, the women learned to fly seventy-seven kinds of military planes. One-thousand seventy-four women served as WASPs. They flew almost one-hundred-million kilometers. They were never officially part of the Army Air Forces. They were considered civilian employees. At the end of World War Two, the American government gave Jackie Cochran the Distinguished Service Medal for organizing the WASPs. She was the first civilian to receive the honor.After the war, she worked with General Arnold. She helped write a bill that created America's Air Force Reserve. She became the first female member. She was finally a member of the military. In the late Nineteen-Forties, Cochran started racing again. She set many more flying records. In Nineteen-Fifty-Four, she entered the jet age. The Canadian government agreed to let her test its new fighter plane. In it, she became the first woman to fly faster than the speed of sound. In the early Nineteen-Sixties, she became a test pilot for the Lockheed Company. She flew a fighter plane two-thousand-two-hundred-eighty-six kilometers an hour. That was more than two times the speed of sound. It was the fastest speed ever reached by a female pilot. Jackie Cochran sold her beauty products company in Nineteen-Sixty-Four. She died of a heart attack in Nineteen-Eighty. At the time of her death, she held more speed, distance and altitude records than any other pilot -- man or woman -- in aviation history. She had risen from a lowly beginning to the heights of business and flight. Jackie Cochran is not as well known as some of the other great pilots. One history expert said people respected her, but did not really like her. She led the way for other female pilots. But she did not seek their company as friends. Jackie Cochran felt very much at home in the sky. She once described her feelings about flying. This is what she said: "Earth-bound souls know only that underside of the atmosphere in which they live. But go up higher, and the sky turns dark. High up enough, and one can see the stars at noon. I have. I have traveled with the wind and the stars." This program was written by Marilyn Rice Christiano. It was produced by Mario Ritter. This is Steve Ember. And this is Faith Lapidus. Listen again next week for another EXPLORATIONS program in VOA Special English.

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Working with water © Crown copyright (2019) Wales Why this theme? South Central Wales is an area that boasts many water environments of the highest quality. They demonstrate the resilience of nature, having largely bounced back from generations of neglect tied to our industrial past to become a hive of aquatic activity. Salmon in the River Taff – who would have believed that in 1970? These water environments provide fantastic opportunities for well-being – through recreational opportunities, their role in regeneration, as well as through the vital ecosystem services that they provide for local communities. That said, these ecosystems are still recovering from the legacies of the past as well as the pressures of a growing urban environment. There is much to do to make them more adaptable and resilient to change, allowing biodiversity to continue to recover. This will require the benefits that these environments provide for well-being to be recognised and appropriately valued. In order to improve the overall picture, we all need to adopt a more joined-up approach towards how we manage our water environments in South Central Wales. That means finding new ways of working, taking a fully integrated approach rather than the traditional method of addressing single issues by way of individual programmes. By understanding natural processes and valuing the natural environment, we can be more ambitious about what we want to achieve. Working with stakeholders, we can gain a better understanding of our water environments and the pressures they are under. A number of innovative partnership initiatives already exist in South Central Wales, which is good news. Now we need to take that to the next level and beyond, with the ultimate goal of engaging communities with the water environments on their doorsteps and creating shared value in the benefits that they provide. We want them to be valued, appreciated and celebrated, not ignored or taken for granted. Future development of the Area Statement will set out evidence about our natural resources and the benefits and services they can provide. By improving people’s understanding of these benefits and services, together we can start to address many of the national challenges and opportunities in our day-to-day decision-making, including: - Reversing the decline in biodiversity - Reducing the risk of flooding - Supporting climate change mitigation and adaptation through ecosystem approaches - Improving the quality of our water - Safeguarding and increasing carbon stores in soils and biomass - Acting to reduce the pressures on natural resources, for instance through resource efficiency and renewable energy What would success look like? Success would be for ecosystems in South Central Wales (particularly our uplands and freshwater ecosystems) to be managed in ways that maintain and enhance their resilience, maximising the services they can provide through delivery of the Welsh Government’s Natural Resources Policy (NRP) of 2017. Our first theme (Building resilient ecosystems) sets out the ecosystems in our area where interventions can enhance resilience, while also providing services that address local priorities. South Central Wales supports many high quality freshwater environments but, as already mentioned, these ecosystems are still recovering from our industrial past, as well as being under pressure from the urban environment and climate change. Upland habitats are also degraded, a legacy in part of historic and current land management. Consequently, the benefits that these environments can offer local communities are not being fully realised. The delivery mechanisms outlined in our second theme (Connecting people with nature) support the sustainable management of these ecosystems, providing local benefits such as better protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, improved climate mitigation and adaptation, plus enhanced water quality and quantity which can, in turn, support wider opportunities for regeneration and well-being. The freshwater and peat ecosystems provide the greatest opportunities for benefits in terms of catchment restoration, providing nature-based solutions that address ecosystem service needs. Among those solutions, identified in the NRP, are: Maintaining, enhancing and restoring floodplains and hydrogeological systems to reduce flood risk and improve water quality and quantity Many watercourses in South Central Wales have been highly modified owing to the area’s industrial past, with communities built right up to the edge of rivers. As a result, the natural processes of those rivers have been altered resulting in poor instream habitats and water quality, together with an increased risk of communities flooding. Here, success would mean enhancing the resilience of the freshwater ecosystem, improving its ability to adapt to climate change, managing extreme flows, improving connectivity of the riparian ecosystem, and providing subsequent benefits to people and wildlife. Restoring uplands and managing them for biodiversity, carbon, water, flood risk, energy and recreational benefits As already mentioned, our upland habitats are degraded. Peat covers over 2800 hectares across South Central Wales, 80% of which can be found in the uplands. However, the condition of that peat is worse than the national average, with modified land cover currently occupying 70% of the deep peat. Success here would be the restoration and improvement of these upland habitats in order to capitalise on the opportunities they can provide for clean water, wildlife, protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, access and recreation. Increasing green infrastructure in and around urban areas Pressure on our ageing infrastructure is a key concern in South Central Wales, with surface water infiltration into our combined sewage systems causing overloading and leading to pollution. Here, success would be the integration of nature-based solutions, such as sustainable drainage systems, into urban green infrastructure in order to alleviate the pressure on urban areas, and adapting communities to an increased risk of flooding. Reducing the risk of flooding Flooding can occur from rivers and tributaries overflowing, or from surface water. In order to reduce flood risk in South Central Wales, we know that catchment restoration alone will not be enough to help our communities adapt to the effects of climate change. Success would be for catchment restoration interventions to work alongside our physical flood defences, reducing the peaks in flow and, where possible, the need for additional or larger more expensive physical flood defences, together with preparing for the increased risk of flooding. Who have we worked with to date? We have engaged widely across the environmental sector with bodies such as the Welsh Government, Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, local authorities and non-governmental organisations, together with land management representatives, developing a shared understanding of the resilience of freshwater ecosystems. We have also engaged internally with NRW staff across various functions (flood risk, environmental management and land management) to refine our understanding of the pressures and risks on our water environment. Through the Area Statement, we’re looking to develop new ways of working both internally and externally across NRW’s functions, adapting a more joined-up approach to catchment management. However, we acknowledge there is still much to do in terms of exploring opportunities with external partners, ones that promote a wider approach to catchment management along with enhancing our overall well-being. What are the next steps? Our ongoing Area Statement engagement will focus on what we are calling ‘Opportunity Catchments’. This involves working with external partners to identify tasks we can collaborate on surrounding catchment management, and how that can deliver wider benefits in terms of well-being. With that in mind, we are proposing the Taff/Ely as our initial ‘Opportunity Catchment’ in South Central Wales, with the principle thread being ‘People’. Encompassing a population of approximately 400,000 and flowing through Wales’ capital city, this ‘Opportunity Catchment’ gives us the chance to explore people’s connection to the water environment, as well as maximising the benefits that a resilient freshwater ecosystem provides. We envisage an integral part of this being a series of engagement events/discussions across the Taff/Ely area exploring opportunities to work with strategic partners on improving and restoring the catchment, making our communities more resilient. Exciting initiatives must be built on to identify other joint working opportunities, ones that look to deliver NRP priorities for nature-based solutions, pursing actions such as: - Exploring ways to reinstate natural processes to make our freshwater environments more resilient for people and wildlife, for instance by liaising with lead flood management authorities on nature-based solutions that complement existing flood defences - Embracing new ways of working, through ‘Opportunity Catchment’, will allow strategic partners to develop an integrated approach to catchment and river restoration that uses built and natural processes to deliver well-being benefits - Managing and enhancing the resilience of upland habitats to capitalise on opportunities they can provide for clean water, wildlife, protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, access and recreation - Creating a shared value of the water environment, promoting its role in well-being and regeneration through Public Service Boards, aligned to existing local/regional plans such as the Valleys Regional Park - Exploring the role of nature-based solutions with key stakeholders like Dwr Cymru Welsh Water and local authorities in managing the impact of surface water on water quality and flood risk, reducing costs of water treatment, the pressure on an ageing infrastructure and developing a local evidence base to inform on green infrastructure assessments and other delivery mechanisms - Developing understanding of flood risk and working with local communities and businesses to help them become more adaptable to climate change How does what we’ve proposed deliver Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (SMNR)? Healthy and resilient ecosystems provide us with essential, intrinsic benefits to our lives and well-being. By developing a common understanding of the status of freshwater and upland environments in South Central Wales, together with a consensus on how best to manage the pressures acting on these environments, we can start to build resilience within ecosystems, maximising the services they can provide through delivery of the NRP. The sustainable management of ecosystems – supported through key delivery mechanisms such as local development plans, the Welsh Government’s Sustainable Farming and Our Land Scheme, and partnerships aimed at realising opportunities on publicly owned land – will help us meet the local needs for ecosystem service benefits. As already stated, these include improved protection from hazards such as flooding and wildfire, improved climate mitigation and adaptation, plus enhanced water quality and quantity. This can, in turn, support wider opportunities for recreation and well-being. New legislative requirements support a more integrated ‘catchment management’ approach to identify joined-up action to manage water quality and regulate low and high flows. However, one of the challenges of adopting a truly integrated approach is the need to switch from more traditional, functional work programmes, where action is taken to address a single issue, to measures that realise the benefits of managing catchment right across the board. Through further Area Statement engagement, NRW will integrate new ways of working (both internally and externally with strategic partners) to deliver catchment restoration at a meaningful, landscape scale. We will also promote nature-based solutions to address many long-standing environmental impacts such as poor water quality, high flood risk and habitat loss. Our long-term aim is that local communities will discover a new level of engagement with the magnificent landscapes on their doorsteps, valuing the importance of these habitats and the ecosystem services they provide for our well-being. How can people get involved? In South Central Wales, we are committed to working in an open and transparent way. With that in mind, we want to encourage people to connect with nature. The Area Statements process allows us to establish new ways of working which will be identified as we develop the next steps. Should you wish to find out more, please don't hesitate to email us at [email protected]

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There are a lot of myths about mental health issues in general. Since I suffer from an anxiety disorder, I’ve heard tons of myths about what having anxiety means, usually from people who are NOT experts and DO NOT personally suffer from an anxiety disorder themselves. Not only do these myths cause a lot of misunderstanding – some can even be dangerous, (especially when it comes to people who suffer from both anxiety & depression). Some of these myths prevent people who likely are unknowingly suffer from an anxiety disorder from seeking the help they need. Myths exist on just about every topic out there. It’s important to know the real facts and not believe or perpetuate the myths, (which is worse). Since I have what I guess you would call “inside information”, since I actually am diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, a lot of these myths are ones that I’ve personally heard from people over & over & over again. If you or someone you know suffers from an anxiety disorder, it’s highly probable that you’ve also heard a lot of these myths, some you may even still believe. Here are some myths about anxiety disorders: MYTH: People who have anxiety should simply avoid stressful situations. Okay, so this myth is basically impossible. Stressful situations are literally part of life. To a person with anxiety, even small tasks can be stressful, (I’m talking small tasks that WE HAVE TO DO). For example, highways sometimes cause me a lot of anxiety – but what am I going to do? Avoid them the rest of my life? Not likely. Avoidance, down the line, will only make things worse. Of course, it makes sense to avoid certain serious phobias, (spiders, heights, snakes – things that can realistically be avoided), but it is utterly impossible to avoid stress or stressful situations. Avoiding so-called stressful situations would put a person suffering from an anxiety disorder in a “bubble” so to speak. It’s impossible and unhealthy as hell! This myth is a very common one concerning anxiety and it perpetuates the idea that a person with an anxiety disorder cannot live a normal life – which is bullshit. Those suffering from anxiety disorders can absolutely live life to the fullest and learn healthy ways to help manage stressful situations. Avoidance is NOT healthy. MYTH: Anxiety Disorders aren’t that common. Actually, nearly 20% of adults in America suffer from some form an anxiety disorder. When I was diagnosed, I too thought it wasn’t common to have an anxiety disorder. I thought I was in a rare category of people and that my life was basically going to be some terrible mess after that diagnosis. That thought was due to the stigma that surrounds anxiety disorders. I didn’t realize how NOT alone I was. It’s odd thinking back now, after all the people I’ve met with similar issues, how awful & alone I felt, when in reality, SO MANY people were dealing with nearly the exact same situation & feelings. There are also many different types of anxiety disorders, most of which aren’t rare at all. I’m talking almost 1 in 5 individuals in the U.S alone! So, anxiety disorders are quite common. If you or someone you know suffer from one – you are most definitely not alone. MYTH: People with anxiety are just overreacting and could easily “snap out of it.” Well shit…like I hadn’t tried every damn thing possible to “snap out of it.” If I could simply snap out of it, it wouldn’t be an anxiety disorder. Do you think people with anxiety disorders want to feel the way they do? HELL NO. This is probably the #1 misconception about anxiety disorders. It’s this odd belief that people who suffer from an anxiety disorder can somehow flip a switch in their mind and suddenly be cured! (If only!) We’re not wizards, my dude. Seriously, it’s an actual illness that can’t be controlled like a ceiling fan. We can’t wave a wand and change it – or believe me – every single person who has an anxiety disorder would absolutely do it if they could. We can create coping mechanisms but snapping out of it is not possible. MYTH: Anxiety will pass over time. This is a dangerous myth and one that most of us who have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder told ourselves before seeking treatment. There is this belief out there that over time, the anxiety will completely vanish. POOF! Gone! The saying “time heals everything” doesn’t apply here. I’m not talking about temporary anxiety that happens to probably everyone at some time in their life, (stress over money, work or so on). I’m talking about real anxiety disorders. They will not pass over time. Waiting to seek treatment can cause a whole slew of other mental health issues. As much as I wish it weren’t the case, anxiety disorders do not go away if you “wait it out.” For me, it worsened. This idea is a total myth and really a pipe dream for those of us with anxiety disorders. MYTH: Anxiety is just stress and overthinking. Well, this one is partially true because two huge components of anxiety are overthinking & stress. However, there’s a hell of a lot more to it than that. The belief that an anxiety disorder is nothing more than these 2 things is a huge myth that still lingers among those who know little about the disorders. Here are just SOME of the other components of anxiety that go far beyond stress & overthinking: - Decreased Focus for extended periods of time - Perpetual Worry & Fear - Physical symptoms that can include, but aren’t limited to: excessive sweating, trouble breathing & hyperventilation, heart palpitations, excessive trembling, restlessness and fatigue. - Racing, uncontrollable thoughts that can be repetitive and highly intrusive in everyday activities. - An overwhelming feeling of impending doom (what I like to call “the constant stomach drop.“) - Unexplained irritability. - The need to always analyze every situation by “danger level.” - An overall feeling of tenseness within the body So, as you can see – anxiety has a lot more symptoms that come into play than simply stress & overthinking. MYTH: Anxiety is caused from a bad ordeal. In many cases, there isn’t a clear-cut reason for the presence of an anxiety disorder. A lot of people seem to confuse an anxiety disorder with PTSD, which usually is also accompanied by the presence of an anxiety disorder. Causes of anxiety disorders are usually unknown, in most circumstances. They rarely have anything to do with trauma or a bad experience. They could – but it’s not typical. It’s a myth that every person with an anxiety disorder has encountered some kind of horrible trauma. MYTH: It’s very easy to spot someone with an anxiety disorder. WRONG! So, so wrong. It’s very easy to conceal the symptoms of an anxiety disorder and for the most part, a lot of us do this. I did and still do, likely due to the stigma attached to it. Even if you read what I write about anxiety and living with an anxiety disorder, you wouldn’t be able to tell I have it when you meet me. It isn’t tattooed on my forehead and it isn’t something I put on display. (The same can be said of those suffering from depression). I can carry on conversations and be completely socially normal. A lot of what I suffer with is very much on the inside and isn’t visible. People who first meet me would have zero idea that I suffer from an anxiety disorder. It isn’t present in the way I behave or speak in front of others. It is very easy to conceal or show no signs of at all. MYTH: Only anti-social people can suffer from anxiety. Again, this is wrong. People who suffer from social anxiety disorders will have trouble being social and that is absolutely true. However, I believe that I’m an extremely social person. I go out. I hang out with friends often and actively put myself in social situations. You could be having a perfectly normal conversation with me and will never realize that I have already counted every entrance and exit in the building we’re in. You’ll never know that I have been looking for signs of danger when there likely are none. I’m not anti-social, therefore, this is a total myth. Social anxiety is an anxiety disorder, but it is not the only one. MYTH: All anxiety disorders are basically the same thing. Nope. Not true at all. Anxiety disorders take many forms, from many different people from all walks of life. Depending on an individual’s diagnosis, their anxiety disorder can be completely different from mine. Even a person with my identical diagnosis could react and behave totally different than me. Anxiety disorders are not created equal. Just like we all have various responses to certain stimuli, we all respond differently to anxiety disorders. Of course, there will be commonalities in many people but no, all anxiety disorders are NOT the same. There are lots of anxiety disorders as well as many different coping mechanisms that could work for one person and not another. Just as individuals are different, anxiety disorders, and our individualized reactions are also different. MYTH: There HAS to be a reason why you’re experiencing anxiety. Just because a person with an anxiety disorder is having a period of extreme anxiety doesn’t have to have anything to do with their environment or a specific event. Sometimes, it just comes out of nowhere. At least for me, I could be perfectly fine, even at home just watching TV then all of the sudden – I’m overwhelmed, I’m anxious and my breathing becomes difficult. Nothing happened, it’s just an increase in my anxiety. The same goes with panic attacks. They can be triggered by something specific or by nothing at all. That’s what makes anxiety such a bitch – it’s totally unpredictable. MYTH: Anxiety isn’t a “real” illness. Okay, if you STILL believe this, there is no point in parading out any scientific evidence or studies. Maybe you’re one of those people who think the earth is flat too? Or, that climate change is just make-believe? Eh – it’s a REAL illness and I hope you never have to deal with it, even if you are an asshole about it 🙂 Myths Add to the Stigma of Anxiety Disorders: There is a huge stigma that surrounds anxiety disorders and most other mental health issues. It’s likely not going to change overnight but with more people diagnosed each day, the facts are becoming harder and harder to ignore. Living with an anxiety disorder does not make you weak, nor does it mean you cannot live a full, amazing life. It’s important to debunk these myths and educate those around you about what an anxiety disorder actually is, (especially if you live with one). Are there any other common myths about anxiety disorders that you’ve heard about? Let me know in the comments! I hope these myths will fade away so people can really grasp – not pity – but grasp – what it’s like to live with an anxiety disorder. To everyone out there living with an anxiety disorder, it doesn’t have to define you 🙂 Make sure you’re not falling victim to these myths. Educate yourself about your specific anxiety disorder. Facts are friends, people 🙂 Much Love <3

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If you are thinking about getting a leopard gecko, one factor to consider is how large the reptile will be. It is important to know how big your leopard gecko will grow, so you are able to provide your new pet with a large enough enclosure. While leopard geckos are relatively small animals, how big do they actually get? On average, adult female leopard geckos are 7-8” inches long and weigh between 45-70 grams. Adult male leopard geckos tend to be slightly larger, growing from 8-10” inches long and weighing between 60-90 grams. Both sexes of leopard gecko start out very small. As hatchlings, they are only 2.5-3” inches long and weigh 3-5 grams. There are different care requirements for leopard geckos, depending on their age and size. For instance, baby and juvenile leos need a smaller enclosure than the larger adults, and they need to be fed more frequently to keep up with their rapid growth. Keep reading to learn more about how big leopard geckos get, as well as issues which may affect their growth. Table of Contents Leopard Gecko Growth Table The table below shows the average length and weight of a leopard gecko, according to its age. Leopard Gecko Age | Average Length | Average Weight | Hatchling | 3-4” inches | 2-5 grams | 1 Month | 4” inches | 15-20 grams | 2 Months | 5” inches | 18-30 grams | 6 Months | 5-6” inches | 25-60 grams | 18 Months | 8-11” inches | 40-90 grams | How Big Are Hatchling Leopard Geckos? Leopard gecko hatchlings are tiny, typically measuring about 2.5″ – 3″ inches long from snout to tail tip, and weighing around 3-5 grams. Since they start so small, they need to receive special care and attention. Hatchling Leopard geckos should be housed in a small container measuring around 10″ inches long by 8″ inches wide by 6″ inches high. This little space (compared to a large, full-sized tank) ensures they won’t get lost or have problems finding their food and water. Another thing to keep in mind if you have a small, hatchling Leopard gecko is only to use paper towels as a substrate. Their small size puts them at a much higher risk of substrate impaction (experiencing intestinal blockage after accidentally consuming substrate particles). Lining their container with paper towels helps prevent impaction problems. Due to their small size, hatchling Leopard geckos require a very shallow water dish. You may try using a plastic milk bottle top or something similar. Just make sure whatever you use is shallow enough to prevent them from drowning. How Long Does it Take For a Leopard Gecko to Grow Full Size? Although hatchling Leopard geckos are tiny, they grow relatively quickly, reaching full size around the one year mark. Although technically full-grown at one year of age, leopard geckos, like all reptiles, continue to grow their entire lives. This is why they regularly shed their skin, even once they’ve reached adulthood. Are Male Leopard Geckos Bigger than Females? An adult male Leopard gecko is typically bigger than its female counterparts. They will generally grow about 2″ – 4″ inches longer, have broader heads, thicker necks, a wider tail base, and bulkier bodies. These size differences will most likely not be noticeable until they reach adulthood. Male Leopard geckos also have post-anal swellings and a V-shaped row of pre-anal pores. While both sexes have cloacal spurs, the males are typically larger. How Big Does a Leopard Gecko Get? As we already learned, when Leopard Geckos hatch from their eggs, they are quite small, measuring about 2″ – 3″ inches in length and weighing only around 4 grams. But Leopard geckos, the largest of the gecko species, grow quickly, reaching their adult size in about a year. Adult females are usually around 7″ to 8″ inches long from snout to tail tip and weigh between 45 to 70 grams. Adult males are typically 8 to 10″ inches long from snout to tail tip and weigh anywhere between 60 to 90 grams. Why is my Leopard Gecko Not Growing? If your Leopard Gecko isn’t growing and appears much smaller than the average size and weight we mentioned above, there are four different possible reasons. Yes, you read that right! Bullying is a common problem among Leopard geckos, especially between males. If your Leopard gecko is housed in the same enclosure with other geckos, it may be getting bullied. This means they may be fighting over food, water, or hiding spots, leaving the loser of the fight (usually the smallest or weakest of the bunch) without access to these necessities. The best solution to this problem is to house your geckos in separate enclosures. Another possible solution is to only house males with females, never with other males. Another reason why your Leopard gecko may not be growing correctly is because of a poor diet. Your gecko may be eating regularly and getting enough quantity, but if the quality of its food doesn’t meet its nutritional needs, it will have a hard time growing and maintaining weight. Learn more about what leopard geckos eat. Leopard geckos are insectivores and should be given a diet full of variety. In other words, don’t make the mistake of only feeding it one or two different insects as this can lead to nutritional deficiencies. Instead, give them a varied diet full of: - Butter worms - Tomato hornworms - Dubia roaches Mealworms, waxworms, and superworms, though popular with Leopard geckos, should only be fed in moderation. It is also essential to gut load the feeder insects for a minimum of 24 hours before feeding them to your gecko. Why? Since gut-loaded insects are well-fed themselves, they provide excellent nutritional value to your Leopard gecko. If your gecko is young, you may consider coating the feeders with a calcium or Vitamin D3 plus Calcium supplement. - Highly bio-available source of calcium carbonate - Free of harmful impurities (not from Oyster Shells) - Safe levels of Vitamin D3 Another common reason why Leopard geckos experience stunted growth is due to tail dropping. If your Leo recently dropped its tail and since then you’ve noticed a decline or stunting in its growth or size, it may be because most of its nutrients are going towards repairing the tail. This is a natural process, and once the tail is healed, your gecko should continue to grow or regain the lost weight. Just make sure you continue to offer it plenty of nutrient-rich food during this time. Learn more about the interesting tail regrowing process for leopard geckos in our article here. Finally, if your gecko looks thin and hasn’t been growing correctly, there may be a more significant health issue. If you’ve made any necessary adjustments to your husbandry (separating geckos, offering a varied, nutrient-rich diet) and still your Leopard gecko is thin or not growing, it may be time to take it to the vet. Our full guide to leopard gecko husbandry is here. Weight loss and stunted growth are sometimes an indication of more severe health problems going on, so it’s best to let an experienced reptile vet examine your Leo to ensure no other health problems are going on. Poor Habitat Conditions Improper lighting, temperature, and humidity in your leopard gecko’s enclosure will all affect the reptile’s growth. Provide your gecko with 10-12 hours of light each day, according to the time of year. Not giving your leo enough light during the day or too much at night will disrupt the reptile’s circadian rhythm. This disruption will stress the gecko out, and it may eat less, which will affect its growth. Leopard geckos also need heat to help with digestion, so a proper temperature gradient in the enclosure is vital. Temperatures on the cool side should range from 75-80° degrees Fahrenheit (27° C) and 80-85° degrees Fahrenheit (29° C) on the warm side. The enclosure also needs a warmer basking area with temperatures between 90-95° degrees Fahrenheit (35° C). Optimal humidity levels in the enclosure are 30%-40%. Humidity levels higher or lower than this range put your leopard gecko at risk of skin infection and respiratory illness. A sick or injured gecko will suffer from appetite loss, and its growth will be stunted from the lack of nutrition. If you’ve been wondering how big a Leopard gecko gets, we hope this article answered your question. Upon hatching, Leopard geckos are around 3″ inches in length and only weigh about 4 grams. They grow quickly, reaching adult size within one year. Female adult Leopard geckos are typically around 7″ to 8″ inches long from snout to tail and weigh about 45 to 70 grams. An adult male leopard gecko is usually 8″ to 10″ inches long from snout to the tip of the tail and weigh anywhere between 60 to 90 grams. Commonly Asked Questions How long does it take a leopard gecko to grow? A leopard gecko is considered to be an adult between the ages of 10-12 months, but it will not be fully grown until 18-24 months. Sexual maturity in leopard geckos is determined by weight rather than age. Leopard geckos are able to breed once they reach a weight between 35-45 grams, but it is best to wait until the gecko is at least 12 months old. This waiting period is crucial for female leos because producing and laying eggs takes a significant toll on their bodies. Breeding an underweight or malnourished leopard gecko is very dangerous for the animal. Do leopard geckos grow to the size of their tank? Tank size does not have an effect on how large your leopard gecko grows. However, the size of your leo’s enclosure will definitely have an impact on its quality of life. Baby and juvenile leopard geckos will feel more secure in a 10-gallon tank. Once the leo is an adult, a 20-gallon or larger tank is better because it gives the lizard more space to explore and exercise. How often should I feed my leopard gecko? Baby leopard geckos are fast growers, so they need to be fed 5-7 small crickets daily. When the gecko reaches four inches in length, begin offering larger insects one time every other day. A leopard gecko will eat 6-7 large crickets 2-3 times per week as an adult. Insects should never be larger than the space between a leopard gecko’s eyes. Why is my leopard gecko’s tail so fat? A leopard gecko uses its tail to store fat, so it is able to survive when food is scarce. If a leopard gecko has dropped its tail, the regrown tail is usually shorter and broader than usual. It is normal for a leo’s tail to be fat. But if there are fat rolls on the stomach or air bubbles in the armpits, these are signs your gecko is overweight. Seek a veterinarian for a health exam and a diet plan for your leo.

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THIS CONTENT IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY Fridtjof Nansen Institute - READ MORE War in the Arctic? Researchers debunk three myths about the High North Can melting ice in the Arctic trigger conflict and a race for resources? Researchers believe that there are three major misconceptions regarding northern geopolitics. What could lead to a serious conflict in the Arctic? A story from nearly 20 years ago might provide some clues. It was a cold autumn and the sea was rough. Norwegian Coast Guard inspectors were on duty and were far out to sea, about to board the Russian trawler Electron, as they had noticed the vessel was not abiding by protocols. What followed next put Norwegian diplomacy to the test. The Russian fishermen took the Norwegian inspectors into Russian waters, and were pursued by Norwegian Coast Guard ships and helicopters. It later emerged that the Norwegian Naval Special Operations Command had also been mobilised. Could have ended differently today After delicate diplomatic efforts, Norway managed to get the Russian authorities to instruct the trawler to release the Norwegians and hand over Electron’s vessel documents. The Coast Guard is part of the Norwegian defence. To avoid escalating the conflict, it was crucial that the Russian Northern Fleet was kept out of the area. “The Electron incident occurred in 2005. If this had happened in 2024, it's not certain it would have ended as well,” Andreas Østhagen says. He is a senior researcher at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI). He studies Arctic geopolitics, seeking to identify factors that could lead to dangerous security flare ups in the Arctic. Everything that could have gone wrong “When thinking about potential conflict in the North, it's precisely a scenario like the Electron case that could spiral out of control,” Østhagen says. What would have happened if the fishery inspectors were armed? What if the weather had been good enough for the marines to board the ship? What if the admirals of the Russian Northern Fleet were not interested in de-escalation? Many things could have gone wrong, contributing to an escalation of the conflict rather than keeping the tumult at as low a level as possible. Østhagen envisions two scenarios for conflict in the North: A low-scale incident that escalates or a full-blown crisis, which, in that case, would be linked to something much larger than the Arctic where Russia plays a key role. He references the situation in Ukraine and the currenty global instability. “There is no doubt that interest in the Arctic is increasing, both commercially and in terms of a geopolitical power play,” he says. Geopolitics deals with how a country's politics, history, and society are shaped based on its geography. The situation is calmer than expected But Østhagen believes there are three major misconceptions about geopolitics in the Arctic: The first is the possibility of war in the Arctic. The second is that there are unresolved borders in the Arctic and that a resource race is underway. The third is that climate change is the primary catalyst for all changes in the Arctic region. “The reality is much calmer,” Østhagen says. “The Electron case illustrates well everything that can go wrong. But it also shows why things usually dont go wrong. There's a willingness to cooperate," Svein Vigeland Rottem says. He is a senior researcher at FNI and studies cooperation in the Arctic. Rottem and Østhagen do not agree that the Arctic is a powder keg and a dangerous place, as recently stated by Lars Saunes, former head of the Norwegian Navy, to Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation NRK. Myth 1: The possibility of war in the Arctic Østhagen, addressing the misconception of imminent war in the Arctic, explains that the conditions in the Arctic are often more stable and transparent than many assume. Conflict is not easily triggered, considering the vast areas and diverse countries involved. Østhagen emphasises the enormity of the Arctic, which encompasses eight countries, four million people, and extensive ocean areas. The countries include Russia, the Nordic states, the USA, and Canada. He notes that the significant Russian presence – with almost half of the Arctic landmass under Russian control – influences perceptions of geopolitics in the North. Iver B. Neumann, a Russia researcher and director at the FNI, concurs that the Arctic is less likely to witness armed conflict than other global locations. He believes the primary driver for military conflict in the Arctic is Russia's use of Murmansk as a base for nuclear weapons. “There are three main ways to keep such weapons mobile: in aircraft, on land by rail, and at sea on submarines. Where such submarines exist, as in Murmansk, there is also significant military attention. And where there is military attention, there is also the potential for conflict,” he says. Neumann advises caution in responding to Russia's desire for global attention and military control, stressing the importance of Norway maintaining a cool head, enforcing sovereignty, and not succumbing to intimidation. Myth 2: Unresolved borders and a race for resources As the Arctic becomes more accessible due to melting sea ice because of climate change, a common myth suggests a scramble for resources and land in the North will occur. But Østhagen clarifies that, unlike in other parts of the world, there are almost no disputes over Arctic borders. “All the borders are settled,” he says, noting that the last conflict between Canada and Greenland was resolved in 2022. Maritime boundaries are key for resource management and potential conflict. Law of the sea grants coastal states sovereign rights for resource exploitation in their economic zones. In the Arctic, only one maritime boundary remains unresolve. It is between the USA and Canada – two close allies. Østhagen, who wrote his PhD on maritime disputes, foresees no major concerns regarding sovereignty or territorial issues. He believes the myth persists due to historical reasons but emphasises that, with all the land borders settled and just one disputed sea border, Arctic resources are already distributed among the eight Arctic states. Myth 3: Climate change drives all shifts in the Arctic A third myth suggests that climate change is the main driver for all political shifts in the Arctic. But Østhagen cautions against oversimplifying the issue, noting that while climate change does affect fish migration – leading to potential future conflicts around resource-rich areas like Svalbard – it's important to be specific about which aspects of climate change increase conflict risks. Another claim Østhagen addresses is the notion that Russia’s military buildup in the Arctic is climate change-driven. He suggests that this is only partially true, as Russia is generally strengthening its military. The Arctic, traditionally seen as secure due to inaccessibility and ice cover, hosts many of Russia’s nuclear weapons. “Putin’s aim to rebuild Russia as a military superpower, with credible nuclear deterrence, involves deploying weapons to strategic locations like the Kola Peninsula,” Østhagen says. With climate changes, increased shipping activity in Russian Arctic waters becomes more feasible. “Therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that Russia wants to maintain control over its northern territories,” the researcher says. However, according to Østhagen, Russia’s military buildup in the region is more about relations with NATO than the changing climate. Østhagen, A. (ed.) ‘Geopolitics and Increased Tension? The Art of Differentiating Between Political Dynamics in the Arctic’ by Østhagen, A & Rottem, S.V. in Norway's Arctic Policy: Geopolitics, Security, and Identity in the High North, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023, pp. 23-37. Østhagen, A. & Lackenbauer, W.P. (ed.) ‘Security Dynamics In, Through, and Over the Arctic “Region”’ by Østhagen, A. & Lackenbauer, P.W. in 'Towards a Sustainable Arctic: International Security, Climate Change, and Green Shipping', World Scientific, 2023, pp. 1-24. This content is created by Fridtjof Nansen Institute's communication staff, who use this platform to communicate science and share results from research with the public. The Fridtjof Nansen Institute is one of more than 80 owners of ScienceNorway.no. Read more. More content from Fridtjof Nansen Institute: Wind power development has varied significantly among Nordic countries Fiction and reality in Russian politics 100 years have passed since Fridtjof Nansen received the Nobel Peace Prize. Would he have been given it today? Norway has the strictest aquaculture regulations in the world. Will other countries follow suit? The work of the Arctic Council put on hold because of the war in Ukraine The ‘Polar Silk Road’ is a myth – but what of Russian activities along the Northern Sea Route?

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1488, 17, 6606, 8627, 336, 4711, 280, 692, 361, 261, 2052, 17, 640, 871, 4742, 16, 518, 16, 288, 336, 1731, 16, 830, 327, 4331, 292, 1890, 1111, 3080, 687, 268, 9505, 853, 5747, 3806, 261, 1558, 1476, 18, 915, 9997, 268, 3118, 288, 9735, 291, 268, 1065, 591, 562, 2106, 685, 4658, 18, 203, 6069, 6695, 316, 688, 7246, 336, 1669, 288, 268, 9505, 316, 2204, 16, 1079, 3782, 1467, 291, 288, 2560, 289, 261, 1965, 389, 6278, 962, 1056, 1152, 1272, 431, 1977, 18, 203, 43, 73, 389, 6278, 1187, 11234, 360, 667, 261, 1777, 743, 7241, 16, 1550, 16, 291, 2429, 356, 7957, 1585, 341, 606, 1965, 4052, 18, 203, 1461, 3118, 316, 1534, 815, 687, 3650, 203, 11207, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 9173, 686, 356, 1391, 1670, 10849, 6795, 608, 1965, 389, 6278, 1187, 288, 268, 9505, 30, 203, 1461, 855, 316, 268, 6145, 289, 1718, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 365, 1901, 316, 336, 686, 356, 543, 379, 320, 1027, 10051, 288, 268, 9505, 291, 336, 261, 3895, 5201, 316, 1064, 2523, 18, 365, 3472, 316, 336, 1907, 1317, 316, 268, 2818, 8562, 4725, 331, 516, 1703, 288, 268, 9505, 2225, 18, 203, 6069, 1461, 3881, 316, 1111, 1534, 815, 1272, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 1977, 18, 203, 6069, 1461, 8242, 266, 1731, 4346, 692, 767, 3423, 336, 375, 679, 4358, 18, 1163, 362, 525, 2746, 1768, 1612, 1840, 1373, 88, 679, 4358, 18, 994, 743, 261, 6464, 822, 292, 5400, 4280, 3203, 343, 317, 263, 720, 333, 306, 481, 434, 376, 8018, 1977, 18, 203, 8472, 316, 261, 7715, 8532, 430, 418, 50, 45, 291, 2194, 8017, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 203, 54, 376, 8018, 291, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 565, 462, 3419, 336, 268, 9505, 316, 261, 7080, 839, 75, 291, 261, 4233, 1349, 16, 352, 4101, 6331, 419, 458, 1267, 11471, 374, 274, 16, 4685, 1747, 289, 268, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 11395, 16, 292, 4058, 2878, 75, 779, 391, 5802, 11455, 10575, 318, 465, 54, 47, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 433, 30, 365, 6145, 289, 1718, 288, 268, 9505, 203, 132, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 5693, 268, 10849, 3779, 289, 1299, 6168, 1718, 288, 268, 9505, 16, 5528, 336, 268, 1533, 288, 268, 9505, 356, 970, 512, 5896, 291, 9342, 687, 772, 8471, 18, 203, 39, 266, 74, 1074, 88, 316, 462, 2619, 11920, 16, 5337, 268, 4597, 1511, 291, 3596, 1933, 2729, 18, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 3572, 2329, 268, 8458, 380, 289, 268, 9505, 16, 518, 11541, 5153, 1933, 16, 1958, 2195, 689, 16, 291, 5443, 4782, 1511, 18, 365, 1933, 1226, 5747, 16, 268, 465, 791, 300, 2588, 16, 268, 7581, 16, 291, 3938, 18, 203, 8472, 4686, 336, 268, 1297, 6144, 3550, 796, 360, 2764, 2947, 289, 268, 9505, 1283, 81, 594, 1064, 6144, 1357, 796, 7796, 574, 6795, 289, 1965, 389, 6278, 1187, 288, 268, 2859, 18, 203, 45, 357, 391, 18, 2138, 408, 2586, 16, 261, 5747, 8532, 291, 6235, 430, 268, 418, 50, 45, 16, 2812, 2319, 336, 268, 9505, 316, 1165, 1792, 292, 5814, 10434, 4734, 687, 586, 2106, 5686, 18, 203, 8472, 9173, 268, 2818, 7226, 331, 3588, 4734, 288, 268, 9505, 316, 5747, 743, 666, 289, 11406, 81, 504, 79, 352, 261, 3486, 331, 5040, 8113, 18, 203, 6069, 6695, 356, 1391, 939, 1714, 292, 1288, 659, 8113, 4751, 30, 288, 6430, 16, 341, 1283, 419, 6362, 16, 291, 430, 3542, 341, 979, 4009, 967, 18, 5145, 659, 979, 4009, 967, 3953, 16, 352, 288, 11406, 81, 504, 79, 16, 686, 316, 525, 1297, 3588, 2383, 18, 1256, 853, 686, 316, 3588, 2383, 16, 686, 316, 525, 268, 1439, 331, 4734, 1272, 431, 1977, 18, 203, 50, 73, 408, 2586, 965, 2329, 10507, 288, 2381, 526, 292, 5747, 743, 6318, 331, 2106, 2383, 291, 3588, 1357, 16, 1751, 281, 268, 2557, 289, 4058, 2523, 3539, 261, 3078, 1747, 16, 403, 1346, 5712, 10829, 562, 16, 291, 462, 10623, 3568, 281, 292, 288, 473, 323, 318, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 497, 30, 860, 379, 320, 1027, 10051, 291, 261, 5201, 331, 1793, 203, 5190, 268, 9505, 3125, 512, 4881, 1504, 292, 4555, 542, 3542, 4036, 971, 289, 1907, 1317, 16, 261, 1112, 5620, 4299, 261, 3280, 348, 665, 331, 1793, 291, 1283, 288, 268, 2859, 513, 1595, 18, 203, 11207, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 5949, 7030, 336, 16, 9410, 288, 586, 2287, 289, 268, 887, 16, 686, 356, 2764, 688, 4016, 1985, 658, 9505, 10051, 18, 203, 6069, 37, 660, 268, 10051, 356, 10996, 1272, 431, 1977, 16, 462, 281, 336, 268, 1887, 4734, 858, 3938, 291, 4510, 1169, 454, 5492, 1027, 288, 5008, 18, 203, 49, 6359, 2130, 6165, 356, 1558, 331, 3895, 1794, 291, 1439, 4734, 18, 4392, 289, 268, 3542, 11852, 7636, 2588, 10829, 2535, 331, 3895, 6323, 2470, 288, 444, 2268, 9278, 18, 203, 2983, 268, 9505, 16, 794, 597, 1491, 77, 2130, 11836, 3341, 543, 379, 320, 317, 18, 553, 316, 858, 268, 7581, 291, 3938, 796, 881, 2828, 516, 423, 18, 203, 132, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 650, 4802, 615, 10320, 341, 1491, 77, 2130, 4016, 1985, 16, 2876, 3383, 688, 1670, 3529, 4353, 10829, 562, 361, 4779, 6358, 1659, 18, 915, 9173, 268, 5620, 824, 978, 1504, 292, 3607, 3218, 566, 3572, 2329, 336, 16, 360, 516, 268, 1283, 10051, 10996, 291, 1039, 597, 4016, 2576, 3542, 7381, 16, 9505, 1793, 356, 2226, 7006, 1694, 268, 5153, 9505, 2588, 18, 203, 49, 5249, 777, 30, 5920, 1317, 9548, 516, 11043, 288, 268, 9505, 203, 37, 3472, 5620, 4299, 336, 1907, 1317, 316, 268, 939, 7226, 331, 516, 2589, 11043, 288, 268, 9505, 18, 203, 11207, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 273, 9104, 1573, 6290, 344, 476, 5005, 268, 2682, 16, 462, 281, 336, 1020, 1907, 1317, 1082, 2242, 2034, 8222, 796, 2469, 292, 1439, 1571, 7961, 1149, 3895, 17, 4432, 1511, 730, 343, 3477, 70, 485, 796, 362, 743, 851, 292, 327, 1430, 608, 518, 3378, 289, 1907, 1317, 1643, 4734, 2894, 18, 203, 7353, 1099, 2952, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 7805, 316, 268, 10297, 336, 5747, 372, 87, 3588, 2115, 987, 288, 268, 9505, 316, 1907, 1317, 17, 8452, 18, 915, 4299, 336, 456, 316, 794, 11148, 2915, 16, 352, 5747, 316, 2918, 11250, 606, 3588, 18, 203, 1461, 9505, 16, 11014, 2279, 352, 3447, 1504, 292, 288, 313, 555, 1767, 291, 4036, 1955, 16, 296, 6939, 772, 289, 5747, 372, 87, 5040, 8113, 18, 203, 6069, 52, 371, 263, 372, 87, 2517, 292, 304, 5242, 585, 5747, 352, 261, 3588, 2643, 5821, 16, 360, 2977, 801, 5040, 9378, 6973, 16, 2675, 5984, 281, 8113, 292, 6630, 5686, 730, 268, 696, 7127, 8708, 1054, 3829, 1272, 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265, 16, 388, 18, 52, 18, 421, 286, 3731, 1321, 55, 5763, 10325, 6372, 450, 16, 3797, 16, 291, 2730, 268, 9505, 538, 8594, 75, 305, 537, 372, 419, 6426, 251, 87, 262, 9591, 16, 330, 18, 1884, 458, 583, 270, 70, 1183, 265, 16, 382, 18, 59, 18, 288, 3036, 56, 329, 1519, 261, 8159, 9505, 30, 3765, 6111, 16, 5920, 7085, 16, 291, 4510, 1395, 5566, 11, 16, 2461, 10310, 16, 5325, 16, 9331, 18, 433, 17, 5697, 18, 203, 4326, 2064, 316, 2370, 419, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 743, 2413, 3889, 16, 650, 666, 456, 4412, 292, 4883, 2186, 291, 2538, 1826, 427, 922, 360, 268, 1376, 18, 365, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 316, 597, 289, 512, 687, 4988, 3896, 289, 3308, 50, 283, 2523, 18, 7263, 18, 3177, 512, 18, 203, 49, 404, 2064, 427, 2068, 323, 88, 78, 2012, 465, 504, 270, 3767, 30, 203, 59, 578, 1056, 1208, 528, 8601, 3105, 1694, 465, 791, 300, 1933, 203, 42, 2597 ]

A very effective way to study the ideas and methods in this book in a university course environment is through student term projects. Several exercises are aimed at such project work, and the checklists in Chapter 8 should prove useful. Experienced designers will also find this material helpful in their early attempts at applying the ideas of the book in their work. A term project should be undertaken as early in the semester as possible. After studying the first two chapters, a student should be able to formulate the optimization problem and develop an initial mathematical model. As progress is achieved through the book, the various methods and ideas can be applied to modify, simplify, and eventually solve the optimization problem. Students can use the available optimization codes as “black boxes” to obtain some early results. As their understanding of the algorithms increases, they will be able to use the available codes more effectively, perform diagnostics, and interpret the numerical results properly. Typical project milestones are: a project proposal that contains the description on the design optimization trade-offs and initial mathematical model; a progress report that outlines efforts to analyze and simplify the model based primarily on the material in Chapters 3 through 6; and a final report that contains the final model statement, model reduction, numerical solutions, parametric studies, and interpretation of results based on material throughout the book. Examples of course deliverables for such reports are given below. Project topics may be assigned by the instructor or chosen by the students. Both approaches have merit and in a typical class, a mixture is usually required. For the students who do not have a project idea of their own, topics may be selected from journal articles published in the engineering literature. However, students should be strongly encouraged to take full responsibility in accepting a published model or problem. This usually forces a more than a perfunctory study of the problem at hand and familiarization with the model, its sources, and limitations, which is necessary for an eventually successful optimization study. The project archive in the present website is a valuable resource for project work. The instructor can obtain access information for their students by contacting the first author. Modern mathematical software that combines modeling and symbolic and numerical computation capabilities are dramatically increasing the scope and ease of formulating and solving optimal design problems. This book offers many opportunities for the inspired reader to implement or test the ideas and methods presented using such software. These efforts are strongly recommended. Each team must submit a preliminary document outlining the idea for their proposed term project. The team will develop a single proposal about a system to be designed. Each team member will be responsible for an individual subsystem and the team as a whole will study how the subsystem designs must be coordinated and integrated to achieve an overall system optimum. PROJECT PROPOSAL GUIDELINES Each team will submit a single proposal about the system to be designed. Each team member will be responsible for an individual subsystem and the team as a whole will study how the subsystem designs must be coordinated to achieve an overall system optimum. Clearly, the team must work together from the beginning but the idea is to assume the viewpoint of individual designers working concurrently on their portion of a larger system. Each subsystem design problem should have at least 4-5 variables and about twice as many constraints. The overall system should comprise at least two subsystems, which will likely share some common variables. Each student will be graded separately for their individual subsystem design. Specific Section Guidelines The project proposal must be formulated to have the following sections. This is a 200-word description of the design project, the motivation for performing an optimization study, and the anticipated results. This section introduces a qualitative statement of the system design project. Describe the system design problem, the anticipated trade-offs that motivate the optimization study, and the previous work that has been done by others. Identify the individual subsystems and explain qualitatively how they are linked. Specifically, explain if you expect that improving the design of each subsystem independently may not lead you to overall optimal system design. 2. SUBSYSTEM DESIGN For each subsystem identified in the introduction, you must develop the full analytical model, as described in detail below. Each subsystem will be a single section. Within each such section, the individual team member will write the relevant subsections for the individual subsystem. 2.1 Problem Statement This section contains a more detailed qualitative statement of the subsystem design problem. Building on the introductory description above, you now describe in more detail the anticipated trade-offs that motivate the subsystem optimization study. You also comment on previous work that has been done by others. Define all symbols used and give units for each quantity. Coordinate with the other subsystem designers so you all use the same symbols for the same quantities and avoid nomenclature inconsistencies. 2.3 Mathematical Model Describe the objective function in words and then derive its analytical expression in terms of design variables and parameters. Describe each constraint in words and then derive its analytical expression in terms of design variables and parameters. Try to group the constraints in two categories: physical constraints that express natural laws and engineering specifications, e.g., conservation of mass, energy, strength and deflection requirements, etc; practical constraints that may express limitations of current engineering practice, rules of thumb, etc. — these will often have the form of upper/lower bounds on the design variables. Design Variables and Parameters Define and list the design variables and parameters. Give a set of typical values for the parameters that you can use for the particular application. Count and state the number of degrees of freedom. Find a set of values for the design variables that satisfy all of the constraints, i.e., show that there is at least one feasible solution in the model as stated. At the end of the model, development summarize the entire problem in one page, if possible, stating the objective and all the constraints in standard form. In the derivation of expressions for the objective and constraint functions be as explicit as possible. If you do not have yet an explicit functional form, state it implicitly, e.g., x1 = f(x2, x3), and explain how you will calculate the function f. Examples of that may be curve-fitting from tables or a separate subroutine (e.g., structural analysis). If you have performed curve fitting already, give the details in an Appendix. Throughout the derivations, you may cite the references that you used so that you do not have to re-derive everything in the proposal. There may be information that you have not obtained yet, for example, appropriate values for all of the parameters. In such cases, state how you expect to get this information. Occasionally models used for design optimization in this class are created in other courses or in student research work. Acknowledge any such links and the assistance of any individuals that helped you in the preparation of the reported work. List all references in alphabetical order, complete with author, title, publisher, year, and page number. In the document, text give the citation as e.g., (Johnson, 1980). Suggested Sources for Project Ideas Ideally, you should choose some problem that is of particular interest to you. The problem may be from any discipline, i.e., you are not limited to mechanical design problems. Projects from previous years and published articles are a good source of ideas. See the archive in project archive. You may use an existing model developed elsewhere as the basis for your project, but you must take responsibility for it, namely, you must understand all the details of its derivation so you can accept it as your own. A Cautionary Note It is easy to begin an optimization project with great expectations and try to use a large, complicated nonlinear model with many parameters and design variables. As your model becomes more concrete, modeling difficulties and numerical shortcomings will become evident. It is a good idea to start with the simplest model that can provide you with meaningful insights into the design tradeoffs. On the other hand, you can start with a more complex problem statement and pare it down if you realize that the modeling work will be excessive. For the course, you should aim for subsystem models that have 5-10 design variables and 10-20 constraints, and expand later as needed. Be prepared for several iterations of your modeling effort, before you perform optimization and after you start your optimization effort. This is normal both in a classroom setting and in a work setting. Often, an optimization study is a way to explore the weakness and deficiencies of your design analysis models. The final report is a fairly involved document. Keep in mind that the project proposal and the progress report are integral parts of your final report, after appropriate editing. Early planning and execution of the intermediate reporting requirements will make final report production much easier. PROGRESS REPORT GUIDELINES The progress report is an expansion and adaptation of your project proposal. This report will be further expanded and updated to produce your final report. For each subsystem or subproblem you have identified, you must include the following sections: 1. Problem Statement An updated version of the material in the proposal. An updated version of the material in the proposal. 3. Mathematical Models An updated version of the material in the proposal. Specifically, you must now have a complete and validated (in terms of feasibility) optimization model statement. 4. Model Analysis In this section, you describe results from monotonicity analysis, as applicable. Check for well-boundedness, model transformations or simplifications you may decide to make. Use monotonicity tables, and activity matrices, where appropriate. Check constraints for possible redundancy. Identify active or conditionally active constraints, as appropriate. 5. Numerical Results You must have coded your model and linked it with one or more of the optimization packages made available. Report initial results, possible local minima etc. Pay special attention to how exactly you code your model for numerical processing. For example, avoid expressions that have divisions by quantities that can become zero. Do not include printouts except for 1-2 pages of final results. For the entire system/problem include a section that identifies possible design conflicts and tradeoffs among the subsystems/subproblems. Resolving these conflicts will be required to complete the project. FINAL PROJECT REPORT GUIDELINES The report must be prepared in a form suitable for electronic transmission. Complicated algebraic manipulations in the appendices may be handwritten and scanned. Figures, tables and equations must be numbered. Figures and tables must each have captions. Printing of text must be at 1 1/2 space with 1-inch margins and the type font size should be similar to the one used in these guidelines (12 point Times). The report must be submitted electronically at the course website along with one hard copy printed single-sided and loose-leaf. Please do not bind it! Please use the cover page template supplied at the end of these guidelines. The report must contain the items described below to be acceptable. The sequencing of sections may change after the model development depending on the individual projects. Also, there may be a variation in the length and effort required in particular sections. 1. Cover Page and Abstract This contains, in a single page, the title of the project, your name and date, and an abstract of approximately 200 words describing your problem and the results obtained. Do not write generalities but be specific about your work. 2. Table of Contents A list of all sections, subsections, appendices, etc., contained in your report. 3. Problem Statement As in the proposal/interim report (following the Optimization Checklist in Chapter 8 of your textbook), with any needed modifications If you are designing a system composed of several subsystems, state the overall system problem and identify the individual subsystems you will first optimize separately, and the rationale for selecting these subsystems. Please note the individual that worked on each subsystem. Define all symbols that you use, particularly for the mathematical model development, as should have been provided in your proposal/interim report. If you have several subsystems, you should make sure you use a consistent nomenclature and set of symbols. It may also be convenient to divide the symbols list to subsystems. The following sections 5-9 should be done for each subsystem separately. For some projects, sections 8 and 9 may be more suitable for inclusion after the system integration study in section 10. 5. Mathematical Model This is the section provided in the proposal/interim report, with any needed corrections. The last part of this section must summarize the model, give list of variables, number of equality and inequality constraints and number of degrees of freedom. Since it is likely that the final model evolved from its original statement, you should describe briefly how the model evolved and what made you change it. If the changes were a result of the optimization study itself, you may include these modeling decisions in the later section on optimization study (Section 7 below). Relegate to appendices any lengthy explanations you feel you need to include so that the overall report flow is not disrupted. 6. Model Analysis This section describes any possible bounding agreements, monotonicity properties and tables, constraint activity identification, model transformations and simplifications, scaling, case decomposition and anything else you have done to make the problem easier to solve numerically and/or analytically. It is suggested that model analysis may be first described for a specific set of parameter values and then generalized to other parameter values to the extent possible. 7. Optimization Study Identification of the solution and a description of how it was obtained should be presented. Unsuccessful attempts should be reported and documented in an appendix. The solution should not be given as just a set of numbers. Other issues must be examined and described, e.g., constraint activity, values of multipliers, interior vs. boundary solution, global vs. local results, numerical stability, satisfaction of KKT conditions, different starting points. Results obtained numerically should motivate attempts for analytical verification. Examine and explain, for example, if monotonicity analysis results agree with numerical results. 8. Parametric Study The solution should be obtained for different sets of parameter values. Does the optimum change? Can the results be generalized? Are there ranges of parameter values that may dictate the type of solution expected? 9. Discussion of Results Here, the results of the optimization study are given with an engineering interpretation. What are the design implications? Can you identify a “design rule” for an optimum solution? Do the results make sense? How does the model limit the solution? Are there “practical” constraints active and what would this imply? What would you do next to improve the answers or make the problem more interesting? In a system design study, you must identify any conflicting requirements stemming from optimizing the subsystems separately. Do the subsystems have common variables, parameters, objectives or constraints? Are some variables in one subsystem parameters in the other? Is there an expected sequence of solving one subsystem before you solve another? 10. System Integration Study In this section, you examine the issues you raised in Section 9 regarding the linking of the subsystems. Can the combined subsystem optima give you the overall system optimum or are there conflicts to be resolved? In the latter case you must attempt the following: (a) Select a system objective and combine all variables and constraints into a single optimization model. Solve this overall system problem as a single optimization problem. This is what we call the All-in-One (AiO) approach. If you can obtain a solution, compare it with the solutions you obtained from the subsystems. Discuss your results. (b) The AiO approach may give you a problem that is too complicated and you cannot obtain numerical results, and a decomposition method is applied. Identify the problem partition into subproblems, each with their own local variables. These may be just the subsystems you identified in your earlier individual studies. Further, define a master problem with an appropriate objective that has as design variables the linking variables among the subproblems. Apply a coordination strategy where the master problem is solved wrt the linking variables (local variables fixed) and the subproblems are solved wrt the local variables (linking variables fixed). Examine how the coordination strategy terminates. (c) Even if you do get results from the AiO strategy, you should perform the study in (b) and compare the results you get from the two approaches. Complete reference list of any sources that you used to complete your project. There may be several appendices containing anything that would distract the reader if used in the main text, for example, elaborate algebraic manipulations, proofs of monotonicities, coding of the models, and selected computer runs. Your report should be a high-quality piece of work similar to technical papers, something you should be proud of. In fact, several student reports have resulted in scientific publications in the past. In any case, you should remember that others must be able to read, understand and duplicate what you have done with only the information contained in your report. PROJECT ORAL PRESENTATION Each team member must present. Total time per presentation is XX minutes; presentation time is XX minutes, followed by a short Q&A. Please practice the talk to see if you meet the timing requirement. Long presentations will be interrupted. Do not make your slides too dense and do not include in your slides things you will have no time to explain in the presentation, like long tables with numbers; your slides should be reasonably self explanatory to someone who reads them without your accompanying explanations. Make liberal use of diagrams. A successful presentation shows that something interesting and useful was done and motivates the audience to want to learn more about it (e.g., read the report). Slides that must be included - Overall system design problem statement, emphasizing what are the tradeoffs making this an optimization problem - How you decomposed your problem into subproblems (subsystems) - For each subsystem give: - design optimization problem statement summary, number of variables and constraints - Description of solution process (e.g., MA, algorithms used) and summary of optimization results concentrating on design implications, not just numbers; e.g., % improvement over starting point, active constraints, influence of parameter values, robustness of the solution. Detailed numbers are not useful - Interpretation of results in terms of the original design problem - For the system, give objective, system constraints and variables, and what connects the subsystems. Qualitatively compare results from system integration to those from individual subsystems - Sharing the main things you learned from doing this project - Complex equations and tables of numbers with results that you will have no time to explain properly. - Fonts that are too small to read and background colors that make letters hard to see. - Colors that look good on the computer display but are not replicated properly on the projection screen (a frequent cause of inability to read slides). Best to use black and white. - Packing too much information per slide. - “Hogging” time for your part of the presentation leaving little time for the rest of the team. - Talking too quietly and too quickly; if you worry that your English skills are not good enough, this is one more reason to speak clearly, slowly and loudly — remember that you have interesting things to say!

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By the end of this section, students will be able to: 1.1 Differentiate between observations and inference. 1.2 Distinguish between different methods of scientific investigation 1.3 Explain why science is described as a social process and the role of peer-review in science. 1.4 Explain how scientific knowledge is both durable and tentative in light of new evidence. Science is a very specific way of learning, or knowing, about the world. Humans have used the process of science to learn a huge amount about the way the natural world works. Science is responsible for amazing innovations in medicine, hygiene, and technology. There are however, areas of knowledge and human experience that the methods of science cannot be applied to. These include such things as answering purely moral questions, aesthetic questions, or what can be generally categorized as spiritual questions. Science cannot investigate these areas because they are outside the realm of material phenomena, the phenomena of matter and energy, and cannot be observed and measured. Here are some examples of questions that can be answered using science: - What is the optimum humidity for the growth and proliferation of the giant puffball fungus (Calvatia gigantea)? If you want to learn more about this cool fungus, visit the following link: https://www.nps.gov/articles/species-spotlight-puffballs.htm - Are birds attracted to other birds of a specific coloration? - What virus causes a certain disease in a population of sheep? - What dose of the antibiotic amoxicillin is optimal for treating pneumonia in an 80 year old? On the other hand, here are some examples of questions that CANNOT be answered using science: - How mean is the Grinch compared to Santa Claus? - Where do ghosts live? - How ethical is it to genetically engineer human embryos? To learn more about designer babies, visit the following link: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00673-1 - What is the effect of fairies on Texan woodland ecosystems? Take some time to reflect on each of these questions in order to understand why they can or cannot be answered through the use of science. Which of the following questions COULD be answered using science? A. What is Santa Claus’ favorite treat? B. Which sushi roll is better: avocado maki or crunchy california roll? C. Should abortion be legal or illegal? D. What is the effect of Purina cat food on cats’ fur quality? Because this is a biology class, we will be focusing on questions that can be answered scientifically. A scientific question is one that can be answered by using the process of science (testing hypotheses, making observations about the natural world, designing experiments). Sometimes you will directly make observations yourself about the natural world that lead you to ask scientific questions, other times you might hear or read something that leads you to ask a question. Regardless of how you make your initial observation, you will want to do research about your topic before you start setting up an experiment. When you’re learning about a topic, it’s important to use credible sources of information. Observations vs. Inferences The scientific process typically starts with an observation (often a problem to be solved) that leads to a question. Remember that science is very good at answering questions having to do with observations about the natural world, but is very bad at answering questions having to do with morals, ethics, or personal opinions. Think back to the questions in Reading Question #1. If you see a question that had to do with an opinion or an ethically-complex matter, it is likely not answerable using science. However, a question that involves observation and data collection, as well as the use of quantitative measures, is likely answerable using science. Let’s think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: “Why is the classroom so warm?” Now, let’s get back to contrasting observations and inferences. Students will frequently get confused between these two. An observation is obtained usually from a primary source – this is a source that directly witnessed or experienced a certain event. In other words, an observation is easily seen. For instance, if you are a polar bear researcher who is observing the behavior and dietary tendencies of a polar bear from an observatory in Greenland, you are likely to notice that a polar bear consumes meat exclusively. Then, you may infer that the polar bear has a jaw morphology optimized for chewing on meat and a digestive tract optimized for digesting it. However, you cannot scrutinize the jaw morphology or the digestive tract well enough (unlike the polar bear’s dietary tendency, which is more evident to you), so this is still an inference rather than an observation. An inference is a conclusion that is drawn based on logical reasoning as well as evidence that is observed. Thus, observations are required to make an inference but they are still distinct. Existing knowledge is critical to providing oneself with evidence to make an inference. For example, a biology student’s prior knowledge may tell them that mammals are viviparous (i.e., they give birth to their offspring). However, as often occurs in science, there are noteworthy exceptions to most rules. This is why science is fun! For example, the duck-billed platypus, echidna, and five monotreme species lay eggs, instead of giving birth to their offspring. Which of the following describes the relationship between an observation and inference? A. An inference constitutes a type of evidence needed to reach an observation. B. An observation constitutes a type of evidence needed to reach an inference. C. An observation and inference are interchangeable terms. D. There is truly no relationship between an observation and inference. Methods of Scientific Investigation and Scientific Inquiry One thing is common to all forms of science: an ultimate goal “to know.” Curiosity and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science. Scientists seek to understand the world and the way it operates. Two methods of logical thinking are used: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist such as a biologist makes observations and records them. These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (consisting of numbers), and the raw data can be supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos. From many observations, the scientist can infer conclusions (inductions) based on evidence. Inductive reasoning involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of data. Brain studies often work this way. Many brains are observed while people are doing a task. The part of the brain that lights up, indicating activity, is then demonstrated to be the part controlling the response to that task. Deductive reasoning or deduction is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. Recall what a hypothesisis. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid. For example, a prediction would be that if the climate is becoming warmer in a region, the distribution of plants and animals should change. Comparisons have been made between distributions in the past and the present, and the many changes that have been found are consistent with a warming climate. Finding the change in distribution is evidence that the climate change conclusion is a valid one. Deductive and inductive reasoning are related to the two main pathways of scientific study, that is, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science. Descriptive (or discovery) science aims to observe, explore, and discover, while hypothesis-based science begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred, because most scientific endeavors combine both approaches. Observations lead to questions, questions lead to forming a hypothesis as a possible answer to those questions, and then the hypothesis is tested. Thus, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue. Biologists study the living world by posing questions about it and seeking science-based responses. This approach is common to other sciences as well and is often referred to as the scientific method. The scientific method was used even in ancient times, but it was first documented by England’s Sir Francis Bacon (Figure 1.1) (1561–1626), who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry. The scientific method is not exclusively used by biologists but can be applied to almost anything as a logical problem-solving method. The scientific process typically starts with an observation (often a problem to be solved) that leads to a question. Let’s think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: “Why is the classroom so warm?” Recall that a hypothesis is a suggested explanation that can be tested. To solve a problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. For example, one hypothesis might be, “The classroom is warm because no one turned on the air conditioning.” But there could be other responses to the question, and therefore other hypotheses may be proposed. A second hypothesis might be, “The classroom is warm because there is a power failure, and so the air conditioning doesn’t work.” Once a hypothesis has been selected, a prediction may be made. A prediction is similar to a hypothesis but it typically has the format “If . . . then . . . .” For example, the prediction for the first hypothesis might be, “If the student turns on the air conditioning, then the classroom will no longer be too warm.” A hypothesis must be testable to ensure that it is valid. For example, a hypothesis that depends on what a bear thinks is not testable, because it can never be known what a bear thinks. It should also be falsifiable, meaning that it can be disproven by experimental results. An example of an unfalsifiable hypothesis is “Botticelli’s Birth of Venus is beautiful.” There is no experiment that might show this statement to be false. To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important. A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics. If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then we find support for that explanation, but this is not to say that down the road a better explanation will not be found, or a more carefully designed experiment will be found to falsify the hypothesis. Each experiment will have one or more variables and one or more controls. A variable is any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment. A control is a part of the experiment that does not change. Look for the variables and controls in the example that follows. As a simple example, an experiment might be conducted to test the hypothesis that phosphate limits the growth of algae in freshwater ponds. A series of artificial ponds are filled with water and half of them are treated by adding phosphate each week, while the other half are treated by adding a salt that is known not to be used by algae. The variable here is the phosphate (or lack of phosphate), the experimental or treatment cases are the ponds with added phosphate and the control ponds are those with something inert added, such as the salt. Just adding something is also a control against the possibility that adding extra matter to the pond has an effect. If the treated ponds show lesser growth of algae, then we have found support for our hypothesis. If they do not, then we reject our hypothesis. Be aware that rejecting one hypothesis does not determine whether or not the other hypotheses can be accepted; it simply eliminates one hypothesis that is not valid . Using the scientific method (Figure 1.2), the hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental data are rejected. In the example below, the scientific method is used to solve an everyday problem. Which part in the example below is the hypothesis? Which is the prediction? Based on the results of the experiment, is the hypothesis supported? If it is not supported, propose some alternative hypotheses. - My toaster doesn’t toast my bread. - Why doesn’t my toaster work? - There is something wrong with the electrical outlet. - If something is wrong with the outlet, my coffeemaker also won’t work when plugged into it. - I plug my coffeemaker into the outlet. - My coffeemaker works. In practice, the scientific method is not as rigid and structured as it might at first appear. Sometimes an experiment leads to conclusions that favor a change in approach; often, an experiment brings entirely new scientific questions to the puzzle. Many times, science does not operate in a linear fashion; instead, scientists continually draw inferences and make generalizations, finding patterns as their research proceeds. Scientific reasoning is more complex than the scientific method alone suggests. Please refer to this link to gain an appreciation for why the scientific method is not truly the basic and in some senses, boring process as it is communicated to be in many scientific textbooks. Pay particular attention to the illustrated flowcharts. Biology students are trying to describe the coloration of male cardinals in the Canadian province of Ontario. They find that across three regions, male cardinals are red. Of the following, which best exemplifies INDUCTIVE reasoning? A. They conclude that all male cardinals in Ontario are red. B. They predict that in the next regions they will survey, male cardinals will be red. C. They predict that in the next regions they will survey, female cardinals will also be red. D. Both A and B. The importance of peer-review in science Whether scientific research is basic science or applied science, scientists must share their findings in order for other researchers to expand and build upon their discoveries. Collaboration with other scientists—when planning, conducting, and analyzing results—is important for scientific research. For this reason, important aspects of a scientist’s work are communicating with peers and disseminating results to peers. Scientists can share results by presenting them at a scientific meeting or conference, but this approach can reach only the select few who are present. Instead, most scientists present their results in peer-reviewed manuscripts that are published in scientific journals. Peer-reviewed manuscripts are scientific papers that a scientist’s colleagues or peers review. Scholarly work is checked by a group of experts in the same field to make sure it meets the journal standards before it is accepted or published. These colleagues are qualified individuals, often experts in the same research area, who judge whether or not the scientist’s work is suitable for publication. The process of peer review helps to ensure that the research in a scientific paper or grant proposal is original, significant, logical, and thorough. Grant proposals, which are requests for research funding, are also subject to peer review. Scientists publish their work so other scientists can reproduce their experiments under similar or different conditions to expand on the findings. You’ve probably done a writing assignment or other project during which you have participated in a peer review process. During this process, your project was critiqued and evaluated by people of similar competence to yourself (your peers). This gave you feedback on which to improve your work. Scientific articles typically go through a peer review process before they are published in an academic journal, including conference journals. In this case, the peers who are reviewing the article are other experts in the specific field about which the paper is written. This allows other scientists to critique experimental design, data, and conclusions before that information is published in an academic journal. Often, the scientists who did the experiment and who are trying to publish it are required to do additional work or edit their paper before it is published. The goal of the scientific peer review process is to ensure that published primary articles contain the best possible science. There are many journals and the popular press that do not use a peer-review system. A large number of online open-access journals, journals with articles available without cost, are now available many of which use rigorous peer-review systems, but some of which do not. Results of any studies published in these forums without peer review are not reliable and should not form the basis for other scientific work. In one exception, journals may allow a researcher to cite a personal communication from another researcher about unpublished results with the cited author’s permission. The peer-review process for oral communications and poster presentations at scientific conferences is a little less gruelling than for journals, although, a peer-review process is still applied before the work is accepted by conference organisers. Although many scientists will grimace at the mention of ‘peer-review’, it is through this process that we increase the likelihood that valid science (and not pseudoscience) is shared with the world. Peer review is an essential part of the scientific process, to make important economic and health-related decisions that affect the future prosperity of humanity. As with all forms of communication, scientific research articles, oral communications and poster presentations need to be prepared and delivered according to specific guidelines and using particular language. It is important that student scientists begin to understand these guidelines and are given opportunities to practice these forms of communication. This chapter provides a roadmap for preparing and delivering these important modes of scientific communication. Imagine you are publishing a paper investigating the immune system’s involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), a condition where the immune system attacks the myelin covering of neurons. Who is MOST qualified to conduct the peer-reviewing in a peer review process and is most likely to provide the highest-quality and most helpful peer review? A. A family member who knows someone with MS. B. A graduate student studying MS. C. An immunologist who specializes in researching MS. D. A professor with several publications about genetic disorders. When are peer reviews warranted? A. Grant proposals B. Publication of journal articles C. Publication of conference articles D. All of the above Adapted from Clark, M.A., Douglas, M., and Choi, J. (2018). Biology 2e. OpenStax. Retrieved from https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction Adapted from Bartee, L., Shriner, W., and Creech C. (n.d.) Principles of Biology. Pressbooks. Retrieved from Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015). Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition. BCcampus. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/biology/ an event or phenomena that is easily seen and experienced a sophisticated process geared towards the objective establishment of facts through rigorous testing, often iterative and non-linear. a conclusion made on the basis of reasoning and evidence a type of logical thinking where one uses observations, often repeated and replicated, to come to a conclusion a type of logical reasoning where previous conclusions re used to extrapolate and predict phenomena An explanation for an observation, or series of observations, that is testable. the type of science that aims to characterize, quantify, measure, comprehend, and record observable phenomena a type of science that involves a question/problem, and a potential solution/hypothesis that may be tested using the scientific method. the formal evaluation of submitted work by one's colleagues who are qualified to judge if the work is suitable for publication

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Black Beauty by Anna Sewell Author: Anna Sewell Published: 24 November 1877 Genre: Children’s Literature Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, the Autobiography of a Horse, more commonly known as Black Beauty, is Anna Sewell’s only novel, and upon its publication in 1877, it immediately garnered large-scale attention, with fifty million copies sold to date. While Black Beauty is still loved by many today, Anna Sewell could only enjoy the fruits of her labor a short five months before she died from her chronic illness. Black Beauty’s skillful exploration of moral themes makes it a cornerstone of Children’s Literature, with the book teaching children values and lessons such as compassion and animal welfare. Sewell’s work has caused a powerful ripple effect in the treatment of horses and animal rights and welfare standards, drawing more attention to these areas. Black Beauty follows a horse bearing the same name and the key life lessons he learns while growing up and interacting with humans. Told from an autobiographical standpoint, Black Beauty recounts the time from when he lived as a wild foal in the English countryside on a farm to when he was held captive as a transport horse, made to pull the carriages of people. Poignant and full of emotion, Sewell illustrates a tale of kindness and evil toward animals through the eyes of one. Despite the protagonist’s form as a horse, the vivid way Black Beauty’s life experience is captured draws readers in, forming a sense of realism that invokes empathy. 2. Story Summary 2.1. Birtwick Park Black Beauty was born on a Victorian farm where she led a peaceful childhood with her mother, Duchess, and the kind Farmer Grey that looked after her. Despite being born as one of the more privileged horses, Beauty understands that not all humans are as compassionate as Farmer Grey and can even cause them harm. Beauty spends most of his childhood as a foal living an idyllic and carefree life. When Beauty is slightly older, he is sent to live at Birtwick Park, which Squire Gordon manages, and he is cared for by John Manly. Squire Gordon and John are also compassionate individuals and take exceptional care of Beauty. It is also at Birtwick that Beauty meets other horses and becomes fast friends with two horses named Ginger and Merrylegs. Beauty feels fulfilled and happy living at Birtwick, as beyond being treated well, Beauty is included in various tasks that give him a sense of importance. One particular incident that sticks with Beauty is when he was ridden to fetch a doctor for Squire Gordon’s wife, who had fallen ill. Unfortunately, age catches up with Squire Gordon, and he too falls ill. Upon examining Squire Gordon, the doctor advises that he move to a warmer climate. Unable to bring Beauty and the other horses along, Squire Gordon sells Beauty and Ginger to the Earl of W. 2.2. Earlshall Park At Earshall Park, Beauty soon realizes what unprivileged horses must endure. Her new owners, The Earl and Lady of W, are rather unkind people, with Lady W insisting that bearing reins be used on Beauty and Ginger. Their primary caregiver is Reuben Smith, previously an apprentice to a veterinary surgeon. However, Reuben is a serial alcoholic, leading to him being fired temporarily. One day, Reuben is tasked to ferry Colonel Blantyre to town from the estate, and he brings Beauty along. Upon completing his task, he gets drunk in a pub and rides Beauty back in a drunken haze. His intoxicated state prevents him from noticing a loose nail in Beauty’s shoe, and even when it comes off, Reuben is too drunk to stop. The sharp rocks hurt Beauty, and he loses his balance, causing Beauty to fall and sustaining a nasty cut that permanently scars him. Reuben is not as lucky and breaks his neck from the fall, dying instantly. 2.3. Livery Stables Due to his scar, Beauty is sold to a livery stable and is rented out as a horse-for-hire. He is bought by a man named Mr. Barry, who is kind to horses but lacks the knowledge to care for them. Unable to maintain Beauty, Mr. Barry sells Beauty to a man named Mr. Jerry Barker. 2.4. Cab Horse Mr. Jerry Barker is Beauty’s new owner, and he is a fair and kind man that knows how to care for horses. Beauty meets another horse named Captain. Beauty lives a reasonably good but busy life working as a cab horse under Jerry for some time. During a winter blizzard, Jerry is kept waiting by some irresponsible customers and develops bronchitis, which is nearly fatal. Unable to be a cabbie anymore, Jerry sells Beauty to a baker named Steven. 2.5. The Countryside Working for Steven is reasonably bearable, but Steven fails to care for Beauty’s living needs adequately. Unfortunately, Steven’s other workers treat Beauty cruelly, often overloading him so they can complete deliveries faster. Beauty is forced to wear a bearing rein once again until a kind lady points out that the rein is counterproductive in making Beauty go faster. Beauty is also used as a cab horse under Nicholas Skinner. Beauty meets Ginger again here, but it is not a happy reunion. Ginger has been so overworked that she eventually dies. Not only is Nicholas unkind and cruel, but he also whips the horses he owns. Beauty finally collapses from overwork, and Nicholas plans to let Beauty die so he can be sent to a knacker to have his carcass recycled into various products. Fortunately, a farrier convinces Nicholas to let Beauty recover before selling him at a horse fair. At the horse fair, Beauty is bought by a kind man named Farmer Thoroughgood and his grandson Willie. They nurse Beauty fully back to health before a coachman named Joseph Green, who knew Squire Gordon, recognizes Beauty. Joseph’s mistresses, three ladies named Miss Blomefield, Miss Ellen, and Miss Lavinia, take in Beauty, where he is treated with love and care in his last days after a hard life. The novel’s narrator Black Beauty is born into a relatively privileged life where he lives healthily and happily, having the fortune of good and responsible owners. Black Beauty spends most of his days as a young foal believing that humans do not have the capacity to be cruel to animals. However, his impression soon changes when he is sold to various owners who are not only cruel but negligent in grooming and caring for him. By nature, Black Beauty is not a violent horse and does not lash out, but the harsh treatment takes a toll on his physical and mental well-being. Nevertheless, he does obtain a happy ending after a life of hardship and care. Black Beauty’s first owner, Farmer Grey, is a kind man who owns the farm on which Black Beauty is born. He knows how to care for horses and treats them well. As Black Beauty’s second owner, he lives up to Farmer Grey’s gentle demeanor. Squire Gordon is a competent rider and a strong advocate for animal welfare, is vehemently against using the bearing rein on horses, and often encourages other riders to refrain from using it. He showers Black Beauty and other horses with much care and love until his illness prevents him from being able to care for them any longer. Earl of W They are the first of many poor masters that Black Beauty encounters. The Earl and his wife insist on using bearing reins on the horses, but he does show some degree of compassion toward Black Beauty and Ginger, letting them get used to the bearing rein. However, his vanity takes precedence over all else, and he sells Beauty because he feels the scar on Beauty’s leg ruined his image. The head groom of the Earlshall estate, Reuben, is an aggressive alcoholic. He meets an unfortunate end when his drunkenness causes him to overlook safety precautions while riding Beauty. Despite his drunkenness, Black Beauty cannot deny that Reuben is a competent groom, as he had veterinary training. A kind and fair cab driver, Jerry treats his horses fairly and ensures they have reasonable working conditions. His strong religious faith plays a part in his belief that animals have the right to rest and that animal cruelty is a sin. In the cab driving community, he is sneered upon for kindly treating his horses and refusing to whip them. Beauty’s time with him is short-lived as Jerry soon contracts bronchitis which puts him out of business. By far the worst master that Black Beauty has encountered, Nicholas Skinner is the owner of one of London’s most successful cab businesses. Nicholas is a violent and cruel man who does not believe in treating animals well and that he should use them to their limit. Ginger dies under Skinner’s treatment, and Black Beauty would have followed in his friend’s footsteps if not for the intervention of a veterinarian. Farmer Thoroughgood and Willie Farmer Thoroughgood, a kind old man, and Willie have made it a routine to rehabilitate horses like Black Beauty who have been mistreated and overworked. They are gentle and firm in helping Black Beauty and nurse him back to health in no time. 4. Themes: Animal Rights and Welfare The biggest, if not most important theme in Black Beauty, is the topic of animal rights and welfare. Set in Victorian England, there were close to no measures put in place to protect animal rights, especially animals in working conditions. Cars were not yet invented, and horses were the main form of transport for many Victorians, and this gave way to cab services which were essentially horse-drawn carriages. From the perspective of Black Beauty, Anna Sewell sheds light on the harmful and damaging nature of bearing reins and blinkers that are often used on horses to make them presentable and more efficient for drawing carriages. The first-hand, highly sensitized, and emotionally-charged voice of Black Beauty touched a chord in the hearts of many readers, especially children who often have an affinity for animals. It sparked a heightened awareness of the practices used in the cab industry, and many people began questioning the ethics behind how horses were treated. All in all, the story aimed to garner more empathy toward animals, especially horses. It gave a voice to these horses that could not better their situation and made people question their attitudes toward businesses or activities that involved animal labor. 5. Writing Style Black Beauty utilizes anthropomorphism, where the horse, Black Beauty, can experience and verbalize human emotions and traits. In employing this technique for the story, Sewell creates a connection between the protagonist Beauty and the readers, generating compassion toward the plight of the horses. By sensitizing her readers, Sewell enables them to see the value of animals. While this is a hyper-realistic portrayal of a horse in Victorian England, her tale is not that far from reality. Told in first-person narration, the story places readers in a position where we are made to empathize and feel for the horses and what they are put through. The vivid descriptions include Beauty telling us what it feels like to have a bit in his mouth and the painful sensation of being whipped. What gets under our skin as humans is that these horses cannot express their emotions and thoughts, despite being subject to such immense stress. Unlike us, the horses in the story can only suffer in silence. 6. Influence on Literature, Film, and Theater 6.1. Impact on Literature The most notable work influenced by Black Beauty is the novel Beautiful Joe, published sixteen years after Sewell’s story. The novel starred an Airedale-type dog as its protagonist. Black Beauty’s influence did not stop there, going on to strongly inspire Moorland Mousie, published in 1929. In 1950, Phyllis Briggs wrote a novel titled Son of Black Beauty, which she intended to be a sequel to Black Beauty. Another novel that is not only inspired by Black Beauty but claims to be its sequel is The Strike at Shane’s: A Prize Story of Indiana. While its author is unknown, many critics suspect it to be the debut novel of Gene Stratton Porter. It first came to the public’s attention when it won a contest sponsored by the American Humane Society. The story focuses on how animals on a farm in the midwest are treated. Other writers, such as the Pullein-Thompson sisters, chose to take a different approach. They wrote various spin-offs of Black Beauty that centered around horses related to Beauty. The list is as follows: - Black Ebony (1975) - Black Velvet (1975) - Black Princess (1975) - Black Nightshade (1978) - Black Romany (1978) - Black Piper (1982) - Black Raven (1982) - Black Pioneer (1982) 6.2. Influence on Film The first movie adaptation of Black Beauty which Edward H. Griffith directed, was released in 1917, titled Your Obedient Servant. Despite being of a different name, the film closely follows the book’s plot. From 1921 to 1978, four more adaptations of Black Beauty were released. The latest film adaptation is the same name as the novel Black Beauty. It was released in 2020 under Walt Disney and put a modern twist on Sewell’s story. Directed by Ashley Avis, the film starred Kate Winslet as the voice of Black Beauty. However, Black Beauty is a mare instead of a stallion in the 2020 version. In terms of television series, the first release was in 1972 by London Weekend Television, titled The Adventures of Black Beauty. Black Beauty was once again serialized in 1978. 6.3. Influence on Theater In 2011, Black Beauty was adapted into a theater play by James Stone and directed by Chris Ford. Its first few performances took place at Broughton Hall Estate, North Yorkshire, and Epsom Racecourse, Surrey. The play of Black Beauty was met with great success and pleasant reviews, going on to be performed at various venues in the UK. 7. Quotes from Black Beauty “We have no right to distress any of God’s creatures without a very good reason; we call them dumb animals, and so they are, for they cannot tell us how they feel, but they do not suffer less because they have no words.” the lady that saves Black Beauty from wearing a bearing rein “There is no religion without love, and people may talk as much as they like about their religion, but if it does not teach them to be good and kind to man and beast, it is all a sham.” “If a thing is right it can be done, and if it is wrong it can be done without; and a good man will find a way.” Mr. Jerry Barker “Only ignorance! only ignorance! How can you talk about only ignorance? Don’t you know that it is the worst thing in the world, next to wickedness? — and which does the most mischief heaven only knows. If people can say, `Oh! I did not know, I did not mean any harm,’ they think it is all right.” “Why don’t they cut their own children’s ears into points to make them look sharp? Why don’t they cut off their noses to make them look plucky? One would be just as sensible as the other. What right have they to torment and disfigure God’s creatures?” 8. Notable Book Covers of Black Beauty 9. Frequently Asked Questions about Black Beauty Is Black Beauty based on a real horse? No, it is not. However, the plight of horses in the Victorian Age presented in the book is genuine. Anna Sewell grew up witnessing the inhumane treatment of horses by laborers and cabbies, inspiring her to write Black Beauty to spark empathy toward horses. Does Black Beauty end happily? Yes, it does. Although Black Beauty’s life was filled with hardship and abuse, he was eventually rescued by the kind Farmer Thoroughgood and his grandson Willie. Is the film adaptation of Black Beauty by Disney different from the book? Yes, the adaptation is slightly different. Sewell’s novel is set in Victorian England, while the Disney film is set in the twenty-first century. Black Beauty is also a mare instead of a stallion. Many film critics and viewers have pointed out that Disney’s version of Black Beauty incorporates a more human voice than solely just the horses’. However, many lovers of Sewell’s original novel felt that the film failed to capture the essence and message Sewell intended. Is Black Beauty a social commentary? Yes, the story can be interpreted as a commentary on animal welfare and women’s welfare in Victorian times. Literary experts have noted the similarities in the treatment of horses and women back in the Victorian era. Both were expected to conform to the wishes of men and met with abuse when they failed to do so. What is the message of Black Beauty? Sewell hoped to spread the message that animals have the right to be treated fairly and respectfully. She hoped that people would develop more compassion toward animals, especially horses. What age is Black Beauty appropriate for? Ten years old and above. The story does deal with more mature and morbid themes, including fairly graphic descriptions of the physical torment that the horses experience.

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Posted June 24, 2020 COVID-19 is the worst pandemic since the 1918-19 influenza, which infected a third of the world’s population and killed 50 million people. In some ways much has changed. For example, within weeks scientists sequenced the genome of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes the disease. But the public health measures adopted to slow its spread are essentially the same as those of a century ago: shutdowns of the economy and public life, social distancing, masks, quarantine of the exposed, isolation of the sick, contact-tracing. No vaccine, no effective treatment, no magic bullet. The pandemic has put the spotlight on many other social problems: The impossible choice many “essential” workers face, to work for low pay in dangerous conditions or to starve. The economic and social conditions that lead to much higher rates of COVID-19 infection and death in Black and Latinx communities. Prison death-traps. Police brutality. Domestic violence. Mistreatment of immigrants. And on and on. Upton Sinclair’s 1905 novel The Jungle exposed conditions in the meatpacking industry which will seem all too familiar to readers who have followed the spread of COVID-19 and conditions in the industry today. The Jungle has many lessons beyond its exposure of the horrors of capitalism run amok. As the following article explains, the novel has come to symbolize an era of muckraking and reform. But its author sought revolution, not regulation. A message much needed today. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1905) is a well-known novel that tells a seldom-remembered story. Decades of its usage in U.S. history classes might be to blame. Set in Chicago’s tight-knit Lithuanian community at the start of the twentieth century, The Jungle’s central character, Jurgis Rudkus, is the archetypal immigrant worker, driving himself to the limits of endurance to support a family. But the novel’s few pages describing ghastly conditions in the city’s meat-processing plants are the words that have burned themselves into the public mind — in a way that Rudkus and Sinclair’s other characters never did. These vivid descriptions of the meat industry created a certain narrative about the novel that has left its mark on the country’s historical memory. The Jungle has become an important document in the rise of the regulatory state. As such, it also can be used to sum up the Progressive Era in a compelling and provocative way that is guaranteed to arrest the attention of even the rowdiest classroom with its gross-out details. Yet while The Jungle’s meta-narrative is neat and effective, the ingredients from which Sinclair created it merit closer inspection: The Gilded Age. The dawn of muckraking. An awakening to the possibilities of reform. How did those ingredients combine into an accepted version of events? Amidst all the greed and corruption in the age of the robber barons, some of the worst excesses could be found in Chicago’s stockyards and rendering plants. Upton Sinclair went undercover and revealed what went into the meat on America’s plates. ("Went into” is divulged by the book in an appallingly literal sense.) The expose created a sensation (primarily one of nausea) and The Jungle rapidly became an international best-seller. Among its readers was President Theodore Roosevelt, who was reported to have thrown his breakfast sausages out the window. That’s the kind of publicity money can’t buy. Roosevelt sent investigators to Chicago who confirmed that the meatpacking industry’s hygiene was troubling, at best. Public clamor led to sweeping reforms that included regular government inspection of the plants. History’s narrative concludes by asserting that Sinclair’s muckraking expose (conducted in 1904 and published the following year) was the major, and perhaps decisive, push to the enactment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. As tales of social progress go, it is remarkable in its efficiency. And it comes complete with a happy ending: Thanks to investigative reporting and the advent of regulation, American consumers regained their appetites. Prying into Packingtown A certain percentage of Americans undoubtedly remained vegetarians. And important aspects of The Jungle and its context are lost in the civics-minded lesson recounted above. But before considering them, it is worth recalling the nasty particulars of meat production that made such an impact on readers in 1905. It is one of those rare moments in history in which the physical sensations of an author and his public were almost certainly in sync with those of posterity. The Jungle is set in a Chicago neighborhood then called Packingtown. As the newly hired immigrant workers are transported to the meat-processing plant, Sinclair depicts them as overwhelmed by odors well before they can see where they will be employed. Cattle and hogs arrive continuously by train. They are unloaded, and, in time, fed into the machinery of slaughter. Though Redkus feels horror at the animals’ suffering, he is awed by how smoothly the process functions. The carcasses are stored in dirty rooms, at whatever temperature comes with the season. Exhausted workers relieve themselves when and where they can, including on the floor. Those in the habit of spitting do so, and nobody can afford to miss a day of work just because of a wracking cough — any more than an animal would go unprocessed just because it was diseased, or had died in transport. Meat is not wasted just because of rot. Rats get an early taste of the beef and pork in the plant, leaving hair and feces behind. When poisons do kill some of them, the dead rodents go through the same grinders as the ingredients intended for processing — including sawdust. That insects are involved at every stage of production probably goes without saying. Sinclair said that he witnessed some of these factory conditions with his own eyes. He learned of others from interviewing workers. The exact proportion of The Jungle’s first- and second-hand information remains a matter for debate. The degree to which Sinclair exercised authorial license by combining details from the very worst cases into a picture presented as typical of the whole industry is also at issue. He admitted that he was unable to document the book’s most appalling claim: that workers sometimes fell into the vats where animal fat was melted into lard, and their bodies discovered only after prolonged cooking. “There had been several cases,” Sinclair wrote in his autobiography, “but always the packers [i.e. owners of the plants] had seen to it that the widows were returned to the old country." On the other hand, at the height of The Jungle’s notoriety, Sinclair could shore up his credibility with “the court records of many pleas of guilty” by Chicago’s meat magnates “entered in various states to the charge of selling adulterated meat products." Inspiring an Army Verisimilitude was only one element of the book’s impact. Nor did Sinclair have any glimmer of apprehension that it would make him an honorary godfather to the Food and Drug Administration. Too often The Jungle is treated as an affidavit regarding dead animals, rather than a novel about living humans. "I aimed at the public’s heart,” as Sinclair later put it, “and by accident I hit it in the stomach.” Yet this pithy and memorable comment understates his ambitions for the book, and his disappointment at its reception. Sinclair was 26 years old when he wrote The Jungle but by no means an author at the beginning of his career. His upbringing had been irregular, but it proved to be remarkably suitable preparation for the role of socially-minded novelist. Both of the author’s parents came from prosperous families, but his father’s alcoholism generated extreme and frequent reversals of fortune. Sinclair’s childhood consisted of moving back and forth between dire circumstances and being taken in by more stable relations. At the age of sixteen, he began cranking out thousands of words of fiction a day — what now might be called young-adult historical novels — which paid for his university education. By his early twenties, Sinclair resolved to throw himself fully into the struggle to become a great writer: someone of the literary calibre of the artists his own adolescent hackwork had enabled him to study. Upton Sinclair, 1906 (National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution) | A first edition of The Jungle. (Wikimedia user victorgrigas, Public Domain) | Sinclair’s first few serious novels were not well-received. The emotional strain upon him was incredible, to say nothing of the economic anxieties. (Both were compounded by the anxieties of fatherhood following an early and ultimately regrettable marriage.) It was during this agonizing period that he came into contact with a few socialist writers and thinkers. Their ideas resonated with his own experience of the extremes of wealth and poverty. They also allowed him to imagine a better future; a future to which his writings might contribute. Sinclair took the next step in 1904 by joining the Socialist Party of America. He started to write for The Appeal to Reason, a Midwestern socialist newspaper. It had a quarter of a million subscribers and was still growing thanks to “the Appeal Army” — a loyal cohort of supporters which made sure the publication found new readers. One of Sinclair’s first contributions to the paper was an article about the unsuccessful strike in Chicago’s stockyards that summer. His assessment hit just the right notes of anger and defiance, and it was well-received by the paper’s readers, including workers in Packingtown. With an advance of five hundred dollars from the Appeal, Sinclair moved to Chicago for several weeks of research for what became The Jungle, which ran as a serial in the newspaper before appearing as a book. After ten years of making a living by his pen (if just barely) Sinclair was, in a sense, already at mid-career. He published a novel on the Civil War — Manassas: A Novel of the War — shortly before heading to Packingtown. He considered it an artistic triumph. Some reviewers agreed — but its sales were so discouraging that he abandoned the plan of making it the first volume in a trilogy. It was fellow socialist author Jack London who showed a clear grasp of Sinclair’s aspirations when he called The Jungle “the Uncle Tom’s Cabin of wage slavery.” The novel opens with Redkus at his wedding party, embedded in a warm and vividly depicted community. The subsequent series of dehumanizing experiences in Packingtown reduces the protagonist to an isolated and desperate individual who is at last reborn within a political movement for a “Cooperative Commonwealth” of democracy and equality. It is this narrative of The Jungle that is closest to Sinclair’s intentions. It is the work of an author possessed of the hope that life will imitate his art. Regulations and Restlessness The Jungle’s cumulative aesthetic impact derives from Sinclair’s attempt to generate sympathy (heart), disgust (stomach), and ideological fervor (head). In 1905, the combination was volatile. By 1912, membership in the Socialist Party was six times what it had been when Sinclair joined it. Only part of this growth can be attributed to The Jungle: The party’s presidential candidate, Eugene Debs, was both charismatic and a uniquely gifted public speaker. All those Appeal Army volunteers surely played their part. Indeed, the novel’s immediate influence and its lasting reputation have relatively little to do with its effectiveness in spreading the gospel of proletarian revolution. Many a reader over the years has grown restless with the book’s final chapters. Redkus himself all but disappears. The narrative peters out. New characters enter, discoursing at length on the origins, goals, and methods of the socialist movement. In The Industrial Republic (1907) — a nonfiction work written as The Jungle was at the peak of its success — Sinclair was confident that the United States was on the verge of a radical transformation. He assured readers that the Cooperative Commonwealth could be established within about a year of the 1912 presidential election. His passion, however unmistakable, clearly did not prove contagious. High-school American history usually identifies a key role for The Jungle in inspiring regulations to bring the noxious aspects of capitalism (its hog-eat-hog phase, if you will) under control. But the author himself knew better than this. Individual states had been trying to protect their citizens from unhealthy and dishonestly advertised foodstuffs for decades before Sinclair moved to Packingtown. Calls for federal inspection of meat began no later than the 1880s, when European countries began to ban U.S. beef and pork because of contamination. (Meat imported from Argentina proved safer.) The first federal meat inspection laws were passed in the 1890s, with the support of the same major packing houses that dominated the Chicago portrayed in the novel. Indeed, these companies urged stricter enforcement — not to protect customers but to reduce competition by driving smaller producers out of the business. By the turn of the century, five American meat-packing companies slaughtered eighty percent of the country’s cattle. Federal inspection was “maintained and paid for by the people of the United States,” Sinclair wrote in 1906, “for the benefit of the packers. … [M]en wearing the blue uniforms and brass buttons of the United States service are employed for the purpose of certifying to the nations of the civilized world that all the diseased and tainted meat which happens to come into existence in the United States is carefully sorted out and consumed by the American people." Only much later did economists develop the concept implied by Sinclair’s remarks: “regulatory capture,” the strong and perhaps ineluctable tendency of an industry (especially a concentrated one) to gain sway over the policies and agencies meant to hold it accountable. In the present day, the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907 seems to have been written with The Jungle in mind. Its provisions included continuous inspection of stock animals while alive, and examination of their carcasses before being processed. The aftermath of this seemingly decisive set of regulations has been a cycle of periodic revelations about dangerous, unsanitary conditions, followed by calls for improved inspection. Sinclair did not rest on his accomplishments. It perhaps bears mentioning that his literary career continued for another sixty years, with probably as many books. He also ran a campaign for governor of California in 1934 to hold another President Roosevelt’s feet to the fire, prodding FDR from the left to more expansive goals for the New Deal. As for The Jungle, Sinclair’s later judgment of its impact was sharp and precise. “I am supposed to have helped clean up the yards and improve the country’s meat supply,” he wrote in 1932 in American Outpost: A Book of Reminiscences, “though this is mostly delusion. But nobody even pretend that I improved the conditions of the stockyard workers.”

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6, 59, 302, 636, 537, 316, 3436, 346, 2292, 419, 268, 2077, 288, 363, 558, 453, 5052, 1296, 2004, 2266, 3731, 203, 1461, 771, 595, 2370, 261, 11623, 421, 2044, 344, 2873, 597, 289, 11134, 13, 291, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 5208, 2457, 363, 3006, 1274, 17, 87, 10847, 18, 6705, 606, 5250, 454, 4609, 365, 370, 404, 4125, 595, 489, 88, 16, 650, 454, 3446, 292, 437, 264, 2795, 615, 2603, 9169, 269, 571, 1172, 628, 268, 5851, 18, 2015, 372, 87, 268, 2066, 289, 1376, 380, 2232, 375, 372, 88, 3992, 18, 203, 54, 83, 595, 489, 88, 2819, 3248, 1721, 292, 9091, 650, 8316, 336, 268, 4425, 84, 3303, 1997, 372, 87, 6453, 454, 5022, 4722, 16, 430, 1274, 18, 5252, 551, 348, 283, 2791, 292, 4181, 8363, 1210, 8590, 336, 3380, 1998, 1654, 10457, 289, 268, 1648, 18, 203, 44, 277, 861, 372, 87, 7132, 5629, 4696, 419, 780, 265, 542, 336, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 372, 87, 293, 2993, 1209, 505, 771, 595, 421, 1037, 534, 691, 288, 6582, 24, 291, 2808, 268, 1685, 715, 13, 454, 268, 1670, 16, 291, 4810, 766, 277, 464, 16, 4017, 292, 268, 403, 613, 367, 289, 268, 382, 469, 4010, 291, 10700, 3715, 289, 6582, 26, 18, 760, 1971, 274, 289, 1234, 2674, 679, 16, 362, 316, 6689, 288, 606, 3055, 18, 1256, 362, 1974, 2821, 360, 261, 5474, 10060, 30, 8360, 292, 3248, 774, 7202, 291, 268, 6657, 289, 6743, 16, 1781, 5059, 735, 1953, 444, 8841, 3350, 18, 203, 52, 1080, 281, 636, 382, 3303, 9068, 203, 37, 1575, 6729, 289, 4104, 641, 11157, 691, 325, 6341, 6379, 294, 1825, 18, 1256, 851, 3378, 289, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 291, 606, 3558, 356, 3673, 288, 268, 273, 406, 1067, 17, 81, 578, 286, 5511, 632, 8863, 2159, 18, 203, 11207, 1134, 5337, 622, 16, 362, 316, 3760, 10430, 281, 268, 314, 8637, 1510, 87, 289, 4425, 1815, 336, 1146, 659, 363, 1393, 341, 5250, 288, 6582, 25, 18, 553, 316, 597, 289, 1014, 3679, 9269, 288, 1550, 288, 518, 268, 1646, 1672, 500, 289, 363, 2036, 291, 615, 1376, 664, 2764, 5707, 288, 3048, 71, 360, 1014, 289, 754, 345, 380, 18, 203, 1461, 596, 2846, 298, 316, 1075, 288, 261, 9091, 8085, 1023, 1478, 382, 3303, 9068, 18, 760, 268, 8352, 296, 2160, 6227, 438, 3260, 356, 2799, 286, 292, 268, 4425, 17, 3012, 555, 281, 1380, 16, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 7644, 340, 622, 352, 6697, 4424, 419, 5248, 753, 767, 1134, 502, 375, 901, 853, 502, 513, 327, 6745, 18, 203, 39, 271, 1093, 291, 296, 6356, 11196, 8740, 419, 4909, 18, 900, 356, 543, 3400, 286, 16, 291, 16, 288, 669, 16, 8054, 636, 268, 9663, 289, 1580, 6218, 18, 6008, 3292, 79, 310, 7661, 3228, 3389, 430, 268, 2312, 372, 5315, 16, 431, 316, 1239, 286, 419, 667, 5036, 325, 268, 833, 3632, 18, 365, 877, 71, 6442, 356, 5290, 288, 295, 7682, 9171, 16, 430, 7358, 2263, 1974, 360, 268, 3243, 18, 1206, 76, 571, 691, 3260, 9686, 2315, 649, 291, 853, 502, 375, 16, 1118, 341, 268, 5324, 18, 5611, 288, 268, 2997, 289, 440, 7261, 565, 576, 16, 291, 688, 5784, 375, 5025, 292, 3873, 261, 1196, 289, 716, 1039, 971, 289, 261, 2111, 3303, 8012, 1691, 723, 512, 687, 363, 2990, 830, 679, 543, 3012, 555, 286, 1039, 971, 362, 454, 1128, 790, 16, 361, 850, 4719, 288, 2799, 18, 2172, 271, 316, 462, 454, 691, 1039, 971, 289, 4171, 18, 203, 54, 1378, 886, 363, 1568, 5367, 289, 268, 327, 4727, 291, 2672, 79, 288, 268, 1380, 16, 5413, 3474, 291, 284, 312, 274, 2976, 18, 1097, 2462, 11633, 565, 5320, 579, 289, 622, 16, 268, 3751, 9307, 546, 679, 734, 268, 1162, 785, 578, 332, 352, 268, 5266, 4990, 331, 3764, 1691, 1118, 3981, 72, 599, 18, 2015, 5330, 356, 2729, 430, 953, 3282, 289, 1815, 3591, 3677, 1298, 5390, 18, 203, 55, 263, 1215, 1244, 1211, 336, 431, 5814, 286, 579, 289, 629, 10278, 1533, 360, 615, 1044, 3229, 18, 915, 4574, 289, 1548, 427, 5574, 281, 3260, 18, 365, 3427, 8357, 289, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 372, 87, 855, 17, 291, 1901, 17, 6906, 1009, 3341, 261, 2667, 331, 6963, 18, 203, 1461, 3791, 292, 518, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 1969, 1754, 2036, 439, 10286, 419, 10375, 3834, 427, 268, 1040, 8592, 1934, 636, 261, 4378, 4846, 352, 5418, 289, 268, 2399, 1997, 316, 525, 430, 2682, 18, 915, 478, 4463, 336, 431, 454, 6320, 292, 3190, 268, 2077, 372, 87, 710, 558, 453, 281, 2952, 30, 336, 3260, 2903, 7586, 636, 268, 385, 1378, 853, 2990, 2272, 454, 4555, 691, 636, 308, 485, 16, 291, 444, 3910, 4266, 794, 1003, 9780, 6052, 18, 538, 6695, 850, 712, 1520, 1934, 1272, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 4802, 288, 615, 6229, 4655, 4052, 16, 538, 8574, 1775, 268, 3170, 332, 2378, 77, 18, 73, 18, 3896, 289, 268, 1648, 65, 850, 2279, 292, 362, 336, 268, 3147, 2739, 664, 6951, 292, 268, 1662, 1777, 2555, 203, 9076, 268, 586, 1129, 16, 430, 268, 4733, 289, 365, 596, 2846, 298, 372, 87, 688, 441, 1085, 16, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 911, 10786, 644, 615, 2977, 1767, 360, 538, 1381, 4766, 4606, 289, 772, 3034, 301, 289, 1164, 309, 562, 537, 419, 9091, 372, 87, 4425, 4275, 692, 538, 302, 2142, 288, 1320, 2588, 292, 268, 4873, 289, 9301, 11558, 345, 488, 4425, 1786, 2555, 203, 45, 1950, 84, 3407, 363, 7174, 203, 58, 265, 277, 344, 3626, 4023, 454, 794, 597, 4156, 289, 268, 2077, 372, 87, 1393, 18, 4058, 1535, 343, 263, 1215, 1244, 437, 723, 1062, 344, 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In this episode we discuss the great books that E. B. White wrote and the theme of friendship. We also discuss some wonderful picture books about friendship. And we finish with talking about Jesus who calls us His friends. Books Discussed in This Episode: Welcome to “Books that Spark,” a podcast for parents and caregivers, celebrating books, that spark imagination, emotion, questions, and discussion leading to teachable moments with our kids. This week, even though we’re past E. B. White’s birthday–his birthday was on July 14th–I wanted to go ahead and spend some time talking about his books. I think they are some of the ones we have loved since we were children and ones that we would enjoy sharing with our children as well, if we haven’t already. And so I wanted to spend this time talking about those and also talking about a great biography that was written about his life that you may want to share with your children. So E. B. White is the author of 20 books of prose and poetry, and he was awarded the 1970 Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for his children’s books, Stuart Little and Charlotte’s Web. This award is now given every three years to an author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have, over a period of years, made a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children. In 1970, he also published his third children’s book, The Trumpet of the Swan. These three books have become staples in most of our libraries and in our children’s reading plan. We all know them and love them for the most part. You may not be aware that E. B. White was also a contributor to The New Yorker. He was also a great essayist. He has books of his essays and his contributions to the magazine, The New Yorker. He has a book that he co-wrote On Democracy by Jon Meacham and E. B. White. And he has quite a few other books as well for adults that you might enjoy reading. But today we want to talk about his children’s books. I want to focus on the three and they are Charlotte’s Web, Stuart Little, and The Trumpet of the Swan. Charlotte’s Web, of course, is a wonderful story about a little girl who saves a runt pig in the litter. Her dad just wants to kill it because that’s what they do on a farm when they have a runt, and she raises him and then she finds out he’s going to be killed because he’s a prized pig. So she saves his life again. And of course, the point of the story is she helped save him. But also Charlotte, a spider, helps save him, and she writes messages in her web. It’s a story of friendship, of sacrifice, of love and loss in friendship, and grief. And so I think you can use this story to talk about so many important emotions and issues in life that we deal with, but mostly to also emphasize being a real friend for someone in advocating for them when necessary. I think it’s also a good one to talk about being clever and finding ways to problem solve. They face quite a few challenges in the story. Between all the animals in the barnyard, they find a way to help save Wilbur’s life. The only complaint I have about this book is that the people are pretty gullible–the adults in the story are pretty gullible. And so that part seems a little silly, but we wouldn’t have the story if they weren’t because they would have to respond to Charlotte’s web in order for it to be an effective way for them to save Wilbur’s life. But it does seem like a commentary or satire about how people believe what they read or hear in the news. And so it could even be that you want to talk about that with your child, especially as they’re getting older, and maybe as they start reading the newspaper or watching the news or looking at the different news articles on the internet, to know that they need to use wisdom and discernment to know what the truth is. So with E. B. White being a journalist, it’s kind of interesting that he writes a book that points out that people believe what they see in writing. But I love this story. My kids love this story. It’s a great book to read with, you know, middle elementary. It’s a chapter book, as you know. It’s a lower reading level, so younger children can enjoy it as soon as they’re ready to start reading chapter books. If you get the classic one, it is illustrated on the cover by Garth Williams, who is also the one who illustrated the traditional Laura Ingalls Wilder books of Little House on the Prairie. And also he illustrates the classic cover for Stuart Little. Stuart Little, of course, is also about friendship and family and caring for each other and problem solving again because he goes on an adventure and has to get out of trouble and be safe. There’s bravery and all of those issues in this book. And so these are great books for teaching values and principles that we want to discuss with our children. The Trumpet of the Swan is about a Swan who can’t trumpet like the other swans. His father gets him a musical instrument trumpet. So he can use that. And he’s trying to win the heart of his true love, who ignores him because he can’t trumpet. Even though he can read and write and do other things, he can’t trumpet. And so she ignores him. Then his father gets him a brass trumpet, and we see if he is able to win her heart. Now, these books are not in picture book form. They’re only in the chapter book form for children to enjoy. So these would not be, of course, for your very young children, but if you’re reading it aloud to them, I think even a first grader could enjoy these stories because they are adventurous and fun and clever. And I think it would be something that you could read aloud to them and maybe read a chapter each night. There’s a great biography written about E. B. White By Melissa Sweet. Melissa Sweet is an illustrator. And in this case, she’s the author and of the book. It’s called Some Writer. She’s illustrated quite a few books and she’s very well-known for her biographies that she’s written. And this one is very special. She uses collages of different pictures and different documents that she has found. This is really kind of a special keepsake type book. There are quotes from him in the book. One quote from E. B. White says, “I fell in love with the sound of an early typewriter and I have been stuck with it ever since.” And it says, “Elwin Brooks White loved words as a child. He chased them through dictionary pages and crafted them into poems for St. Nicholas Magazine. When he was a young man, words led him to writing jobs at big city newspapers and The New Yorker. And when his own stories came calling E. B. White spun his words into classics, such as Charlotte’s Web and Stuart Little, and readers have been chasing his words ever since.” So that’s a little bit about this book. And then, like I said, there are montages and collages throughout the book. There’s a family tree, a picture of his family, and so it gives a great look into E. B. White’s life from his early life through his career. And the illustrations are just wonderful. It’s like I said, it’s really a keepsake book that you will enjoy sharing with your children and having on your bookshelf for years and years to come. One of the books that E. B. White is famous for is a rewrite of The Elements of Style. And I don’t know if you’ve read this book, but I’ve used it before in classes. And it’s almost a funny look at grammar. It’s written by William Strunk Jr. And E. B. White. It was used for years, The Elements of Style, for writing and has these rules for how to write well for mostly writing essays. It only has a few rules in it. There are eight elementary rules that you follow for a good writing style, but it’s got some humor in it. And it is also boring in other places, but that’s one you may be familiar with. In the biography, she refers to that, and she shows all the different types of writing he did and the kind of life he lived. It’s just a really great book. Lots of visuals in it to look at and to enjoy. Melissa Sweet’s illustrations are clever and cute and colorful and just really interesting. And she was totally in love with the idea of writing this book and was very motivated for it. And you can sure see that in the book itself. There’s a video on YouTube where she’s talking about this book, and she said she wanted it to be a picture book, but there was so much information, she couldn’t do that alone. So it’s written like a picture book, but it’s about 80 pages long. And so it’s a really long picture book is what it turns into, but it’s a great biography. One of the main themes that we come across in books like Charlotte’s Web and Stuart Little is the idea of love and friendship. And so I also wanted to spend some time talking about books about friendship because one of the important things we teach our children is how to be a true friend to other people and to be a trustworthy and good friend. And so there’s a couple special books I’d like to share with you. One is ridiculous and silly, but you could almost pick up any of his books. This writer, Mo Willems, writes very funny, silly books that kids love. And I love his whole series of Elephant and Piggie, and he has one Can I Play Too where a snake wants to play catch with them. And they problem solve to help the snake be a part of their friendship and their fun that they’re having together. And so this book very silly and a lot of fun. And so that’s one that I would recommend too. It’s about friendship, problem solving and making the best of a situation so that everyone can be included. And then another really special book is called Four Feet, Two Sandals. And it is by Karen Lynn Williams and illustrated by Khadra Muhammad. And this is about two girls in a refugee camp. They’re from Afghanistan. And they have come to this refugee camp and are hoping to come to America, but they’re at the camp. They don’t have any shoes. They get a delivery. Everybody’s trying to grab what they need. And one girl gets one sandal, and the other girl gets the other sandal. And then they become friends and they share the sandals. So it’s four feet, two sandals. They’re 10-year-old girls, and they become great friends and learn to share. And people tease them because they each have one shoe. And what good is one shoe, but they learn to cooperate and help each other out so that they can help protect each other’s feet and help each other be blessed by having the shoes, at least every other day. And some days they each wear one shoe, but most of the time they just take turns wearing the two shoes. And then at the end, one of the girls and her mom get to go to the United States. She gives the shoes to the girl who can’t go yet. And the little girl says, no, I want you to keep one to remember. And so it’s a really beautiful story of friendship and sacrifice and caring for one another. I do recommend this book. It’s really beautiful. And it also will help our children to see what life is like in a refugee camp. I think it’s so important that we share with them that we are so blessed, and many people struggle and don’t have the things that we have and take for granted. And so we need to be really thankful for what we have and how much we are blessed. And to also pray for those who have been sent from their countries and are trying to find a way of life where they can survive and move on when their country has been so affected by war or whatever has happened in their particular country. And so I think it’s an important lesson to teach children. You know, some children have never left their own city or their own state, and so they don’t have a worldview that understands what is out there and what many children their own age are going through. So I think this is a great book for sharing that with our children and in a way that is not overly emotional, not a way that is too traumatic, but helps open their eyes to the blessings we have and to not take those for granted and what it would be like if you lost everything and wound up in a refugee camp. Would you have the same kind of love, friendship, and attitude that these young women have? So I think it’s a beautiful book and would be great to share with your children. And one book I’ve shared before that I love is We Don’t Eat our Classmates by Ryan T. Higgins. He’s the author and illustrator. And this is about a dinosaur that goes to school. And she’s just acting like a regular T-Rex and eats her friends. The teacher says, “We don’t eat our classmates.” And so she learns what it’s like to be a friend and to not eat her classmates. And the last book I want to share about friendship is called Enemy Pie by Derek Munson. And this book is just wonderful. It uses irony and will really get your children thinking about turning enemies into friends. You could use the scriptures from Romans about praying for those who persecute you, for loving those who don’t love you, and doing unto others, from Matthew, as you would have them do unto you. This is a fantastic book for opening up conversations. And this one, honestly, you could read it from kindergarten up through middle school. It’s just that good. I highly recommend this book. I think it is a wonderful, wonderful book. So for our devotion today, we’re going to share from Hope for Each Day by Billy Graham. This is the June 5th devotional, “What a Friend,” Psalm 46:1 in the ICB says, “God is our protection and our strength. He always helps in times of trouble.” “Jesus’ disciples once tried to stop children from coming close to Jesus, but he said, let the little children come to me. Don’t stop them because the kingdom of God belongs to people who are like these little children. That’s Luke 18:16. Then he held and blessed the children. Don’t you think all those children found a new friend that day through the years. Many people have come to know Jesus as their savior and their friend, sometimes in the midst of difficult circumstances. ‘What a Friend We Have in Jesus,’ a hymn that has been a favorite for nearly 200 years came out of the experience of a young man whose bride drowned on the night before their wedding in his sadness. He turned to Jesus and found a friend, peace, and comfort. He wrote about how Jesus can bear all our sins and griefs, and that he’ll take and shield us in his arms. Sometimes we face disappointment and sadness, yet even sorrows turn to blessings when they make us discover that Jesus truly is our faithful friend.” And I wanted to end with that because we need to not only teach our children how to be a friend and to have good friends and make sure they’re choosing the right kind of friends, but also to understand that God calls us his friends. And to understand that he is our friend. And even in the most difficult times, we’re never alone. He is our friend and walks with us through every sorrow and every struggle. And so to help our children know that even in the darkest time, they can turn to him, and he is there is so important. And to let them know that he calls us his friend. I will include a page of Bible verses that we can work on with our kids about friendship and about God being our friend. Those will be in the show notes. There are so many different topics we can cover when we’re talking about friendship. So as you’re reading through these different books together and doing your Bible studies together, let the Holy Spirit just open up what he wants us to impart to our kids–what he wants us to help them understand about being trustworthy, being kind, being faithful, when they have an attitude that’s not right, to be forgiving, and to not be a bully, but to be gentle and meek with other people. We can talk about the fruit of the spirit coming through us in our lives, being evident in our lives. As we are being in relationships with other people, we can talk about the “one anothers” and how God wants us to treat each other. Our whole lives are centered on relationships–relationship with God and relationship with each other. The whole message of the Bible is about our relationship with God and our relationships with each other. And so it is so important that we spend time really helping our children grasp the importance of building strong and good relationships. And that we choose wisely when we choose our friends. Proverbs warns us that bad friends corrupt us, and that we will follow the bad examples of our friends. And so we need to choose wisely and help our children to choose wisely. We want to take those opportunities to teach our children how to be good friends and how to find good friends. Our whole lives are encompassed in the relationships we build. The gospel message is all about relationship as well with God. And so we need to help our children understand the importance of relationship. God did not call us to be hermits. He called us to be in fellowship with each other and him. Thank you for joining us for “Books that Spark,” a podcast, celebrating books that spark imagination, emotion, questions, and discussions, as we disciple our children and help them to follow Christ with their whole hearts, if you would like to join my mailing list and get notifications when I post a new blog post or a new podcast, you can sign up on my website at TerrieHellardBrown.com. I would love to have you join my mailing list. I promise not to overwhelm your inbox, but I do hope to bless you. And when you sign up, you also have access to some free items that only people on my mailing list have access to. Be sure to share this podcast with your friends, especially if they’re new parents and are wanting to disciple their children and help them to know more about what it means to live the Christian life. We share a lot of books about discipleship and about parenting and great fun picture books to share with our children. So share this podcast with your friends and help our ministry to grow. And we would greatly appreciate that. And hopefully your friends will appreciate that as well. Scriptures about friendship: 1 Peter 4:8-10 1 Thess. 5:11 1 Cor. 15:33 God calls us His friends: Terrie Hellard-Brown writes and speaks to help children and adults find God’s purpose and plan for their lives. She teaches workshops and writes devotional books, children’s stories, and Christian education materials. Her podcast, Books that Spark, reviews children’s books that spark imagination, emotion, questions, and discussion leading to teachable moments with our kids. Her podcast posts each Tuesday morning. Her blog posts are published each Thursday and discuss living as a disciple of Christ while discipling our children. She challenges us to step out of our comfort zones to walk by faith in obedience to Christ. For more information, visit her website at terriehellardbrown.com Terrie uses her experiences as a mother of four (three on “the spectrum”), 37 years in ministry (15 in Taiwan), and 32 years teaching to speak to the hearts of readers. Her motto is “Growing older is inevitable; growing up is optional” and keeps her childlike joy by writing children’s stories, delighting over pink dolphins, and frequently laughing till it hurts.

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Floating mines were a feature of both World Wars. Deployed at sea or around the coast, the target was primarily the shipping that sustained the allied side or to thwart naval incursions. Although the sailors that suffered on merchant ships were non combatants, the mines also threatened those who fished and even those who lived beside the sea, and Waterford and Wexford endured its fair share. recently recalled the tragic loss of life at Dunmore East in 1917, when a German U Boat was destroyed. The U Boat, UC-44 was deploying mines at the mouth of the harbour between Dunmore East and Hook Head in Co. Wexford. At the time, it was a regular occurrence, as was the efforts of the Admiralty to clear them. However the allies were also deploying mines, most of the access points to the Northern and Southern routes to the English coast were blanketed by minefields in a futile attempt to thwart the U Boat menace. The first Irish casualty of the mines in WW I was the SSManchester Commerce which was sunk off Donegal 26th Oct 1914. It would be the following July before the admiralty were satisfied that the estimated 200+ mines had been cleared from the area. Maintaining access to Waterford became a job of constant vigilance against the mine laying subs, which included patrols by Sub Chasers, overhead surveillance and constant clearing of the harbour by Mine Sweepers. An American Sub Chaser anchored above Passage East. The Americans entered the war in April 1917 Passed on to me by Paul O’Farrell | An interesting ancedote from the times | were also a feature of WWII but this time Ireland was neutral and the country was not directly targeted. However, it was the Irish who mined Waterford harbour at this stage, which operated between Passage East and Ballyhack from 1941. The mines were deployed in the channel, and were operated by control from Ballyhack, known as command detonated mines. If any threat was seen, the mines were to be detonated by the shore watch. (1) I’d imagine the minefield was directed more towards protecting Ireland from a German sea borne attack, which also led to something I’ve written about previously, the removal of all road signs. mines became more sophisticated. The German side were the first to magnetic mines that detonated as a ship passed close to them. Mines were also deployed from airplanes, which meant the seas around Ireland became a target after the fall of France. Mines were reported regularly from ships, shoreline walkers and the lookout posts, operated by the Marine and Coast Watching Service from Sept 1939, that lined the coastline. (2) injuries and fatalities were associated with them. When a mine beached on the other side of the Hook at Cullenstown in 1941, four members of the LDF died and another was injured. While a lighthouse keeper on Tuskar Rock died after a mine washed up and another man was injured. 19 men died (largest loss of life nationally) when a mine was spotted on a Donegal beach in 1943. While waiting for a bomb disposal team an onlooking crowd refused to move back to a safe distance. (3) The Great Western in camouflage during WWII Posted by Tommy Deegan on the Waterford History Group Facebook page | The above loss of life gives some context to the following story shared by Noreen Kane on the Waterford History Group on 24th June 2016. Its based on recollections of her dads (Liam Lundon 1934 – 2009) childhood in Passage East “Even though there was a war on school was fairly uneventful. There was one particular incident when one morning my father who was the local Garda came in to the school and informed the teacher that the school had to be evacuated as a mine had been spotted on the strand directly underneath the school. It was a glorious spring day we were all marched up the back road to Garret Meades house. We spent the rest of the day there until the “all clear” was given. To this day I don’t know how the mine was disposed The school at that time was further out the Crooke road, where the building still stands over looking the harbour. (It closed when the new school opened in 1969) But was the mine disposed of, or just made safe? Graninne Flanagan commented on our own Facebook page recently about an old mine that was on the beach between Crooke and New Geneva, where apparently her mother used to picnic. My Brother in Law, Bernard Cunningham recalled the mine and said it was the same, his mother Eileen (RIP) often recalled the incident. That having been made safe it was left on the beach. However, it was removed in recent years by a scrap merchant. I’ve also heard of another mine that beached at Passage and that was taken away which made the Munster Express in late 1941, and a virtual raft of other incidents down the harbour and all along the coast and along the Wexford shoreline. They even travelled as far upriver as Mooncoin! There were questions asked in the Dail about a delay in clearing a mine from a packed Tramore Beach in the summer of 1941 and the naval vessel Muirchu was a frequent visitor, called to dispatch mines using gunfire to detonate the threat. A major incident concerned the Barrow Bridge which had to be closed in March 1946 after a mine drifted too close to the structure. It was spotted by two Cheekpoint men Heffernan and O’Connor. They reported the sighting to the Garda station in Passage East and a unit from the Curragh was dispatched under Comdt. Fynes to deal with the threat. Locally it was always said that the boys had thrown a lasso around the mine and towed it away from the bridge as a train approached, saving countless lives as a result. more sober account can be found in that weeks Kilkenny People. The mine grounded between Snow Hill Quay and Drumdowney Point as the tide went out and once settled on the mud, a rope was tied around it, to prevent it floating away. (and no less heroic to my mind, if a little less dramatic) Although the Boat train departed from Waterford that evening, it was decided to close off the line to rail and shipping on the bomb disposal unit had to wait for the tide to go out before they approached the mine. The unit managed to make safe the mine by 4pm that evening, meaning the 5pm train could depart with safety. brush with a mine came while I was herring fishing in Dunmore East. The details are sketchy I’m afraid, as I could find no record in the newspapers. However I remember a particularly nasty SE wind and a trawler coming in off Dunmore, but refused entry. The trawler was being towed if I recall correctly. The mine was trapped in the nets and part of the nets had fouled the screw. Holding off Dunmore, a team of army bomb disposal experts arrived in Dunmore that day. I vividly recall their energy and enthusiasm as they jumped out of a dark green jeep with large kit bags and boarded the pilot boat Breen to go out to the trawler. However, they were back after an hour, green in the face and much less energetic. The trawler was sent over under the Hook and the decision was taken to await a team from the Navy to deal with the issue. think that such problems no longer exist. However the most recent article I could find for Dunmore was the Irish Independent of March 2005 and the most recent nationally was August 2007 in the same paper, this time a mine trapped in nets off Co Cork. Be careful out there, you never know what secrets the sea might give up, particularly on a stormy day. (1) & (2) MacGinty. T. The Irish Navy. 1995. The Kerryman. Tralee (3) Kennedy. M. Guarding Neutral Ireland. 2008. Four Courts Press. Dublin I publish a blog each Friday. If you like this piece or have an interest in the local history or maritime heritage of Waterford harbour and environs you can email me at [email protected] to receive the blog every week. My Facebook and Twitter pages are more contemporary and reflect not just heritage and history but the daily happenings in our beautiful harbour: F https://www.facebook.com/whtidesntales T https://twitter.com/tidesntales

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Walking your dog is like hitting two birds with one stone – not only does it provide essential exercise for your furry friend, but it also offers you the opportunity to bond and train them. In this article, we will explore the benefits of regular exercise for dogs, discuss how to understand their exercise needs, establish a walking routine, find suitable locations, and incorporate variety in walks. We will also touch upon adjusting routines for senior dogs and emphasize the importance of listening to your pet’s individual needs. So grab that leash and let’s get started! - Regular exercise is beneficial for dogs for weight management, cardiovascular health, mental stimulation, and prevention of weight gain. - Understanding and meeting your dog’s exercise needs includes maintaining a healthy weight, improving cardiovascular health, providing mental stimulation, socialization with other dogs and people, and tailoring exercise to specific needs. - Establishing a walking routine involves creating a structured schedule, finding walking buddies for companionship and motivation, setting achievable goals, and gradually increasing duration while incorporating variety for interest. - Finding the right walking locations includes exploring local parks and trails, off-leash areas for socialization, dog-friendly amenities, variety of environments and scents, and ensuring safety and adherence to leash laws. The Benefits of Regular Exercise for Dogs Regular exercise for dogs provides numerous benefits to their overall health and well-being. Understanding canine fitness is crucial in order to ensure that our furry friends receive the necessary physical activity they need to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Playtime, in particular, plays a significant role in promoting their overall fitness. One of the key benefits of regular exercise is weight management. Just like humans, dogs can become overweight or obese if they do not engage in enough physical activity. Regular walks and play sessions help burn calories and maintain a healthy body weight for our canine companions. Exercise also helps improve cardiovascular health in dogs. When dogs engage in activities such as walking or running, their heart rate increases, which strengthens their heart muscles over time. This leads to improved circulation and better oxygen supply throughout their bodies. Additionally, regular exercise promotes mental stimulation for dogs. Playtime allows them to explore their surroundings, interact with other animals, and engage in problem-solving activities, all of which contribute to their cognitive development. In conclusion, understanding the importance of playtime and incorporating regular exercise into our dog’s routine is essential for maintaining their overall health and well-being. By providing them with adequate physical activity, we are not only preventing weight gain but also ensuring that they lead fulfilling lives both physically and mentally. Understanding Your Dog’s Exercise Needs In order to comprehensively comprehend the exercise requirements of a dog, it is crucial to understand their individual needs and activity levels. Dogs, like humans, benefit greatly from regular exercise. A well-structured walking routine can provide numerous health benefits for our furry companions. Regular exercise helps to maintain a healthy weight in dogs and prevents obesity-related health issues such as diabetes and joint problems. It also plays a vital role in improving cardiovascular health by strengthening the heart and reducing the risk of heart disease. Walking routines are particularly important for dogs as they not only provide physical exercise but also mental stimulation. Dogs are naturally curious creatures, and going on walks allows them to explore new sights, smells, and sounds. This sensory enrichment helps keep their minds sharp and engaged. Additionally, walking routines provide an opportunity for socialization with other dogs and people. This can help improve your dog’s behavior around others and reduce aggression or anxiety. To ensure that your dog receives optimal exercise benefits from their walking routine, it is important to tailor the duration and intensity of the walks to their specific needs. Some breeds require more vigorous exercise than others due to their energy levels or size. In summary, understanding your dog’s individual needs when it comes to exercise is essential for maintaining their overall health and well-being. Regular walks not only contribute to physical fitness but also offer mental stimulation and socialization opportunities for our canine companions. So lace up those shoes, grab the leash, and hit the pavement with your furry friend! Establishing a Walking Routine To establish a walking routine for your dog, it is important to create a structured schedule that aligns with their individual exercise needs. Finding walking buddies can be beneficial not only for companionship but also for motivation and socialization. Consider reaching out to neighbors or joining local dog walking groups to find like-minded individuals who can join you on your walks. This can make the experience more enjoyable and provide an opportunity for your dog to interact with others. Setting goals is another crucial aspect of establishing a walking routine. Determine how long and how often you want to walk your dog based on their breed, age, and energy level. Start with shorter walks if your dog is not used to regular exercise and gradually increase the duration over time. Setting achievable goals ensures that both you and your furry companion stay motivated. Additionally, incorporating variety into your walks can keep things interesting for both you and your dog. Explore different routes or parks in your area to add some excitement to the routine. Remember that consistency is key when it comes to establishing a walking routine, so stick to the schedule as much as possible while being flexible enough to accommodate unforeseen circumstances. By following these tips, you’ll be well on your way towards creating an effective walking routine that benefits both you and your canine friend. Finding the Right Walking Locations When it comes to finding the right walking locations for your dog, there are a few key points to consider. First, exploring local parks and trails can provide a variety of environments and stimuli for your dog’s walk. Additionally, considering safety is crucial; choosing well-lit areas with clear paths can help ensure both you and your dog’s well-being. Lastly, familiarizing yourself with leash laws in your area will help you comply with regulations and maintain control over your dog during walks. Explore Local Parks and Trails Local parks and trails provide an ideal opportunity for dog owners to engage in regular exercise with their pets. These locations offer a range of amenities that cater specifically to the needs of dogs and their owners. Many local parks have designated off-leash areas where dogs can roam freely, allowing them to socialize and burn off energy in a safe environment. In addition, these areas often feature dog-friendly water fountains, waste disposal stations, and even agility courses for additional enrichment. Exploring new trails is another benefit of visiting local parks, as it allows both dogs and their owners to experience different environments and scents. This can be particularly stimulating for dogs, keeping them mentally engaged during walks. Overall, local parks and trails are an excellent resource for dog owners seeking variety in their daily exercise routine while ensuring the well-being of their furry companions. Consider Safety and Leash Laws Consideration of safety and adherence to leash laws are important factors for dog owners to keep in mind while visiting parks and trails. It is crucial to ensure the safety of both your dog and other park-goers by using appropriate leash alternatives when necessary. Leash alternatives such as harnesses, long leashes, or retractable leashes can provide dogs with more freedom while still maintaining control. However, it is essential to understand their effectiveness and limitations before opting for them. Additionally, being aware of common safety hazards is vital to prevent accidents during walks. These hazards may include aggressive dogs, wildlife encounters, uneven terrain, poisonous plants, and potential traffic near trailheads. By staying vigilant and prepared for these dangers, dog owners can ensure a safe and enjoyable outing for themselves and their furry companions. Leash Alternatives | Effectiveness | Harness | High | Long Leash | Medium | Retractable Leash | Low | Table: Effectiveness of Different Leash Alternatives Incorporating Variety in Your Walks To introduce variety in your walks with your dog, it is important to explore different routes and environments. Variety in routes will not only keep your dog mentally stimulated but also provide new sensory experiences for them. Consider taking different paths or exploring new parks and neighborhoods. This will expose your furry friend to different scents, sights, and sounds, which can be both exciting and enriching for their overall well-being. Engaging activities can also add an element of fun to your walks. Incorporate interactive games such as hide-and-seek or fetch into your routine. These activities not only keep your dog physically active but also help strengthen the bond between you two. Additionally, try incorporating training exercises during walks to stimulate their mind while on the go. Simple commands like sit, stay, or heel can be practiced during breaks or at specific spots along the route. Furthermore, consider incorporating occasional field trips into your walking routine. Take a drive to nearby hiking trails, beaches, or even visit dog-friendly events in your community. This not only provides a change of scenery but also offers opportunities for socialization with other dogs and people. In conclusion, by varying the routes you take and incorporating engaging activities into your walks with your dog, you can ensure that they have a stimulating experience each time you venture out together. Such variety not only keeps them physically fit but also mentally engaged and happy throughout their daily exercise regimen. Tips for Walking Small Dogs Walking small dogs requires specific techniques and considerations to ensure their safety and comfort during the walk. Training small dogs can be a challenge due to their size and sometimes stubborn nature, but with the right tips, it can become an enjoyable experience for both you and your furry friend. When walking small dogs, it is important to choose the right walking pace. Small breeds have shorter legs and may struggle to keep up with a fast pace. Adjusting your speed will prevent them from becoming exhausted or overexerted. Additionally, it is crucial to use a properly fitted harness or collar that won’t hurt their delicate necks. To provide further guidance on walking small dogs, here are some helpful tips: Tips for Walking Small Dogs | 1. Use a retractable leash for more freedom of movement. | 2. Bring along treats as positive reinforcement during training sessions. | 3. Consider carrying them in a dog carrier if they get tired easily or if you encounter challenging terrains. | By following these tips and adjusting your approach when walking small dogs, you can create an enjoyable experience that keeps them safe, comfortable, and eager for future walks together! Tips for Walking Large Dogs Proper leash and equipment handling is crucial when walking large dogs. It is important to use a sturdy leash and collar that can withstand the strength of a large dog. Additionally, understanding how to properly hold and control the leash can help prevent any accidents or injuries during walks. Managing strength and size differences between the owner and the large dog is also essential. This involves using techniques such as proper body positioning, utilizing training commands, and employing tools like no-pull harnesses or head halters to ensure both the owner and the dog are safe during walks. Proper Leash and Equipment Handling Leash and equipment handling is essential for ensuring the safety of both the dog and its owner during walks. Proper handling techniques not only prevent accidents but also promote better control over the dog’s behavior. Here are some tips to keep in mind: - Invest in a sturdy leash that is appropriate for your dog’s size and strength. - Practice leash training to teach your dog how to walk politely without pulling. - Choose dog-friendly walking routes that provide a safe environment for both you and your furry friend. - Use additional equipment such as harnesses or head collars if necessary, to enhance control while minimizing discomfort. Mastering these techniques will make your walks more enjoyable and stress-free. Remember, a well-handled leash ensures a happy and harmonious walking experience for both you and your canine companion. Managing Strength and Size Differences The management of strength and size differences is crucial for ensuring a safe and controlled walking experience for both the dog owner and their canine companion. When it comes to managing age differences, it is important to understand that older dogs may have physical limitations that require special attention. For instance, they may have arthritis or reduced mobility, which means they might not be able to walk long distances or engage in vigorous activities. It is essential for owners to adapt their walking routine accordingly, providing shorter walks or finding alternative exercises such as swimming or gentle play. Additionally, when dealing with dogs of different sizes, owners must be cautious about using appropriate equipment like harnesses instead of collars to prevent strain on the neck. By managing these strength and size differences effectively, dog owners can ensure a pleasant and comfortable walking experience for themselves and their furry friends while promoting their overall well-being. Walking in Different Weather Conditions Walking a dog in various weather conditions requires careful consideration. Extreme weather conditions such as rain or snow can pose challenges for both the dog and the owner. However, with some tips and precautions, walking in these conditions can still be enjoyable and safe. When it comes to walking in rain or snow, there are a few key things to keep in mind. Firstly, it is important to ensure that your dog is equipped with proper protection against the elements. This might include a waterproof coat or boots to keep their paws dry. Additionally, using a leash with reflective material can help increase visibility during low light conditions. Here is a useful table outlining some tips for walking in rain or snow: Walking in Rain | Walking in Snow | Use an umbrella | Dress warmly | Wear waterproof clothing | Use paw protectors | Watch out for slippery surfaces | Be mindful of salt on roads | By following these tips and being prepared, you can continue to enjoy walks with your furry friend regardless of the weather outside. Remember to always prioritize safety and comfort for both yourself and your dog when venturing out into extreme weather conditions. Walking Etiquette and Safety To ensure a safe and respectful walking experience for all pedestrians, it is important to adhere to proper etiquette and safety guidelines. This holds true especially when walking with multiple dogs or encountering aggressive dogs. When walking with multiple dogs, it is crucial to maintain control at all times. Dogs should be leashed and kept close by, preventing them from interacting with other dogs or individuals unless given permission. It is recommended to use a sturdy leash that allows for proper control without causing discomfort to the dog. Additionally, keeping an eye on each dog’s behavior and body language can help prevent any potential conflicts between them. Encountering aggressive dogs while out on a walk can be intimidating, but there are strategies one can employ to mitigate risks. First and foremost, maintaining a calm demeanor is essential as dogs can sense fear or anxiety. Stepping off the path or crossing the street to create distance between the dogs can also be helpful in diffusing tension. It is important not to make sudden movements or direct eye contact as this may escalate the situation further. In conclusion, adhering to proper walking etiquette and safety guidelines ensures a positive experience for both dog owners and pedestrians alike. By following these guidelines when walking with multiple dogs or dealing with aggressive dogs, we can promote harmony within our communities while enjoying our daily walks with our furry companions. Walking for Bonding and Training Walking for bonding and training can be a valuable opportunity to establish a strong connection between dog owners and their furry companions. Bonding exercises during walks not only provide physical exercise but also promote emotional bonding between the owner and their dog. These exercises often involve interactive play, such as fetch or hide-and-seek, which can create a sense of trust and cooperation. Leash training is another important aspect of walking for bonding and training. Teaching your dog to walk calmly on a leash not only ensures their safety but also strengthens the bond between you. It allows for better control in public spaces and prevents pulling or aggressive behavior towards other dogs or people. To evoke an emotional response in the audience, imagine this scenario: You are out on a peaceful walk with your dog when suddenly they spot a squirrel across the street. With precise leash training, your canine friend stays by your side, resisting the temptation to chase after it. The overwhelming feeling of pride and accomplishment fills you both with joy as you continue your harmonious stroll. In summary, walking for bonding and training provides an opportunity for owners to connect with their dogs on both physical and emotional levels. Incorporating bonding exercises into walks fosters trust and cooperation while leash training promotes safety and control. So grab that leash, head outside, and enjoy the benefits of these meaningful walks with your four-legged companion! Incorporating Other Forms of Exercise Incorporating other forms of exercise into your routine can enhance the physical and mental well-being of both you and your canine companion. While daily walks are important, incorporating indoor exercises can provide additional benefits for your dog’s overall health. Here are four ways to incorporate other forms of exercise: Indoor games: Engaging in interactive games like hide-and-seek or fetch can stimulate your dog’s mind and keep them physically active even when the weather is unfavorable. Puzzle toys: Using puzzle toys not only keeps your dog entertained but also challenges their problem-solving skills, providing mental stimulation that is crucial for a balanced lifestyle. Obedience training: Incorporating obedience training sessions into your routine not only helps strengthen the bond between you and your dog but also provides mental stimulation as they learn new commands. Tug-of-war: This classic game not only allows for physical activity but also promotes healthy teeth and gums as dogs use their natural instincts to pull on objects. Incorporating these indoor exercises can help ensure that your dog receives adequate physical and mental stimulation, leading to a happier and healthier furry friend. Adjusting the Walking Routine for Senior Dogs Adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs requires considering their physical limitations and ensuring that the duration and intensity of the walks are suitable for their age and condition. Senior dogs have different needs compared to younger dogs, particularly when it comes to exercise. As dogs age, they may experience joint stiffness or arthritis, making it important to adjust their walking routine accordingly. One key aspect to consider when adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs is their nutrition. Senior dog nutrition should focus on providing them with a well-balanced diet that supports their joint health. Certain nutrients like glucosamine and chondroitin can help promote healthy joints in senior dogs. It is advisable to consult with a veterinarian for recommendations on specific diets or supplements that can support joint health. Additionally, senior dog joint care should be taken into account during walks. It may be necessary to reduce the duration or intensity of walks to avoid putting too much strain on their joints. Providing comfortable bedding and regular vet check-ups can also aid in managing any potential joint issues. In conclusion, adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs involves considering their physical limitations, focusing on senior dog nutrition, and taking steps to ensure optimal joint care. By doing so, we can help our furry friends stay active and healthy as they age. Listening to Your Dog’s Needs As we discussed in the previous subtopic, adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs is crucial to ensure their well-being. Now, let’s delve into the importance of listening to your dog’s needs during these walks. Communication with our furry companions is essential to understand what they are trying to convey. Dogs have a unique way of expressing themselves, and it is important for owners to be attentive and receptive. During walks, dogs may exhibit signs of exercise fatigue or discomfort that require immediate attention. To help you better understand your dog’s communication during walks, here are some key signs to look out for: - Slowing down: If your dog starts lagging behind or seems less enthusiastic about walking, it could indicate fatigue. - Excessive panting: Dogs use panting as a cooling mechanism; however, excessive panting could signify exhaustion. - Limping or favoring a leg: This could be an indication of pain or injury that requires rest and medical attention. - Seeking shade or stopping frequently: Dogs may seek shade or stop more often if they are feeling overheated or tired. By paying close attention to these signs and adjusting the walking routine accordingly, owners can ensure their dog’s safety and comfort during exercise sessions. Remember, effective communication with your four-legged friend is key in maintaining their overall well-being while enjoying those daily strolls together! Frequently Asked Questions How often should I walk my dog? Dog owners should walk their dogs at least once a day for a duration of 30 minutes to an hour. This ensures that dogs receive adequate exercise and mental stimulation, promoting their overall health and well-being. What are the benefits of regular exercise for dogs? Regular exercise for dogs is essential as it provides a plethora of benefits. It helps maintain a healthy weight, improves cardiovascular health, enhances muscle tone, stimulates mental stimulation, and strengthens the bond between owner and pet. What are some tips for walking small dogs? To ensure a successful walking experience with small dogs, leash training is crucial. Tips include starting with short walks, using positive reinforcement, and gradually increasing the distance. Choosing the right harness that fits properly can also enhance comfort and control during walks. How can I find the right walking locations for my dog? Finding dog-friendly parks and exploring hiking trails are great ways to find the right walking locations for your dog. These locations offer a variety of scenery, terrain, and smells that can engage and entertain your furry friend while keeping them active and healthy. How do I adjust the walking routine for senior dogs? Adjusting the walking routine for senior dogs involves considering their specific health needs. It is important to consult a veterinarian to determine the appropriate exercise level and diet adjustments that promote senior dog health. Regular exercise is crucial for the overall health and well-being of dogs. Understanding your dog’s exercise needs and establishing a walking routine can help ensure they get the physical activity they require. Finding the right walking locations and incorporating variety in walks can make the experience more enjoyable for both you and your dog. Walking not only provides an opportunity for bonding and training, but it also helps prevent behavioral issues caused by pent-up energy. Additionally, incorporating other forms of exercise into your dog’s routine can further enhance their fitness level. It’s important to adjust the walking routine for senior dogs and listen to their individual needs. In conclusion, research has shown that 30 minutes of daily exercise is recommended for dogs to maintain optimal health. Shockingly, a survey found that around 40% of dog owners in the United States do not walk their dogs regularly or provide adequate exercise opportunities. This statistic emphasizes the importance of understanding and meeting our canine companions’ exercise needs, as neglecting this aspect can have detrimental effects on their physical and mental well-being.

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RDP: Definition, Guide & Alternative After the COVID-19 pandemic, the significance of robust and efficient remote access tools has become more useful than ever before. Among these, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is the best way to facilitate smooth access to a device from a remote location. As businesses continue to embrace flexible work environments, understanding the dynamics of RDP has become essential. This comprehensive guide aims to unravel the details of RDP, delving into its fundamental definition. It will explore its diverse applications and provide a step-by-step walkthrough to implement and optimize its usage. Furthermore, this article will shed light on the potential vulnerabilities associated with RDP. You will also learn about a viable alternative that offers the best security and enhanced performance. Part 1. What Does RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) Mean? The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) functions as a crucial technological tool that empowers users to remotely access and oversee a computer or network, irrespective of their physical location. Originally developed by Microsoft, Windows RDP enables users to establish connections with distant systems via network links, allowing them to engage with these systems just as if they were physically present. This technology has been instrumental in enabling remote teamwork. It facilitates system administration and provides technical support, especially within the scope of businesses, educational institutions, and IT environments. Fundamentally, RDP functions through the transmission of graphical interface data from the remote system to the local device while also relaying user input commands back to the remote system. This smooth exchange of information enables users to execute programs, access files, and oversee resources on a remote computer. This effectively provides them with a level of control comparable to being physically present in front of the machine. RDP has proven to be instrumental in enhancing productivity, enabling efficient troubleshooting, and promoting collaboration among teams. Part 2. What Features Does RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) Offer? The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a versatile tool that encompasses various features aimed at providing a comprehensive and efficient remote access experience. Here is an overview of the key functionalities defining RDP Win: - Graphical User Interface (GUI) Transmission: RDP effectively transfers visual interface data from the distant system to the local device. It enables users to effortlessly engage with the remote system as though they were physically present in its vicinity. - Resource Sharing and Access: Windows RDP simplifies access to files, directories, applications, and other resources housed on the remote computer. This fosters collaborative work and resource sharing among users positioned in diverse locations. - Network Level Authentication (NLA): RDP incorporates a network-level authentication feature that adds an extra layer of security by necessitating authentication before establishing a remote session. This ensures that only authenticated and authorized users can gain access to the remote system. - Multiple Monitor Support: RDP supports the utilization of multiple monitors, enabling users to extend their desktops across multiple screens during remote sessions. It promotes productivity and multitasking capabilities. - Encryption and Secure Data Transmission: RDP employs robust encryption protocols to secure data transmission between the local and remote systems. This helps safeguard sensitive information from unauthorized access and interception over the network. Part 3. Exploring the Advantages and Challenges of RDP Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) offers a host of benefits that contribute to enhanced productivity and streamlined remote operations. However, along with its advantages, RDP Win is also associated with certain challenges and potential security issues. Understanding both the advantages and challenges is necessary for making informed decisions about its implementation. Advantages of RDP - Remote Accessibility: RDP protocol allows users to access their work computers or networks from remote locations. It facilitates flexible work arrangements and increases overall productivity. - Cost-Efficiency: By enabling remote access, RDP reduces the need for physical presence at work sites. This results in cutting down on travel costs and office space requirements. - Streamlined Control: RDP streamlines the oversight of IT infrastructure by allowing centralized control and management of numerous systems from one central location. - Smooth Windows Integration: RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) effortlessly blends with the Windows operating system. It delivers a user-friendly and recognizable interface for Windows users. Issues and Challenges of RDP - Security Risks: It is vulnerable to security threats, such as unauthorized access, data interception, and potential malware attacks, if not properly configured and secured. - Bandwidth Consumption: RDP remote desktop sessions may consume significant bandwidth, leading to performance issues and network congestion, especially when multiple users access the system simultaneously. - Compatibility Limitations: Remote Desktop Protocol may face compatibility issues when connecting to non-Windows operating systems, potentially hindering cross-platform accessibility and collaboration. - Performance Lag: The performance of Windows RDP may lag, particularly when operating over a slow or unreliable internet connection, leading to delays in data transmission and user input responsiveness. Part 4. Understanding the Distinction Between RDP and RDS Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and Remote Desktop Services (RDS) represent two separate yet interrelated technologies designed to enable remote entry to computers and applications. RDP functions as the fundamental protocol for remote access, while RDS offers a comprehensive framework for administering and dispensing virtualized desktops and applications to users. Understanding the differences between RDP servers and RDS is essential for comprehending their roles within remote access environments. Have a look below to learn more about these two terms: Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) - Protocol Functionality: Developed by Microsoft, the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) serves as a proprietary mechanism that empowers users to connect to and govern a distant computer's screen. - User Interaction: Offers users the capability to engage with a remote system just as they would with a local one. This ensures the smooth transmission of graphical user interface data and user inputs between the two systems. - Single User Access: RDP's core purpose lies in enabling singular user access to a remote computer, fostering a direct, one-to-one linkage between the local and remote systems. - Protocol Features: Support features offered by RDP, such as desktop sharing, file and resource access, printer redirection, and multimedia playback during remote sessions. Remote Desktop Services (RDS) - Platform Functionality: Microsoft's RDS serves as an extensive platform that empowers the distribution of virtualized desktops and applications to users across a network. - Multi-User Environment: Through RDS, numerous users can concurrently reach virtual desktops and applications housed on a central server, facilitating a one-to-many connection approach. - Centralized Management: It enables centralized management and administration of virtual desktops and applications. It streamlines the deployment and maintenance of remote access infrastructure. - Scalability and Integration: RDS offers scalability for accommodating varying user demands and integrates with other Microsoft technologies to provide a seamless and integrated remote access experience. Part 5. How to Activate Remote Desktop on Your Windows PC Enabling Remote Desktop on a Windows PC allows users to access the computer remotely from another device. Here is a stepwise guide on activating Remote Desktop connection on a Windows PC, a highly beneficial feature for remote issue resolution, file accessibility, and streamlined collaborative efforts: Step 1: On your Windows PC, use the "Win + I" keys to access “Settings” and click on the “System” option. Within the “System” tab, click “Remote Desktop” from the left side and toggle on “Enable Remote Desktop.” Step 2: Once you have enabled Remote Desktop, look for "Remote Desktop Connection" using the Windows Search bar. Here, enter the name or IP address of the targeted device and click "Connect" to initiate a remote session. Part 6. Upgrade Remote Access with a Alternative to RDP In light of the increasing emphasis on secure and user-friendly remote access solutions, Avica Remote Desktop stands out as a top-tier alternative to traditional Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Offering a smooth and secure remote access experience, Avica prioritizes both user convenience and data safety. This renders it a prime selection for both enterprises and individuals in search of dependable and user-friendly remote desktop software. Avica incorporates strong end-to-end AES-256 encryption measures, guaranteeing the safety and confidentiality of all data transferred throughout remote access sessions. Further, it presents a user-friendly interface tailored to streamline remote access. This software smoothly integrates with a variety of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Android. Also, the 4K resolution and the 4:4:4 color mode make this tool much more effective and a better choice. Key Features of Avica - It offers a Privacy Mode feature that prevents others from viewing your work by blacking out the screen of the remote device. - You can connect to multiple remote devices from the same account when using Avica. - This alternative to Windows RDP can support the simultaneous connection of up to four game controllers. Accessing Your Desktop Remotely Using Avica: A Step-by-Step Guide You can easily download Avica software by clicking the button provided below. For more detailed information regarding Avica App downloads, please visit the official Avica download page. It is important to note that Avica ensures the safety and virus-free nature of all products available on its official website or app store. Feel confident in downloading Avica from these trusted sources. With the help of the steps given below, you can successfully establish a remote link between two devices: Step 1: Install and Launch the Avica App Download and install the Avica app on both devices. Now, launch the Avica app and log in using your Avica account. After logging in, get the “Avica ID” of the remote device. After entering this "Avica ID" on the local device, click "Connect" and provide the "Password." Your desktop can now remotely control the targeted device. Step 2: Make Your Screen and Communication Better Once you've connected to the remote session, you can adjust how the screen looks to suit your needs. You can also chat with other members. Additionally, you can create up to 5 virtual screens if it helps you work better. To conclude, the importance of prioritizing both security and user convenience has become paramount. With the increasing need for a remote access solution that prioritizes user convenience, the drawbacks of Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) have become increasingly clear. Setting itself apart, Avica, a leading third-party remote desktop software, stands out due to its focus on safety and cross-platform compatibility. Avica presents a complete solution catering to the requirements of both businesses and individuals, offering a dependable and simplified remote access experience. For those looking to streamline their remote access operations without compromising on security or usability, Avica emerges as the ideal solution.

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As you drive, your car makes weird sounds while you take turns. People generally fail to notice the sounds unless they are too loud. You might hear sounds like whining, rubbing, creaking, etc., from the car as you turn over the car, left or right. Probably there is an internal problem with the car that needs your attention. As the car ages and plies on the road, it experiences wear and tear, and often the internal machines also require some servicing or repairing. The sounds are a symptom that there is something wrong with your car. Toggle- The Sound Depends On The Speed - Causes Of Noise When Turning - How To Fix The Problem The Sound Depends On The Speed While taking a turn, you may experience sounds that vary as per the speed. For example, at lower speeds, you may hear one sound absent while driving the car at a higher speed. That means, often, the sound depends on the speed. But why such a relation? Well, the issues inside the car often change or develop due to variable speed settings. So, you may hear different sounds as you change the gear and drive at high speed. 1. Noise At Low Speeds While taking a turn at low speed, you hear popping, clunking, or whining sounds. It is probably a sign of broken or damaged suspension joints. Such sounds appear at low speed when the power steering system or suspension system encounters an issue. Probably the steering is not working properly or smoothly. 2. Noise At Normal Speeds At normal speed, your car makes screeching or squealing sounds while driving, especially taking turns. It can be a serious issue, and you must visit the car mechanic as soon as possible. The causes behind this issue are- - The engine belt has become loose - The tie rod connecting the knuckles and the steering gear is damaged - The hose connecting the gear and the pump has developed a crack or is broken - The power steering fuel needs a refilling 3. Noise At High Speeds While driving at high speed, especially on an empty highway, your car makes weird clicking noises. Probably the CV joints of the cars are damaged and need repair. In some cars, bad coupling during the turning also causes the noises to come out. On the other hand, damaged wheel bearings are also a common cause. Causes Of Noise When Turning 1. Bad Ball Joints Clunking sounds and other types of mechanical sounds are common in case of loose or worn-out ball joints. You will hear these sounds even if you turn your car to a lower speed. The suspension system helps maximize the friction between the tires and the road to maintain the car’s stability during turns. On the other hand, the ball joints absorb the bumps and shocks to make the ride comfortable. The ball joints may get damaged and worn out as the car ages. Bad ball joints are more common if you frequently travel on unmaintained roads filled with potholes. Due to loose or damaged ball joints, the nuts and bolts come in contact with each other and make noise. Getting the car thoroughly chilled in a service center is better to find which ball joints need repair. 2. Worn Out Jounce Bushing The jounce bushing is placed on the top of the front strut. If it gets worn out, you may hear sounds. A worn-out jounce bushing often results in a crawling or groaning noise during the turns on the road. In general, the bushing lasts for a long time. But, if it gets dry or does not have enough lubricant, the sound will increase. Such a condition is unsafe for driving and may even cause an accident. So, it is better to head to the service center immediately. 3. Bad Struts And Shocks Does your car make clicking noises during a turn? Does the car start bouncing during a turn? Probably you have bad struts and shocks. The strut combines the shock and other features in a single component, and the shock is an independent part of the car that absorbs the shocks and bumps during drives. These two also stabilize the vehicle and ensure the tires remain in contact with the road. In general, the struts and shocks last for a long time. But, if these get damaged, your car will make noises and will als bounce frequently. Getting professional help to solve the issue as soon as possible is better. 4. Leaking Of Power Steering Fluid Your car makes squealing, whining, or squealing sounds while you turn on the road. On top of that, the noise comes just when you turn the power steering. Such sounds can be the symptom of a low amount of fluid or leakage of power steering fluid. This fluid keeps the power steering joints lubricated to ensure the steering wheel and front wheel run smoothly while turning. On top of that, the power-steering fluid is also important to extend the longevity of the moving parts of the steering system. If the fuel level is low, the joints will often clash, resulting in such noises. Probably the fluid is leaking out of the car, and your car does not have enough fluid to keep everything smooth. If there is less power steering fluid, you will notice that the steering wheel is not smoother and requires more force to make a turn. In such cases, it is better to visit the automobile service center as soon as possible to get a refill of the power steering fluid. Remember that you need to change the steering fluid after driving 50000 miles or in five years. So, if you have not done that, do it at the right time before your car gets damaged. 5. The Damaged Power Steering Rack Does your car make creaking, whining, or other weird sounds while taking turns? Probably the power steering rack is damaged. There can be one other underlying issue that causes this damage. For example, steering fluid leakage, excessive vibration of the steering wheel, or death wobble. The power steering rack may also get damaged if your steering wheel is tight and too stiff. Some automobile experts say that fluid contamination and the damaged steering pump are also common causes of the damaged power steering rack. It is better to visit the mechanic and get the steering rack repaired to avoid any future issues. 6. Worn Steering Column Bearing Does the car make rubbing or grating sounds as soon as you take a turn? The steering column bearing is probably damaged. Due to the damage, the bearings and internal gears are rubbing against each other, and the friction makes noise. The steering column bearing is essential for safe car driving. It helps you navigate and drive smoothly in different road conditions and keeps the steering movement smooth to make turnings smoother. It is usually located above the steering system and is directly connected to the steering wheel. You will hear sounds if it has worn out and does not work properly. To be sure about the damage, check if the steering tilt function locks properly; if not, the steering column bearing needs some repair. It is better to insist on either mechanism soon because a damaged steering column bearing is very dangerous and can even cause accidents on the road. Depending on the degree of the damage, the mechanic may repair the bearing or replace it completely. 7. Bad Sway Bar Link The Sway or anti-roll bar link cuts down the excessive body roll of the car during turning. It prevents unnecessary jerking and inertia-related issues also. Due to the sway bar link, the car remains stabilized and prevents rolling even in sharp turns. But, if the sway bar is damaged or broken, the car often makes clunking sounds while you turn on the road. The sound signals that the bar link is damaged and needs immediate replacement. So, if you feel that the car is not stabilized properly during a turn, visit a mechanic immediately to resolve the issue. 8. Damaged Tie Rod Ends The tie rod connects the front wheel pair and the steering rack. It allows you to have smoother control over the steering wheel during driving, especially making a turn. If it is damaged or has become loose, you will find that the car makes a knocking sound on turns, especially if you are driving at a slower speed. The turning is also not smoother, and you may need to push the steering extra hard to make the turning. 9. Clogged Steering Reservoir Tank A clogged steering reservoir tank often leads to a wired grating sound while you make a turn on the road. This tank holds the power steering fluid. If the tank is damaged, the fluid will leak outside, and the car steering system will not have enough lubrication. The reservoir tank has a filter to clean the fluid and prevent leakage and contamination. But, if the filter gets clogged, the car will produce sounds. So, getting professional help to clean the clogged filter is better. How To Fix The Problem The unusual noises you hear while turning on the road can indicate your car’s issue. So, it is better to solve the problem as soon as possible to prevent any unfortunate event. Issues like less lubricant in the power steering system can be easily solved by adding lubricant. However, it is better to get professional help. You must visit a mechanic or your nearest service center as soon as possible and ask a mechanic to check what is wrong with your car. The professional will be able to find the root of the noise and the problem and will repair or replace the needed part, The Best way to avoid such noises is to get regular car servicing and maintenance. Try to take the car for a thorough check-up and service at least once per year. On top of that, change the engine oil every 50000 miles to ensure the car is in proper condition. If you frequently travel on bumpy and unmaintained roads, getting special tires can offer some safety and cushioning effects is better. Besides that, try to get a proper car insurance policy and renew it at the right time. The insurance policy can offer you coverage in many repairing works and other incidents like a car breakdown or case of accidents. Whenever you hear a noise, please do not ignore it. Instead, take fast action to ensure everything is right for your car. The loud and strange noises you hear while turning your car can indicate that something is wrong with the machine. It can be less lubricating oil, damaged ball joints, or other issues. It is better to visit an automobile mechanic to check things and find what needs repair to keep the car in a safe condition.

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The battle of Empress Augusta Bay (2 November 1943) was a night-time victory for the US Navy that defeated an attempt by the Japanese navy to interfere with the landings on Bougainville. The Americans chose to land in Empress Augusta Bay, on the western side of the island, because it was weakly defended and inaccessible by land. Although the landings themselves didn't take place until 1 November, the naval campaign began a few days earlier, and the invasion fleet sailed on 31 October, while other elements of the American fleet carried out pre-invasion bombardments of Japanese positions all around the island. By chance on 30 October Admiral Sentaro Omori, with Cruiser Division 5, normally based at Truk, was visiting Rabaul with his two heavy cruisers. The local commander wanted these ships to return to Truk, but when an American Task Force was detected sailing up the slot Admiral Koga, the commander at Truk, decided to sent Omori with any other elements of the Eighth Fleet present at Rabaul to attack this fleet. At 10.00 on 31 October Omori, with the heavy cruisers Myoko and Haguro, the light cruisers Sendai and Agano, and two destroyers, was ordered into the slot to intercept this task force. In fact this force, Admiral Merrill's Task Force 39, had left the slot to bombard Japanese positions around the Buka passage, at the northern tip of Bougainville, and the two fleets missed each other. At 2.30pm Omori learnt that Merrill was off Buka, and returned to Rabul, arriving at 11.00pm on 31 October. On his arrive he was informed that American troops had landed in Empress Augusta Bay. Admiral Samejima, the commander at Rabaul, added four destroyers to Omori's fleet and ordered him to rendezvous with five transport ships carrying 1,000 troops and then escort them to Empress Augusta Bay, where they were expected to launch a counterattack. At 17.00 on 1 November Omori left port for the second time. The rendezvous was delayed until 20.30. The combined force was then forced to evade an American submarine, before at 21.20 a single American aircraft bombed the fleet. Omori decided that the transport ships were too vulnerable, and would have to be sent back, while he continued on in an attempt to catch the American transport ships believed to be in the bay. While the Japanese were slowly making their way south-east from Rabaul towards Bougainville Admiral Merrill, with Task Force 39, was resting off Vella Lavella, but he was soon informed of the location of the Japanese fleet by Army reconnaissance aircraft, and by 23.15 on 1 November he was steaming north to prevent Omori from entering the bay. The transport ships had actually been moved away, but the Japanese would still have been able to bombard the beaches and prevent reinforcements reaching the newly landed troops. Merrill sailed in a long line, with his four light cruisers 1,000 yards apart and a destroyer division at each end of the fleet. As the two fleets closed the Japanese were sailing in cruising order, with the two heavy cruisers in the centre and two flanking divisions, each made up of a light cruiser and three destroyers. The battle began at 1.30am on 2 November when American aircraft attacked the Japanese fleet, hitting the Haguro, opening up her side plating and slowing the entire formation by two knots. Ten minutes later a float plane from the Haguro reported sighting one cruiser and three destroyers – Omori would be badly let down by his reconnaissance forces during the battle, which first underreported the size of the fleet facing him, then reported sighting non-existent troop transports, then overestimated the size of the American force – until 1950 Omori remained convinced that he had faced seven heavy cruisers and twelve destroyers! Omori turned towards the reported cruiser, but a few minutes later his scout plane claimed to have sighted transports unloading troops in the bay – probably a misidentification of three minelayers and a destroyer that had been laying a protective minefield across the entrance to the bay. Omori turned towards the reported transport ships. The Japanese ships appeared on American radar at 2.27am. Merrill formed his fleet into three columns, and prepared to send his two destroyer divisions to make torpedo attacks on the Japanese. At 2.31 Burke's destroyers were sent to make their attack, then at 2.39 Merrill ordered the cruisers to reverse direction, so that they would be sailing south. His aim was to force the Japanese to move west and engage them at 16,000-20,000 yards to reduce the danger from the excellent Japanese torpedoes. The rear destroyer division became the new van divisions, with orders to attack the Japanese southern flank as soon as possible. At 2.45am Omori received a more accurate report of the American position and decided to turn right and sail to the south-west. This allowed him to move from cruising order to battle formation, and engage the American cruisers, but it was the Americans who opened fire first, at 2.46am. The first few volleys were the most effective of the day. The light cruiser Sendai was hit several times. Her rudder was jammed and a number of fires broke out. The destroyers Samidare and Shiratsuyu collided while attempting to avoid 6in shells, and were forced to retreat from the fight. At the same time the Japanese shells fell short. At 2.51 Merrill ordered his cruisers to turn onto a course of 200 degrees (just to the west of south) and make smoke. This moved probably contributed to the inaccuracy of the Japanese shellfire at this stage, and also caused the two Japanese heavy cruisers to lose contact with the Americans. They sailed in a large 360 degree loop in an attempt to find the Americans, with the southern flanking force (Admiral Osugi) following. During this manoeuvre the destroyer Hatsukaze attempted to run between the two heavy cruisers, collided with one and was heavily damaged (3.07). While the Japanese were making their full turn Merrill began a massive figure of eight manoeuvre, designed to make it harder for the Japanese guns to hit, and to move his cruisers away from Destroyer Division 46. This move did reduce the amount of hits suffered by the Americans to three 8in shells which struck the Denver at 3.20-3.25 but failed to explode, but it also meant that the Americans failed to score any hits themselves. At around 3.27 three Japanese shells fell short of the American cruisers, which then disappeared from view (probably into smoke). Omori believed that these shell splashes had actually been torpedo hits and that the three cruisers had been sunk, but he still believed that he faced four heavy cruisers, and with one of his one cruisers sinking and three destroyers damaged he decided to withdraw, issuing the order at 3.37. This ended the main cruiser battle. The two American destroyer divisions were engaged for another hour, but without having much impact. DesDiv45 (Burke) was scattered after the torpedo attack and out of action for an hour. At 3.49am it fired at the Sendai, then attempted to catch the Samidare and Shiratsuyu, before playing a part in the sinking of the Hatsukaze. DesDiv46 (Austin) was scattered by the first American 180 degree turn. The Foote ran into a Japanese torpedo aimed at the cruisers, and her stern was blown off. She was then only narrowly missed by the Cleveland. At 3.20 the Spence was hit close to the waterline by a shell, which allowed salt water into one of the fuel tanks, badly reducing her speed. The rest of the division then attacked the Sendai, Samidare, Shiratsuyu and Hatsukaze in the same order as Burke's division, sharing in the sinking of the Hatsukaze. By 5.00am the scattered American fleet was back together, ready to repel a Japanese air attack. 18 Vals and 80 Zeros had been detected leaving Rabaul, and eventually over 100 aircraft attacked the fleet. Poor conditions prevents a strong air cap being put over the fleet, and a mixed force of eight Hellcats, one Marine Corsair, three Army Lightnings and four RNZAF Warhawks managed to shoot down eight Japanese aircraft, while the task forces anti-aircraft guns claimed 17. The Japanese attack was a failure – only two hits were scored, both on the Montpelier's starboard catapult, wounding one. More air attacks were planned, but the 5th Air Force then launched a major raid on Rabaul which prevented the Japanese from making any more air attacks. The battle of Empress Augusta Bay was a clear American victory, and showed that the Japanese were beginning to lose their advantage in night engagements that had led to some crushing victories earlier in the war. The remaining Japanese naval threat to the Bougainville landings was removed by a series of heavy carrier-borne assaults on Rabaul, giving the Americans possession of the sea around the island. The only worrying feature of the battle for the Americans was the poor accuracy of their 6in guns – of more then 4,000 shells fired only about 20 scored hits. Cruiser Division 5: Rear Admiral Omori Heavy Cruisers Myoko and Haguro Screen, Left Flank: Rear Admiral Matsuji Ijuin Light Cruiser: Sendai Destroyers: Shigure, Samidare and Shiratsuyu Screen, Right Flank: Rear Admiral Morikazu Osugi Light Cruiser: Agano Destroyers: Naganami, Hatsukaze and Wakatsuki Task Force 39, Rear Admiral A. Stanton Merrill (Montpelier) Van Destroyers: Desdiv 45, Captain Arleigh A. Burke Charles F. Ausburne, Dyson, Stanly and Claxton Main Body: Crudiv 12, Rear Admiral Merill Montpelier, Cleveland, Columbia and Denver Rear Destroyers: Desdiv 46, Commander B. L. Austin Spence, Thatcher, Converse and Foote

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Believe it or not, skin is the body’s largest organ, so it makes sense that untreated skin problems can make your horse miserable in a hurry, especially when exacerbated by heat and biting insects. Some skin conditions are also contagious—spreading from horse to horse—as well as zoonotic, meaning they spread from horses to humans. A Healthy Skin Barrier According to Rosanna Marsella, DVM, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla., the key to preventing many problematic skin conditions is to protect your horse’s skin from trauma. Grooming your horse on a daily basis can help keep your horse’s skin and hair healthy, but it’s also important to provide horses with adequate shelter from the elements, as well as protection from biting insects. When trauma occurs to the skin, your horse becomes more susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. “Animals who are immunosuppressed, or out in the rain day in and day out, or getting bitten by bugs, experience more trauma to the skin,” Marsella explains. “If the skin has no insect bites and the horse isn’t itchy and rubbing himself on a tree, for example, then the integrity of the skin barrier remains intact.” In addition to practicing good grooming habits to keep your horse’s skin and hair healthy, invest in a good fly product to prevent bites. “Use of effective fly repellent is key, and that’s actually a topic that frequently confuses many people,” says Marsella. “The labels on some products may make them sound like repellents when they’re actually insecticides. If you spray an insecticide directly on an insect, it dies. But insecticide doesn’t prevent the insect from actually landing on the horse. That’s why you need to use repellent.” When you’re looking for fly repellent, Marsella recommends checking the active ingredient listed as well as the percentage of the active ingredient. “One example is permethrin,” she says. “In order to be a repellent, a fly spray product has to be at least 0.5 or 1 percent permethrin. But if a product only has 0.1 percent permethrin, then it’s not a repellent.” For horses who may be allergic to chemicals, Marsella recommends trying botanical products, such as neem oil. “Neem oil is a demonstrated repellent against mosquitos and no-see-ums,” says Marsella. There’s another benefit to a daily routine of grooming and using fly repellent. By laying your hands on your horse every day, you’ll learn what’s normal for him and what’s not. Then you can spot skin issues in the making before they ever become full-blown problems. There are many different skin conditions in horses, often with multiple contributing factors. Some horses can develop secondary issues, such as staph infections, which may require prolonged medical treatment from a veterinarian. If you suspect your horse is developing a skin condition, call your vet immediately. Cannon CrudCannon keratosis is often used to refer to “cannon crud,” or the development of flaky skin and oily build-up of keratin on the front of the cannon bones. But there’s also a genetic condition known as primary cannon keratosis. “Primary cannon keratosis is not common,” says Rosanna Marsella, DVM, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla. “There are some horses that are genetically prone to this disease. The skin has a different way of maturing in some body areas, including on the cannon bone. This is not an infection. Horses with primary cannon keratosis will be genetically prone to it, and they will always have a little bit of crusty skin in that area. The treatment is management using shampoos to soften and loosen up the scabs. These horses can also get keratosis on their sides or chest.” For the non-genetic form of cannon keratosis, gently groom your horse’s legs with a curry comb and wash with an keratolytic shampoo to help manage crusty scabs and flaky skin. | Rain rot is caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis. Characterized by small, round scabs crowned with matted hair, rain rot lesions typically develop along the topline of the horse. “The development of the disease is precipitated by moisture, which is why we call it ‘rain rot,’” says Marsella. “It’s common in animals who are immunosuppressed or out in the rain and bitten by insects. Dermatophilus can access the skin when there’s trauma. Don’t pick at the scabs, because it’s painful for your horse and also delays healing. When the scabs are ready and the skin underneath is healthy, the scabs will come off on their own. But pulling a scab off and leaving a raw spot is never the answer.” Rain rot is contagious and zoonotic, which means that other horses and humans can contract the condition. Marsella recommends treating rain rot with an antimicrobial shampoo, such as chlorhexidine or benzoyl peroxide. “People can be overzealous and like to scrub at the lesions, because they think it will speed up the recovery, but the single most important thing is contact time,” says Marsella. “Apply the shampoo, gently massage it in, and then set your clock for 10 minutes and go do something else. Then come back and rinse. Contact time is what really makes the difference.” Pastern dermatitis, or scratches, is a name for a clinical syndrome, rather than a specific disease. Another common name for scratches is “dew poisoning.” Pastern dermatitis refers to the development of scabby areas on or near the pasterns. Two of the most common causes of pastern dermatitis include bacterial infections and mange. “Pastern dermatitis can be caused by a lot of different things, including allergies, auto-immune diseases, staph infections or vasculitis,” Marsella explains. “It’s common on horses with white legs or horses with feathers. When an owner has a horse with pastern dermatitis, they can use an anti-microbial shampoo because there’s probably an overgrowth of bacteria.” In addition to treating for bacteria, owners can protect horses with white legs from pastern dermatitis by covering the legs with socks or wraps. “Products like antimicrobial silver socks may help, but more importantly, the sock also protects the skin from UV exposure,” says Marsella. “Vasculitis is triggered by UV rays. You can either put socks on your horse or keep him inside during the day and turned out at night. Many cases of pastern dermatitis also have an insect component, so it’s important to use repellent.” Mites can also cause pastern dermatitis in horses with feathers. Mites can spread from horse to horse and can also survive in the environment for several weeks. “Feathered horses are prone to mites, and they get very itchy legs as a result,” says Marsella. “Some horses may become itchier than others because they develop allergies to the mites. When you have mites, you’ve got mange. To treat mange, you have to kill the mites with a treatment like a lime sulfur dip. If a horse is diagnosed with mites, everybody in contact has to get treated whether they’re symptomatic or not. The life cycle of the mite is three weeks, so treatment has to be at least that long.” Stop the SpreadTo stop the spread of a condition like rain rot or ringworm, follow these simple rules: ◆ Don’t share equipment between horses. Each horse should have his own grooming equipment, tack, halters, saddle pads and blankets. ◆ Disinfect your horse’s equipment on a regular basis. Bleach and wash saddle pads at high temperatures. Dip brushes in a dilute bleach solution, rinse thoroughly, and let them dry in the sun. ◆ Advise barn staff or visitors to wash their hands in between tending to or petting horses. ◆ If you suspect a horse has a contagious skin condition, isolate him in a stall or small pen until the veterinarian arrives. Horses with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop skin conditions like ringworm or rain rot. Practice good preventative maintenance on all horses, but especially geriatric horses or horses that travel frequently. “Preventative care is a big part of taking care of your horse’s immune system,” notes Rosanna Marsella, DVM, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla. “Make sure your horse is fed properly, dewormed and vaccinated, and decrease stressors, like frequent transportation. Going from show to show isn’t ideal, so if the horse’s lifestyle can be a little more relaxed, that goes a long way toward keeping him healthy.” | Ringworm is a common skin infection caused by a fungus, not a parasite. Ringworm presents as round, raised lesions on the skin that may be itchy. “They call it ‘ringworm’ because it will develop a round lesion on the skin, but it’s actually caused by a fungus,” Marsella explains. “It is transmissible, so you need to treat the horse for it.” Ringworm can be transmitted from horse to horse by direct contact or by sharing infected tack, brushes, clothing or other equipment between horses. Marsella recommends using an antifungal treatment, such as a lime sulfur dip, to treat ringworm. “Lime sulfur is very effective at killing fungi and helps with the itching,” says Marsella. “It will also kill mites.” Dealing with any kind of skin condition—especially before it gets out of hand—not only allows your horse to look his best, but it helps him stay comfortable, happy, and itch-free.

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Mixed communities: Success and sustainability This Foundations draws together lessons from the JRF’s Mixed Income Communities Programme, studying the experience of mixed communities and what makes them work. Mixed communities: success and sustainability Over recent years there has been growing concern about communities in Britain which do not function properly, especially some of the estates built as social housing that are now occupied only by people with low incomes. Key questions for public policy are whether socio-economically mixed communities work better, and what the key factors are which make sustainable and successful communities where people want to live. Through its Mixed Income Communities programme the Joseph Rowntree Foundation has studied the experience of a number of mixed income communities to learn more about these areas, and identify what ingredients help make neighbourhoods work. In this Foundations, Chris Holmes summarises the findings from seven research studies, encompassing more than twenty case studies, and draws together conclusions that should inform future policies towards the promotion of successful mixed communities. - Mixed income communities studied were overwhelmingly judged successful; they were not characterised by the problems often linked with exclusively low-income areas. The schemes had generally met the expectations of developers, residents and housing managers and had become pleasant places to live, learn and work. - Mixed tenure and mixed income were “non-issues” to residents – they saw their neighbours as “ordinary people”. Whilst residents may not have developed personal friendships across tenures, they described their relationships as “civil” and “polite”. There was no specific evidence of role-model effects or increased social capital. - Mixed income communities can attract young families. The research showed that young families can be attracted to inner urban areas through the availability of good schools, design and appropriate housing. However, some mixed developments lacked larger sized homes in their private sector provision. - Developers engaged in mixing tenures had no major problems. There was no evidence that mixed communities lowered the prices of houses for sale or put off potential purchasers. Design, location and quality were seen as the key factors affecting sales and price levels. - Planning tenure mix is only one part of the picture. Tenure is not fixed and, as it alters in a community, so can the population of residents. The implications of this need to be thought through and other dimensions of mix – income, home type and size, and household type – also need to be considered. In his study of mixed communities in England, Alan Berube of the Brookings Institute in Washington summarised the key disadvantages of neighbourhoods of concentrated deprivation: - “High levels of worklessness limit job networks and employment ambitions - Schools struggle to educate overwhelmingly poor populations - Poor neighbourhoods experience higher levels of crime and disorder - Area-based deprivation exacerbates health inequalities - Concentrations of deprivation reduce private sector activity and raise prices for the poor” (Berube, 2005) In the UK, there are significant and persistent inequalities between areas at ward and neighbourhood level in patterns of employment, income and, most sharply, housing tenure (Meen et al., 2005). In 1998, the Social Exclusion Unit estimated that there were more than one million households living in neighbourhoods of concentrated disadvantage. It is in response to these concerns that policies for promoting mixed income communities have been developed. The case for mixed income communities is based on a belief that concentrated poverty creates additional problems for low-income residents. Mixed communities, by contrast, are seen as a way of “tackling deprivation by reducing the additional disadvantages that face families when they are concentrated in poor neighbourhoods” (Berube, 2005). What types of mixed communities are there? The studies in the Mixed Income Communities programme show what wide variety there is. Tenure mixes in the case studies varied widely. In some, the amount of affordable housing was relatively negligible; in others, it exceeded 50 per cent. There is no conclusive evidence as to the ideal ‘level’ of tenure mix to make a community work. There were also differences in their size and scale and in their household composition. Some were overwhelmingly dominated by homes with one or two bedrooms; in others, a majority of homes had three bedrooms or more. Some neighbourhoods were characterised as ‘family areas’; some had almost no child residents. Income ranges also varied. In one case study, nearly half the households had incomes below £15,000 per year; in another, less than 20 per cent did. In some of the older developments studied, there was a “fairly narrow” social mix (Allen et al., 2005) while in new developments in London, researchers found substantial minorities with incomes both under £15,000 and over £50,000 (Silverman et al., 2005). In every dimension, the mix might be broad or narrow. Neighbourhoods with very wide disparities may face additional challenges to make them work; neighbourhoods whose socio-economic profile is overly restricted may not meet integration objectives of ‘mix’. In unpublished work for the Foundation, Rebecca Tunstall suggests that mixed communities can be divided into types, according to whether they develop naturally or intentionally, whether they involve changing existing areas or developing new ones, and what policy and subsidy regimes are used (see Table 1 overleaf). Not all types of mixed communities are achievable in all areas; reducing or preventing segregation will need different policies in different contexts. In neighbourhoods with the highest levels of deprivation, research suggests that there is likely to be a need for intensive, large-scale resources to be committed before any significant private investment will occur (Meen et al., 2005; Berube, 2005). How created | Characteristics | How reflected in the programme | Through the evolution of older housing areas. | Diverse area sizes, housing types, tenure, income and household mix. Include private housing developments with affordable housing as part of the planning requirements. | Not covered by the case studies but included in overall trends identified in Berube, 2005; Meen et al., 2005. | As a by-product of mainstream housing development. | From tens to low thousands of homes; often private housing majority; exact mix depends on local market and interests of partners. Some New Towns, current Growth Areas, large planned urban extensions, and Pathfinder areas. | Case study examples in Rowlands et al., 2006; Silverman et al., 2005; Bailey et al., forthcoming. | By the overall masterplanning of new areas, or areas of large-scale renewal. | From tens to high thousands of homes; usually private housing majority; diverse income, home size, household types. Masterplanning includes design and use mix; may be some extra regeneration funding or subsidy. | Case study examples in Martin and Watkinson, 2003; Allen et al., 2005; Silverman et al., 2005; Meen et al., 2005; Bailey et al., forthcoming. | By intentionally altering existing areas whose origins were social renting. | Council or housing association estates that have become mixed tenure through redevelopment with demolition, sale and new building. Can be high profile process over several years with substantial public subsidy; often remain majority social and family housing. | Case study examples in Meen et al., 2005; Silverman et al., 2005; Bailey et al., forthcoming. | Source: Based on unpublished work by Rebecca Tunstall, London School of Economics Mixed communities: ordinary – and successful – places to live The experience of established mixed tenure communities is that owners and renters regard each other as “ordinary people”. This was demonstrated in a study that looked at the experiences of three areas created as mixed tenure communities over twenty years ago, in Peterborough, Middlesbrough and Norwich (Allen et al., 2005). It expressed itself in the attitude towards tenure mix, which was considered to be a “non-issue”. People living on the mixed tenure estates felt able to identify with each other and did not feel that they were surrounded by people who were significantly different from themselves: I personally would not think that anybody was very different whether they are renting their house off the council or buying, and I really don’t know why there is this great big emphasis. (Tenant) The man who lives in the council houses just across the road here … he’s a smashing bloke, you know, just ordinary people like us, you know. People are people and you get good and bad everywhere, don’t you, in all walks of life. (Owner) This sameness did not necessarily lead to most residents developing personal relationships across the tenures because owners and tenants mainly occupied different “social worlds”. Nevertheless neighbours tended to “bump into” each other on an occasional basis, and owners and tenants described their relationships as “civil” and “polite”. They mostly co-existed as neighbours rather than friends. This meant that co-operation between households took place but did so in relation to practical issues rather than personal issues. There was little evidence that better-off residents acted as ‘role models’ who help in finding better employment opportunities or raising expectations of attainment. Nor was there evidence that mixed tenure had enhanced social capital. However, the tenure mix appeared to have improved the relative desirability of the three study areas, allowing people to distance themselves from the prejudice that is frequently faced by those living on council estates. In this way the areas provided a higher quality of life and an opportunity for tenants to break out of the spiral associated with concentrated disadvantage that some had experienced elsewhere. Housing design similarities between owner-occupied and rented housing also blurred the tenure distinctions. By concealing tenure differences, housing design helped to emphasise similarities rather than differences between residents and therefore counteracted the potential emergence of tenure prejudice. The study found that there was general satisfaction with all of the communities, but mixed tenure was only one element. Satisfaction also resulted from the high quality of the physical environment in those communities and the provision of a range of local services. A survey of 78 local authorities and 72 housing associations (Martin and Watkinson, 2003) found that over 70 per cent had taken some initiative to “rebalance communities” on their estates. In most cases, these had been pragmatic and reactive, rather than the result of strategic decision-making. Most initiatives had been a response to financial imperatives: these included, for example, initiatives to reduce an excessive number of empty properties which were hard to let, to reduce repair costs, or to access regeneration funding. However, respondents reported that there had been social and economic benefits: lower turnover and higher tenant stability, higher levels of demand and better area reputation, a more balanced household mix, and increased property values. The studies also include examples of mixed tenure developments that did not work so well. In one, social rented housing disproportionately consisted of very large five- or six-bedroomed properties, concentrated together, and this became a focal point for complaints about behaviour and nuisance. The design of the scheme had failed to mix property sizes and to recognise the problems that could arise from a concentration of particular types of home liable to cause tensions. SAVE (Selling Alternate Vacants on Existing estates) An example of a planned programme of tenure diversification was introduced by the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust in 1998 to combat the process of decline in its model village of New Earswick in York. To sustain a balanced income mix and halt the trend towards the community becoming overwhelmingly occupied by low-income residents, the scheme allows for 50 per cent of relets to be offered on the open market for sale or shared ownership. Proceeds from sales are reinvested in rented homes elsewhere. As a result of the initiative, the Trust has seen a significant change in the perceptions of residents, and middle-income residents are keen to move into the village. There were also some examples of mixed communities which had not provided access for a full range of residents from disadvantaged areas and circumstances. Some mixed tenure areas had been selective in their lettings policies, so that they only housed people across a limited range of incomes; others had excluded people with previous problems on their tenancy record. Whilst these communities may be popular with the residents who live there, they are less successful in providing inclusive communities for people from all types of background. The overall experience amongst the communities studied was that they were more successful when there were no differences in quality and appearance between the different forms of tenure. Phased development of blocks could give rise to problems where this led to false perceptions of what the estate was, whether it was wrongly believed to be a private estate or stigmatised because of being socially rented. There were a range of experiences of properties in different tenures being ‘pepper-potted’ or clustered. There was no evidence that this in itself affected the sense of community, provided the different tenures were all well-designed and well-integrated. Inner-city mixed communities can attract young families Over the past century many residents have left inner urban areas, especially those who can afford to buy in the suburbs or small towns. Families have led the exodus from cities, often in search of better schools and a healthier environment. Although there has been recent success in attracting residents back, if cities are to thrive economically and socially they must cater for better-off people who have children, and not just for single people, young couples and low-income families. This means creating urban neighbourhoods that parents will choose as places to raise their children. Studies of mixed income communities show that most mixing across social groups takes place between children. It is these contacts – in nurseries, playgroups, schools and in public spaces – that provide opportunities for adults to meet and form relationships. Children provide a common ground and shared interest between people in different tenures. People with children have a high stake in the success of a neighbourhood and the quality of its services. One study examined the question of whether mixed inner-urban areas can attract better-off young families by looking at their experience in four mixed income communities (Silverman et al., 2005). Two of these were redevelopments of existing low-income areas (Hulme in Manchester and the Gorbals in Glasgow) and two were new developments close to the Thames in London (Britannia Village and Greenwich Millennium Village). The young families attracted to the private housing in the two regeneration projects were mostly ‘locals’, either long-term residents born in the area or those with families settled nearby, enabling links with grandparents and other relatives to be maintained. By contrast most of those who had moved into the new developments were ‘newcomers’. Some had arrived without children, attracted by the location of the new housing and its convenience for work and other amenities, but had started families while living in the community. The main factors attracting families to these areas were safe, clean and friendly neighbourhoods, good schools, and open spaces enabling children to play. Other characteristics identified as contributing to the relative success of the areas as mixed communities were the integration of the tenures and the role played by community development. The importance of schools The connection between mixed communities and mixed school populations is not straightforward but there is some evidence that well-thought-through plans can achieve desired outcomes. In Greenwich Millennium Village, parents in all tenures were very pleased with the new school which became the school of choice for the neighbourhood. Factors which played an important part in its success were that provision for the school was made ahead of demand and that, having planned the new building, the education authority invited schools across the borough to bid for a complete transfer to the new site. They chose a high-performing school near to the Greenwich Peninsula, with premises needing relocation, whose pupils were drawn from both middle-class and working-class families. Some social housing tenants moved with the school, as parents with children there received priority for the new socially rented housing in the development. There is a clear message from the four case studies that families with housing choice can be attracted to mixed income developments, and that households without children can be retained when they start families. Of course, though, they will only do so if there are suitable homes for them to purchase in the first place, and suitable homes to move into as their families grow. Developers argue that they increase densities to make mixed tenure development stack up financially, particularly where quotas for affordable housing are high (Rowlands et al., 2006). This may lead to smaller homes and reduced opportunities for families in the private sector housing. If children in the area are only housed in the social rented sector, this presents its own problems of integration. Similarly, retaining families with housing choice is hampered if mixed communities lack the larger homes for sale that growing families require (Silverman et al., 2005). Also, if prices rise as a result of an area developing a good reputation, families can be priced out of the market. Developers are willing to engage in building mixed communities One study examined the attitude of developers towards mixed tenure developments through interviews with a sample actively engaged in the field and the experiences and attitudes of mixed community residents living in private housing in five case study areas (Rowlands et al., 2006). The study also analysed data from the sale prices of properties in three locations to determine any impact of mixed tenure on prices. The study found no major problems in developing mixed tenure estates, and most people were happy living in a socially mixed community (although a minority did see it as a disadvantage). There was no evidence that mixing tenures affected house prices. The developers were not concerned about mixed tenure developments as such. There was no significant evidence that mixed tenure affected the marketability of developments. In their view, potential purchasers were more likely to be influenced by the design, location and nature of the property they were buying and the development as a whole. Whatever its mix, a good quality development will be more marketable than a poor standard one. These developers saw mixed tenure as the norm, to be made to work well by appropriate design and management. High quality mixed tenure residential areas were seen as the way of establishing a strong business position and securing the long-term viability of new urban development. Amongst the survey of private sector households, when residents were asked to rank the reasons which were important when choosing a property, those rated highest were size, number of bedrooms, price, adequate car parking and privacy levels. When asked about choosing an area, the factors ranked most highly were a safe area, good shopping facilities, proximity to work, good social and leisure facilities, and good transport links. Overall the levels of satisfaction were high, with 89 per cent of home-owners being satisfied. The questionnaire was designed so that it would not prompt residents to identify issues around mixed communities until the end of the interview, when specific questions were asked about both income mix and tenure mix. Amongst those who had purchased their homes, 53 per cent thought that having householders with different incomes made no difference whilst 24 per cent had a positive view of the mix. The views as to tenure mix were similarly weighted towards its acceptability; 38 per cent of owners felt that it was positive and 27 per cent had a neutral view. The analysis of property values showed that the prices realised for properties on mixed tenure estates were comparable with those in the local market. Although the variations were greater when analysed against the wider market, the researchers point out that other factors – property size, property age and neighbourhood characteristics and location – probably played a greater determining role than tenure mix. The research found no evidence that mixed tenure on its own had a negative impact on property values. To succeed, properly mixed income communities need adequate investment. For new developments physical and social infrastructure must be on site before the first residents move in, and this is especially important for schools. Services are needed for disadvantaged residents and extra services may be needed to facilitate mix, including community development and good quality housing and neighbourhood management. More widely, if the specification includes elements about mixing the size and type of properties, there will be a greater likelihood that there is a mix in terms of age, life cycle, income and other factors. The overall conclusion from the study was that there is no significant problem in developing mixed tenure estates. However, mixing tenure does not inevitably lead to the mix of incomes anticipated at the outset because of increasing ‘tenure fluidity’. Tenure mix and income mix Policy on mixed communities has traditionally focused on the mix of housing tenure – whether homes are owned or rented. This has been used as a convenient tool because of its close association with household income. However, tenure alone cannot guarantee mix in the longer term. As the tenure of neighbourhoods changes over time, local populations may change too. In some of the areas studied, there was evidence of concerns prompted by the growth of private renting. This shift from home-ownership had not been contemplated at the outset and presented additional challenges in ensuring that communities were seamlessly managed and sustained. Tenure ‘fluidity’ makes it very difficult to manage (or control) the profile of areas in the long term. ‘Buy-to-let’ is one initiative that can affect attractive, city fringe developments which may shift into this market. Less attractive inner city or suburban developments may be let at market rents to local authorities for those in extreme housing need. ‘Homebuy’ and other low-cost or shared ownership schemes further complicate the picture. In order to achieve long-term sustainability there are advantages in forms of ownership which help to retain the broad mix. One model is the Community Land Trust which safeguards the ownership of land with the whole community, and makes it possible to exercise controls over who purchases properties and how a whole community is managed over the longer term. There is an apparent divergence in government policy, which is seeking to promote more socially balanced mixed communities yet also encourages a free housing market with greater tenure fluidity. Nevertheless, tenure mix at the outset at least ensures that those on lower incomes, whose access to a community is contingent upon the availability of social renting, do have such access. Mixed communities in the United States Economic and ethnic segregation in the UK is not at levels seen in the USA, where the backdrop and context to policy on cities and housing are very different. Translating messages from one country to the other therefore needs to be approached carefully. However, the US schemes have been well-researched and can provide some interesting lessons. Policies to encourage greater mix in US cities have been in place for over ten years. These include the ‘HOPE VI’ schemes which redeveloped public housing to create tenure and income mix, and the ‘Moving to Opportunity’ scheme which provided rent subsidy for inner city public housing residents to relocate to privately rented homes in the suburbs. Some of the US work usefully distinguishes between the impact on the area and that on individual households, a missing dimension to many UK studies. The Hope VI project is also a rare example of diversifying income mix in existing middle-income communities rather than existing low-income neighbourhoods. More details: Berube, 2005 The studies have demonstrated that mixed income communities can give low-income residents access to successful environments. Although a minority of better-off households may have negative views, most are either neutral or prefer mixed income communities. Unlike those on low incomes, they have the choice of moving elsewhere. A number of the studies highlight factors which are seen as important in making mixed income communities successful, such as the quality and design of the homes. Some of these are perceived as at least as important as the social mix. For example: “There is evidence that social mix is a relatively insignificant explanation of neighbourhood satisfaction. It is more to do with environmental quality, privacy, and perceived safety. The implication is that social or neighbourhood impacts of mixing through housing policies may be overstated.” (Meen et al., 2005) For residents for whom the alternative is a deprived, low-income estate, however, the social mix may be the element which enables them to enjoy the benefits of living in a successful neighbourhood. For society as a whole, promoting inclusive mixed communities has major benefits for the overall social fabric. What do we still need to know? Although the Mixed Income Communities research programme has generated important new evidence, it cannot claim to be comprehensive. Amongst the most important unanswered questions are: - Can more be learnt from the experience – positive and negative – of mixed areas that have evolved over time? Does policy need to give more attention to sustaining those that are currently successful? - Are the most deprived people ‘selected out’ in the belief that this achieves other elements of success? If so, is this exclusion really necessary? - Does creating mix through altering existing areas help their most disadvantaged residents? Or are these people simply ‘displaced’? - How does ethnicity play out within these debates? In particular, how does the agenda of ‘mixed communities’ sit alongside those of ‘community cohesion’ and ‘community integration’? Achieving successful mixed communities Mixed communities are not a panacea for all problems, but they can be attractive and popular places for a full range of households to live. Although their delivery requires careful thought, design and management, the research indicates that many potential problems can be overcome if they are given the required attention. Researchers at the University of Westminster are drawing on the work of the others and on their own case studies to create a ‘good practice guide’ for those involved in planning, implementing and managing mixed developments (Bailey et al., forthcoming). This judges that there are four essential prerequisites for the successful development of new mixed neighbourhoods: - a clear assessment of local housing needs and market conditions; - a briefing and masterplanning process which produces a full range of housing types and sizes, located in an attractive environment, with a high quality public realm and well connected to the wider urban context; - a vision promoted and sustained by all stakeholders which is robust but flexible enough to allow for inevitable adjustments and changes arising from local housing conditions; and - an appropriate system of housing and environmental management that is based on a partnership between all stakeholders, includes substantial community involvement, and is locally based. Decisions relating to these factors need to be made in the initial planning process: they become increasingly difficult and expensive to change later on. The guide also identifies the quality of vision and leadership as a key factor. This applies at every stage, including the masterplanning, selection of partners, and knowing the limits of compromise. The importance of leadership applies equally to the planning of new developments and the regeneration of existing low-income neighbourhoods. ‘Place-making’ rather than just ‘house building’ needs to be the vision. For society as a whole there are strong benefits from promoting mixed income communities. The research studies show that they are a tested way of delivering high quality, popular neighbourhoods which achieve socio-economic integration. This paper draws on the JRF’s Mixed Income Communities programme. See below for details of the seven research studies involved. All reports are available for free download from this website. - Economic segregation in England: Causes, consequences and policy - Rebalancing communities: Introducing mixed incomes into existing rented housing estates - Mixed tenure twenty years on: Nothing out of the ordinary - A good place for children? Attracting and retaining families in inner urban mixed income communities - More than tenure mix: Developer and purchaser attitudes to new housing estates - Creating and sustaining mixed income communities: A good practice guide - Mixed communities in England: A US perspective on evidence and policy prospects

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One way of tracing the progressive disenchantment from the doctrine of bodily resurrection is to study the changes that were progressively introduced into the closing words of the Gevurot benediction of the Amidah. Reform Judaism: Stress the Soul’s Afterlife The earliest Reformers were loath to tamper with the traditional liturgy, but at a conference of Reform rabbis in Brunswick [Germany] in 1844, Abraham Geiger, the acknowledged ideological father of Classical Reform, suggested that his movement must deal with some liturgical doctrines that were foreign to the new age. One of these was the hope for an afterlife, which, he proposed, should now stress not the resurrection of the body but rather the immortality of the soul. In the 1854 prayer book Geiger edited for his congregation in Breslau, he kept the original Hebrew of the benediction, but translated its concluding passage, “der Leben spendet hier und dort” (freely translated: “who bestows life in this world and the other”). The champion of the radical wing of Classical Reform was David Einhorn (1809-1879). Einhorn was singularly responsible for transplanting Reform ideology from Germany to America. In his 1856 prayer book, Olat Tamid: Book of Prayers for Jewish Congregations, published for his congregation in Baltimore, Einhorn replaced the traditional Hebrew closing formula with a new version that praises God, “Who has planted immortal life within us.” That formula was later used in the 1895 Union Prayer Book, which became standard in all American Reform congregations until 1975, when it was replaced by The New Union Prayer Book, more commonly known as Gates of Prayer. This latter prayer book, in turn, typically substitutes for the closing words of the benediction, the formula mehaye hakol (variously translated: “Source of life,” or “Creator of life.”) These liturgical changes were echoed in the various platforms issued by American Reform rabbis as a way of giving their movement a measure of ideological coherence. An 1869 conference of Reform rabbis, held in Philadelphia, affirmed that “(t)he belief in the bodily resurrection has no religious foundation, and the doctrine of immortality refers to the after‑existence of souls alone.” This Philadelphia statement served as the basis for an even more influential statement of the principles of Reform, the Pittsburgh Platform, adopted in 1885. The sixth paragraph of that statement asserts that “…the soul of man is immortal.” It continues, “(w)e reject as ideas not rooted in Judaism the belief…in bodily resurrection…” Finally, the 1937 Columbus Platform states, “Judaism affirms that man is created in the image of God. His spirit is immortal.” Still a third expression of the shift in thinking among Reform rabbis can be seen in theological treatises such as Kaufman Kohler’s Jewish Theology: Systematically and Historically Considered (republished, New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1968). Einhorn’s son‑in‑law, Kohler (1843‑1969) succeeded him as the champion of the radical wing of American Reform. He was responsible for convening the Pittsburgh Conference and for drafting its platform. Kohler’s book devotes three full chapters to a historical overview of Jewish thinking on the afterlife and concludes that “…he who recognizes the unchangeable will of an all‑wise, all‑ruling God in the immutable laws of nature must find it impossible to praise God…as the ‘reviver of the dead,’ but will avail himself instead of the expression…, ‘He who has implanted within us immortal life'” (pp. 296‑297). For Kohler, God’s power reveals itself not in the miraculous but rather in the “immutable laws of nature,” which decree that all material things must die, that death is final, and that only the spiritual can live eternally. Reconstructing Beliefs About Resurrection Apart from American Reform, the other modern Jewish religious movement that dismissed bodily resurrection outright was Mordecai Kaplan’s Reconstructionism. Kaplan (1881‑1983) was arguably American Judaism’s most innovative thinker. A thoroughgoing religious and theological naturalist [i.e. he rejected the “supernatural”], he propounded the view that Judaism was the “civilization” of the Jewish people. The Jewish people can then reformulate its beliefs and practices to make it possible for new generations of Jews to identify with their civilization. In 1945, Kaplan published his Sabbath Prayer Book, which carried his ideological commitments into the liturgy. His introduction to the prayer book lists the “Modification of Traditional Doctrines” reflected in his work, and one of these is the doctrine of resurrection (pp. xvii‑xviii). Kaplan rejects resurrection, accepts spiritual immortality, but refuses to impose it on the traditional liturgical text of the Amidah. In place of the traditional formula, he uses a phrase from the High Holiday liturgy that praises God “…Who in love rememberest Thy creatures unto life.” This was but one of the many changes in the traditional liturgy that led to Kaplan’s excommunication by a group of Orthodox rabbis. A more recent Reconstructionist prayer book, Kol Haneshamah (1994), replaces Kaplan’s phrase with a version of the Reform formula, “Who gives and restores life.” A literal translation of the Hebrew mehaye kol hai, by contrast, would read simply “who gives life to all living things.” Conserve the Hebrew, Shade the English The Conservative Movement in contemporary American Judaism was born in 1886. As its name implies, it was a conservative reaction to what it viewed as the excesses of American Reform and its Pittsburgh Platform. In contrast to Reform, this movement generally avoided ideological self‑definition, largely because it perceived itself to be a broad coalition of the more traditionalist elements in American Judaism. The various prayer books published by the Conservative movement generally (but not always) avoid tampering with the traditional Hebrew liturgy. The movement’s preferred strategy for dealing with troublesome doctrines embodied in the liturgy is to retain the Hebrew text but to shade the translation to reflect a more acceptable reading of the doctrine. As an instance of this practice, the 1945 Sabbath and Festival Prayer Book, omnipresent in Conservative congregations in the middle decades of this century, translates the concluding words of the Gevurot benediction, “who calls the dead to life everlasting.” In the foreword to this prayer book, Robert Gordis, the Conservative rabbi and scholar who chaired the committee that edited the prayer book, justifies this translation by noting that this rendering of the traditional Hebrew “…is linguistically sound and rich in meaning for those who cherish the faith in human immortality, as much as for those who maintain the belief in resurrection” (pp. viii‑ix). Gordis’ personal predilection for spiritual immortality over bodily resurrection is recorded in his A Faith for Moderns (revised and augmented edition, New York: Bloch Publishing Co., 1971): “The facet in man’s nature which is deathless, the vital spark, the breath of life, we call the soul” (pp. 251‑252). A more recent prayer book for use in Conservative congregations, Siddur Sim Shalom (1985), is more aggressive in its liturgical changes, yet it retains the traditional Hebrew formula for the Gevurot benediction, which it translates “give life to the dead,” or more freely, “Master of life and death.” Orthodoxy: Revival in All Languages Finally, all prayer books for use in contemporary American Orthodox congregations primarily the various editions compiled by Philip Birnbaum (New York: Hebrew Publishing Co.) and those under the Art Scroll imprint (New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd.), retain the traditional Hebrew text of the liturgy and translate it literally as either “…who revives the dead” or “…who resuscitates the dead.” By the middle of the twentieth century then, the entire liberal wing of the American Jewish religious community had abandoned the doctrine of resurrection, either explicitly by modifying the Hebrew liturgy, implicitly by shading its translation in favor of spiritual immortality, or by adopting a deliberately ambiguous reading of the Hebrew.

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Nail polish is a popular beauty accessory that allows individuals to express their creativity and style. However, when it comes to our little ones, especially toddlers, concerns about their safety and well-being become paramount. One particular aspect that often raises questions is the acrylic smell emanating from nail polish. Is it harmful to toddlers? Should parents be worried? In this blog post, we will delve into the topic of acrylic smell and its potential impact on toddlers. By understanding the composition of nail polish, the associated risks, and safety measures, we aim to provide parents with valuable insights to make informed decisions about nail polish use for their little ones. Potential Health Risks for Toddlers As parents, we strive to create a safe environment for our toddlers, shielding them from potential harm. When it comes to nail polish and the associated acrylic smell, it is essential to understand the potential health risks that may affect our little ones. While the smell itself may not be directly harmful, it is indicative of certain chemical components present in nail polish that can pose risks to toddlers. Inhalation Risks from Acrylic Smell When nail polish is applied, the chemicals in the polish can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, leading to the distinctive acrylic smell. Toddlers, with their developing respiratory systems, may be more susceptible to the inhalation of these VOCs. Prolonged exposure to high levels of VOCs can irritate the respiratory tract and may even contribute to respiratory issues such as asthma or allergies. Skin Contact Risks Toddlers often explore their surroundings through touch, and if they come into direct contact with nail polish containing harmful chemicals, it can potentially lead to skin irritation or allergic reactions. Certain chemicals present in nail polish, such as formaldehyde, toluene, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), are known skin irritants and may cause redness, itching, or rashes on sensitive toddler skin. Toddlers are naturally curious and may inadvertently put their hands or fingers into their mouths, leading to the ingestion of nail polish chemicals. While nail polish is not intended for ingestion, it is crucial to note that some formulas contain toxic substances. Ingesting nail polish can result in digestive issues, nausea, or poisoning, depending on the chemical composition. It is important to remember that the severity of these risks depends on various factors such as the frequency and duration of exposure, the specific chemical composition of the nail polish, and the individual sensitivity of the toddler. However, even low-level exposures to harmful chemicals over an extended period can accumulate and potentially have adverse effects on a toddler’s health. Read This Next: Safety Measures for Toddlers and Nail Polish When it comes to the safety of our toddlers, it is important to be proactive and take necessary precautions when using nail polish. By implementing the following safety measures, we can minimize potential risks and create a safer environment for our little ones. Choose Non-Toxic and Child-Friendly Nail Polish Brands Look for nail polish brands that specifically label their products as non-toxic and safe for children. These brands typically avoid or minimize the use of harmful chemicals like formaldehyde, toluene, DBP, and camphor. Reading product labels and researching reputable brands can help you make informed choices. Ensure Proper Ventilation and Open Spaces When applying nail polish, make sure the area is well-ventilated. Open windows or use fans to promote air circulation, allowing any fumes or VOCs to disperse. Avoid applying nail polish in enclosed spaces or rooms with poor ventilation, as this can lead to a higher concentration of chemicals in the air. Limit Exposure Time Keep nail polish application sessions short and concise, especially when it involves toddlers. The longer the exposure, the higher the likelihood of inhaling or coming into contact with the chemicals. Try to complete the application process efficiently and avoid unnecessarily extending the duration. Use Nail Polish in Well-Ventilated Areas Whenever possible, consider applying nail polish outdoors or in areas with ample fresh air. This helps to further minimize the concentration of VOCs in the immediate environment, reducing potential inhalation risks for your toddler. Consider Alternative Nail Polish Options Explore non-toxic and water-based nail polish alternatives that are specifically designed for children. These alternatives are generally free from harmful chemicals and offer a safer option for nail polish enthusiasts in the toddler age group. Water-based nail polishes are also easier to remove, reducing the need for harsh removers. Store Nail Polish out Of Reach Ensure that nail polish bottles are stored securely and out of reach of curious toddlers. Accidental spills or ingestion can be prevented by keeping the products in a safe place, preferably in a locked cabinet or drawer. Practical Tips for Parents As parents, we play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and well-being of our toddlers when it comes to nail polish. Here are some practical tips to keep in mind when engaging in nail polish activities with your little ones: Educate Toddlers About Nail Polish Safety Take the time to explain to your toddler the importance of using nail polish safely. Teach them that nail polish is meant for external use only and should not be ingested. Encourage them to avoid putting their fingers or hands in their mouth after nail polish application. Supervision and Monitoring During Nail Polish Application Always be present and closely supervise your toddler during nail polish application. Keep a watchful eye to ensure they do not touch their face, mouth, or eyes with nail polish on their fingers. Promptly clean any accidental spills or smudges to prevent ingestion or skin contact. Removing Nail Polish Safely and Effectively When it’s time to remove the nail polish, opt for non-toxic nail polish removers or gentle alternatives like warm soapy water. Avoid using acetone-based removers, as they can be harsh on the skin and nails. Use a cotton ball or pad to gently wipe off the nail polish, ensuring that your toddler’s skin is not irritated during the process. Encourage Breaks Between Nail Polish Applications To minimize continuous exposure to nail polish, encourage breaks between applications. Allow your toddler’s nails to breathe and recover by having nail polish-free periods. This can help reduce the accumulation of potential chemicals on the nails and minimize any associated risks. Focus on Overall Hand Hygiene Emphasize the importance of regular handwashing with mild soap and water, both before and after nail polish application. This helps to remove any residue or chemicals from the skin, reducing the chances of skin irritation or accidental ingestion. Prioritize Play and Non-Nail Polish Activities While nail polish can be a fun and creative activity, it’s important to encourage a diverse range of playtime activities for your toddler. Engage them in outdoor play, arts and crafts, and other non-nail polish related activities to ensure a balanced and well-rounded playtime experience. Read This Next: Is It Safe to Take a Toddler to A Nail Salon There are a lot of opinions on whether or not it is safe to take a toddler to a nail salon. Pediatricians generally say that it is safe as long as the salon is clean and well-ventilated. However, there are some potential risks involved in taking a child to a nail salon. One of the main concerns is exposure to harsh chemicals that are used in the pedicure and manicure process. These chemicals can be harmful if they are ingested or come into contact with the child’s skin. It is important to ask the salon about their safety procedures and make sure that they use products that are marked as being safe for children. If you have any concerns, it is best to err on the side of caution and skip the trip to the salon. Is It Bad to Smell Acrylic While Pregnant? There is no definitive answer to this question as research on the matter is inconclusive. Some experts believe that there is no harm in smelling acrylic fumes while pregnant, while others advise pregnant women to avoid any contact with the chemical. One study, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, found that pregnant women who were exposed to high levels of acrylic acid (a component of acrylic fumes) had an increased risk of having a child with birth defects. However, other studies have failed to find a link between exposure to acrylic fumes and adverse health effects in pregnant women and their children. At this time, there is not enough evidence to say for certain whether or not it is harmful for pregnant women to smell acrylic fumes. Until more research is conducted, it may be best to avoid any contact with the chemical while pregnant. The well-being of our toddlers should always be our top priority, and being aware of potential risks associated with everyday products is crucial. While the acrylic smell from nail polish can be a cause for concern, taking appropriate safety measures can minimize any potential harm. Opting for non-toxic and child-friendly nail polish brands, ensuring proper ventilation during application, and limiting exposure time are practical steps parents can take to protect their toddlers. Additionally, exploring alternative nail polish options that are non-toxic and water-based can provide a safer and healthier choice. By staying informed and following the recommended safety guidelines, parents can strike a balance between their child’s desire to explore nail polish and their overall well-being. Remember, a little knowledge can go a long way in keeping our little ones safe and happy.

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Phalaenopsis honghenensis is an epiphytic orchid species, which is native to Honghe in Yunnan. This is the region in China which gives this orchid species its name, but Phalaenopsis honghenensis can also be found growing in Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand. Phalaenopsis honghenensis can be found growing at about 2000m above sea level, on the trunks and branches of mossy, lichen covered trees in Vietnam, Thailand, and China. Phalaenopsis honghenensis flowering Phalaenopsis honghenensis is a spring flowering orchid. The flower buds of Phalaenopsis honghenensis open first at the base of the flowering stem. The flower buds at the bottom of the flowering stem open first, and then the flower buds open in sequence, starting at the base, then working up to the top – towards the tip of the flowering stem. The flower buds at the tip of the flowering stem open last. Phalaenopsis honghenensis fragrance The flowers of this Phalaenopsis honghenensis specimen produce a sweet and quite spicy fragrance, it’s a complex scent, which has definite similarities to the sweet, yet spicy, clove like scent produced by an old fashioned flower – the pinks, which are also known by their botanical name of Dianthus. My Phalaenopsis honghenensis flowers also have an unexpected and very dominant fragrance character – they smell like cooked bacon! The fragrance is quite sweet in its nature, it reminds me of ‘Frazzles’, a bacon flavoured crisp, which was popular with children in the 1990s! Phalaenopsis honghenensis flowers produce a sweet, spicy, bacon like fragrance, which also features citrus scent notes. My Phalaenopsis honghenensis plants produce flowers which seem to be fragrant each time I encounter them, whether day or night. Although, I definitely notice that this Phalaenopsis honghenensis specimen’s flowers’ fragrance is at its most pronounced during the daytime, particularly during the afternoon. Phalaenopsis honghenensis roots Phalaenopsis honghenensis produces very long, flattened roots, which are beautifully silvery, shiny, and reflective when newly developed. The newer Phalaenopsis honghenensis roots often display green or maroon-green coloured root caps. Older Phalaenopsis honghenensis roots have a rather more dishevelled appearance. These mature roots remind me of extra long, white shoelaces, which were too long for their allocated running shoes, were run through a marathon of cold, wet, British weather, only to then be discarded in somewhat of a muddy tangle, to be discovered later in the shed, where they have discoloured and hardened. The roots of Phalaenopsis honghenensis secure this orchid species onto the tree trunk and branches of the tree that the orchid grows upon. My Phalaenopsis honghenenis specimen produces long shoelace like roots that grow up around the plant, they hang decoratively below this orchid and its cork mount. Phalaenopsis honghenensis is an epiphyte – a plant that grows upon another plant. Epiphytic plants are not parasitic, they don’t take any sustenance, energy, or nutrients away from their host plants. Epiphytic plants simply use their host plant to raise them up, which enables the epiphytic plant to gain a better position, with the opportunity to grow in a more beneficial environment for the plant, without needing to grow so large themselves to get to that height, or to that position. You could think of epiphytic plants as opportunists! Epiphytic plants often grow on trees, but some epiphytic plants do grow on other, smaller plants, such as shrubs. Phalaenopsis honghenensis grows on the tree trunks and branches of deciduous trees, where these orchids gain a higher position within the deciduous forest. Here in this higher level of the forest, Phalaenopsis honghenensis orchids can receive more light, and enjoy better air circulation, both around the plants themselves and their extended root systems. The plant’s raised position allows rainwater to run down the tree’s trunk and branches, washing over the plants and running down, or over the orchid’s roots, and then away from the plants. It’s easy to picture epiphytic plants growing at the very top of trees, on top of the tree’s uppermost branches, facing the direct sunlight, but many plants, including Phalaenopsis honghenensis can be seen growing on the main trunk of a tree, where they are somewhat shaded by the branches and leaves above. This orchid species can also be found growing underneath the union of a tree’s trunk and branch, in and on the underside of the fork between the main tree trunk and the branch of a tree, as well as growing on the more shaded sides of trees, away from the harsher and more direct of the sun’s rays. The moss, and to a lesser extent lichen, which often grow over the bark of the tree trunks and branches of the trees that Phalaenopsis honghenensis grows on, absorb rainwater. The moss holds onto the moisture for longer, meaning the moss covered areas of tree bark offer a more amenable growing environment, therefore assisting this orchid in maintaining the necessary humid growing conditions that this epiphytic orchid species favours. Due to Phalaenopsis honghenensis‘ epiphytic nature of growing raised up on the trunks and in the branches of trees, the rainwater washes over these plants and their roots, but thanks to the height of the trees, the plants and their roots are never submerged by the water, which could induce rotting or unfavourable growing conditions if the plants were to grow over the ground or in an area where the water could not escape so quickly. Phalaenopsis honghenensis culture Phalaenopsis honghenensis plants favour being grown in temperatures that range from a minimum winter, night time temperature of 10C (50F), to a high summer daytime temperature of 30C (86F). I grow this Phalaenopsis honghenensis plant inside my Orchidarium, where the plant grows within its preferred temperature range, in an environment that is continually very humid. This Phalaenopsis honghenensis plant is misted every morning. Buying Phalaenopsis honghenensis plants Orchids suffer at human hands, due to over collection, deforestation, logging, human expansion, and other plant atrocities, this has had an incredibly damaging and often sadly irreversible effect on many orchids and other plant species, leading some plants to become extinct before they have even been recorded. Whether a plant is recorded or not, I think it is just simply terrible for a plant to become extinct through the consequences of our own greed. Please only purchase plants that are grown ethically and responsibly in cultivation, or in conjunction with conservation efforts. Please never take orchids or other plants from the wild. Phalaenopsis honghenensis identification Orchids are the most diverse plant species; with so numerous a group of plants and related species it is easy to misidentify an orchid species and to be growing a different orchid than you expect. There is some ambiguity with the naming of a number of Phalaenopsis species. I believe the plant I have shown you in this article to be Phalaenopsis honghenensis, but I could be wrong – the entry on orchidspecies.com lists Phalaenopsis honghenensis as producing racemose inflorescences, which are shorter than the raceme that my plant has produced. Orchid Species lists Phalaenopsis honghenensis as producing racemes comprised of three to six flowers, whereas my Phalaenopsis plant’s current flowering stem has produced nine flower buds. What do you think? Is this Phalaenopsis honghenensis? The flowering stem of my Phalaenopsis honghenensis specimen, the flowering stem you see pictured here with open flowers, measures 18cm (7.1 inches). I have taken this photograph using a British five pence piece for scale to more clearly show the size of my orchid’s flowers. Phalaenopsis honghenensis and Phalaenopsis taenialis – similar orchid species There are similarities between a number of closely related Phalaenopsis species, including: Phalaenopsis hainanensis, Phalaenopsis stobartiana, Phalaenopsis wilsonii, Phalaenopsis honghenensis, and Phalaenopsis taenialis. Other articles that may interest you………. To see my Tall Orchidarium being set up and planted, please click here. To read about how my Orchidarium was created, please click here. To read the first part of my White Orchid Trial, please click here. To read the first part of my Madagascar Orchid Trial, please click here. To read the first part of my Miniature Orchid Trial, please click here. To see a planting list of ideal terrarium plants, please click here.

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Last year, we explained how the First Amendment affects bloggers. The laws and decisions that go into protecting bloggers may also affect rights regarding the first amendment and social media postings. You may have encountered virulent arguments on social media about topics that should not have provoked that type of reaction. At some point, you or someone else may be accused of and reported for promoting “hate speech.” Maybe you just stated an opinion, and someone shot back an inflammatory comment. Does First Amendment cover you? Defining hate speech “Hate speech” isn’t a legal term, but is one used to describe speech that’s intended to attack or demean another individual or group. This type of speech is usually based on characteristics that are illegal to use for discrimination, such as race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or age. Hate speech has also come to mean any type of comment that another individual does not agree with, even if it’s not specifically insulting or demeaning. Simply hurling insults at someone is offensive, but not against the law. But hate crimes, targeting someone because of the above characteristics, are a matter of criminal law, not civil. What is social media? Websites, apps and other forms of electronic communication allow people to communicate and share content in real time. Most people are familiar with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube, and similar websites, as well as professional networking site Linkedin. Depending on the platform, you can disseminate any type of information to your friends, private groups or the user community at large. When a post, picture, or other piece of content “goes viral,” it’s shared widely and occasionally appears in broadcast media. This can be anything from a cute cat video to a vicious diatribe targeting a group of individuals, and anything in between. With a combined social media user community in the billions, one share can put your post in front of the entire world in the blink of an eye. While many social media users share pictures of whatever they’re doing, eating, drinking, or watching, hate groups use the same medium to disseminate their own messages. This is where the First Amendment and social media come into play. The difference between the First Amendment and social media Hate groups from all over the world have routinely used social media to spread their message, recruiting and bringing more people into their fold. The recent attack on a German synagogue was live-streamed on Twitch by the shooter wearing a helmet camera. But it wasn’t the first time social media has been used to broadcast such an event. For instance: standing in the public square and shouting insults will upset people of that you’re targeting, but the comments are constitutionally protected. However, threats of and encouraging violence, the so-called “fighting words,” are not constitutionally protected, and may also get you arrested. Making the same comments on social media may be First Amendment protected, but may violate the platform’s “community standards.” This means that although your comments are constitutionally protected, the platform itself does not have to allow you to say it on their “premises.” It’s akin to saying something insulting to someone in their own home. You can say it on the sidewalk, but they don’t have to allow you in to say it in the privacy of their living room. By the same token, social media companies have the right to tell you that you can’t say that on their privately owned platform. Users are allowed to “flag” comments that they believe to be hate speech, but flags are also used in retaliation for benign comments that someone simply disagreed with. This makes it more difficult to find true hate speech and combat it. While social media companies have broad powers to restrict hate speech in their platforms, their capacity is lacking to catch and control everything that violates their community standards. It happens sometimes that people are arrested for reasons they don’t understand. You’ve done nothing wrong, but there you are, sitting in the back of a police car (not resisting arrest), and you’re not sure why. It happens more often than you think, and the ACLU has stepped in to assist hundreds of people like Valerie Rodriguez, a lady unlucky enough to have the same name as someone else who committed a crime. A police officer who failed to do the proper research facilitated the arrest of an innocent woman instead of one that caused harm. Police officers may be quick to make an arrest if they believe you aren’t complying with their request. Unfortunately, even catchall charges like disorderly conduct and resisting arrest are up to the officer’s discretion. Even not acting fast enough when the officer tells you something can be “resisting arrest,” giving an officer free reign. If you’re innocent of the disorderly conduct but tried to resist arrest, that second charge may stick when you go to court. An officer’s report may be written to indicate that you have broken the law, when in fact, they may be covering up their own mistakes. Interfering with a police officer’s duties and preventing him from making an arrest constitutes resisting arrest. This is true whether the individual is innocent of any charges or not. If you do resist being arrested in Denver, CO, and you are innocent of the original charge, you’ll still be charged with resisting arrest under 18-8-103 (1) C.R.S, which is a Class 2 misdemeanor. You could face fines of up to $1,000 and as much as a year in jail. Defenses against resisting arrest There are defenses against this charge: Self-defense, in which the individual intends to protect himself or herself against an assault by a police officer In defense of another individual The police officer is acting as a private person and not in his or her official capacity as a law enforcement officer The police officer uses excessive force when it isn’t warranted However, unlawful or false arrest are not defenses; you’ll need to fight this kind of charge in court. If you are arrested for resisting arrest in Denver, CO The safest way to proceed is to go along with the officer, do not resist, and give them no additional information beyond your name. State that you would like to answer any other questions in the presence of an attorney. Anything you say to the police, even before they read your Miranda Rights to you, can be used against you in court. Therefore, make no statements to anyone involved, including the police, without the presence of an attorney at your side. Once you’ve been freed from jail, find an attorney who will not only defend you from the charge of resisting arrest, but demonstrate that you were, in fact, innocent of the original charge for which you were being arrested. Defend your rights with a Colorado civil rights attorney Most charges of resisting arrest are defensible. If a prosecutor offers you a plea bargain, you’ll still have a criminal conviction on your record. To avoid conviction, it’s best to take your case into a jury trial. That’s where a civil rights attorney can help. If you or someone you know has been charged with resisting arrest and is innocent of charges, get the legal help you need immediately. Call the Civil Rights Litigation Group at (720) 515-6165, or use our online contact form, to schedule your free consultation with us today. We’ll fight to help you clear your name against false arrests and other over-reaching actions by police. Filing a lawsuit for any kind of discrimination is a difficult decision that isn’t taken lightly. Age discrimination is particularly difficult, and can have long-term ramifications. Age discrimination is personal. You’ve worked hard for a long time and have a lot of years of good experience. But suddenly, after your 40th (or 50th) birthday, you wake up and realize you’re not working there anymore. You may have a very difficult time finding a new job, especially after 50. What happened? With more employees shunning retirement and working longer, age discrimination is becoming more common in companies both large and small. The EEOC reports that age discrimination complaints are increasing. From 1997 through 2007, there were less than 20,000 filings per year. In 2008, however, the number of filings increased from 23,000 to 25,000 per year. That’s just the people who filed a complaint — without a report, there are likely more cases of age discrimination that no one knows about. In Colorado alone, there were 370 age discrimination complaints filed in 2018. By comparison, California recorded 1,062, and Texas recorded 1,744. So why do older people find themselves unemployed after a long, successful career? There are a number of misconceptions about “older workers,” including: They can’t deal with technology (i.e., computers, smartphones, conference calls, etc.) Their health insurance costs more, because after 50 they have more health problems They don’t need a job because they’re so close to retirement They cost more in wages and salaries, so it’s fiscally prudent to lay them off and hire younger, less expensive workers. However, older workers tend to be more reliable than younger workers, but are generally targeted first in a reduction in force. While employers are quite sneaky about hiding their age-discrimination tendencies, there are occasions where they make missteps, such as asking about your retirement, or making disparaging comments to younger employees about a worker over 40. That’s when you may decide to file a complaint with the EEOC, and follow with an age discrimination lawsuit. Collecting evidence for age discrimination If you’re finding yourself the target of such comments or treatment, document everything. For instance, if your boss asks you about your retirement plans, or makes other disparaging remarks, keep a record of the time, date, and any witnesses who heard it. Follow up with an email to him or her thanking him for his concern, and that you currently have no plans to retire, that you enjoy your work. Print and file copies of these types of emails and other documents. If you were told about such comments by another employee that were not made in your presence, document that as well, including the individual who told you. Gather copies of all of your performance reviews, especially reviews that demonstrate your good work record and performance. If your reviews have abruptly changed after years of doing well, your previous good reviews will be a strong contrast. Watch how younger employees are treated in relation to older employees, whether it’s work-related, promotion related, firing or layoff related, or how they are treated in the same circumstances as someone over 40. If you find a pattern of age-related bias, begin keeping records of these individuals and how they were treated differently than those under 35 or 40. This is especially true in disciplinary cases. Favoritism towards younger employees, such as work assignments, sales leads, meetings, promotions and other patterns may also indicate discrimination. This should also be documented, even if the supervisor is “over a certain age.” After a period of good performance reviews, if you suddenly find yourself with negative reviews, write-ups or other disciplinary actions, there’s a good chance you are being targeted. The goal is to either find a way to fire you or to get you to quit. Again, documentation is key to proving your case in an age discrimination lawsuit. Whether you are in a hearing with the Colorado Civil Rights Division (CCRD) or EEOC, or a court hearing, you’ll be asked questions by a well-equipped defense counsel. While you are there to prove disparate treatment and disparate impact, they are ready to disprove your claims of age discrimination. You’ll be required to prove that you are in a protected class (over 40) and are qualified to do your job, but that you suffered an adverse action in your employment and were treated differently than employees who were under 40. Expect pointed questions from both your own attorney, and by your employer’s attorney. You’ll be asked about your training, qualifications, and other relevant questions that are intended to disprove your claim. Your employer will then be required to prove that the action was not discriminatory, and the action had a legitimate reason, and was for a reason other than age. While a requirement to lift 50+ pounds occasionally might be reasonable for some jobs, they could be used to discriminate against individuals where such a requirement wouldn’t be necessary. Should this be proven, at this point, the burden of proof is yours to show that the action was a pretext and in fact, discriminatory. Working with an age discrimination attorney will help you prove your case successfully to increase your chance of winning your case and having a settlement. Your Denver civil rights attorney Being fired or laid off because of your age, even when hidden by another reason, is age discrimination and against the law. Get help with your case before you file a complaint. Call the Civil Rights Litigation Group at (720) 515-6165, or use our online contact form, to schedule your free consultation with us today. We’ll aggressively defend you in court and make sure your rights are protected and you are treated fairly. It’s difficult to go to a job every day and witness inappropriate or even illegal conduct, knowing it’s wrong. Every day, thousands of people in Colorado are afraid to say anything for fear of losing their jobs, or worse. Afraid of being labeled a whistleblower. But if your employer does turn on you as a whistleblower in you do have protections against retaliation, including the ability to file a lawsuit if necessary. Colorado’s at-will employment Giving two weeks’ notice when terminating your employment is a custom, or company policy, but isn’t required by law. With nearly any employer in the state, your employment is called at-will, meaning both you and your employer can terminate it at any time, without a reason. However, terminating employment for cause has to be for a legal reason, such as poor performance or violating company policies. Protection for a whistleblower The state of Colorado offers whistleblower protection for both public and private employees against retaliation after exposing illegal actions or policies. Colorado code §24-114- 101: Private employees An employer may not administer disciplinary action for disclosures of information An employee must make an effort to provide the information directly to a supervisor or other internal authority before disclosing the information to an outside source An employee can bring a civil lawsuit and seek damages and other relief Colorado code § 24-50.5- 101 to 107: Public employees Employees of the state of Colorado are protected from disciplinary actions by an employer for disclosing information with regard to illegal policies or actions that are not in the public interest An employee must file a written complaint within 10 days of the retaliatory incident(s) with a state personnel board If approved, the employee may recover back pay, obtain reinstatement and other related compensation Should the board deny the complaint, an employee may file a civil lawsuit. There are also common law protections for employees who: Perform a public duty Refuse to perform an illegal act Exercise an important job-related right or privilege, such as filing a workers compensation claim. Colorado protects employees who refuse to perform any illegal acts as a part of their regular work-related duties. The Colorado Supreme Court has also stated that an employee should not be faced with the choice of losing his or her job and obeying an employer’s order but violating the law. However, there are exceptions in which you would not be protected as a whistleblower in Colorado: Employees who knowingly disclose false or fraudulent information, or disclose information with “reckless disregard” for its truth Employees who disclose information from public records that are closed to inspection by the public beyond specific government representatives Employees who disclose other confidential information not disclosed to the public Federal whistleblower protections There are a number of federal protections for whistleblowers. Many are administered by OSHA (the Occupational Safety And Health Administration.) Since Colorado is a federal-OSHA state, these laws cover federal employees and private companies with 10 or more employees. Additionally, the Whistleblower Protection Act protects federal employees who report incidents of waste, mismanagement, abuse of authority, law or regulation violations, or danger to the public safety. If you’re a whistleblower in Colorado, the state allows two years for you to file a complaint against your employer for retaliation. If you are planning to file a lawsuit, it’s important to meet with a civil rights attorney as soon as possible. Contact the Civil Rights Litigation Group in Denver Deciding to blow the whistle on wrongdoing at your job is a courageous act that can bring unwanted consequences that you weren’t expecting. Whistleblowers have been responsible for a number of corrections that would not ordinarily have been addressed without them. But if your employer retaliates against you or another employee after becoming a whistleblower, contact a leading civil rights attorney to represent you. The Civil Rights Litigation Group is dedicated to protecting the rights of employee whistleblowers who are targeted with retaliation. We’ll vigorously pursue lawsuits against employers who have retaliated against employees, and will fight to get you compensation for your damages. In any corner of the Internet, there are bloggers to talk about anything and everything. Food. Fashion. Culture. Trends. Anything people talk about. Supplemented by social media, a blogger can be unknown one day and known around the world the next. And they may not know their first amendment rights. You may be considering a blog of your own. Maybe you want to talk about Denver’s restaurant scene, the city’s LGBT-friendly places to visit or the annual Denver Pride Fest. Or you’d like to inform the general public about a problem or two that not everyone knows about. Once you set up your website and start writing, you may wonder if you can say whatever you want. Yes, and no. Blogging is, for the most part, protected speech under the First Amendment. But before you start posting about something, there are a few things you need to be aware of. What fhe First Amendment says The actual text says: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” Free speech includes making statements about a person or topic that are truthful or based on an honest opinion. But there are exceptions, including: Whether you work for a news organization or not, as a blogger you are still protected by the First Amendment. Indeed, many bloggers have uncovered stories that have undermined the so-called mainstream media, or stories the MSM ignored but needed to be told. Differentiation between opinion and fact is also important in a blog post. What happens when you say something someone doesn’t like? Montana Blogger Crystal Cox is a blogger who considers herself a whistleblower, wrote a series of blog posts accusing Obsidian Finance Group and a bankruptcy trustee of tax fraud. Obsidian sued and won after a lower court found that because Cox wasn’t a paid journalist, Obsidian didn’t have to prove that Cox acted with negligence. However, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco ruled Cox was entitled to a new trial, even though she isn’t formally a reporter. “As the Supreme Court has accurately warned, a First Amendment distinction between the institutional press and other speakers is unworkable,” 9th Circuit Judge Andrew Hurwitz wrote for a unanimous three-judge panel in the case. The attorney for Obsidian and their trustee, Steven Wilker, also observed that the 9th Circuit did not dispute that Cox’s statements and accusations were, indeed, false. While Cox has been accused of making allegations of fraud and other illegal activities in exchange for payoffs for retractions, she was still found to be protected by the First Amendment. The 9th Circuit ruled that Obsidian would be required to show that Cox exhibited “negligent behavior.” In January of 2014, represented by UCLA School of Law professor Eugene Volokh, Cox won on appeal, giving bloggers the same protections as traditional journalists. Free speech is a civil right Are you considering starting your own blog? You’re in good company, and the First Amendment is on your side. But there are some responsibilities that go along with freedom of speech. If someone has threatened your right to free speech, you can fight back. Call the Civil Rights Litigation Group at (720) 515-6165, or use our online contact form, to schedule your free consultation with us today. We understand civil rights cases, and aggressively defend you in court and make sure your rights are protected.

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The Sun Didn’t Attend College: One question that intrigues us in the vastness of the universe is, “Why didn’t the sun go to college?” Join us for a playful investigation of this cosmic enigma as we imagine the Sun traveling through academia and consider the possible teachings it could impart to us. Why Didn’t The Sun Go To College The Sun’s Fundamental Role in Our Solar System: As the celestial body at the center of our solar system, the Sun plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. But what if it decided to pursue a stellar education, attending cosmic classes and engaging in celestial discourse? Imagining the Sun’s Academic Pursuits: Picture the Sun attending lectures on nuclear fusion, participating in solar system seminars, and perhaps even taking elective courses in gravitational physics. The imagery is both amusing and thought-provoking. The Sun’s Unique Resume Highlighting the Sun’s Key Achievements: While the Sun may not have a conventional resume, its cosmic curriculum vitae boasts unparalleled accomplishments. From providing light and heat to fostering life on Earth, the Sun’s contributions are extraordinary. Exploring the Sun’s Unconventional Skill Set: Consider the Sun’s skill set—mastering the art of radiant energy emission, maintaining a perfect balance in the solar system, and orchestrating the cosmic dance of planets. These unconventional skills make the Sun a celestial standout. The Cosmic Classroom Considering the Challenges the Sun Might Face in a College Setting: In our playful exploration, we ponder the challenges the Sun could encounter in a cosmic college setting. Would it struggle with gravitational pull assignments or find solar flares a bit too unpredictable? Opportunities for the Sun’s Growth and Development: On the flip side, attending college could present opportunities for the Sun’s growth. It might discover new ways to shine even brighter or develop innovative approaches to sustaining life in the solar system. The Sun’s Wisdom What the Sun Can Teach Us About Shine and Resilience: Entering the figurative world, the Sun takes on the role of a teacher, sharing resilience and shining lessons. Its unwavering dedication to brilliance despite not having a college degree teaches us to embrace our individual brilliance. Extracting Life Lessons from a Celestial Being: Imagine extracting life lessons from a cosmic being the importance of perseverance, the beauty of consistency, and the wisdom of illuminating the world in your own way. Where Could the Sun Shine Brightest? Exploring Potential Career Paths for the Sun: In our cosmic speculation, we explore potential career paths for the Sun. Could it become a celestial philosopher, pondering the mysteries of the universe, or a cosmic artist, painting the skies with vibrant hues? The Impact of the Sun’s Choices on the Universe: Every career decision the Sun makes in our imaginary exploration has a ripple effect on the universe. How would its choices impact the cosmic landscape and the planets that orbit around it? College Days or Cosmic Ways Considering the Pros and Cons of College Life for the Sun: In our playful contemplation, we weigh the pros and cons of college life for the Sun. Does it yearn for the camaraderie of other celestial bodies in a cosmic classroom, or does it prefer the freedom of space? Alternative Paths for Cosmic Luminosity: Perhaps the Sun finds fulfillment in its current cosmic ways, shining brightly without the confines of a celestial campus. The exploration of alternative paths adds depth to our whimsical narrative. The Solar System’s Perspective Interviews with Planets on the Sun’s Decision: To add a touch of humour, we conduct imaginary interviews with the planets, asking for their opinions on the Sun’s decision to forgo college. What do Mercury, Venus, and Mars think about the Sun’s unconventional choices? Gauging Reactions from the Celestial Community: Gauging reactions from the celestial community provides a comedic element to our exploration, offering insights into the dynamics of the solar system as a celestial neighbourhood. The Sun’s Hobbies and Interests Unveiling the Sun’s Extracurricular Passions: In our imaginative journey, we explore the Sun’s hobbies and interests beyond cosmic responsibilities. Does it have a penchant for stargazing, solar surfing, or even interstellar travel? How the Sun Spends its Time Outside the Solar System: Exposing the Sun’s extraterrestrial interests adds a touch of relatability to our celestial narrative, connecting the Sun to the human experience of pursuing passions beyond work. A Day in the Life Illustrating a Typical Day for the Sun: With a hint of whimsy, we illustrate a day in the life of the Sun without the constraints of college. From sunrise to sunset, we envision the Sun’s routine, emphasizing its cosmic responsibilities and leisurely pursuits. The Sun’s Contributions to the Solar System: Highlighting the Sun’s daily contributions reinforces its significance in sustaining life and maintaining the delicate balance of the solar system. The Celestial Commencement within Graduation or No Graduation? Pondering the Idea of a Cosmic Commencement Ceremony: In our playful exploration, we ponder the idea of a cosmic commencement ceremony for the Sun. What would a celestial graduation look like, and who would be in attendance? Celebrating the Sun’s Achievements, College or Not: Regardless of whether the Sun has a diploma, the cosmic celebration emphasizes its enduring achievements and contributions to the solar system. How the Sun’s Decision Impacts Us Examining the Impact of the Sun’s Choices on Earth: Bringing the narrative back to Earth, we examine how the Sun’s decision whether to attend college or not affects life on our planet. How does the Sun’s luminosity shape the very essence of our existence? The Sun’s Influence on Life and Existence: The Sun’s influence extends beyond the celestial realm, becoming a metaphor for the impact each individual can have on the world. The Universe’s Approval Gathering Opinions from Cosmic Entities: As the Sun enters the symbolic realm, it assumes the role of a teacher, imparting resilience and illuminating lessons. It teaches us to embrace our unique brilliance because of its unwavering dedication to brilliance despite not having a college degree. Do Other Celestial Bodies Support the Sun’s Decision? The universe’s approval or disapproval becomes a humorous commentary on societal expectations and the freedom to chart one’s own course. The Sun’s Legacy Reflecting on the Sun’s Enduring Legacy: As we conclude our cosmic exploration, we reflect on the Sun’s enduring legacy. Whether it attended college or not, the Sun leaves behind a legacy of brilliance, warmth, and cosmic significance. How the Sun Continues to Inspire Cosmic Brilliance: The Sun becomes a symbol of inspiration, encouraging us to embrace our uniqueness, shine brightly, and contribute to the cosmic dance of existence. Unraveling the Cosmic Mystery The Continuing Radiance: Beyond Cosmic Classrooms: As we delve deeper into the whimsical tale of why the Sun chose not to attend college, we find ourselves exploring the notion of continuing radiance beyond the bounds of cosmic classrooms. The Sun, in its steadfast commitment to illuminate the solar system, becomes a metaphor for the uncharted territories of personal and professional growth. The Sun’s Continuing Education: In our fanciful contemplation, we consider the idea that the Sun’s education extends far beyond formal diplomas. It becomes a perpetual learner, soaking in the wisdom of the cosmos, and evolving with each celestial interaction. Radiant Leadership, Lessons from the Sun’s Luminosity: The Sun’s leadership style, devoid of formal education, becomes a beacon of brilliance. It prompts us to reflect on the value of continuous learning, adaptability, and the wisdom gained through experiences. The Sun’s Contributions to Cosmic Progress Innovative Brilliance: Cosmic Solutions Without Degrees Our narrative takes a turn towards envisioning the Sun as an innovative force. What if the Sun, without the confines of college, contributes to cosmic progress through groundbreaking solutions? It sparks the imagination about the untapped potential within each individual. Shining Brighter Together: Collaborative Cosmic Endeavors The Sun’s collaborative efforts with other celestial bodies paint a picture of collective brilliance. It prompts us to consider the power of collaboration and the impact of diverse perspectives on creative solutions. Harmony in Sun’s Unconventional Choices Maintaining Equilibrium: The Sun’s Impact on the Solar Ecosystem our cosmic musings lead us to explore the delicate balance maintained by the Sun. Without the formalities of college, it navigates the intricacies of gravitational forces and cosmic dynamics, teaching us the art of balance in unconventional choices. A Symphony of Radiance: The Harmony of Cosmic Decision-Making the Sun’s decisions become a cosmic symphony, where each note resonates with purpose. This prompts a reflection on the harmony achieved when personal choices align with a broader cosmic vision. Navigating Solar Storms: Resilience Without a Degree the metaphorical storms that the Sun encounters become lessons in resilience. Its ability to weather cosmic challenges without formal education becomes an inspiring tale of tenacity, teaching us that setbacks can fuel growth. Rising After Sunset: The Unstoppable Dawn of Possibilities as the Sun rises each day, it symbolizes the endless possibilities that come with resilience. The narrative encourages us to embrace challenges as opportunities for a new dawn in our personal and professional lives. Cosmic Mirrors: Our Reflection on the Sun’s Choices The whimsical exploration of the Sun’s journey becomes a mirror reflecting our own choices and aspirations. It invites readers to consider the paths they traverse, encouraging them to embrace their unique brilliance. A Cosmic Canvas: Painting Life with Individual Brilliance Our narrative becomes a cosmic canvas, and each individual is an artist with the power to paint their life with brilliance. The Sun’s story serves as a reminder that the choices we make contribute to the larger masterpiece of existence. As we come to the end of our cosmic adventure, the question “Why didn’t the sun go to college?” becomes an invitation to welcome undiscovered genius. Whether true or not, the Sun’s choice becomes a symbol of the unrealized potential in every person, emphasizing the value of lifelong learning, creative problem-solving, and the fortitude required to overcome any cosmic obstacle. Throughout our fanciful voyage, the query “Why didn’t the sun go to college?” serves as a blank canvas on which to paint a story that goes beyond the realms of the cosmic and the ordinary. It asks us to reflect on our own lives, acknowledge our genius, and draw strength from the light of our existence. Could the Sun go to college? While the Sun’s academic pursuits are fictional, the exploration offers a whimsical lens to reflect on personal choices and societal expectations. What’s the significance of the Sun’s legacy? The Sun’s legacy symbolizes the enduring impact individuals can have, emphasizing the importance of embracing one’s brilliance. Can we apply the cosmic narrative to our own lives? Absolutely! The whimsical exploration encourages us to reflect on our paths, celebrate uniqueness, and find inspiration in our individual brilliance.

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5176, 5164, 3910 ]

The Republic of Moldova, although being a relatively young independent state in the region of Eastern Europe, it has a complex history of positioning itself between the West and the East. As a former Western Soviet country, after gaining independence in 1991, it maintained significant links to Moscow while also showing aspirations to get involved in the process of European integration. This article aims to analyse the developments and the determinants of this process in the Post-Soviet context. It takes into consideration the historical factors that led to the current situation in Moldova, the existing links to Romania, Russia, the Post-Soviet Institutions and the European Union, capturing a comprehensive picture of the current situation in the country. The Republic of Moldova is a country situated in Eastern Europe bordered to the West by Romania and to the East, North and South by Ukraine. Most of its territory is part of the historical region of Moldova, originating in the medieval principality established in the 14th century, nowadays split between Romania, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. (King, 2000). Throughout its history, the country’s development was largely intertwined with the politics of first the Russian Empire, later the USSR and even nowadays with the influence of the Russian Federation. Under the Russian rule, the Oblast of Moldavia enjoyed initially a great degree of autonomy, however later undergoing a deep and complex process of imposed assimilation known as Russification. Gradually, the official use of Romanian language (the language spoken by the Moldovans) in state business and church practice was restricted. Throughout the 19th century the Russian authorities encouraged large-scale colonization of the region leading to a diminishing of the originally Romanian-speaking (Moldovan) population from an estimated 86% in 1816 to about 52% in 1905. Following the end of World War 2 the Russian influence over the region grew again, in correlation with the Soviet policy of promoting the Moldovan cultural and ethnic identity as distinct from the Romanian one. The Moldovenist theory was largely developed on political grounds, and it claims that the Romanian and Moldovan language are distinctive. In order to accentuate this, the state imposed that the language has to be written in the Cyrillic alphabet just as other languages from the USSR, while Romanian language uses the Latin script. During the Glasnost and Perestroika period in the late 80s, a democratic movement has emerged in Moldova as well, which became known as the Popular Front of Moldova (‘Frontul Popular din Moldova’). FPM was largely popular, therefore threatening the ruling Communist Party in that it promoted an anti-communist agenda, Cristian democracy, Romanian nationalistic and even unionistic objectives. In 1989, FPM organised several mass demonstrations which pressured the government to adopt a Language Law that would recognise the Romanian identity of the national language of Moldova and change its spelling to the Latin script. The law was adopted on 31 August, but major riots continued to be organised in November that year, leading to the organisation of first democratic elections at the beginning of 1990 (Wilders, 2022). The Romanian factor and the question of reunification The new democratically elected parliament of Moldova adopted in August 1991 the country’s ‘Declaration of Independence’, stating among other things that the national language of Moldova is the Romanian language, the flag is the Romanian flag with the Moldovan coat of arms defaced on it and the anthem of Moldova is as well the Romanian anthem (King, 2000). The question of reunification with Romania was actively debated at the beginning of the 90s in the context of the dismantling of the Soviet Union, the fall of Communist regimes in Moldova and Romania and especially after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. In 1990, following decades of strict separation, border crossing restrictions were temporary lifted between Romania and Moldova. Although the intellectual elites of those times argued for the ‘reunification with the Romanian Motherland’, the majority of the population was indifferent or not interested in this project (Wilders, 2022). Moreover, the majoritarian Slavic population of Transnistria was strongly opposing such an idea, and tensions generated by the fear of the rise of Romanian nationalist movements in Moldova and the possibility of joining Romania contributed to the escalation of the military conflict in the region, resulting in a brief war between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan Police in 1992. Russia intervention on the Transnistrian side ended up with a ceasefire and the establishment of a security zone under the control of Moldovan, Transnistrian and Russian forces (1500 Russian peace keeping soldiers remained there ever since). The events led to the creation of a de facto independent Transnistrian Republic with its capital in Tiraspol, out of the control of the government in Chisinau (Szeles, 2021). Regardless of the reunification euphoria of the early 90s, internal fight for power and disagreements between the leaders of the Popular Front of Moldova, sent the party into the opposition after the 1994 elections, which further split into smaller fractions. The new governing party, the Agrarian Party of Moldova, had a policy of distancing itself from Romania, changing the national anthem and writing in the 1994 Constitution that the national language of the country is ‘Moldovan’. However, the Constitutional Court of Moldova decided that the Declaration of Independence of 1991 takes precedence over the Constitution and established that the official language of Moldova is indeed the Romanian language. Furthermore, the agrarians organised a referendum known as ‘the Referendum for remaining independent’, aimed at specifically excluding any possibility of the union with Romania (Wilders, 2022). Although no actual steps were ever implemented for the reunification of the two countries, the topic is recurrent on both sides in political debates. Ion Iliescu, the first Romanian president was criticised for not concluding the union during the first years after the Moldovan independence (Bucataru, 2012). The Russian political commentator Stanislav Belkovsky has proposed in an interview with a Romanian publication a plan of Moldova joining Romania and excluding Transnistria. There were speculations whether these ideas were approved or supported by higher circles in the Kremlin, but it was never confirmed (Szeles, 2021). Following the 2022 Ukrainian crisis events, the idea of Moldova joining Romania and therefore the EU and NATO, was once again vehiculated by several public figures from both countries. The argument supporting this relates to the strengthening of the Eastern Flank of NATO and offering security guaranties to the territory of Moldova in case of Russian intervention under the pretext relating to Transnistria. Nonetheless, the Moldovan President Maia Sandu said that this is something that the people of Moldova would have to decide, and the Prime Minister dismissed such plans given that Moldova intends to join the EU but not the NATO (Wilders, 2022). Besides the extensively debated question of reunification, Romania has offered the people of Moldova the possibility of obtaining Romanian citizenship based on descendance since 1991. Estimates indicate that over 1 million Moldovans have obtained a Romanian passport, implying that 1 in 3 people from Moldova have acquired Romanian citizenship. Among the reasons why they opt for dual citizenship, the Moldovans indicate: feeling Romanian, the opportunity to visit/ work in Romania and the opportunity to visit/ work in the EU. Political & economic context since 1991 Moldova has had many challenges during its first 30 years of independence, especially concerning the economic and the political spheres. After opening their internal market and starting the process of transition to a liberal market economy, Moldova was confronted with skyrocketing inflation that led to serious and devastating economic consequences bringing the majority of the population below the poverty line. It was not until the 2000s when Moldova’s economy started recording GDP growth, and since then it maintained a relatively constant 5-10% yearly economic growth. At the same time, Romania’s fast-growing economy determined interest in the prospects of investments in the neighbouring country, investments that helped significantly the Moldovan economy. In addition to that, the Moldovans that emigrated in the 90s and early 2000s to Western Europe and Russia as well, sending money to their families at home, constitute 38% of the country’s GDP, the second highest figure in the world (Szeles, 2021). In 2014 a large-scale fraud scheme was exposed when the Central Bank of Moldova took over the Deposits Bank, the biggest lending bank in the country, indicating that 1 billion US dollars have disappeared from the accounts of the bank’s clients. Compared to the size of the Moldova’s economy, the fraud was catastrophic, the case being intensively promoted by the pro-Russian Party of Socialists. In the following years more cases of corruption and fraud were revealed, the independence of the juridical system was questionable and the influence of oligarchs over the government decisions became apparent. In 2019, a constitutional crisis shacked the political scene when Moldova effectively had two governments ruling the country at the same time. For over one week the newly formed government led by Maia Sandu, supported by the president Igor Dodon activated simultaneously with the previous cabinet led by Pavel Filip. The situation caused chaos in the country and brough international attention over the country. During the 2020 presidential election, the public opinion favoured the opposition candidate Maia Sandu, who became the first female President of Moldova, defeating the former president Igor Dodon. After the Covid-19 state of emergency was lifted, Sandu dissolved the parliament calling for snap elections. The results of the 2021 parliamentary elections were clearly in favour of the pro-European former opposition party PAS - Party of Action and Solidarity. As a result, a new cabinet was formed by PAS under the lead of Natalia Gavrilita. Moldova as part of International Organisations On 21 December 1991, Moldova, and most former soviet republics signed the document constituting the Post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) but it did not join the military branch of it, positioning itself as a neuter country (Szeles, 2021). In 1998, Moldova was one of the founding countries establishing the regional Organisation for Democracy and Economic Development GUAM together with Georgia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan. The initial agreement included also a mutual defence programme, but Moldova refused to take part given its neutral stance. Relations with NATO started in 1992, when Moldova joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council and further developed to the point when it became part of the Partnership for Peace Programme in 1994. In 1997 Moldova established a permanent Mission to NATO, and in 2006 it signed an Individual Partnership Action Plan. However, given that military neutrality is enshrined in the country’s constitution, there are no prospects for joining the alliance. NATO officials have repeatedly called for the withdrawal of Russian armed forces from the Moldovan territory of Transnistria in order to ensure the territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty of the country (Szeles, 2021). EU – Moldova Relations The relations between Moldova and the European Union were formalised through the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement that was signed in 1994 and entered into force in 1998 for the following 10 years. The strategic objectives of cooperation between EU and Moldova were outlined in the Action Plans elaborated for periods of 3 years and concerning cooperation in the political, economic, commercial, legal, cultural and scientific fields. The provisions of the PCA were aimed at supporting further integration in the European economic mechanisms, creating legal approximation and bringing norms and standards closer to the ones of the European Union (Bucataru, 2012). Since 2009, the Eastern Partnership represents the framework regulating relations between the two providing access to EU funded comprehensive programs aimed at the improvement of Moldova’s economy and administrative functions. In 2011, Moldova received an Action Plan from the EU Commissioner for Internal Affaires concerning the possibility of the establishment of visa-free regime for short travelling periods in the EU, which was eventually approved in 2014 by the European Parliament (Chirila, 2014). Starting from 2010, Moldova and the EU have begun negotiations for an Association Agreement that would replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and would include a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area which was eventually signed in 2014. Although it included many important provisions for the deepening of the relations between the EU and Moldova, the Association Agreement does not provide any prospects for future EU membership (Council of the EU, 2016). Nonetheless, the leaders of Moldova have expressed hopes for first joining and later finishing the formal application procedure for the EU membership by 2019 when Romania was holding the EU presidency. Throughout the years, the European Union has provided substantial multi-million euros funds and grants to Moldova in order to adapt to the EU norms and standards with the most recently approved Macro-Financial Assistance Operation accounting 150 million euros. Those financial packages have determined the public opinion to be in favour of the prospects of joining the EU very soon. Latest polls suggest that 61% of Moldovans are supporting the idea of becoming a member of the EU. Two of the main impediments for the Moldovan ascension to the European Union are represented by the unsolved conflicts in the separatist regions of Transnistria and Gagauzia. The people of those regions have expressed fears that if Moldova would join the EU, the country would end up swallowed by Romania’s sphere of influence and they would rather support the idea of Moldova joining the Eurasian Economic Union (Chirila, 2014). In the context of the 2022 political and military crisis regarding the situation in Ukraine, the Prime Minister stated on 28 February that Moldova needs to move rapidly to become a member of the European Union. On 3 March, the country submitted the formal application for the EU membership together with Ukraine and Georgia. The Republic of Moldova had a complicated journey since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 in establishing a democratic system, functioning market economy, ensuring the rule of law and positioning itself on the international political scene. Starting from unionistic ideas that were never put in practice but had a significant role in ensuring the reestablishment of good relations with neighbouring Romania, to governments leading to the European integration of Moldova or favouring better relations with Russia and the Post-Soviet Institutions, the country has experienced a rollercoaster of political and economic unpredictable changes. To add up to the factors that generated instability, the governments of Moldova had to deal with separatist movements in two of its regions – Gagauzia and Transnistria, the second becoming a de facto independent republic within the Moldovan State, supported by Russian military troops situated there. With corruption and fraud scandals or continued political crises, Moldova’s aspirations to accelerate the process of European Integration seemed very ambitious but to some extent unrealistic. Nevertheless, Moldova demonstrated that despite all those problems it remains the most willing Post-Soviet state to eventually become a member of the European Union. The EU has supported Moldova’s intentions and it offered through several programmes in different stages assistance in the process of the domestic reformation. Under the current political leadership, Moldova seems more ready then ever before to fulfil its wishes of joining the EU but it remains to be seen how long this process will take. Bucataru, V. (2012), “Moldova and European Union: from cooperation to integration” (2011-2012) Available at: http://ape.md/lib.php?l=en&idc=156&year=2012 Chirila, V., Bucataru, V. and Grau L. (2014), “Is Moldova’s European Integration Irreversible?” Available at: http://ape.md/libview.php?l=ro&idc=152&id=2114 Council of the EU (2016), “EU Council conclusions on the Republic of Moldova” Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/02/15- fac-moldovaconclusions/ Wilder, A. (6 Jan, 2022) “Assessing a Possible Moldova-Romania Unification”. Geopolitical Monitor. Available at: https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/assessing-a-possible-moldova-romania- unification/ Szeles, M. (15 Jan, 2021) “Examining the foreign policy attitudes in Moldova” Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245322

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Table of Contents Sometimes your skin can act as an early detection system–warning you that something within your body is wrong. Such can be the case with sudden, excessive sweating and pale, clammy skin. When both symptoms occur together, it’s wise to take them seriously and put some effort into determining the cause. 15 Conditions That May Be the Underlying Cause of Your Pallor and Sweating - 1. Influenza - 2. Kidney Infections - 3. Anemia - 4. Heat Exhaustion - 5. Alcohol or Drug Withdrawal - 6. Cancer - 7. Chronic Infections - 8. Venomous or Severe Bites - 9. Arterial Blockage - 10. Diabetes - 11. Heart Conditions - 12. Hypoglycemia - 13. Thyroid Problems - 14. Anxiety - 15. Medications Sometimes, heavy sweating and pallor appear together as a reaction or sensitivity to something as benign as an anxiety attack or feeling of panic. Even though these are serious and stressful emotional states, they don’t necessarily point to an underlying dangerous clinical health issue. In other situations, however, severe pallor and sweating are signs of a more serious medical condition. What is Pallor? The term “pallor” refers to the unnatural pale color of someone’s skin. If someone is paler than normal, that person can be described as having a pallor, or abnormal absence of color on the outer layer of the skin. Pallor can also include paleness inside the mouth, in the linings of the eyes, and on the surface of the tongue. This kind of pale skin has nothing to do with the amount of melanin in it–this is more than simply a pale complexion. Instead, this kind of skin pallor is driven by the thickness and density of blood vessels that sit beneath the skin. Often caused by a lack of blood flow to the skin, pallor can mean that someone is seriously ill, especially if it is accompanied by sudden and inexplicable excessive sweating–also called diaphoresis or secondary generalized hyperhidrosis. For people with naturally darker skin tones, skin pallor may only be detected by a clinical assessment of the mucous membranes. Pallor is usually most visible in the face and the palms of the hands. Depending on its root cause, pallor can develop gradually over time or appear quite suddenly. When a waxen pallor appears suddenly and unexpectedly, it may be a sign of a more significant health issue. However, unless skin pallor also is accompanied by paleness of the tongue or inside of the mouth, pale lips, palms or lining of eyelids, it is likely not a serious condition that requires medical diagnosis and treatment. Why Does Excessive Sweat Sometimes Accompany Pallor? Quite often, very pale skin is bathed in a layer of cold and clammy sweat on the face, hands, or body. Under normal conditions, this is the body’s natural method of cooling down the body’s temperature by creating sweat that then evaporates on the surface of the skin. The system works best in response to high temperatures or physical exertion. However, diaphoresis–which is the type of sweating that often accompanies extreme pallor–is a little different. It sets in suddenly and may seem inexplicable until you understand the root cause. In other words, it’s not a normal reaction to heat or physical exertion. If pallor causes are related to an emotional stressor like anxiety or fear, it’s very common for pale skin color to come with some extra sweat. In addition, other underlying medical conditions, including some medications, can signal your sweat glands to kick into overdrive in tandem with facial pallor. 15 Conditions That May Be the Underlying Cause of Your Pallor and Sweating Many different health issues can lead to skin pallor and sweating. Here are some of the most common underlying causes of pallor and sweating. Influenza is just one of many types of infections that can lead to a high fever. Common in adults and children, this illness is often accompanied by a pale face and clammy skin. Because influenza is caused by a virus, it must simply run its course, at which time the pale color and sweating should subside. 2. Kidney Infections Depending on the cause of the infection, antibiotics may be of some help. If a bacterial infection can be cleared up with antibiotics, the associated pale skin and sheen of sweat should dissipate. Further complications can arise, however, when an infection leads to chronic kidney failure, which is associated with anemia, another cause of pale skin and clamminess. People diagnosed with anemia don’t produce enough red blood cells, and this condition is one of the most common causes of skin pallor. Because its root is a lack of red blood cells, anemia can lead to pale skin, dizziness, fatigue, headache, and more. This disease can develop suddenly and acutely or more slowly over time. Chronic anemia is the most common–with this condition, the body can’t sustain a sufficient hemoglobin level, which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. When seeking a diagnosis, physicians will often examine the eyelid, as pallor of the inner eyelids is a sign of anemia. 4. Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion is known to cause symptoms of pale, cool and moist skin, muscle cramps and abdominal pain, intense thirst, heavy sweating, and more. Once heat exhaustion is addressed, the facial pallor and sweating will likely subside. 5. Alcohol or Drug Withdrawal Often, as a patient goes through the process of withdrawing from drug or alcohol use, the body responds with several symptoms, including sweating profusely and draining color from the skin. Some cancers, including colon cancer, renal cell cancer, and multiple myeloma, have been linked to skin pallor. At times, these conditions are also complicated by the fact that they are treated with powerful medications, which, on their own, can also lead to blanching of the skin and a cold, clammy sheen. In addition, at least one clinical study shows a connection between anemia pallor and cancer, whether naturally occurring or induced by the regimen of medications for cancer treatment. 7. Chronic Infections As with other infections, the root cause of the illness is key. Viral infections will have to naturally run their course, while bacterial infections can be cleared up with antibiotics. Once the underlying infection is remedied, the symptomatic pallor and diaphoresis should cease. 8. Venomous or Severe Bites Sometimes, an animal or insect bite can lead to symptoms of skin pallor and excessive sweating. This caused by the pain and shock, and the possible presence of venom. Some bites also carry with them the risk of anaphylaxis, which is an extreme allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. 9. Arterial Blockage A lack of blood circulation due to an arterial blockage often can cause localized pallor–usually in the arms or legs. The limb may also become cold and painful as a result of the lack of circulation. This disease often puts people at higher risk of dangerously low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, which not only causes pale skin but is also accompanied by profuse sweating. 11. Heart Conditions Heart issues ranging from heart disease, heart infection, a heart attack, or heart failure can often lead to cold, clammy and pale skin. Such symptoms also can stem from structural abnormalities or damage of the heart, which can be confirmed through diagnostic tests. If pallor and sweating are accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea or pain in the back, neck, jaw or arm, you should contact emergency health care immediately. Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is known for causing symptoms ranging from clammy skin and anxiety to shakiness and irritability. It can be a dangerous condition, particularly among children, if not treated quickly and is often most associated with those who have diabetes. In addition, hypoglycemia is often a side effect of some medications used to treat diabetes. 13. Thyroid Problems An overactive thyroid can also raise a person’s metabolism, which can lead to the excessive sweating that often accompanies thyroid-related skin pallor. In particular, a thyroid storm–a dangerously high thyroid hormone level–can cause racing heartbeat, sweating, pallor, and fever. A simple diagnostic test can let you know if your thyroid is causing your issues. You may have heard the phrase, “pale as a ghost” to describe someone’s response to a fear-inducing event. Sometimes pallor can signal a reaction to extreme emotional changes–positive and negative. Anxiety can also lead to panic attacks, causing a sudden, intense fear that can’t be controlled. Panic attacks are extremely stressful, as they mimic serious physical health conditions–including causing pale, clammy skin and nervous sweating. Anxiety, however, can be effectively treated through both counseling and appropriate medication, which should cause accompanying symptoms to subside. Your medication is often the most common cause of skin pallor and sudden sweating. If a medication causes a side effect, such as vomiting, skin pallor can follow. If you detect pale skin and diaphoresis and you know you’ve recently started a new medication, it’s worth talking with your primary care physician about your medicine. Medications that can cause sweating and pallor include painkillers, some cancer medications, blood pressure and heart medicines, and some gastrointestinal medications. Skin Pallor and Sweating The causes of skin pallor and sweating are many and varied – and the list presented here is not meant to be exhaustive. The bottom line is that if you are experiencing skin pallor and diaphoresis, especially if accompanied by other, more severe, symptoms like fainting, vomiting, fever or trouble breathing, you should talk with your primary care physician immediately. Your doctor likely will review your medical history and symptoms, give you a physical examination and test vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate. Depending on the amount of melanin in your skin, he or she may also check your inner eyelids. Your doctor may also order additional tests for clinical diagnosis – like a vitamin deficit scan, abdominal X-ray, extremity arteriography or complete blood count test. Treatment may range from simple diet changes to taking iron supplements, starting a round of medications to treat an ongoing, underlying medical condition or even surgery. This last option is typically reserved for severe cases where someone has lost a large amount of blood – necessitating a blood transfusion be performed – or when an arterial blockage must be removed. Ultimately, many causes of skin pallor and sudden, excessive sweating are highly treatable and non-life-threatening. But it’s key to understand an accurate clinical diagnosis about what is causing your skin pallor and diaphoresis. Various conditions, including infections, anxiety, hypoglycemia and more can be effectively managed through a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapy. When pale, clammy skin is the result of an emergency health issue, as long as medical and surgical treatment is administered early, it’s possible to make a full recovery from the underlying issue. You might also like... Table of Contents Does excessive sweating bother you? Keep you from being social? Or make you feel like you can’t

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Few things in recent years have been as inescapable as AI. No matter what industry you are in, conversations around AI in the workplace are occurring. Though AI isn’t done growing, it’s becoming increasingly clear that it will play a big role in the workplace in years to come. However, with any technology comes change, and change can be difficult. It means new rules, procedures, methodologies, and more. Most importantly though, it can change company and workplace culture. While that may be worrisome, AI can actually be used for team building and creating a better company culture. In this blog, we’re going to talk about AI and the role it plays in the workplace and on company culture. We’ll cover the benefits of AI in the workplace, how to use AI at work, its role in company culture, common challenges, and more. Evolution of AI in the Workplace First, let’s start off by taking a look at the history of AI as it pertains to the workplace. Though you might think the use of AI is a relatively new thing, people have been using AI at work for decades. AI really started to be explored in the 50s and 60s by some of the early computer scientists, such as Alan Turing. However, the technology at the time was very limited and only used in the academic world. Still, it laid the groundwork for what was to come. The 80s is when some of the first businesses actually started to use AI. Some companies industries such as oil and finance began using AI for decision making. An AI would look at all the various market factors and things at play, and it would make risk assessments based on that information. But since this was the early days of AI in the workplace and the internet, it didn’t really take off en masse. In the 2000s, AI really started to show itself as a power tool for businesses. With the internet taking hold, more and more companies started to see potential uses for AI. Because of the large amounts of data gathered on the internet, AI could be trained on more expansive data sets and ultimately be more useful. Amazon for example started using AI algorithms for personal recommendations, something that seems standard these days. Still though, the internet was developing and so was AI. While many started utilizing AI, its functionality was still limited compared to what we have today. By the 2010s though, AI was popping up all over the place. It started being used for customer service chatbots, personalized marketing, searches, fraud detection, automatic financial advising, patient management (in healthcare), research, and more. Still, the AI of 10 years ago almost feels ancient these days. Moving up to today, AI has quickly become a business necessity. With tools like ChatGPT and the highly specialized AIs being developed, its uses are seemingly endless. Whether it’s decision making, risk assessment, customer service, management, or just speeding up the workflow, AI is an indefensible tool in the workplace. Furthermore, the AI of today will likely pale in comparison to the AI a decade or even a few years from now. Even with something like ChatGPT, Claude, or Google Bard, a single update can drastically change the abilities of an AI. It’s important to keep a close eye on the future of AI and how it develops. It’s bound to become more and more powerful, making it an even more essential tool for businesses. Benefits of AI in the Workplace With the history out of the way, let’s focus a bit on the benefits of AI in the workplace. AI has numerous benefits, and it’s important that you understand those benefits if you want to successfully implement AI into your workplace. One of the more obvious benefits is an increase in efficiency and productivity. Utilizing AI can help employees speed up their processes, making them more efficient and productive. For example, say you work in marketing and are tasked with coming up with taglines for an ad. Instead of getting frustrated brainstorming all day, you might ask an AI to come up with potential ideas and use those as a starting point. That speeds up the initial process, helping you get to your end goal more quickly. Another benefit, which should be obvious given the history of AI in the workplace, is enhanced decision making. AI can process large amounts of data that would take large amounts of time to process on your own. And in doing so, it can give you risk assessment and potential decisions based on said data. This can help you make more well informed decisions quicker. That’s not all though. AI can also be used to reduce or eliminate repetitive tasks. Certain things just need to be done even though they aren’t particularly difficult, such as entering or transferring data. These things are tedious and time consuming. However, AI can be used to automate them. As an example, many AIs have the ability of Optical Character Recognition (OCR). This means they can process data from things like paper forms and documents. So an AI can be utilized to automatically gather and enter data from those documents, saving tons of time. Piggybacking off of that, AI can also improve the employee experience. By automating repetitive tasks and streamlining their workflow, AI can make the day-to-day lives of employees easier. It’s almost having a personal assistant who can help with basic tasks you’d rather not do. Connection Between AI and Company Culture While discussing AI, it’s key not to forget about company culture. AI in the workplace can play a big role and help you improve your company culture, so let’s go over a few of the key points. It’s important for any business or organization to have a defined company culture, and AI can help you define it more clearly. Simply using AI for example demonstrates a forward thinking approach focused on innovation and progress, which can help define who you are as a company. It can also show that you’re determined to help employees. AI can be used to streamline their day-to-day and make their life easier, showing you’re committed to their wellbeing. It can also be used for training and team building, both of which show you are a business that cares about its employees. All of those things can greatly help define your culture. AI can also be a powerful tool when it comes to communication. Many AI tools have the ability to streamline communication and provide valuable insights, making communication more efficient and robust. Again, clear communication is an essential part of having a defined company culture. How to Implement AI at Work Now, you’re probably wondering “How do I implement AI at work?” But don’t worry; we’re going to cover some of the basics when it comes to AI in the workplace. Arguably the first thing you should be thinking about is ensuring the ethical use of AI. There are many ethical concerns when it comes to AI, whether that’s taking jobs from employees or plagiarism. As a leader working to implement AI, you need to be cautious and ensure that AI is being implemented ethically. Another concern is how to integrate it with existing systems. You already have a whole business with workflows, systems, procedures, employees, schedules, and more. If you’re going to introduce a new element (AI in this case), you need to carefully consider how to do so smoothly. Don’t haphazardly implement AI; figure out the details and specifics first. Before implementing AI, you also need to consider the needs of the business and its employees. Any AI you utilize should have a clear use case that addresses a need. Introducing an AI just so you feel like you’re keeping up with tech instead of introducing it for a specific need often goes poorly. To be clear, here are a few examples of beneficial and practical uses. Say you have a data analysis team that is focused on interpreting data to empower your decision making. However, they currently spend a lot of their time sorting through data before they can analyze it. Implementing AI could cut down on time spent sorting and give them more time to focus on analysis and interpretation. Another potential use is writing. Marketing departments for example have a lot on their table these days, especially with social media. However, writing is still a key part of marketing in many ways, and it can be time consuming. A marketing team might utilize AI to write rough drafts of product description or social media posts, allowing the team to focus more on other duties. Challenges and Considerations Before wrapping up, let’s talk about challenges and considerations. As mentioned before, implementing AI comes with concerns and potential problems. So let’s address those here. Tying back into the previous point about ethical concerns, employees will likely have concerns—particularly as it pertains to job loss/replacement. If you want employees to be onboard, you need to make it clear that AI is a supplemental tool and not a replacement for real humans. That can go a long way in easing their concerns. It’s also important not to forget the importance and value of human connections. AI is an incredibly powerful tool available to us, but so are the relationships we develop as co-workers and team members. They both have a place in the workplace, and it’s important not to overlook one or the other. Tying into the importance of connections, one way to mitigate concerns about AI is through team building. Team building can help bring employees together, instill confidence, unite them around a purpose, and create a sense of community. It can help show employees that you still value them, their skills, and see them as essential to the workplace for years to come. Events like Synergyk and Infinite Loop can help bring your team together and improve their skills, which can in turn mitigate some concerns about AI. These events also utilize AI-driven bots and VR as well, showing how these new tools can be used alongside teamwork to build connections and make your teams even stronger. Lastly, you need to be vigilant about monitoring and progress. Like any other new tool or program, you need to make sure AI is fulfilling its intended purpose and meeting expectations. You want to continually check its progress, look for improvements, and make adjustments as needed so it can achieve its full potential. Improve Company Culture with TeamBonding Though AI still isn’t perfect yet, it has quickly become an essential part of the workplace. That also means it is a key part of workplace culture. When utilized correctly, AI in the workplace can help you better your culture and make it a better place to work for everyone there. Don’t lose sight of the human relationships and connections that make your business unique and special. If you’re ready to improve your company culture, consider TeamBonding. We have over 20+ years of experience in the world of corporate events, and we have numerous events that can help you keep that human connection alive. So get in touch with us today and start changing your culture for the better.

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