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Mastering password management is essential for protecting your online accounts and ensuring the security of your sensitive information. In today’s digital landscape, where cyber threats are ever-evolving, implementing effective password management strategies is crucial. By following password best practices and utilizing password security measures, you can significantly enhance your protection against unauthorized access.
- Implementing strong password management strategies is crucial for protecting your online presence.
- Password security measures help address risky practices such as using weak passwords and sharing passwords.
- Password management solutions automate and streamline password-related functions, enhancing overall security.
- Certifications like APEC CBPR, BSI C5, ISO 27001, and GDPR ensure compliance and a higher level of security.
- Challenges in password management include interoperability, master password vulnerability, and security concerns.
The Importance of Password Security
Password security is crucial in safeguarding your online accounts and preventing unauthorized access to your personal information. In today’s digital landscape, where cyber threats are prevalent, implementing strong password practices is essential to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of your data.
One of the main reasons for emphasizing password security is to address risky password practices that put your accounts at risk. Using simple and easy-to-guess passwords, sharing passwords with others, or writing them down can all lead to potential breaches. By practicing effective password management techniques, such as creating strong, complex passwords and avoiding password reuse, you can significantly reduce the chances of being a victim of cybercrime.
Implementing a password manager is an excellent way to enhance password security. Password managers not only eliminate the need to remember multiple passwords but also encrypt your passwords, ensuring they are securely stored. Additionally, password managers can generate unique and complex passwords for each of your accounts, making it harder for hackers to crack them.
Key Benefits of Password Managers: | Key Benefits of Password Managers: |
Simplify password management | Generate strong and complex passwords |
Encrypt passwords for secure storage | Ensure compliance with regulations |
Protect against password-related breaches | Minimize password reuse |
It’s important to note that while browser password managers are convenient, they may come with inherent security risks. Therefore, it is recommended to use commercial or open-source password managers that have been specifically designed to prioritize security. These solutions offer robust features, including multi-factor authentication capabilities, to further enhance your password security.
By adopting password management best practices and utilizing password managers, you can significantly strengthen your online security and protect your personal information from unauthorized access. Remember to regularly review and update your passwords, as well as stay informed about the latest password management standards and certifications to ensure you are implementing the most effective strategies in safeguarding your online presence.
The Risks of Poor Password Practices
Neglecting proper password practices can expose your accounts to various risks, including unauthorized access and data breaches. One of the key risks is using weak passwords that are easy to guess or crack. Simple passwords like “123456” or “password” are commonly used and can be easily exploited by hackers. It is crucial to create strong, complex passwords that include a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters.
Another risk is the sharing of passwords. While it may be convenient to share passwords with trusted individuals, it can lead to security vulnerabilities. When passwords are shared, you lose control over who has access to your accounts, increasing the risk of unauthorized access. It is essential to keep your passwords confidential and avoid sharing them with anyone.
Not following password policies is yet another risk. Many websites and organizations enforce password policies that require a minimum password length, regular password changes, and restrictions on password reuse. Ignoring these policies can weaken the security of your accounts and increase the likelihood of a breach. It is important to comply with password policies and ensure that your passwords meet the specified requirements.
Importance of Password Complexity and Encryption
Creating complex passwords is crucial to protect your accounts from brute-force attacks. A strong password should be unique, lengthy, and unpredictable. Avoid using common words or easily identifiable personal information, as these can be easily guessed. Instead, opt for a combination of random words, numbers, and symbols that are difficult to crack.
Another essential aspect of password security is encryption. Password encryption ensures that your passwords are stored securely and cannot be easily deciphered even if they are intercepted. Encryption algorithms convert your passwords into a format that is unreadable and can only be decrypted with the proper key. By encrypting your passwords, you add an extra layer of protection to mitigate the risks associated with unauthorized access.
Risks of Poor Password Practices | Consequences |
Using weak passwords | Vulnerable to brute-force attacks and easy to guess |
Sharing passwords | Increased risk of unauthorized access and loss of control |
Ignoring password policies | Weakened account security and higher chances of a breach |
“A strong password should be like a fingerprint: unique, complex, and difficult to replicate.” – Anonymous
In conclusion, the risks of poor password practices cannot be overlooked. By creating strong, complex passwords, avoiding password sharing, and adhering to password policies, you can significantly enhance the security of your online accounts. Additionally, encrypting your passwords adds an extra layer of protection against unauthorized access. It is crucial to prioritize password management and implement best practices to safeguard your digital presence.
The Role of Password Managers
Password managers play a crucial role in simplifying password management tasks and ensuring the security of your accounts. With the increasing number of online accounts and the need for strong and unique passwords, relying on memory alone can be a daunting task. Password managers alleviate this burden by securely saving your passwords and automating the process of filling them in for you. This not only saves time but also reduces the risk of password-related breaches caused by weak or reused passwords.
One of the key advantages of password managers is their ability to generate strong, complex passwords for you. These passwords are typically a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols, making them highly secure and difficult to crack. By using a password manager, you can ensure that each of your accounts has a unique and robust password, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access.
Furthermore, password managers offer additional security features such as password encryption. This means that even if your password manager’s database were to be compromised, the stored passwords would remain encrypted and unreadable. Additionally, many password managers support multi-factor authentication, adding an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification, such as a fingerprint or a one-time code.
Password Manager Features | Description |
Secure Password Storage | Password managers securely store your passwords, encrypting them to prevent unauthorized access. |
Strong Password Generation | Password managers can generate unique and complex passwords for each of your accounts. |
Multi-Factor Authentication | Many password managers support multi-factor authentication, providing an additional layer of security. |
In conclusion, password managers are invaluable tools for simplifying password management tasks and enhancing the security of your online accounts. By securely storing your passwords, generating strong and unique passwords, and offering additional security features such as encryption and multi-factor authentication, password managers help you maintain good password hygiene and protect against unauthorized access. Consider implementing a password manager as part of your comprehensive password management strategy to safeguard your digital presence.
Exploring Advanced Password Management Solutions
Advanced password management solutions offer additional layers of security through techniques like encryption and multi-factor authentication. These solutions go beyond basic password managers, providing robust features to protect your digital accounts.
One key feature is password encryption, where passwords are securely stored in an encrypted format. This ensures that even if the password database is compromised, the actual passwords remain unreadable. Encryption algorithms like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are commonly used to safeguard your sensitive information.
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is another critical aspect of advanced password management. By requiring multiple forms of verification, such as a password, fingerprint scan, or SMS code, MFA adds an extra layer of defense against unauthorized access. This makes it much harder for attackers to compromise your accounts, even if they manage to obtain your password.
When choosing an advanced password management solution, it’s important to consider the level of security it provides. Look for solutions that prioritize encryption and offer robust MFA capabilities. Additionally, ensure that the solution aligns with industry standards and certifications, such as APEC CBPR, BSI C5, ISO 27001, and GDPR, to guarantee compliance and data protection.
Benefits of Advanced Password Management Solutions: |
– Ensures password encryption to protect sensitive information |
– Provides multi-factor authentication for enhanced security |
– Aligns with industry standards and certifications |
– Offers robust features to safeguard your digital accounts |
Advanced password management solutions play a crucial role in fortifying your online security. By incorporating encryption and multi-factor authentication, these solutions significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access to your accounts. Ensure that the solution you choose aligns with industry standards and certifications to guarantee compliance and data protection. With the right advanced password management solution in place, you can have peace of mind knowing that your sensitive information is well-protected.
Password Management Certifications and Standards
Certifications and standards are crucial in guaranteeing the reliability and security of password management practices. Compliance with recognized certifications demonstrates an organization’s commitment to implementing robust password management strategies and protecting sensitive information. Some notable certifications in the field include:
- APEC CBPR (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Cross-Border Privacy Rules): This certification ensures that an organization adheres to a framework that promotes secure cross-border data transfers and privacy protection. By complying with APEC CBPR, businesses can demonstrate their commitment to protecting user data in password management systems.
- BSI C5 (Cloud Computing Compliance Controls Catalogue): Designed for cloud service providers, BSI C5 provides comprehensive criteria for evaluating the security of cloud-based password management solutions. It focuses on areas such as data protection, access controls, and incident response, offering organizations reassurance in their choice of password management systems.
- ISO 27001 (International Organization for Standardization): ISO 27001 is a globally recognized standard that outlines the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an information security management system. Organizations that achieve ISO 27001 certification demonstrate a systematic approach to managing and protecting their password management processes.
- GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation): Although not specific to password management, GDPR plays a crucial role in safeguarding personal data. Compliance with GDPR ensures that organizations handle personal information appropriately, including the secure management and storage of passwords that contain personal data.
By adhering to these certifications and standards, organizations can enhance their password management practices, minimize the risk of data breaches, and build trust with their users. It is important to regularly review and improve password management processes to address emerging threats and maintain compliance with evolving standards.
Certification/Standard | Purpose | Scope |
APEC CBPR | Ensures secure cross-border data transfers and privacy protection | Asia-Pacific region |
BSI C5 | Evaluates security of cloud-based password management solutions | Cloud service providers |
ISO 27001 | Establishes, implements, and maintains an information security management system | Global |
GDPR | Ensures appropriate handling of personal data, including password management | European Union |
Challenges in Password Management
While password management brings numerous benefits, it also presents challenges and potential security vulnerabilities that need to be addressed. One of the key challenges is interoperability. As users have accounts across various platforms and services, it can become difficult to manage and synchronize passwords across different devices and applications.
Master password vulnerability is another concern. If an attacker gains access to the master password of a password manager, they can potentially unlock all the stored passwords and compromise multiple accounts. Ensuring the security of the master password is therefore crucial in maintaining the overall integrity of the password management system.
Security concerns also arise with the use of browser-based password managers. While convenient, these built-in features may not provide the same level of security as dedicated password management tools. Browser password managers have been known to be vulnerable to attacks such as phishing and keylogging, which can compromise sensitive login information.
Table: Password Management Challenges
Challenge | Description |
Interoperability | Difficulty in managing and synchronizing passwords across different platforms. |
Master Password Vulnerability | Risk of unauthorized access if the master password is compromised. |
Security Concerns | Vulnerabilities in browser password managers and associated risks. |
To address these challenges, it is important to implement best practices in password management. This includes using tools like commercial and open-source password managers, which offer advanced security features such as password encryption and secure storage. Regularly reviewing and updating passwords and avoiding password reuse also contribute to enhanced security.
Enterprises should have a cohesive password management strategy in place to reduce the risk of password-related breaches and increase productivity. This strategy may include the use of single sign-on solutions and multi-factor authentication, which add an extra layer of security to the login process.
In conclusion, while password management is crucial for protecting against unauthorized access, it is important to understand and address the challenges and security vulnerabilities associated with it. By implementing best practices, utilizing dedicated password management tools, and adopting advanced security measures, individuals and businesses can enhance their password security and minimize the risk of password-related breaches.
Mastering password management is a critical step in safeguarding your digital presence and reducing the risk of unauthorized access to your accounts. In today’s digital landscape, where cyber threats are prevalent, implementing a comprehensive password management strategy is essential to protect yourself and your sensitive information.
Password policies play a vital role in ensuring the strength and complexity of your passwords. By enforcing practices such as minimum character requirements, regular password updates, and prohibiting password reuse, you can significantly enhance your password security.
Single sign-on solutions offer another layer of protection by allowing you to securely access multiple accounts using a single set of credentials. This not only simplifies the login process but also reduces the likelihood of weak or easily guessable passwords.
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a powerful tool that adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts. By requiring additional verification steps, such as a fingerprint scan or a unique code sent to your mobile device, MFA ensures that even if your password is compromised, unauthorized access is prevented.
Remember, the landscape of password management is constantly evolving. Staying updated on the latest best practices, standards, and solutions is crucial for maintaining the security of your accounts. Regularly reviewing and refining your password management strategy will help you stay one step ahead of potential security threats.
What Are the Benefits of Using a Password Vault for Effective Password Management?
Using a password vault is crucial in the world of password vaults. It offers numerous benefits for effective password management. With a password vault, you can securely store and retrieve all your passwords in one place. It eliminates the need to remember multiple passwords, reduces the risk of forgetting them, and ensures your online accounts remain protected. Additionally, password vaults often come with features like password generation and auto-fill, further streamlining the process of managing your passwords.
Why is password management crucial in today’s digital landscape?
Password management is crucial to protect against unauthorized access and address risky password practices such as using simple passwords, sharing passwords, and writing them down. It also helps ensure compliance with regulations and facilitates the creation of strong, complex passwords.
What are the risks of poor password practices?
Poor password practices pose risks such as easy password guessing, unauthorized access, and potential data breaches. Neglecting password policies, using weak passwords, and sharing passwords increase the vulnerability of your accounts.
How do password managers help in password management?
Password managers securely store your passwords, eliminate the need to memorize them, and assist in generating strong passwords. They encrypt user passwords, reduce the risk of password reuse, and offer features like autofill and password synchronization.
What are advanced password management solutions?
Advanced password management solutions go beyond basic password managers by incorporating techniques such as password encryption and multi-factor authentication. These solutions provide enhanced security measures to protect your accounts.
Are there certifications associated with password management?
Yes, there are certifications such as APEC CBPR, BSI C5, ISO 27001, and GDPR that ensure compliance and security in password management. These certifications demonstrate adherence to industry-recognized standards.
What are the challenges in password management?
Some common challenges in password management include interoperability issues between different platforms, the vulnerability of master passwords, and general security concerns associated with storing and managing passwords.
What should be included in a comprehensive password management strategy?
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Table of contents:
- What is the association cortex?
- What is the general function of association cortex?
- What is the difference between primary and association cortex?
- Where are the association areas of the brain?
- Where is the visual association cortex?
- What are the 3 main functions of the cerebral cortex?
- What is the main function of cerebral cortex?
- What are the 4 parts of the cerebral cortex?
- What are the association areas of the cerebral cortex?
- Is the prefrontal cortex an association area?
- What are the cortex of the brain?
- Where is the sensory cortex?
- What happens if you damage your sensory cortex?
- What separates the motor and sensory cortex?
- Is the sensory cortex part of the frontal lobe?
- What part of the brain controls emotions?
- What is the sensory cortex most critical for?
- What is the visual cortex?
- Why is the visual cortex at the back of the brain?
- What does sensory cortex do?
- What does the auditory cortex do in the brain?
- What part of the brain is the auditory cortex in?
- What happens if auditory cortex is damaged?
- What part of the brain is for hearing?
- What part of the brain is for smell?
- What happens if the auditory association area is damaged?
- What is the secondary auditory cortex?
- What is the function of the auditory association area?
- What is the auditory pathway?
- What kinds of sound most strongly activate the auditory cortex?
What is the association cortex?
Association cortices include cortical areas that are located between visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices, which integrate generated auditory, visual, gustatory, and general sensory impulses. ... They may also be involved in planning motor functions and the modulation of sensory impulses.
What is the general function of association cortex?
Chapter 26The Association Cortices The association cortices include most of the cerebral surface of the human brain and are largely responsible for the complex processing that goes on between the arrival of input in the primary sensory cortices and the generation of behavior.
What is the difference between primary and association cortex?
Specific parts of the cortex is specialized for specific functions. Primary = direct processing of primary sensory or motor info. Performs the actual task of the region. Secondary/Association = plans & integrates info for the primary area.
Where are the association areas of the brain?
It is concentrated in three major regions: the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes; the territory near the temporal pole (under which the amygdala and hippocampus lie); and the forward part of the frontal lobe (including the frontal pole).
Where is the visual association cortex?
' Visual Association Cortex: located roughly between the “occipital” and “temporal lobes.” If this part of the brain is damaged you would continue to see things, but fail to recognize them as meaningful objects. (Goldberg, 24) The “primary visual cortex” projects to this area. It processes only vision.
What are the 3 main functions of the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is required for voluntary activities, language, speech, and multiple brain functions, such as thinking and memory. In addition to the neuron bodies, the cortex also contains endings of neurons that reach it from other parts of the brain as well as a rich network of blood vessels.
What is the main function of cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system. It plays a key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness.
What are the 4 parts of the cerebral cortex?
There are four lobes in the cortex, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.
What are the association areas of the cerebral cortex?
parts of the cerebral cortex that receive inputs from multiple areas; association areas integrate incoming sensory information, and also form connections between sensory and motor areas.
Is the prefrontal cortex an association area?
The prefrontal cortex is the association cortex of the frontal lobe. ... In the human, it constitutes more than one-quarter of the entire cerebral cortex. The prefrontal cortex is profusely connected with many other parts of the brain, notably limbic formations and cortical regions of the parietal and temporal lobes.
What are the cortex of the brain?
Cortex means "bark" in Latin and appropriately the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, made up primarily of grey matter. It is the most prominent visible feature of the human brain, and although it is only a few millimeters thick, it comprises about half of the weight of the brain.
Where is the sensory cortex?
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in a ridge of cortex called the postcentral gyrus, which is found in the parietal lobe. It is situated just posterior to the central sulcus, a prominent fissure that runs down the side of the cerebral cortex.
What happens if you damage your sensory cortex?
Damage to the sensory cortex results in decreased sensory thresholds, an inability to discriminate the properties of tactile stimuli or to identify objects by touch.
What separates the motor and sensory cortex?
Note that the central sulcus (sometimes referred to as the central fissure) divides the primary motor cortex (on the precentral gyrus of the posterior frontal lobe) from the primary somatosensory cortex (on the postcentral gyrus of the anterior parietal lobe).
Is the sensory cortex part of the frontal lobe?
The brain's parietal lobe is located immediately behind the frontal lobe, and is involved in processing information from the body's senses. It contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.
What part of the brain controls emotions?
What is the sensory cortex most critical for?
The somatosensory cortex is most critical for our sense of: touch.
What is the visual cortex?
The visual cortex is the primary cortical region of the brain that receives, integrates, and processes visual information relayed from the retinas. It is in the occipital lobe of the primary cerebral cortex, which is in the most posterior region of the brain.
Why is the visual cortex at the back of the brain?
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe of the brain and is primarily responsible for interpreting and processing visual information received from the eyes. The primary visual cortex (V1) is the first stop for visual information in the occipital lobe. ...
What does sensory cortex do?
The sensory cortex is defined as all cortical areas linked with sensory functions(1). In another definition, the sensory cortex is a section of the cerebral cortex which is responsible for receiving and interpreting sensory information from different parts of the body.
What does the auditory cortex do in the brain?
What is the auditory cortex and what does it do? The auditory cortex plays a critical role in our ability to perceive sound. It is thought to be integral to our perception of the fundamental aspects of an auditory stimulus, like the pitch of the sound.
What part of the brain is the auditory cortex in?
What happens if auditory cortex is damaged?
Extensive damage to the auditory cortex does, however, often induce a condition called auditory agnosia. ... Humans with damage to the auditory cortex may also experience difficulty in perceiving the ordering of simple sounds, suggesting a fundamental disorder in processing sound across time, a temporal auditory disorder.
What part of the brain is for hearing?
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates. It is a part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher functions in hearing, such as possible relations to language switching.
What part of the brain is for smell?
What happens if the auditory association area is damaged?
Damage to this portion of auditory association cortex impairs both the recognition of real sounds as well as the processing of everyday concepts for which sound features are highly important, such as “telephone” or “bell”.
What is the secondary auditory cortex?
Secondary auditory cortex (AII), which doesn't have clear tonotopic organisation but has an important role in sound localisation and analysis of complex sounds: in particular for specific animal vocalisations and human language. It also has a role in auditory memory.
What is the function of the auditory association area?
The auditory association area is a part of the brain that is found in Wernicke's area. It is responsible for processing acoustic (sound) signals that the brain interprets as sounds, speech or music.
What is the auditory pathway?
The auditory pathway conveys the special sense of hearing. Information travels from the receptors in the organ of Corti of the inner ear (cochlear hair cells) to the central nervous system, carried by the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). ... In addition, unconscious processing of auditory information occurs in parallel.
What kinds of sound most strongly activate the auditory cortex?
what kinds of sound most strongly activate the auditory cortex? Each cell in the primary auditory cortex has a preferred frequency. Many or most cells respond to complex sounds that include harmonics. Outside the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond to "auditory objects" that mean something.
- How do you write an association rule?
- What is association rule in machine learning?
- Is Association and correlation the same?
- How do you abbreviate association?
- How can you see an association between two categorical variables?
- How do you tell if there is an association between two variables?
- What is an association class?
- Is the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator ever zero?
- Where on the graph is the acceleration a 0?
- What is Kd and Ka?
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- What should be included in bylaws? | <urn:uuid:3253b5d7-a190-4ead-9bec-d765e2f37dc8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://psichologyanswers.com/library/lecture/read/520-what-is-the-association-cortex | 2024-02-26T17:27:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.930024 | 2,187 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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Many tools in a tradesperson's toolbox are designed to “take a beating"; hammers by definition belong in this category and is an essential tool in any toolbox.
The history of the hammer dates back to ancient times when the Romans also invented the forged iron nail. The Romans invented the claw hammer as a dual-purpose tool for pounding and pulling nails.
A simple tool by design, a hammer consists of the head and handle. The following article shares essential information that will explain the different types of hammers, the components of a hammer to keep in mind when selecting a tool, the proper use of a hammer, tips for driving a nail, and hammer safety precautions.
Soft Face hammer - a type of hammer to use when non-marring is important, such as cabinetry and other fine woodworking jobs. Soft face hammers feature replaceable tips made of nylon, rubber or plastic, and other soft compounds. You can buy a kit of replacement tips that includes ends of different harnesses, suitable for a wide variety of applications.
Claw hammers - this type of hammer features a claw at one end for pulling nails, and a striking face at the other end to drive nails typically into wood. The forged bevel allows the claw to slip under the nail for easy removal. Some models feature a dual bevel, the second bevel providing a secure grip of nails of various sizes.
The edge of the striking face is also beveled to avoid chipping during off-centre strikes. The striking face is smooth and slightly domed for correct off-center strikes and to avoid marring of the work surface.
Claw hammers are usually lightweight, with head weights ranging between 10 to 16 oz, tailoring them to the size of nail to be driven or project being completed.
Ball pein hammers - also known as machinist hammers, are used in metalworking to mould sheets of metal in various shapes and directions. The head features one flat face for driving nails and one hemispherical end for metalworking.
The head weight ranges from 4 to 48 oz, depending on the application. The flat end is used for setting rivets, driving punches, chisels and nails, and the ball end is used for shaping metal.
Framing hammer - this hammer has some distinctive features that set it apart from the similar looking claw hammer, that make it suitable for the demands of framing.
A framing hammer provides more force than accuracy. The head is heavier than the typical claw hammer, averaging 20 to 25 oz and the handle is longer, helping to drive nails with fewer strikes.
The head also features a grove and/or magnet for nail setting, which allows users to drive nails with one hand. The claw end of a framing hammer is straighter than claw hammers, ideal for prying wood boards apart. The striking face is waffled, helping to prevent accidentally bending of nails.
Sledge Hammers - is much heavier and bulkier than your typical hammer, and not often used outside demolition and construction applications. Typical uses include concrete stake driving, slab removals, and various demolition jobs.
Due to the long handle and heavy head, overstrikes are commonplace. Repeated overstrikes can pose a workplace danger as strikes to the handle and head can lead to injuries. Always wear protective gear and allow for adequate clearance when swinging a sledgehammer.
Rubber mallet - in the event damage to the work piece is a concern, the use of a hammerhead made of moulded rubber helps – making it a must have tool in any shop.
Rubber mallets are lighter and more versatile than claw and ball pein hammers and typically have a large round striking faces. Rubber mallets are used in outdoor projects such as installation, interlocking, since the head does not cause damage to the interlocking piece, and light tapping sets them in place.
Speciality Hammers - these hammers are uniquely designed to tackle specialised jobs. Speciality hammers include drywall hammer (for cutting and installing drywall), mason’s hammer (designed to cut and set bricks), upholster or tack hammer (designed for driving tacks in upholstery work).
Components of a Hammer
The quality of the material used for the head and handle components, and the proper head-to-handle weight distribution, make the difference between a quality striking tool and one that can pose a user safety risk.
When selecting the right hammer for any given application it is important to consider the following information regarding the two components of a hammer:
The handle is the component which connects the user to the tool. It greatly influences user comfort, while also playing a key role in the tool's overall function, durability and strength.
The most popular materials used are wood and fibreglass.
Wood is the traditional material used in handle construction. When you think of a hammer, you commonly picture a steel head and wooden handle. Wood has two significant advantages over fibreglass.
First, wood is able to absorb shock very well, which makes it more comfortable to operate. Second, professionals agree that hammers with wooden handles are better balanced than fibreglass ones allowing for smoother swings. On the downside wood will eventually rot, warp, break, shrink and become loose, especially if not maintained properly.
Fibreglass handles have become the new innovation in hammer construction, to the point where some manufacturers have stopped offering wooden handled hammers. The main benefit of fibreglass handles is durability; the handle will not shrink, rot or warp, and is almost impossible to break.
The main disadvantage of this type of handle is the shock absorbing capabilities, which cannot compete with its wooden counterpart. Although many manufacturers have implemented anti-vibration technologies for better shock absorption, wooden handles are still considered superior in this regard.
Regardless of the handle style, a quality hammer is properly balanced, with proper weight distribution between the head and the handle to allow smooth, effortless, and repetitive swings with very little effort.
Handles are typically connected to the head in one of three ways; chemically, mechanically, or a single unified piece. In a chemically bonded hammer the handle and head are fastened solely with the use of resins such as epoxy. Mechanical bonding means a physical component such as fastener or wedge are used to fasten the two components. A single piece hammer does not have bond but is rather made from a single piece of metal, where the handle and head are seamlessly unified.
In some rare exceptions, particularly in sledgehammers, manufacturers may use a double method of chemical and mechanical bonding to achieve a superior and unique connection.
The length and shape of the handle have an important role in the function of a striking tool. The longer the handle the larger the force generated for strikes. However, the longer the handle the less control the user has.
Handles can also feature grips of various materials, sizes, and shapes,all designed to increase comfort, improve grip, or dampen vibration.
The head is the component exposed to impact; hence its importance in the durability and overall quality of the hammer.
To withstand many years of repetitive use, the quality of material used to make the head is essential. Most hammerheads are made of steel, which provides the required durability and impact resistance.
Speciality hammers are made of various materials, such as plastic (soft face hammers), titanium (weight reduction), stainless steel (to avoid object contamination) or brass (to avoid sparks), depending on the hammer style and application.
For heads made of metal, achieving the correct hardness through a process called heat treatment is also very important; a head that is too hard will be brittle and chip easily. A head that is too soft will deform and dent easily.
Hammers of the same type are offered in a variety of head weights (usually expressed in grams, pounds or ounces). For example, a ball pein hammer can range in head weight from 4 to 48 oz. Lighter hammers are used for tasks that require more precision, control and finesse, while heavier heads are employed when more force is required.
Head functionality, although not always obvious to the untrained eye, are designed to accomplish much more than the basic task of driving a hammer into an object. Additional functionalities include the ability to hold or pull nails, shape metals, or pry wood boards apart.
Proper Use of a Hammer
Given its simple design and widespread use, the untrained user might think that using a hammer means pounding at the piece until the work is done. This “beginner technique” often leads to a tired arm, unnecessary damage, and serious injury.
Professionals are able to select and use the correct hammer for the task, and using it repetitively without tiring their arm.
The following procedure should lead to a quality “hammering” job:
- Get a good and secure grip on the handle. For jobs that require more force, grip near the end of the handle; for tasks that require more control and precision, grip the handle closer to the hammerhead.
- Ensure the hammer face is always parallel to the surface being hit.
- Swing from your elbow for power, and from your wrist for control.
- Let the weight of the hammer do all the work; with the properly selected hammer there is no need to apply your own force to perform the task.
- Focus on the piece being hammered, not the tool.
- Use smooth, repetitive blows; avoid glancing or sideways blows that can damage the piece being driven in or the surface being hit.
How to Drive a Nail
When drilling nails into some hardwoods, it’s good practice to drill a pilot hole before you start hammering the nail. This method makes hammering easier and prevents wood from splitting.
Grip the hammer in the middle of the handle, and hold the nail near the top between the thumb and forefinger of the hand not holding the hammer. If the nail is too small, use a piece of cardboard to hold it, while you hold the cardboard.
Tapping the nail lightly until it has sunk enough to stand on its own.
Using the centre of the hammer face, drive the nail in with smooth blows. Let the weight of the hammer do the work. The striking face should always be parallel with the surface being hit.
Hammer Safety Precautions
A hammer can become a very dangerous tool if not used properly. Follow the tips below to avoid injury to yourself and people around you:
- Use the right hammer for the job. Take the time to understand the different features of each model, head weight, or ask for professional advice related to your application.
- Select a hammer with a striking face diameter approximately 12 mm (0.5 inches) larger than the face of the object being struck (e.g., nail, chisels, punches, wedges, etc.).
- Always wear protection equipment (safety glasses, gloves, or face shield) when using a hammer.
- Always keep the striking face parallel to the surface being struck. Avoid glancing or side blows.
- Never use a hammer with a damaged head, as it can damage the piece being worked on and cause injury.
- Never use a hammer with a loose or broken handle. The head might detach from the handle causing injury. | <urn:uuid:d7cc30fa-6164-4e6a-874d-79fd69c0f16e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://shopdynamictools.com/blogs/news/what-you-need-to-know-about-hammers | 2024-02-26T18:30:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.939548 | 2,348 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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Are you confused about whether to call it a sled or a sledge? You’re not alone! Many people use these terms interchangeably, but there are actually some subtle differences between the two. In this article, we’ll explore the distinctions between a sled and a sledge, so you can confidently use the correct term in your conversations and writing. Let’s dive in and uncover the truth about these winter wonders!
Winter is here, and you’re ready to hit the slopes. But wait, what’s the proper name for that flat device you use to glide down the hill? Is it a sled or a sledge? While they may seem like synonyms, there are slight variations that set them apart. In this article, we’ll delve into the nuances between a sled and a sledge, so you can impress your friends with your newfound knowledge. Get ready to become an expert in winter sports terminology!
What is a Sled?
As an avid snow sports enthusiast, you may have come across the terms sled and sledge. While they are often used interchangeably, there are subtle differences between the two. Let’s dive into what exactly a sled is.
A sled is a popular winter recreational item that is used for sliding down snowy hills. It typically consists of a flat, smooth surface that allows for easy gliding. Sleds can be made of various materials such as wood, plastic, or metal, and they come in different shapes and sizes.
One of the key features of a sled is its lightweight design, which allows for easy maneuverability. They are perfect for both kids and adults alike, making them a versatile choice for winter fun. Whether you’re racing down a hill or simply enjoying a leisurely slide, a sled provides a thrilling and enjoyable experience.
Sleds can be used for various activities, such as sledding, tubing, or even carrying equipment in snowy conditions. They are commonly seen at winter resorts, parks, and in backyards. Many people also use sleds for transportation in areas with heavy snowfall, as they can easily glide across the snow-covered ground.
When choosing a sled, consider factors such as durability, speed, and handling. Some sleds are specifically designed for speed, while others prioritize stability and control. Additionally, there are sleds with handles for added grip and steering capabilities.
What is a Sledge?
As a snow sports enthusiast, you’re probably familiar with sleds and their many uses. But have you ever wondered what exactly a sledge is? Let’s dive into the details.
A sledge, much like a sled, is also used for sliding down snowy hills. However, there are a few key differences that set it apart. A sledge typically consists of a sturdy frame with runners, or sometimes skis, attached to the bottom. This design allows for better stability and control on the snow, making it perfect for more challenging terrains.
Unlike sleds, which are often lightweight and compact, sledges tend to be larger and may even accommodate multiple riders. This makes them a great choice for families or group outings. You can enjoy the thrill of racing down the slopes alongside your loved ones or friends, creating unforgettable memories together.
While sleds are known for their versatility and ease of gliding, sledges prioritize durability and handling. Their robust construction makes them suitable for heavier use and rougher conditions. So, if you’re planning an adventure-filled day full of excitement and fast-paced action, a sledge might be your best companion.
When choosing a sledge, consider factors such as the material, design, and weight capacity. Some sledges even come with steering capabilities, allowing you to navigate turns and curves with precision. This feature adds an extra layer of excitement and control to your downhill experience.
So, next time you think about hitting the snowy slopes, remember that you have two fantastic options: the trusty sled for a fun, carefree ride, or the sturdy sledge for a thrilling, adrenaline-pumping adventure. Regardless of your choice, be prepared for an exhilarating experience that will leave you with a smile on your face and a long-lasting love for the magic of winter sports.
Key Differences between a Sled and a Sledge
As an avid snow sports enthusiast, you know that choosing the right equipment can make all the difference in your winter adventures. When it comes to sliding down snowy slopes, the terms “sled” and “sledge” are often used interchangeably. However, there are a few key differences between the two that you should be aware of.
Design and Construction
A sled typically refers to a lightweight recreational item used for sliding down hills. It is made of a flat, smooth surface that allows for easy gliding. Sleds can be made of various materials and come in different shapes and sizes. They are versatile and suitable for both kids and adults.
On the other hand, a sledge is similar to a sled but has a sturdier frame with runners or skis attached to the bottom. This design provides better stability and control, making it suitable for more challenging terrains. Sledges are larger and can accommodate multiple riders, making them great for families or group outings.
Functionality and Performance
When it comes to functionality, sleds are great for recreational activities such as sledding and tubing. They are lightweight, easy to handle, and offer a thrilling sliding experience. Sleds are designed for speed, giving you the exhilaration of sliding down the slopes.
Sledges, on the other hand, prioritize durability and handling. With their sturdy construction and improved stability, they are suitable for rougher conditions and can navigate through various terrains. Some sledges even have steering capabilities, adding an extra level of excitement and control to your winter adventures.
Choosing the Right Option
When deciding whether to go for a sled or a sledge, it ultimately comes down to your preferences and the type of experience you’re looking for. If you’re after speed and a lightweight option for recreational activities, a sled would be the perfect choice. But if you want a more stable and durable option that can handle rough terrains and accommodate multiple riders, a sledge would be the way to go.
Understanding the differences between a sled and a sledge can help you choose the best option for your winter sliding adventures. Consider your preferences, the terrain you’ll be navigating, and the thrill you seek, and you’ll be ready for an exhilarating experience on the snowy slopes.
Similarities between a Sled and a Sledge
As a snow sports enthusiast, you know that choosing the right equipment is crucial for a fantastic day on the slopes. When it comes to winter sliding fun, you might find yourself debating between a sled and a sledge. While these two terms may seem interchangeable, they do share some similarities. Let’s explore these commonalities to help you make the best decision for your winter adventures.
Both a sled and a sledge serve the same purpose – to provide thrilling rides down snowy hills. Whether you opt for a sled or a sledge, you’ll experience the joy of gliding through powdery snow with friends and family. These winter companions are designed to bring laughter and excitement to your outdoor escapades.
2. Recreational Use
Another similarity between a sled and a sledge is that they are ideal for all ages. Whether you’re a kid at heart or enjoying a family outing, both options offer endless fun and entertainment. Plus, both sleds and sledges can be used for various activities, including traditional sledding, tubing, or even transporting gear across snowy terrain.
When it comes to durability, sleds and sledges are built to withstand the challenges of winter conditions. Both are designed with sturdy materials to ensure they can handle the weight and rigors of sliding on icy slopes. So, whether you’re hitting a leisurely hill or tackling more challenging terrain, both sleds and sledges are up to the task.
Remember, while understanding the similarities between a sled and a sledge is important, it’s equally vital to recognize their differences. In the next section, we’ll delve into the distinctions to help you make an informed decision about which option is best suited for you.
Now that you have a better understanding of the differences and similarities between a sled and a sledge, you can confidently choose the option that suits your winter adventures best. Both a sled and a sledge offer thrilling rides down snowy hills and are designed to withstand winter conditions. Whether you prefer the classic design of a sled or the sturdiness of a sledge, both options are ideal for all ages.
Remember, a sled typically refers to a lightweight, single-person device, while a sledge is a heavier, multi-person vehicle. Consider your preferences and the specific needs of your winter activities when making your decision.
So, whether you’re planning a fun-filled day on the slopes with friends or enjoying a snowy adventure with the family, a sled or a sledge will provide you with hours of exhilarating fun. Embrace the winter season, grab your chosen device, and get ready for an unforgettable ride down those snowy hills. Happy sledding! | <urn:uuid:3acc985a-c889-430c-8379-517ddb66fdf7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://skadisnowsports.com/is-it-a-sled-or-sledge/ | 2024-02-26T17:13:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.929287 | 1,935 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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] |
- Mold infestation can cause extensive damage to the structure of a property and the health of its occupants.
- Mold can grow on various surfaces and may be difficult to detect without professional assistance.
- Mold exposure can lead to respiratory issues, skin irritation, headaches, fatigue, and cognitive issues.
- Mold affects indoor air quality and can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that cause health problems.
- The mold removal process involves evaluating the extent of the infestation, conducting professional mold inspections, and selecting a reputable mold remediation company.
- Effective mold removal techniques include cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, air purification, and moisture control.
- Proper ventilation, humidity control, and maintaining a healthy indoor environment are essential for preventing future mold infestations.
Understanding the Dangers of Mold Infestation
Mold infestation is a common problem that many homeowners face, yet the dangers it poses are often underestimated. This hidden threat can silently invade your home, causing extensive damage to both the structure of your property and the health of its occupants. Mold thrives in damp and humid environments, making bathrooms, basements, and kitchens particularly susceptible to infestation.
The Hidden Threat in Your Home
Mold can grow on various surfaces, including walls, ceilings, carpets, and even furniture. It is often identified by its musty odor, discoloration, and a fuzzy or slimy texture. However, mold can also lurk behind walls and under flooring, making it difficult to detect without professional assistance. This is why it is crucial to be proactive in recognizing the signs of mold infestation and taking immediate action to address the issue.
The Health Risks of Mold Exposure
Mold exposure can have severe health implications, especially for individuals with respiratory conditions, allergies, or weakened immune systems. When mold spores are inhaled, they can trigger allergic reactions, including sneezing, coughing, and respiratory distress. Prolonged exposure to mold can lead to more serious health problems, such as asthma, bronchitis, and even pneumonia.
In addition to respiratory issues, mold exposure can also cause skin irritation, headaches, fatigue, and cognitive issues. It is particularly concerning for children, the elderly, and individuals with compromised health, as their immune systems may struggle to combat the harmful effects of mold.
The Impact of Mold on Indoor Air Quality
Mold not only poses a risk to your health but also affects the indoor air quality of your home. When mold spores are present in the air, they can be inhaled and lead to respiratory problems. Additionally, mold can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can cause a range of health issues, including eye and throat irritation, headaches, and dizziness.
To ensure a healthy living environment, it is essential to address mold infestation promptly and effectively. Professional mold removal services offer comprehensive solutions to eliminate mold and restore indoor air quality, providing peace of mind for homeowners.
The Mold Removal Process: Step by Step
When faced with mold infestation, it is crucial to follow a systematic approach to ensure effective mold removal. Here are the key steps involved in the mold remediation process:
Evaluating the Mold Problem
The first step in mold removal is to assess the extent of the infestation. A trained mold remediation specialist will conduct a thorough inspection of your property, identifying the affected areas and determining the cause of the mold growth. This evaluation helps create a personalized plan for mold removal and remediation.
The Importance of Professional Mold Inspections
Professional mold inspections are vital to properly identify the type and extent of mold present in your home. Certified mold inspectors use advanced equipment and techniques to detect hidden mold growth, such as thermal imaging and moisture meters. These inspections provide a comprehensive understanding of the situation, ensuring that all mold is effectively removed.
Choosing the Right Mold Remediation Company
Selecting a reputable mold remediation company is essential for a successful mold removal process. Look for a company that is licensed, insured, and experienced in handling mold infestations. A reliable company will have a team of skilled technicians equipped with the necessary tools and knowledge to tackle even the most challenging mold problems. Consider reading reviews and seeking recommendations to ensure you choose a trustworthy and professional service provider.
Effective Techniques for Mold Removal
Mold removal requires careful planning and the use of effective techniques to ensure complete eradication. Here are some key techniques used by mold remediation professionals:
Cleaning and Disinfecting Surfaces
Cleaning and disinfecting affected surfaces is an important step in mold removal. Professional mold remediation specialists use specialized cleaning agents and methods to eliminate visible mold growth. They also address concealed mold behind walls or under flooring by employing techniques such as dry ice blasting or chemical treatments.
The Power of Air Purification
Air purification plays a vital role in mold removal, as it helps remove mold spores and other airborne contaminants. Professionals utilize high-quality air purifiers and filtration systems to ensure clean and healthy air circulation throughout your home. This reduces the risk of mold recurrence and improves the overall indoor air quality.
Moisture Control: Preventing Mold Regrowth
Moisture control is crucial to preventing mold regrowth. Mold requires a damp environment to flourish, so addressing the source of moisture is essential. Professionals will identify and fix any leaks or water damage, improve ventilation, and recommend appropriate moisture control measures, such as dehumidifiers or moisture-absorbing materials. By controlling moisture levels, you can significantly reduce the chances of mold re-infestation.
Preventing Future Mold Infestations
While professional mold removal services can effectively eliminate existing mold, it is essential to take preventive measures to avoid future infestations. Here are some tips to keep your home mold-free:
The Role of Proper Ventilation
Ensuring proper ventilation in your home is crucial for mold prevention. Good airflow helps keep moisture levels low and prevents the accumulation of stagnant air, which can contribute to mold growth. Use exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens, open windows to allow fresh air in, and consider installing ventilation systems in moisture-prone areas.
Tips for Effective Humidity Control
Mold thrives in humid environments, so maintaining optimal humidity levels is essential. Keep humidity below 50% by using dehumidifiers, air conditioners, or fans. Be mindful of water-damaged areas, such as basements or attics, and take prompt action to dry them out. Regularly check and address any plumbing or roof leaks to prevent excess moisture and subsequent mold growth.
Maintaining a Healthy Indoor Environment
Creating a healthy indoor environment involves adopting a holistic approach to mold prevention. Regularly clean and maintain your home, paying attention to areas prone to moisture, such as bathrooms and kitchens. Use mold-resistant paint and materials when renovating or building. Additionally, it is essential to address any water damage or leaks promptly, as even small amounts of moisture can lead to mold growth if left untreated.
By implementing these preventive measures and staying vigilant for any signs of mold, you can minimize the risk of mold infestation and maintain a healthy home environment for you and your family.
In conclusion, mold infestation is a serious issue that can have detrimental effects on both your property and your health. Understanding the dangers of mold, following a systematic mold removal process, and implementing preventive measures are key to effectively dealing with mold infestations. By enlisting the help of professional mold remediation services and adopting mold prevention strategies, you can ensure a mold-free home and enjoy a safe and healthy living environment.
Question: What is mold infestation? – Mold infestation refers to the presence and growth of mold in an indoor environment, typically caused by excessive moisture and humidity. It can cause damage to the structure of a property and pose health risks to its occupants.
Question: How can I detect mold in my home? – Mold can often be identified by its musty odor, discoloration, and a fuzzy or slimy texture on surfaces. However, it can also hide behind walls and under flooring, making it difficult to detect without professional assistance.
Question: What are the health risks of mold exposure? – Mold exposure can lead to respiratory issues, allergic reactions, skin irritation, headaches, fatigue, and cognitive issues. Prolonged exposure to mold can result in more severe health problems, such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Question: How does mold affect indoor air quality? – Mold can negatively impact indoor air quality by releasing mold spores and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. Inhaling these can cause respiratory problems, eye and throat irritation, headaches, and dizziness.
Question: What is the mold removal process? – The mold removal process involves evaluating the extent of the infestation, conducting professional mold inspections, and selecting a reputable mold remediation company. Techniques for mold removal include cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, air purification, and moisture control.
Question: Why is professional mold inspections important? – Professional mold inspections are important because they can accurately identify the type and extent of mold present in your home using specialized equipment and techniques. This information guides effective mold removal and remediation efforts.
Question: How do I choose a reputable mold remediation company? – When selecting a mold remediation company, look for one that is licensed, insured, and experienced in handling mold infestations. Reading reviews and seeking recommendations can help you choose a trustworthy and professional service provider.
Question: How can I prevent future mold infestations? – To prevent future mold infestations, it is important to ensure proper ventilation, control humidity levels, and maintain a healthy indoor environment. This can be achieved by using exhaust fans, dehumidifiers, and addressing water damage or leaks promptly. Regular cleaning and maintenance are also essential. | <urn:uuid:4602a075-345a-4d0d-a203-b86e9ee22498> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://talkingpassions.com/the-complete-guide-to-mold-removal-services-say-goodbye-to-mold-for-good/ | 2024-02-26T16:51:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.921791 | 2,014 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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Aquaculture, also known as fish farming, is the fastest-growing food production system worldwide. Since 2016, it has been the main source of fish for human consumption, according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). But despite aquaculture’s successful role in providing a growing global population with protein, the environmental impact resulting from the industry’s quick expansion has raised sustainability concerns.
The FAIRR Initiative (an investor network focused on mitigating the risks from intensive animal agriculture) identified in a June 2019 report ten environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks linked to the industry, including fish feed supply, disease, forced labour throughout seafood supply chains, greenhouse emissions and fish welfare, among others.
A spokesperson from the Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) admits that if implemented poorly, aquaculture can harm the ecosystem: “However, if executed well through proper siting of farms, proper effluent management, proper stocking densities, etc., the impact on the surrounding environment will be minimised,” they added.
International non-profit the WWF agrees that the impact of aquaculture on wild fish populations, marine habitats, water quality and society can be significantly and measurably reduced if done responsibly. It is a space in which a growing groundswell of start-ups are innovating heavily, using a buzzword bingo collection of technologies to minimise aquaculture’s environmental footprint.
Speaking on a personal capacity, Alistair Lane, executive director at the European Aquaculture Society (EAS), says that start-ups are key to put into practice sustainability theories: “EAS is a mainly scientific network and the vast amount of knowledge generated to improve aquaculture production and sustainability can only create impact when used as the basis for new products and services [as the ones offered by start-ups], brought to the market for the benefit of the sector.”
How an Indonesian start-up helps shrimp farmers make sustainable business
Driven by strong domestic and foreign demand for fish products, Indonesia ranks among the top aquaculture producing countries and the industry intensity has resulted in a range of start-ups emerging with a focus on improving productivity and reducing waste across the sector.
As of December 2020, there are nine active Indonesian start-ups registered in Crunchbase. Among them is Jala, which captures data including salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen, through internet of things (IoT) devices to measure the ponds’ water quality. It also collects cultivation data via an in-house built web and mobile app that farmers can use in their fisheries.
“We then process the data and give the farmer insights about the condition of their cultivation, their shrimp growth and when is the right time to harvest based on the condition of the water quality, the shrimp feed consumption and also the growth of the shrimp itself,” explains Syauqy Aziz, co-founder and chief technology officer of Jala – which is now used by 7,000 farmers in 14,000 ponds, most of them in Indonesia. (The app is free on Google Play.)
One of Jala’s co-founders and current chair, Aryo Wiryawan, had worked as a shrimp farmer since 2001, giving him first-hand knowledge of the needs and demands that shrimp farming in Indonesia entails.
His insider knowledge has also been helpful at the time of designing and tailoring the Jala app to farmers’ needs. As he explains, when shrimp is not overfed, there’s less waste produced – waste that otherwise would go to the sea – and feeding can be optimised by tracking data across the ponds.
Jala offers a three-month intensive programme for shrimp farmers to help them manage their farms and make them sustainable; spanning water quality monitoring, cultivation data recording, and biosecurity.
“We speak to farmers, not only about cultivation, but we also share knowledge and education on how to create a sustainable farm,” adds Aziz.
The programme has run in three Indonesian regions – Banyuwangi, Lampung and Demak – and is currently entering its third shrimp life cycle. So far, the programme has resulted in a 25% increase in production.
Jala is also involved in the revitalisation of Dipasena, a central focus of shrimp production located in the Lampung province of the Sumatra Island. The area, which is one of the largest intensive farming regions in the world covering 17,000 hectares, has long been in decline due to socio-economic and environmental factors. Farmers there, says Aziz, operate without proper facilities and infrastructure: “When we started collecting data from the first cycle, we saw what farmers were doing and what their cultivation practices were.
“After that, we analysed the data and discussed with the farmers what they should be doing based on it so they can minimise environmental impact and maximise productivity from the second farming cycle.
“We then saw that the improvement of the harvest also resulted in improvement of the ponds’ environment.”
The Silicon Valley of aquaculture start-ups
Reducing the environmental footprint by maximising efficiency is also the approach taken by Manolin, an aquaculture start-up based in Bergen, Norway, which has been described as the “Silicon Valley of aquaculture start-ups”.
Manolin was founded by Tony Chen and John Constantino (CEO and CTO, respectively), two computer science graduates who met in Washington DC through a Craig’s List advert. After spending some time building an application to track the operations of an oyster farm in Virginia Beach as a hobby, Chen and Constantino decided to start a full-time career in aquaculture. During their search for funding they were introduced to Hatch, an investor of aquaculture start-ups, which run an accelerator programme in Norway.
“We flew out to Norway in the middle of December,” Constantino says. “It was a four-day weekend and we pretty much got a crash course of the industry and how everything runs here.”
The main difference that Constantino saw in Norwegian aquaculture when compared to the US is that in the former there are publicly accessible metrics thanks to the massive amount of data that farmers submit to the government: “In the US, we had to scrape through Excel spreadsheets from policymakers just trying to find whatever environmental data was available.
“Here in Norway, it was all available.”
After a start in oyster farming, Constantino and Chen focused on salmon, a highly valued fish in aquaculture. Then they developed a platform which helps farmers track, measure and predict using data analytics.
Constantino explains that essential to tracking was seeing data in a simple format as previous systems were old and are based on Excel spreadsheet exports: “People typically will lose these Excel spreadsheets and won’t understand what one person wrote versus the other.
He adds: “So data gets lost in translation and they spend a lot of time building these graphs when in actuality these are biologists and fish farmers; they shouldn’t be trying to analyse data consistently.”
Once tracking and measuring are completed, Manolin builds prediction models able to forecast potential diseases by analysing any anomalies in the feeding or the environment, which plays its part in the sustainability circle.
“We’re not prescribing things because I think when you start prescribing things, you get into a hairy territory of ‘our models are better than yours’. A biologist is going to know their fish better than any computer, but the computer can pick out things in the data that may be indicators for problems that are common in them,” says Constantino.
“The real problem we’re trying to solve is saving these farmers time because they spend too much of their time dealing with data, redundancies and unnecessary things.”
IoT and deep-tech testing the waters to achieve sustainability
Poseidon-AI is the brainchild of Dr Amaj Rahimi Midani, an Iranian ex-pat with extensive aquaculture and fisheries experience.
Based in Singapore, the start-up uses IoT and deep-tech to achieve food sustainability. Dr Midani created an algorithm using data given by fish farmers about the ponds’ water conditions, using sensors, cameras and other IoT devices. Farmers input the data into the Poseidon-AI app, which then goes to the cloud and then into the algorithm. With each fish species lifecycle – which can last between six and 18 months – the algorithm improves.
Once they share this information with the app, Poseidon-AI provides fish farmers with insights on the amount of food they should be feeding each species, growth and feed conversion rates, the maturity time of the fish, and the time that farmers can take their product to the market.
“With this simple but complex way of doing it, which combines affordable hardware and intelligent software to optimise feeding, we managed to save 20% of feeding costs for every aquaculture farmer in Southeast Asia and China,” says Dr Midani.
Farmers can buy Poseidon-AI’s tracking devices and then select the species they want to grow. They can then purchase a subscription and utilise other species’ algorithms for the period they are using it: “That’s why we call ourselves the Netflix of aquaculture, because we are the only agritech and aquaculture start-up that uses a subscription model based on the amount of savings for each pond, in each farm, under different environments and for different species.”
Thanks to Poseidon-AI’s sensors and its intelligent software, fish farmers can better control the environmental impact of the species their breed, monitoring the inputs and outputs. Inputs include what the fish are fed and other products given to treat the waters. Outputs can include what goes out of the fish, for instance, ammonia, an element which is not good for the fish itself but it can be good for the environment and agricultural purposes. However, once it reaches rivers of the ocean and is combined with other elements, it can have a negative impact, becoming the toxic principle of red tides.
“We want our algorithms to be used for aquaponics systems using rain waters and make them more sustainable.”
Dr Midani hopes that Poseidon-AI’s algorithm will play the role of experts for people so they can know and understand the basic physiology and environmental condition of the water and the fish itself so that the amount of feed they give is always optimised.
“This is how we are hoping to contribute to the blue economy around the world. We’ll have to wait and see whether we will be successful or not.” | <urn:uuid:27782f95-53fa-4e29-95e3-953dbb19ce0e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://techmonitor.ai/sustainability-data-centre/is-aquaculture-sustainable | 2024-02-26T17:05:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.95344 | 2,249 | 3.1875 | 3 | [
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“I do not think it is an overstatement that it appears just as important for California to have Mendocino preserved and guarded against encroachments as it was for Virginia to have Williamsburg restored and protected.” Civil History Chair of the Smithsonian Institution, December 1968
By the time I arrived in Mendocino in 1972, two of the most important environmental causes were well underway. I became aware of the Mendocino Conservation and Planning Foundation, a group formed in 1970 “active in the campaign to acquire the Mendocino Headlands and Ten Mile Dunes for inclusion in the State Park system to protect the areas from commercial and residential development.” I met several members and developed long term relationships with some, particularly Mildred Benioff, Lauren Dennen, and Bill and Gerry Grader.
“Geometry, Einstein said, is not inherent in nature. Our mind imposes it on nature.” Carlos Fuenrtes
The locally owned Union Lumber Company sold the Mendocino Headlands to Boise Cascade, a national corporation, in 1968. Many Mendocino residents were concerned about plans by Boise Cascade to develop the headlands with a hotel, condos and other commercial development. One of these residents, artist and activist Emmy Lou Packard, spearheaded efforts to save the headlands with petitions and letter writing campaigns. A bronze plaque, located on the headlands at the west end of Main Street, credits her with the vision and persistence to preserve the headlands.
“When word got out (in the late 1960’s) that the [Mendocino] headlands were going to be developed by their lumber company owners, artist Emmy Lou Packard mobilized a citizens’ group which succeeded in preserving the open space that surrounds the town. Eventually, the Mendocino headlands became a state park and the entire town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.” Via Magazine
I knew a little of Emmy Lou Packard from my time at U.C. Berkeley. The 85-foot-long concrete mural that is still in place on the Cesar Chavez Student Center at UC Berkeley, a bas relief made by Packard in 1959, is one of Emmy Lou Packard’s most enduring works of art. I admired it often during my time at Berkeley. The mural depicts California landscape features, including coastal bluffs, cultivated fields, mountains, and rivers. (Photo by Levi Bridges)
“Improvement makes strait roads, but the crooked roads without Improvement, are the roads of Genius.” William Blake
I had little idea at the time that meeting with the Mendocino Conservation and Planning Foundation would lead to my serving as an alternate to the California Coastal Commission, the Citizens Advisory Committee for the Mendocino Town Plan, and the Mendocino Historical Review Board. All I knew was that I admired Emmy Lou Packard for her art and for her activism and that the goal of saving the headlands appealed to me.
Emmy Lou Packard worked closely with the famous Mexican muralist Diego Rivera and his wife Frida Kahlo. At the age of 13, her mother took her to meet Rivera and his wife Frida. Rivera later recalled the beauty of the little girl “with the face of a French gothic angel plucked from the reliefs of Chartres.”
Years later that “little girl” met with William Penn Mott, Jr., the California State Parks Director appointed by Governor Ronald Reagan. This was the first of many long steps to save the Mendocino Headlands. With the ball beginning to roll, Packard turned over the laborious political job of drafting an historical ordinance and guiding it through the various County departments to her close friend, Mildred Benioff.
“Those people, who rallied around the idea of protecting [the headlands area] got me started on the idea of preserving the quality of Mendocino and getting the historic district set up. I felt it was the rather informal arrangement of everything — the little vacant spots in town where blackberry vines and nasturtiums were freely growing — which gave Mendocino a quality you don’t normally find anywhere. It wasn’t strictly formal but rather informal in character, kind of wild in a way.” William Penn Mott, Jr.
Not everyone was happy with the idea of an historical ordinance and a state park. “Basil Heathcote, Big River Judicial Court judge, was a vocal opponent who had a strong local following. Heathcote and fellow protesters also opposed the incorporation movement that was going on simultaneously. The opposition was angered by State Parks acting like “Big Brother,” telling them what to do with their town. If there was a demand for more commercial establishments, lodging and vacation homes, they argued they should “damn well be built.” And they certainly were not in favor of any new taxes. Some local residents even liked the idea of putting a hotel or resort on the headlands, saying, “It will give us a place to go dancing on Saturday night.” (Mendocino Beacon Part 1)
“Benioff remembers attending a county supervisors’ meeting to plead her case for the historic district ordinance and saving the headlands for a state park. Mott quoted her as saying, “It was the fourth time I’d made the 1.5-hour drive to Ukiah. He [Judge Basil] did all the talking and I was trying to get my turn, and one of the supervisors, who was the only woman on the board, said, Judge Heathcote, now it’s time we let the park lady speak.'” Benioff, who passed away in 2013, was known as the “Park Lady” from that moment on.” (Mendocino Beacon Part 2)
The Mendocino Historical Preservation Ordinance was passed in 1973, and that same year Mendocino was designated as a National Register Historical District. The Mendocino Headlands State Park opened the next year.
The opposition to the ordinance and the park did not end with the ordinance and the designation. Indeed, the arguments continue to this day. Environmental issues do not exist in a vacuum. They must be pursued as one of many of life’s concerns. My son, a forester, often reminds me that there’s a difference between conservation and preservation. Preservation is static while conservation is dynamic.
Mendocino’s resident naturalist, Jacques Helfer, wrote a weekly column for the Mendocino Beacon, Jacque’s Corner. More often than not he expressed loud criticism of the Historical Review Board, and he spoke for a certain local element who were annoyed and unhappy with what they deemed as unnecessary restrictions and outside influence. Ironically Helfer produced many interesting books on the nature and fauna of the Mendocino coast yet he opposed the government’s involvement in the efforts to conserve and protect the very resources that he personally claimed to cherish. Politics is seldom straightforward or easy.
While the save the headlands movement was progressing toward success, another movement was moving alongside it. John Olmsted was a naturalist, docent and educator at the Oakland Museum, UC Berkeley Extension and the Mendocino Art Center. Olmsted observed a unique geology and natural landscape along the Mendocino coast. At Jug Handle beach he found a rare living museum cascading upward and inland for two and a half miles where one million years of time and geologic uplift was visible in five terraces along what is now, after Olmsted’s hard work, the Jug Handle State Natural Reserve and Ecological Staircase Trail.
“We can ramble on and teach ecology forever but the meaning really of this discussion is there’s a great deal of education to be done where nature makes her laboratories. They aren’t everywhere.” John Olmsted
In the 1960s the Jug Handle area was threatened with logging and real estate development. Conservationist John Olmsted worked extensively with pedologist Hans Jenny and local activists to preserve the farmhouse and the bluffs between 1968 and 1972, ending in a landmark lawsuit Burger v. Mendocino Board of Supervisors, involving the Pacific Holiday Lodge corporation, who had planned a motel on the bluffs overlooking the beach.
On September 29, 1972, Olmsted organized a team of attorneys, concerned citizens, and environmentally conscious residents to obtain an injunction against a group of developers who saw the Pigmy Forest as useless scrub brush. They had already started to destroy this one-of-a-kind geologic formation with bulldozers before the injunction could be issued.
“They had a shot at stopping things that shouldn’t start.” Attorney Doug Ferguson
In the years ahead, my early years at the Sea Gull, I grew to know John Olmsted quite well. He would often drift through needing a meal or a room or a donation to help keep his project going. I remember joining him with a small group on a walk up the staircase where he explained with clarity and passion all we saw around us. Silly as it might seem, I’ve kept one small poem tucked away in my mind over the years.
Sedges have edges
Rushes are round
Grasses are hollow
Right up from the ground.
There are many versions of this ditty but the one I remember is the one I learned from John Olmsted.
John’s son, Alden, made a beautiful video with music by Gene Parsons, The Story of Jughandle. The video can be viewed HERE and I encourage you to watch it.
Gene Parsons, an original member of the Byrds, performed at the Sea Gull Cellar Bar while I was there. I believe the most important characteristic to be successful at achieving any goal is to understand how to connect with your audience. While there were and still are differences of opinion about development and conservation, use and protection of resources, most people do connect to the natural beauty of the Mendocino coast.
“Too many artists are contemptuous of the public,” said Emmy Lou Packard. “Art which loses contact weakens.”
“Somehow at 25 years old I just knew that that was where I wanted to spend my life,” says Erica Fielder in the Jug Handle film. “People have to fall in love with a place. It has to become theirs. And that’s how it’s going to be protected.”
There is one more friend I must mention (there are many but that’s for another day) whose genuine delight in the natural world helped frame my own consciousness. James Sandberg was a quiet, unassuming man, a beautiful man, who made some of the most powerful and moving sculptures of wildlife I’ve ever seen. He would often come by the Sea Gull and we would talk about his work and the wildlife that inspired him.
One day Jim dropped by without warning as he was like to do. Something was troubling him. He had an awkward look in his eyes. He finally found the courage to speak what was on his mind. He had been offered a chance to travel to Alaska to study the animals he loved in the wild. It was, for him, a once in a lifetime opportunity. But, there was no money. Jim, among all people, was very reluctant to bring this up.
He knew I liked his work although I had never been a collector. He proposed that I fund the trip up front and that, upon his return he would cast a bronze red-tailed hawk as a way to repay me. I was delighted with the idea. Hardly a day goes by that I don’t look at that hawk sitting in the family room of my house. It was a wonderful trade for both of us.
These are small stories, stories about how I was fortunate enough to connect with some incredibly talented people, and how I was able to watch some amazing things take place before my very eyes. I didn’t come to the Mendocino coast for a job or because I felt it was the right place to make big accomplishments. I came and I fell in love. I think of Mildred Benioff’s call home to her mother back East in Massachusetts after she’d seen the Southern California coast. “Ma, I’m not coming home.” I am home and I’m thankful for being there every day. | <urn:uuid:be941741-356a-4f78-aeae-f0e6f8a447dd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thinkinthemorning.com/two-state-parks-and-a-red-tailed-hawk/ | 2024-02-26T18:04:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.978339 | 2,618 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
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The principles and practices of managing and overseeing the components of the justice system, including law enforcement, courts, corrections and public safety.
When did the Supreme Court first meet? Select the correct one.
In 2003, the government responded to the perceived weaknesses of the Young Offenders Act (YOA) by replacing it with the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)
An idea that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultrual beliefs on whats right and wrong
Which article states "No child under the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factories or mines or engage in any other hazardous occupations".
The traffic regulations determine what is allowed and what is prohibited in the streets and avenues, and defines the sanctions in case the provisions are not complied with.
The Sixties Scoop was a brand of ice cream created by a famous Indigenous person on a reserve in the 1960's
There are psychological effects of profiling that can significantly impact young people into their adulthood
An individual who buys goods for personal use and not for resale is known as ________ (8 letters)
How are Supreme Court Justices selected?The ? nominates someone for a vacancy on the Court and the ? votes to confirm the nominee, which requires a simple majority.
A criminal justice perspective that asssumes that the system's components function primarily to serve thier own interest
The government had ordered the people of Delhi to switch from diesel to which gas?(Write short form)
Through ______,_________and _______ laws, the government can control the activities of induviduals. (Write it as Answer1,Answer2,Answer 3)
The 3 Powers of the Estate are judicial, executive, and _____________.
Compliance with the unrestricted of the law is known as _________.
When did the Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur ?
The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activites having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action.
What do you mean by the term 'Investment'?
True or False : There are laws to protect interest of consumers and producers.
Supreme Court Justices are confirmed by whose approval?
What is a minimum labour (Rupees) for a construction worker in your state?
Respecting the laws and what is done has this as a foundation.
The law against child labour was implemented in
____________ becomes even more important when the laws seek to protect the weak from the strong.
What is a minimum wage ??
Where in the Constitution is the Supreme Court stated
Who ensures that the laws are implemented?
The purpose of 'Conditional Release' is to test the offender?
True or False : Workers’ union is an association of workers.
A law enforcement or correctional adminstratice process offically recording an entrey into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, ther reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority
The RNR Model stands for ......
One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice
Union Carbide was a/an
A fromal written accustation Submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, Usually a felony
Who was the architect of the Supreme Court Building?
What is the name of the has that had leaked during the bhopal gas tragedy ?
Civl justice cannot be seperated from social juste.
No child below the age of ______ years shall be employed to work in any factory or mines.
Who decides how many Justices are on the Court? Have there always been nine?
In the eyes of the lay it is illigal to deny workers their ..........................
One factor influencing Intergenerational Trauma in Canada's First Peoples was the Residential School System
Fundamental rights are guaranteed by _______.
In India incident occurs rapidly because of
Do all of the Justices have to be present in order to hear a case?
What was the name of the company from where the gas had leaked in Bhopal ?
In which year was PENCIL implimented ??
What was the name of the survivor of the Bhopal Gas tragedy ?
A group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the ecidence and to determine whether there is suffiicient evidence to bring the accused person to trial
Who is a consumer ?
A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing
When was the Child Labour act amended by the government ?
What is the term used for a ten-year old child working in a factory?
Rules that guide the conduct of people in society and are sanctioned by an authority.
what is the full form of "PENCIL" ??
What is meant by a minimum wage ?
According to 2011 census, _______ million children aged between 5 and 14 work in various occupations including hazardous ones.
Who is the Justice that was Impeached and in what year?
What is the range of jail term in case of violation of the child labour ban ?
The power in charge of creating, modifying or annulling laws is the________.
Full form of CNG __________ _______ ___
The money spent to purchase new machine or building for gaining profits in future is called
Name the poisonous gas that leaked from Union Carbide's plant leading to a serious disaster.
What is The full form of NCLP ? (Write first letter of each word in caps)
Pumps at contaminated wells are painted______.
power looms are small looms with _____ looms
Where did the Court first meet?
Occupying a parking space intended for people who move in wheelchairs is NOT a breach of legality.
Strictly, the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which the identity of the defendant is establish, the defendant is informed of the charge and of his or her rights, snd the defendant is required to enter a plea
Do you think that the workers of Bhopal gas tragedy got justice . Explain your answer.
How many cases are appealed to the Court each year and how many cases does the Court hear?
Which type of pollution was cause by the Bhopal Gas tragedy?
............... was a surviver of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy .
A criminal justice perspectice that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders
What is the full form of PENCIL ?(Write first letter of each word in caps)
Act of breaking law means
How long is a term of a Supreme Court Justice?
True or False : Union Carbide, an American Company, produced soaps.
Give the right considering dignity and human rights.
Justice and legality are principles that are put into practice in many situations of daily life and strengthen the construction of a culture of peace and democracy in the school, family, community and country environments.
In criminal proceedings, the exmination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in a case for the purpose of convicting or acqutting the defendant
The period of safety training for workers was brought down from 6 months to ____________.
Probation & Fines are examples of Community-Based Sentences
Racial Profiling involves matching images of people from similar races
How do the private companies earn more profit?
Who owns the Union Carbide plant at present?
Making law is not enough government has to ensure that these laws are
New law on environment was introduced due to
set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specified crime.
To regulate the interaction between people and live together in harmony, norms and rules are required.
Where does the word 'penitentiary' originate from?
A crimal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components work together harmonisly to achieve the social product we call justice
Right to a healthy environment is intrinsic to the Fundamental right of
Money spent to purchase new machinery or buildings or training so as to be able to increase or mordernise production in the future
One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interest of society shoul take precedence over individual rights
What did the Union Carbide's Bhopal plant produce?
The Right against exploitation prohibits :
The Youth Criminal Justice Act replaced the ____________in ____.
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Shopee 3D Floor
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Difference Between Liabilities And Commitments Assessment Answer
• The definition is broken into parts
• Present obligation
• To pay to an external party
• This obligation is due to happening of a certain past event
• When the obligation will be fulfilled, it will result in an outflow of economic resources
• This obligation has provided certain economic benefit in the past or the benefit is in continuation
Certain things are required to be kept in mind
1. There should be a present obligation to pay to an external party
2. This obligation is the result of a past event
3. At the end there will be an economic outflow of resources
1.There should be a legal agreement. This agreement can be oral or written
2.This agreement should include that in case if any of the party to the contract will cancel the contract than it will compensate the other party for cancellation
3.The probability that the other party would succeed in any action to secure performance or significant compensation
Types of liabilities
1. Account payable or creditors which arises due to sale of goods and services
2. Interest payable that has got due or accrued
3. Salaries and wages that has got due or accrued
4. Vested vacation pay or any other kind of compensated absences that has got due or accrued
5. Obligation of employee pension
6. Employee benefits that have been accrued, this includes any accrued termination benefits; & amounts payable under guarantees and indemnities where events and amounts have become certain; & deferred or unearned revenue (where amounts have been received but have not yet met the revenue recognition criteria, such as where there are restrictions on use of resources); & transfer payments payable; & currency issued; & lease obligations related to capital leases; and & borrowings –
7. loan from bank including long term and short term
8. Long term debt
9. Loans and advances payable to other levels of government or government entities
When to recognize liabilities?
There are two conditions to be satisfied in order to recognize the liability in the financial statements:
1. It is certain or one can say probable that in future any outflow of economic resources will be required. Resources are termed as benefits.
2. The liability can be measured accurately and reliably.
What is the difference between commitment and liabilities?
Commitment has intention to give up future economic benefit. The basic difference between liabilities and commitment is “Present Obligation”.
Let us understand with an example
When in a board meeting the directors comes to a conclusion that they need to purchase a machine or need to invest in certain project then this is termed as commitment. They have not created a contract with the supplier. They have just come to a conclusion that they will do it. This is where I said that commitment lacks present obligation. In case the directors enters into a contract with the supplier than it becomes a liability. Commitment is a part of liability.
Measurement of a liability
1.Expected Loss Technique: Chartered Financial Institute provided its support for an expected value or expected loss technique. This is a means of measuring obligations with uncertain outcomes. CFA supports due to the reason that the expected loss method has the consideration of the impacts of events and losses throughout the life of the contract. They do not support the incurred loss model because it recognizes the loss only when it occurs.
Our view is that an expected loss model should produce liability measurements that are a better reflection of the estimation of pricing assumptions in contracts and the range of possible outcomes related to non-contractual obligations.
2. Risk Margin Method: Under this method the liability is adjusted for risk. The comment letter of CFA indicated that they believed that the liability should be adjusted for risk factor. This is a means of measuring obligations with uncertain outcomes In case if we do not consider the risk factor one cannot reflect the market price. As the market price includes all uncertainties that are inherent in assuming the obligations. But this draft was having a lack of clarity deciding how to calculate and apply risk margins and how to measure risk. In such a case the risk should be specifically ascertained and not to be included into discount rates or estimated cash flows. In case if the risk factors are included in the liabilities then it will be difficult to compare the results of one entity with the other. In certain cases it may lead to inaccurate results.
3. Profit Margin Method: The market based prices includes the profit element for two things. This is a means of measuring obligations with uncertain outcomes One is measuring cost and the other is fulfilling their obligations.
4. Discount Rate: We believe that the expected outflows estimated to fulfil an obligation should be discounted to their present value using rates that reflect the time value of money and risks specific to the liability as specified in the Exposure Draft; however, we commented that the Exposure Draft needs to be more explicit on what the discount rate should incorporate. In our view, the proposed standard should better describe the relationship among the characteristics of the liability including the risk of uncertainty (risk margin and/or market risk premium), the obligor’s own credit risk and the risk-free rate. This is a means of measuring obligations with uncertain outcomes.
Some people are of the view that legally enforceable agreements and obligations specifically resulting from binding contracts are liabilities. This is due to the existence of reciprocality or exchange transactions or as a result of unpaid part of liability under non reciprocal or non exchange transactions. In certain cases like contract made by the government with any third party, the government can change the law and make the contract voidable or void ab initio. The government is the supreme law making body so it is up to the government to do what it likes and to ignore and undo what it does not.
So the liabilities are defined as follows
Present obligation to pay to an external party, this obligation is due to happening of a certain past event, when the obligation will be fulfilled, it will result in an outflow of economic resources. This obligation has provided certain economic benefit in the past or the benefit is in continuation. Certain things are required to be kept in minds which are; there should be a present obligation to pay to an external party and this obligation is the result of a past event. At the end there will be an economic outflow of resources.
Exposure Draft. 2010. Financial Liabilities: Classification and Measurement Fair Value Option. Reviewed on 28th January 2015. https://www.ifrs.org/high-level-summaries/documents/snapshotedfairvalueoptionforfinancialliabilities.pdf
CFA Institute. 2010. Measurement of Liabilities under IFRS. Reviewed on 28th January 2015 https://www.cfainstitute.org/ethics/Documents/Research%20Topics%20and%20Positions%20Documents/issue_brief_20100630.pdf
Public Sector Committee. 1995 Accounting for and Reporting Liabilities. 1995. Reviewed on 28th January 2015 https://www.ifac.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/study-6-accounting-for-a.pdf
Standard Chartered Annual Report. 2011. Contingent liabilities and commitments. Reviewed on 28th January 2015. https://reports.standardchartered.com/ar2011/financialstatements/notes41-48/42contingentliabilitiesandcommitments.html
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] |
The irony for Meghan Glaser was that she was already checking for a bicyclist–the one to her right, stationary at a stop sign in the coastal La Jolla neighborhood near San Diego. She never saw the two cyclists on her left, high-school students who’d blown through their own stop and were trying to beat her car through the intersection. The cyclist in front cleared her; the second clipped her front bumper with his rear tire and went flying.
It was just a road rash, thankfully, mostly knees and elbows. The student popped up immediately and appeared otherwise fine, and he was wearing a helmet. But when Glaser later looked at dashboard video from a car that happened to be nearby when the incident occurred, she was deeply shaken.
“Honestly, I was going fast enough and they were going fast enough that it could have been fatal,” she told me. “I never saw them because they were going so fast.”
Meghan Glaser’s assessment wasn’t wrong. The boys were blasting through the intersection at a speed neither of them likely would ever reach on a conventional bicycle. The lead cyclist was on an electric bike, with the trailing cyclist hanging on to it with one hand and steering his bike with the other. They really were going fast enough that something far worse could have occurred.
Increasingly, some trauma specialists say that is precisely what they’re seeing. Though the record-keeping on severe e-bike injuries is spotty, both anecdotal evidence and emergency, trauma, and orthopedic department interviews suggest that we’re on the front edge of a new order of danger on both bike paths and roadways.
A surge in sales–and injuries
“I honestly believe that we probably are only seeing the tip of the iceberg,” says Dr. Marko Bukur, medical director of trauma at New York’s Bellevue Hospital and himself an avid cyclist. “A lot of the injuries that are coded (in the electronic medical record) as conventional powered devices are probably e-devices.”
While reliable numbers are elusive, the pattern isn’t. According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), estimated emergency department visits due to micromobility products (e-bikes, e-scooters and hoverboards) more than doubled from 2017 to 2021. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), meanwhile, counted 53 deaths from e-bike accidents from that same period and it decried the “lack of complete, consistent and reliable data” that likely leads to vast underestimations of the actual statistics. The NTSB’s report noted that “fatalities associated with e-bike ridership have also increased exponentially.”
Data from other countries are concerning, too: in the Netherlands, e-bikes were responsible for 27% of all fatal bicycle accidents in 2017; in Israel, electric-powered bikes and scooters accounted for 3,686 hospital admissions between 2014 and 2019; and a Dutch study found that e-bike riders were 1.6 times more likely to wind up in the emergency department than riders of regular bikes.
Those statistics will likely continue to balloon. E-bike sales are taking off, as people increasingly flock to the idea of a bicycle that can be pedaled, but with the motor doing the work when wanted or needed. E-bikes can take riders from 20 mph to nearly 30 mph. That top speed is faster than the average Tour de France rider–and the kind of velocity an average cyclist would never attain on their own.
In the U.S. alone, almost 900,000 e-bikes were sold in 2021, a near doubling of sales from just one year earlier. According to a report by the National Bicycle Dealers Association, total sales revenues surpassed $1.3 billion in 2022, a 33% increase from the previous year.
“It’s opened up the world to a wide range of individuals,” says Tracy Sheffer, the co-owner of the e-bike retailer Pedego La Jolla. “Kids that used to sit in the house and play video games all day are now on electric bikes and they’re getting out and getting active.”
Industry analysis suggests that a surge of interest from baby boomers is also driving demand. But for teen and retirees alike, these are residential-street auto speeds–and trauma specialists say it’s more than enough locomotion to produce severe injury.
‘We are really seeing the gamut’
People who are injured in e-bike accidents don’t look like people in conventional bicycle mishaps, according to trauma surgeons in larger metro areas where e-bikes are becoming legion.
“The vehicle is heavier. I consider it a vehicle,” says Dr. Joseph Patterson, an orthopedic trauma surgeon with Keck Medicine of USC in Los Angeles. Generally, e-bikes weigh between 50 and 80 pounds. “The patients are ejected at higher speed, but unlike most motorcycles, they’re not wearing protective equipment. There’s (often) no helmet law for them.”
“Patients have fractures that are more likely to be open, where the bones come out of the skin. We’re seeing a higher instance of polytrauma, meaning more than one part of their body or more than one organ system is seriously injured. We’re seeing more serious injuries overall, patients needing to come into the hospital for longer and needing more surgeries.”
To Patterson, who says the incidence of such e-bike accidents “is clearly going up,” these injuries resemble those sustained in motorcycle crashes rather than in standard bike collisions or falls. And Dr. Charles DiMaggio, director of injury research at NYU’s Langone Department of Surgery and author of a widely circulated analysis of data from 2000-2017, says e-bikes “were three times more likely to result in hospitalization when compared to traditional pedal cycles, with many e-bike related hospital discharges coded as internal injuries.”
“We are really seeing the gamut,” Bellevue’s Bukur told me. “This includes head and neck injuries, traumatic brain injury, spine fractures, chest injuries, solid organ injuries and extremity fractures, of course. We have had a plethora of people that have been on e-powered devices and definitely getting banged up really bad. I mean, ICU level of care.”
To these specialists, the risks are obvious. Older riders may have slower reaction times, are more prone to serious injury, and don’t bounce back as quickly from accidents. Younger riders have likely never been on anything as fast as an e-bike and have limited decision-making skills in rapidly changing settings, as Meghan Glaser discovered in La Jolla. They are also industrious: There are already plenty of videos explaining how to hack e-bike motors to go much faster than 30 mph.
Add in risky and dangerous behaviors such as drunk biking, “retrograde cycling”, ignoring traffic lights, and using cell phones while e-cycling, and you have a recipe for disaster. A Chinese study found links between these behaviors and e-bike related traffic injuries.
“I’ve seen kids younger than teenagers riding them. I’m not happy when I see that,” says Dr. Gabe Wardi, a practicing emergency and critical care physician at UC San Diego Health. “This is a motorized vehicle that goes on the road (with cars), which is not ideal for someone who’s 12 or 13, but these kids also take full advantage of the fact that you can cut through neighborhoods on paths where you’re supposed to either walk or be on a non-motorized bicycle. They probably don’t know the rules of the road.”
E-bikes are not bicycles
In the U.S., there’s a near-total absence of cohesive policies or regulations to deal with that reality. This is a product that, administratively at least, doesn’t fall neatly into any single category.
In many states, e-bikes are placed in the same category as conventional bicycles, and riders are thus required to wear only a bike helmet-and even then, only within certain age ranges in many states. Other states have outdated laws that don’t include a classification for e-bikes at all. The CPSC, meanwhile, regulates them as traditional, human-powered bikes, and the federal government explicitly excludes them from any motor vehicle category.
That leaves much of the regulatory responsibility to local governing bodies, with a resulting crazy quilt of rules. In some cities or states, e-bikes have access to bike paths and bike lanes. In others, they ride the road in front of and behind full-size cars. In most states, they are exempt from registration or licensing requirements.
The industry trade group PeopleForBikes wants the three common classes of e-bikes regulated strictly as bicycles. But the rising incidence of inuries and fatalities calls for a close examination of other options.
There is a public safety interest. In DiMaggio’s study, e-bike accidents were three times more likely to involve a collision with a pedestrian than either traditional bikes or powered scooters. (Again, think speed.) And because U.S. infrastructure lags so far behind developments like this, there aren’t enough dedicated bike lanes in major cities-a common theme that, of course, predates the e-bike movement by decades.
“You have to put the infrastructure there for people to use it,” says Elizabeth Bowersox, program director of the San Diego Bike Coalition. “The city has to take that initiative first and put that infrastructure there, and then people will use it.”
That’s one area in which to work, but it requires a long-term view. In the meantime, strict helmet laws must be enforced, encourage the use of protective gear and authorities must consider either licensing/certification requirements or mandatory education-especially for renters.
“There needs to be a classification for something between a motor vehicle and motorcycle and a regular bicycle,” says USC’s Patterson. “And I know California law; it’s based on wattage and maximum speed. But, I’m not sure if that’s protecting people…I’m seeing them come in at speeds of 30 to 40-plus, sometimes 50 miles an hour.”
This may feel like a major-metro issue, but it won’t be long before communities across the country are dealing with the ramifications of the e-bike explosion. This is the fastest-growing segment of the bike industry by sales, and the proliferation of bikes capable of traveling at car speeds cannot be safely ignored.
“The helmet is definitely warranted, and I think there’s probably going to have to be an age restriction or a minimum age on at least some of them,” says Dr. Linda Dultz, a trauma surgeon and director of Parkland Health’s surgical intensive care unit in Dallas. “I can’t imagine a 13-year-old being able to drive something that can go 25 to 30 miles an hour in the middle of a road. It just doesn’t seem safe.”
This article originally appeared on Fortune.com https://fortune.com/2023/05/08/next-wave-of-virus-detection-pandemic-dogs-health-carolyn-barber/ | <urn:uuid:aea6af6e-1af7-427d-93b3-2260e027c666> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.carolynbarbermd.com/e-bike-injuries-were-only-seeing-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-trauma-experts-warn/ | 2024-02-26T18:22:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.97244 | 2,457 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
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Healing Health Care Finances
Finance & Development,
Health care presents a daunting fiscal challenge, but reforms can help manage the growth of spending fairly and efficiently
HEALTH care reform is tricky. Access to affordable health care is of paramount importance, but paying for it can put enormous pressure on government budgets. Fortunately, a number of reform options are available to countries that face those pressures or seek to avoid them in the future.
Experience in advanced economies shows that a combination of tighter budget controls and efficiency-enhancing reforms of health care systems can help preserve access to high-quality health care while keeping public spending in check. In emerging economies, improving efficiency is also important, but some can afford further increases in public spending. All countries should ensure equitable access to basic health care services and spend more efficiently on public health.
Sharp increases in the past
Total health care spending in advanced and emerging economies rose markedly in recent decades, largely because of aging populations and technological advances. Real per capita health spending has quadrupled in advanced economies since 1970, with two-thirds of this increase a result of public spending. Public health spending rose by 4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), accounting for half the rise in total government spending. In emerging economies, total health spending over the same period rose, but more moderately—from less than 3 percent of GDP to about 5 percent—with about half the increase attributable to public outlays. The lower ratios in the emerging economies reflect a combination of competing expenditure needs and constrained revenue-raising capacity. Public spending ratios were lower in emerging Asia than in emerging Europe and Latin America, because public insurance coverage and benefit packages are less extensive in Asia.
The increase in public health spending over recent decades varied substantially across countries (see Chart 1). Among the 21 advanced economies for which data were available, between 1980 and 2008 public health spending increases exceeded 2.5 percent of GDP in 6 countries and were less than 1.5 percent of GDP in another 6. Among the 23 emerging economies, the public health spending ratio increased by more than 1 percent in 4 countries between 1995 and 2007 and actually fell in 6.
Stressing the system
Public health spending ratios are projected to increase over the next two decades (see Chart 2). For the advanced economies, our projections are based on analysis of country spending trends between 1980 and 2008; for emerging economies, we assumed costs would grow as they had on average between 1995 and 2007. We also incorporated the effect of demographic changes on future health care spending in the projections for both advanced and emerging economies.
Public health spending ratios in advanced economies are projected to continue climbing, rising on average by 3 percent of GDP over the next 20 years. Spending is projected to increase by more than 2 percent of GDP in 14 of the 27 advanced economies, at a time when countries will need to reduce budget deficits and public debt ratios in the wake of the global financial crisis. The outlook is particularly grim in the United States, where public health spending is projected to rise by about 5 percent of GDP over the next 20 years, the highest among advanced economies. And in Europe, public health spending is expected to rise by 2 percent of GDP on average—and more than 3 percent in seven countries.
In emerging economies, public health spending is projected to rise by 1 percent of GDP over the next 20 years, one-third of advanced economies’ projected increase. Consistent with past trends, spending is projected to rise by 1½ percent of GDP in both emerging Europe and Latin America; in emerging Asia, increases are expected to be about half that amount, reflecting in part low initial levels of spending in these countries.
Containing public spending
Recent health care reforms in advanced economies are unlikely to alter long-term public health spending trends. In the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 introduces a sweeping reform that will expand health insurance coverage but is expected to reduce the budget deficit, primarily through increased payroll taxes on individuals and families with relatively high incomes and an excise tax on generous health care plans. While these reforms can expand access, the envisaged savings on health care spending are small and remain highly uncertain. In Europe, plans to cut government employment and compensation could reduce health care spending in the short term, but their long-term effect is uncertain.
The most promising strategies to contain spending in advanced economies involve a mix of instruments to contain costs and reforms to improve spending efficiency:
•Budget caps with central oversight are a powerful tool for restraining expenditures. Among the countries with the lowest public spending increases in the past, Italy, Japan, and Sweden rely more on budget caps. Setting budgets for hospitals and other health care institutions based on reasonable and objective expenditure projections, as opposed to simply reimbursing all spending, can help contain spending growth. Such targets are most effective when applied broadly: partial constraints encourage expenditure increases in areas without caps. For example, if only inpatient hospital spending is limited, expenditures on outpatient clinics may increase.
•Public management and coordination of health care services help control health care costs by screening out unnecessary services. For example, gatekeeping, through which a primary care physician manages a patient’s health care services and coordinates referrals to specialists, is widely considered crucial to constraining the growth of costly hospital treatment. Countries with low spending growth that make extensive use of gatekeeping include Denmark and Italy.
•Local and state government involvement in key health resource decisions can help tailor services to local conditions, increasing spending efficiency. It can also help control growth in expenditures when coupled with increased responsibility, so that local governments bear the cost of health care inefficiencies or overruns. Canada and Sweden have combined extensive local government involvement with low-cost growth.
•The use of market mechanisms in the health care system—increasing patient choice of insurers, allowing greater competition between insurers and providers, and relying on more private services—can help reduce costs by improving the efficiency of the health care system. Germany and Japan score relatively high in this area and have enjoyed low spending growth in the past. Moving away from simple reimbursement of provider costs toward more sophisticated management and contracting systems that include built-in incentives for providers to minimize waste and improve services also enhances spending efficiency. Examples of such contracting reforms include payment for health services based on “diagnostic related groups,” which specify treatment protocols for a given set of medical conditions and provide an associated price schedule. These have been used with relative success in Germany and Italy.
•Reforms that increase the share of costs borne by patients, through either higher copayments or expanded private insurance, have also been successful in containing the growth of public health spending. Australia, Canada, and France rely heavily on private insurance for services not covered by the public package. In all countries, cost-sharing policies raise concerns about fairness and must be accompanied by measures to ensure that the poor and chronically ill retain access to basic health services.
•Restricting the supply of health inputs or outputs—for example, by rationing high-technology equipment—can, to some extent, reduce the growth of public health spending. Canada and France rely on such controls and are among the countries with low spending growth. But supplier responses can erode direct price controls on medical inputs or outputs (such as drugs or wages of health care providers): for example, primary care providers may direct patients to more expensive hospital care in response to price or quantity controls. In practice, therefore, price controls have often proved ineffective in containing health care costs. And while giving users more information about the quality and price of particular health care services may increase the quality of medical services, it has not helped contain spending.
We used various techniques, including case studies and regression analysis, to examine the potential for health care reforms to contain rising costs. The case studies provide country-specific examples of successful reforms, and regression analysis helped quantify the impact.
Our analysis shows that such reforms could significantly reduce the fiscal burden of health care over the next 20 years (see Chart 3). We assume countries that now score below the mean on the health system characteristics that reduce spending—such as the use of budget caps—are raised to the mean. The results suggest that the introduction of market mechanisms can be powerful, yielding savings of about ½ percent of GDP. Improving public management and coordination can reduce spending by only a slightly lower amount. The analysis also underscores the importance of tighter budget controls and greater central oversight, which can reduce spending by ¼ percent of GDP. Finally, the simulated impacts of demand-side reforms, such as the use of cost sharing, are small but not negligible. The relative importance and desirability of each of these reforms will vary across countries, depending on their current health care system.
The impact on people’s health will of course be an important consideration as policymakers grapple with the challenges of health care reform. Fortunately, most of the promising strategies we describe above can increase the health care system’s responsiveness to patients’ needs while taming spending. The large inefficiencies in spending in many countries suggest there is much room to contain cost increases without compromising health.
Health care reform requires continuous monitoring and refinement based on current data about the behavior of providers and patients, if costs are to be contained over the long term. Successful cost-cutting calls for continuous tweaking and reformulation of reform initiatives as players adapt to the new rules of the game and find ways around them. Reforms’ effectiveness must be watched carefully to ensure that providers, insurers, and patients are responding as expected to cost-cutting incentives.
Greater emphasis on preventive care could also help slow the growth of health care spending. Health is affected by factors other than public health spending, including individuals’ income and personal habits. Governments can play an important role in promoting good health habits by encouraging people to stop smoking, use alcohol in moderation, eat better, exercise more, and drive carefully. Market mechanisms can also have an impact. For example, linking cost sharing or insurance premiums to obligatory regular checkups can reinforce preventive care and help contain spending.
While the estimated impact of the proposed reforms is substantial, it may not be enough to stabilize ratios of public spending to GDP, especially in countries where large spending increases are projected. In that case, additional efforts (beyond a movement to the mean performance on these health system characteristics) would be needed to stabilize public spending ratios, including spending cuts in other, non-health-care, areas or increases in revenue.
Diverse challenges in emerging economies
Emerging economies, where average life expectancy is lower and infant mortality higher, face different public health spending challenges than advanced economies. Emerging economies can learn valuable lessons from the experience of advanced economies, and should aim to expand their health care systems while avoiding the inefficiencies and resulting high costs that plague many advanced economies.
In emerging Europe, spending is relatively high by emerging economy standards, because of nearly universal coverage and, as in advanced economies, a pattern of diseases that is expensive to treat (such as diabetes and heart disease). In most countries in emerging Europe, overall health is relatively poor compared with advanced economies, and funds to improve health are limited. These countries will need to rely more on efficiency-enhancing reforms to improve health outcomes.
Emerging economies in Asia and Latin America have less-extensive health coverage than emerging Europe, but more scope to expand spending. To ensure coverage for as many people as possible, at an affordable cost, public health systems should focus first on providing the most essential health services. There should be greater emphasis on preventive and primary care, which will require a change in financial incentives for health care providers. And governments should allocate a larger share of their health care spending to infectious disease control and better care in poor rural areas.
Some of the experiences of the advanced economies as they expanded health care coverage offer important lessons for emerging economies. In particular, Taiwan Province of China and Korea undertook important reforms to better align incentives for health providers, promote primary and preventive care, and improve public management and coordination. Taiwan Province of China, for example, introduced a fee-for-outcome program, with physicians receiving bonus payments based on clinical outcomes.
Social insurance systems can help contain the fiscal burden of health spending by linking eligibility for health benefits with contributions. But in many emerging economies there is a large informal labor market whose workers may not be making social insurance contributions. So if the goal is to expand coverage in emerging economies, tax-financed provision of universal basic health care (such as in Thailand) may be the best starting point.
Social insurance–based systems could be expanded in countries where the informal labor market figures less prominently and revenue administration is of high quality. Chile’s experience suggests that health care financing can be sustained by a combination of mandatory contributions in the formal labor market, individual cost-sharing through copayments, and supplementary government budget financing (especially when subsidies are necessary and in the public interest).
Health care reform will continue to be a key fiscal policy challenge for policymakers in advanced and emerging economies alike. The lessons of the past suggest that a judicious mix of reforms can help contain spending growth in advanced economies while preserving equity and efficiency. In emerging economies, expanding basic services to a broader segment of the population is the best recipe for improving health in a fiscally sustainable manner. ■
Benedict Clements is a Division Chief, David Coady is a Deputy Division Chief, and Baoping Shang is a Technical Assistance Advisor, all in the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department. Justin Tyson is a Senior Economist in the IMF’s European Department.
International Monetary Fund, 2010, “Macro-Fiscal Implications of Health Care Reform in Advanced and Emerging Economies,” IMF Policy Paper (Washington, December).
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] |
Can Archivists Save the World’s Newest Nation?
JUBA, South Sudan – In a classroom off the main dirt road of a sprawling UN camp, a man in a leopard-print tunic is standing by a whiteboard, explaining to a dozen students how 64 tribes can coexist in the world’s newest country. On the board he’s scrawled, “Cultural Diversity in South Sudan.”
“We have good diversity here,” says Deng Nhial Chiok, “but we need more security. We want to hear our languages-the 64 languages of South Sudan.”
Chiok is the senior inspector of folklore and festivals at the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports. He is also a product of the young country’s rich diversity, born to a mother from the Dinka tribe and a father from the Nuer.
When a civil war erupted in 2013-just two years after South Sudan declared its independence from Sudan-it pitted the two ethnic groups against each other, and the traditional Nuer scars on Chiok’s forehead made him a target.
Three years later, he lives and teaches amid a sprawl of white tarp-covered huts and teahouses in the heavily guarded Protection of Civilian camp in Juba, the capital city. Chiok and his students are among the 2.5 million South Sudanese displaced from their homes by a conflict that has turned the once hopeful young country into one of the world’s most dire humanitarian crises.
Yet even as the nation teeters on the brink of civil war and famine, a cadre of brave archivists, curators, and folklorists are working to preserve and protect the culture and history of South Sudan.
Chiok, a 49-year-old anthropologist, is one of them. In twice-weekly cultural heritage classes, he tries to ensure that a generation raised in refugee camps will inherit the folktales, dances, and history of their ancestors. When Chiok’s students raise their hands, they grapple with how to preserve this identity in the chaos of war.
After two years of classes, many of Chiok’s lessons have been committed to memory by his students. Over and over, theysay that if they don’t learn their own history, they risk repeating past mistakes. “In 2011,” says an older man in the class, “our government did not integrate cultures. So we’re starting now.”
In 2011, South Sudan declared independence from Sudan, splitting Africa’s largest country in two. Soon after, Jok Madut Jok, then the undersecretary of culture, began to tackle the task of uniting one of the world’s most diverse populations-10.5 million people living on one of the world’s least developed patches of land-after decades of war.
At the time, South Sudan was perhaps the only country in the world without any cultural institutions (even Somalia has at least two museums). A national archive, Jok thought, could help solidify a national identity and preserve the country’s cultural heritage for future generations.
“This freedom we enjoy today has such a big price on it,” says Jok, recalling the half-century struggle for autonomy by an African-Christian south against the Arab-Muslim north-a struggle that left two million southerners dead and millions more exiled.
So when a Norwegian diplomat asked Jok about a gift for the new country’s independence, he suggested an archive. Norway agreed to finance the project. Soon, a museum and a theater were also proposed, and the Ministry of Culture set aside a plot of land for the complex. The cultural cornerstones Jok envisioned began to take form.
Thousands of historic documents that had been rotting in basements across Juba were moved into a large tent. Every day workers would slip on masks, gloves, and lab coats to begin organizing the files for a future archive.
To fill the museum, UNESCO teams went from village to village, collecting musical instruments, weapons, and beaded jewelry. Then, in each region, they would have a festival and invite neighboring tribes to learn about one another.
“An archive, museum, theater, national languages-these things show that despite our tribal, political, and regional differences, above all we have the shared history of a collective struggle to create one nation,” says Jok. The institutions would serve as a reminder of the blood spilled for South Sudan’s independence. But, he adds, “before we even started, our leaders forgot.”
In December 2013, a power struggle erupted between President Salva Kiir, of the dominant Dinka tribe, and Vice President Riek Machar, from the smaller Nuer. The next day, soldiers moved across the capital executing civilians. Now, a new civil war pitted South Sudanese against South Sudanese.
No ground had been broken on the historic cultural complex, so artifacts collected for the museum were sent to the Nile River Museum in Egypt for safekeeping, while the archival documents were moved into a rented house.
Like many of his generation, Becu Thomas fled southern Sudan as a teenager in the 1990s. He grew up in a refugee camp in Uganda, then returned home in 2005 and got a job with the Ministry of Culture. Soon he began helping to rescue forgotten historical documents in hopes of one day creating a national archive.
When many of his colleagues at the archives fled to refugee camps in 2013, he remained in his office-a small shipping container, used to digitize archives, on the grounds of a Juba hotel-and listened to the familiar sounds of war outside. “We’ve never learned from the past,” he thought.
Every morning at 9 a.m., Thomas would resume working his way through 2,000 cardboard boxes of files, carefully unpacking a box and scanning the pages into his computer until 5 p.m.
The archives document colonization, marginalization, and the long struggle for independence. They lay out how government and tribal leaders used to run southern Sudan-how disputes were solved, taxes collected, crops harvested. Court records represent a body of case law. Census data provides a genealogical record.
Thomas believed that these documents, spanning 1903 to 1983, could help guide politicians who’d come to power as soldiers, craft a common identity among dozens of tribes, even offer solutions to the current civil war by unearthing past conflict resolutions.
But as conflict raged outside Thomas’s office, funding for cultural projects such as archive construction and artifact collection was suspended. The archive director’s request for shelving has since gone unfilled; stacks of boxes routinely collapse under their own weight. A bill to manage the transfer of more recent records to the archives, solicit funding, and ensure public access has sat in South Sudan’s Parliament for years.
The digital archive is meant to survive whatever happens next. Today, Thomas oversees the painstaking work for the nonprofit Rift Valley Institute, which spearheaded the project. He and a skeleton staff work through boxes of files in the shipping-container office, using 10 donated scanners. It will take about three more years before every document has a digital copy.
As archivists save the country’s physical documentation, folklorists like Joseph Abuk chase an invisible heritage.
In South Sudan, only a quarter of the population is literate; stories are passed down orally. But after 60 years of war, two generations have either grown up outside the country or been displaced within it, often separated from their families. Elders fear these stories, and their lessons, will soon be lost.
An old tale in the Mundari tribe tells of an evil lion who abused his young human wife. One day she fled to a river and asked it to part. The river agreed-on the condition that she not eat its children, the fish. She accepted and moved safely across. When the lion arrived he, too, accepted these terms. But once he entered the river, the greedy beast broke his promise: He ate his fill of fish, and the river swallowed him up.
“This is what happened here,” says Abuk, a 69-year-old playwright and poet, sitting in a long conference room of the South Sudan Theater Organization. “People came in and promised to do this and that, but when the money arrived they grabbed it.”
Abuk refers to the widespread corruption that has funneled most of the international aid meant for nation-building into personal bank accounts. In 2012, just a year after independence, Kiir, the president, reported that officials in his own government had stolen four billion dollars.
South Sudan failed to follow the moral lessons of the old tales, says Abuk, his voice rising. “The rulers of South Sudan are not guided by cultural values.”
But Abuk and the actors in his theater troupe have now started teaching the art of storytelling to children, weaving in morals of tolerance and reconciliation during performances in the country’s displaced-persons camps.
“Those things that people call primitive actually offer guidance,” Abuk says. “If we threw away all folklore we’d become too foolish.”
“In 2013, where did our people go?” Chiok asks his classroom in the UN camp one morning. The students, many of whom made the dangerous journeys themselves, shout out the names of countries: “Sudan! Kenya! Congo!”
Before the civil war, Chiok’s house in Juba was decorated with artifacts, books, and clothing he’d collected over 30 years of travel. People often came over to learn about the customs of South Sudan’s many tribes. But when Chiok fled to this UN camp, his house and collection were set alight.
After a few months in the camp, Chiok realized that the youth seemed unaware of-even uninterested in-their history and culture. Most had grown up in foreign refugee camps. Some didn’t know their parents’ backgrounds. Others had been given foreign names.
“Many young people migrate when they’re very young and have no cultural guidance,” he says. “They become lost people, having neither the values of South Sudan nor those of the country they ran to.”
Chiok decided to intervene. Now his classes examine everything from marriage rituals to globalization’s effect on South Sudanese culture. “When the world becomes one place,” he says, brandishing a beaded staff, “traditional nations are told, ‘Do this, don’t do this.’ The challenge is that modernity is coming. Don’t wait for it to come. Participate in change.”
On the board, Chiok also lists controversial traditions: female genital mutilation, polygamy, human sacrifice. For Isaac Loang Koang-a Nuer tribesman in the class whose forehead was spared ritual scarring when his father sent him off to school in Khartoum-a nation coming together must agree to jettison its divisive tribal traditions.
Koang, 28, says he also relishes the chance to learn what he missed when he left his family’s village. “Culture is passing by a generation because our country has been in war,” he says. “In war your relatives are killed, and you’re displaced. To become you, you need these things.”
Today, much of South Sudan’s history remains outside of South Sudan. In Durham, England, filing cabinets hold thousands of pages of colonial-era records. The rest is still in Khartoum, despite a 2012 agreement that stipulates the return of cultural and archival materials to the south.
Though a wealth of South Sudanese art and documents are displayed in glass museum cases across the globe, foreign institutions aren’t likely to return the treasures to a nation with nowhere to put them. The closest thing to a museum in South Sudan is the home of Akuja de Garang.
The stylish 41-year-old entertains a stream of visitors in her high-ceilinged house in Juba, where women’s lip plates, beaded corsets, and wooden carvings are scattered on the walls and tabletops.
“I always had an interest in culture,” says de Garang, who fled southern Sudan when she was eight and returned in 2004. “But there was nothing written, and it was dying out with older generations. Preserving it was not a priority.”
During a decade working across the country for the United Nations, the fashion designer and education activist would pack small humanitarian planes with crafts. Now hers is likely the largest collection in the country.
On South Sudan’s first birthday-July 9, 2012-de Garang invited traditional artisans to her inaugural Festival of Fashion and Art for Peace. Ornamental staffs, beaded corsets, and brass pipes represented tribes from across the country.
But now, with violence looming again, many of these craftspeople have fled their homes. And, says de Garang, it’s become increasingly difficult to acquire their unique goods.
After a promising ceasefire in 2015, South Sudan began picking up the pieces of unfinished cultural projects.
This June, the government ratified three UNESCO conventions to protect monuments, intangible heritage-including folktales and dances-and cultural diversity. UNESCO staff and government representatives started considering sites to nominate for World Heritage status. They imagined that someday tourists would flock to the Sudd, one of the world’s largest marshlands, or Boma National Park, home to an annual antelope migration that rivals the Serengeti’s.
But in July, on the eve of the country’s fifth birthday, the air over Juba was black with smoke. The president and the vice president, backed by their loyal troops, had resumed their power struggle.
For weeks soldiers in Juba killed and raped with impunity, targeting minority tribes, foreign aid workers, and local journalists. The country director for UNESCO was shot multiple times and eventually left the country. Since July 9, nearly 200,000 people have followed suit.
Construction of the archives and museum has been suspended-again. But South Sudan’s preservationists have not given up hope. Sitting in the digital-archive office in August, Thomas typed out a text message: “I am still here to keep the candle burning amidst darkness.”
Behind the Ministry of Culture compound in Juba are two corrugated metal containers. One is filled with floor-to-ceiling stacks of unsorted documents, fraying maps, and government documents. The other holds paintings, baskets, bundles of arrows, and wooden statues destined for the national museum. An enormous animal-hide shield rests near the door. The weight makes the floor sag.
Someday, Jok believes, these pieces of South Sudanese history will be displayed. In an office at the Sudd Institute, a think tank he founded in Juba, he grapples with what will happen if the young country’s trials continue to be written in quicksand.
“My biggest fear is that if this history is not documented by the people who lived it, the next generation might fall into it,” says Jok. “Surely nobody wishes for what we’ve gone through: war, exile, famine. One way to save our children from going through that is by reminding them how we got here.”
The International Women’s Media Foundation supported Nina Strochlic’s reporting from South Sudan. | <urn:uuid:afb516d4-7d9f-42e3-9cf0-92637abffabc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.iwmf.org/reporting/can-archivists-save-the-worlds-newest-nation/ | 2024-02-26T17:24:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.960825 | 3,309 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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] |
Search Results For Spaceengine HOT!
The proclaimed goal of SpaceEngine is scientific realism, and to reproduce every type of known astronomical phenomenon. It uses star catalogs along with procedural generation to create a cubical universe 10 billion parsecs (32.6 billion light-years) on each side, centered on the barycenter of the Solar System. Within the software, users can use search tools to filter through astronomical objects based on certain characteristics. In the case of planets and moons, specific environmental types, surface temperatures, and pressures can be used to filter through the vast amount of different procedurally generated worlds.
Search results for spaceengine
SpaceEngine's procedural generation algorithms are not 100% scientifically accurate, and can sometimes churn out unrealistic results. SpaceEngine's development team does fix, or at least attempt to fix, these issues when they arise, and are oftentimes successful. One such example is the removal of the old "step-stair terrain" bug that plagued older versions.
Researchers at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston have found that a microwave thruster system that requires no propellant does indeed generate a small amount of thrust, Wired UK reported Thursday (July 31). If the technology pans out, it could make spaceflight far cheaper and speedier, potentially opening up much of the cosmos to exploration, advocates say.
"Test results indicate that the RF [radio frequency] resonant cavity thruster design, which is unique as an electric propulsion device, is producing a force that is not attributable to any classical electromagnetic phenomenon and, therefore, is potentially demonstrating an interaction with the quantum vacuum virtual plasma," the NASA team wrote in their study, which they presented Wednesday (July 30) at the 50th Joint Propulsion Conference in Cleveland. [Superfast Spacecraft Propulsion Concepts (Images)]
The roots of the propulsion system tested by the NASA team trace back to a British researcher named Roger Shawyer, who claims that his "EmDrive" generates thrust by rocketing microwaves around in a chamber. There is no need for propellant, as solar power can be used to produce the microwaves.
Shawyer says that his company, Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd., has successfully tested experimental versions of the thruster. But many scientists have dismissed or downplayed such claims, saying the propulsion system violates the law of conservation of momentum, Wired UK reported.
The thruster may work by somehow harnessing the subatomic particles that continuously pop into and out of existence, the NASA researchers suggest. The results and the technology are promising enough to warrant further study, they wrote in the study.
Michael Wall is a Senior Space Writer with Space.com and joined the team in 2010. He primarily covers exoplanets, spaceflight and military space, but has been known to dabble in the space art beat. His book about the search for alien life, \"Out There,\" was published on Nov. 13, 2018. Before becoming a science writer, Michael worked as a herpetologist and wildlife biologist. He has a Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia, a bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. To find out what his latest project is, you can follow Michael on Twitter."}; var triggerHydrate = function() window.sliceComponents.authorBio.hydrate(data, componentContainer); var triggerScriptLoadThenHydrate = function() if (window.sliceComponents.authorBio === undefined) var script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = ' -9-3/authorBio.js'; script.async = true; script.id = 'vanilla-slice-authorBio-component-script'; script.onload = () => window.sliceComponents.authorBio = authorBio; triggerHydrate(); ; document.head.append(script); else triggerHydrate(); if (window.lazyObserveElement) window.lazyObserveElement(componentContainer, triggerScriptLoadThenHydrate, 1500); else console.log('Could not lazy load slice JS for authorBio') } }).catch(err => console.log('Hydration Script has failed for authorBio Slice', err)); }).catch(err => console.log('Externals script failed to load', err));Mike WallSocial Links NavigationSenior Space WriterMichael Wall is a Senior Space Writer with Space.com (opens in new tab) and joined the team in 2010. He primarily covers exoplanets, spaceflight and military space, but has been known to dabble in the space art beat. His book about the search for alien life, "Out There," was published on Nov. 13, 2018. Before becoming a science writer, Michael worked as a herpetologist and wildlife biologist. He has a Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia, a bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. To find out what his latest project is, you can follow Michael on Twitter.
Selects a space object, ship, waypoint or spline path. Equivalent of a mouse click on the object, selecting it using search tool, etc. If the command succeeds, the selection pointer will be switched to the selected object. If the command fails, an error message will be shown in the console, and further execution of the scenario could be wrong. Syntax:Select Earth - selects a space object by its name. Quotes can be skipped if there are no spaces in object's name.Select "RS 8474-2738-5-27954-210 1" - selects a space object by its name. Use quotes if there are spaces in the object's name.Select "Waypoint 1" - selects a previously defined waypoint (see Waypoint).Select "Path 1" - selects a previously defined spline path (see SplinePath).To resolve name ambiguity, prepend object's name with its parent name, separated by . For example:Select "SaturnPandora" - selects Pandora (satellite of Satrun)Select "SolPandora" - selects asteroid (55) Pandora.
The easiest way to add a planet is to find a procedural planet in SpaceEngine which you like, duplicate it in your planetary system script, then tweak its parameters a bit as you desire. You can quickly find a planet close to your needs by using the Star browser. Open it by pressing [Shift]+[F3], enter the search radius 100 and press the [Filter settings] button, then choose the desired filter parameters. In this example, we are looking for a temperate Earth-sized terra near a G class star:
Press the [Ok] button and wait until SpaceEngine finishes the search. Then you may click on each row, open the Solar system browser ([F2] key) and look for the planets SpaceEngine has found. Tip: to know exactly which planets satisfied the filter options, hover the mouse cursor over the table cell in the 'Filter' column (last column). A small box will appear with a list of the planets in that system which met the filter options.
Almost all changes require pressing the [Update] button to apply. Pressing the [Reset] button will return the settings to those the planet had before you opened the Editor. This means that if you make some changes and close the editor, you won't be able to reset them back again. Only restarting SpaceEngine will reset them (remember, Editor does not save the changes to the file). So if you want to achieve good results, or if you want to be more skilled in creating planets, read the next chapter of this tutorial.
Last month, NASA researchers dropped news with potentially huge consequences for space travel and science as a whole: They ran an experiment whose results seem to defy the very laws of physics, and could change how we travel through outer space. Problem is, experts say that it's incredibly unlikely that Isaac Newton is wrong. Instead, the most likely explanation is the team simply made a mistake somewhere along the way
But what does that mean? What does being accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal mean? Does it mean the science is correct, the effect is real and that physics is broken? Consider that peer-reviewed journals publish all sorts of results that later turn out to be spurious, including:
What it means to be peer-reviewed is that an independent scientist who is an expert in the particular field read and reviewed the work undertaken, and found it to be of sufficient quality to be a valuable contribution to the field. It does not mean that the results and conclusion of the paper are necessarily correct, or even the last word on that particular issue.
Tajmar's results are exactly what you'd expect for the systematic error explanation: with a properly shielded apparatus, with no additional electromagnetic fields induced by the wires, there is no observed thrust at any power. They conclude that these induced fields by the electrical wires, visibly present in the other setups, are the likely culprit for the observed, unexplained thrust:
Our results show that the magnetic interaction from not sufficiently shielded cables or thrusters are a major factor that needs to be taken into account for proper µN thrust measurements for these type of devices.
Science never ends, and this paper, as compelling as it is, will surely not be the last word on the topic. Many will continue to research it, build prototypes, and search for thrust signatures without any exhaust: an action without a reaction. It may yet be possible, under some hitherto undiscovered conditions, that the action-reaction law is violated at some level. But the EmDrive probably isn't it. Pushing against the electromagnetic fields generated by your own electrical wires isn't a violation of action-reaction, and cannot power a spaceship. The EmDrive was billed as an "impossible" space drive, seeming too good to be true. Verification is always required, as is the complete elimination of systematic errors. As humans, we may be easily fooled, but to fool nature is not so simple. It looks like perpetual motion, as it always has been, is still just an impossible dream of ours. 041b061a72 | <urn:uuid:43463a70-31ef-4d84-bc9d-e34cacf74eed> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.noicetrades.com/group/learning-options-post-your-questions/discussion/243dfa04-a6f8-4376-9a80-5a248a4034c7 | 2024-02-26T17:04:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.922074 | 2,117 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
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] |
Box Turtles Care
The name box turtle rises from their unique and often frustrating ability to withdraw their entire bodies within their shells, or “box” themselves in. Their natural range includes eastern, central, southwestern United States and northern Mexico. In the past, many of the turtles sold in pet stores were wild caught, and because of this fact, they have been classified as CITES III-vulnerable. This classification requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to start to monitor the numbers of these turtles that are being exported for the pet industry and food.
Within the United States, certain states have strict regulations regarding the collection and possession of these reptiles. It is also important to know that it is illegal for pet stores to sell turtles less than 4 inches (carapace length) due to the health problems associated with small children putting small turtles in their mouths. So the take home message is, that if possible, do not buy box turtles from your local pet store but rather try obtaining one from a breeder, local herpetological society, turtle and tortoise group or, in some places, reptile rescue groups.
In North America there are primarily four species of box turtles:
- Eastern box turtle – Terrapene carolina carolina
- Three-toed box turtle – Terrapene carolina truinguis
- Gulf Coast box turtle – Terrapene carolina major
- Ornate box turtle – Terrapene ornata
- Female turtles are generally smaller than males.
- Box turtles live typically between 30 to 40 years but some can live a lot longer.
- Box turtles are partially aquatic (water-lovers).
- Box turtles can grow to have a shell size between 4.5 to 8 inches depending on species and gender.
Basic Turtle Terminology
- Carapace – the upper portion of the bony shell
- Plastron – the lower portion of the bony shell
- Scutes – horny plates that make up the surface of the turtle’s shell
Box turtle care includes having an enclosure that measures at least 36 inches by 12 inches by 15 inches if built or bought. Thirty-gallon aquarium tanks or larger are adequate as long as husbandry is properly maintained.
Another alternative is concrete mixing containers that are made out of plastic and sold in hardware stores. It is essential that there be a substrate within the shelter for the turtle to dig and burrow, namely potting soil without vermiculite or perlite, peat moss, orchid or fir bark, or alfalfa hay/pellets, or a combination of the above. These substrates should be changed weekly to avoid bacterial contamination and buildup.
Newspaper or brown paper is also acceptable due to ease of cleaning and economy, but a burrowing area still needs to be provided. Artificial turf or Astroturf is another viable option, but it needs to be changed daily with a new piece since it takes 48 hours to completely dry after cleaning. Unacceptable substrates include kitty litter, sand, ground corncobs, walnut shell, wood chips (especially cedar, since it may be toxic), aquarium gravel, or pea gravel – basically anything that may be ingested and cause an gastrointestinal obstruction.
A hiding area should also be provided; this can be as simple as a cardboard box with a doorway cut into it, pieces of hollowed-out wood, or as fancy as rounded cork bark available from reptile dealers.
Heat is an essential component for keeping the turtle happy, healthy and eating. In general, the daytime temperature should range between 85 to 88 degrees Fahrenheit, with a basking area being five degrees warmer. The nighttime temperatures can range between 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
All environmental temperatures should be monitored with the aid of one to two thermometers properly placed in the various zones. Methods of heating the enclosures include heat strips or heating pads under the habitat, subtank heating units, and an overhead incandescent light or spotlight over the basking area or hot zone.
Light cycles should follow the normal photoperiod found in the wild. Therefore, in the summer, the light should be on for 14 hours with 10 hours of darkness. In the winter, the light should be on for about 10 hours, and it should be dark for 14 hours. A timer will help to maintain the proper cycles.
Full spectrum lighting is also of paramount importance to maintain a healthy box turtle. Natural, unfiltered sunlight is the best but for those who live in areas of infrequent sunlight, an artificial source of ultraviolet light (UV-B) is essential for both behavioral and psychological benefits as well as the activation of vitamin D-3. Vitamin D-3 is needed for the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract and is vital to sustaining life.
Some commercially available fluorescent bulbs, which provide the UV-B spectrum, are Dura-Test’s Vita-Lite, Vita-Lite Plus, ZooMed’s Iguana light, and Active UVHeat. These bulbs should be within 12 inches of the turtle and no glass or Plexiglas should separate them. It is also important to replace the bulbs every 6-12 months even though the bulbs are still producing light because the UV-B production diminishes with time, and this phenomenon is not observable with the naked eye.
Since box turtles are semi-aquatic and spend a considerable amount of time wallowing in water, a water “hole” needs to be provided. As a general rule of thumb, the water depth should be no more than 1/4 to 1/3 of their shell height or approximately 5 cm. Their pool area can be in the form of a large pie plate, a buried kitty litter pan, or a ceramic dog bowl with a ramp to facilitate exiting.
The water should be thermostatically controlled with a water heater to keep the temperature in an optimum range. Lastly, a filtration system is ideal since often turtles use the pools as a toilet, and bacterial contamination is harmful to these reptiles. In all instances, the water needs to be changed completely and frequently, and the pan must be cleaned and disinfected with a dilute bleach solution regularly.
The best time to feed your turtle is after he has warmed up a while in the morning. It is better to move the turtle to a different tank for feeding. This is to help keep the primary habitat cleaner and less contaminated bacterially.
Young turtles should be fed daily while adult turtles can be fed every other day. It is important to note that when box turtles are young, they are more omnivorous, meaning they will eat almost anything. As they mature they become more herbivorous, meaning they prefer to eat mostly plant material.
Adult turtle diets should be comprised of less than 10 percent protein calories. Although the diet preferences of box turtles lean towards sweet and colorful fruits and vegetables such as carrots, orange squash, green beans, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, cherries, plums, and melons with the rinds, including flowers, it is important for them to eat plenty (i.e. over 60 percent) of dark leafy greens such as collard or mustard greens, parsley, romaine lettuce and carrot tops.
If your turtle picks out the sweets, you will need to finely chop all the produce and mix it together so that when he takes a bite of food, he gets a little of everything. This technique works most of the time, but if your turtle is still insistent on picking out the sweets, many box turtles can be tricked into eating their greens by food processing the greens with a bit of tuna fish or dog food. The strong flavor of the protein overwhelms the flavor of the greens. If you use this technique, it is important to reduce the percent protein over two to three months to 10 percent of the mixture. Long term, high protein diets can damage box turtle kidneys.
A vitamin supplement such as Nekton-rep® or Reptivite® should be sprinkled on the food twice a week to help prevent many of the common deficiencies that occur in captive raised turtles. The calcium supplement should not contain phosphorous or Vitamin D and should be used daily in growing turtles and once or twice a week in adults.
Although high protein diets are a problem, box turtles do require some protein in their diets. Examples of appropriate protein sources are crickets or mealworms, which have been fed on tropical fish flakes/ cricket food and fruit for at least one day; snails and slugs, which have been fed on green leafy vegetables for four days; earthworms, home raised, since bait shops tend to raise worms in unhealthy environments; or whole fish. Some experts recommend finely chopped and cooked chicken, high quality canned dog food, or trout chow as an alternative protein source. It is important to keep the diet balanced with a combination of the above listed items especially when the turtle is young, and to decrease the protein as the turtle matures.
Remember that the concentration of calories is much higher in protein foods than it is in vegetables. Therefore, a little bit will go a long way. One to two teaspoons of protein food daily is adequate for most young turtles, and a tablespoon a few times per week is plenty for adult turtles.
Petals from edible flowers (hibiscus, roses, geraniums, nasturtiums) and edible cactus (Optunia) can be used to add variety to your turtle’s diet. Make sure that all produce and flowers are pesticide free. Edible flowers and Optunia are available in many high end grocery stores.
If you watch your pet closely, and if you do not use pesticides or herbicides in your yard, your box turtle may enjoy taking a stroll and browsing in gardens or on lawns.
In the wild, during the winter months, healthy box turtles will hibernate for 2 to 3 months when the temperatures fall. In captivity, many turtles are not in good enough condition to live through a hibernation period.
Therefore, before winter comes, it is a good idea to visit your exotic animal veterinarian with your turtle and some of his feces to better ascertain the type of winter care that will be best for your turtle.
This visit will ensure that the turtle does not have any pre-existing illnesses. The illnesses in question would be respiratory infections, vitamin A deficiencies, abscesses, shell rot or intestinal parasites. It is also fun to see how much weight your turtle has gained and how much longer and wider he has become since last year’s visit.
If hibernation is an option for your turtle then your present habitat can be altered to fit this lifestyle change. You will need to make the cage rodent proof and add bedding material such as dried leaves. The bedding material needs to be dry and free of pests.
The temperature also needs to be changed to somewhere between 36-50 degrees Fahrenheit. Often, you can move your turtle down to the basement or garage and turn off the heating sources to make this temperature change. Monitor the temperature with a thermometer.
Turtles are likely to suffer frost bite or die if they freeze. Also, if the temperatures are too warm (i.e. high 50s to low 60s), the turtles will be too cool to be active, but warm enough that their metabolism will be too high. The result is that they will burn off their fat stores too quickly and will starve before they wake up from hibernation.
Again, a thermometer is useful in determining the exact temperature. Because it cannot be properly digested at cooler temperatures, food should not be offered during these months, but a water pan should be available at all times. After a couple of months have passed (consult with your reptile veterinarian to determine the appropriate length for your turtle), the turtle should be moved to its normal surroundings, warmed up and offered his favorite food.
A successful hibernation will ensure the longevity and mental well being of your box turtle for years to come. | <urn:uuid:790c1221-804c-4f7c-8944-887f36846a73> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.petplace.com/article/reptiles/general/box-turtles-care | 2024-02-26T18:42:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.941508 | 2,481 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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About Ph.D. in Hindi
Wikipedia characterizes Ph.D. in Hindi, as "A Ph.D. in Hindi is a doctorate level of Hindi writing which plans understudies for research work, or all the more exactly Modern Standard Hindi, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mostly in North India. Hindi has been portrayed as a normalized and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language, which itself depends principally on the Khariboli tongue of Delhi and adjoining areas of Northern India." The course is essential for the umbrella stream of the Ph.D. courses.Ph.D. (Hindi) is a 3-year span doctoral level course. The doctoral program furnishes competitors with fundamental information on Hindi and the practice of involving Hindi in different ordinary circumstances. The course acquaints with contenders to collaborate in Hindi and to secure knowledge of the Hindi content. The program gives assists up-and-comers with getting information on the Hindi language and its contents. Competitors ought to rehearse this language to peruse, compose, and convert into different dialects according to the necessities. Under this program competitors set up a nitty gritty postulation on any of the points inside the Hindi language. The full degree course comprises of long term and its prospectus is partition into six semesters. Subsequent to clearing the course, the understudy can go for additional many work choices in many fields.
Ph.D. Hindi is a doctorate-level certificate program presented in the Hindi language. The course expects one to carry out broad groundwork about the different parts of the language.
The course investigates the elements of the Hindi language. The course manages the investigation of the Hindi language. It's the starting point, its way of thinking, its phonetics, its writing, and the way in which it has advanced to date.
While chasing after the course, researchers are expected to draft a proposal in the Hindi language in any concerned subject.
The course investigates the contribution and advancement of the Hindi language in the contemporary world. It bestows fundamental information on minutes and scholarly structures.
The course extends from the fundamentals of the language to its actual complexities. It assists understudies with acquiring a legitimate comprehension of the Hindi content. It assists them with procuring inside and out information about the Hindi language and culture.
Qualification Criteria for Ph.D. in Hindi
Ph.D. in Hindi course affirmation in India requires the hopefuls to finish their 10+2+3+2 constant schooling. The fundamental qualification for admission to the program is fruitful post-graduation, ideally in the Arts stream, with Hindi as one of the center subjects. Likewise, alongside the fundamental qualification rules, the understudies seeking a Ph.D. in Hindi high priority cleaned the standard selection test with great scores off of any rumored organization to get confirmation. There is no particular age-breaking point or model for getting a Ph.D. in Hindi confirmation.
Affirmation Process for Ph.D. in Hindi
The affirmation cycle for the Ph.D. in Hindi in India is completed either from the school premises straightforwardly or should be possible on the web. The competitors applying for the course should fulfill the Ph.D. in Hindi qualification models, a blend of imprints scored in their 10+2+3+2, and the selection tests. Recorded underneath are the different strategies to get affirmation for the Ph.D. in Hindi course:
How to Apply?
The competitors anxious to concentrate on Ph.D. in Hindi can either apply on the web or disconnected from the course. The hopefuls can apply for the Ph.D. in Hindi course by downloading an affirmation structure accessible online at the college or on the school site. In the wake of presenting the school or college application structure, the competitors will be welcome to show up for a composed test, individual meeting, bunch conversation, and guidance.
The course's choice cycle depends on the placement test score and the imprints scored in optional and higher auxiliary schooling marks scored to that of the Ph.D. in Hindi. After the college or school directs a composed test, individual meeting, guiding, and bunch conversation, the competitors are distributed seats in light of different Ph.D. in Hindi measures satisfied by the applicants proposed by the school/college authorities.
Schedule and Subjects for Ph.D. in Hindi
The prospectus and subjects for the Ph.D. in Hindi course are organized in such a way that the understudies get a superior comprehension of the various subjects of the course. The Ph.D. in Hindi in India has different talks, courses, exploration and theory, projects, and practicals. A portion of the significant subjects of the Ph.D. in Hindi course is:
Research: aim, nature, and reason
Reetikaal, Broad Perspective of Indian Renaissance and Hindi Renaissance
Bloomfield and Structural Linguistics
Indian Theater and Western Theater Concepts
Peruse More About Ph.D. Hindi Syllabus and Subjects
Why Choose Ph.D. in Hindi?
Understudies who will wander into etymological examination-based examinations and high-level application-situated examinations in the field of Hindi can decide on this course. A Ph.D. in any field is the most significant course in a specific space. The alumni who hold a Ph.D. degree are qualified to get various open positions with a higher pay scale. Ph.D. in Hindi alumni are sought after in show, legislative issues, theater, media, educating, research, craftsmen, law offices, the board, directing, and so forth.
What is Ph.D. in Hindi All About?
A Ph.D. in Hindi term is a 3-5-year-old doctorate course that spotlights creating abilities and scholarly information. This course is primarily one of the center parts of Hindi writing. This course offers subjects connected with Research: plan, nature, and reason, Shodh, Medieval period: time, society and culture, Reetikaal, Broad Perspective of Indian Renaissance and Hindi Renaissance, Gandhism, Bloomfield and Structural Linguistics, Theory of formative examinations, Indian Theater and Western Theater ideas and significantly more.
What Does a Ph.D. in Hindi Post Graduate Do?
Ph.D. in Hindi alumni holds a doctorate in the Hindi writing field training field, a decent profession choice in India and abroad. The Ph.D. in Hindi degree can make the way for some previously unheard-of positions. Here are a few characteristics which a Ph.D. in Hindi postgraduate does.
Teacher: A Professor shows wannabes how to foster their character with delicate and specialized abilities. Their gifts of social variations, coherent thinking, and basic investigation would be an up-degree with a Ph.D. in Hindi.
Motivations behind Why Ph.D. in Hindi Can Fetch You a Rewarding Career
A degree in Ph.D. in Hindi is one of the most well-known concentrates programs in India. Assume the understudies are enthusiastic about introducing their imagination, information, and abilities with current updates. All things considered, they most likely definitely realize that a doctorate in Hindi can bring a competitor's compensating profession.
Request: Ph.D. in Hindi is a lot of deprived as they investigate every one of the tops of the subject to bottom. They have sufficient chances in positions and worldwide in any area of ability.
Profession Growth: A task with a Ph.D. in Hindi permits you to think fundamentally, and make and examine the subject's information. A Ph.D. in Hindi degree centers around fostering a singular character, and a degree in the field can prompt a scope of occupations.
Peruse More About Ph.D. Occupations
Readiness Tips For Ph.D. in Hindi
Ph.D. in Hindi understudies can set themselves up by learning the provincial dialects, general information, responsibility tests, and essential fitness test. Here are the tips to plan very a long time prior to applying.
Ph.D. (Hindi) Admission Process:
Admission to the Ph.D. program will be founded on the understudies marks acquired in the entry test led by the separate division or school of the specific college or foundation. Those competitors who have total GATE/NET/SET/M.Phil/JRF Examination in the appropriate subject of the peak bodies as CSIR/UGC/ICAR/ICMR/DBT will be absolved from the Entrance Test. While giving the exception, the Departmental Committee of the organization might consider research work/prior Ph.D./experience done by the understudy. On the off chance that an understudy as of now holds a doctorate certification in a pertinent subject from a UGC Approved University or Institute, he/she might be excluded from placement tests and pre-Ph.D. coursework. Subsequent to clearing the two stages the understudy will be qualified to pay course expenses or enlistment charges. Just the foreordained number of applicants might be confessed to the Ph.D. program.
Ph.D. Hindi Employment Zone:
Information Entry Offices
Social Welfare Schemes
Ph.D. Hindi Job Scopes:
Client assistance Officer
Educator and Lecturer
Client assistance Executive
Make An Arrangement: Make a course plan that can assist the understudy with arranging as indicated by the investigation of the work, empowering them to keep both adjusted.
Communicate With Professors: The collaboration with the teachers can carry in other knowledge into the subjects of the course.
Look On To Journals: Since the course includes a great deal of exploration-based examinations, up-and-comers can buy into week-by-week diaries to keep themselves refreshed on the field.
Compensation Of a Ph.D. in Hindi Graduate
Ph.D. in Hindi compensation differs as per a wannabe's information and abilities. Another component that changes the typical compensation bundle is the organization and post you are working for. Fresher applicants might begin with a typical Ph.D. in Hindi compensation bundle, however, when they gain insight, it builds up to a specific sum. The Ph.D. Hindi course's normal compensation, which is offered, goes from INR 3 - 5 LPA [Source: Glassdoor].
Peruse More About Ph.D. Compensation
Profession Options After Ph.D. in Hindi
Subsequent to finishing a Ph.D. in Hindi, you are qualified for junior-level private and government occupations in India and abroad. Ph.D. in Hindi applicants have superb extension later on and immense open positions. Ph.D. in Hindi is a ceaseless up-degree of such countless different fields of expressions and humanities. | <urn:uuid:99da0338-611e-4da0-b82c-343244c447d2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.shikshaglobe.com/news/ph-d-admission-open-in-hindi-shikshaglobe-2104 | 2024-02-26T16:43:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.939739 | 2,237 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
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] |
Natural Prevention, Treatment, and Control
West Nile virus disease is a mosquito-borne
infection that can cause mild flu-like illness or severe encephalitis. Although
chances of a person getting encephalitis are small, there are some simple steps
you can take to reduce your risk of being bitten by mosquitoes. "Because of
the widespread fear, bordering on panic, that has accompanied the continued
appearance of the West Nile Virus, massive pesticide spraying campaigns are
underway. The insecticides being used in New York are sumithrin (Anvil) and
resmethrin (Scourge), both synthetic pyrethroids. The Pyrethroids may interfere
with the immune and endocrine systems. According to researchers writing in the
Journal of Applied Toxicology , "immense care is warranted in the use of
insecticides, because they not only affect the liver, kidney and other organs
but also may alter the activity of the endocrine glands." (J Appl Toxicol 1996
Sep-Oct;16(5):397-400). Other researchers have found that pyrethroids are environmental
estrogens, and may contribute to reproductive dysfunction, developmental impairment,
Powerful West Nile Virus Protection
Most people by far who become infected with the West Nile virus "fight it off
without even knowing they were infected, while a small minority suffer flu-like
symptoms such as aches and fever".
"Only one per cent suffer encephalitis - inflammation of the brain that can
cause fever, headaches, stiffness, confusion and muscle weakness - and only
five per cent of these suffer long-term consequences, or even death." said Dr.
Colin D'Cunha, Chief Medical Officer of Health, the Province of Ontario, August
30. 2002. Exactly the same holds true for Cryptococcal disease, a rare fungal
infection caused by the spores of a tree fungus, that can affect the lungs and
nervous system. In some cases, the infection can lead to swelling of the lining
of the brain. "The disease and the cryptococcus fungus appear across the world.
Most people are exposed to some variety of the fungus at some point in their
life but never develop serious symptoms", writes Dr. Murray Fyfe, BC Centre
for Disease Control, "less than 3 cases are reported per 100,000 people per
year on Vancouver Island." (Also CTV news, September 6. 2002). It is clear that
most people have highly effective immune
systems which protect them against both diseases, that some people have
a somewhat effective immune system, and that a few have an inadequate immune system.
Dangers of using Malathion for Mosquito Control
Dr. Leonard G. Horowitz - "Spraying malathion, a suspected
human chemical carcinogen and known immune system blocker, or its alternate,
Anvil 10:10, violates a basic tenant of public health practice that requires
foreknowledge of the risks and proven benefits of the policy before it is implemented"
"The chemicals that are released into the environment in an effort to control
mosquitoes are harmful to human health, wildlife, and ecosystems. They are also
ineffective in that they kill only a limited percentage of mosquitoes, leaving
sprayed communities with a false sense of security and less likely to use effective,
non-toxic, control measures. There is evidence that long-term spraying may actually
increase the number of mosquitoes by destroying predators that feed on mosquito
larvae and adults. Mosquitoes that are sprayed but not killed by the poisons
may become resistant, become more aggressive biters, and have increased prevalence
of West Nile Virus (WNV) within their bodies." "The only hard evidence available
that pesticide applicators are behind efforts to increase public hysteria and
thus the market for their products comes from the New York State Attorney General's
Office. A Long Island landscaping company agreed to pay a fine and cease an
advertising campaign that falsely claimed its spraying of homeowners' trees
and shrubs would kill mosquitoes carrying the West Nile Virus. The action against
Green Island Tree Spray Inc. of Huntington includes a fine of $35,000 and restitution
to customers who hired the company based on its deceptive advertising. "This
pesticides applicator cynically preyed upon peoples' fear of the West Nile virus
for the sake of increased profit," said Attorney General Spitzer. "This action
should serve as a warning to others who might contemplate similar schemes."
Excerpt from the Maine Environmental Policy Institute (MEPI)
and the Toxics Action Center.
Cure's More Deadly Than the Disease
Pesticides Targeting West Nile-Carrying Mosquitoes May be a Thyroid Danger
Because of the widespread fear, bordering on panic, that has accompanied
the continued appearance of the West Nile Virus, massive pesticide spraying
campaigns are underway in many areas on the Northeastern US, including New York
City and Boston. The insecticides being used in New York are sumithrin (Anvil)
and resmethrin (Scourge), both synthetic pyrethroids. In Boston, only resmethrin
is being used. The use of both pesticides are coming under considerable criticism,
as potentially toxic chemicals that pose a danger to humans, wildlife and the
The Pyrethroids may interfere with the immune and endocrine systems. Other
adverse chronic effects, including effects on the liver and thyroid, have been
reported in toxicology testing. According to toxicologists, animal tests showed
that chronic exposure to resmethrin could increase thyroid weight and cause
thyroid cysts. In animal studies, it was found that in addition to a variety
of other health effects, exposure to pyrethroids can suppress both the thyroid's
T4 and T3 levels, and raise Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels.
According to researchers writing in the Journal of Applied Toxicology, "immense
care is warranted in the use of insecticides, because they not only affect the
liver, kidney and other organs but also may alter the activity of the endocrine
glands." (J Appl Toxicol 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5):397-400). Other researchers have
found that pyrethroids are environmental estrogens, and may contribute to reproductive
dysfunction, developmental impairment, and cancer" (Abstract).
Another study found that some pyrethroids have the potential to promote
breast cell proliferation, an action that can increase cancer risk (Abstract).
Jay Feldman, is executive director of the National Coalition Against the Misuse
of Pesticides, a Washington, D.C.-based environmental organization. According
to him, "The city has overstepped the boundaries of safety and law in the handling
of its mosquito prevention and management program, exposing the public to hazardous
The group has filed a lawsuit against the City of New York over the spraying,
citing violations of federal and state environmental statutes. William Cooke,
a spokesman for the National Audubon Society in New York, commenting on the
spraying to the New York Times, saying: "There's a grossly inadequate effort
to track the collateral impact on the environment and on humans."
Potentially toxic spraying such what is taking place in New York City and
Boston may become a concern in other areas of the country soon, as experts believe
that the West Nile virus is on the move. "The virus is probably in every corner
of North America by now," as well as parts of South America, says John Rappole
from the Smithsonian Institution's zoo, in the July issue of Emerging Infectious
West Nile Virus and Horses
Dr. Falconer DVM - This has a lot of people running scared
and vaccinating their horses repeatedly. Yet, the percentage of those exposed
to the virus who actually get sick is very small, on the order of 10%. Why?
The likely reason is that the majority of the horses, (or dogs or people) exposed
to the virus had adequate NK cell function at the time of exposure. To make
sure your horse is in the protected group though, feed
Immune Modulator Nutritionals along with a host of immune synergists and excellent quality
nutrients for healthy coats and hooves. If your area has any reported cases
of West Nile (or colds, flu, Strangles, EPM, etc.), just boost the immune system
additionally with this immune support formula
Overkill: Why Pesticide Spraying for West Nile Virus May Cause More Harm Than Good
William C. Sugg, III Director, Maine Environmental Policy Institute
In researching the issue of West Nile Virus, one is struck by the lack of
understanding of the public and decision makers about the risks that WNV actually
poses to their health, and their acquiescence to spray programs. There is little
consideration of the harm that the release of pesticides can do to human health
and the environment. When people hear that a "deadly" virus from the "heart
of Africa" is responsible for killing residents in their community they are
understandably upset and want the government agencies and public officials to
"do something!" Unfortunately, the first line of defense has been toxic chemicals.
The reasons for this are complex. They are rooted in everything from our innate
fear of disease to media-induced hysteria to many people's feeling that the
government will make the right decisions when it comes to protecting their health
and the environment when responding to and defining a public health "crisis."
The purpose of this report is to empower the people and communities of Maine
with the information they need to protect themselves from West Nile Virus while
at the same time protecting themselves, their children, wildlife, and the lobster
fishery from the potential harm a spray campaign could inflict.
The report examines the history and epidemiology of West Nile Virus, takes
a hard look at the threats it poses and discusses the mosquitoes and animals
that are involved in spreading the disease. It looks at how WNV has spread in
the eastern US, what the response has been, and what Maine is doing about the
situation. The chemical weapons used against the mosquitoes and how they behave
in the environment and in human and animal bodies, and their effectiveness at
killing mosquitoes and stopping the spread of WNV are examined in depth. Most
importantly, we describe alternatives to toxic chemicals to control mosquitoes.
Blowing the Whistle on West Nile - Shades of 1950's and DDT
I'm reminded of the 1950's...TV newscasts showing clouds of DDT sprayed on
a clueless public, compromising their health and contaminating the environment
for decades to come, as Rachel Carson writes "Silent Spring." But the time is
now, other toxic pesticides have joined the ranks in our wayward war against
mosquitoes, and the Rachels of today are drowned out by a media rushing to sound
the alarm, rather than report the news.
And the news is - pesticides pose a much greater health hazard than the West
DEET, Anvil, and other toxic pesticides are aggressively promoted to protect
the public from a mosquito bite that appears to be, statistically, less dangerous
than a dog bite or bee sting. And the CDC seems to agree. On its website it
says, "Human illness from West Nile virus is rare, even in areas where the virus
has been reported. The chance that any one person is going to become ill from
a mosquito bite is low."
Since 1999 only a handful of deaths per year have been associated with West
Nile, even though the virus has been found in 33 states. The fact that this
"health crisis" has been exaggerated, and that chemical spraying is usually
the least effective yet most toxic way to control mosquitoes, has deterred some
state officials, but not others. The New York State Health Department backed
away from recommending wholesale spraying after finding that more people got
sick from the pesticides than from the virus. However, Louisiana has just asked
for $17 million in federal aid, and Mississippi is following suit. There's no
word yet on how the money is to be allocated, but rest assured the pesticide
companies stand to benefit.
Meanwhile, some citizen groups are taking matters into their own hands. The
No Spray Coalition is suing New York City to stop pesticide spraying in their
neighborhoods. There's a good deal of information on government and other websites
about the toxic effects of pesticides, but a comprehensive picture of the specific
pesticides and issues involved in the West Nile campaign is well laid out in
a report called " Overkill: Why
Pesticide Spraying for West Nile Virus May Cause More Harm Than Good " by
the Maine Environmental Policy Institute (MEPI) and the Toxics Action Center.
In short, they report that these pesticides offer a toxic legacy: short-
and long-term respiratory problems, immune and nervous system disruption, cancer,
and reproductive and learning disorders. That covers just about everything you'd
never want to get. The "Overkill" report also emphasizes the association between
outdoor pesticide sprays and neurological damage, stating, "A report of pesticides
and childhood brain cancers published in Environmental Health Perspectives (a
publication of the National Institutes of Health) revealed a strong relationship
between brain cancers and pyrethroids used to kill fleas and ticks." Anvil,
a pyrethroid, is a popular pesticide used by state agencies to control mosquitoes.
NV Positive Wildlife And MTBE
Note from Shirley: MTBE is a toxic gasoline additive
Analysis of NYSDEC Pathology Unit's -
In the New York City region, a public health disaster was recognized during
the summer of 1999. That recurring seasonal phenomena is referred to as the
“West Nile Virus Epidemic” and a virus was said to have caused the human illness,
disease, and unprecedented wildlife mortality.
This study analyzes the NYSDEC Wildlife Pathology Unit’s “West Nile Virus
Database” (1999) in terms of air pollution, ozone, MTBE protocols, animals reported,
WNV-negatives, and WNV-positives.
The 62 counties of New York State are defined, for the purpose of this study,
within three categories of air pollution: A) Severe counties (9) are the original
EPA "Severe-17" counties. B) Moderate counties (10) are those originally designated
by EPA as “Moderate NA”, plus the county of Albany and its surrounding counties
that experience dense metropolitan traffic. Less polluted counties (43) are
the remaining counties. (see map)
Findings: WNV-positive animal mortality correlated precisely with EPA county-by-county
categories that affect gasoline formulations with MTBE (methyl ethyl butyl ether).
MTBE is a poisonous gasoline additive that has been undergoing a phase-out and
ban as recommended by the EPA on July 31, 1999, at the height of arguably the
highest incidence of bird mortality in the history of the U.S.
The WNV-positive percentage of tested animals in the severe counties was
24 times greater than in the moderate counties plus less polluted counties.
No animal tested positive for WNV in the less polluted counties.
West Nile Virus: Out of Africa? Or out of a Lab?
Health authorities claim the virus entered the US via travelers from the
Middle East, or via a stray mosquito on an airplane. Other researchers claim
the virus arrived with African animals or birds placed in zoos. But, in fact,
the WN virus has been housed in US labs for decades (along with African animals),
and has been openly sold to researchers around the world. From the very beginning
of the WN virus outbreak, there were rumours of bioterrorism, but these rumours
were denied by health officials.
Public Health Expert Calls West Nile Virus Pesticide Spraying Program “Madness”
Sandpoint, ID — News reports about threatened West Nile Virus (WNV) infections
spreading across America have missed the much greater risks posed by chemical
sprayings. This mosquito control program is “madness” according to a leading
public health authority whose proof is in a new book being donated to libraries
and legislators nationwide.
Dr. Leonard G. Horowitz, a Harvard graduate independent investigator, and
author of more than thirteen books including the national bestseller,
Viruses: AIDS ? Ebola, says spraying pesticides to combat mosquitoes suspected
of carrying the West Nile Virus (WNV) has not been scientifically proven to
be either safe for humans or effective against the disease. Spraying malathion,
a suspected human chemical carcinogen and known immune system blocker, or its
alternate, Anvil 10:10, violates a basic tenant of public health practice that
requires foreknowledge of the risks and proven benefits of the policy before
it is implemented, he says.
There is substantial evidence linking exposure to these airborne chemicals
to cancer and genetic damage, the doctor maintains. For this reason he has urged
political and public health officials to stop what he calls “imprudent practices
that are clearly lethal to people.”
In support of his activism, the publisher of Dr. Horowitz’s Death in the
Air (Tetrahedron; 1-888-508-4787) has donated more than 1,000 copies to libraries
and legislators. His documentation comes “highly recommended” in the July, 2002
issue of LIBRARY JOURNAL, the nation’s leading academic library periodical.
Henry A. Wallace of the Institute for Alternative Agriculture has also voiced
concern saying, “I think people, by now, would know that heavy applications
of pesticide have not been the right way to go” in-so-far-as halting the spread
of threatening diseases. “Spraying people with pesticide that do not want to
be sprayed must be morally wrong.”
Dr. Horowitz says, “This spraying policy violates ethical, moral, and scientific
standards. To give people the proof and power to resist this madness I’ve even
lifted the copyright on the book. People should photocopy and circulate the
stunning evidence at townhall meetings for the benefit of their communities
and conscientious policy- makers considering or debating this pesticide spraying issue.”
General Facts about West Nile Virus
"Even in areas where the virus is circulating, very few mosquitoes are infected
with the virus. Even if the mosquito is infected, less than 1% of people who
get bitten and become infected will get severely ill. The chances you will become
severely ill from any one mosquito bite are extremely small."
Encephalitis is a viral infection. Mild cases may include a slight fever
and/or headache. More severe infections are marked by a rapid onset of a high
fever with head and body aches. Usually symptoms occur from 5 to 15 days after
exposure. There is no specific treatment for viral infections, other than to
treat the symptoms and provide supportive care. Those who may be most susceptible
to encephalitis are the elderly and persons with damaged immune systems.
West Nile virus is currently found in many areas of the eastern half of the
United States. The virus is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito, and
can infect people, horses, many types of birds, and some other animals.
Most people who become infected with West Nile virus will have either no
symptoms or only mild ones. On rare occasions, infection can result in a severe
and sometimes fatal illness known as West Nile encephalitis (an inflammation
of the brain). The risk of severe disease is higher for persons 50 years of
age and older. As of August 2, 2002 there have been 36 cases of West Nile virus
related human illness confirmed to CDC during 2002, including 2 deaths. From
1999 through 2001, there were 149 cases of West Nile virus human illness in
the United States reported to CDC and confirmed, including 18 deaths.
There is no evidence to suggest that West Nile virus can be spread from person
to person or from animal to person.
Mosquito Spraying and West Nile Virus
In 1999 and 2000, New Yorkers were exposed to massive amounts of toxic pesticides
by the Giuliani administration in a panicked overreaction to the alleged threat
of West Nile Virus (WNV - a disease that the Department of Health?s own press
releases admit is extremely hard to become infected by and is very rarely fatal.
We were repeatedly sprayed by helicopters and trucks in our homes, in public
parks, while shopping, while playing in schoolyards, while eating in outdoor
restaurants and while traveling to and from work and school.
Now the possible spray area for mosquitoes said to be carrying West Nile
Virus has been extended to cities up and down the entire east coast, and as
far west as the Mississippi River, even though there have been no human fatalities
in the US from West Nile encephalitis apart from eight people in New York in
the last two years. Spraying has taken place in almost every county in New York
State, as well as in New Jersey, parts of Connecticut (which used Scourge/Resmethrin),
Maryland, Massachusetts and along the entire eastern seaboard from Maine all
the way to Florida.
Despite overwhelming evidence of the hazards of indiscriminate pesticide
use, plans are underway to extend the broadcast spraying for West Nile-carrying
mosquitoes to urban areas such as Cleveland, Ohio and Detroit, Michigan. On
the west coast, massive indiscriminate spraying of urban areas is already underway
for other insects.
New York City remains the epicenter, and what happens there will dramatically
affect what happens everywhere else. Public health experts, mosquito control
technicians, and scientists who specialize in studying the effects of pesticide
exposure warn that this unprecedented use of chemicals on densely packed urban
populations will not only be ineffective for mosquito control but pose a far
greater health risk than West Nile Virus.
The main chemical used in 1999, Malathion (Fyfanon ULV), is described by
the NYC Mayor?s Chem-Bio Handbook - the City?s official guide to handling chemical
and biological emergencies which is distributed to every police precinct, ambulance
and fire truck - as a toxic nerve gas directly related to those used in WWII.
Anvil (Sumithrin + Piperonyl Butoxide + Petroleum-related byproducts), the synthetic
pyrethroid nerve gas sprayed from trucks in 2000, is known to cause asthma,
disruption of sexual hormones and various other health disorders, and has been
linked to breast cancer in women and diminished sperm counts in men.
According to a study by Dr. Mary Wolff of Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
the main component of Anvil, the chemical Sumithrin, disrupts human hormones
and has been shown to increase the growth of breast cancer tumors.
"Women who have breast cancer and who may be exposed to the spraying should
be notified about that," Wood said. "These politicians who have no knowledge
of this stuff keep saying it's okay. But I'm afraid 10 to 15 years from now
we'll be paying the consequences."
Rather than jump to costly pesticide spraying that has to be repeated every
year, Wood said, City Hall should look at its own successful and environmentally
sound ways of eliminating mosquitoes.
One of those methods is something called a Mosquito Magnet, a machine that
looks like a barbecue grill. It burns propane gas that sends out a plume of
carbon dioxide. The plume attracts mosquitoes who are then sucked in and killed.
One magnet can destroy adult mosquitoes over an acre of land.
The city is already using these machines in all of its waste treatment plants.
It needs to order hundreds, or even thousands, more.
What we don't need is an annual battle over pesticide spraying that does
more harm than the danger being fought.
Prevention and Control without Toxic Pesticides
mosquito repellent has been associated with seizures and several cases of toxic
encephalopathy (encephalitis) in children, including three deaths, according
to the Extension Toxicology Network at Cornell University.
Bug Arrest is an ecologically safe and effective pest management solution for
humans and pets. This non-toxic product contains natural enzymes that devour
the exoskeleton of pests such as fleas, lice, scabies, mites, and more.
Natural herbal remedies for insect bites and stings: redness, swelling, itching
Indoor/Outdoor Insector, The Bug Collector. How many sleepless nights have been
spent listening to the unnerving whine of a mosquito or the buzz/thwack of a
frantic fly? How many outdoor evenings have been spoiled by annoying moths or
a squadron of hungry mosquitoes? The new Insector Bug Collector works both indoors
and out to trap unwanted insect guests without resorting to electric zaps, gooey
adhesives or noxious poisons. Just plug in the Insector in your bedroom, kitchen,
backyard patio, anywhere you'd like to be free of flying pests. The insect-attracting
blue light lures flying insects toward a down-drafting fan that pushes them
into an inescapable trap in the base, where they perish naturally. Cleanup is
quick and easy — just unscrew the base and empty the trap. Insector is an effective,
yet attractive device with its sculptural profile and attractive translucent
blue color. Durable plastic construction withstands exposure to UV rays.
Essential Oil in Catnip is a highly effective mosquito repellant
CHICAGO, August 27 — Researchers report that nepetalactone, the essential
oil in catnip that gives the plant its characteristic odor, is about ten times
more effective at repelling mosquitoes than DEET — the compound used in most
commercial insect repellents. Entomologist Chris Peterson, Ph.D., with Joel
Coats, Ph.D., chair of the university’s entomology department, led the effort
to test catnip’s ability to repel mosquitoes. Peterson, a former post-doctoral
research associate at the school, is now with the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service, Wood Products Insects Research Unit, in Starkville, Miss.
In the laboratory, repellency is measured on a scale ranging from +100 percent,
considered highly repellent, to –100 percent, considered a strong attractant.
A compound with a +100 percent repellency rating would repel all mosquitoes,
while –100 percent would attract them all. A rating of zero means half of the
insects would stay on the treated side and half on the untreated side. In Peterson’s
tests, catnip ranged from +49 percent to +59 percent at high doses, and +39
percent to +53 percent at low doses. By comparison, at the same doses, DEET’s
repellency was only about +10 percent in this bioassay, he notes.
Peterson says nepetalactone is about 10 times more effective than DEET because
it takes about one-tenth as much nepetalactone as DEET to have the same effect.
Most commercial insect repellents contain about 5 percent to 25 percent DEET.
Presumably, much less catnip oil would be needed in a formulation to have the
same level of repellency as a DEET-based repellent.
Why catnip repels mosquitoes is still a mystery, says Peterson. “It might
simply be acting as an irritant or they don’t like the smell. But nobody really
knows why insect repellents work.” Catnip is a perennial herb belonging to the
mint family and grows wild in most parts of the United States, although it also
is cultivated for commercial use. Catnip is native to Europe and was introduced
to this country in the late 18th century. It is primarily known for the stimulating
effect it has on cats, although some people use the leaves in tea, as a meat
tenderizer and even as a folk treatment for fevers, colds, cramps and migraines.
Chris Peterson, Ph.D., is a former post-doctoral research associate at Iowa
State University in Ames, Iowa, and is now a Research Entomologist with the
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Wood Products Insect Research
Service, in Starkville, Miss. Joel R. Coats, Ph.D., is professor of entomology
and toxicology and Chair of the Department of Entomology at Iowa State University
in Ames, Iowa.
From the mailbag - Natural mosquito repellent
I received this email from a visitor of my site to remind me of a safe natural
insect repellent. She writes: "There's another natural product that you won't
buy in a store that works against mosquitoes and best of all its free -it's your own urine!
Of course, not too many people would have much desire for this method. However,
if you drink a bunch of water beforehand, then, on your next bathroom break,
collect a little urine, there will hardly be any smell to it. Rub it on and
no mosquito will touch you. I learned that in the rainforest of Costa Rica.
When we finished our rainforest trek and went to a hotel in San Jose, CR, the
hotel owner was very surprised that we had no mosquito bites (especially considering
that we traveled during the rainy season)."
DEET in Mosquito Repellents is Extremely Troubling
"The use of DEET has been associated with seizures and several cases of toxic encephalopathy
(encephalitis) in children, including three deaths, according to the Extension
Toxicology Network at Cornell University."
Think about using Deet?
In the July 30th edition of the Latrobe Bulletin I read an article
called, "West Nile virus spreading faster than expected". It advised using a
mosquito repellent containing DEET. I’ve heard that DEET is not safe for children.
What’s your take on this and are there any herbal insect repellents I could
use instead of products containing DEET? Jean M., Waterford, PA
DEET is the common name for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamid.
DEET is a unique pesticide because it is applied directly to the human body
for the purpose of repelling insects. It was developed and patented by the U.S.
Army in 1946 for use by military personnel. Deet was then registered for general
public use in the U.S. in the 1957.
Products containing N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and isomers (DEET) are
beneficial as insect repellents, but have also been associated with dermal (skin)
irritation such as blisters and scarring (Reuveni and Yagupsky, 1982) and neurological
damage including toxic encephalopathy with symptoms of agitation, weakness,
disorientation, seizures, coma and death (Heick, 1980 and Zadikoff, 1979). DEET
is absorbed promptly through the skin and distributed to all organs including
the brain and (in case of pregnancy) the fetus. I gleaned this information
EXTOXNET, a Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices
of Cornell University, Michigan State university, Oregon State University and
University of California at Davis at their web site:
In 1995 the National Poison Control Center in Washington, DC. received over
6,700 reports of (DEET) repellent exposure side effects, including one death.
Of the 6,700 reports, two thirds occurred in children age six and under.
I have never used insect repellents containing DEET and I would not recommend
using them, especially on children. But with the recent threat of the West Nile
virus, I can understand how most people will panic and reach for the DEET. However
there are a lot of precautions one can take to protect themselves against mosquitoes,
such as getting rid of stagnant water around the yard and wearing protective
clothing when going into the woods or working in the garden. Last year during
the heat of summer I would work in my garden from 7:00 until dark. Although
this was more comfortable than mid-day, the mosquitoes were out in full force
and anxious to bite. After getting pretty bite up the first time, I decided
to pick some Sage and Chamomile leaves and rub them on my arms and face thereafter.
It worked and the mosquitoes left me alone!
There are several natural alternatives to DEET products on the market but
they are slow to catch on and you have to go to a health food store or on line
to get them. Granted the DEET formulas work longer (from 6 – 10 hours) than
natural repellents and so you’ll need to apply them more often if you’re looking
for extended protection. But that’s only an inconvenience with no toxic side
effects. As with most natural, alternatives, there is always a little inconvenience.
But what a small price to pay- don’t you agree?
A trip to your local health food store (if you’ve never visited one) will
open a whole new world of ‘chemical-free’ living for you. You can even find
safe, herbal, no aluminum deodorants there!
It’s no coincidence that Nature provides effective and gentle remedies for
all of our needs, including mosquito repellent. If you have your own herb garden,
you might want to experiment in making your own. Some herbs that are known to
work are Lavender, Peppermint, Thyme, Citronella, Lemongrass, Chamomile Eucalyptus,
Garlic, Basil, Rosemary and Sage. Use what you have growing. Make a strong herbal
tea of the fresh leaves. Let the tea cool and either put it in a spray bottle
or wipe it directly on the skin. Keep unused portion in the refrigerator and
make a new batch every few days.
Mosquitoes especially dislike Lavender and Thyme oils. Use pure essential
oil, and dilute it in a base of either water or carrier oil such as sweet almond,
sesame, grape seed or safflower. Dilute 2-6 drops of the essential oil into
1 teaspoon of a base oil to use topically. To make a water-based splash, add
5-6 drops essential oil to 1 Tablespoon witch hazel and 4 Tablespoons filtered/spring
water. Shake it well and spray on the skin.
One of the best formulas I have found to keep most bothersome insects away
- Thyme oil, 4 drops
- Lavender oil, 4 drops
- Peppermint, 4 drops
Add this blend of oils to 2 Tablespoons witch hazel and 8 Tablespoons filtered
or spring water. Shake well and spray onto skin. Re-apply as needed when outdoors.
This is a good blend for children also. If you do happen to get bit, tea tree
oil is always a good first choice, since it has antiseptic properties, reduces
inflammation and promotes skin healing.
There are natural alternatives Jean but it takes a little more time and effort.
As always, I urge you to do your own research and of course, listen to your
innate healing wisdom.
The Immune System: The body's defense department
From the South Dakota Department of Health - Office of Disease Prevention -
"West Nile virus disease is a mosquito-borne infection that can cause mild
flu-like illness or severe encephalitis. Although chances of a person getting
encephalitis are small, there are some simple steps you can take to reduce your
risk of being bitten by mosquitoes. Encephalitis is a viral infection. Mild
cases may include a slight fever and/or headache. More severe infections are
marked by a rapid onset of a high fever with head and body aches. Usually symptoms
occur from 5 to 15 days after exposure. There is no specific treatment for viral
infections, other than to treat the symptoms and provide supportive care. Those
who may be most susceptible to encephalitis are the elderly and persons with
damaged immune systems."
Your immune system is your bodyguard, and is not responsive to drugs for healing. By rebuilding immunity,
health is naturally restored and disease disappears. If health and immunity
are thereafter conscientiously maintained, the individual is no longer vulnerable
to disease. According t o Dr. George C Pack, MD, a cancer specialist at Cornell
medical School, almost everyone has cancer cells present at times in our bodies.
If our immune system is working properly, these cells are killed or reabsorbed
by our defense system before they begin to grow and threaten our health. The
only real defense against cancer is the immune system. Everyone gets cancer
every day but if the immune system is where it should be those cancer cells
are eliminated and we never know it | <urn:uuid:cee9908e-20f6-4b5e-98b4-05a060ebbd40> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/ConsumerAlert/WestNileVirus | 2024-02-26T16:44:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.954611 | 7,917 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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79
] |
Synthetic resins play a pivotal role in various industries, serving as essential components in the production of coatings, adhesives, and plastics. Among the myriad chemicals involved in resin formulations, urea emerges as a key player with a crucial role in enhancing performance and optimizing properties. This article delves into the multifaceted contributions of urea in synthetic resin formulations, highlighting its impact on the overall quality and functionality of these versatile materials.
Urea as a Reactivity Modifier
One of the primary functions of urea in synthetic resin formulations is its role as a reactivity modifier. Urea acts as a catalyst in polymerization reactions, influencing the rate at which monomers combine to form polymers. By adjusting the reactivity of the resin system, manufacturers can achieve precise control over curing times, ensuring optimal processing conditions and end-product properties.
Urea, a versatile compound derived from organic sources or synthesized through industrial processes, serves as a reactivity modifier in the realm of synthetic resin formulations. This pivotal role stems from its ability to act as a catalyst during polymerization reactions, influencing the kinetic aspects of the process.
Polymerization and Urea's Catalyst Role
Polymerization is the chemical process in which small, reactive molecules known as monomers combine to form larger, more complex structures called polymers. In the context of synthetic resins, this process is critical for the development of the desired material properties. Urea functions as a catalyst in this reaction, accelerating the rate at which monomers react and polymerize.
Influencing Reactivity and Curing Times
The reactivity of a resin system refers to how quickly or slowly the polymerization process occurs. Urea, as a catalyst, plays a key role in adjusting this reactivity. By carefully controlling the concentration of urea in the resin formulation, manufacturers can fine-tune the reaction kinetics. This control over reactivity allows for precise modulation of curing times—the duration required for the resin to solidify and attain its final form.
Achieving Optimal Processing Conditions
The ability to adjust the reactivity of a resin system with urea provides manufacturers with a powerful tool to optimize processing conditions. Different applications and manufacturing processes may demand specific curing times and material properties. Urea facilitates the tailoring of resin formulations to meet these requirements, ensuring that the resin cures at a rate compatible with the production process in use.
End-Product Properties and Quality Control
The impact of urea as a reactivity modifier extends beyond the manufacturing stage to influence the properties of the final resin product. Controlling the curing times and reactivity helps ensure that the resin achieves the desired characteristics, such as hardness, flexibility, and adhesion. This level of control is crucial for maintaining quality standards and consistency in the end products derived from these resin formulations.
Research and Development Implications
Urea's role as a reactivity modifier also has implications for research and development in the field of synthetic resins. Scientists and engineers can explore various formulations, adjusting the concentration of urea to study its effects on polymerization kinetics and the resulting material properties. This iterative process allows for continuous improvement and innovation in resin development.
Urea's function as a reactivity modifier in synthetic resin formulations is integral to achieving precise control over polymerization reactions. Its catalytic role influences curing times, facilitates optimal processing conditions, and ultimately contributes to the fine-tuning of end-product properties. This level of control not only enhances manufacturing efficiency but also opens avenues for innovation and customization in the development of synthetic resins for diverse applications.
Cross-Linking and Strength Enhancement
Urea is instrumental in the cross-linking of polymer chains within synthetic resins. Through its participation in chemical reactions during curing processes, urea facilitates the creation of strong and durable cross-links. This cross-linking imparts enhanced strength and resilience to the final resin product, making it well-suited for applications where mechanical performance is paramount, such as in high-performance coatings and structural adhesives.
Cross-linking is a crucial process in the development of synthetic resins, and urea plays a pivotal role in facilitating this phenomenon. During the curing process of resins, which involves the transformation of liquid or thermoplastic materials into solid structures, urea actively participates in chemical reactions that lead to the formation of cross-links between polymer chains. These cross-links act as bridges connecting adjacent polymer molecules, creating a three-dimensional network within the resin matrix.
Chemical Reactions in Cross-Linking
Urea engages in chemical reactions with functional groups present in the resin matrix. For example, in the case of formaldehyde-based resins like urea-formaldehyde resins, urea reacts with formaldehyde to produce reactive intermediates. These intermediates then form covalent bonds with the polymer chains, establishing cross-links. The nature of these bonds contributes to the overall strength and durability of the resin.
Enhanced Strength and Resilience
The cross-linking facilitated by urea imparts significant enhancements to the strength and resilience of the final resin product. The three-dimensional network formed by cross-links reinforces the molecular structure, making the resin more resistant to deformation, wear, and environmental stress. This enhanced strength is particularly advantageous in applications where mechanical performance is paramount, such as in high-performance coatings and structural adhesives.
Applications in High-Performance Coatings
In high-performance coating applications, the cross-linking promoted by urea ensures that the coating adheres strongly to the substrate and provides durable protection. The resulting material can withstand harsh environmental conditions, including exposure to UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, and chemical exposure. This makes urea-crosslinked resins valuable for applications ranging from automotive finishes to industrial coatings.
Role in Structural Adhesives
Structural adhesives require a combination of strength and flexibility to provide reliable bonding in various materials. Urea's contribution to cross-linking enhances the cohesive strength of the adhesive, making it well-suited for applications where bonding integrity is critical. The resilience imparted by cross-links ensures that the adhesive can withstand dynamic forces, making it suitable for use in structural components.
Balance Between Strength and Flexibility
Urea's role in cross-linking strikes a balance between strength and flexibility in the resin matrix. While the cross-links enhance strength, they also contribute to the flexibility of the material, preventing it from becoming excessively brittle. This balance is essential in applications where both rigidity and resilience are desired qualities.
Urea's involvement in the cross-linking of polymer chains within synthetic resins is a fundamental aspect of resin development. This process enhances the strength and resilience of the final product, making urea-crosslinked resins valuable for applications demanding superior mechanical performance, such as high-performance coatings and structural adhesives. The ability to tailor the level of cross-linking provides manufacturers with a versatile tool to meet specific performance requirements in various industrial applications.
Hydrogen Bonding and Stability
Urea's unique ability to form hydrogen bonds is another critical aspect of its contribution to synthetic resin formulations. These hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing the resin matrix, influencing properties such as viscosity, adhesion, and thermal stability. The resulting improvements in resin stability contribute to the overall durability and longevity of products incorporating urea-modified resins.
Urea possesses a distinctive capability to form hydrogen bonds due to its molecular structure. Hydrogen bonds occur when hydrogen atoms, covalently bonded to electronegative atoms like nitrogen and oxygen, interact with other electronegative atoms. In urea, the amine groups (-NH2) can serve as both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, facilitating the formation of these interactions.
Stabilizing the Resin Matrix
In synthetic resin formulations, urea's ability to form hydrogen bonds becomes a crucial factor in stabilizing the resin matrix. The hydrogen bonds act as molecular bridges between different polymer chains, contributing to the cohesion and structural integrity of the resin. This stabilization plays a key role in preventing the resin from undergoing undesirable changes, such as phase separation or degradation, over time.
Influence on Viscosity
Hydrogen bonding affects the viscosity of resin formulations. The intermolecular interactions created by hydrogen bonds contribute to the overall viscosity of the resin. The presence of urea, with its hydrogen bonding capability, can influence the flow properties of the resin during processing. Controlling viscosity is essential for various applications, including coatings and adhesives, as it impacts ease of application and the final appearance of the coated surface.
Hydrogen bonding also contributes to improved adhesion properties in urea-modified resins. The formation of hydrogen bonds between the resin and the substrate enhances the bonding strength, promoting better adhesion. This is particularly valuable in applications where strong adhesion to diverse surfaces is required, such as in laminates, composite materials, or surface coatings.
The hydrogen bonding network established by urea can enhance the thermal stability of synthetic resins. These bonds help to distribute and dissipate heat within the resin matrix, preventing localized overheating and degradation. This improved thermal stability is significant in applications where the resin may be exposed to elevated temperatures during processing or in-service conditions.
Resin Durability and Longevity
The overall impact of hydrogen bonding on properties like stability, viscosity, adhesion, and thermal stability contributes to the durability and longevity of products incorporating urea-modified resins. Resins stabilized by hydrogen bonds are less prone to degradation, ensuring that the material maintains its performance characteristics over an extended period.
Tailoring Properties for Specific Applications
The ability to leverage hydrogen bonding allows formulators to tailor the properties of urea-modified resins for specific applications. By adjusting the concentration of urea and optimizing the hydrogen bonding network, manufacturers can fine-tune resin formulations to meet the specific requirements of diverse industries, ranging from automotive coatings to electronic encapsulation.
Urea's unique ability to form hydrogen bonds is a critical aspect of its contribution to synthetic resin formulations. The resulting stabilization of the resin matrix influences various properties, leading to improved viscosity control, enhanced adhesion, superior thermal stability, and ultimately, the durability and longevity of products incorporating urea-modified resins. This versatility makes urea a valuable component in the formulation toolbox for engineers and scientists working on advanced materials across a spectrum of applications.
Blending and Compatibility
Urea is also employed as a blending agent to improve the compatibility of different resin components. Its chemical structure allows urea to act as a bridging molecule, promoting the homogeneity of resin blends. This compatibility-enhancing function ensures that diverse resin components can be seamlessly integrated, leading to uniform material properties and improved processing characteristics.
In the realm of synthetic resin formulations, urea serves a crucial function as a blending agent. Its chemical structure and properties make it well-suited to act as a bridging molecule that facilitates the compatibility of different resin components. This blending capability is particularly valuable in creating resin formulations with tailored properties for specific applications.
Chemical Structure Facilitating Blending
Urea's molecular structure, characterized by amine groups (-NH2), enables it to interact with various functional groups present in different resin components. This interaction involves hydrogen bonding and other intermolecular forces, allowing urea to act as a mediator between different resin molecules. This bridging role is essential for promoting the uniform integration of diverse components.
Promoting Homogeneity in Resin Blends
When different resin components are combined in a formulation, achieving homogeneity is a critical challenge. Inhomogeneous blends may result in variations in material properties and compromise the overall performance of the resin. Urea, acting as a blending agent, promotes homogeneity by forming connections between different resin molecules. This ensures a more uniform distribution of components within the resin matrix.
The compatibility-enhancing function of urea is particularly valuable when formulating resins that consist of multiple polymers or additives. Different polymers may have varying chemical structures and reactivity, leading to challenges in achieving a well-integrated and compatible blend. Urea's bridging role mitigates these challenges by fostering compatibility between different components, ultimately improving the overall performance of the resin.
Seamless Integration of Diverse Components
The use of urea as a blending agent enables the seamless integration of diverse resin components. This is advantageous when formulating resins with specific performance requirements, such as enhanced flexibility, durability, or adhesion. Urea helps create a synergistic effect among different components, resulting in a resin formulation that exhibits a balanced combination of properties.
Uniform Material Properties
The uniform distribution of resin components achieved through urea-mediated blending contributes to consistent material properties throughout the resin matrix. This uniformity is crucial for ensuring predictable and reproducible outcomes in terms of mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. It also facilitates the manufacturing of products with reliable and standardized characteristics.
Improved Processing Characteristics
In addition to enhancing material properties, the compatibility-promoting function of urea contributes to improved processing characteristics. Resins that exhibit better compatibility are often easier to process during manufacturing. This can lead to advantages such as improved flow, reduced viscosity variations, and enhanced stability during processing, ultimately optimizing production efficiency.
Tailoring Resin Formulations for Specific Applications
The versatility of urea as a blending agent provides formulators with the flexibility to tailor resin formulations for specific applications. Whether in the development of coatings, adhesives, or composite materials, urea's role in promoting compatibility allows for the customization of resin properties to meet the diverse requirements of different industries.
Urea's employment as a blending agent is instrumental in achieving compatibility and homogeneity in synthetic resin formulations. Its bridging role, facilitated by its chemical structure, ensures the seamless integration of diverse resin components, leading to uniform material properties and improved processing characteristics. This versatility makes urea a valuable tool for formulators seeking to create resin formulations with enhanced performance for a wide range of applications.
In conclusion, the inclusion of urea in synthetic resin formulations is not merely incidental but rather a strategic choice to enhance reactivity, strength, stability, and compatibility. Manufacturers across industries benefit from the versatility of urea, as it contributes to the optimization of resin properties and, consequently, the performance of end products. As research continues to unveil new insights into chemical interactions, urea's crucial role in synthetic resin formulations will likely persist and evolve, shaping the landscape of materials science and industrial applications. | <urn:uuid:be910d96-cb3b-4fb2-8dd5-5928cd2b4c4c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sinooan.com/The-Crucial-Role-of-Urea-in-Synthetic-Resin-Formulations_256.html | 2024-02-26T18:18:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.909134 | 2,993 | 2.546875 | 3 | [
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Cancer is a major cause of death and disease in the world’s population. In their lifetime, approximately 21% of men and 18% of women are expected to be diagnosed with cancer. As the population grows and ages, these numbers are only anticipated to get worse.
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In order for cancer to develop, a person’s cells must proliferate abnormally and invade other tissues. Rather than being a single disease, cancer can be caused by a variety of diverse factors.
Many sleep researchers are now focusing on the link between sleep and cancer because of the growing understanding of the importance of sleep in general health.
Despite the fact that further research is required, specialists have discovered a complex link. Certain types of cancer may be linked to a person’s inability to get a good night’s sleep. It’s possible that they have an impact on how quickly cancer spreads and how well the treatment works.
As a side effect, cancer can also disrupt sleep. A lack of sleep due to cancer symptoms or the side effects of treatment can have a negative impact on a patient’s quality of life. Cancer survivors, even those who have completed treatment, may experience sleep disturbances due to long-term physical and mental changes brought on by the disease.
It is possible to improve one’s health by learning about the complicated connections between cancer and sleep. The risk of cancer cannot be completely eliminated, however, having adequate sleep may be a preventative factor. Better sleep may help cancer patients feel better physically and emotionally, which in turn may improve their capacity to deal with the disease.
Can Sleep Affect Cancer?
The importance of sleep for human health has long been known. Evidence suggests that sleep may influence cancer in a variety of ways, given its influence on practically every system in the body.
The brain, immune system, synthesis and regulation of hormones, metabolism, and body weight may all be affected by sleep in ways that affect cancer risk. It is possible that sleep alters the environment in which cells operate and the signals that control how they grow.
The following sections provide an overview of current research on the potential effects of sleep on cancer risk, progression, and treatment, even though this is still a developing topic.
A consultation with a physician is recommended for anyone concerned about the quality of their sleep or their risk of cancer.
Sleep and Cancer Risk
Sleep length, quality, circadian rhythm, and sleep problems have all been linked to an increased risk of cancer. However, studies on this area are not always consistent or conclusive, which may be due to problems in collecting long-term data on sleep.
There has been a lot of debate over the years about how much sleep one gets and the likelihood of developing cancer. Sleep data collection methods, cancer types evaluated, and other factors that can affect cancer risk may all have a role in the outcomes.
The chance of death from any cause is higher for people who sleep less than six hours a night, and a recent study indicated that persons with short sleep have a higher cancer risk as well.
Short sleep duration has been linked to an increased risk of colon polyps that can develop into cancer in certain cancers. Some studies have linked lower sleep duration in older persons to an increased risk of stomach cancer, as well as cancers of the thyroid, bladder, head, and neck in older adults.
These investigations, on the other hand, are not conclusive. Short sleep has not been linked to an increased risk of many cancers, including lung cancer. People who sleep less than seven or eight hours a night are less likely to develop cancer, according to several studies.
Sleep deprivation has been linked in animal studies to increased cell “wear and tear,” which may lead to DNA damage that can lead to cancer. Sleep and cancer may be linked, even if human research has yet to reveal this conclusively.
In addition, sleep deprivation may raise the risk of cancer. Obesity, a well-documented risk factor for a wide variety of cancers, has been shown to be correlated with insufficient sleep. Sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of cancer because of immune system disorders such as chronic inflammation.
Sleeping more than nine hours a night has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer, according to certain studies. Colorectal cancer risk was observed to increase in older persons who slept less than seven hours a night, especially those who were obese or snored regularly. Long sleep duration has been linked to an increased risk of primary liver cancer and breast cancer, particularly the estrogen-dependent subtype.
Even more difficult to assess than sleep time is sleep quality, especially over the long term, which makes it difficult to correctly determine its implications on cancer risk.
Fragmented sleep has been shown to enhance tumor growth and progression in mice. More than 10,000 adults over the age of 50 were included in an observational study that indicated a greater cancer risk in those who assessed their sleep quality as poor or average.
More than 4,000 women took part in an observational study that discovered a link between insomnia and the severe form of breast cancer called triple-negative. In a more limited trial, men with more frequent and severe sleep interruptions had a higher chance of getting prostate cancer than those with less severe disturbances.
More research is needed to reproduce and verify these findings, just as there was with regard to the length of time spent sleeping. The number and length of sleep disturbances, for example, may influence the probability of acquiring certain types of cancer in future studies.
The 24-hour internal clock of the human body is known as the circadian rhythm. In the brain, it is governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which sends signals throughout the body to maximize activity based on the times of the day.
In the absence of artificial light, people quickly adapt to a circadian rhythm where they are up during daylight hours and asleep at night. Circadian rhythms can go out of sync with the natural rhythms of the day and night in modern civilization due to factors such as exposure to artificial light, night shifts at work, and frequent travel across time zones.
A rising body of research suggests that cancer may be linked to circadian disturbance. Cell growth and division are influenced by circadian signals, which has ramifications for the possibility of mutations and DNA damage. When the circadian rhythm is out of whack, hormone production and metabolism, as well as the immune system, might be affected.
Circadian rhythm has a profound effect on many body systems, including breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreas cancer, and ovary cancer. This indicates that circadian disruption has several possible ties to the development of various malignancies.
Shift workers have an increased risk of cancer because their circadian rhythms are disrupted by nighttime labor, which is commonly referred to as “shift work.” Shift employment has been deemed “possibly carcinogenic” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Exposure to carcinogens may play a role in disrupting circadian rhythms that may enhance one’s vulnerability to other risk factors, according to some researchers.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Most research examining the link between cancer and sleeping problems focuses on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (OSA). OSA causes sleep fragmentation and hypoxia (lack of oxygen in the blood) because of the many pauses in breathing it causes.
In animal studies, sleep apnea-induced hypoxia and sleep disruptions have been proven to promote tumor growth. A cancer-friendly environment may be created in people due to a variety of sleep apnea effects.
Hyperoxia exacerbates these alarming side effects, such as immune system dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and insomnia by reprogramming immune system cells to be less effective in fighting cancer. In many cancers, low oxygen levels are discovered, raising the possibility that sleep apnea-induced hypoxia contributes to cancer risk.
These biochemical possibilities suggesting a relationship between OSA and cancer have not yielded conclusive findings in studies.
Study after study has found that persons with moderate and severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) have a higher risk of dying from the disease. OSA and breast cancer have been linked in smaller studies. Prostate, uterine, lung, thyroid, and kidney malignancies, as well as malignant melanoma, are all more common in people with severe OSA.
Yet not all researchers have discovered the same patterns of cancer risk or death in people with OSA and some studies have shown fewer cancer cases in people with OSA. A lack of data on which patients were receiving therapy for OSA, as well as the fact that OSA is linked to a variety of other illnesses, such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes, could explain some of the discrepancies in the study.
Sleep and Cancer Progression
Cancer’s growth and progression may be influenced by the quality of one’s sleep. However, more research is needed to determine whether or not factors like the impact of poor sleep quality on metabolism and inflammation can influence the aggressiveness of cancer cells.
Sleeping more than nine hours each night has been linked to an increased risk of death from breast cancer and other causes in women with the disease. It has been observed that breast cancer recurrence is linked to sleep patterns that are out of sync with the body’s natural circadian rhythms.
A study on sleep and colorectal cancer found a link between shorter sleep duration before diagnosis and an increased risk of cancer mortality, but this study, like many others, simply found a link, not proof of a cause and effect.
Hypoxia and sleep fragmentation caused by obstructive sleep apnea may make tumors more likely to spread to other regions of the body and contribute to cancer progression.
Sleep and Cancer Treatment
If we learn more about the circadian rhythm, we may be able to develop more effective cancer treatments that take advantage of the patient’s sleep patterns.
Depending on the time of day the medication is administered, cancer cells may be more susceptible or resistant to the treatment. Circadian timing affects many of the proteins, enzymes, and receptors that cancer medicines aim to target on the cell surface.
Chronotherapy is a cancer treatment component that tries to optimize radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy in accordance with a patient’s circadian rhythm. Chronotherapy, according to some theories, could help cancer treatments kill more cancer cells while also causing less harm to good tissue than is currently possible.
Drugs based on circadian rhythm may possibly be produced in the future to combat cancers. Circadian timing, for example, has been proven to have a favorable effect on numerous types of cancer, with early-stage trials showing promising outcomes.
Cancer patients’ recovery and response to therapy may be affected by their ability to get a good night’s sleep. It has been found that women undergoing breast cancer surgery have a higher risk of problems and a longer length of hospital stay if they have difficulty sleeping.
Obstructive sleep apnea may affect the efficacy of several cancer treatments, according to studies. Since hypoxia, which is caused by respiratory problems, can interfere with the effectiveness of some chemotherapy and radiation therapies, these treatments may be rendered ineffective.
Frequently Asked Questions About Sleep and Cancer Risk
Does Sleeping With a Light on Increase Cancer Risk?
Some study suggests that exposure to artificial light at night may affect cancer risk, albeit it is not conclusive.
Inducing the body to create melatonin, a hormone that aids sleep, is an important component of the circadian rhythm. Melatonin has been shown in animal experiments to inhibit tumor growth and aid in the repair of DNA damage in cells, in addition to its sleep-promoting properties. Sleeping with the lights on could potentially disrupt natural circadian rhythms, hence increasing the likelihood of cancer development.
People who slept in a bedroom with a lot of artificial light at night were found to have a higher risk of prostate cancer, but a lower risk of breast cancer. A lot more research is needed to understand whether or not light exposure during sleep increases the risk of cancer, given these conflicting results.
Can You Get Cancer by Sleeping Next to Your Phone?
Sleeping near to your phone does not increase your cancer risk. The sort of energy from cell phones, called non-ionizing radiation, does not cause DNA damage; instead, its only recognized biological effect is warmth. Studies of cell phone users have revealed no evidence of an increased risk of brain tumors or any other type of cancer in this population.
Despite the fact that there is no conclusive evidence linking cell phones to cancer, several experts advise against using your phone for extended periods of time while standing next to your head. Keeping your phone in a drawer or on a nightstand may be the best option.
In addition, while it is not known to cause cancer, technology in the bedroom might induce sleep interruptions, so it may benefit your sleep if you don’t bring your phone to bed with you.
Does Sleeping With a Bra Cause Breast Cancer?
There is no link between wearing a bra while sleeping and an increased risk of cancer. Studies have shown that wearing a bra while sleeping does not increase one’s risk of developing breast cancer in any way, and there is no reasonable biological explanation for why this may produce the DNA changes in cells that are needed to start cancer.
Sleep and Cancer Caregivers
While caring for a loved one with cancer, carers face their own sleep issues. In a research, 89 percent of breast cancer patients’ carers reported difficulty sleeping.
There are several factors that might contribute to carers’ sleep problems, including interruptions during the night to offer care, an increase in stress or worry, or a lack of time to tend to one’s own health. In addition to compromising their own health, sleep deprivation can exacerbate melancholy and impair their capacity to offer high-quality care.
A stable sleep routine is essential for carers to maintain their own well-being, as well. Caregivers may benefit from the assistance of other family members, friends, or local groups who can assist with some aspects of caregiving, allowing them to dedicate more time to their physical and emotional health.
Long stretches of shift work may increase cancer risk.
Cancers of the breast, colon, ovaries, and prostate may be more likely to occur if the body’s “biological clock” is disrupted. Working overnight hours and being exposed to light for a long period of time might diminish melatonin levels, which can encourage cancer growth.
Maintaining regular cancer screenings, such as mammograms and colorectal cancer testing as suggested by your doctor is essential,” adds Ruble.
Cancer therapy’s side effects and emotions can disrupt sleep.
Anxiety, despair, exhaustion, digestive issues, breathing issues, hot flashes, night sweats, and pain can all prevent you from getting to sleep and staying asleep when you’re receiving cancer treatment.
Do the following: Inform your physician of your sleep deprivation. Request that if you’re in the hospital, your sleep interruptions be reduced. Relaxation techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy can aid in alleviating stress. Maintain consistent sleep and waking schedule. Get outside or sit by a sunny window during the day to help reset your body clock and restrict your intake of caffeine.
Insomnia can bother cancer survivors for years and even decades.
If you’re going to be successful in school or at work, Ruble argues, you need enough sleep. In young survivors, we’re discovering sleep issues, and we’d like to know if they play a role in their academic difficulties.”
Do the following: The long-term adverse effects of treatment may have a part in the sleep issues of survivors, but activities that disrupt sleep may also play a role, according to Ruble. A lack of exercise and staying up late to play video games or watch television can also get in the way, she adds.
Ways to manage sleep problems
If you’re having trouble falling asleep, make an appointment with your doctor or nurse practitioner so they can help you. You and your medical team can take efforts to help you sleep better again.
- Tell your doctor about problems that interfere with sleep. Getting relief from pain or other symptoms like urine and bladder issues or diarrhea may help you sleep better.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and relaxation therapy may help. Relaxation can be achieved through the use of these modalities. Even a CBT therapist can help you learn how to replace negative sleep beliefs with positive ones. Other methods that may be of use include deep breathing, visualization, and self-hypnosis, to name just a few.
- Set good bedtime habits. Only go to bed when you’re tired, in a dark, quiet room, on a comfy mattress. Take a break from bed if you can’t fall asleep, then return to bed when you’re ready to go back to sleep. Two or three hours before you want to retire to your bed, put away the electronics. Before going to bed, try not to overindulge in food or drink. Even while it’s critical to stay active throughout the day with regular exercise, doing so just before bedtime may make it more difficult to fall asleep.
- Sleep medicine may be prescribed. If nothing else works, your doctor may recommend a short-term course of sleep medication. The type of sleep medication provided will depend on your individual condition (such as difficulty falling or staying asleep), as well as any other medications you are currently taking.
Talking with your health care team about sleep problems
Make a list of the questions you want to be answered before you go. You might want to include the following on your list:
- What’s going on with my sleep?
- Why should I contact you about this issue?
- What can I do to get a better night’s sleep?
- I’m having trouble sleeping, and I’d like to know if you know of someone that could help.
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] |
Last Updated on April 2, 2023
Halima Akhtar is an exceptional student who gained an A* for both Edexcel A Level Fine Art (100% at AS and A2) and A Level Textiles (100% for AS and A2 Coursework projects and 98% for both examinations). This article features her AS and A2 Textiles projects, completed while studying at Woldingham School, Caterham, Surrey, United Kingdom. Halima gained an A Level Art Scholarship and went on to gain a Distinction for her Art Foundation year. Halima’s sketchbooks contain rich, mixed media pieces, sculptural exploration, fabric investigations, manipulation of materials and experiments with stitching, surface and pattern. A journey that begins with first-hand observation and ends with complex, three-dimensional pieces, Halima’s AS and A2 Textiles projects are superb exemplars for others: some of the best A Level Textile sketchbooks that I have seen.
Two of Halima’s sketchbook pages are included in our new book: Outstanding High School Sketchbooks. This book has high-resolution images so that fine details and annotation are clear, making it an excellent resource for students and schools. Learn more!
We were lucky enough to interview Halima about her projects. Her responses about first-hand observation and how she approached her themes are particularly valuable.
It is important for high school Art projects to work from first-hand observation and respond to the world around them. It is sometimes unclear how this applies to a Textiles project. Please explain how you were influenced and inspired by first-hand observation.
Halima: Coming from an Art background at GCSE when I approached my first AS Textiles project ‘Growth and Decay’ I felt it was important to use the skills I had learnt, which included drawing and painting from first-hand resources to record visual information. This way of working has fed itself through my textiles and art to this day. Through my A Level Textiles course I was able to embrace the notion that textiles has much more to offer than making clothes; it is about working with materials and surfaces sculpturally to discover endless possibilities to explore.
As artists we should embrace the sensuous experience, especially within the context of research in textiles. It is not only about how things look but also the way the feel, smell, sit or can be handled. Each of these qualities can provide such rich information about texture, shape, form, colour and structure to inspire work.
With the title ‘Growth and Decay’, the main thing that struck me was the concept that fungi grows as a process of decay and degeneration. I went looking around forests and outdoor areas to find examples of fungi in the natural setting. The tremendous scale, smell and slime that I often saw growing around these forms – observations I could not have made through photographs – inspired my work greatly as I experimented with material qualities. Within my ‘Armour’ project (see further below), I also drew a connection with natural forms and insects, where some of the repetitive and layered protective shapes were similar in these two entirely separate structures.
I feel one of the main reasons that I was able to explore so much in my A Level Art and Textile projects was that not only did I actively take a part in searching for this first-hand experience, but I enjoyed it as part of the natural process of making. The records that I made in drawings and notes also became important references for later.
The idea of working from first-hand resources doesn’t need to be limited to subjects to draw from. Within my work, observing and taking note of processes and the way in which things happen every day helped to widen my perspective. I believe there is a beauty in taking something ordinary and often unnoticed and being able to comment on it, transforming it to make it important and notable.
As I moved on to the second year of the A Level Textiles course, my observations of first-hand resources underpinned my practical work and the exhaustive reflection necessary within my Coursework contextual essay. I was primarily interested in the sequential process of metamorphosis in butterflies and in order to understand this I purchased a small butterfly hatching kit. The insects came in a pot and I observed closely their cocooning, hatching and release. The inspiration I gained from this experience was invaluable. It was breathtaking to see such intricacy and awe in something that happens every single day. The cocooning concept provided the basis for my project, as I was fascinated by this idea of a container with connotations of entrapment and protection. I reflected on how I, too, containing these animals in an artificial setting, had meddled with the boundary between appreciation and being harmful. This brought about the idea of ‘collecting’ within my research and pushed me to develop more conceptual and meaningful ideas in my work. The commonalities and contradictions in placing these two issues alongside each other was interesting and I was able to use the imagery of the metamorphosis and insect infestation to convey the concepts of compulsive hoarding in a creative way, initially unexpected to even myself.
Your work uses a beautiful array of mixed media. Please talk to us about the materials and mediums you used and why you selected these.
Halima: The observations I made in my drawings led organically to textile samples, For example, using wadding to make trappings conveys the quality of translucency and the idea of entrapment that I observed in the compacted wings of the butterfly folded within the cocoon.
On reflection, much of my work and drawings strive from a place within me where I am trying to understand or describe, through marks, a certain texture or form. This is obvious in my AS Textiles Coursework project, ‘Growth and Decay’, where my sketchbook is filled with material tests and drawings in different media, such as paint, ink, pastel, stitching, string and fineliner. When working from the inspiration of fungi, the qualities within the form influenced the mediums and marks I chose. In my experiments – and then my final piece – I used different colours of felt melted together within a sandwich of cling film and then free machine stitched over to create a simple line drawing. I wanted to evoke a tactile moss-like quality that was alluring, despite being inspired by the slimy, almost repulsive texture of the fungi.
For me, there is something compelling about taking textile methods and processes and subverting their functional purpose or worth in more fine art pieces, such as installations or 3D mixed media drawings. Within a fine art setting there can be an unspoken rule of distance between a viewer and the work: with my textile pieces I am really trying to challenge and evoke this desire to connect through touch.
My material sampling developed from basic introductions to processes to those that I discovered on my own. Experimenting with processes and combining different materials through simple actions often provided me with more insightful concepts to push further. I am fascinated by the idea that in each cut, stitch, tear or mark the viewer sees the maker manifested physically. It is incredible how the mind leads the hands and body to create something entirely new. Looking at the work of others with this perspective, an understanding of textiles is universal, as we all are capable of using our hands and challenging the ways we do this. This is why I am drawn to mixed media, as it requires so much workmanship and this attention is visible at the immediate surface.
In my work I always try to convey something fluid; a regeneration or degeneration of materials. I feel there is honesty in materials that are in a state of disrepair or ruin. They reflect a journey and the idea of a coming apart. With my Decay final piece, there is an organic growth and undulation of the 3D textile elements emerging from the drawing and painted marks. The elements of stitched and torn paper that give texture to the drawing help to create an illusion of different 2D and 3D levels. The textile components of the piece are made up of three main techniques. As I researched the concept of degeneration, I began to think about status. This led me to consider Tudor garments and how they convey excess, worth and importance. Interestingly, I discovered a Tudor slashing process, in which clothes are layered and the top material is cut to reveal even more layers of luxury. This emergence interested me and I was drawn to the idea of combining levels of different material qualities. I also incorporated different sized Suffolk puffs which were very quick and easy to make and produce multiples for the scale I desired. The main part of the textile extension of this drawing was made up of many cup-shaped pieces. I found a netted mesh-like material which held the form of a shape when wet and moulded around it. I was able to fold the fabric around the cup and secure with a rubber band, creating pleats that were inspired by the frilled ‘gill’ on the underneath of the mushrooms.
As I researched armour I saw traditional metal suits and shields, but also discovered ancient Middle Eastern armoury and weapons. The irony is that weapons and objects that featured within ancient battlefields – places of such irreprehensible damage – were so beautiful and skilfully crafted. I was inspired by the beauty and strength and wanted to explore these ideas of mixing hard and soft. I began creating panels out of free machine-stitched patterns on muslin and then wired them to give shape around the arm. I also experimented using patterns in a more subtle way, polyprinting onto brown leather. I created the print by softly drawing into a piece of polystyrene and then printing the negative image. The leather was a compelling material to me, as not only was it strong and felt authentic as an ethnic armoury, but it also suggested the idea of a skin. When I looked at the exoskeleton of the beetles and scorpions I was fascinated by having an armoury as a second skin.
For my A2 Textiles Coursework, I looked at cocoons and the idea of collecting and hoarding. My ideas and sampling led me to consider making an installation piece. I wanted to create containers to represent the cocoon shells that were to become vessels for collected objects that were important and therefore safeguarded and protected. With this in mind, the techniques that I used to make pods were very careful and time consuming. With a Japanese pattern cutting book Pattern Magic by Tomoko Nakamichi (Amazon affiliate link) my peers and I experimented with the shape called the ‘Jabara’. I had never done any pattern cutting before, however I wanted to challenge myself and found, with time, I picked it up. I found these forms to be elegant and delicate when made in translucent and soft organdies and silks. These luxurious materials and the care the vessels took to create symbolised the attention a collector takes in preserving items of worth. With these pods I wanted to evoke a sense of accumulation, as occurs with the process of obsessive hoarding, where items with value are lost beneath the rubble of everyday rubbish. I decided to tie the delicate, finely constructed pods with more expressive and messy containers crafted from the collected materials themselves. With the collections becoming the materials, the cocoons are left hollow, just as the collector is left feeling empty emotionally after becoming consumed by these meaningless scraps. To create these more exciting and tactile pieces, I began dying materials using batik to create negative resist images of fragmented wing patterns. I also stitched these butterfly patterns onto a vanishing plastic material, so that when completed the fabric dissolved with water, leaving the fragile skeletal stitched drawing.
Which artists / designers did you study as part of your project? How have these influenced and shaped your work?
Halima: As part of the process of generating textiles, I continually collect visual information, especially inspiration from other artists or designers. I think it is also important not to limit the sources in which inspiration or ideas can come. Because I also studied Fine Art, I drew ideas from sculptors, painters or installations, as well as textile and fashion work. One of the key examples of how seeing other designer’s works in person can affect or inspire work greatly was with my Growth and Decay project. I saw the Future Beauty: 30 Years of Japanese Fashion exhibition, which featured work from designers such as Issey Miyake, Koji Tatsuno and Junya Watanabe. Despite there not being any immediate connection with my work, I absorbed as many influences as I could.
Within the exhibition, the pieces featured a clean and simple elegance and aesthetic. There were very prominent sculptural qualities in the way the designers addressed the body and created shape and form. I was particularly fascinated by the curled undulating textures within a dress made from wired mesh and the honeycomb structures in skirts. These fluid forms resonated with me and I began looking at simple materials in new ways. I found very small paper cups and began cutting and twisting them around each other to respond to the shapes I had seen. As I reflected on my work, this gave direction to my final piece, where I experimented with different ways to create the cup form and, through multiples, convey a sense of growing decay.
For my Armoury project I began looking at metal suits and observed how panels were built up in layers and how the composition of the suit featured strong shapes and lines. This led me to look at Robert Delaunay and Marcel Duchamp’s cubist paintings. They exuded vibrant blocks of colour and colliding fragmented shapes that became an almost abstract pattern. I developed the idea of a deconstructed armoury along with the patterns from the eastern shields I had seen. The designs of Hussein Chalayan were extremely inspiring to this work. The way in which he draped the fabrics, with their extremely embellished surfaces, felt very protective and he toyed with the concept of lighter layers being tied and joined to become a chunkier form around the body.
As I researched my project on Metamorphosis and Collecting I was fascinated by a Malaysian designer, who I discovered online, Ding Yong. Yong’s Metamorphosis collection is visually arresting and alluring. Yong addresses the idea of cocooning, with a sinister edge. Tartan prints shroud and restrain the body, challenging the idea of form and function, as the form beneath is immobilised. Through the designs, Yong creates a feeling of sheltering and suppression within a single body.
As I began to consider the idea of installation for my Textiles project, the work of Yayoi Kusama and Song Dong in his Waste Not installation were very alluring to me. Both express ideas of repetition, obsession and excess. I was fortunate to be able to see the work of both first-hand and the experience of viewing their work was significant. The pieces were entirely immersive; the scale and the way the space was addressed created a suppressive and consuming atmosphere for all. This resonating impact affected my work extensively as I took my textile samples and looked to construct an installation of my own.
What advice do you have for other high school Art students who wish to gain excellent grades in a Textiles project?
Halima: For me it was always more about personal attainment and whether the work conveyed what I needed it to. I have found it is better to become so involved in the work and process that the grade comes as a secondary result. Exploring something in your work that you are genuinely interested in – or that fascinates you – allows the work to come more easily and organically. When you are pushing for ideas and it becomes a chore, this shows through in what you make.
Within A Level Textiles I would say that it is crucial to show lots of experimentation, processes and ideas, but then be able to reflect on the work and isolate the most successful elements to be pushed forward. Try not to think of the end results at the beginning of the project – allow yourself to be guided and these changes will make for a more exciting final piece. By having a concrete idea of what the work should be you can close yourself off from truly experimenting and learning.
Being able to demonstrate different techniques and skills is also important. For example, it is okay to have something appear messy or raw if this is justified for your purpose and you have shown you are capable of doing it in other, possibly more refined ways. It is often exciting to show contrasts and juxtaposition of different processes in a textile work.
The idea that each of us is entirely unique means that the work we produce is wholly personal and irreplaceable, as it derives from our individual experiences. A quote that I found inspiring is from graphic designer David Carson:
You have to utilize who you are in your work. Nobody else can do that: nobody else can pull from your background, from your parents, your upbringing, your whole life experience.
Reflect on work with peers: often they will have the most interesting things to say. Even if they do not understand what you had intended for the work to be about, as creative individuals they can suggest something to research further and develop within your work.
Be active. Work cannot always be made glued to a chair at a desk; the most exciting things happen when you take a chance and try something.
The main piece of advice I would give would be to embrace all means of creative expression and not be afraid to challenge or blur the boundaries. A Level Textiles is an extremely open subject and if you embrace the creative process, you may discover something unexpected of your work and yourself as a maker.
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Amiria has been an Art & Design teacher and a Curriculum Co-ordinator for seven years, responsible for the course design and assessment of student work in two high-achieving Auckland schools. She has a Bachelor of Architectural Studies, Bachelor of Architecture (First Class Honours) and a Graduate Diploma of Teaching. Amiria is a CIE Accredited Art & Design Coursework Assessor. | <urn:uuid:3dbfa57e-6ece-41a0-8909-a6023ca90a03> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.studentartguide.com/featured/a-level-textiles-sketchbook | 2024-02-26T18:20:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.970638 | 3,725 | 2.625 | 3 | [
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The Evolution of Warfare
by Anita Stratos
Egypt was considered to be the most peaceful country in the ancient world. Its natural boundaries (the First Cataract on the Nile at Aswan, the deserts east and west of the Nile Valley, and the Mediterranean coast to the north) provided plenty of protection from outsiders, and Egyptians themselves were not a society of invaders or conquerors. Therefore, the country didnt consider the need for a professional army until the invasion of the Hyksos during the 15th Dynasty in the Second Intermediate Period.
Up until that time, Egypt had a loosely organized, part-time army and crude, inferior weapons. The army that was raised in times of need, i.e., during civil unrest, consisted of conscripts, who were generally peasants and artisans, led by noblemen. There was, however, a small core of regular soldiers, but they were mostly engaged as palace guards, border police, or trade ship escorts. So lax was the military that during the Middle Kingdom, Egypts simple infantry was made up of nothing more than older foot soldiers and inexperienced young men. Further, Egyptians were very hesitant to engage in conflicts outside their own country because they were afraid of dying and being buried elsewhere, thereby not receiving the necessary and appropriate funeral rites. Because of this fear, armies of the Old Kingdom were made up of foreign mercenaries.
Of course, there were some military campaigns carried out in early times, such as those of King Scorpion and King Menes (Narmer or Aha), whose military force enabled him to establish a united Egypt. From Meness time (circa 3100 BC), Egyptian kings headed the army under the guidance of war gods such as Seth, Sekhmet, and Montu, who led them to victory. In fact, a warring king was considered to be acting on behalf of the gods in an effort to bring order to the chaos caused by Egypts enemies. Temple scenes depict pharaohs leading their armies into battle and some ancient records, such as that of Ramesses II at the Battle of Kadesh, give the pharaoh credit for winning the battle single-handedly.
The Hyksos invasion forced Egypt to create a trained, professional army and improve its weaponry. The Egyptians learned valuable lessons from the Hyksos attack, and by the middle of the 18th Dynasty, Egypt had become a major military power and expanded its territory to become the first empire in the region. The new Egyptian army, supported by its navy, reached its peak during the New Kingdom, becoming more of an aggressive nation rather than the defensive one it had been previously.
According to the Edict of Horemheb at the end of the 18th Dynasty, during peacetime the army was split into an Upper Egyptian corps and a Lower Egyptian corps, and each was led by a lieutenant commander. In this capacity, the two armies covered several arenas: the were stationed at frontier forts, escorted royal processions, intervened in riots, and possibly even served as unskilled building labor.
While the details of some military campaigns and battles were not well documented, the organization of the army was. The chain of command, in order of rank, was:
King, commander in chief
General, or overseer of the army, who reported directly to the king
Lieutenant commander, serving as senior officer
Overseer of the Nubian frontier and Mediterranean coast fortresses
Overseer of garrison troops
Troop commander, in charge of several regiments, a brigade or a fortress
Captain of the troop
Commander of 250 soldiers
Standard-bearer, controlling 200 men
"Greatest of Fifty", the lowest commander
For major military actions, the pharaoh was the commander-in-chief and physically led his army into battle, while minor officials or princes led less significant campaigns. The vizier acted as the minister of war, taking advice from an army council. Prior to a battle, the king always consulted his senior officials.
The army itself was made up of the infantry and chariotry divisions, which were commanded by either the king himself or one of the princes. These divisions consisted of approximately 5,000 soldiers, and each division was named after an Egyptian god. What was in the past an unprepared infantry became a unit of trained soldiers, recruits, and specialized troops.
From the time of Amenhotep III on, most enlisted men were former prisoners of war. In the 18th Dynasty recruits would be brought in from Nubia; in later periods recruits came from many foreign areas. However, during the New Kingdom soldiers were recruited locally by conscription and by the time of Ramesses II, one man in ten was forced to serve in the military. In order to properly prepare recruits for battle, it was important that they take part in javelin throwing and wrestling competitions under the watchful eyes of the king and nobles.
Some men did not have to be recruited they chose the army as their profession. The Ramesside Period saw many upper class Egyptian men become military officials, and these men received promotions and wealth quickly. Officers were always chosen from among the career army men. But there were other inducements to choosing the army as a profession booty collected during a military campaign was distributed among these professionals, and the king also gave land to these men with the added incentive that their sons could inherit the land if they also served in the army. Herodotus recorded just such provisions:
"The warriors were the only Egyptians, except the priests, who has special privileges: for each of them an untaxed plot of twelve acres was set apart. . A thousand Calasirians and as many Hermotybians were the kings annual bodyguard. These men, besides their lands, each received a daily provision of five minaes weight of roast grain, two minae of beef, and four cups of wine. These were the gifts received by each bodyguard."
The chariot and chariotry were introduced to Egypt by the Hyksos. The Egyptian chariotry consisted of five squadrons, with twenty-five chariots in each and two men in each chariot: a driver and a soldier armed with bows and arrows, a shield, a sword, and a javelin. Within the chariotry was a powerful position known as the "First Charioteer of his Majesty". This man not only drove the pharaohs chariot, but also ventured into foreign lands to obtain stud horses. Between these horses and those that were taken as booty during military campaigns, the breeding stock of Egyptian horses was well maintained. The royal stable master trained the horses, while lower level stable masters fed and exercised them. It is believed that there was no cavalry because the horses were smaller and not strong enough to support a rider.
The pharaohs specialized troops were called "Braves of the King". These were the elite fighting forces that led attacks, while the garrison troops, called the wyt, sometimes served as the pharaohs household troops both in Egypt and in foreign lands. A group called the "Retainers" distributed rations to troops during the 18th Dynasty, acted as letter carriers during the Ramesside Period, and may have functioned as the royal bodyguards.
Mercenaries were still important in the professional army of the New Kingdom. The number of foreigners including Medjay, Sheriden, and Libyans in the Egyptian army was so high that captains were specially designated to be in charge of them. By the latter part of the New Kingdom, these foreign mercenaries formed the majority of the army. It is interesting that by the 19th Dynasty, foreign mercenaries came from so many different places that at times, they fought in battles against members of their own former tribes. In fact, descendants of Libyan mercenaries actually became rulers of Egypts 22nd and 23rd Dynasties.
Traveling along with the army were scribes, who appeared to have low regard for the professional soldier. Their writings characterized the profession in very unflattering terms as they warned their students not to consider a career in the army. The Instructions of Scribe Wenemdiamun speaks of the "woes of the soldier", counting among these woes the fact that each soldier had many superiors who could wake him at any hour of the night for any purpose. He wrote "One is after him as a donkey", saying that the soldier must toil until he is so hungry that his stomach hurts "he is dead while yet alive" and then is given inferior food for his troubles. He claimed that soldiers were only given water every third day, that they were "ravaged by illness", that they suffered no matter how well they performed their duties and that ultimately "He suffers in death as in life". This was quite different from the soldiers perspective, who not only received physical remuneration, but also believed that as a hero, his name and memory would never be erased from the earth.
Although the Egyptian army became a professional, organized unit, it did not really refine its warfare style. Generally, when an enemy sought protection behind its own fortifications, the Egyptians patiently starved them into submission under the protective cover of huts, then broke through gates and used ladders to scale the enemy stronghold. Hand-to-hand combat was common in open areas. Prior to a battle, Egyptians let their enemies know which day they planned to do battle and if the enemy wasnt prepared, the battle was rescheduled. However, not all enemies were as civilized, sometimes launching surprise attacks against Egyptian troops.
Victory over the enemy meant an infusion of riches for Egypt from the booty that was collected. Booty could also be a distraction, as in the case of the Hittites at Kadesh who became so involved in looting an Egyptian camp that they didnt even bother pursuing Ramesses II and his forces. Generally, Egyptian kings such as Thutmose III kept better control over their men, allowing them to plunder the enemy camp after victory was achieved. Booty was turned over to the king, who in turn distributed one portion of it to temple priests and another to the deserving soldiers who had fought the battle. In some cases, thousands of items were plundered from the enemy including horses, chariots wrought with gold, armor, bows, and cattle. Detailed accounts of some remarkable riches have survived the centuries. Enemy survivors, both civilian and military, were either taken as prisoners of war or enslaved.
Enemy princes who surrendered to the pharaoh had the option of accepting the Egyptian pharaoh as their overlord; these princes were then allowed to continue governing their own cities. However, in some cases the bodies of enemy soldiers who were killed in battle were mutilated, and their body parts were presented to the king. | <urn:uuid:9a0b6e55-38ba-47cc-9bf7-b39fcb825529> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/war.htm | 2024-02-26T18:15:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.98805 | 2,203 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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] |
versão On-line ISSN 2309-9003
versão impressa ISSN 2223-0386
Y&T no.17 Vanderbijlpark Jul. 2017
Anton C van VollenhovenI; Karin ScottII; Mariette HarcombeII
Public Archaeology as a concept is generally defined as civic involvement during the various public phases of Cultural Resources Management. The practice of archaeology in South Africa seldom extends towards public participation in archaeological activities or the production of knowledge. Public Archaeology constitute the active participation of the public in the archaeological excavation and the documentation of an archaeological site. The aim of the East Fort Archaeological Project is to provide an opportunity to members of the public interested in archaeology, as well as to assist high school learners and prospective tertiary students considering archaeology as a career, to participate in an active archaeological project regardless of their skills level. Initially the project was only aimed at high school learners, since heritage is included in the History curriculum for high school learners. Later members of the general public and primary school learners were included due to the interest shown in the project. This article provides an overview of the project from 2013 to the present. It looks at the different aspects thereof, consisting of an orientation course, educational excursion and practical archaeological field work. The project can be considered a success as it proves that the public can participate in and assist with the production of archaeological knowledge. It is foreseen that History teachers could be involved in similar projects that can be used to make history come alive for learners. It is also a first step in creating a heritage-literate society.
Keywords: Public Archaeology; History teaching; Heritage management; Education; Excavation; Documentation; Knowledge production.
History, Archaeology and Heritage are three very closely related disciplines and may even be regarded as one (Van Vollenhoven, 2016:4-5). The question over whether archaeology is history or not has been concluded during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Heritage has also gradually become a part of both these disciplines. Just like History, both Archaeology and Heritage are historical disciplines and are aimed at studying the past, specifically the past as created by humans. Although this article does not aim to discuss the relationship between these three subjects in detail, attention is given to this relationship because heritage management, which stems directly from archaeology, forms a vital part of not only the collective historical knowledge we possess today, but also is imbedded in the national curriculum in South Africa (RSA, 2011:5, 34-35).
Du Bruyn (1983:30, 38) states that archaeology is history, or at least should be regarded as such and goes further by declaring that in South Africa it is even more so as both disciplines aim at reconstructing and explaining the South African past. Dymond (1974:76-85) agrees when he states that both disciplines try to reconstruct the story of human life as fully and accurately as possible. It is mainly due to the incomplete evidence of both these subjects that they should be used complimentary to each other.
It is therefore clear that archaeology has long been accepted as being history. The best example of this is that general history publications since the 1980s usually start with a chapter on the prehistory of South Africa (e.g. Cameron & Spies, 1986; Pretorius, 2012) which relies on archaeological enquiry. Many other examples show that history and archaeology are intertwined to such an extent that they can no longer be regarded as being separate.
The discipline called "Heritage" also forms an integral part of the study of Archaeology and History. The scientific approach to heritage evolved in the USA during the 1970s where it originated as a sub-discipline of archaeology (Coetzee, 1991:3). It spread throughout the world becoming one of the many aspects archaeologists deal with (Renfrew & Bahn, 1991:471-473). Since 1989 its inclusion has been common practice in South Africa (Deacon, 1996:841) and soon other historical disciplines, such as History, also added heritage to its study field (Coetzee, 1994:26). Heritage management was institutionalised with the promulgation of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999). In this act History and Archaeology are both mentioned as key aspects in dealing with heritage.
The National Curriculum Statement for History includes the concept of heritage. Not only is it mentioned with History in the aims of the curriculum, but a heritage investigation forms part of the assessment programme of Grade 10 learners (RSA, 2011:5, 34-35). The three historical disciplines of History, Archaeology and Heritage, therefore, are unmistakably linked and it sometimes is extremely difficult to draw the line between these.
The East Fort Archaeological Project combines these three disciplines. In the project historical information from primary and secondary sources, for example documents and photographs, are combined with archaeological information gained through excavations and analyses of artefacts. The fort was built during the Anglo-Boer War (South African War), which is also a theme in the History curriculum (RSA, 2011:18) and as such is regarded as part of the heritage of South Africa.
In South Africa public participation seldom extends to physical involvement in the production of historical knowledge. Perhaps even more so, it is almost unthinkable to engage with school learners in doing research. In this article the East Fort Archaeological Project is presented as an example of how a participatory project can be mutually beneficial to the distinct archaeological discipline and secondary education spheres for learners.
Public Archaeology is the passing along of information discovered through the academic process to people outside of the profession. This is done through museum exhibits, the use ofpopular and social media and/or opening excavations to the public. This is done in order to promote stewardship of cultural resources and to make Archaeology, History and Heritage relevant to society (McDavid, 2002:2). In South Africa, this process is generally defined as civic involvement during the various public phases of Cultural Resources Management, in which communities are consulted on the heritage and significance of the archaeological and historical site in question. The National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) states in article 38 that communities affected by certain development processes that may impact on their heritage, should be consulted. These engagements sometimes broaden into community education and outreach endeavours. It, however, seldom extends towards public participation in the archaeological activities and/or the production of knowledge.
Although interaction between professionals and the public is desired, physical participation by the public in archaeological activities is often ignored and remains the proverbial "elephant in the room" within South Africa. Mick Aston reminds us that "members of the public do not have the expertise to become involved in brain surgery. In a similar fashion, there are aspects of archaeology which are too complicated for involvement without extensive expertise". However, he continues that "just as the public are capable of applying plasters and are involved in basic first aid, they can also be involved in some of the less complicated practical aspects of archaeology" (Aston 2012:447). Time Team producer, Jeremy Cross, aptly states: "professionalism does not mean - should not mean - that all archaeology can only be done by professionals" (Kennedy, 2003).
The existing dialogue between archaeologists and the public focuses on the narrative told by the archaeologist to the public. It has been argued that a power relationship exists in which archaeologists are producers of knowledge and the public are consumers of that same knowledge (Bartoy, 2012:557), and where innovations and ideas are seen as originating solely from the academics (Little, 2005:284). On the other hand Levine, Britt and Delle (2006: 399) explain that historic sites, like East Fort, should serve as a window into the past. They further state that the artefacts recovered should assists in narrating the story of that past to the public. This narration is the beginning of the dialogue that should exist between the archaeologists and the public. It is this dialogue that shapes a community and builds its awareness of heritage. This is the essence of public archaeology.
The existence of amateur bodies, such as the South African Archaeological Society, highlights public interest. Unfortunately, the public are rarely seen as possible contributors in the production of archaeological knowledge, despite some members being well-read and educated. Although it is understandable that these individuals cannot be given free rein to act as professionals, archaeologists must provide them with the necessary guidance to empower them to create academically sound narratives. If channelled correctly, the public's contribution to knowledge production will be of greater significance if they possess insight into archaeological research and are also allowed access to the existing knowledge base (Franklin & Moe, 2012:570). Professional archaeologists should therefore foster the public's understanding of essential archaeological concepts, theory and practice with the long-term goal of creating an "archaeologically literate citizenry" (Franklin & Moe, 2012:570). Academics, and in this case archaeologists, must therefore aim for Participatory Action Research, in which members of the public actively engage in research alongside academics, within an environment that inspires joint decisionmaking in terms of research aims and objectives (Baugher, 2007:188).
The authors are, apart from their academic specialities, all involved with public archaeological enterprises. During the course of this public work they were all confronted with the public's frustration at the lack of opportunity to participate in what the latter termed "real" archaeology. Members of the public are often knowledgeable and enthusiastic, yet they cannot find any opportunity to live out their passion or apply their knowledge.
The same comments were heard from high school learners and their parents as well as prospective tertiary students considering archaeology as a career. The latter group may suffer the most under this lack of civic involvement, as informative practical experiences, that may guide career choices, are almost wholly absent from the public sphere.
As a result the authors decided to join forces and create the East Fort Public Participation Initiative. Archaetnos1 acts as Principle Investigator, permit holder and main researcher and contributes many years of public participation experience through the Steinaecker's Horse Research Project.2 HeritageworX3runs the educational and training side as well as logistics of the project.
The problem being addressed is whether public participation and educational exercises may play an academically valuable role in the production of archaeological knowledge. The article discusses the East Fort Archaeological Project and aims to provide an overview of the project from 2013 to the present and to look at the different aspects thereof, consisting of an orientation course, educational excursion and practical archaeological field work.
East Fort Public Participation Initiative
The East Fort Archaeological Project is regarded within the sphere of Public Archaeology (Public Engagement Archaeology). It encourages the active participation of the public in the archaeological excavation and the documentation of an archaeological site. This means that apart from the professional archaeologists who oversee the excavations, the excavators are members of the public. The excavations are advertised for anyone between the ages of 16 and 160. This lower age limit is deliberately set as the project leaders feel that younger learners might not be able to cope with the physical demands of the excavation. When enquiries for the participation of younger ages are received, it is insisted that one of the parents accompany the learner.
The unrealistic upper age limit is in direct response to members of the public that express interest and then stating that they believe themselves to be too old to participate. It is explicitly stated that no prior knowledge is required and the only condition is interest and a degree of fitness needed for the physically taxing activities. All first-time participants are required to attend a two-day intensive "Introduction to Archaeology" course.
The research is done in line with ethical guidelines set out by the South African Heritage Resources Agency and the National Heritage Act (Act 25 of 1999). An excavation permit is obtained from the first mentioned and the permit conditions are adhered to. This includes, but is not limited to, standard protocols when dealing with such sites, for instance the full documentation and mapping thereof, careful packaging of excavated artefacts and expert analyses thereof.
The archaeological research of the East Fort site is done within the framework of the Heritage Resources Management Paradigm as developed by Van Vollenhoven (2000:553-555). This is an extension ofthe Contextual Paradigm, but with the emphasis on making heritage accessible to the community. The Contextual Paradigm is one of many post-processual theories in archaeology and is the only scientific framework directly linked to the concept of heritage management (Meyer, 1995:1-15; Van Vollenhoven, 1998:21-24). Furthermore, it is the only paradigm mentioned as having the possibility to be utilised in the public sphere, for instance providing knowledge to assist with land claims and tourism development (Hodder, 1995:168, 182).
Post-processual archaeological theory became popular in academic archaeology during the late 1970s and early 1980s. It proposes that there is no single paradigm of interpreting archaeological sites. Although different paradigms have different approaches, they all place emphasis on archaeological interpretations, the importance of archaeological context, the importance of a personal agent (the archaeologist) and the fact that interpretation of the past may possess political resonance in the present (Richardson & Almans-Sánches, 2015:196). However, it seems to be only the Contextual Paradigm that makes a direct link between education and archaeological theory (Van Vollenhoven, 2000:105-118).
The Heritage Resources Management Paradigm strives to link a historical site to a current community and therefore provides a wider applicability which is not only aimed at the production of knowledge, but also on the meaning the site could have for society. In this way it contributes to and potentially could assist any community with the preservation of local heritage. Such a community may only be a small section of the larger community (Van Vollenhoven, 2016:22). In this case the East Fort Archaeological Project not only contributes to the preservation of the heritage of the residents of the area, but to everyone who has an interest in the Anglo-Boer War, archaeology, heritage and education. As a project with an educational aim, it falls within the Educational Approach to Public Archaeology, one of four approaches constituted by Matsula, the others being Public Relations, Pluralist and Critical Approach (Matsula, 2016:3).
In summary the Heritage Management Paradigm views that:
• The cultural context of a historical or archaeological site creates a direct link with a section of the current society. This society may be direct descendants of those who created the site, anyone who regard the site as being important or anyone with a specific interest in the site.
• Communities have a need for their heritage to be researched, preserved and managed which is only possible within the thorough description and all-inclusive evaluation, interpretation and explanation which this paradigm allows.
• Historical and archaeological sites can be optimally utilised and marketed for educational purposes when the research and management thereof is based on sound scientific principles.
The approach for the East Fort Archaeological Project therefore is a participatory methodological one where the public are contributing to the production of knowledge. At the same time the experts (archaeologists, historians etc.) assist the community in the preservation of the site and participation in an educational endeavour. The latter may be useful to assist History teachers in making History come alive and tangible.
Introduction to Archaeology and participant orientation
Over the four years that the project has been running, the participants have included two primary school learners and ten high school learners, as well as 18 adult enthusiasts older than 18 years. These people were enrolled or prospective Archaeology students, interested members of the public and/or members of the South African Society for Amateur Archaeologists. During a two-day orientation course, participants received course manuals and CDs containing recommended reading, tutorial videos and presentations. Participants were encouraged to participate actively in the orientation course by asking questions and contributing to the discussions through personal insights and experiences. The course serves to fulfil the following purposes:
• The introduction of participants to archaeological and historical sites;
• The creation of greater awareness of heritage and conservation;
• The facilitation of active communication and Participatory Action Research.
The course introduces participants to concepts not generally thought of by the general public, such as how sites are located, working in and with the law, artefact types and their analyses, the vital necessity of site documentation etc. The course follows a 60% theory and a 40% practical layout. Most of the lectures are followed by practical sessions to enhance the theory and also demonstrate how it is applied. HeritageworX is responsible for writing and presenting the Introduction to Archaeology course. As they firmly believe and reinforce the mantra "the only stupid question is the one not asked", effort is made to ensure that all the participants understand the course material. The course material is written and presented in an easily digestible format while still remaining academically sound. The parents of the two primary school learners were specifically asked to make sure their children understand the lectures. The same effort is afforded to all participants regardless of age or knowledge level and questions are encouraged throughout every lecture. This method has proved very valuable in that, during the fieldwork, participants were heard linking the practical to the theoretical aspects, proving that the course material was understood and absorbed.
One of the main aims of archaeology is to reconstruct past ways of life (Renfrew & Bahn, 1991:11-14). The theoretical concept of analysing artefacts is explained during the practical garbology4 exercise. During this exercise participants are grouped and each group receives a full garbage bag. From this they have to create narratives for each household/individual, reconstructing their daily habits based purely on the physical and documentary evidence revealed by ordinary household objects. Feedback is given by the group with explanations on why the conclusions were reached. A variety of theories are constructed surrounding the contents of each garbage bag's profile. Wild conspiracy theories regarding the possible links between the owners of garbage bag A and B arise to much fun and laughter. The desired result is achieved through questioning and asking for explanations to the answers given. Lateral thinking is encouraged and this in turn fuels the synthesis of information.
The second day of the course is mainly devoted to the practical aspects of archaeological fieldwork, i.e. setting up an excavation grid, completing context sheets and making plan view drawings.
Excursion to Fort Daspoortrand and the West Fort community (2013)
In 2013 the participants were taken on a tour ofthe ruins ofFort Daspoortrand (West Fort). Although this fort was larger and structurally more impressive than East Fort, its crumbling state highlighted the natural degradation of structures in the archaeological record.
All the participants, regardless of age, asked insightful questions and offered valuable insights on the topics of history, architecture, warfare and engineering. The high school learners, of whom one may sometimes expect simple or even irrelevant questions, came up with surprisingly logical ideas and sensible arguments. The authors feel that the questions posed by the participants had a wide scope and showed "out of the box" thinking. If the group were restricted to trained archaeologists, the questions would have been more focused and in line with their expertise and training. The value of fresh, unbiased input from individuals outside the professional realm of archaeology made it clear that members of the public, regardless of their age or background, could produce viable interpretations of archaeological evidence.
Issues surrounding the conservation of historical buildings were highlighted by a site visit to the West Fort community, where a mixed community now occupies the buildings and grounds of the old Pretoria Leper Hospital. Questions relating to the continued civic use of historical buildings after their official abandonment were asked and concerns about the impending destruction of the neighbourhood were raised. This visit provided an excellent opportunity to educate the general public to regard history and heritage as a whole in a responsible way, a concept that was raised as far back as 1995 (Van Vollenhoven, 1995).
Unfortunately due to the socio-economic deterioration of the area surrounding Fort Daspoortrand, security concerns have made that it is no longer possible to take the participants on this tour.
The East Fort excavations as an example of practical archaeological field work
The excavations are normally scheduled for the week after the introduction course, during the July school holidays. The theoretical information learned is fresh in the minds of the participants. Each individual excavation is led by an experienced post-graduate student, called a Trench commander, many of whom are also members of the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists. A team will consist out of high school learners, university students and members of the public. The mix is intentional as the participants have to learn to work together in a team and assist each other.
Trench commanders are carefully chosen for their skills in working with the public. They need to be able to manage younger and older participants. They are required to encourage participants actively to ask questions and engage in conversations. This is achieved by reinforcing the concept introduced during the weekend course that there are no stupid questions. The Trench commanders treat all questions and suggestions seriously and encourage group discussions. These discussions can be brought up at the communal lunches where everyone's opinion and participation is asked for. Each day starts with the Site Director giving an overview of what is expected for the day and ends with a summary of what was achieved, as well as highlighting noteworthy findings.
The first day of excavations always kicks off with a great level of enthusiasm. Although uncertainty over some aspects of the excavation is clearly visible, expressions soon transforms into gestures of understanding and confidence. The day starts with the Site Director leading a site tour. During this tour the archival photographs and documents of the fort are used to show the layout of the fort. It is explained how these documents assist archaeologists to decide where to excavate and how this context could help in interpreting the artefacts found and in writing up the history of the site.
By day two, everyone is accustomed to the routine and is conscious of the work ahead. In spite of fatigue setting in, participants are well-aware of the time constraints and do their best to achieve the daily targets. Trench commanders attempt to utilise the strengths and weaknesses of their individual team members and focus on creating cohesive and productive units. Physically strong individuals are commandeered to assist groups where muscle is needed, while those less physically able are used to take charge of sorting and documentation. Where the soil is exceptionally hard or compacted with small stones (due to the collapsed Rice Pattern walling)5 the experienced excavators are brought in to assist. In more than one instance, the subject knowledge and logical reasoning skills of older participants greatly outweigh their contributions in terms of the physical excavation.
Participants are involved in the administration of their excavation and each participant is afforded a chance to write their excavation's field notes for the day. Participants are also in charge of the labelling and packing of the artefacts collected and, if required, drawing of in situ artefacts or excavation trench profiles drawings. On the last day of the excavation, individual trenches are closed down and sandbagged waiting reopening the following year. The week's activities are wrapped up and each participant is awarded a Certificate of Participation.
It is important to acknowledge Bartoy's (2012:558) recommendation that course programmes should be evaluated in order to assess whether or not the educational objectives have been reached. This is especially true since having a good time does not necessarily result in actual learning. Thus, each team member participating at East Fort is requested to complete a feedback form and the responses are overwhelmingly positive. The critique is constructive and helps in identifying and addressing problem areas in either the course or in the fieldwork. The participant feedback is used in future marketing and in publications and presentations, popular and academic, about the project. Their consent is obtained in a direct question on the feedback form.
During the early Introduction to Archaeology courses it was suggested by the Trench commanders with prior experience as educators, that the content of the orientation course could be restructured to suit the requirements of younger participants. Thus by including more examples from international archaeology that act as drawing cards for the discipline through channels like National Geographic, these examples will be complimented, where possible, with examples from local archaeology. After all, the public expect us to reveal an exciting world that teaches them about our past, not some grand epistemology (Franklin & Moe, 2012:566). It is always encouraging to see that the participants, especially the school learners, know about these international examples (e.g. Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids) and even some of the more well-known South African ones (e.g. Mapungubwe), although the local heritage is not at all as well known as the international ones.
Expectations of field work
It was envisaged that the first excavation season (2013) would take the form of a structural dig in which a comparison would be drawn between the 1979 site map, compiled by Mervin Emms and the remaining physical features. The material record is not rich in terms of artefacts but a number of unique items did emerge which ignited great enthusiasm. The objects were of an everyday nature, and far from spectacular, but it was clear that the participants held more realistic expectations of the artefact record. It became apparent that no one was disappointed by the lack ofjade masks, golden rhinos or crystal skulls. Indeed bullet casings, glass shards with maker's marks and partial smoking pipe stems proved just as exciting. These outlooks indicated that, despite the original attention fuelled by pop-culture archaeology and romanticised documentaries, members of the public possess a more realistic expectation of archaeology than previously thought.
During the introduction course the lecture on the fields of specialisation within the discipline most everyone finds an eye-opener. Sending prospective Archaeology students into the field can have dual consequences. They can either recognise their expectations of the discipline were misguided and make the informed decision to follow another career path, or confirm that their interests were based on certain truths and that the added experience and newly gained information, solidified their decision to pursue archaeology as a career. Whatever the case, both scenarios result from the provision of career guidance and practical experiences gained nowhere else but through Public Archaeology. The perception that all artefact analysis is done by the archaeologist him/herself is laid to rest. Archaeological fieldwork is generally held by the public as the be all and end all of archaeology. In the media very little attention is paid to the analyses of the material and when findings are presented it is normally the lead archaeologist who is interviewed. This creates the perception that he/she alone is responsible for every aspect of the physical excavation to the writing of the final report.
The impression is thus created that if you are not fond of working outside, you cannot be an archaeologist. In conversations with students the knowledge gained in this lecture not only showed them that they do not have to be a field archaeologist to make a valuable contribution in the discipline. It also exposed them to understudied areas in the discipline. In conversations with the learners they mentioned that they thought they could not combine their particular interest, for example art or mechanics, with their interest in archaeology. They thought that by studying their main field of interest, they would have to give up their interest in archaeology.
The other side of the coin is that many believe fieldwork is exactly as it is portrayed by the media or in the movies such as the Indiana Jones films with spectacular finds and dangers lurking around every corner. Sending prospective Archaeology students into the field before they start studying or early in their university education can help them to recognise that their expectations of the discipline were misguided and to make the informed decision to follow another career path. The consensus among all is that, within the overly romanticised world of pop-culture or inadvertently created perceptions in archaeological documentaries, a true archaeological experience is exactly what the public needs.
Each year the project goes from strength to strength and the previous participants encourage new participants because of their personal experiences and knowledge gained. Each year also brings new ways of interacting and new groups to interact with. It can be stated unequivocally that the East Fort Archaeological Project is a success because the basic premise remains firmly imbedded in principles of academia and archaeological ethics while creating an enjoyable experience for all who participate. The project further proves that the public, regardless of age or skills level, can participate in and assist with the production of archaeological knowledge.
Adhering to the fundamental principles of archaeology means proper orientation, pre-fieldwork education, on-site training, as well as consistent supervision, guidance and the maintenance of site ethics. There is no reason to dumb down information or compromise on academic standards just because you are dealing with learners and non-professionals. From the authors and other archaeologists' (Trench commanders) experience there is no reason why the public (in this case school learners, students and other volunteers) should not be involved in real archaeological projects.
Furthermore, the project can be seen as a test case study for History teachers and could add value to the heritage component in the national curriculum. As with other aspects which are annually evaluated and improved, the educational component needs improvement, inter alia by not only evaluating the experience of learners, but providing them with a specific assignment to be completed and evaluated. The programme can for instance be run in concert with schools, therefore allowing an entire History class to attend during the semester (currently the programme is hosted during the school holidays). As such it will have a more direct bearing on the national curriculum.
As the East Fort project evolves, some transformation and revision has already taken place. The feedback received from the participants as well as the questions and comments during the course and fieldwork is reviewed and applied after every excavation. The fundamentals by which the successes can be measured and carried forward have been established. The central achievement is that the project managed to move away from the popularist view that archaeology is a "fun digging activity". It provides a more realistic vision of archaeology as "a way to study and learn about the past" (Lewis, 2007:305). Participants derive enjoyment and learning from the experience
From the feedback it is clear that part of the enjoyment originated from knowing that it is a real excavation. Participants gave a positive response in knowing that their hard work and sweat was generating actual knowledge and making a contribution to the archaeological and historical record of South Africa. This is the start of fostering the much needed dialogue between the archaeologists and the public.
Exposing and educating specifically the learners to real tangible history and the archaeological process makes them conscious of heritage and history, the importance of it being studied and above all, the importance of it to be conserved. The active participation in an on-going research project makes it relevant to learners and brings the heritage to life. It shows that history is exciting and needs to be taken out of books in order for learners to be captured by it. If possible, archaeologists should be involved in the History learning program for schools. This can be done by learners participating in projects like the East Fort Archaeological Project, but at the very least archaeologists could visit schools to give guidance with regards to the heritage section of the History curriculum.
The project therefore serves as proof that the public can contribute to the production of our knowledge of the past. Apart from the scientific site reports created, the research has already been published in peer reviewed journals and presented at conferences. Without the participation of the volunteers and learners, this would not have been possible.
Although the East Fort Archaeological Project deals with only a small part of South African history, illustrating how it fits into the whole creates a willingness to learn more. The project engages with the learners in a non-traditional educational environment and the discussion of Archaeology, History and Heritage is an alternative way of dealing with these subjects. In this way the project, or similar ones, may also benefit History teachers in realising an active way of creating awareness about Archaeology, History and Heritage. At the very least it would assist in the heritage investigation that Grade 10 learners are assessed on. The excitement of finding artefacts and being taught about the meaning of each makes history alive. It affords the opportunity to be part of the creation of historical knowledge in a way the classroom cannot.
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1 Archaetnos is a private company providing a service in cultural heritage management.
2 The Steinaecker's Horse Research Project is a private initiative and has been running for 20 years. Archaeological research is conducted on Anglo-Boer War sites in the Kruger National Park for two weeks each year. The project is based on the contribution of volunteers to do the physical excavations on site, while the professional archaeologist and historian does background research and compiles the research reports.
3 HeritageworX endeavours to fill the gaps and broaden the general understanding of those interested in the fields of heritage and archaeology with lectures, sandwich courses and practical experience that brings knowledge to life.
4 Literally referring to 'garbage', in this case household garbage.
5 The Rice pattern refers to a type of blockhouse, invented by Maj. SR Rice of the Royal Artillery. It consisted of different shapes made out of galvanized corrugated iron. These usually had a wooden frame, with a double corrugated iron wall attached thereto and with small stones in between. By January 1901 the large scale erection of blockhouses was at the order of the day. At first these were octagonal in shape, but from March 1901 circular shaped ones were also made National Archives of South Africa (NASA, A1619:278-279). | <urn:uuid:ffa3746b-75ea-4db7-877a-7c52c66e77c0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-03862017000100007&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en | 2024-02-28T00:44:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.938361 | 8,256 | 2.796875 | 3 | [
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Role of the arts in the life and mental health of young people that participate in artistic organizations in Colombia: a qualitative study
BMC Psychiatry volume 22, Article number: 757 (2022)
Adolescents and young adults are vulnerable to developing mental distress. However, evidence suggests that more than half of the young people with symptoms of depression and anxiety overcome their distress within a year. However, there is little research on the exact resources that young people use and help them to recover. The aim of this study was to explore how arts activities can support the recovery of young people engaged with arts organizations in Bogota.
We recruited 38 participants from two arts organizations in Bogotá and conducted six focus groups embedded within artistic workshops. The type of activities in the workshops varied reflecting the different teaching methods of the two organizations. The focus group discussions were recorded and analyzed using thematic analysis.
Five themes explained how arts activities can help young people participating in artistic organizations to overcome mental distress: i) allowing the expression of emotions; ii) helping to manage and transform emotions; iii) distracting from problems; iv) facilitating social support and relationships; and v) contributing to the identity of young people.
For young people who participate in artistic organizations, the arts are a resource for overcoming negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and sadness. The beneficial role of arts activities includes different process of managing, expressing, and distracting from distress, and it differs depending on whether arts are perceived as a professional vocation or a hobby.
According to a 2016 report, adolescents and young adults in Latin America and the Caribbean region make up approximately 26%, of the general population . Even though efforts have been made towards improving poverty and economic inequality in Latin America, it remains the region with highest socioeconomic differences, a factor that is known to have a negative effect on the life and health conditions of the population [1, 2]. Evidence suggests that factors, such as socioeconomic status, quality of life at home and relationships with others, predispose young people and adolescents towards an increased risk of developing mental disorders [2, 3].
Adolescence and early adulthood are moments within the life cycle which represent important changes for individuals [4, 5]. During this period of time, adolescents and young people encounter different challenges and social changes, whilst attempting to transition successfully into adulthood . Changes in various aspects of life, including physical, psychological and sociocultural features , may make young people particularly vulnerable to mental health problems . In Colombia, barriers to access formal educational, experience or fear of violence, early start of sex life, extensive urban migration and lack of work opportunities are common risk factors among young people for violence and delinquency, use of psychoactive substances, undesired pregnancy and mental health problems .
The World Health Organization have reported that approximately 10–20% of young people have undiagnosed or untreated mental health problems . Moreover, it is estimated that by the year 2030, depression will be the leading cause of disease burden globally . Evidence suggests that having a mental health problem during adolescence is a risk factor for having other psychiatric problems later in life [8, 9]. |Around 75% of mental health illnesses begin before the age of 25 . Thus, the mental health of young people should be considered a public health priority .
According to the 2015 National Mental Health Survey, in Colombia, the lifetime prevalence of depression or anxiety in adolescents is 2.4 and 5.0% respectively . This compares to adults, where the lifetime prevalence of these disorders are 5.3% for depression and 3.9% for anxiety . The present COVID-19 pandemic can be considered an exacerbating factor in relation to the mental health of young people . According to a survey conducted by UNICEF in Latin America and the Caribbean region, 27% of young people reported symptoms of anxiety and 15% of depression during the pandemic . A survey conducted in Bogota, found that 32% of the participants reported feeling more anxious or nervous as compared to before the lockdown, whilst 27% of participants stated to feel significantly more anxious or nervous after the lockdown . However, in general, between 50 and 60% of young adults and adolescents who manifest symptoms of depression and anxiety do not develop longer-term mental disorders and are able to overcome these episodes of emotional distress within 1 year after the onset of symptoms . This process of bouncing back from symptoms is captured in the concept of resilience .
Resilience is a broad term describing responses to the experience of adversity. It can be understood in different ways [16,17,18] Resilience can be seen as a personal characteristic of individuals that enables them to recover from distress. However, resilience can also signify the process of recovering itself, i.e., something that individuals or groups show when experiencing distress. In this article, we use a wide understanding of the concept of resilience, regarding it as the process of bouncing back from episodes of mental distress, but also include the abilities and qualities that help to overcome adversity and distress .
One important aspect of resilience are the personal and social resources that affected people use and help them to overcome distress . Some resources are intrinsic to the individual, whilst others are considered external . The external resources relate to social and cultural aspects in the environment, like family, interpersonal relationships or participation in activities, such as the arts [20, 21]. Some evidence suggests an association between specific protective factors, such as family attachment, social skills, strong moral beliefs, positive personal disposition, among others, and the reduction of mental health problems .
In relation to the arts, there has been increasing evidence showing an association between participation in arts activities and positive health. Various reports and reviews in the medical literature have mentioned the benefits of artistic activities for the mental health of individuals and community well-being . In young people, engaging in these types of activities has been associated with positive outcomes such as the development of social skills and positive behavioral changes . Participation in arts activities has also been suggested to increase self-esteem, feelings of achievement, empowerment, and social skills and to promote socializing with others ; all of these characteristics can be seen as related to the concept of resilience . However, the existing studies and the available evidence in this area are inconsistent and have mainly originated from European countries, meaning that the evidence for the mental health benefits of arts activities of young people participating in arts organizations within a Latin American context, specifically Colombia, is limited.
This study is part of a multicentre study called OLA (Building resilience and resources to reduce depression and anxiety in young people from urban neighborhoods in Latin America). This study is conducted simultaneously in three capital cities in Latin American countries (Bogota, Lima, and Buenos Aires).
Within the first phase of the study, we conducted focus groups that were embedded in artistic workshops. The workshops were by arts organizations that promote and teach different types of artistic expressions, like singing, drawing, and musical composition. The workshops were intended to engage young people and create a conducive atmosphere for the discussion in the focus groups. This article reports the analysis of the data collected in Bogotá, Colombia.
The main objective of this study was to characterize the role of the arts in relation to the mental health of young people who are involved in different arts organizations in Bogota. The main objective of the artistic workshops and focus groups was to explore the experiences of overcoming episodes of emotional distress in young people, including but not exclusively focusing on artistic activities. The participants were recruited from two arts organizations in Bogota: Familia Ayara and Batuta Foundation.
Batuta Foundation is an organization whose main aim is to improve the quality of life of children, adolescents and young people in Colombia through musical education that focuses on collective practice from a social inclusion, rights and a culturally diversity perspective .
Familia Ayara organization is an institution inspired by the 1980’s New York Hip Hop movement. Through the different types of Hip Hop artistic expressions, Familia Ayara seeks to generate spaces where young people can express themselves, generate dialogue and reflect on the problems that affects them .
These two organizations helped in the development of the workshops by implementing different artistic methods as used in their own practice. The artistic workshops explored the experience of depression and anxiety and the role of the arts for the recovery from emotional distress. They were also intended to engage participants and help them to open up and share experiences in the following focus group.
A convenience sampling method was used to recruit participants. This was facilitated by the coordinators of the arts organizations associated with the project, taking into account the interest of the young people who were active in their organizations. Each arts organization coordinator called students who had a history of emotional distress and invited them to participate in the artistic workshops and subsequent focus groups. The potential participants were contacted by phone and email. Approximately, 20 students per organization were contacted and the ones who were available at the time and signed the informed consent form were able to participate in the workshops.
The inclusion criteria were being 15–24 years old, wanting to participate in artistic activities, being currently active in the activities provided by the arts organization, having the capacity to consent (for those aged18 and over), receiving consent from a parent or legal guardian (for those aged 17 and under) and have capacity to assent (for those aged 17 and under).
In total, six artistic workshops were conducted: four with Batuta Foundation and two with Familia Ayara. The workshops were designed to provide the context and set the scene for the focus group discussion. They facilitated engagement, allowing for and utilizing non-verbal communication and artistic expression, helped to establish trust and created an open atmosphere for the participants. The workshops were adjusted to the approaches of the two the organizations. Nevertheless, there were common features. Each workshop had two phases: the first part consisted of ice breakers, explaining the context of the workshop and the use of different artistic activities for self-expression; the second part were a structured conversation within a type of focus group, initiated by questions for the participants delivered by a moderator. During the second phase of each workshop, the conversation was guided towards identifying the characteristics, resources and activities participants had used to overcome moments of emotional distress. The moderators for these conversations were part of the OLA research team and mental health professionals (psychiatrists) at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. On average, the workshops lasted between 2 and 4 h and there was only one moderator per focus group.
Taking into account that the first phase of the OLA study took place in 2020, the artistic workshops were adapted to a virtual modality in order to comply with the social distancing requirements of the Colombian government due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These workshops were held virtually through the Microsoft Teams platform.
Batuta Foundation: Artistic workshop description
The four workshops conducted with the Batuta Foundation had a total of 20 participants split into 4 groups (five participants per group). The workshops were facilitated by members from both, the OLA research team and Batuta Foundation, the latter were present to assistant with the structure, guidance and execution of the workshops, particularly in relation to the artistic activities held.
The artistic activities held during the workshops are described below:
Introduction round: The participants introduced themselves and were asked to perform a body movement that would identify them.
Sounding Scenery: The participants had to relate sounds that were played to images displayed for them.
Learning song lyrics: With the help of one of the organization teachers, the participants repeated the lyrics to the song “Yenyeré Gumá” whilst the instructor sang simultaneously.
Changing the lyrics of known songs: The song “Color Esperanza” by Diego Torres was played and the participants had to listen and then jointly write new lyrics for the melody of the song. The lyrics had to be in relation to the words mentioned after they were asked “What has music meant for you in your life?”.
After each activity, the participants provided a word describing their feelings during the activity.
Familia Ayara: Artistic workshop description
The workshops conducted with Familia Ayara had a total of 17 participants, who were divided in two groups. Reflecting the variety of artistic activities that this institution provides, the workshops had different approaches towards the arts. One of them included activities related to the rap musical genre and the other one with graffiti art. During these workshops members of the research team were present, as well as a teacher and a member of the psychosocial department of the organization. These last two individuals helped in guiding the workshop.
During this workshop the following activities were held:
Introduction round: The participants presented themselves through a rap improvisation.
Rap composition and socialization: The participants chose one of three music tracks to work with and composed rap lines with 8 beats each. The themes of the rap lines related to premises of self-recognition, emotions, life projects and stress management. After the composition period, the participants were asked to share their compositions.
The participants provided a word describing how they felt before and during the workshop.
During this workshop the following activities were held:
Introduction round: The participants, members of the organization and research team introduced themselves.
Word transformation through drawing: The participants were asked to think of a word that represented a negative emotion they felt during the pandemic and quarantine. The participants were then asked to write this word using separate strokes so that the lines that formed the words did not touch. Lastly, they were asked to transform each line into a positive image through a drawing.
Focus group discussions with the participants
During the second phase of each artistic workshop, conversations were held with the participants in relation to the role of the arts in their lives, their mental health, and the resources they used to overcome episodes of emotional distress. The objectives of these conversations were to explore the representations of depression and anxiety using artistic methodologies; to identify and describe physical, affective, cognitive, behavioral, and social manifestations of depression and anxiety according to their experience; and to describe the main causes of emotional suffering. These conversations lasted between 60 and 80 minutes.
The focus group discussions were recorded in audio format, transcribed, and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis methodology proposed by Braun and Clarke . Three researchers familiarized themselves with the transcriptions and from the reviewed information generated a coding and thematic scheme that reflected the role of the arts within the participants’ lives and its relation to their mental health. The themes and subthemes were discussed with the research team and modified iteratively. During this process, an initial coding scheme was developed. It was finalized following team review and discussion. Afterwards, two research team members applied the coding scheme to the transcriptions using NVivo 12® qualitative software.
After coding all the transcriptions, a report that describes the content of each code was generated and this was the basis for the result synthesis. Finally, codes were discussed as a group and then grouped into broader categories that yielded the themes reported in this paper.
All methods and instruments used during this process were revised and approved by the research and ethics committee of Queens Mary, University in London, and by the research and ethics committee of San Ignacio University Hospital of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. The aforementioned follows the established protocols of the Good Clinical Practice guidelines according to the Colombian legislation. The analysis plan was elaborated and approved by the principal investigators. None of the focus groups were corrected or repeated. The data as collected during August and September of the year 2020.
A summary of the demographic characteristics of the participants in relation to their age range, sex and the artistic workshop they attended can be found in Table 1.
Five themes were identified from the workshops: 1) Mobilizing emotions and facilitating their expression; 2) Help to manage or transform difficult emotions; 3) Distracting from problems; 4) Creating spaces for social support and facilitate social relations; 5) Contributing to the construction of identity and lifestyle. The five themes are shown in Table 2 where the themes correspond to the first row and each column resumes the subthemes used in each theme. As this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, within the results a section alluding to the emotional experiences of the participants during this period was included.
Allowing the expression of emotions
One of the most frequent themes that emerged about the role of artistic activities in relation to mental health, is the ability to communicate emotions and thoughts through arts. Several young people mentioned that artistic expressions allowed them to vent or unload their worries or negative thoughts. In some cases, it helped them to overcome certain difficulties they had in recognizing and verbally expressing their feelings. Others take advantage of writing, musical composition, or painting as a means of understanding and clarifying difficult situations, particularly when they are unwilling to talk about their problems with friends or family, due to mistrust or fear of judgemental responses. Additionally, some young people have found Hip Hop a vehicle to express and show their views and thoughts about their lives and the reality of the country.
“I think it is a way of expressing oneself. Then each one can transmit or express, as my colleague said before, something that one feels personally. Then, from that, you can vent, either on a wall, or on a piece of paper. And so, one is a little freer to express what one feels through art, or through something that one practices.” (Familia Ayara, F, 19 years old).
“I feel that I would lose a lot of stability, uh, on an emotional level. I feel that it is the only thing that keeps me in order and, let’s say, healthy, right? Speaking of this topic, which is art. It’s being able to express certain things. I’ve never been good at talking, like at expressing my emotions to others through conversation. I almost can’t do it, so I think music has helped me a lot in that. Art in general.” (Batuta Foundation, F, 18 years old).
“This is like my strong suit, my refuge. Singing too. I have many revolutionary lyrics, in disagreement with what is happening here in Colombia [...] So rap also helps me to vent the frustrations I have, and to make my voice heard.” (Familia Ayara, M, 21 years).
Some of the Batuta Foundation participants mentioned that musical interpretation has the potential to generate different emotions in them that they would not usually experience in other contexts. Depending on the song they perform, they may feel emotions of joy, happiness, tranquility, nostalgia, or sadness. Similarly, the mood they are in influences the graphic creations of those who practice painting or graffiti.
“For me art is a way to feel a lot of things that I can’t feel like in my day-to-day life, yes? And also, I see art as a refuge. And actually, it wasn’t like I knew about it and I that’s what got me into art, but one day I just tried it and I really liked it and I realized like all the things I can feel, and I didn’t know, so that was very important for me.” (Batuta Foundation, F, 18 years old).
Helping to manage and transform emotions
Some participants report that artistic expression helped them manage stress, depression and anxiety. Through art, they also found tranquility and a way to transform intense emotions of anger and negative thoughts. Others alluded to the usefulness of the arts in managing these emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“When, for example, I feel angry with myself or sad, then that’s how I react with the instrument. Let’s say I’m going to play something and let’s say I put like more... I’m angry, I put like more pressure on things, to make it sound harder. So, let’s say that for me it’s a way of... like of channeling those sensations and, when transmitting them, let’s say that I play for myself. Then, at that moment, I play something and ten minutes, twenty minutes can go by and after that moment it’s... let’s say it’s as if I’ve let go of all that tension I had, it’s a way of like taking off that pressure I have.” (Batuta Foundation, M, 21 years old).
“Not only drawing, not only listening to music, not only writing, but everything that has to do with art. I feel that it liberates me a lot. It kind of leaves me at peace, it calms me down a lot, in the face of all those situations that are sometimes so complicated. So, it’s like the psychologist you have, to whom you can tell how you feel. Without thinking about others and that’s what I like so much about this.” (Familia Ayara, M, 22 years old).
Distracting from problems
Some participants claimed that attending music workshops or playing an instrument helps them to distract themselves, forget problems and difficulties. According to their description, through artistic activities, distraction seems to encompass multiple psychological aspects described as “having a more active mind”, “putting the mind in blank”, “getting away from reality”, or “feeling in another world”.
“Well, I take my board and go out on it. I put big wheels on it, I go out with my bag, with my posters, which are for signing, two or three aerosols, a white background. And then I go out rolling. The truth is I don’t know where I’m going to paint, where I’m going to end up. (...) I go out with my board, I end up in places I don’t know, over there climbing on a terrace, painting a board, painting a fence. Well, that distracts me a lot, and it’s also like the adrenaline of not getting caught by the police”. (Familia Ayara, M, 21 years old).
“Well, I think that music separates us... it takes us away from reality and we start, like... I don’t know how to explain it... I don’t know... I mean, it makes us feel like we are in another world, yes? we feel better and all that, like so.” (Batuta Foundation, F, 15 years old).
Facilitating social support and relationships
The participants highlighted the opportunities offered by arts organizations to explore their interests or discover artistic activities and languages. They have also found in them different forms of social support. Familia Ayara provided a space for young people with shared interests to meet, which has helped individuals to overcome feelings of being “out of place”. Those who are part of Batuta Foundation consider it an important space to meet other people and create bonds of friendship with their peers. Teachers, facilitators, and psychosocial support staff also represent an important support for some of the participants.
“When I’m not feeling well, I go and talk to the assistant and the psychosocial worker. And in spite of that, in the 8 years that I have been at Batuta, I have formed bonds of friendship. I have seen people come and go, and I could always count on them, but some of them left and others never came back. And well, that’s how it has helped me: to learn that people are not always there, but if you look for them, I believe they will be there”. (Batuta, M, 17 years old).
Some participants involved with Batuta Foundation see music as a way to connect with others. They say that the ease of expression they develop through musical performance has helped them to communicate, especially those who find it difficult to socialize. Others note that music has facilitated a cohesion with their fellow orchestra members.
“If art did not exist, I think there would be a lack of union between human beings, because through art one can..., as you were saying, a harmony is generated, or a connection with other people. Or, for example, in my musical experience, while you make music you connect...”. (Batuta, F, 18 years old).
Contributing to the identity of young people
Rapping and playing a musical instrument has also helped some participants to get to know themselves better, as well as to recognize their strengths and weaknesses. In some cases, facing an audience has allowed them to gain confidence.
“Well, before learning about music, I was confident about playing sports [...]. And after music... I learned to express myself with the microphone, how to handle the public and what one does. Now, what you write and... It has to give you power, because if you don’t believe it, others won’t believe it. So, I think that’s one of the bases of the self-confidence that I have worked on”. (Familia Ayara, M, 22 years old).
Artistic expression has also been important in the identity construction for some young people, especially among those who participate in graffiti art and Hip-Hop culture through Familia Ayara. They describe these practices as a central element in their daily lives. They also relate them to the possibility of finding direction or a plan for their lives. Some highlight the opportunity Familia Ayara offers to keep them busy and away from criminal activities and drug use. In addition, the support they receive from this organization has motivated some of them to project themselves professionally as artists.
“I used to be a very quiet person [...] I had a lot of trouble expressing myself. Hip Hop has helped me a lot with that, to express myself, to vent. And Hip Hop means everything to me. I mean, it’s my life, it’s the way I express myself, the way I think, it’s my lifestyle. Uh... I want to make a professional living from music. For me that means that it’s... It was what saved me from myself, what gives me calm, what makes me feel, really. That’s what Hip Hop means to me.” (Familia Ayara, M, 22 years old).
Emotional implications of the COVID-19 pandemic
When probed about how they have experienced the pandemic, the lockdown periods, and the possible effects this has had on their mental health, some participants mentioned that this led to feelings of insecurity and frustration, usually related to the difficulty of making plans or trusting that their projects will come to fruition.
“I think the first thing it has taught us since the pandemic started is that nothing is certain, no... no jobs, not what you want to do, not the plans to leave. As they say, the only thing that is certain is that we are going to die, nothing in this life is certain, plans can change from one day to the next.” (Familia Ayara, M, 22 years old).
One participant recounted how painting allowed her to work out her uncertainty about leaving her job just prior to the onset of the pandemic.
“After three days they said that no one could leave, everyone was in confinement. I was left with my arms crossed and I said, what am I going to do now? where am I going to get a job? So, I said, well, while something comes up, let’s wait. And well, I took paper and watercolors and in reality, I wasn’t feeling good, but I wanted to use the time. I felt that, well, in the first brushstrokes when I had already done the face, I said: I don’t know, it’s not reflecting what I want. So, I had a fixed point and I said: no, I want it to reflect sadness, because that’s how I feel [...] So, let’s say that it is something satisfying when you do something with a purpose, with an end and it has the expected results.” (Familia Ayara, F, 17 years old).
Additionally, some participants had to get used to a decrease in their academic, work and leisure activities. Although several participants continued to take part in artistic activities, others put them on hold. In the case of the Batuta Foundation, the participants did not have access to the musical instruments provided by the organization, whilst as a result of the mobility restrictions established during the pandemic some participants linked to Familia Ayara limited their outings to graffiti related activities. Other participants considered that this change was positive, as they reduced the activities that caused them stress, such as the use of public transport or the fulfillment of schedules and obligations, which allowed them to dedicate more time to activities of interest and pleasure.
“At the beginning of my quarantine it was difficult for me to stay here at home because I was busy every day of the week. Monday through Friday I would go to school, Saturdays I would do some activity and on Sundays another one. So, to be in constant movement and then to stop, technically, because of the pandemic, well, it was difficult. But now [...] I am more used to being in four walls.” (Batuta Foundation, M, 17 years old).
The findings suggest that arts can be an important resource for young people who participate in arts organizations. They show different ways for how arts activities can help young people to cope with mental and emotional distress and how arts organizations can provide psychological and social support. Despite the differences between the institutions and their artistic methodologies, we found similarities in the mechanisms that the participants identified in relation to arts and the mental health benefits arts activities provide. Engaging in artistic activities promotes resilience in young people and allows them to bounce back from symptoms of emotional distress.
Emotion management and its relationship with the arts
We found that the arts are useful for the mobilization and expression of emotions, particularly when the emotions are perceived as negative, and they also help young people to recognize and manifest how they feel. The results suggest that not all artistic activities evoke the same emotions, and that this depends on the type of artistic activity being performed. For example, writing seems to serve a more internal purpose, related to understanding emotions, while other activities, such as musical performance, graffiti, painting, or rapping, contribute to externalizing thoughts and feelings.
Artistic expression can also help to manage psychological stress and states of anger, depression, and anxiety, since it provides a way to transform them. Although the recognition or venting of emotions and their transformation seem to be strongly linked, these aspects were analyzed in different themes. The study did not intend to address and analyze differences between the psychological process of recognizing and relieving emotions or transforming them. Nevertheless, the findings could relate to the evidence on emotion regulation through the arts, as they suggest that arts activities may support emotion regulation in individuals with depression , and that negative emotions decrease and positive emotions increase when engaging in art-based group activities .
In relation to the transformation of emotions, within the Familia Ayara workshops the creativity was evidenced through the graffiti activity. In this activity, the participants made a drawing that narrated a significant story, starting with a word that reflected a negative emotion drawn with separate strokes, with the purpose of changing the meaning of the word. This process leads not only to creativity and expression of the individual’s emotional state, but also to the reconstruction of situations and emotions for the individual. This technique of combining the writing of words and transforming them into drawings is reminiscent of the technique described by Winnicott, in which the patient elaborates a trace that culminates in a figure or vice versa, giving a story understood within the personal history of the individual . This has also been reported to be effective in the context of child therapy [30, 31].
Participants stated that artistic activities, such as attending music workshops or playing an instrument, are a source of distraction and help them forget about problems or difficulties. Distraction seems to be a multidimensional theme, distraction occurs in relation to other aspects of the arts, such as pleasure and the meditative nature of the arts, among others. Additionally, distraction from problems and emotional management through artistic activities are closely linked, since distraction as a result of these activities could be considered a way of managing emotions. Depending on the individual and the given context of experiencing negative emotions distraction may be more helpful, while for others it may be more useful to vent or confront their emotions. More studies are needed for a better understanding of the factors determining the most beneficial forms of dealing with emotions when using the resource of arts activities. The arts, by serving as a vehicle for emotions, could have a preventive role in the development of mental health problems in young people, or serve as a therapeutic exercise when there is difficulty in expressing negatively perceived emotions.
The findings on the link between arts and overcoming emotional problems are consistent with findings from other studies that analyze the benefits of arts activities for mental health in both adult and youth populations [21, 23, 32, 33]. Some of the benefits found in the literature include self-expression, expression of feelings, distraction from illness/problems, and a perceived improvement in mental health well-being [21, 23, 32, 33].
Personal and professional identity in relation to the arts
Throughout the study we found that the participants perceive their relationship with the arts differs according to the approach and vision of art taken within each organization. Several participants from the Familia Ayara see art as a lifestyle and as an integral part of their identity, and likewise perceive art as a professional vocation, rather than as a hobby or pastime. This is consistent with some of the benefits of the arts found in another study with young people, that emphasized the role of arts for perceived security, a sense of belonging, and the development of social skills . This aspect of the role of arts activities was less present in the participants from the Batuta Foundation, although some of them mentioned how they identified with musical performance or considered it as a professional career option. To understand this, it should be noted that the Familia Ayara works around an artistic expression that is part of a broader cultural framework: Hip Hop. Through this, the organization not only invites young people to develop different artistic practices (rap, graffiti and break dancing) and provides them with important technical support, but they also offer active psychosocial support. This may reflect the way in which the Familia Ayara participants perceive art in their lives. However, more research is needed to explore the role of the arts in the mental health of people who perceive the arts as a career and those who use the arts as a hobby.
COVID-19 pandemic and the arts
One aspect to consider in this study is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly, the impact of the pandemic has led to a substantial worsening in the mental health of young people worldwide . Therefore, we can assume that some participants in this study underwent considerably long periods of social isolation and mandatory quarantine (6 months) and were particularly susceptible to symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants also mentioned that, in some cases, the restrictions imposed by the pandemic made it difficult for them to engage in artistic activities. However, for the participants who continued to actively participate in some form of art during lockdown or the self-isolation period, this may have acted as additional emotional support which prevented or mitigated symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Finally, activities in this study allowed the participants to interact socially for the first time since confinement, which some of them described as an exciting experience.
Strengths and limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore how the arts help young people who participate in arts organizations to cope with mental and emotional distress in a Latin American country, such as Colombia. As far as we know, this is also the first study with young people in Latin America embedding focus group discussions within artistic workshops as a part of the data collection process, allowing participants to engage using non-verbal communication and artistic expressions. A further strength of our study is the variety of artistic expressions used among participants - music composition, rap, graffiti, singing, etc. - which facilitated a deeper understanding of the different ways in which arts and arts organizations can support young people in overcoming mental and emotional distress. Even though the fact that arts can support mental health has been widely suggested in the literature, the evidence for the claim is still weak. The study adds to the literature in general as it provides more data on the experiences of young people, used an innovative methodological approach of linking artistic workshops with focus groups, and applies specifically to young populations in urban environments in Latin America.
Another strength of the study is the arts organizations’ ability to adapt and be flexible during the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially, all the artistic activities (related to music, rap, graffiti, etc.) were planned to be conducted in-person, but due to the restrictive measures implemented in Bogota, they had to be adapted and conducted on virtual platforms. Even though the virtual execution of the activities proved challenging, it was also interesting to see how each organization was creative enough to adapt their methods by using innovative strategies.
We were also able to capture some of the experiences of isolation due to the quarantines and changes in the social dynamics (family, friends, academic environment, etc.) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A finding that was not anticipated during the original design of the study.
The study also has some limitations. Conducting focus groups and arts workshops virtually may have influenced the interaction between the facilitators and the participants, and impacted the comfort and openness to discuss certain topics. Despite this, the data collected was rich and varied, allowing us to better understand the role of arts in overcoming mental and emotional distress among young people. The results apply to young people who are involved with artistic organizations, and there is no evidence on whether arts activities may also be beneficial to those who are reluctant and would require more persuasion to participate. Finally, our findings were generated in a specific context, and it remains unclear to what extent they can be generalized or apply only to the studied age group and the context of large urban settings in Latin America such as Bogota. Additional research is needed to understand how the arts help young people cope with emotional distress in more rural settings.
Study participants reported arts activities as an important resource for managing negatively perceived emotions, such as stress, anxiety, depression, and sadness. The management of these emotions can occur in different ways, because arts activities help either to transform these emotions, to vent or express them or to distract from them. However, even though these three ways of emotional management overlap, the psychological processes that are behind each one appears to be distinct and may merit specific further research.
There are differences in the perception of arts activities as a resource depending on whether they are perceived as a professional vocation or a mere hobby. This is also related to the vision instilled by the art institutions and the type of artistic disciplines they teach. Although the participants of both organizations mention art as an important part of the construction of their identity and professional vocation, this is more accentuated in the participants of Familia Ayara.
Overall, the findings of this study suggest that artistic activities in groups, such as composition, drawing, writing, music performance, and hip hop, are both a support and a resource for young people who engage in these types of activities.
Availability of data and materials
The consent forms did not specify that the data would be deposited in a public repository, and for this reason we are unable to deposit the data. The dataset will be made available from the corresponding author (Natalia Godoy Casasbuenas, [email protected]) upon reasonable request and subject to a data sharing agreement.
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We would like to acknowledge our partner arts organizations for their contribution to the OLA programme, Fundación Batuta and Familia Ayara. Additionally, this article was first written in Spanish, reviewed by the native Spanish speaking authors, and upon approval was subsequently translated into English by one of the authors who is bilingual (MPJA).
This work is supported by the Medical Research Council (grant number: MR/S03580X/1).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Written approval was received for this study from the Faculty of Medicine - Research and Ethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota on 20/03/2020 (FM-CIE-0241-20).
and from the Queen Mary Ethics of Research Committee on 16/11/2020 (QMERC2020/02). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All informed consent/assent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s) for participants aged less than 16 years.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Gómez-Restrepo, C., Casasbuenas, N.G., Ortiz-Hernández, N. et al. Role of the arts in the life and mental health of young people that participate in artistic organizations in Colombia: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 22, 757 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04396-y | <urn:uuid:35214f9b-4e17-40e6-aee2-793281d3bc24> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-022-04396-y | 2024-02-27T23:55:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.950969 | 10,572 | 3.046875 | 3 | [
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Feeling lost in the world of Excel? You’re not alone. Finding the mean in Excel can be challenging and time-consuming, but with the right strategies, you can do it quickly and easily. Read on to learn how to calculate mean in Excel.
How to Use the AVERAGE Function in Excel
Using the Mean function in Excel is crucial for accurate data analysis. This process can help you calculate the average value of your data set, making it easier to draw conclusions. Here’s your guide to using the AVERAGE function in Excel.
- Select the cell where you want to get the result of the average value.
- Type in
, where B2:B10 is the data set you want to use for calculating the mean. - Hit Enter to get the result of the formula in the selected cell.
- If you want to use multiple data sets for calculating the mean, separate them with commas within the function.
Additionally, you can use the AVERAGE function for calculating the mean of a continuous range of cells.
Don’t miss out on the benefits of using the Mean function in Excel. Try it out on your data sets today!
How to Manually Calculate the Mean in Excel
Calculating mean in Excel can be done manually without relying on the in-built formulae. To do this, a simple mathematical process can be followed to find the average of a list of values in an Excel spreadsheet.
To manually calculate the mean in Excel:
- First, identify the values for which the mean has to be calculated.
- Next, add all the values together.
- Then, count the total number of values that were added in the previous step.
- Divide the sum of all the values by the total number of values to get the average.
- The final result is the mean of all values from the list.
It is important to ensure that all the values are accurate and the calculations are precise, to get the correct average.
One key detail to remember is that this manual method of calculating mean can be time-consuming and prone to errors, particularly if the list of values is lengthy. Therefore, considering an automated formulaic method in Excel would save time and effort.
To further improve the accuracy of mean calculations in Excel, one suggestion is to pre-format cells to the number format to avoid rounding errors. This works by setting the number of decimal places for the mean’s final result. Another suggestion is to use the same formula on different sets of data repeatedly by simply dragging the cell, saving time and maintaining accuracy.
While there are many ways to calculate the mean in Excel, the manual method can be useful for a quick check of the automated method’s accuracy and understanding the math behind it. Incorporating the knowledge of how to find the median in Excel alongside the mean will provide a more comprehensive data analysis skill set.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by James Woodhock
Finding Mean for Specific Cells or Rows in Excel
Finding Average for Specific Cells or Rows in Excel:
Calculating the mean for specific cells or rows in Excel helps to analyze the data better. To find the average for specific cells or rows in Excel, select the cells or rows that need to be analyzed by clicking on them.
After selecting the desired cells or rows, locate the “Average” function, which is represented in Excel as “AVERAGE.” Click on the function and select the cells or rows for which the mean needs to be found. Excel will calculate and display the mean value on the worksheet.
It is important to note that the Mean function only works with numeric values. If the selected cells or rows contain non-numeric values, such as text or symbols, Excel will display an error message.
To avoid this issue, convert the values to numerical values by using the “VALUE” function in Excel. Additionally, to improve accuracy, eliminate any outliers before calculating the mean.
By following these simple steps, specific cells or rows in Excel can be analyzed effectively, providing valuable insights for better decision-making.
Keywords: How to Find the Median in Excel
Image credits: chouprojects.com by Harry Arnold
Finding Mean for a Range of Non-Adjacent Cells in Excel
Finding the Mean for a Range of Dispersed Cells in Excel can be done in a few simple steps. Firstly, select the specific cells which need to be averaged by holding the “Ctrl” key and clicking on each cell. Then, click on the “Formulas” tab and select the “More Functions” dropdown, followed by the “Statistical” option. From there, click on the “AVERAGE” function and highlight the selected cells within the parentheses. Finally, press “Enter” to display the Mean value.
For additional information, note that the Mean can also be found using a formula. The formula is “=(sum of values)/(number of values).” This can be written as “=SUM(A1:A4)/4” for example, where A1 through A4 is the range of cells to be added and 4 represents the number of cells in that range.
A useful suggestion to improve efficiency would be to create a shortcut key for frequently used functions, such as the AVERAGE function. This can be done by going to “File”, “Options”, “Customize Ribbon”, “Keyboard Shortcuts”, and “Categories”. From here, select the specific function, assign a shortcut key, and press “OK”. This will save time and effort when using the function in the future. Additionally, the same procedure can be followed for finding the Median in Excel.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by James Jones
Using Filters to Find Mean for Specific Data in Excel
Using Excel filters to calculate the mean of specific data is a useful tool for data analysis. Here’s a simple step-by-step guide to get started:
- Highlight the data range you want to analyze and click the “Filter” button.
- Click on the filter arrow on the column you want to filter.
- Select the data points you want to filter by and hit “OK”.
- The filtered data will appear, and you can find the mean by selecting the filtered range and using the formula
, replacing “range” with the cell range of the filtered data.
It’s important to note that this method only calculates the mean of the filtered data, not the entire data set. To further analyze your data, consider using other statistical tools like standard deviation or median.
There’s a common misconception that the mean is always the best measure of central tendency for data analysis. However, depending on the dataset, the median may be a more appropriate measure. It’s important to consider the characteristics of your data when choosing the best measure of central tendency.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by Yuval Jones
Customizing Mean Calculation in Excel
Customizing the Calculation of Mean in Excel
To customize mean calculation in Excel, follow these five simple steps:
- Highlight the cell range containing the data for which you want to calculate the mean.
- Go to the Formulas tab and click on “More Functions” in the Function Library section.
- Choose “Statistical” from the dropdown list and select “AVERAGE” from the list of functions displayed.
- In the dialog box that appears, you may customize the mean calculation by specifying any additional arguments.
- Click “OK” to apply the customized mean calculation formula to the selected range.
In addition, you can opt for other mean calculation functions such as weighted average, geometric mean, or harmonic mean, to suit your analytical requirements.
To truly harness the power of Excel for your data analysis needs, it is essential to understand the various statistical functions that are available. By customizing the calculation of mean, you can obtain more precise results based on your unique data set and analytical requirements.
Don’t miss out on the benefits of customizing your mean calculation in Excel. Start exploring the different calculation options available today.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by Yuval Duncun
Using Excel Add-ons to Find Mean
Excel Add-Ons for Calculating Mean
To enhance your calculations in Microsoft Excel, you can use add-ons specifically designed for the purpose of finding the mean. These tools make formula creation and data analysis more efficient, enabling you to get accurate results effortlessly.
Here is a 5-step guide that will help you navigate the process of using Excel Add-ons to find the mean:
- Open Excel and click on the “Insert” tab located on the ribbon at the top of your screen.
- Select the “My Add-ins” option and click on the “Store” button.
- Search for an add-on that can calculate the mean and install it by clicking on the “Add” button.
- After installation, you can activate the add-on by selecting “Insert” and then “Add-ins”.
- Select the add-on from the list and input the data you wish to analyze for the mean.
It’s noteworthy that using Excel Add-ons is not just limited to mean calculation. You can also use them for a vast range of calculations depending on what you require.
To take your mean calculations a step further, consider applying these helpful tips:
- Before inputting data, ensure that all the values are numeric and consistent. That is, they should all be in the same format, either decimals or percentages, for accurate answers.
- After installation of the add-on, take time to explore and customize it to your required specifications; this can save you time and effort when conducting repetitive tasks.
By utilizing these tips alongside the add-ons, you can generate quicker, more precise outcomes in Excel for your numerical computations. If you encounter any issues while using these tools, check with the add-on developer for support.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by Harry Duncun
Comparison of Different Methods to Find Mean in Excel
Finding Mean in Excel: A Comprehensive Comparison of Different Methods
To effectively calculate the mean of your data in Excel, it’s crucial to know the different methods at your disposal. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of various approaches used to find mean in Excel.
To begin, let’s look at a table that compares the different methods for calculating mean in Excel. The table includes three columns: Method, Formula and Description. The methods discussed are the AVERAGE function, SUM function, and COUNT function. The Formula column outlines the equation used to get the mean value, while the Description column explains how to use each method.
Method | Formula | Description |
AVERAGE | =AVERAGE(data_range) | Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the data in the specified range. |
SUM | =SUM(data_range)/COUNT(data_range) | Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the data in the specified range. |
COUNT | =SUM(data_range)/COUNT(data_range) | Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the data in the specified range. |
Moving on, it’s important to note that each method has its unique benefits. For instance, using the AVERAGE function is convenient when dealing with a large set of data, as it provides a quick and straightforward way to calculate the mean value. In contrast, using the SUM and COUNT functions provides a more flexible approach to calculating the mean value when dealing with data ranges, as it allows you to only calculate the mean value for specific data within a range.
Finally, to ensure your data calculations are accurate and precise, it’s vital to understand the different methods available for finding the mean in Excel. Don’t miss out on the benefits of using each method for your calculations.
If you want to improve your Excel skills further, you can also learn how to find the median in Excel, which is another essential statistic used in data analysis.
Image credits: chouprojects.com by Harry Woodhock
FAQs about How To Find Mean In Excel
How do I find the mean in Excel?
To find the mean in Excel, use the AVERAGE function. Placing it in a cell and selecting a range of cells in which you wish to find the mean will return the average value of those selected cells.
What is the formula for finding the mean in Excel?
The formula for finding the mean in Excel is =AVERAGE(range). Replace “range” with the range of cells you wish to find the mean of.
Can I also find the mean of a subset of values in a larger range of cells?
Yes, to find the mean of a subset of values in a larger range of cells, select the cells you wish to include in the mean calculation, then use the AVERAGE function as normal.
What if there are blank or non-numeric cells in the range I am using to find the mean?
If there are blank or non-numeric cells in the range you are using to calculate the mean, Excel will ignore them and calculate the mean of the remaining numeric cells.
Can I find the mean of values in different worksheets in the same Excel file?
Yes, you can find the mean of values in different worksheets in the same Excel file by referencing the specific worksheet followed by the cell range. For example, =AVERAGE(Sheet1!A1:A10, Sheet2!B1:B10).
Can I use a shortcut to find the mean in Excel?
Yes, instead of typing out =AVERAGE(range), you can use the shortcut Alt + = to automatically insert the AVERAGE function for the selected cells. | <urn:uuid:647efd96-013c-4a5b-88c1-0c55ea205c0c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://chouprojects.com/find-mean-in-excel/ | 2024-02-27T22:54:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.872443 | 2,968 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
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Are you a high school student eager to dive into the professional world and gain invaluable experience? Securing an internship during high school is more than a feat—it’s a gateway to unparalleled learning and growth.
In this guide, we unravel the secrets to navigating this enriching journey. From crafting an impressive resume and acing interviews to discovering the diverse array of internship opportunities available, we’ll equip you with the essential strategies to land that coveted spot.
Explore the transformative power of high school internships as we dive into actionable steps and insider tips. Join us on this exciting quest to unlock doors to real-world experiences that will shape your future.
Let’s embark together on the exciting pathway toward securing an enriching and impactful high school internship.
An internship in high school is a structured, hands-on learning experience where students work in professional settings to gain practical knowledge and skills.
These opportunities are designed to provide a taste of a specific career field or industry, offering students a glimpse into what it’s like to work in a particular job role or environment before entering college or the workforce full-time.
Features of High School Internships
Duration and structure: High school internships vary in duration, often ranging from a few weeks to several months during school breaks or summers. They can be part-time or full-time, giving students a realistic experience of a typical work schedule.
Learning objectives: Internships aren’t just about completing tasks; they’re structured to facilitate learning. Students are exposed to real workplace challenges, tasks, and projects aligned with their interests or fields of study.
Supervision and mentorship: Typically, interns work under the guidance of experienced professionals who provide mentorship, guidance, and feedback. This mentorship helps students navigate the professional world and learn from seasoned individuals in their field.
Hands-on experience: Interns engage in various tasks related to the industry they’re exploring. This hands-on experience allows them to apply classroom knowledge to practical situations, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
Landing an internship in high school can be an excellent way to gain valuable hands-on experience, explore potential career paths, and enhance your college applications. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to get an internship in high school:
Self-Discovery and Exploration: Embark on a journey of self-discovery to identify your interests, skills, and career aspirations. Reflect on your academic strengths, extracurricular activities, and personal passions. This introspection will guide you toward potential internship opportunities that align with your aspirations.
Research and Identify Opportunities: Utilize online resources, company websites, and job boards to search for relevant internships. Explore internship opportunities offered by local businesses, non-profit organizations, and government agencies. Leverage your school’s career center and guidance counselors for personalized assistance.
Craft a Compelling Resume and Cover Letter: Your resume should showcase your academic achievements, extracurricular involvement, and relevant skills. Highlight your transferable skills, such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving, which are highly valued by employers. Tailor your cover letter to each specific internship, demonstrating your genuine interest in the company and the position.
Network and Build Connections: Networking is crucial for expanding your professional circle and uncovering hidden internship opportunities. Attend industry events, connect with alumni, and engage with professionals on LinkedIn. Leverage your family, friends, and teachers for potential connections.
Prepare for the Interview: Practice answering common interview questions and prepare thoughtful questions about the company and the internship role. Demonstrate your enthusiasm, professionalism, and preparedness during the interview.
Benefits of Participating in an Internship in High School
High school internships provide a range of benefits that can help students prepare for their future careers. Students who participate in internships can gain valuable hands-on experience, develop their skills and knowledge, network with professionals, and explore different career paths.
1. Gain hands-on experience
Internships provide students with the opportunity to apply what they have learned in the classroom to real-world situations. This can help them develop their skills and knowledge and make them more competitive in the job market.
For example, a student who is interested in pursuing a career in business might intern at a local company and learn about different aspects of the business, such as marketing, finance, and accounting.
2. Develop skills and knowledge
Internships can help students develop a variety of skills, such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and time management. These skills are essential for success in any career.
In addition, internships can help students develop specific knowledge and skills related to their field of interest. For example, a student who is interested in pursuing a career in nursing might intern at a hospital and learn about patient care, medication administration, and medical terminology.
3. Network with professionals
Internships allow students to meet and connect with professionals in their field of interest. This can help them build relationships and learn about different career paths.
Students can also learn about the culture of the company and get a feel for what it would be like to work there. This can help them make an informed decision about whether or not to apply for a job at the company after graduation.
4. Explore different career paths
Internships can help students narrow down their career choices and find a field that they are passionate about.
Students may not be sure what they want to do with their lives after high school. An internship can help them explore different career options and find a field that they are interested in pursuing.
5. Enhance your resume and make you more competitive
Internships can help students stand out from the competition when applying for jobs or colleges.
Students can list their internship experience on their resume and cover letter. This can show potential employers or admissions officers that they have the skills and experience that they are looking for.
6. Earn money and gain financial independence
Some internships are paid, which can help students earn money and gain financial independence.
Students who are paid for their internships can use the money to help pay for college tuition, books, and other expenses.
7. Prepare for the real world of work
Internships can help students prepare for the real world of work.
Students can learn about the expectations of the workplace, how to dress professionally, and how to interact with colleagues and clients.
8. Build confidence and self-esteem
Internships can help students build confidence and self-esteem.
Students can see the value of their skills and knowledge, and they can develop a sense of accomplishment.
How to Get an Internship in High School With No Experience
Landing an internship in high school without prior experience can be challenging, but it’s certainly not impossible. Here are some strategies to increase your chances of securing an internship, even if you’re starting from scratch:
Identify your interests and skills: Before embarking on your internship search, take some time to reflect on your interests, skills, and potential career paths. This will help you narrow down your internship options and find positions that align with your aspirations.
Start early: Don’t wait until your senior year to start your internship search. Begin exploring opportunities as early as your freshman or sophomore year, as this will give you more time to network and build your experience.
Leverage your school’s resources: Your school’s career center or guidance counselor can be invaluable resources for finding internship opportunities. They may have connections with local businesses, organizations, and government agencies that offer internships for high school students.
Seek opportunities beyond your school. While your school can be a great starting point, don’t limit your search to opportunities posted on your school’s website. Utilize online job boards, company websites, and social media platforms to find internship opportunities that align with your interests.
Network, network, network: Networking is crucial for expanding your professional circle and uncovering hidden internship opportunities. Attend industry events, connect with alumni, and engage with professionals on LinkedIn. Leverage your family, friends, and teachers for potential connections.
Highlight your transferable skills: Even if you lack direct work experience, you likely possess valuable transferable skills that employers seek. Highlight your communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and adaptability skills in your resume and cover letter.
Emphasize your enthusiasm and willingness to learn: Employers often value enthusiasm and a willingness to learn more than prior experience. Show your genuine interest in the company and the internship role, and express your eagerness to contribute and learn new skills.
Eligibility Requirements for an Internship in High School
The eligibility requirements for internships in high school vary depending on the specific program and company. However, there are some general requirements that most internships share.
Age: Most internships require students to be at least 16 years old. However, some internships may have a higher minimum age requirement.
Enrollment: Students must be enrolled in high school or have recently graduated.
GPA: Some internships require students to have a minimum GPA. However, many internships do not have a GPA requirement.
Experience: Some internships require students to have previous experience in the field, such as through volunteer work or extracurricular activities. However, many internships are open to students with no prior experience.
Location: Some internships are only open to students who live in a specific area or who are willing to commute to the internship site.
Immigration status: Some internships require students to be U.S. citizens or permanent residents.
Internships offer invaluable opportunities for high school students to gain hands-on experience, explore career paths, and enhance their employability. By following these steps and utilizing the resources available, you can successfully navigate the career maze and secure an internship that aligns with your aspirations.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the minimum age requirement for an internship?
The minimum age requirement for an internship varies by state and industry. Generally, high school students are eligible for internships as early as age 16.
How many internships should I apply for?
There is no set number of internships you should apply for. Aim to apply for a manageable number of positions that align with your interests and career goals.
What should I wear to a high school internship interview?
Dress professionally to make a positive first impression. Opt for formal attire, such as a suit or skirt and blouse.
What should I expect during a high school internship interview?
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Blood clots causes include hypercoagulable state in cancer. 20% of patients with newly diagnosed blood clots in veins have cancer. Deep Venous Thrombosis is the most common blood clot disorder. What are provoked blood clots? What are unprovoked blood clots? What is Factor V Leiden, Protein C and protein S deficiency? How long should anticoagulation last to prevent pulmonary embolism? Top hematology expert explains causes of blood clots and DVT. Blood clots causes. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Deep venous Thrombosis is a frequent sign of hypercoagulable state. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Video interview with top expert in hematology and blood clotting disorders. Venous thromboembolism can be caused by unprovoked blood clots and provoked blood clots. Provoked clots are often caused by surgery or period of immobility. Blood moves slower through the veins and can form a thrombus, or blood clot. Causes of unprovoked blood clots include cancer, genetic mutations, birth control pills. Hypercoagulable state could be a first sign of cancer in the body. Blood clots can separate from leg veins and travel to lungs to cause causes a pulmonary embolism (blood clots in lungs). Blood clots causes are important to find out. Deep venous Thrombosis is just one frequent cause of increased blood clotting. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Medical second opinion helps to make sure diagnosis is correct and complete. Medical second opinion helps to choose the best treatment for deep venous thrombosis. Medical second opinion by experienced hematologist can help identify a cause of unprovoked blood clots. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Genetic mutations that increase risk for blood clot formation are Factor V Leiden (Factor 5 Leiden) thrombophilia, prothrombin 20210 gene mutation, Factor II Mutation, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency. Women who smoke and take birth control pills with estrogens are at particularly high risk for venous thrombosis, including deep venous thrombosis in leg veins. Treatment of blood clots requires medical second opinion by hematologist. Classic anticoagulants (warfarin / Coumadin)and new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran / Pradaxa, rivaroxaban / Xarelto) are used to treat deep venous thrombosis. Blood clots causes have to be found before treatment begins. Deep venous Thrombosis signals presence of hypercoagulable state. Duration of anticoagulation depends on the cause of blood clot. Provoked blood clots, such as those after surgery or fracture require several months of anticoagulation. Unprovoked blood clots often require life-long anticoagulation. Causes of blood clots, Deep venous Thrombosis. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Blood clots sometimes form when they should not form. This is the opposite of bleeding disorders that we discussed previously. Blood clot causes and treatment is one of your clinical and research interests. Deep venous thrombosis and other blood clotting disorders is a large problem. DVT, blood clots in leg veins happen. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Sometimes blood clots break off from the leg veins. Then blood clots can travel to lungs and cause pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism has a 30% death rate. Sometimes blood clots form in a coronary artery. Thrombosis causes myocardial infarction. Blood clots in brain veins cause cerebral venous thrombosis. It is called sagittal sinus thrombosis. Could you please talk about causes of abnormal blood clot formation, thrombosis? Dr. Anton Titov, MD. How blood clots are diagnosed? What is the best treatment for thrombosis? How to treat deep vein thrombosis and its complications? Dr. Aric Parnes, MD Hematologist, Harvard Medical School. We divide thrombosis into venous thrombosis or arterial thrombosis. Hematologist deals primarily with venous thrombosis. The arterial thrombosis is the realm of cardiologists. It causes myocardial infarction, heart attack. Arterial thrombosis in brain causes strokes. This is in the realm of neurologists. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Work of hematologist sometimes overlaps with the domain of cardiology and neurology. My work primarily focuses on venous thrombosis, for example, clots in the legs (deep venous thrombosis). Blood clots can break off from leg veins and travel up to the lungs. This causes a pulmonary embolism (blood clots in lungs). Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Cancer can also cause blood clots. Deep venous thrombosis could be the first sign of cancer. Cancer also leads to "hypercoagulable state", when blood has increased propensity to form clots. 20% of patients with newly diagnosed blood clots in veins have cancer. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. That is correct. Blood clots in veins can often be a first sign of cancer in the body. This brings us to "hypercoagulable state”. It is increased risk of blood clotting. What kind of patients get thrombosis? Cancer patients are certainly at risk of venous thrombosis. It forms often in deep leg veins. People sometimes cannot move well. Patients are in the hospital. They have increased risk of blood clot formation. Patients with bone fractures are also at risk of thrombosis. Because they cannot be very active. Elderly patients are at risk of venous thrombosis for similar reasons. Risk of venous thromboembolism increases in obesity. Pregnancy also leads to increased risk of deep vein thrombosis Dr. Titov's note. This is because during pregnancy mobility decreases, venous blood circulation in legs worsens, and hormonal balance changes. Recently we discovered genetic predispositions to venous thrombosis. Factor V Leiden (Factor 5 Leiden) thrombophilia is gene polymorphism common in patients of Northern European ancestry. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Factor V Leiden increases risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Dr. Titov's note. and risk of miscarriage in pregnancy. There is also the prothrombin gene mutation. Prothrombin 20210 gene mutation, Factor II Mutation. It also can predispose patients to blood clots in legs and to pulmonary embolism. Risk of baby miscarriage is also increased in pregnant women. There are also other mutations in clotting cascade that increase risk of venous thromboembolism. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Other genetic cause of increased risk for venous thrombosis is protein C deficiency. Protein S deficiency also causes increased clotting of blood. Antithrombin III deficiency is another genetic mutation that predisposes to deep venous thrombosis. Most of the time we don't know what causes blood clots to form. We call these unexplained blood clots "unprovoked clots". Dr. Titov's note. This includes "unprovoked deep venous thrombosis". Testing for cancer is wise in patients with unexplained and unprovoked blood clots. Provoked blood clots can happen after surgical operation or after period of immobility. We also know that cancer treatment can sometimes cause blood clots to form in veins. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Long-haul airplane travel also increases risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Women may take birth control pills. They are at increased risk for blood clot formation. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Female hormone estrogen is part of birth control pills. Estrogen increases thrombosis risks. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. That's right. One of the most important risks of birth control pills is blood clots. Anybody with known hypercoagulable state should not get estrogen supplementation. But birth control pills are a very common medication. Sometimes a woman takes birth control pills. Then she develops a blood clot. It is often deep venous thrombosis in legs. We can recognize that risk and stop the medication. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Is smoking an additional risk factor for venous thrombosis in women who are on birth control pills? Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Yes, it is. We can think about risk for blood clot formation as concept of threshold. A person can accumulate different risk factors for increased blood clotting. Risk factors could be smoking, oral contraception, obesity. Eventually these risk factors add up. Then the threshold for venous thrombus formation is crossed over. Sometimes we see several risk factors for thrombosis. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. We try to minimize them. For example, a woman might have a known protein C deficiency. She could be diagnosed because her mother had a blood clot and genetic tests were done on the daughter. In this situation I will never prescribe oral contraceptive pills to such woman with protein C deficiency. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. There is a test for protein C deficiency? Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Yes, there is. We typically don't test for these causes of thrombosis risks. We do these tests when there is a history of blood clots in the family. We also do tests to find causes of venous thrombosis in patients who are already diagnosed with a blood clot. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis and other hypercoagulable states is very similar. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. We prescribe blood thinners. Warfarin (Coumadin) and heparin are classic anticoagulant medications. We also now we have many new oral anticoagulants to choose from. We now target clotting Factor II and Factor X (Factor 10). Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a Factor 2 inhibitor. Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and apixaban (Eliquis) are factor Xa inhibitors. The data about these new oral anticoagulants is still accumulating. How long do we need to anticoagulate patients with blood clots? This issue is still in flux. The optimal duration of anticoagulation treatment is still debated. Sometimes I was training, patients with the blood clot in the leg would get anticoagulant medication for three to six months. Previously advice for patients with blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism) was to receive 6 to 12 months of anticoagulation treatment. Recent clinical trials showed that 3 months of anticoagulation treatment is good for all of these clots. Deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. But this treatment duration advice is valid only if the cause of these blood clots is known. To the contrary, some patients have an unprovoked blood clot when the cause of thrombosis is NOT known. This is idiopathic thrombosis event. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Such patients can be permanently at risk for increased blood clotting. Therefore they might need anticoagulant therapy for the rest of their life. Dr. Titov's note. experienced hematologist should assess each situation carefully. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Lifelong anticoagulation treatment is a very big decision for any patient. Dr. Aric Parnes, MD. Permanent anticoagulation therapy is a very hard decision. Most young patients do not like to hear that. Blood clots causes. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Video interview with top expert in hematology. Hypercoagulable state as first sign of cancer. Unprovoked clots and provoked blood clots. Blood clots can be caused by cancer. This is hypercoagulable state. 20% of people with newly diagnosed blood clots in veins have cancer. Deep Venous Thrombosis is the most common blood clot disorder. | <urn:uuid:9b440611-b591-4065-8735-760c963f061a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://diagnosticdetectives.com/products/causes-of-blood-clots-deep-venous-thrombosis-6 | 2024-02-27T23:25:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.933948 | 2,613 | 3 | 3 | [
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Genderqueer: A Brief History
The word "genderqueer" was coined in the early 1990s and is credited to Riki Wilchins in order to "describe...those of us who were not only queer, but were so because we were the kind of gendertrash society rejected." Wilchins writes, "In a society where femininity is feared and loathed, all women are genderqueer. In a culture where masculinity is defined by having sex with women and femininity by having sex with men, all gay people are genderqueer."
The term was quickly picked up by others, and "welcome gender queers" appears in the welcome poem of the first issue of gendertrash, a Toronto-based zine that published five issues between 1993-1995, and published an incredible range of buttons through Genderpress.
The zine's editor, Xanthra Phillippa describes the frustration she felt in regards to the distance between the lesbian and gay communities and those who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth. Phillippa writes, "gender queers or gender outlaws are what we & only we are, since lesbians & gays seem to think that queer means lesbian/gay (& sometimes bi) only." This sentiment is also picked up by kiwi, another contributor, and is reflected in other trans-focused journals and magazines dating from this period.
The term "genderqueer," once solely a descriptive adjective, has since been adopted as an identity category in and of itself. For many people, genderqueer is a third gender, while others reject the entire concept of gender, and yet others straddle some line between female and male. "Genderqueer" serves as an umbrella term that can encompass each of these positions.
Things have been shifting. Genderqueer and other gender identities now have legal recognition under the law, we are seen in shows such as Billions with the nonbinary character Taylor; we have become more visible. As activist and organizer Monica Forrester suggests, "We're at a time in history where the transsexual and genderqueer community is freer; we can be who we want to be now. There's still stigma, but we can have our own identities. We have shifted enough people to be seen in a different way."
And yes, we have a flag.
The genderqueer flag was first created in 2010 by Marilyn Roxie, and updated into its third and final version in 2011. The lavender top stripe represents the mixing of blue and pink, the two colours associated with masculinity and femininity respectively. The centre white stripe represents agender and gender neutral identities, and the chartreuse bottom stripe is considered the opposite colour of lavender, and represents the third gender. The three identities are intended to be seen as interrelated. According to Roxie, the flag is intended to "help create visibility for the genderqueer community and related identities."
A Queer Memory: A Collection of Thoughts on Gender and Family by Noah Hurlbut articulates the struggle of trying to look back through one's memories to try to find "proof" of one's identity through memory, rereading the past to find clues to who one is today. It's a fraught process, and one that may help provide a narrative arc, but it can also feed into the idea of trying to "prove" one is "trans enough" to count in some abstract tally. Hurlbut also shares the struggle to navigate a society obsessed with binarism and the struggle to be seen and understood as the person they are, rather than the person it is more convenient to see.
In Bitter Feels: A Non-Binary Femme Affirmation Zine, Billy Star expresses their inner turmoil when their dead name is used. (A "dead name" is often a name assigned at birth that a trans* person does not identify with. Using it against someone who has expressed their new name is an act of aggression.) They also feel wounded when people use the wrong pronouns for them. Both of these sentiments will be familiar to anyone who has experienced this. Star writes, "I think gender is not something fixed, and it's all right if it change[s] over time. I really live in the "now," and right now NON-Binary is the way I view myself." Allowing oneself the space to figure things out is important, and this little zine's personal affirmation articulates that well.
ENBY Magazine has published three issues so far, and is written by and for people who do not identify within the gender binary. Articles within it look at gender in a French language context,
Pronouns and titles
Introductions that feature pronoun declarations are becoming more common, particularly in group settings. The intention behind them is honourable: letting people know that it is a safe space where you will not be misgendered. However, this doesn't always follow in practice, and it can be further complicated in situations where participants speak multiple languages, some of which do not have gendered pronouns. Further, genderqueer and other trans* people may not want to "out" themselves in front of people they are unfamiliar with.
In 2011, genderqueer comics artist Elisha Lim was interviewed for Xtra, a magazine which at the time refused to use their correct pronoun. Xtra's editor demonstrated limited faith in the intelligence of their readership, suggesting that it would be "too confusing." This sparked a boycott, a petition, and musician Rae Spoon turned down the opportunity to be on the cover of Xtra Ottawa, and instead posted a thoughtful response on Tumblr. Eventually Xtra relented, but it was troubling to see transphobia on display and then ardently defended.
"They" has been used as a singular pronoun since the 14th century, and has been widely accepted in style guides for decades. The Chicago Manual of Style listed it as early as 1993, and they have a handy guide to usage posted on ther blog, CMOS Shop Talk. The Washington Post promoted its use in 2015, As of yet the Canadian Press Stylebook does not include guidelines on the singular "they," and instead push the onus onto journalists "to represent their sources respectfully."
The majority of genderqueer people in English Canada would appear to use they/them/their as singular gender neutral pronouns, but there are a wide variety of others that people use, including the binary she/her/hers and he/him/his, or alternate between various pronoun sets. There are also those who use solely their name, and eschew pronouns altogether.
Recently, French Canadians have begun using "on" as a gender neutral pronoun, though some people will alternate between "elle" and "il," or use them interchangeably.
For more on the pronouns used by people who identify outside the binary, see A Quick and Easy Guide to They/Them Pronouns by Archie Bongiovanni and Tristan Jimerson, which includes a handy reference chart of alternatives, and also Susan Stryker's Transgender History.
The only way to know what pronouns a person uses is to ask, and to do so preferably in a comfortable and safe setting. How you ask can be important. A good question might be "What are your pronouns?" rather than asking "What pronouns do you prefer?," which suggests that a person's pronouns are a preference, rather than something core to their being.
The title Mx. is often used instead of the gendered Ms. or Mr. Some change their name to a non-gendered name, use only initials, or including names that are conventionally understood to be neither masculine or feminine.
It is important to recognize that there are no defined looks, dress, habits, behaviours, genital or body configuration, etc. that characterizes a genderqueer person, or, necessarily, anyone else.
Further complicating matters is the frequent conflation of gender identity and gender expression. Gender identity refers to a person's self-conception of gender, whereas gender expression refers to the "performance and enactment of gender." A person's gender identity may or may not match their gender expression.
Binarisms, Kari Weil writes, "establish a system of stable opposition and, hence, stable meaning through the other differences they conceal." Genderqueer people may reject this binary and destabilize it. Conceptions of what is appropriate for a gender depends on "culturally available symbols," and these can "evoke multiple (and often contradictory) representations."
Genderqueer people may or may not be aware of and reflective of how they are performing gender, or they function as active participants in the social construction of their gender. Anna I. Corwin's research determined that "genderqueer individuals draw on the gender binary, are restricted by it, and creatively resist it, creating new gender expressions." Corwin notes that "[g]esture and embodied performance are significant practices through which individuals construct novel identities and genders. Embodied expressions and linguistic performance can provide a physical disruption to binary constructions of gender."
That said, there is a temptation to internalize illegibility as a personal failing. However, a piece of clothing is not inherently gendered and neither are other adornments, such as makeup or jewellery. As Holly Boswell writes, "Once the concept of gender is freed from various cultural expectations of sex, the terms masculine and feminine become so relative that they are virtually meaningless." Our associations of these things with gender are cultural, present differently across different cultures at different times, and are subject to change.
In some cases, genderqueer people may use surgical transformation to alter the physiological characteristics of the body to alter gender signification. This can include hormone therapy, chest surgery, and other gender-related surgeries. However, it must be noted that gender signification is always dependant upon and "interconnected with other culturally relevant categories such as class, ethnicity, and community practice." As such, gaining access to these sometimes life-saving medical practices can come with complications. In Gender Failure, Ivan E. Coyote describes their struggles with making their desires legible to medical practitioners. This process can be complicated further when the person does not (yet) have legal status within Canada, such as refugees and displaced people.
It is important to recognize that hormonal or surgical interventions are not determinant factors to defining someone as genderqueer. Further, genderqueer people who opt to undergo medically-aided changes may not consider such procedures as "transitional," as they may not view themselves as transitioning from one position on the binary to another.
Strategies for signalling genderqueer identities may include chest binding, shaving or not shaving body hair, exhibiting a non-traditional hairstyle, bodybuilding, packing the groin region or chest to alter the body's contours, and/or wearing makeup or jewellery. Clothing choice may also signal a genderqueer identity by combining "men's" and "women's" clothing. Others make conscious choices in bodily comportment, such as gait, (not) making eye contact, and sitting with one's legs together or apart, crossed or uncrossed.
In performing gender, the appearance of the androgyne tends to privilege masculine attributes as signaling gender neutrality. Beauty, on the other hand, is typically coded as female. While "social articulation" of non-normative gender identities depend on their repetition, the variety of approaches to gender expression among genderqueer people complicates this further, queering how it is read. For an idea on some of the various ways that genderqueer and other genders may present, see Billy Star's zine, Nonbinary Pals: Portraits of Nonbinary People. | <urn:uuid:14fa29bb-03db-4e9e-961d-ccc5caa146d6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://digitalexhibitions.arquives.ca/exhibits/show/genderqueer-in-canada/genderqueer-history | 2024-02-27T23:17:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.964392 | 2,419 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
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The Importance of Oven Hygiene and Maintenance
Maintaining kitchen appliances is essential for efficient operation, and the oven is no exception. Proper hygiene and regular maintenance are vital to ensure that this culinary workhorse performs at its best.
The Role of Ovens in Kitchens
Ovens play a pivotal role in both residential and commercial kitchens, serving as a centerpiece for baking, roasting, and broiling a wide variety of dishes. Their versatility and consistent use make them indispensable to culinary enthusiasts and professional chefs alike. For more insights on how a clean and well-maintained oven can revolutionize your cooking, visit our detailed guide.
Consequences of Neglected Oven Care
Neglected oven care can lead to a multitude of issues that hinder cooking performance and compromise health. Here are some of the adverse effects of an improperly maintained oven:
- Inefficiency: A buildup of grease and food particles can insulate heating elements, leading to longer preheating times and uneven cooking.
- Safety hazards: Accumulated grime can be a fire risk, especially at high temperatures.
- Health risks: Bacteria and germs can thrive in the warm environment of a dirty oven, potentially contaminating food.
- Unpleasant odors: Residue from past cooking sessions can cause persistent, unpleasant smells that may affect the aroma and taste of freshly prepared dishes.
To prevent these consequences and maintain a pristine cooking environment, consider professional oven cleaning services that specialize in removing buildup and sanitizing ovens for optimal kitchen hygiene. Additionally, understanding the hidden benefits of regular professional oven maintenance can be instrumental in achieving culinary excellence and ensuring a safe, clean cooking space.
What is Professional Oven Deep Cleaning?
Defining Oven Deep Cleaning
Professional oven deep cleaning is a specialized service aimed at thoroughly cleansing ovens beyond the superficial level. This advanced cleaning process involves the removal of accumulated grease, burnt-on food, and other residues that regular cleaning cannot eliminate. Oven deep cleaning ensures that every component of the oven is meticulously attended to, resulting in a spotless and hygienic appliance. Homeowners and restaurateurs can discover the transformative effect of this service on their cooking appliances by exploring the wonders of professional oven deep cleaning.
The Process of Professional Oven Deep Cleaning
The process of professional oven deep cleaning is systematic and detailed, typically involving several steps:
- Inspection: Technicians examine the oven to assess its condition and identify problem areas.
- Disassembly: Removable parts, such as racks and trays, are taken out for individual cleaning.
- Cleaning Solution Application: A non-toxic and eco-friendly cleaning solution is applied inside the oven and on components to break down grease and grime.
- Manual Scrubbing: Technicians scrub the interior and parts to remove stubborn residues.
- Rinse and Wipe: All surfaces are rinsed and wiped clean to remove any remaining cleaning solution.
- Reassembly: Cleaned components are put back into the oven.
- Polishing: The oven’s exterior is polished, leaving it looking as good as new.
- Final Inspection: A final check ensures that the oven is immaculately clean and fully functional.
For more insights into innovative cleaning techniques employed by professionals, readers can delve into innovative techniques in professional oven cleaning services. Utilizing professional services helps to maximize your oven’s performance and contributes to maintaining a high standard of kitchen hygiene, as outlined in elevating kitchen hygiene: the importance of professional oven cleaning.
The Benefits of Professional Oven Cleaning
Professional oven cleaning services offer a multitude of advantages that go beyond the mere appearance of a clean oven. They play a crucial role in maintaining the appliance’s performance, extending its lifespan, and ensuring a safe cooking environment.
Prolonging Your Oven’s Lifespan
Regular maintenance and cleaning by professionals can significantly extend the life of your oven. Ovens that are cleaned regularly tend to have fewer mechanical problems because the build-up of grease and debris can lead to component malfunctions. By keeping your oven in top condition, you may prevent costly repairs or replacements down the line.
Cleaning Frequency | Expected Lifespan Increase |
Bi-annual | 30-50% |
Annual | 20-30% |
Sporadic | <10% |
For expert insights into how regular professional cleanings can contribute to your oven’s longevity, consider exploring expert tips for extending the life of your oven with professional care.
Enhancing Cooking Efficiency
A clean oven is an efficient oven. Accumulated grime and food particles can obstruct heat distribution, leading to uneven cooking and wasted energy. Professional oven cleaning eliminates these hindrances, ensuring your oven heats up more quickly and maintains the desired temperature more effectively.
Oven Condition | Preheat Time (Minutes) | Energy Consumption |
Clean | 10-12 | Optimal |
Moderately Dirty | 15-18 | Increased by 10-20% |
Very Dirty | 20+ | Increased by 20-40% |
To delve deeper into how a clean oven can revolutionize your cooking efficiency, refer to revolutionize your cooking with professional oven cleaning.
Health and Safety Considerations
The accumulation of grease and leftover food in an oven can pose significant health risks. It can become a breeding ground for bacteria and other pathogens, which may contaminate the food being cooked. Moreover, excessive build-up can become a fire hazard.
Professional oven cleaning removes these health and safety hazards, ensuring a hygienic environment for food preparation. With the help of professional oven cleaning: a key to healthy cooking, homeowners and restaurateurs can learn more about the direct link between oven hygiene and health.
By embracing professional oven cleaning services, individuals can reap the benefits of a well-maintained and efficient appliance that not only cooks food evenly but also contributes to a safer and healthier kitchen. Whether it’s maximizing your oven’s performance with expert cleaning or achieving culinary excellence through professional oven cleaning, the investment in such services is evident in the quality of the meals and the longevity of the appliance.
When to Consider Professional Oven Deep Cleaning
The upkeep of kitchen appliances is essential for both functionality and hygiene. Ovens, being a focal point in culinary preparation, require regular maintenance to ensure they operate at peak efficiency. Professional oven deep cleaning is a service sought after by those who wish to maintain their ovens beyond the scope of everyday cleaning.
Signs Your Oven Needs Professional Attention
Several indicators signal the need for professional oven deep cleaning. If any of the following signs are present, it may be time to schedule a service:
- Persistent unpleasant odors that do not dissipate even after thorough cleaning
- Smoke emanating from the oven during use, which could indicate an accumulation of grease or food residue
- Inconsistent cooking results or uneven baking, potentially caused by blocked heating elements or fans
- Visible accumulation of charred food residues or stubborn stains that resist regular cleaning methods
- Difficulty in opening or closing the oven door due to grime buildup in the hinges
These signs suggest that a deeper clean may be necessary to restore your oven’s condition and functionality. Homeowners and restaurant owners can learn more about the importance of oven care by visiting our guide on elevating kitchen hygiene: the importance of professional oven cleaning.
Frequency of Professional Oven Cleanings for Homes and Restaurants
The frequency of professional oven cleanings can vary based on the intensity of use and the type of cooking performed. Here is a general guideline for different settings:
User | Cleaning Frequency |
Homeowners | Every 6-12 months |
Restaurants | Every 3-6 months |
For homeowners, professional cleaning is typically recommended twice a year, although this may increase if the oven is used heavily. On the other hand, restaurants and other commercial kitchens should consider professional cleaning services more frequently, given the high volume of use and the imperative of meeting health standards.
Maintaining a schedule for professional oven cleaning is not only about cleanliness but also about enhancing the oven’s performance and extending its lifespan. Those interested in further details on how regular maintenance impacts oven efficiency can explore the ultimate guide to maintaining your ovens efficiency.
In conclusion, recognizing when your oven requires professional attention and adhering to a cleaning schedule are crucial for anyone aiming to keep their kitchen appliances in top condition. Whether you’re a homeowner or a restaurateur, embracing professional oven deep cleaning can lead to numerous benefits, from improved energy efficiency to better-tasting food. Discover more about these advantages and the services available by reviewing articles such as professional oven cleaning: a key to healthy cooking and achieving culinary excellence through professional oven cleaning.
What Professional Oven Deep Cleaning Can Remove
Professional oven deep cleaning goes beyond the surface to tackle the tough accumulations that regular cleaning can miss. Here’s a look at what these services can accomplish.
Tackling Stubborn Grease and Grime
Over time, ovens accumulate grease and grime that can become baked onto the interior surfaces and hard to remove. Professional oven cleaning services utilize commercial-grade solutions and techniques to break down these stubborn deposits. This thorough cleansing not only enhances the appearance of the oven but also ensures that it functions efficiently.
Issue | Professional Solution |
Built-up Grease | Degreasing agents and specialized tools |
Sticky Residue | High-temperature steam cleaning |
Eliminating Burnt-on Food Residues
Burnt-on food residues are not only unsightly but can also cause smoke and affect the taste of your food. Professional cleaners have the expertise to eliminate these residues, leaving the oven interior looking new and preventing any cross-contamination of flavors in future cooking. You can learn more about how this supports culinary efforts in our article on revolutionize your cooking with professional oven cleaning.
Issue | Professional Solution |
Burnt-on Food | Abrasive scrubbing and safe chemical treatments |
Eradicating Unpleasant Odors
Unpleasant odors originating from old food particles and grease buildup can affect the aroma of your kitchen and meals. Through deep cleaning, professionals can remove these odor-causing residues, ensuring your oven smells fresh and doesn’t transfer unwanted scents to your cooking. For insights into how this contributes to a delightful cooking environment, read transforming your culinary space: the art of oven cleaning.
Issue | Professional Solution |
Persistent Odors | Intensive cleaning and odor-neutralizing treatments |
By addressing these common oven issues, professional oven deep cleaning services can significantly improve the function and hygiene of your appliance. This is essential not only for the quality of your meals but also for the overall safety and cleanliness of your kitchen. For more benefits, check out our article on elevating kitchen hygiene: the importance of professional oven cleaning.
The Wonders of Professional Oven Deep Cleaning
The process of professional oven deep cleaning can work miracles for any kitchen appliance. Homeowners and restaurateurs alike often marvel at the transformation that takes place, as ovens are not just cleaned but restored, efficiency is enhanced, and the entire kitchen space benefits from the uplift.
Restoring Oven Performance
One of the primary benefits of professional oven deep cleaning is the restoration of an oven’s performance to its near-original state. The accumulation of grease, grime, and food residues can lead to inconsistent cooking temperatures and even affect the taste of food. Professional oven cleaning services meticulously remove these residues, ensuring that heat is distributed evenly across the oven. This translates into better baked goods and roasted meats, as well as more predictable cooking times. For insights on how a clean oven can revolutionize your cooking, the following table illustrates the potential improvements:
Oven Condition | Temperature Fluctuation | Cooking Time Variance | Taste Consistency |
Before Cleaning | High | Unpredictable | Compromised |
After Cleaning | Low | Predictable | Enhanced |
Improving Energy Efficiency
A clean oven is a more energy-efficient oven. When an oven is coated with layers of baked-on food, it has to work harder to reach the desired temperature, consuming more energy in the process. By removing these layers, professional deep cleaning can improve the oven’s energy efficiency, which is not only good for the environment but also for utility bills. Maximizing your oven’s performance through expert cleaning can lead to noticeable savings in energy consumption. The following table offers a comparison of energy usage before and after professional cleaning:
Oven Condition | Energy Consumption |
Before Cleaning | High |
After Cleaning | Reduced |
Contributing to a Cleaner Kitchen Environment
Lastly, a professionally cleaned oven contributes to a cleaner and more hygienic kitchen environment. Grease and food particles that are left to accumulate can become a breeding ground for bacteria, and in some cases, even pose a fire hazard. When these contaminants are removed, it significantly reduces the risk of kitchen fires and enhances the overall cleanliness of the cooking area. For those particularly focused on elevating kitchen hygiene, professional oven cleaning is a crucial step.
The overall impact of professional oven deep cleaning extends beyond a shiny appliance; it touches on performance, efficiency, and hygiene, contributing to a better cooking experience and a safer kitchen environment. Moreover, by entrusting the task to professionals, homeowners and restaurateurs can ensure that their ovens receive the care they need, ultimately achieving culinary excellence and maintaining a pristine culinary space.
Professional Oven Deep Cleaning vs. DIY
When it comes to maintaining the cleanliness and functionality of an oven, there are two main approaches: Do-It-Yourself (DIY) cleaning or hiring professional services. Both methods have their own set of limitations and advantages, which are important to consider when choosing the best option for oven maintenance.
Limitations of DIY Oven Cleaning
DIY oven cleaning can be a cost-effective method, but it often falls short in several areas compared to professional cleaning. Here are some limitations:
- Time and Effort: Oven cleaning can be a labor-intensive task, requiring significant time and effort, which many may find overwhelming.
- Deep Cleaning: Achieving the level of cleanliness that professionals can provide is difficult with over-the-counter cleaning products and tools.
- Safety Concerns: The use of harsh chemicals can pose health risks if not handled properly, and improper cleaning can lead to smoke and fire hazards.
- Effectiveness: Without the proper equipment, removing all the grime, especially from hard-to-reach areas, can be challenging.
- Longevity: DIY cleaning may not be as thorough, potentially leading to the need for more frequent cleanings.
Advantages of Hiring Professionals
Professional oven cleaning services offer several advantages that can greatly outweigh the option of DIY cleaning:
- Expertise and Experience: Professionals have the knowledge and experience to safely and effectively clean ovens, often employing innovative techniques in professional oven cleaning services.
- Advanced Equipment: They use specialized equipment and cleaning solutions that are more effective at removing stubborn grease and burnt-on food residues.
- Time-Saving: Hiring professionals saves homeowners and restaurateurs time, allowing them to focus on other tasks.
- Durability: Professional cleaning can extend the life of your oven, ensuring it continues to function efficiently for years to come.
- Health and Safety: Professionals can help maintain a healthy cooking environment by removing harmful carcinogens and ensuring the appliance is safe to use.
- Convenience: Professional services provide a hassle-free way to keep ovens in top condition, which is especially beneficial for busy homeowners and restaurateurs.
By contrasting DIY methods with professional cleaning, it becomes evident that the latter offers a comprehensive solution that not only cleans but also maintains the oven in optimal condition. It contributes to a cleaner kitchen, enhances cooking efficiency, and upholds the highest standards of hygiene. This makes professional oven deep cleaning a magical service that unlocks the full potential of one’s cooking appliance. | <urn:uuid:a54a2381-5de6-4c2f-8c6d-000bc00b6935> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ecocleansolutions.ie/unveiling-the-magic-of-professional-oven-deep-cleaning/ | 2024-02-27T23:04:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.929792 | 3,328 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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543,
9773,
6052,
18,
203,
17,
6225,
7721,
30,
2109,
408,
3025,
785,
2472,
375,
327,
261,
2551,
1238,
16,
1803,
430,
695,
3798,
18,
203,
17,
1988,
2894,
30,
391,
1223,
563,
291,
319,
265,
507,
375,
6103,
288,
268,
2961,
1072,
289,
261,
295,
7682,
272,
592,
16,
4113,
5832,
673,
934,
18,
203,
17,
860,
700,
7780,
5248,
753,
30,
1401,
323,
610,
427,
2323,
6052,
6575,
375,
1342,
9148,
16,
543,
700,
7780,
835,
4983,
336,
602,
2242,
268,
10862,
69,
291,
5367,
289,
3525,
325,
4647,
8519,
18,
203,
10702,
1463,
629,
4162,
291,
1638,
261,
549,
588,
475,
6052,
1072,
16,
1119,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
1915,
336,
1755,
918,
288,
6763,
2115,
987,
291,
8063,
2348,
281,
272,
592,
87,
331,
5023,
8460,
6453,
18,
2848,
16,
1616,
268,
7010,
1716,
289,
1998,
2497,
272,
592,
3809,
375,
327,
5039,
280,
288,
6549,
1582,
2749,
3753,
514,
291,
3171,
261,
1995,
16,
1886,
6052,
1846,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
10349,
480,
592,
9457,
7168,
281,
35,
203,
40,
4727,
2165,
480,
592,
9457,
7168,
281,
203,
10651,
74,
1436,
280,
272,
592,
2295,
4801,
316,
261,
6192,
2468,
7351,
430,
8525,
1108,
504,
281,
272,
592,
87,
3183,
268,
2643,
1744,
966,
18,
540,
3599,
4801,
833,
2675,
268,
6424,
289,
5860,
3025,
1302,
575,
16,
4107,
88,
17,
266,
934,
16,
291,
586,
7916,
893,
336,
1998,
4801,
2362,
6500,
18,
480,
592,
2295,
4801,
4698,
336,
953,
4391,
289,
268,
272,
592,
316,
479,
410,
346,
3343,
430,
2741,
292,
16,
3932,
288,
261,
4337,
1465,
291,
5893,
9379,
2769,
3275,
18,
6032,
8918,
291,
8690,
381,
2319,
375,
2677,
268,
11458,
2365,
289,
456,
2468,
341,
444,
6052,
9609,
419,
5772,
268,
3630,
332,
289,
2497,
272,
592,
2295,
4801,
18,
203,
1461,
6899,
289,
10349,
480,
592,
9457,
7168,
281,
203,
1461,
833,
289,
2497,
272,
592,
2295,
4801,
316,
9940,
291,
4796,
16,
2437,
6672,
1520,
2845,
30,
203,
17,
11894,
982,
30,
3127,
300,
1825,
6422,
268,
272,
592,
292,
2123,
606,
2057,
291,
2423,
1676,
1511,
18,
203,
17,
2080,
301,
401,
6183,
30,
3253,
878,
541,
2287,
16,
659,
352,
384,
1968,
291,
432,
638,
16,
356,
2459,
628,
331,
1769,
4801,
18,
203,
17,
7168,
281,
343,
1761,
7723,
318,
30,
330,
1677,
17,
7512,
300,
291,
7530,
17,
5350,
4801,
2966,
316,
3848,
3004,
268,
272,
592,
291,
341,
3008,
292,
2603,
1190,
1302,
575,
291,
785,
2472,
18,
203,
17,
2176,
800,
343,
984,
1606,
4461,
30,
3127,
300,
1825,
3280,
1606,
268,
8511,
291,
2287,
292,
3556,
4864,
70,
6734,
7916,
893,
18,
203,
17,
434,
263,
401,
291,
388,
7119,
30,
1771,
5874,
356,
384,
1054,
286,
291,
276,
517,
286,
1886,
292,
3556,
723,
6533,
4801,
2966,
18,
203,
17,
942,
301,
401,
6183,
30,
7168,
286,
3008,
356,
1927,
1103,
636,
268,
272,
592,
18,
203,
17,
2668,
2793,
30,
365,
272,
592,
372,
87,
377,
5743,
316,
867,
1341,
16,
5413,
362,
2639,
352,
1060,
352,
733,
18,
203,
17,
418,
1420,
11894,
982,
30,
330,
3657,
2373,
4698,
336,
268,
272,
592,
316,
1299,
313,
346,
1300,
1886,
291,
3590,
5872,
18,
203,
8679,
512,
4102,
636,
5120,
4801,
2377,
6745,
419,
3789,
16,
5250,
375,
7315,
636,
5120,
2377,
288,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
1915,
18,
11739,
1790,
2497,
1915,
1780,
292,
9522,
424,
272,
592,
372,
87,
2156,
291,
6831,
292,
3539,
261,
695,
2786,
289,
8460,
6453,
16,
352,
11987,
288,
5210,
673,
8460,
6453,
30,
268,
2557,
289,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
18,
203,
1461,
6172,
289,
10349,
480,
592,
7168,
281,
203,
10651,
74,
1436,
280,
272,
592,
4801,
1915,
1529,
261,
1726,
567,
73,
289,
4576,
336,
679,
3183,
268,
10267,
4643,
289,
261,
1886,
272,
592,
18,
900,
1152,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
3539,
268,
2769,
3275,
372,
87,
2156,
16,
6775,
526,
606,
8997,
16,
291,
3171,
261,
1995,
6052,
1072,
18,
203,
52,
1123,
535,
281,
2073,
480,
592,
372,
87,
11700,
274,
5301,
203,
8594,
75,
705,
3809,
291,
4801,
419,
3789,
375,
3105,
7012,
268,
943,
289,
424,
272,
592,
18,
480,
592,
87,
336,
356,
1886,
286,
3963,
3020,
292,
437,
6132,
6167,
1626,
971,
268,
2115,
17,
987,
289,
1302,
575,
291,
8003,
375,
912,
292,
4391,
293,
2380,
374,
2811,
18,
1285,
4172,
424,
272,
592,
288,
1479,
2057,
16,
337,
602,
1463,
9768,
751,
4276,
361,
3987,
652,
1190,
268,
2137,
18,
203,
39,
298,
282,
281,
8283,
1150,
869,
6067,
1113,
11700,
274,
5301,
6202,
575,
869,
203,
38,
77,
17,
2586,
800,
869,
2553,
17,
2520,
9,
869,
203,
7353,
82,
800,
869,
731,
17,
2936,
9,
869,
203,
55,
1796,
10797,
869,
10021,
2316,
9,
869,
203,
8679,
3522,
4102,
636,
667,
1998,
2497,
1886,
762,
375,
2885,
292,
424,
272,
592,
372,
87,
10417,
16,
1119,
5772,
3522,
3651,
331,
6775,
526,
268,
943,
289,
424,
272,
592,
360,
2497,
1066,
18,
203,
9453,
76,
3113,
351,
1935,
416,
9299,
203,
37,
1886,
272,
592,
316,
363,
2632,
272,
592,
18,
2109,
408,
3025,
785,
2472,
291,
934,
4916,
375,
1823,
1026,
88,
2164,
4385,
16,
2469,
292,
543,
9773,
6052,
291,
454,
691,
1138,
18,
10349,
272,
592,
4801,
4053,
692,
629,
11123,
86,
1427,
16,
3171,
424,
272,
592,
431,
1378,
644,
512,
2640,
291,
1638,
87,
268,
5554,
2263,
512,
2992,
18,
203,
51,
592,
9224,
564,
869,
2412,
781,
271,
5894,
421,
49,
263,
1985,
13,
869,
4673,
1895,
2047,
328,
869,
203,
39,
298,
282,
869,
1474,
17,
3011,
869,
3392,
473,
280,
869,
203,
49,
370,
265,
1300,
413,
7682,
869,
2063,
17,
3202,
869,
10272,
419,
1474,
17,
1388,
9,
869,
203,
58,
2504,
413,
7682,
869,
731,
15,
869,
10272,
419,
731,
17,
5081,
9,
869,
203,
10702,
7315,
5037,
636,
667,
261,
1886,
272,
592,
375,
4076,
918,
424,
6052,
3055,
16,
2006,
292,
4076,
918,
424,
6052,
360,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
18,
203,
8472,
581,
291,
6225,
4619,
500,
203,
1461,
11359,
289,
1302,
575,
291,
417,
74,
278,
357,
934,
288,
363,
272,
592,
375,
7539,
1297,
661,
2894,
18,
553,
375,
1343,
261,
6828,
2107,
331,
3071,
291,
586,
10251,
16,
518,
602,
5832,
381,
268,
934,
1018,
10386,
18,
4553,
16,
5221,
2115,
17,
987,
375,
1343,
261,
2551,
6649,
18,
203,
10651,
74,
1436,
280,
272,
592,
4801,
2615,
274,
629,
661,
291,
2030,
7721,
16,
3171,
261,
5893,
9379,
1072,
331,
934,
6468,
18,
1440,
268,
617,
289,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
30,
261,
1558,
292,
1702,
6052,
16,
1311,
8918,
291,
8690,
381,
2319,
375,
1213,
512,
608,
268,
1938,
2654,
858,
272,
592,
6453,
291,
661,
18,
203,
10646,
10671,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
1915,
16,
1578,
375,
304,
429,
268,
1716,
289,
261,
767,
17,
81,
412,
10038,
291,
2632,
2769,
3275,
336,
462,
794,
273,
1991,
934,
919,
325,
566,
525,
6831,
292,
261,
8417,
291,
6361,
8460,
18,
4283,
362,
372,
87,
3565,
1790,
424,
272,
592,
372,
87,
2156,
360,
3522,
4801,
361,
6549,
1582,
2749,
3753,
514,
734,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
16,
268,
3994,
288,
659,
1915,
316,
9149,
288,
268,
1630,
289,
268,
6072,
291,
268,
10417,
289,
268,
2769,
3275,
18,
203,
7508,
292,
4619,
10349,
480,
592,
9457,
7168,
281,
203,
1461,
644,
394,
559,
289,
8460,
9609,
316,
1505,
331,
1079,
8212,
291,
6453,
18,
480,
592,
87,
16,
1018,
261,
284,
4409,
1813,
288,
1582,
2749,
6468,
16,
1131,
1998,
3809,
292,
1530,
502,
5733,
430,
7143,
3055,
18,
10349,
272,
592,
2295,
4801,
316,
261,
2468,
7463,
1003,
419,
1014,
650,
5648,
292,
1638,
444,
272,
592,
87,
3183,
268,
7598,
289,
5667,
4801,
18,
203,
55,
533,
87,
2073,
480,
592,
2138,
1857,
10349,
1545,
1926,
203,
55,
827,
280,
9136,
4819,
268,
648,
331,
2497,
272,
592,
2295,
4801,
18,
829,
723,
289,
268,
1685,
3085,
356,
1487,
16,
362,
602,
327,
669,
292,
5806,
261,
2468,
30,
203,
17,
6284,
6153,
543,
700,
7780,
5248,
753,
336,
565,
462,
4613,
517,
381,
919,
1003,
5334,
4801,
203,
17,
3201,
3520,
639,
282,
673,
427,
268,
272,
592,
995,
666,
16,
518,
911,
4938,
363,
11359,
289,
1302,
575,
361,
934,
7916,
610,
203,
17,
2965,
625,
6153,
6052,
1826,
361,
543,
9773,
11566,
16,
4113,
2494,
419,
2834,
286,
5810,
2880,
361,
11143,
203,
17,
5027,
801,
11359,
289,
1160,
1007,
934,
7916,
893,
361,
4864,
70,
6734,
7827,
87,
336,
474,
588,
1998,
4801,
2222,
203,
17,
4323,
744,
3665,
288,
6191,
361,
551,
2485,
268,
272,
592,
6436,
1504,
292,
785,
2472,
2115,
987,
288,
268,
296,
281,
274,
203,
2422,
786,
3085,
2954,
336,
261,
5037,
1886,
602,
327,
1990,
292,
7819,
424,
272,
592,
372,
87,
2057,
291,
8212,
18,
6032,
8918,
291,
8690,
438,
3896,
375,
1213,
512,
608,
268,
2557,
289,
272,
592,
1066,
419,
9086,
662,
3233,
341,
5210,
673,
8460,
6453,
30,
268,
2557,
289,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
18,
203,
42,
11182,
1150,
289,
10349,
480,
592,
7168,
762,
331,
402,
1340,
291,
1401,
8098,
862,
203,
1461,
4876,
289,
2497,
272,
592,
1886,
762,
375,
3360,
1585,
341,
268,
7122,
289,
666,
291,
268,
1517,
289,
6052,
4588,
18,
2011,
316,
261,
2177,
2426,
4633,
331,
865,
4894,
30,
203,
57,
87,
265,
869,
7168,
281,
8283,
1150,
869,
203,
44,
436,
8918,
869,
3899,
1278,
17,
3011,
2489,
869,
203,
11872,
8098,
862,
869,
3899,
777,
17,
26,
2489,
869,
203,
8679,
1311,
8918,
16,
2497,
4801,
316,
2437,
3505,
6428,
261,
715,
16,
3781,
456,
602,
1643,
717,
268,
272,
592,
316,
724,
7318,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
8690,
862,
291,
586,
4082,
7732,
614,
788,
1119,
2497,
4801,
1915,
512,
3983,
16,
2050,
268,
695,
4765,
289,
666,
291,
268,
11212,
289,
4962,
661,
3319,
18,
203,
49,
412,
5045,
261,
5806,
331,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
316,
462,
794,
608,
1886,
80,
1127,
566,
525,
608,
6411,
268,
272,
592,
372,
87,
2156,
291,
6775,
526,
606,
8997,
18,
5611,
4622,
288,
1902,
3834,
341,
667,
1998,
3809,
3960,
272,
592,
3055,
375,
2408,
268,
9376,
3233,
292,
3539,
424,
272,
592,
87,
3055,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
9845,
649,
424,
272,
592,
2559,
2497,
2383,
291,
478,
76,
1489,
292,
261,
4801,
5806,
356,
1821,
331,
4421,
2517,
281,
292,
1288,
444,
8460,
9609,
288,
1479,
2057,
18,
4283,
337,
372,
267,
261,
1311,
871,
265,
361,
261,
8690,
381,
324,
16,
10671,
2497,
272,
592,
2295,
4801,
375,
912,
292,
3682,
1716,
16,
427,
3808,
1138,
3055,
292,
1326,
17,
1712,
542,
934,
18,
10312,
512,
608,
629,
4576,
291,
268,
1915,
1608,
419,
2911,
281,
5204,
659,
352,
2497,
272,
592,
4801,
30,
261,
1558,
292,
1702,
6052,
291
] |
How to Test a Fuse with a Multimeter
Welcome to this comprehensive guide on how to test a fuse with a multimeter. Fuses are essential components that serve a vital purpose in safeguarding electrical circuits against the dangers of excessive current flow and short circuits. Testing fuses regularly is essential to ensure their proper functionality and prevent potential electrical hazards. In this article, we will dive deep into the process of fuse test using a multimeter, providing step-by-step instructions, insightful tips, and answering frequently asked questions. So, let’s get started!
Table of Contents
Understanding Fuses and their Importance
Fuses are essential components in electrical systems, acting as protective devices that interrupt the flow of electrical current when the current exceeds a safe level. By breaking the circuit, fuses prevent damage to the equipment and mitigate the risk of electrical fires. It is crucial to understand the importance of fuses and regularly test them to ensure their effectiveness.
What is a Multimeter?
A multimeter is a versatile electronic device used by electricians, technicians, and enthusiasts to measure various electrical quantities such as voltage, current, and resistance. It combines multiple measurement functions into a single unit, making it an invaluable tool for testing fuses, diagnosing electrical problems, and troubleshooting circuits.
Why Test a Fuse with a Multimeter?
A fuse test with a multimeter is a straightforward process that allows you to determine whether the fuse is functioning correctly or if it needs to be replaced. By testing fuses regularly, you can identify faulty fuses and replace them promptly, ensuring the safety and optimal performance of your electrical systems. Additionally, testing fuses with a multimeter saves time and effort compared to visually inspecting each fuse individually.
Preparing to Test a Fuse
Before diving into the step-by-step guide, it is important to gather the necessary tools and take the appropriate safety precautions. Here is a list of the necessary items you will require:
- Multimeter: Ensure you have a reliable multimeter capable of measuring resistance.
- Safety Gear: Wear safety goggles and protective gloves to protect yourself from potential electrical hazards.
- Replacement Fuses: Keep spare fuses of the correct type and rating nearby, in case you discover a faulty fuse during testing.
- Power Disconnection: Before testing a fuse, always disconnect the power supply to the circuit you are working on. This ensures your safety and prevents accidental damage to the multimeter or equipment.
Now that you are prepared let’s proceed to the step-by-step guide on how to test a fuse with a multimeter.
A Detailed Walkthrough: Testing Fuses with a Multimeter, Step by Step
- Power Off: Ensure that the circuit you want to test is powered off.
- Select the Resistance Mode: Set your multimeter to the resistance mode. Look for the Ω symbol on the dial or display. If your multimeter has multiple resistance ranges, choose the one that is appropriate for the expected resistance value of the fuse you are testing.
- Fuse Removal: Carefully remove the fuse from its holder. Use a fuse puller or insulated pliers to avoid any electrical shock.
- Multimeter Probes: Take the multimeter probes and set the black probe to the COM (common) socket and the red probe to the socket labeled for resistance (Ω). Ensure the probes are securely connected.
- Testing the Fuse: Touch the multimeter probes to the two metal ends or contact points of the fuse. It doesn’t matter which probe touches which end.
- Read the Resistance: Check the resistance value displayed on the multimeter. If the reading is within the expected range or close to zero, the fuse is in good condition. However, if the multimeter displays an infinite resistance reading or OL or 0.00 (open line), it indicates a blown or faulty fuse. In our case in the above figure, the fuse is blown out.
- Replacement: If the fuse is faulty, replace it with a new one of the same type and rating. Ensure it is securely seated in the fuse holder.
- Testing Continuity: Optionally, you can also test for continuity in the fuse. In this case, set the multimeter to the continuity mode (the symbol resembling a sound wave). Touch the probes to the metal ends of the fuse, and if you hear a continuous beep or see a low resistance reading, it confirms continuity.
- Reconnect Power: After completing the fuse test and replacement, reconnect the power supply to the circuit.
- Record and Document: It is advisable to maintain a record or documentation of the fuses you have tested, including their condition and any necessary replacements. This record will help you track the maintenance history of your electrical systems.
By following these steps, you can effectively test fuses using a multimeter and ensure the safety and efficiency of your electrical circuits.
Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips
- Inconsistent Readings: If you receive inconsistent or fluctuating resistance readings, ensure that the probes are securely connected to the fuse and the multimeter. Check for any loose connections or damaged probes.
- Multimeter Calibration: Periodically check the calibration of your multimeter to ensure accurate readings. Consult the user manual or contact the manufacturer for instructions on calibrating your specific model.
- Fuse Accessibility: In some cases, fuses may be located in hard-to-reach areas. Use appropriate tools and take necessary precautions to access and test these fuses safely.
- Special Fuse Types: Certain electrical systems may use specialized fuses, such as automotive fuses or high-voltage fuses. Familiarize yourself with the specific requirements and testing procedures for these types of fuses.
Remember, if you encounter any complex electrical issues or are unsure about the testing process, it is recommended to seek the assistance of a qualified electrician.
FAQs about Testing a Fuse with a Multimeter
Q: Can a multimeter damage a fuse during testing?
A: When used correctly, a multimeter should not damage the fuse during testing. However, it is important to follow proper safety procedures, such as ensuring the power is disconnected before testing and using insulated probes. Mishandling or using excessive force while fuse test can potentially cause damage.
Q: What should I do if I find a blown fuse?
A: If you find a blown fuse during testing, it is important to replace it with a new fuse of the same type and rating. Do not use a fuse with a higher rating as it can lead to circuit damage or create a safety hazard. Always ensure that the replacement fuse is compatible with the electrical system.
Q: How often should I test my fuses?
A: The frequency of testing fuses depends on various factors such as the type of electrical system, usage, and environmental conditions. As a general guideline, it is recommended to test fuses periodically, at least once a year. However, if you notice any electrical issues or suspect a fuse may be faulty, it is advisable to test it immediately.
Q: Are there any safety precautions I should follow while testing fuses?
A: Yes, safety should be a top priority when working with electrical systems. Here are some precautions to follow while testing fuses:
- Always disconnect the power supply before testing fuses to avoid electrical shock.
- Use insulated tools and wear safety gloves and goggles to protect yourself from potential hazards.
- Ensure the multimeter and test environment are dry and free from moisture.
- Avoid touching exposed conductive parts while testing fuses.
- If you are unsure or uncomfortable with the testing process, consult a qualified electrician for assistance.
Q: Can I use a multimeter to test fuses in both AC and DC circuits?
A: Yes, a multimeter can be used to test fuses in both AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current) circuits. Ensure that the multimeter is set to the appropriate mode (AC or DC) based on the circuit you are testing. It is essential to understand the type of electrical system you are working with to avoid any potential risks.
Q: Is testing fuses with a multimeter applicable to all types of fuses?
A: The process of testing fuses with a multimeter is applicable to most commonly used fuses, such as glass tube fuses and blade fuses. However, certain specialized fuses, like thermal fuses or solid-state fuses, may require different testing methods. Refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines or consult an expert for specific instructions regarding these types of fuses.
By addressing these frequently asked questions, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of testing fuses with a multimeter and help you troubleshoot any concerns effectively.
Testing fuses with a multimeter is a crucial maintenance task that ensures the safety and reliability of electrical systems. By following the step-by-step guide, taking necessary safety precautions, and referring to the troubleshooting tips, you can confidently test fuses and identify any faulty ones that require replacement. Regular testing and proper maintenance of fuses contribute to a safer and more efficient electrical environment. | <urn:uuid:18b5dd16-7871-45b5-954a-4e72083112e7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://electro9tech.com/how-to-test-a-fuse-with-a-multimeter/ | 2024-02-27T23:28:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.911993 | 1,896 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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For one, the variety of international locations is restricted, and being that the data are primarily drawn from OECD, they pertain to the continent of Europe. A extra intensive analysis can embody a much bigger differ of variables drawn from heterogeneous sources. With the goal of buying a macro perspective on the schooling–well being affiliation, we integrated some dependent variables that would not historically be seen as pure well being parameters. For instance, the variable potential years of life misplaced is affected by premature deaths which may be attributable to non-health associated components too. Additionally there might moreover be some intervening variables inside the schooling–well being relationship that should be thought-about. Lastly, whereas our look at explores associations and relationships between variables, it does not look at causality.
Lesson Planning for Expertise-Based mostly Well being Training affords sixty 4 field-tested lesson plans, studying actions, and assessments for implementing a skills-based technique in your class. Classes of wants evaluation embody well being needs analysis, educational wants evaluation, and useful resource wants evaluation. As well as, knowledge related to group property and demographic traits should be collected all through wants evaluation. Under are the steps it’s a must to endure when planning your well being schooling actions, however they do not look like within the right order. E We must always not concern in regards to the availability of sources after we plan our well being schooling actions. You may need lined some options of planning in numerous modules such because the Well being Administration, Ethics and Analysis Module.
A healthful college setting ensures that the design and building of the school surroundings is ideal, protects college students from natural or chemical brokers damaging to well being, and enhances the psychological, emotional, and social tradition of the college. Entry to nutritious and interesting meals that meet the dietary needs of all school college students are a half of relevant dietary providers. A high-quality physical-education curriculum provides cognitive content material materials and experiential actions in a variety of actions. Involvement of family and neighborhood actors helps assemble help for coordinated school well being packages whereas serving to to construct reinforcing components for wholesome conduct exterior of schools. Public well being schooling specialists are knowledgeable in selling well being behaviors and insurance policies that forestall illness and harm and enhance group well being and top quality of life.
The first purpose of a well being educator is sickness prevention and motivating school college students to be wholesome. Our Faculty Well being Training grasp’s diploma program will assist you to actively enhance your individual well being as you educate and encourage college students to do the identical. Neither the beneficial Well being Training Requirements nor the Well being Literacy necessities are or decide curriculum. Selections in regards to the technique to assist college students meet studying targets are on the native administration of districts, schools, and lecturers.
Persistent identifiers guarantee future entry to distinctive revealed digital objects, just like a bit of textual content or datasets. Persistent identifiers are assigned to datasets by digital archives, corresponding to institutional repositories and companions inside the Information Preservation Alliance for the Social Sciences (Information-PASS). If you wish to, or are required to, make the branded writer PDF freely on the market immediately upon publication, it’s essential choose the gold open entry route throughout the submission course of. Glouberman S, Millar J. Evolution of the determinants of well being, well being coverage, and well being knowledge strategies in Canada. Register to obtain desk of contents electronic mail alerts as shortly as new problems with Well being Training Analysis are printed on-line.
Reasoning With Out Sources Case Analysis
She understood native issues , and considered the pursuits of the group . She moreover acknowledged native sources for her well being schooling programme , and made positive that her plan was versatile . Meserete moreover modified her plan, and he or she thought very rigorously about what was achievable . Earlier than you presumably can begin planning your well being schooling actions, it’s a must to have a transparent understanding of what planning means.
- Meserete additionally recognized native sources that is perhaps helpful for her well being schooling actions.
- In keeping with the WHO definition, do you see any of the above unhealthy examples as wholesome?
- The precise duties of a Neighborhood Well being Educator would change relying on the group and setting wherein they work, with numerous prospects accessible for each.
- Faculties should current social-emotional studying to varsity college students in grades Okay−3.
- We envisage that the framework will contribute to constructive outcomes for the biosphere, overcoming the Planetary Well being challenges earlier than us.
The BA/BS in Well being Training and Promotion program at Ball State College is accredited by the Council on Training for Public Well being as a stand-alone baccalaureate program. The final self-study and full consider for accreditation report might be discovered for reference functions. The course covers the basic guidelines of accounting and the sensible use of accounting instruments and techniques. Subjects coated embody the definition and scope of accounting, accounting knowledge and processes, books of genuine and subsequent entry, work sheets, adjusting and shutting entries, accounting for cash, accounting for negotiable units, and accounting for plant property. An investigation is created from accounting for service firms and shopping for and promoting points.
Free Tobacco Prevention And Cessation Property At Fda Tobacco Training Helpful Useful resource Library
Micronutrient promotion appears to be a very cost-effective intervention, however direct supplementation/fortification seems to be an order of magnitude inexpensive. In nations in sub-Saharan Africa with very excessive grownup and teen mortality. Reduces the prevalence of diarrheal sickness and there is perhaps some proof to counsel that it moreover reduces Acute Respiratory Infections . These two illness groups are an necessary causes of child mortality worldwide and ARIs moreover set off necessary grownup mortality. Fill out the form and we’ll contact you to supply details about furthering your schooling.
It was initiated by Sagen Ishizuka, a well-known navy doctor and pioneer of the macrobiotic food regimen. Following the introduction of Western quick meals inside the late twentieth century, the Japanese authorities mandated schooling in food regimen and meals origins, starting with the Primary Regulation of Shokuiku in 2005, and adopted with the Faculty Well being Regulation in 2008. Universities have established applications to indicate shokuiku in public faculties, in addition to investigating its effectiveness through instructional analysis. For the event of scholars’ acquirement of wise experience and knowledge to have a brand new specialization in Vitamin and Dietetics, the analysis program was initiated inside the College of Medication and Pharmacy of Iuliu Hațieganu in 2008. Different universities continued to have the authority of this analysis together with the College of Medication, Pharmacy, Science, and Know-how of Târgu Mureş, Iaşi, and Timişoara. The 104 school college students from these universities additionally participated in “Vitamin Medication of the Future,” the primary Nationwide Symposium of Vitamin and Dietetics on 6-7 Might, 2011 to supply and listen to lectures.
We explored if the schooling outcomes of grownup schooling degree , school life expectancy , and NEET charges, affected life expectancy at begin (Fig. 3). Our expectation is that grownup schooling and faculty life expectancy, significantly tertiary, have a constructive have an effect on, whereas NEET has an antagonistic have an effect on, on life expectancy at begin. College students majoring in public well being schooling is perhaps prepared to make use of these seven areas of obligation for well being educators in a wide array of labor settings.
As a way to enhance folks’s life expectancy, governments ought to try to enhance tertiary schooling, and administration the number of youths dropping out of school and ending up unemployed . The ACHA-Nationwide Faculty Well being Assessmentis a nationally acknowledged analysis survey that gives current, associated, and exact details about college students’ well being habits, behaviors, and perceptions. Information from this survey covers smoking habits, contraception use, psychological well being points, relationship difficulties, sexual behaviors, prepare habits, preventive well being practices, perceptions of drug and alcohol use, and additional. Information moreover consists of Impediments to Educational Efficiency (see “Information Highlights”). You will uncover our graduates working for native and state well being departments, neighborhood well being organizations, college and workforce well being promotion purposes, colleges, hospitals and extra. Keep knowledgeable in regards to the newest matters and tendencies in bodily schooling, well being schooling and bodily train with SHAPE America journals, internet sources and expert progress alternate options.
The solely instruction beforehand required is HIV/STD prevention, which should begin no later than fifth grade and be supplied yearly through twelfth grade. If districts select to provide additional sexual well being schooling, it should be in keeping with new CSHE necessities. Faculties should inform OSPI of any curricula used to supply complete sexual well being schooling and describe how their instruction aligns with the necessities of the bill .
Challenges in public well being create alternatives by which selection in college students, school and analysis normally usually are not simply crucial, however supported and impressed. Determine 15 reveals the correlations of deaths from most cancers among the many three grownup schooling ranges, for all worldwide places within the pattern. It’s obvious that below-secondary and tertiary grownup schooling ranges have a unfavorable correlation with deaths from most cancers, whereas the upper-secondary grownup schooling degree reveals a optimistic correlation. Barring upper-secondary outcomes, we’ll surmise that usually, as schooling degree goes higher, the deaths from most cancers will decrease. The rationale for this is perhaps that schooling fosters additional well being consciousness and encourages people to undertake wholesome behavioral practices. Governments ought to resulting from this truth take note of body insurance coverage insurance policies that promote schooling. | <urn:uuid:91505438-d16e-40a5-85a4-be9985e8d0d8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kengscinematography.com/science-and-well-being-training-partnership-2/.html | 2024-02-27T23:31:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.947688 | 2,022 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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] |
Unveiling the English Foxhound Dog: A Classic Canine Companion
In the world of canine companions, the English Foxhound dog stands as a true aristocrat. This magnificent breed possesses a rich history, incredible stamina, and a heart full of loyalty.
Join us on a journey into the world of English Foxhounds, as we explore their fascinating characteristics, unique history, and everything you need to know about welcoming one into your home.
A Noble Heritage
The English Foxhound, a breed synonymous with grace and tradition, owes its noble heritage to a history that spans centuries.
In this section, we delve into the origins and rich legacy of this remarkable breed, shedding light on the factors that have shaped it into the distinguished canine companion it is today.
The Origins of the English Foxhound
The story of the English Foxhound begins in medieval England, a land known for its deep-seated love for hunting.
In the 16th century, the breed’s development took a deliberate turn as it was selectively bred to fulfill a specific and vital role: accompanying hunters on fox hunts.
A Breed Born of Purpose
The breeding process involved careful selection, aiming to create a hound that possessed the ideal combination of speed, endurance, and scenting ability.
The goal was to develop a dog that could not only track the elusive fox but also keep pace with mounted hunters across the varied terrains of the British countryside.
Ancestral Bloodlines and Aristocratic Patronage
The English Foxhound’s lineage can be traced back to the ancient hounds used by English nobility for centuries.
These hounds were selectively bred with other breeds, including the Greyhound and the Bulldog, to create the quintessential fox-hunting companion.
This process of breeding and refinement contributed significantly to the breed’s noble heritage.
A Fixture in English Culture
Over the years, the English Foxhound became an integral part of English culture, synonymous with the storied traditions of the fox hunt.
The breed’s association with the country’s aristocracy and gentry further elevated its status as a symbol of refinement and nobility.
Preserving the Legacy
Despite the decline in the popularity of fox hunting in modern times, the English Foxhound continues to be cherished for its heritage and intrinsic qualities.
Today, it serves as a reminder of a bygone era, a living testament to a breed that has remained true to its noble origins.
In conclusion, the English Foxhound’s noble heritage is a testament to its enduring legacy.
Shaped by centuries of selective breeding and patronage by English nobility, this breed stands as a symbol of grace, tradition, and the enduring bond between humans and their canine companions.
The English Foxhound is a breed that embodies grace, athleticism, and a distinctive appearance. In this section, we will explore the physical traits that define this noble breed, from their stature to their signature coat.
One of the most striking features of the English Foxhound is its dignified and statuesque stature. Here are some key characteristics of their physical build:
- Impressive Height: These dogs stand tall, typically measuring between 21 to 25 inches at the shoulder. This height gives them an elegant and commanding presence.
- Well-Proportioned Bodies: English Foxhounds possess well-balanced and muscular bodies. Their physique reflects their athleticism and endurance, which are essential for their hunting heritage.
The breed’s coat is another defining feature, characterized by its texture and coloration:
- Short and Dense Coat: English Foxhounds have short and dense coats that lie close to their bodies. This coat type requires minimal grooming compared to longer-haired breeds.
- Tri-Color Patterns: The most common coat coloration in English Foxhounds is tri-color, which consists of a combination of black, white, and tan markings. This classic tri-color pattern enhances their regal appearance.
- Bi-Color Variations: While tri-color is the most prevalent, some English Foxhounds exhibit bi-color patterns, which primarily consist of white with another color.
The English Foxhound’s facial features are both expressive and endearing:
- Eyes: Their eyes are typically dark in color and convey a sense of intelligence and alertness. These traits are essential for their role as hunting hounds.
- Ears: The breed’s ears are long, pendant, and hang gracefully alongside their faces. These floppy ears add to their charming and expressive appearance.
A Distinguished Gaze
When you look into the eyes of an English Foxhound, you are met with a gaze that exudes a combination of intelligence, determination, and warmth.
This gaze is a testament to their noble heritage and their unwavering focus, whether in the field or at home.
In conclusion, the physical characteristics of the English Foxhound contribute to its aura of elegance and athleticism.
From their impressive height to their signature tri-color coat and expressive facial features, these dogs are a true embodiment of grace and nobility.
Whether they are participating in outdoor pursuits or simply lounging by your side, the English Foxhound’s physical presence commands admiration and respect.
Temperament and Personality
The English Foxhound, known for its noble appearance and history, possesses a distinctive temperament and personality that make it a captivating and cherished breed.
In this section, we’ll delve into the heart and soul of the English Foxhound, uncovering the qualities that set it apart as a remarkable companion.
A Gentle and Sociable Nature
At the core of the English Foxhound’s personality lies a gentle and sociable disposition. These dogs are renowned for their friendly and amiable nature, making them a delightful addition to any family. Here’s a closer look at their temperament:
- Friendly Demeanor: English Foxhounds are known for their friendly and approachable demeanor. They often greet both familiar faces and newcomers with a wagging tail and an open heart.
- Tolerant and Patient: Their patient and tolerant nature extends to interactions with children and other pets. They typically coexist harmoniously with other animals in the household.
- Social Butterflies: These dogs thrive on social interaction and relish being part of family activities. They enjoy companionship from both adults and children.
Curiosity and Adventurous Spirit
The English Foxhound’s history as a hunting hound has instilled in them a natural curiosity and a zest for adventure. These traits contribute to their engaging personality:
- Love for the Outdoors: English Foxhounds have an inherent love for the great outdoors. They revel in outdoor activities and are excellent companions for individuals and families who enjoy hiking, jogging, or exploring nature.
- Curious Explorers: Their inquisitive nature means they enjoy exploring their surroundings and investigating scents. Be prepared for occasional bouts of curiosity-driven escapades.
Intelligence with a Dash of Independence
While English Foxhounds are intelligent dogs, they also possess a degree of independence. This characteristic stems from their history as hunting hounds, where quick decision-making was essential:
- Independent Thinkers: They may exhibit independent thinking at times, which can come across as stubbornness. Patient and consistent training is key to harnessing their intelligence effectively.
- Problem Solvers: These dogs are adept problem solvers, thanks to their hunting heritage. They may surprise you with their ability to navigate challenges.
Loyalty and Protective Instincts
The English Foxhound’s loyalty to its human family is unwavering. This loyalty extends to a protective instinct that makes them attentive and watchful:
- Watchful Guardians: They have a watchful eye and a keen sense of alertness. While not aggressive, they will often let you know if something unusual is afoot.
- Devotion: Once a bond is formed, their devotion to their human family is profound. They are known to be fiercely loyal and protective.
Playfulness and Energy
These dogs are brimming with energy and playfulness, characteristics that add a touch of liveliness to their personality:
- Playful Spirits: English Foxhounds have a playful spirit that endears them to their human companions. They enjoy games, toys, and frolicsome interactions.
- Enthusiastic Companions: Their enthusiasm is contagious, making them wonderful companions for those who appreciate an active and spirited canine friend.
Training and Exercise
Training and exercise are essential aspects of caring for an English Foxhound.
These dogs, known for their athleticism and intelligence, thrive when provided with the right guidance and opportunities for physical and mental stimulation.
In this section, we’ll explore how to ensure your English Foxhound remains happy and well-behaved.
The Energetic Athlete
English Foxhounds are true athletes, and they require regular exercise to stay physically fit and mentally content. Here are some important considerations when it comes to their exercise needs:
- Daily Activity: These dogs need daily exercise to burn off their energy. Plan for at least 30 minutes to an hour of vigorous activity, such as brisk walks, runs, or outdoor playtime.
- Off-Leash Opportunities: If you have a secure, fenced-in area, allow your Foxhound to run off-leash. Their strong hunting instincts can lead them to chase after scents, so a secure space is crucial.
- Variety is Key: Keep their exercise routine varied to prevent boredom. Incorporate games of fetch, agility training, or even hiking to engage both their body and mind.
- Mental Stimulation: In addition to physical exercise, provide mental stimulation. Puzzle toys, treat-dispensing toys, and training sessions can challenge their intellect.
English Foxhounds are intelligent dogs, but they can also be a bit independent. Early and consistent obedience training is essential to ensure they respond to commands effectively. Here are some training tips:
- Start Early: Begin training your Foxhound as soon as you bring them home. Consistency and positive reinforcement are key to success.
- Socialization: Expose your dog to different people, animals, and environments from a young age to ensure they become well-adjusted and confident adults.
- Use Positive Reinforcement: Reward-based training methods work best with Foxhounds. Use treats, praise, and affection to motivate and reinforce good behavior.
- Be Patient: These dogs may exhibit a stubborn streak at times. Stay patient and avoid harsh training methods, as they can be counterproductive.
- Focus on Recall: Given their strong prey drive, teaching a reliable recall command (such as “come”) is crucial for their safety during off-leash activities.
Leash training is essential, as Foxhounds have a tendency to follow their noses and can become easily distracted during walks. Here’s how to leash train your English Foxhound:
- Start Early: Begin leash training when your dog is a puppy. Use a lightweight leash and harness to reduce the strain on their neck.
- Positive Associations: Make leash time a positive experience by offering treats and praise. This helps your dog associate the leash with good things.
- Practice Focus: Teach your dog to focus on you during walks. Use treats and verbal cues to encourage them to pay attention to you rather than distractions.
- Short and Frequent Walks: Initially, keep walks short and frequent to build your dog’s leash-walking skills gradually.
- Be Patient: Leash training may take time, so be patient and consistent. Over time, your Foxhound will become a well-behaved walking companion.
In conclusion, training and exercise are essential for an English Foxhound’s physical and mental well-being.
By providing them with regular physical activity and consistent, positive reinforcement-based training, you can ensure that your Foxhound is a well-behaved and content companion.
Whether you’re enjoying outdoor adventures or refining their obedience skills, the time and effort invested in their training and exercise will be rewarded with a happy and well-adjusted canine friend.
Health and Care
Ensuring the health and well-being of your English Foxhound is paramount to their happiness and longevity. In this section, we’ll explore the health considerations specific to this breed and provide guidance on how to care for your furry friend.
English Foxhounds are generally healthy dogs with a life expectancy of around 10 to 13 years. However, like all breeds, they can be prone to certain health issues.
Being aware of these potential concerns and taking proactive measures can help keep your Foxhound in top shape.
Common Health Concerns:
- Hip Dysplasia: This is a hereditary condition where the hip joint doesn’t develop properly. Maintaining a healthy weight and providing joint supplements can help manage this condition.
- Ear Infections: Foxhounds have long, floppy ears that can trap moisture, leading to ear infections. Regular cleaning and inspection can prevent issues.
- Bloat: This condition, also known as gastric torsion or twisted stomach, can be life-threatening. Feeding multiple small meals a day and avoiding exercise after meals can reduce the risk.
- Eye Issues: Some Foxhounds may develop eye problems, such as cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy. Regular eye exams by a veterinarian can detect and address these issues early.
- Heart Disease: Like many larger breeds, Foxhounds can be prone to heart conditions. Regular veterinary check-ups can help detect and manage heart-related issues.
A Nutritious Diet
Feeding your English Foxhound a balanced and nutritious diet is vital for their overall health. Here are some dietary considerations:
- High-Quality Dog Food: Choose a high-quality commercial dog food that meets the specific nutritional needs of your Foxhound. Look for options formulated for their size and activity level.
- Portion Control: Be mindful of portion sizes to prevent overfeeding, which can lead to obesity. Follow the feeding guidelines on the dog food packaging as a starting point and adjust based on your dog’s individual needs.
- Fresh Water: Ensure your Foxhound has access to fresh, clean water at all times to stay hydrated.
Regular Vet Check-ups
Regular visits to an avian veterinarian are essential to monitor your Foxhound’s health and address any concerns promptly. Your veterinarian can provide vaccinations, conduct routine screenings, and develop a wellness plan tailored to your dog’s needs.
In conclusion, caring for your English Foxhound involves a combination of proactive health management, grooming, proper nutrition, and plenty of exercise and mental stimulation.
By prioritizing their well-being and providing them with a loving and attentive environment, you can ensure that your Foxhound enjoys a long and healthy life as a cherished member of your family.
Maintaining your English Foxhound’s appearance and hygiene is a crucial part of responsible pet ownership. Despite their short and dense coat, these dogs benefit from regular grooming to keep them clean and healthy.
In this section, we’ll provide you with essential grooming tips to ensure your Foxhound always looks and feels its best.
Brushing the Coat
- Weekly Brushing: While English Foxhounds have short coats that don’t mat easily, they still benefit from regular brushing. Aim to brush your Foxhound’s coat at least once a week to remove loose hair, dirt, and debris.
- Use a Soft Bristle Brush: Choose a soft bristle brush to avoid irritating their skin. A soft rubber brush can also be effective for removing loose hair.
- Brushing Technique: Brush in the direction of hair growth, following the grain of the coat. Start from the head and work your way down to the tail.
- As Needed: English Foxhounds don’t require frequent baths unless they become exceptionally dirty or develop a noticeable odor. Over-bathing can strip their skin of natural oils, so it’s best to keep bathing to a minimum.
- Mild Dog Shampoo: When you do bathe your Foxhound, use a mild dog shampoo designed to maintain their skin’s pH balance. Avoid using harsh human shampoos, as they can be too harsh for their sensitive skin.
- Proper Rinsing: Ensure you rinse your dog thoroughly to remove all shampoo residue. Leftover shampoo can cause skin irritation.
- Regular Inspections: Examine your Foxhound’s ears regularly for signs of dirt, wax buildup, or infection. Check for redness, swelling, or a foul odor, which could indicate an issue.
- Gentle Cleaning: If you notice dirt or wax accumulation, clean the ears using a veterinarian-approved ear cleaner. Use a cotton ball or pad to apply the cleaner, and avoid inserting anything into the ear canal.
Nail and Teeth Care
- Nail Trimming: Trim your dog’s nails regularly to prevent overgrowth. Long nails can cause discomfort and affect their gait. If you’re unsure how to trim their nails, ask your veterinarian or a professional groomer for guidance.
- Dental Hygiene: Maintain your Foxhound’s oral health by brushing their teeth several times a week using a dog-friendly toothbrush and toothpaste. Dental chews or toys designed to promote oral health can also be beneficial.
- Routine Inspection: Check your Foxhound’s eyes regularly for any signs of redness, discharge, or irritation. If you notice any issues, consult your veterinarian promptly.
- Tear Stain Prevention: Some Foxhounds may develop tear stains. To prevent staining, gently clean around the eyes with a damp, clean cloth.
- Inspect Paw Pads: Periodically examine your dog’s paw pads for cuts, debris, or signs of discomfort. Remove any foreign objects and keep the area clean.
- Moisturize Paw Pads: You can apply a dog-safe paw balm to keep their paw pads moisturized, especially in dry or hot weather.
By following these grooming tips and incorporating regular grooming sessions into your routine, you can keep your English Foxhound looking and feeling its best.
Grooming not only maintains their physical health but also strengthens the bond between you and your beloved canine companion.
Is an English Foxhound Right for You?
The English Foxhound is an elegant and spirited breed with a rich history and unique characteristics.
Before bringing one into your home, it’s essential to consider whether this breed aligns with your lifestyle, preferences, and needs.
In this section, we’ll help you determine if an English Foxhound is the right choice for you.
Ideal for Active Families
- Active Lifestyle: If you lead an active lifestyle and enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking, running, or long walks, an English Foxhound could be a great match. These dogs thrive when they have opportunities to expend their energy and explore.
- Family-Friendly: English Foxhounds are known for their friendly and sociable nature, making them wonderful additions to families with children. They typically get along well with both kids and adults.
- Companionship: These dogs thrive on human companionship and enjoy being part of family activities. If you’re looking for a loyal and affectionate canine companion, a Foxhound can be a great choice.
Not Suitable for Apartment Living
- Space Requirements: English Foxhounds are active and require space to move and explore. Apartment living may not provide them with the room they need to thrive. A house with a securely fenced yard is ideal.
- Vocal Nature: Foxhounds are known for their distinctive baying or barking, which is part of their hunting heritage. If you live in close proximity to neighbors, consider whether the noise level might be a concern.
- Training and Patience: While English Foxhounds are intelligent, they can also exhibit independence and a stubborn streak. Training may require patience and consistency to achieve desired results.
- Recall Challenges: Due to their strong prey drive, Foxhounds can be easily distracted by scents during outdoor walks. Recall training is crucial to ensure their safety off-leash.
- Grooming: English Foxhounds have short coats that are relatively low-maintenance. They do require regular brushing and occasional baths, but their grooming needs are not excessive.
- Exercise: These dogs have high exercise needs and thrive when provided with daily physical and mental stimulation. Be prepared to dedicate time to exercise and play.
The Right Match
In conclusion, an English Foxhound can be an excellent companion for active individuals or families who have the space and time to meet their needs.
Their friendly and sociable nature makes them a great fit for households with children, and their love for the outdoors aligns well with those who enjoy outdoor adventures.
However, it’s important to be aware of their vocal tendencies, space requirements, and the potential challenges of training.
If you are willing to invest time and effort into their exercise, training, and companionship needs, an English Foxhound can bring joy, loyalty, and a touch of elegance to your life as a cherished furry family member.
The English Foxhound dog, with its noble lineage and amiable disposition, can make an excellent addition to your family.
Their love for the outdoors and friendly nature make them wonderful companions for active individuals and families. If you’re ready to embark on an adventure with a loyal and graceful canine, the English Foxhound might be the perfect choice for you.
Questions People Also Ask: (FAQs)
Are English Foxhounds good with children and other pets?
Yes, they are typically excellent with children and other dogs. Their friendly nature makes them great companions for the whole family.
Do they require a lot of exercise?
Yes, English Foxhounds are very active dogs and need regular exercise to stay healthy and happy.
Are they easy to train?
While they are intelligent, English Foxhounds can be a bit independent. Consistent and patient training is essential.
Do they bark a lot?
Foxhounds are known for their barking, which is a part of their hunting heritage. Training can help manage excessive barking.
Do they shed a lot?
Their short coat means they don’t shed excessively, but regular grooming is still necessary.
Can they live in hot climates?
They can adapt to warm weather, but precautions like providing shade and plenty of water are essential.
Do they require a lot of attention?
They thrive on human interaction, so they do require attention and companionship.
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Ricochet is the best place on the internet to discuss the issues of the day, either through commenting on posts or writing your own for our active and dynamic community in a fully moderated environment. In addition, the Ricochet Audio Network offers over 50 original podcasts with new episodes released every day.
The Treaty of Paris, signed in December 1898, brought a quick end to the Spanish-American War after six months of hostilities. The treaty turned over Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to American control. Its terms sparked serious opposition in the United States Senate on the ground that the treaty just substituted American imperialism for Spanish imperialism, but it was eventually ratified by a 57-27 vote, just more than the two-thirds majority needed. In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which established a civilian government in Puerto Rico, under which the president appointed a governor and executive council that was paired with an elected House of Representatives with 35 members, and a nonvoting representative to Congress. The federal laws of the United States were extended to the island.
The “Insular Cases” that arose from these conquests were needed to define the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States. These cases have spurred constant criticism in recent years for being “racist” in their content, which in turn has spurred renewed calls to reconsider these decisions. I will turn to the charge of racism later on, but first it is important to understand the issues involved—one on tariffs and trade and another on procedural due process in criminal cases.
The first of these disputes began with the question of whether federal tariffs could be attached to goods admitted into the United States from Puerto Rico, which had been ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Paris. After exhaustive deliberation, De Lima v. Bidwell (Bidwell was the collector of customs of the Port of New York for the United States) held that once Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States, it became a territory under the control of the United States and was not subject to tax as if a foreign nation, which advantaged Puerto Rico over foreign nations.
In the companion case, Downes v. Bidwell (1901), the plaintiffs sought to go one step further by insisting that Puerto Rico be treated as part of the United States, so that the lesser tax imposed under the Foraker Act was unconstitutional because it violated the constitutional requirement that “all Duties, Imposts, and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States,” and because it allegedly violated the provision that held that vessels bound from one state to another were immune from tax. More generally, the case asked whether the revenue clauses of the Constitution extend to these newly acquired territories, which then prompted a discussion of how territories were treated under the original Constitution. The discussion dealt not only with the Northwest Territories but also with the Missouri Compromise and Dred Scott v. Sandford, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney had impressed a narrow interpretation on the power of Congress “to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States” that allowed him to invalidate the Missouri Compromise.
In Downes’s exhaustive discussion that followed, Justice Henry Brown (writing for a five-member majority) noted that the Constitution offered no textual answer to this question. He then pushed Dred Scott aside and held that the Congress did not have to treat these newly acquired territories as though they were part of the United States. The decision did not, however, push all constitutional guarantees to one side, for he insisted that when the Constitution did state that “ ‘no bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed,’ and that ‘no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States,’ it goes to the competency of Congress to pass a bill of that description.” Thereafter, he refused to answer the question of how far the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights might be carried over.
Brown thus attempted to draw a distinction between fundamental individual rights that governed all political bodies and the technical tariff issues here. He then defended a strong distinction between “natural rights,” which are universal, and “artificial or remedial rights,” which are “peculiar” to Anglo-American law. On the latter side, he included the constitutional guarantee to the individual states of a republican form of government, which is peculiar to American institutions and not applied to “the original organization of the territories of Louisiana, Florida, the Northwest Territory,” and elsewhere, and the right to a jury trial, rejected in Dorr v. United States as a domestic, not a universal, guarantee. Armed with that distinction, Brown dismissed any fears that “an unrestrained possession of power on the part of Congress may lead to unjust and oppressive legislation in which the natural rights of territories, or their inhabitants, may be engulfed in a centralized despotism,” arguing that the fears find “no justification” in the past history of the United States or of Great Britain since the Revolution—with the sole exception of Dred Scott.
A similar pattern is found in the last of the key Insular Cases: a decision written by Chief Justice William Howard Taft in Balzac v. Porto Rico (1922), a criminal misdemeanor case in which the question was whether the federal constitutional guarantee of a jury trial applied to Puerto Rico. In the particular misdemeanor at issue, the defendant was alleged to have libeled Arthur Yager, the colonial governor at the time. The criminal code of Puerto Rico called for a jury trial only in felony cases, and Taft, following Dorr, held that the Puerto Rican law applied. Taft was no stranger to these issues, for in 1900 President McKinley had appointed Taft as a head of a commission that was to take over the transfer of the Philippines after the conclusion of the local insurrection that followed the end of the Spanish-American War. Taft’s decision in Balzac should in no way be regarded as a continuation of American imperialism designed to strip Puerto Ricans of their basic rights. Indeed, Taft took the exact opposite view. In line with the earlier decision, he noted that Puerto Rico had not been incorporated into the United States, as Hawaii was in 1898, and thus concluded that:
Congress has thought that a people like the Filipinos or the Porto Ricans, trained to a complete judicial system which knows no juries, living in compact and ancient communities, with definitely formed customs and political conceptions, should be permitted themselves to determine how far they wish to adopt this institution of Anglo-Saxon origin, and when. Hence . . . the United States has been liberal in granting to the Islands acquired by the Treaty of Paris most of the American constitutional guaranties, but has been sedulous to avoid forcing a jury system on a Spanish and civil law country until it desired it.
The decision therefore intended to defer to local communities for the operation of their local laws, given the obvious point that the right to jury trial, which may be an essential part of the American Constitution, did not fit into the Spanish or local traditions that held sway over Puerto Rico. In Dorr it had been noted that if a treaty (such as the treaty that brought Florida into the Union) contained a provision to make its citizens American citizens, it would honored. But that commitment was nowhere found in the Treaty of Paris.
It is surely possible to disagree on the differential treatment between incorporated territories and unincorporated territories, which rests on past practices without, as Brown had noted, a strict textual warrant. But why call the current patterns racist? In August 2022, the American Bar Association (later joined by the New York Bar) unanimously attacked the Insular Cases as resting “on racial views and stereotypes that have been long rejected and cannot be reconciled with [our] constitutional and democratic principles.” But the history is, as noted, far more complex. For example, note the use of the word “savages” in Downes, but the context undercuts any claim of racial animus because it was not referring to any particular people but was mentioned as part of the observation that it is dangerous to assume that Congress would agree that all individuals “whether savages or citizens” “however foreign they may be to our habits, traditions, and modes of life, shall become at once citizens of the United States,” which indeed is the position today. Recall that the opening clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not extend that guarantee when it writes that “[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” Nor is the constant use of the term “aliens” in Downes reflective of anything other than a recitation of rules that aliens (in this case, a Frenchman) were not permitted to hold real estate in the United States—unless, of course, Congress decided to change the applicable rule.
Sadly, it misstates the overall situation to write, as my NYU colleague Maggie Blackhawk does in the current Foreword to the Harvard Law Review, ominously titled “The Constitution of American Colonialism,” that “Puerto Rico was offered neither the dignity of a civilized nation under the law of nations nor the fundamental rights and privileges of civilized people.” As noted above, the natural-law analysis in Downes was intended to protect just those fundamental rights, and subsequent legislation like the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 extended the rights of statutory citizenship to all Puerto Ricans born after 1898 if they chose it, and restructured Puerto Rico’s legislature. Further legislation turned Puerto Rico from an “organized territory” into a “Commonwealth” with the power to elect its own governor and appoint its own officials.
Yes, the status of Puerto Rico is subject to political contestation today. And on the legal front, the courts will have to deal with hard controversies, such as the status of Puerto Rican bankruptcies. But to brand the Insular Cases racist distorts the historical record without advancing the understanding on this contested issue.
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] |
‘The power of the word is mightier than the sword.’ That may not be the precise saying, but in these cases it is very much true. Here are the speeches that have had a huge impact on the world, long after they were given. Some will be very well-known to most people, and others, while less known, have helped to shape the world as we know it today. Here are some of the speeches that changed the world’s history.
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Abolition Speech, William Wilberforce
Never take the freedom that you have for granted. The slave trade is a black mark on Western history, and it can come as somewhat of a shock that it wasn’t until the early 19th century that slavery was abolished in Britain. In a speech to the British Parliament in May 1789, William Wilberforce gave an impassioned account on why the trade needed to cease and was morally reprehensible. His calls fell largely on deaf ears for several decades, but the Slave Trade Act was finally passed in 1807. Wilberforce believed that it was a call from God for him to become an abolitionist, and thankfully this belief gave him the resolve to continue to fight for his cause.
‘Freedom or Death’, Emmeline Pankhurst
As Suffragette has just been released in theatres, it only seems appropriate to include Emmeline Pankhurst‘s ‘Freedom or Death’ speech in our list (and it happens to follow quite nicely from our previous speech on freedom). The speech was delivered in Hartford, Connecticut in 1913 as part of Pankhurst’s tour of the US. It was an impassioned statement on the importance of women’s suffrage, and her strong declaration that the suffragettes would fight to the death – and indeed they did during the violent movement in Britain – in order to gain the right to vote. The movement was reviled by many, but without this brutal commitment to the cause, women’s history, and indeed their present position, would look very different.
Brevity is the soul of wit, or, in this case, of inspiration. At just 272 words and three minutes in length, The Gettysburg Address is irrefutably one of the most historically significant speeches. The Battle of Gettysburg left over 8000 men dead. Lincoln’s speech followed a powerful, solemn speech by Edward Everett, which came in at around two hours long. Markedly shorter, Lincoln managed to memorialize the fallen soldiers at Gettysburg and transform the whole view and meaning of the Civil War. This speech led to the eventual end of the war and the abolition movement in the United States, making it arguably the most important 272 words to have been spoken.
‘Give Me Blood and I Will Give You Freedom’, Subhas Chandra Bose
As a freedom fighter in the Indian independence movement, Subhas Chandra Bose became widely respected and hailed as a patriot and national hero against the British colonial forces, although his legacy is not without its controversies. ‘Give me blood and I will give you freedom’ was to become his most famous quote, and it was regularly uttered to the Indian National Armies in order to motivate them. His strong will did indeed lead to India’s liberation from the British. His methods may be quite contrary to India’s other great orator, but its motivational power is quite undeniable.
‘Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death’, Patrick Henry
At the time Patrick Henry gave this dramatic speech, revolutionary sentiments had been brewing across the United States for well over a decade. Like a pressure cooker, the anger and resentment towards the British government – quite a theme in many of the great speeches in history – saw the tensions boil and evidently bubble over in 1775. Patriots geared up for war, and Henry made his speech. The speech, which took place in a church, was a call to arms: a call for the patriotic duties of the American citizens which stressed the urgency of the situation. A rousing speech which a stirring climax.
‘I Am Prepared To Die’, Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela is one of the most controversial, loved and important figures of the 20th century, and someone who will surely go down as one of the greats in history. The three-hour-long ‘I Am Prepared To Die,’ speech, sometimes called ‘I am the first accused’ was to become a key moment in the history of South African democracy. The country’s politics and social policies during the period were contentious at best, and this was something that Mandela was compelled to speak up against, even though it led to his 27-year imprisonment. The speech, which was made during Mandela’s trial, was met with an emotional sigh from Mandela’s side of the court room, a sigh that they would have to hold for over a quarter of a century. Freedom was to come in time, and the brazen nature of the speech is arguably what saved Mandela from death.
‘I Have A Dream’, Martin Luther King
The ‘I Have A Dream’ speech will surely go down as one of the most famous speech of all time; certainly, you can’t make a list of the most influential speeches in history and not include it. Martin Luther King‘s speech came a century after the abolition of slavery, at a time when African-American citizens were still without equality, faced fear and persecution on a daily basis, and were denied many of their basic human rights. Laws may change, but perceptions take much longer to catch up. The speech was delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters, and was the defining moment in the American Civil Rights Movement, as well as cementing King’s place as one of history’s great orators. The speech shaped modern America thereafter, but watching the news it is disheartening to see that there is still much work to be done for his dream to be fully realised.
‘Quit India’, Mahatma Gandhi
The second of the Indian orators on our list, this time vying for peace over violence. The speech could not be more different to Bose’s ‘Give Me Blood and I Will Give You Freedom.’ but it goes to show that there is more than one way to influence a nation. Gandhi and the National Indian Congress implored Britain to ‘Quit India’ with a wholly non-violent message on August 8th, 1942. The same day saw the passing of the Quit India Resolution, demanding complete independence from British rule. This was a revolutionary part of the non-violent movement, and a famous case for the word being mightier than the sword, influencing many discussions and decisions thereafter.
‘Speech at Clermont’, Pope Urban II
Otherwise known as the speech calling for the First Crusade. The speech at the Council of Clermont, delivered in 1095 by Pope Urban II, saw so much interest among bishops, nobles and other people of power, that it had to be held in the open air. The Pope urged the Western church to go to the aid of the Greeks against the Seljuq Turks, and to recover Palestine from the rule of the Muslims. There is no official transcript of the speech, but it was the triggering factor for this first crusade and the thinking of all crusades after it. Influential speeches may not necessarily have a positive outcome, but they demonstrate the power of the well-delivered word.
‘The Third Philippic’, Demosthenes
The oldest of the speeches on our list by quite some margin. The famed Greek statesman Demosthenes is regarded as one of the finest orators of all time. The ‘Third Philippic’ was delivered as a call to arms against Philip II of Macedon, and was the most successful single speech in his long campaign against the contentious king, who had instigated widespread fighting throughout Ancient Greece. While the Athenians had been largely apathetic towards Philip, following Demosthenes’ speech in 341 BC, cries of ‘To arms! To arms!’ could be heard ringing through the streets. One man can indeed overthrow a tyrant.
‘We Shall Fight on the Beaches’, Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill is now widely regarded as one of the finest orators, and indeed politicians, of the 20th century. Interestingly, like Demosthenes and other noted speakers from history, Churchill was born with a speech impediment that he worked hard at correcting. How different history would be if he hadn’t. This speech, given at the House of Commons on the 4th of June 1940, declared that the British troops ‘shall go on to the end’ in spite of the seemingly devastating results of the Battle of France. Deliverance was achieved, and his words inspired a revitalized spirit among troops and politicians without which history would have been very different. | <urn:uuid:70c57ca1-f798-46b9-bc94-4210ee00b154> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/11-of-history-s-most-influential-speeches | 2024-02-27T22:24:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.97642 | 1,902 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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In Victoria and Tasmania, the phrase for the primary 12 months of primary faculty known as Prep (short for “preparatory”), which is adopted by Year 1. (“angel garden” in Hungarian) on May 27, 1828, in her residence in Buda, the primary of 11 care centers that she based for young youngsters. In 1836 she established an institute for the foundation of preschool facilities.
Fröbel revealed his first guide, The Education of Man, in 1826, which mainly handled the academic growth of the kid as a lot as the age of seven. Fröbel later went on to open his first establishment for young youngsters in 1837, naming his new college the Play and Activity Institute. In 1840 the name of this Play and Activity Institute was modified and it turned the primary Kindergarten, or “Garden for Children.” In kindergarten, college students study and begin to develop numerous basic expertise that can have a long-lasting influence on them nicely into their adult years. Although not all states require children to attend kindergarten, research have shown that there are quite a few advantages to receiving a kindergarten education.
The estimated results on earnings are imprecise, however, and leave open the likelihood that kindergarten attendance had effects on earnings similar to another year of education for African Americans and whites alike. In common, the earnings estimates must be considered with warning, as they could probably be distorted by the reality that the sample consists of some individuals who are young and could still be enrolled in class. I measure the kindergarten enrollment price with the state kindergarten-to-first-grade enrollment ratio, calculated from the federal Common Core of Data and earlier printed knowledge.
- These findings suggest that even massive investments in common early-childhood education programs do not essentially yield clear benefits, particularly for more deprived students.
- In consciousness there are ideas attracting different ideas in order to form complex methods.
- Lesson plans vary from instructional basics like counting from 1 to a hundred to science programs on the fascinating life cycle of a butterfly.
- The Maternelles are state run and are administered by native authorities.
- Seventeen states and the District of Columbia require full-day kindergarten, and 39 states plus the District of Columbia require districts to offer kindergarten either full or half day.
Similar to Australia, kindergarten is not compulsory to attend and mandatory education begins in Primary 1 at age six. By 1847 seven Kindergartens had been established in Germany, indicating that Fröbel’s apply of early childhood education was being nicely received. As the information of kindergartens unfold all through Germany, Fröbel noticed the necessity to further unfold his childhood academic philosophy, and started training kindergarten teachers. It was through his training that two sisters, Bertha Meyer von Ronge and Margarethe Meyer Schurz, brought the teachings of kindergartens to a extra world scale. She later moved with her husband, the novel clergyman Johannes Ronge, to England where she embarked on a campaign to unfold kindergartens all through Europe. In 1851 Berthe, alongside along with her husband, opened the first “England Infant Garden” in Hampstead.
In the primary 12 months by which funding was available, the kindergarten enrollment fee in the typical state was about 15 percentage points higher than would have been the case in the absence of state funding. Two years out, it was 33 percentage points greater, and the lion’s share of features in kindergarten enrollment from the funding initiative had been achieved. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the take-up of kindergarten was not completely instant due to shortages of lecture rooms and lecturers rather than because of a gradual improve in local demand.
Explore key early childhood matters such Developmentally Appropriate Practice, play, and math. Engage with our coverage agendas, advocacy assets, and present initiatives. “Germany’s youngster care law goals to get extra mothers back to work – WBEZ”. Are the faculty rooms, split into playroom and restroom; the playroom always has windows and doors resulting in the outside playground and garden. Kindergarten is a form of preschool and could also be referred to interchangeably as preschool.
Language Arts Curriculum And Lesson Plans
Moral judgments are absolute, springing from contemplation, incapable of proof and never requiring proof. Education Commission of the States is the trusted source for complete information and unbiased sources on education coverage points starting from early studying by way of postsecondary education. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia require or encourage trainer coaching and skilled improvement in scholar psychological health and trauma-informed practices. One of probably the most repeated pieces of recommendation in our Helpline group about instructing kindergarten was that you must at all times overplan for this age group.
On the opposite hand, man should perceive the unity of all things . Britannica is the ultimate scholar resource for key college subjects like historical past, authorities, literature, and extra. Education Next is a journal of opinion and analysis about education coverage. Education Commission of the States researched the policies and laws that information these key elements in all 50 states to supply this comprehensive resource. Click on the questions below for 50-State Comparisons, showing how all states method specific insurance policies, or view a particular state’s strategy by going to theindividual state profilespage. Fill it with all the lessons and actions your sub will want in case you have an surprising absence.
If you ask your students if they need ice cream, the answer might shock you! In this lesson, your college students might be in a position differentiate between needs and needs. Children will subtract bees, hens, daffodils, and more on this playful spring-themed math worksheet. Answer this query and tons of extra on this inventive writing worksheet in which young writers can apply writing sentences. Children will practice tracing uppercase letters A to Z in this partaking alphabet blocks worksheet. Your child will create a quantity sentence as she counts stars to seek out single-digit addends on this math worksheet.
Support our efforts to safe a bright future for younger kids, educators, and families. [newline]Join NAEYC’s group and help us advance the education of younger youngsters throughout the country. Develop grassroots efforts advancing early childhood in your community with these instruments and resources. Explore jobs in theCareer Center and findhigher education and professional growth opportunities. Find a sponsorship opportunity that’s right for you and assist assist early childhood educators, dad and mom, and other professionals. Join us at the members-only occasion and construct your advocacy skills, increase your networks, and advance federal and state early childhood coverage.
Friedrich Schleiermacher, who sounded a really trendy notice by providing a social interpretation of education. Education, in his view, was an effort on the a part of the older era to “deliver” the younger technology into the 4 spheres of life—church, state, social life, and science. Education, however, not solely assumes its organization in phrases of these four areas of life but in addition serves to develop and influence these areas. Just like work and lessons, video games or play should serve to realize the child’s inner future.
Fill Your Classroom Library With These Classic Kindergarten Books
As early as 1920, there have been about 80 kindergartens in operation across Finland, with a complete of about 6,000 kids. The view of kindergarten education has modified significantly over time. Almost each rural space now has no less than one kindergarten school, with most being run within the Bengali language.
State and federal subsidies can be found to some low-income dad and mom; the federal Head Start program also serves children from low-income families. And states corresponding to Oklahoma and Florida have recently enacted universal preschool packages. Despite these positive aspects, there are opponents who question the reasoning for full day kindergartens. It has been extensively felt that what children are doing in the course of the kindergarten day is more important than the length of the varsity day itself.
Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach primarily based on enjoying, singing, sensible actions corresponding to drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to highschool. Such institutions were initially made in the late 18th century in Bavaria and Alsace to serve youngsters whose dad and mom each worked outdoors house. The term was coined by the German Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education.
Canada’s first private kindergarten was opened by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, in 1870. By the top of the decade, they have been common in giant Canadian towns and cities. In 1882, The country’s first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario on the Central School. In 1885, the Toronto Normal School opened a department for kindergarten instructing. Samuel Wilderspin opened his first infant college in London in 1819, and went on to establish tons of extra. | <urn:uuid:efd01ff0-fb75-4944-bc32-0f6acab61aee> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thefreedictionary.my.id/what-is-the-typical-kindergarten-curriculum-3.html | 2024-02-28T00:05:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.962463 | 1,863 | 3.015625 | 3 | [
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If you have some knowledge of how Bitcoin, Ethereum or any other digital currency, you have most probably come across these two terms over and over again:
Proof of work (POW)
Proof of stake (POS)
These terms may be too difficult to understand for many people but actually, they are fairly simple concepts which we will try to explain today!
Before we get down to business, though, let’s talk about cryptocurrencies first.
The Cryptocurrency Boom
Over the past years, the term cryptocurrency has gained solid ground and more and more people are starting to understand its use and potential value.
A cryptocurrency is a digital currency, created and managed through advanced encryption techniques, known as cryptography. The concept of digital money became a reality with the creation of Bitcoin in 2009. Since then, the cryptocurrency market has come a long way. Currently, there are over 17,600 different cryptocurrencies, available for people to purchase, exchange, trade, invest in and use as payment in several companies that accept it.
The reason why so many people are drawn to the cryptocurrency market is because the concept and characteristics of cryptocurrencies are challenging the economy and the traditional idea of money by introducing various benefits, including:
Low barriers to entry
Privacy & Security
Can facilitate international trades
Cryptocurrency is not bound by exchange rates, interest rates or transaction charges which means you can use crypto at an international level and experience no problems. Lots of time and money can be saved if you’re transferring money from one country to another. Cryptocurrencies operate at a universal level. This makes transactions easier than ever!
Your account is not owned by anyone else. You are basically the sole owner of the corresponding private and public encryption keys which is what makes up your cryptocurrency network identity or address. No other financial institution or instrument can give you individual ownership of your account/address.
What Is Mining?
Before going into many technical details, we should also briefly explain what mining is.
Mining is the process of validating transactions with a computer in a network. You solve complex algorithms to prove the correctness of a transaction and thereby add a new block to the chain. You add a “block” to the long public list of all transactions, known as the blockchain. In exchange, you will get rewarded with cryptocurrency.
To become a miner you don’t just need a good Internet connection. You should have solid power processor and know that depending on which cryptocurrency you’re mining and how fast your computer is, the cost of electricity would end up being quite high.
Sometimes, you may end up spending more on mining and don’t earn back enough in cryptocurrency.
For example, if a transaction happens on the Bitcoin network, the more computers and computing power there is, the faster you have to validate transactions to compete with other miners in the network and earn a fraction of a Bitcoin.
A central aspect of blockchain technology is the distributed ledger. The ledger contains a record of all the previous transactions. It’s not stored in a central location but across a network of computers located all over the world.
For this whole operation to work, the network must collectively agree with the contents of the ledger. This is the job of the consensus mechanism. Its purpose is to simply verify that all information being added to the ledger is absolutely valid. This is done to make sure that the next block being added represents the latest transactions on the network. Thus, invalid data and double-spending are prevented. Moreover, the consensus mechanism also keeps the network from being derailed through constant forking.
There are many different consensus mechanism, each with their unique pros and cons, however, they all serve the same purpose we explained above. They only differ in methodology. The main difference between consensus mechanisms is in the way in which they delegate and reward the verification of transactions.
The two most popular blockchain consensus mechanisms are the Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS). We will now move on to explaining more about each of them and comparing them. Note that those two are the most popular ones, there are other systems that exist such as Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), Federated Byzatine Agreement (FBA) and more.
Proof of Work (PoW)
PoW follows a simple rule: Mining a block and receiving a reward depends on how much computational work is done by the miner. The first miner whose computer manages to solve the cryptographic puzzles of each block will be the one to receive coins as a form of reward. This means that the miners in a network have to compete with each other, using their own computational power.
Bitcoin and many altcoins follow this consensus mechanism to confirm the authenticity of the blockchain.
Let’s give you an example with everyday life. Imagine a classroom full of students. The teacher is assigning a task to all the students. The one who not only comes up with the correct answer but also answers first is the one who will get the reward. The student should have a lot of brain power to execute the task correctly and as quickly as possible to get ahead of the other students.
It’s the same with the Proof of Work mechanism.
The puzzles don’t require skill but rather a strong hardware force. This is done to make sure no miner will have an advantage over the other. The only way to improve the odds of solving the puzzle and getting the coins is to add computational power. This, as you should know, is quite costly, not to mention energy-intensive.
The puzzle parameters are updated periodically to keep the block time consistent. For example, the Bitcoin protocol has a block generation target for 10 minutes.
Every concept or approach has benefits and disadvantages. PoW is not an exception.
As mentioned, this type of consensus mechanism requires a lot more electrical power, which costs miners. Sometimes, what he has to pay for electricity would be higher than what he gains out of mining.
High computing power is also quite expensive. You need to build yourself a supercomputer which for everyday middle-class people is very expensive.
One more thing miners should take into consideration is that as time goes by and more and more cryptocurrencies are released, their reward might become quite minimal.
To sum it up, Proof of Work is a protocol with a main goal of deterring cyber-attacks. It’s a concept that existed before Bitcoin but Satoshi Nakamoto applied this technique and truly revolutionised the way traditional transactions are done.
Proof of Stake (PoS)
Let’s talk about Proof of Stake (PoS) system and find out how it differs from PoW.
PoS follows a simple rule: Validating a new block depends on how large of a stake a person holds or basically how many coins they posses and the respective age of the stake. The validators don’t receive rewards. Instead, they collect network fees. Ultimately, this type of system is cost and energy efficient, as compared to PoW, however, they are less proven.
Let us give you an example with altcoins and specifically Nxt which uses PoS. If you have a certain amount of coins in your digital wallet, you will also be able to see for how long you have had them. Keep in mind that moving the coins from one digital wallet to another will reset their age.
The amount you have is considered a security deposit. If the Validator has a significant stake in Nxt coin with good aging, it means they are committed and have a higher chance to validate a block. This will create a network of trusted and loyal Validators.
In PoS, unlike PoW, it’s not about “mining”, but “forging” which is done by the Validator who will process and forge a new block to the chain.
What are the advantages of PoS?
Probably the best thing about this system is that there’s no need for expensive hardware, your normal computer will do just fine with a Validator’s client. We’ve already mentioned that it won’t consume high electricity as PoW does.
Also, the higher the stake the validators have (and the long they have had it too), the more chances to be picked up for “forging” and earn transaction fees.
Of course, there are issues with PoS, including the fact that only a small group of people who own a majority of coins/tokens can be the validators. However, this is something that’s evolving and at some point in the future it is more likely to change.
Proof of Stake systems in crypto are a relatively newer mechanism, compared to Proof of Work. It hasn’t been strictly tested and there are a few security risks identified. Ultimately, the constant forking of a blockchain can lead to instability of the network.
Which Is More Secure - PoW or PoS?
Any system strives to provide a safe environment, free from hacker attacks. That’s especially true if this service is related to money. So, which one is safer, PoW or PoS?
With Proof of Work, the so called “bad actors” are cut because of economic and technological disincentives. If someone wants to program an attack it would be very expensive and certainly not worth it. A hacker would need more money than what he would be able to steal.
A PoS system is cheaper to attack. Therefore, it should be absolutely bulletproof. That’s why the Casper protocol is being created. It will introduce circumstances and strict rules under which a “bad validator” might lose their deposit if the protocol determines that they acted in a way that violated their rules.
As you’ve probably already figured out, both PoW and PoS have their pros and cons. Many cryptographers and computer scientists are working on finding solutions to upgrade those two algorithms.
It’s important to know that:
- PoS and PoW are introduced to prevent cheating;
- Their early development was focused on detecting cyber attacks;
- Solving a complicated cryptographic puzzle and getting rewarded with coins is called Proof of Work (PoW);
- In Proof of Stake (PoS), the network chooses the creator of a new block, based on the amount of coins they posses
- The number of digital currencies never change;
- Proof of Stake is technically an improved version of Proof of Work but it still needs to be optimised.
PoS is cost-effective and environmentally friendly but it has some serious drawbacks when it comes to centralisation and security. PoW, on the other hand, is costly and requires high computing power, however, it’s much safer.
We will have to wait and see how those two algorithms will develop in time.
Hope you enjoyed reading our article. Don’t forget to provide your comments.
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Virtual currencies are highly volatile. Your capital is at risk. | <urn:uuid:ec40d656-d970-4215-8772-d68c4c0a93bf> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://trading-education.com/what-is-the-difference-between-proof-of-work-and-proof-of-stake | 2024-02-27T23:40:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.963605 | 2,314 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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203,
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337,
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88,
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1982,
288,
9905,
18,
203,
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16,
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261,
9380,
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268,
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268,
512,
5578,
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686,
316,
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268,
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337,
437,
292,
5433,
381,
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292,
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360,
586,
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288,
268,
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291,
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261,
11820,
289,
261,
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18,
203,
37,
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4437,
289,
5873,
1428,
316,
268,
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18,
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289,
516,
268,
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18,
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462,
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288,
261,
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261,
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289,
5578,
3586,
516,
658,
268,
887,
18,
203,
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456,
2399,
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292,
716,
16,
268,
2465,
1204,
1664,
4049,
3419,
360,
268,
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289,
268,
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1132,
18,
540,
316,
268,
3065,
289,
268,
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18,
3837,
3094,
316,
292,
2842,
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336,
516,
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292,
268,
2791,
1132,
316,
10220,
5433,
18,
540,
316,
2217,
292,
804,
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268,
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268,
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268,
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18,
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16,
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323,
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291,
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17,
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1753,
356,
11030,
18,
4553,
16,
268,
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268,
2465,
427,
1018,
4164,
726,
286,
734,
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331,
505,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
772,
865,
11361,
6004,
16,
1011,
360,
444,
2070,
4381,
291,
573,
16,
2281,
16,
502,
516,
3705,
268,
1162,
3094,
445,
5892,
2159,
18,
900,
794,
728,
288,
11168,
18,
365,
939,
2921,
858,
11361,
5576,
316,
288,
268,
898,
288,
518,
502,
386,
6309,
381,
291,
6154,
268,
2514,
2843,
289,
6371,
18,
203,
1461,
881,
710,
2029,
5873,
11361,
5576,
356,
268,
960,
2012,
289,
4776,
421,
52,
83,
59,
13,
291,
960,
2012,
289,
343,
3220,
421,
52,
83,
55,
802,
924,
513,
1315,
1454,
341,
292,
11837,
512,
608,
1011,
289,
622,
291,
10439,
622,
18,
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336,
1014,
881,
356,
268,
710,
2029,
3001,
16,
686,
356,
586,
1422,
336,
3953,
659,
352,
1354,
6309,
488,
960,
2012,
289,
343,
3220,
421,
7325,
83,
55,
989,
10868,
265,
488,
1285,
94,
271,
475,
11881,
421,
42,
8847,
13,
291,
512,
18,
203,
10651,
2012,
289,
4776,
421,
52,
83,
59,
13,
203,
52,
83,
59,
5691,
261,
2208,
4129,
30,
383,
2165,
261,
2834,
291,
6722,
261,
6154,
4465,
341,
667,
1111,
4342,
778,
716,
316,
2217,
419,
268,
1029,
265,
18,
365,
855,
1029,
265,
4060,
2496,
532,
1172,
292,
5422,
268,
9429,
3298,
300,
7845,
736,
289,
1011,
2834,
513,
327,
268,
597,
292,
3273,
10586,
352,
261,
926,
289,
6154,
18,
540,
1486,
336,
268,
1029,
332,
288,
261,
2465,
437,
292,
11961,
360,
1011,
586,
16,
1001,
444,
1044,
4342,
778,
1056,
18,
203,
38,
297,
5780,
291,
772,
366,
88,
5780,
87,
1089,
456,
11361,
6004,
292,
5125,
268,
5700,
380,
289,
268,
5873,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
1888,
337,
363,
1214,
360,
5667,
943,
18,
11080,
261,
3660,
2052,
289,
1052,
18,
365,
3898,
316,
3894,
281,
261,
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292,
516,
268,
1052,
18,
365,
597,
650,
462,
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1974,
644,
360,
268,
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268,
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18,
365,
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261,
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289,
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292,
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352,
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289,
268,
586,
1052,
18,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
268,
1162,
360,
268,
960,
2012,
289,
4776,
6004,
18,
203,
1461,
7845,
736,
1373,
372,
88,
1131,
4736,
566,
2359,
261,
1806,
6528,
3160,
18,
540,
316,
2217,
292,
804,
1850,
688,
1029,
265,
513,
437,
363,
4174,
658,
268,
586,
18,
365,
794,
898,
292,
1434,
268,
11281,
289,
8491,
268,
7845,
298,
291,
2657,
268,
10586,
316,
292,
769,
4342,
778,
1056,
18,
540,
16,
352,
337,
788,
698,
16,
316,
3293,
9768,
16,
462,
292,
3540,
1138,
17,
11749,
464,
18,
203,
1461,
7845,
298,
7248,
356,
7627,
1604,
1030,
292,
1288,
268,
2834,
669,
4788,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
268,
7115,
8963,
528,
261,
2834,
4015,
2886,
331,
1474,
3373,
18,
203,
41,
604,
3313,
361,
1563,
528,
1716,
291,
11869,
18,
9595,
59,
316,
462,
363,
8238,
18,
203,
5190,
4565,
16,
456,
1517,
289,
11361,
6004,
2559,
261,
1774,
512,
3924,
1056,
16,
518,
2762,
1029,
332,
18,
5811,
16,
768,
431,
528,
292,
2032,
331,
3666,
830,
327,
1797,
687,
768,
431,
10589,
628,
289,
5854,
18,
203,
44,
396,
6160,
1056,
316,
525,
3293,
5016,
18,
990,
648,
292,
2115,
2757,
261,
2643,
7588,
1916,
518,
331,
5667,
4067,
17,
9046,
689,
316,
1040,
5016,
18,
203,
11375,
512,
2810,
1029,
332,
788,
1071,
636,
6748,
316,
336,
352,
669,
3677,
419,
291,
512,
291,
512,
7146,
8398,
356,
4795,
16,
444,
6154,
1276,
1343,
3293,
7324,
18,
203,
10702,
2205,
362,
644,
16,
960,
2012,
289,
4776,
316,
261,
8963,
360,
261,
939,
3114,
289,
9378,
1908,
5577,
17,
5493,
1968,
18,
553,
372,
87,
261,
3313,
336,
10544,
1134,
7115,
566,
6308,
335,
5626,
465,
761,
348,
1861,
3848,
456,
3925,
291,
5562,
4076,
1754,
268,
898,
2338,
6371,
356,
2217,
18,
203,
10651,
2012,
289,
343,
3220,
421,
52,
83,
55,
13,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
3357,
608,
960,
2012,
289,
343,
3220,
421,
52,
83,
55,
13,
892,
291,
1255,
628,
667,
362,
643,
7695,
427,
9595,
59,
18,
203,
52,
83,
55,
5691,
261,
2208,
4129,
30,
4145,
323,
673,
261,
733,
2834,
4465,
341,
667,
1452,
289,
261,
5695,
261,
959,
5738,
361,
9647,
667,
772,
10586,
502,
1148,
274,
291,
268,
10960,
1722,
289,
268,
5695,
18,
365,
5433,
1721,
1373,
372,
88,
3273,
11254,
18,
4507,
16,
502,
6385,
2465,
9651,
18,
10453,
16,
456,
1517,
289,
892,
316,
1923,
291,
1138,
2632,
16,
352,
2973,
292,
9595,
59,
16,
2281,
16,
502,
356,
1165,
6716,
18,
203,
48,
364,
407,
1888,
337,
363,
1214,
360,
366,
88,
5780,
87,
291,
4479,
465,
1098,
518,
2600,
9595,
55,
18,
829,
337,
437,
261,
1575,
1944,
289,
10586,
288,
424,
2256,
2599,
2642,
16,
337,
513,
525,
327,
1542,
292,
901,
331,
667,
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437,
850,
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18,
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288,
1710,
336,
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268,
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356,
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437,
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18,
540,
513,
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289,
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291,
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18,
203,
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55,
16,
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59,
16,
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372,
87,
462,
608,
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331,
369,
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268,
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203,
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268,
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289,
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55,
35,
203,
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608,
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424,
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261,
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18,
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317,
2226,
4565,
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362,
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372,
88,
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695,
3666,
352,
9595,
59,
1082,
18,
203,
8804,
510,
16,
268,
1797,
268,
5695,
268,
5433,
1721,
437,
421,
481,
268,
917,
502,
437,
850,
362,
1232,
989,
268,
512,
6094,
292,
327,
4568,
286,
644,
331,
538,
1346,
1893,
537,
291,
8042,
9380,
9651,
18,
203,
51,
74,
1911,
16,
686,
356,
1659,
360,
9595,
55,
16,
1118,
268,
1975,
336,
794,
261,
1139,
1730,
289,
689,
650,
1044,
261,
4176,
289,
10586,
19,
278,
79,
614,
375,
327,
268,
5433,
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18,
1121,
16,
456,
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1890,
336,
372,
87,
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291,
430,
579,
1813,
288,
268,
1571,
362,
316,
512,
1792,
292,
1317,
18,
203,
10651,
2012,
289,
343,
3220,
1422,
288,
9429,
356,
261,
4097,
733,
265,
6004,
16,
2973,
292,
960,
2012,
289,
4776,
18,
553,
528,
82,
372,
88,
712,
7020,
325,
5635,
291,
686,
356,
261,
1374,
2141,
2894,
4090,
18,
10453,
16,
268,
3453,
331,
505,
289,
261,
5873,
375,
912,
292,
685,
4658,
289,
268,
2465,
18,
203,
2895,
477,
1358,
2376,
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Survival Tools : Your Comprehensive Guide to Preparedness 2023
Survival Tools – In a world where unforeseen disasters, emergencies, and survival situations can strike at any moment, being prepared is not just an option; it’s a necessity. This comprehensive guide explores the realm of Survival Tools, an essential sub-category of Safety & First Aid. Survival tools are not just gadgets; they are lifelines that empower individuals to overcome challenges, adapt to the unexpected, and ensure their well-being in extreme conditions.
In this extensive article, we will delve into the significance of survival tools, explore the different types available, and provide expert insights on how to choose the right tools for your specific needs. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a prepper, or simply someone who values preparedness, understanding survival tools and having the right ones at your disposal can mean the difference between vulnerability and resilience in critical situations.
Table of Contents
The Significance of Survival Tools
The Significance of Survival Tools goes far beyond mere gadgets; these tools play a pivotal role in ensuring human safety, well-being, and survival in a wide array of challenging circumstances. Their importance cannot be overstated, as they provide individuals with the means to face and overcome adversity with confidence and resilience. Here, we delve deeper into the significance of survival tools:
- Self-Reliance and Empowerment:Survival tools empower individuals to take control of their situations and be self-reliant. In emergencies or when venturing into the great outdoors, the ability to secure shelter, procure food and water, and address medical needs without relying on external assistance is invaluable. This self-sufficiency fosters a sense of empowerment and self-assurance.
- Adaptability Across Environments:One of the remarkable qualities of survival tools is their adaptability to diverse environments. Whether you find yourself lost in the wilderness, facing a sudden urban disaster, or stranded in a remote location, these tools can help you adapt and overcome the unique challenges presented by each setting. They provide a bridge between human capability and environmental demands.
- Enhanced Safety:Safety is a paramount concern in any survival situation, and survival tools contribute significantly to personal safety. They offer the means to navigate safely through unfamiliar terrain, signal for help in distress, administer first aid to injuries, and protect against potential threats from both wildlife and other humans.
- Confidence and Peace of Mind:Possessing the right survival tools instills confidence and peace of mind. Knowing that you are well-prepared for whatever challenges may arise can alleviate anxiety and fear in the face of the unknown. This mental and emotional stability is essential for making rational decisions and taking effective actions during emergencies.
- Preparedness as a Mindset:Survival tools are not just physical items but also a reflection of a preparedness mindset. They symbolize a commitment to readiness and the acknowledgment that being prepared is a responsible and proactive choice. This mindset extends beyond the physical tools to include knowledge, skills, and the willingness to face adversity with resilience.
- Preventing Vulnerability:Without survival tools, individuals can find themselves vulnerable in situations where basic needs are not met. The lack of shelter, fire, clean water, and sustenance can quickly lead to physical and emotional distress. Survival tools help prevent vulnerability by providing the resources needed for sustenance, comfort, and safety.
- Resource Conservation:Survival tools enable resource conservation, especially in situations where resources are scarce or hard to come by. By having the means to purify water, forage for food, and create shelter efficiently, individuals reduce the strain on the environment and maximize their chances of long-term survival.
- Community and Family Well-Being:The significance of survival tools extends to the well-being of communities and families. When individuals are well-prepared and equipped, they can contribute to the safety and security of their loved ones. In times of crisis, these tools can be shared to protect and support a larger group.
In conclusion, the significance of survival tools transcends their physical attributes. They are a testament to human adaptability, self-reliance, and the commitment to be prepared for the unexpected. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a prepper, or simply someone who values personal safety and readiness, survival tools are a vital investment in your well-being. They serve as a lifeline in times of adversity, ensuring that you are not merely a passive victim of circumstance but an empowered individual capable of facing and conquering challenges with resourcefulness and resilience.
Types of Survival Tools
Survival tools encompass a wide range of equipment designed to address specific needs in survival and emergency situations. Here’s an in-depth look at the different types of survival tools:
- Survival Knife: A versatile tool for cutting, chopping, and carving. Look for a quality, full-tang knife with a fixed blade.
- Multi-tool: Combines various functions such as pliers, screwdrivers, and saws in a compact package.
- Folding Saw: Useful for cutting branches and wood for shelter, fire, or signaling.
- Fire Starter: Fire is a survival essential for warmth, cooking, and signaling. Options include fire starters, ferrocerium rods, and waterproof matches.
- Magnesium Fire Starter: Produces hot sparks even in wet conditions.
Navigation and Signaling:
- Compass: Essential for orientation and navigation.
- Signaling Mirror: Use for long-range signaling to attract attention.
- Whistle: A loud whistle can signal for help and deter wildlife.
Shelter and Warmth:
- Tarp: Provides versatile shelter options.
- Emergency Blanket: Reflects body heat and provides insulation.
- Cordage: Strong cordage or paracord for building shelters and securing items.
- Water Filter or Purifier: Removes contaminants from water sources.
- Iodine Tablets: A chemical method for water purification.
First Aid Kit:
- A comprehensive first aid kit containing bandages, antiseptics, pain relievers, and medical tools.
- Fishing Kit: Includes hooks, line, and lures for catching fish.
- Snare Wire: Used for trapping small game.
- Edible Plant Identification Guide: A reference for identifying safe wild plants.
- Headlamp or Flashlight: Essential for nighttime activities and signaling.
Hygiene and Sanitation:
- Portable Toilet: Provides a clean and sanitary means of waste disposal.
- Sanitizing Wipes: Useful for personal hygiene.
- Pepper Spray: Provides self-defense against wildlife or potential threats.
- Multi-purpose Tool: A self-defense tool with additional functions like glass breaking and seatbelt cutting.
- Emergency Radio: A hand-crank or solar-powered radio for receiving emergency broadcasts.
Backpack or Bag:
- A durable and spacious backpack or bag to carry and organize your survival tools.
Choosing the Right Survival Tools
Choosing the Right Survival Tools is a critical step in your journey towards preparedness and self-reliance. The choices you make can greatly impact your ability to navigate challenges and overcome adversity effectively. Here, we extend the discussion on selecting the right survival tools with a focus on essential considerations:
- Needs Assessment and Tailoring:Before acquiring survival tools, perform a thorough needs assessment. Consider the environments you frequent and the potential challenges you may encounter. Are you an outdoor enthusiast, a prepper, or someone preparing for urban emergencies? Tailor your choices to align with your specific needs. Your survival tool kit should reflect the scenarios you are likely to face.
- Quality and Reliability:When it comes to survival tools, prioritize quality and reliability over cost. High-quality tools are more likely to withstand the rigors of challenging conditions and extended use. Look for reputable brands and read reviews from experienced users to ensure you invest in tools that won’t fail when you need them most.
- Multi-functionality:Seek out tools that serve multiple purposes. Multi-tools, for instance, can provide an array of functions in a compact package, reducing the number of items you need to carry. This not only saves space but also simplifies decision-making in the field. A single, well-designed tool with multiple functions can be incredibly versatile.
- Portability and Weight:Consider the portability and weight of your survival tools, especially if you anticipate carrying them for extended periods. Lightweight and compact tools are ideal for backpackers and hikers. For those focused on urban or vehicle-based preparedness, size and weight may be less of a concern.
- Skill and Knowledge:Remember that having the right tools is just the first step. To use them effectively, you need the necessary skills and knowledge. Seek training in the use of survival tools and techniques. Practice using them in controlled environments before relying on them in emergencies. Familiarity and proficiency are key to maximizing the utility of your tools.
- Legal Considerations:Be aware of any legal restrictions or regulations regarding certain tools, especially self-defense items like pepper spray. Familiarize yourself with local and state laws to ensure that you are in compliance when carrying these tools.
- Budget and Value:While quality is essential, also consider your budget. Survival tools are available in various price ranges, and there are often affordable options that provide reliable performance. Balance your budget with the need for quality and functionality to find the best value for your investment.
- Maintenance and Longevity:Regularly maintain and inspect your tools to ensure they remain in good working condition. Clean, oil, and sharpen cutting tools, and replace any worn or damaged components. Quality tools, when well-maintained, can last for many years, providing long-term reliability.
- Redundancy and Backup:For critical tools, consider redundancy. Having backup options can be a lifesaver in emergencies. For example, carry multiple fire-starting methods or navigation tools in case one fails or gets lost. Redundancy enhances your preparedness and reduces the risk of being without essential tools.
- Training and Familiarity:Continuously improve your skills and knowledge. Join survival courses, attend workshops, and participate in outdoor activities to gain hands-on experience. The more familiar you are with your tools and their applications, the better prepared you’ll be to use them effectively.
- Environmental Considerations:Lastly, consider the environmental impact of your tools. Choose eco-friendly options whenever possible and follow Leave No Trace principles to minimize your footprint when using survival tools in natural environments.
In summary, choosing the right survival tools is a multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of your needs, the quality of the tools, their functionality, and your level of skill and knowledge. By approaching this task thoughtfully and strategically, you can build a well-rounded toolkit that enhances your preparedness, empowers your self-reliance, and ensures your readiness to face the unexpected with confidence and resilience.
Conclusion (Approx. 150 words)
Survival Tools are not just items; they are your lifelines in times of adversity. They empower you to navigate challenges, ensure your safety, and secure essential needs. In this comprehensive guide, we’ve explored the significance of survival tools, delved into the various types available, and provided expert insights on how to choose the right tools for your specific needs. Preparedness is a choice, and the right tools can make all the difference when facing the unexpected.
Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a prepper, or simply someone who values self-reliance, remember that being prepared is not a state of fear; it’s a state of readiness. So, choose your survival tools wisely, stay informed, and be ready to face whatever challenges the future may bring. Your safety and resilience depend on it. | <urn:uuid:7799684a-f8cf-4944-9aad-72bcb8a041a2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://trekreadygear.com/survival-tools/ | 2024-02-27T22:43:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.906524 | 2,447 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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In this context, a group of tech-focused companies has announced a draft guide on the licensing of standard-essential patents for use in internet-connected devices. The guide includes six core principles that offer the potential to clarify which behaviours are consistent with 'fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory' (FRAND) licensing. One of the principles touches on issues that arose in recent court proceedings.
Many of the communications technologies we take for granted today were developed as industry-standardised technologies necessary to the operation of the communication services at hand. An example includes the LTE mobile communications standards associated with '4G' connectivity. A patent that protects technology believed to be essential to implementing a standard is termed a standard-essential patent (SEP).
Standards are often developed by businesses working together in collaboration under the auspices of standardisation bodies – commonly groups such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) or the telecommunication standardisation sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T).
Typically, businesses wishing to benefit from working under the framework of groups like ETSI or the ITU-T are obliged to ensure that any patents relating to standardised technologies they obtain are made available to others by way of a licence on FRAND terms.
What constitutes 'FRAND' varies, and often the patent holder and prospective licensees get into significant negotiation, and sometimes dispute, over the terms proposed.
The issue of licensing SEPs is complex and patent holders must be careful to ensure that the demands they make for the licensing of their patents and the way they enforce rights in SEPs against alleged infringers can be squared with competition law. Conversely, prospective licensees must show willingness to licence SEPs on FRAND terms or they will otherwise open themselves up to potential claims of patent infringement and injunctive relief.
A number of courts in Europe have issued rulings which offer some clarity on the approach both SEP holders and prospective licensees should follow to conform to the obligations of FRAND. However, the FRAND system can be opaque and complex and subject to a range of variables that can make it difficult to navigate.
It is one of the reasons that an increasing number of businesses have taken interest in how the system of FRAND will impact them.
It is no longer just telecoms and technology companies that have a keen interest in the licensing of SEPs – the 'internet of things' (IoT) means businesses across multiple sectors are engaged in the topic. As the next generation of innovative new wireless technologies, such as '5G', take shape and offer new possibilities, we will see thousands of new products and services of the future dependent on wireless communications, from manufacturers of autonomous vehicles to developers of digital health devices.
The broadening interest in issues around FRAND is reflected in a recent consultation opened on draft new core principles and approaches for licensing of SEPs.
The principles and approaches that have been proposed have been devised by a diverse group of businesses under the leadership of industry groups and within the framework of standardisation bodies.
This 'CEN Workshop Agreement' (CWA), reflects the consensus of the individuals and organisations responsible for its content. The CWA has been developed under the framework of the European Committee for Standardization European Committee (CEN) and the Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), with support from the German national standards body Deutsches Institut für Normung.
CENELEC is a European regional standards organisation that, together with its sister organisations CEN and ETSI, compose the European standards organisations (ESOs) that are officially recognised by the European Commission and act as a European platform through which European standards are developed. CEN, CENELEC, ETSI are the regional mirror bodies to their international counterparts, i.e. the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the ITU-T respectively.
The working group developing the new principles is jointly chaired by the Fair Standards Alliance (FSA) and The App Association (ACT).
Created in 2015, the FSA is an association that "advocates for an open and collaborative approach to the licensing of SEPs that are needed for the creation of the next generation of wireless technology products". Members range from SMEs to multinationals and include companies such as Volkswagen, BMW, Deutsche Telekom, Intel, Denso and Microsoft. FSA Chairman Robert Pocknell said recently that the FSA is "committed to help build a balanced negotiation environment for SEPs, which is crucial to foster innovation in Europe and beyond".
ACT is a US-based group that acts as the industry voice of the app economy. Its members include a number of US and EU-based businesses, including a health data app developer in Brussels and a Grenobles-based company that uses wireless tags and beacons to deliver indoor geolocation solutions for factories and other workplaces.
The groups behind the draft new principles set out in this CWA have stated their hope that this CWA will:
Its guidance is aimed at "both experienced and inexperienced SEP negotiators", at helping others "to more effectively reach fair agreements" and at better promoting "the goals and interests of industry, standardisation and, ultimately, consumers". Indeed, section 3 of the CWA aims to provide the reader, including those with limited experience in SEP licensing negotiations, with some practical guidance on how to prepare for and approach SEP negotiations.
The breadth of companies represented by the groups that have developed the draft principles is testament to the relevance of FRAND issues to many businesses in the IoT age.
Six core principles have been proposed to "drive FRAND licensing practices and ground them in processes and approaches that facilitate FRAND results".
The principles, among other things, seek to limit the enforcement of SEPs to "exceptional circumstances", ensure "anybody that wants one" can obtain a FRAND licence, and ensure SEPs are only valued on "their own technical merits and scope", and not in relation to "downstream values or uses".
The principles also promote FRAND licensing of SEPs in cases where there is a dispute over the licensing of other patents in a portfolio, and decry "overbroad secrecy arrangements" being mandated in FRAND negotiations.
The principle on secrecy addresses issues that arose in a recent dispute before the courts in London.
Last summer, the High Court considered what information prospective licensees of allegedly standard-essential patents are entitled to access, and what can be legitimately labelled for 'external eyes only' by the patent holder.
'External eyes only' conditions prohibit employees of the prospective licensee viewing the information, and instead mandate that only select third parties such as the prospective licensees' legal advisers can access the information.
Patent holders often seek to impose 'external eyes only' conditions on highly sensitive information they wish to rely on in FRAND negotiations, such as draft licensing terms they propose and examples of existing licensing agreements they already have in place with others.
The proposed new core principle on secrecy states: "Neither party to a FRAND negotiation should seek to force the other party into overbroad secrecy arrangements. Some information, such as patent lists, claim charts identifying relevant products, FRAND licensing terms, aspects of prior licensing history and the like are important to the evaluation of potential FRAND terms, and public availability of those materials can support the public interest in consistent and fair application of FRAND. A patent holder should not seek to exploit its information advantage regarding the patents or prior licenses to interfere with the potential licensee’s ability to effectively negotiate."
This push towards greater transparency was endorsed by the High Court in London in a case between TQ Delta and ZyXEL. Pinsent Masons, the law firm behind Out-Law.com, advised ZyXEL in the dispute.
In a ruling that will be welcomed by new market entrants dabbling in IoT that are not as familiar with the FRAND landscape as incumbent telecoms and technology providers, the High Court considered that 'external eyes only' confidentiality obligations should not be the norm.
Instead, the High Court said two representatives from the prospective licensee ZyXEL should be given access to the documents under a 'confidentiality club agreement'. It said redactions to information "confidential and irrelevant to the dispute" could further be imposed to limit what information is disclosed by patent owners. Only in "certain exceptional cases" will imposing 'external eyes only' conditions be justified, it said.
The core principles drafted are open to feedback until 28 March 2019. In a parallel CEN-CENELEC workshop, proposed by IP Europe and Nokia, a set of alternative views on the subject of the licensing of SEPs is being developed.
It therefore remains to be seen whether the core principles will subsequently evolve and how influential they will be on policy makers, standard-setting bodies and businesses involved in negotiating FRAND licences.
Mark Marfé and David Lancaster are both experts in patent law at Pinsent Masons, the law firm behind Out-Law.com. | <urn:uuid:f2e7e265-0369-4d3b-ad0d-e099077af3fa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uat.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/analysis/internet-of-things-standard-essential-patent-licensing | 2024-02-28T00:34:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.937031 | 1,860 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
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] |
Some form of religion can be found in every country around the world. The Constitution states that there is a separation of state and church in America’s government. Legally, the United States cannot declare a national religion that every citizen would have to follow. The First Amendment right of every citizen of the United States is the ability to follow any religion without fear of persecution from the government. However, many people would still define America as a “Christian nation.” and claim America was built upon Christian values. Steven K. Green debunks this claim in his book “Inventing a Christian America”. Steven Green is Fred H. Paulus Professor of Law and Affiliates Professor of History at Willamette University. At …show more content…
Steven Green states that the impact of religion during the founding of the United States should be looked at in its totality and not in distinct instances. Many people would make many claims that America was created as a nation of Christians and it was built upon Christian values. They would argue that the Constitution and other documents like the Declaration of Independence shows the founding fathers had a lot of religious values influences. This is what has become the base for creating the myth of America being a “Christian Nation”. Green begins this novel by discussing the meaning and use of the word “myth” in his book. In his book the word, “myth” does not take on its negatively connotative meaning of being something that is widely held as true but is not. Instead, “myth” takes on the definition of “a narrative of ostensibly historical events that seeks to infuse those events with greater meaning”. The “Christian Nation” myth that the author is discussing is the myth that Christianity played a very big role in the development of the United States of America’s government. Even though, the Constitution holds almost no type of language that shows that it was created based off religious values held by the founding fathers at the time. Green claims that many scholars try to relate America’s founding to “isolated statements” that made reference to God in order to show the connection between America and Christianity.
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Get Access“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Thomas Jefferson wrote those words to express the emotions of a nation that desired freedom, and to shake the foundation of the British Empire. However, this simple, but eloquent phrase has sparked one of the greatest debates in American history. Is America a Christian nation? One question has divided the nation and its politicians since the founding and forming of America. This fiery debate has sparked more controversy than any other debate in modern politics.
Of the fairly limited amount of books I have read in my lifetime regarding the origins of the country we live in today from a religious standpoint, the vast majority are rife with one scarcely mentioned and not infrequent pitfall of inaccuracy that glares at me as I flip through their pages: they sugarcoat the difficult parts. Any controversy that may mitigate their argument (such as the gruesome altercations between the early colonists and the Native Americans, Benjamin Franklin’s or Thomas Jefferson’s religious stances, or the Americans’ horribly violent recalcitrance against the nation they then considered home) is deceptively changed or mollified in attempt to please readers, or perhaps even more embarrassingly, omitted out of sheer ignorance on the subject. With The Light and the Glory, preacher Peter Marshall and New York publishing house editor David Manuel defy the stereotypes of American Christian authors and unapologetically disregard potential vitriol from their intended audience in the process. After conducting extensive research on the topics they planned to discuss in their book, Marshall and Manuel devised the following thesis for The Light and the Glory: (a) God has, or at least had, a definitive and demanding plan for America, and (b) our continual deviation from this plan is why modern America is so seemingly headed for
Since before the United States was founded, the ideals of Christianity have been integrated into the government in some way, shape, or form. In the early days of the Colonies, Christianity was the centerfold for all government affairs; however, after the constitution was ratified and deemed effective in the United States, the First Amendment was born. The first amendment states that, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances” (source). In the early life of the United States, the
Many Americans, including myself, grew up with the understanding of America as unmistakably Christian, but it is important to evaluate the legal, biblical, and cultural basis of this argument. While the primary way to establish a Christian nation would be through legal means, Hughes asserts that Christianity has not been established in the Constitution or The Declaration of Independence, which are the documents most important to the founding of America. While many Christians argue that there are Christian connections in these texts, these religious references are more accurately attributed to the Deistic beliefs of the founders. Berger’s term of internalization, or the acceptance of societal ideas for personal guidance (Berger 4), can be used to explain the American interpretation of the religious references in the founding documents as Christian. However, the founding of America does appear to have some Christian influences. These influences are due to the founders’ acceptance of the Christian American nomos, Berger’s term for a set of beliefs that governs society (Berger 19). This influence caused them to add the phrase “in God we Trust” to the dollar bill, the biblical image of the red sea in earlier designs of the seal, and an eye at the top of the pyramid on the seal of the dollar bill in order to symbolize the providence that protects the nation.
Most people believe that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. After all, our money is emblazoned with “In God We Trust,” our Pledge of Allegiance declares that we are “one nation under God,” and in court we swear to “tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.” It’s true that the Founders were heavily influenced by Christian ideals. And while the U.S. Constitution prohibits any religious test or requirement for public office, the majority of U.S. presidents have been openly Christian. Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, two of our most famous presidents, however had no formal religious affiliations. Jefferson shunned orthodox Christianity at an early age and cut and pasted together a condensed version of the New Testament, removing most miracles and all references to Jesus’s divinity. He did, however, continue to believe in God as a precise, impersonal creator of the universe and its laws. Lincoln, on the other hand, spoke frequently of God during his presidency but never formally joined a church. Today, academics remain uncertain about whether or not he was a Christian as some aspects of his faith remain a mystery.
In American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation, Jon Meacham explores the dynamic relationship between religion and government in America in the hope that contemporary America can learn from the past. The period covered by the book spans from 1620 until Reagan’s presidency in the late 1980s. However, Meacham focuses on the Founding Fathers stances and their continued impact on American politics. More specifically, the book details the conflict over the separation of private religious expression and the more neutral ‘public religion’.
Have you ever wondered why people in the American society think any kind of demonstrated behavior is acceptable? The Christian views once instilled in United States citizens have grown sparse today, in comparison to what they once were. Opinions of many people have changed concerning multiple issues. Many founding views were centered on Godly principles as portrayed in the U.S. Constitution, and as well as the Declaration of Independence. As society continues to argue over the inclusion of religion in politics, members of society reap the effects in many areas, particularly in the education system. I strongly agree that the United States was founded as a Christian nation.
America today is permeated with natural law. Our founders were subscribers to natural law and believed that man’s inner morality can lead to sustaining a civil society. The forefathers of America were from different denominations that ranged from Presbyterian to Catholism. Some were even Deists. Even though their denominations varied, they all united under the idea that their Creator was the source of their reason (Levin 2009, 26). The result of these beliefs produced a religious liberty throughout the country. That liberty still stands today. Natural law, contrary to the thoughts of its non-supporters, does not make a country into a theocracy. Since God’s laws are universal, the creed of a person does not change the fact that they entitled to their God-given rights. The founders were extremely foresighted because they acknowledged that liberty is inseparable from religious liberty (Levin 2009, 29). Another example of how natural law is in America’s founding is the right for citizens to disobey man-made laws that tyrannical in nature. All laws that are not given by the consent of the governed have the potential to be overthrown. America’s Declaration of Independence even says that the people should go as far as overthrowing the government if it becomes too powerful (Levin
Evidence throughout American history confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically, it will examine: 1) Major events impacting traditional religious beliefs in America, 2) Religious disputes which impacted land development, and 3) The impact religion had on slavery.
However, in the United States, the power of technology and science has made our society not to be regarded as religious or spiritual. Our society’s religious beliefs can be looked at as very odd. With the separation of church and state in America, the country actually questions itself whether it to be religious or not. All the while, other theocratic countries regimes believe that America is a godless country. I do not support what other countries think of America’s religious stand points. Yes, America was raised on Christian principles, but with the freedom of religion, individuals or communities, can manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. Many countries don’t have this particular freedom. Therefore, America is a country that is allowed to practice many faiths and does not have one set faith for the entire country.
Evidence throughout American history, confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically, it will examine: 1) Major events impacting traditional religious beliefs in America, 2) Religious disputes which impacted land development, and 3) The impact religion had on slavery.
Was America founded as a Christian nation? This is a controversial topic for all Americans. There are a lot of sayings and supports for both sides of understanding. However, as for myself, I do not believe the United States has a Christian foundation. The reasons why I am not on the side of support are the words of former Presidents and Founding Fathers, requirements in US policies, and deductive reasoning from the past.
“…one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” And so finishes the Pledge of Allegiance for the United States of America. Whether or not a person would wish to identify our nation as a Christian one, there is certainly no doubt that the very oath that binds a person into serving it includes serving God. As it follows, many of our laws are centered around our understanding of the Bible, and the morality that can be gleaned from it. Even in our modern time, where the lines are becoming more and more blurred, eighty-three percent of Americans still identify themselves as Christian. A common national ideology is that our country has a favored nation status with God; thus it is our responsibility to ‘sow the
Religion in America has helped change and design the American landscape into a unique cultural experience. Early colonists came to America to avoid religious persecution. Many European countries had official religions. Those that wished to practice a religion other than the official religion were persecuted. The New World offered a place of religious freedom for people such as the Pilgrims. Our founding fathers included an amendment to the constitution that separated church and state. The First Amendment states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." The concept of separating church and state is often credited to the | <urn:uuid:5be8b062-06a2-4426-a0fc-c2dc85cca310> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Inventing-A-Christian-America-By-Steven-K-F39A5UVK6Y3W | 2024-02-27T22:52:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.967631 | 2,796 | 2.96875 | 3 | [
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Abuse is a complex psychosocial problem that affects large numbers of adults as well as children throughout the world. It is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, the fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) under the heading of “Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention.” Although abuse was initially defined with regard to children when it first received sustained attention in the 1950s, clinicians and researchers now recognize that adults can suffer abuse under a number of different circumstances. Abuse refers to harmful or injurious treatment of another human being that may include physical, sexual, verbal, psychological/emotional, intellectual, or spiritual maltreatment. Abuse may coexist with neglect, which is defined as failure to meet a dependent person’s basic physical and medical needs, emotional deprivation, and/or desertion. Neglect is sometimes described as passive abuse.
The costs of abuse to society run into billions of dollars annually in the United States alone. They include not only the direct costs of immediate medical and psychiatric treatment of abused people but also the indirect costs of learning difficulties, interrupted education, workplace absenteeism, and long-term health problems of abuse survivors.
Physical abuse refers to striking or beating another person with the hands or an object, but may include assault with a knife, gun, or other weapon. Physical abuse also includes such behaviors as locking someone in a closet or other small space, depriving someone of sleep, and burning, gagging, or tying someone up. Physical abuse of infants or children may include shaking them, dropping them on the floor, or throwing them against the wall or other hard object.
Sexual abuse refers to inappropriate sexual contact between a child or adult and a person who has some kind of family or professional authority over that child or adult. Sexual abuse may include verbal remarks, fondling or kissing, or attempted or completed intercourse. Sexual contact between a child and a biological relative is known as incest, although some therapists extend the term to cover sexual contact between a child and any trusted caregiver, including relatives by marriage. Girls are more likely than boys to be abused sexually. According to a conservative estimate, 38% of girls and 16% of boys are sexually abused before their eighteenth birthday.
Verbal abuse refers to regular and consistent belittling, name-calling, labeling, or ridicule of a person. It may also include spoken threats. It is one of the most difficult forms of abuse to prove because it does not leave physical scars or other evidence, but it is nonetheless hurtful. Verbal abuse may occur in schools or workplaces as well as in families.
Emotional/psychological abuse covers a variety of behaviors that hurt or injure others even though no physical contact may be involved. In fact, emotional abuse is a stronger predictor than physical abuse of the likelihood of suicide attempts in later life. One form of emotional abuse involves the destruction of someone’s pet or valued possession in order to cause pain. Another abusive behavior is emotional blackmail, such as threatening to commit suicide unless the other person does what is wanted. Other behaviors in this category include the silent treatment, shaming or humiliating people in front of others, or punishing them for receiving an award or honor.
Intellectual/spiritual abuse refers to such behaviors as punishing people for having different intellectual interests or religious beliefs from others in the family, preventing them from attending worship services, ridiculing their opinions, and the like.
Child abuse first attracted national attention in the United States in the 1950s, when a Denver pediatrician named C. Henry Kempe began publishing his findings regarding x-ray evidence of intentional injuries to small children. Kempe’s research was followed by numerous investigations of other signs of child abuse and neglect, including learning disorders, malnutrition, failure to thrive, conduct disorders, emotional retardation, and sexually transmitted diseases in very young children.
Experts believe that child abuse in the United States is still significantly underreported. In 2004, there were an estimated 1,490 child deaths from abuse or neglect in the United States, indicating a rate of two children for every 100,000 in the population. In recent years, the rate of maltreatment and child abuse appears to have decreased and was reported in 2004 to be 11.9 children for every thousand in the United States. The forms of abuse included neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional or psychological abuse. Of the children who survive abuse, an estimated 20% have permanent physical injury. Children with birth defects, developmental delays, or chronic illnesses are at higher risk of being abused by parents or other caregivers.
The women’s movement of the 1970s led not only to greater recognition of domestic violence and other forms of abuse of adults, but also to research into the factors in the wider society that perpetuate abusive attitudes and behaviors. Women are more likely than men to be the targets of abuse in adult life, and one in four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime.
Domestic violence refers to the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of a spouse or domestic partner. Early research into the problem of wife battering focused on middleclass couples, but it has since been recognized that spouse abuse occurs among couples of any socioeconomic status. In addition, domestic violence also occurs among gay and lesbian couples. It is estimated that four million women in the United States are involved in abusive marriages or relationships;moreover, a significant percentage of female murder victims are killed by their spouses or partners rather than by strangers.
Domestic violence illustrates the tendency of abusive people to attack anyone they perceive as vulnerable: most men who batter women also abuse their children; some battered women abuse their children; and abusive humans are frequently cruel to animals.
Elder abuse has also become a subject of national concern in the last two decades. As older adults live longer, many become dependent for years on adult caregivers, who may be either their own adult children or nursing home personnel. Care of the elderly can be extremely stressful, especially if the older adult has dementia. Elder abuse may include physical hitting or slapping; withholding food or medications; tying them to a chair or bed; neglecting to bathe them or help them to the toilet; taking their personal possessions, including money or property; and restricting or cutting off their contacts with friends and relatives.
Abusive professional relationships
Adults can also be abused by sexually exploitative doctors, therapists, clergy, and other helping professionals. Although instances of this type of abuse were dismissed prior to the 1980s as consensual participation in sexual activity, most professionals now recognize that these cases actually reflect the practitioner’s abuse of social and educational power. About 85% of sexual abuse cases in the professions involve male practitioners and female clients; another 12% involve male practitioners and male clients; and the remaining 3% involve female practitioners and either male or female clients. Ironically, many of these abusive relationships hurt women who sought professional help in order to deal with the effects of childhood abuse.
Stalking, or the repeated pursuit or surveillance of another person by physical or electronic means, is now defined as a crime in all 50 states. Many cases of stalking are extensions of domestic violence, in that the stalker (usually a male) attempts to track down a wife or girlfriend who left him. However, stalkers may also be casual acquaintances, workplace colleagues, or even total strangers. Stalking may include a number of abusive behaviors, including forced entry into a person’s home, destruction of cars or other personal property, anonymous letters to a person’s friends or employer, or repeated phone calls, letters, or e-mails. About 80% of stalking cases reported to police involve men stalking women.
Workplace bullying is, like stalking, increasingly recognized as interpersonal abuse. It should not be confused with sexual harassment or racial discrimination. Workplace bullying refers to verbal abuse of other workers, interfering with their work, withholding equipment or other resources they need to do their job, or invading their personal space, including touching them in a controlling manner. Half of all work-place bullies are women, and the majority (81%) are bosses or supervisors.
The causes of interpersonal abuse are complex and overlapping. Some of the most important factors are:
- early learning experiences: This factor is sometimes described as the “life cycle” of abuse. Many abusive parents were themselves abused as children and have learned to see hurtful behavior as normal childrearing. At the other end of the life cycle, some adults who abuse their elderly parent are paying back the parent for abusing them in their early years.
- ignorance of developmental timetables: Some parents have unrealistic expectations of children in terms of the appropriate age for toilet training, feeding themselves, and similar milestones; they may attack their children for not meeting these expectations.
- economic stress: Many caregivers cannot afford part-time day care for children or dependent elderly parents, which would relieve some of their emotional strain. Even middle-class families can be financially stressed if they find themselves responsible for the costs of caring for elderly parents before their own children are financially independent.
- lack of social support or social resources: Caregivers who have the support of an extended family, religious group, or close friends and neighbors are less likely to lose their self-control under stress.
- substance abuse: Alcohol and mood-altering drugs do not cause abuse directly, but they weaken or remove a person’s inhibitions against violence toward others. In addition, the cost of a drug habit often gives a person with a substance addiction another reason for resenting the needs of the dependent person. A majority of workplace bullies are substance addicts.
- mental disorders: Depression, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and anxiety disorders can all affect parents’ ability to care for their children appropriately. A small percentage of abusive parents or spouses are psychotic.
- belief systems: Many men still think that they have a “right” to a relationship with a woman; and many people regard parents’ rights over children as absolute.
- the role of bystanders: Research in the social sciences has shown that one factor that encourages abusers to continue their hurtful behavior is discovering that people who know about or suspect the abuse are reluctant to get involved. In most cases, bystanders are afraid of possible physical, social, or legal consequences for reporting abuse. The result, however, is that many abusers come to see themselves as invulnerable.
Abuse affects all dimensions of human development and existence.
Physical and neurobiological
In addition to such direct results of trauma as broken bones or ruptured internal organs, physically abused children often display retarded physical growth and poor coordination. Malnutrition may slow the development of the brain as well as produce such dietary deficiency diseases as rickets. In both children and adults, repeated trauma produces changes in the neuro-chemistry of the brain that affect memory formation. Instead of memories being formed in the normal way, which allows them to be modified by later experiences and integrated into a person’s ongoing life, traumatic memories are stored as chaotic fragments of emotion and sensation that are sealed off from ordinary consciousness. These traumatic memories may then erupt from time to time in the form of flashbacks.
Cognitive and emotional
Abused children develop distorted patterns of cognition (knowing) because they are stressed emotionally by abuse. As adults, they may experience cognitive distortions that make it hard for them to distinguish between normal occurrences and abnormal ones, or between important matters and relatively trivial ones. They often misinterpret other people’s behavior and refuse to trust them. Emotional distortions include such patterns as being unable to handle strong feelings, or being unusually tolerant of behavior from others that most people would protest.
Social and educational
The cognitive and emotional aftereffects of abuse have a powerful impact on adult educational, social, and occupational functioning. Children who are abused are often in physical and emotional pain at school; they cannot concentrate on schoolwork, and consequently fall behind in their grades. They often find it hard to make or keep friends, and may be victimized by bullies or become bullies themselves. In adult life, abuse survivors are at risk of repeating childhood patterns through forming relationships with abusive spouses, employers, or professionals. Even though survivors may consciously want to avoid further abuse, they are often unconsciously attracted to people who remind them of their family of origin. Abused adults are also likely to fail to complete their educations, or they accept employment that is significantly below their actual level of ability.
Treatment of the aftereffects of abuse must be tailored to the needs of the specific individual, but usually involves a variety of long-term considerations that may include legal concerns, geographical relocation, and housing or employment as well as immediate medical or psychiatric care.
Medical and psychiatric
In addition to requiring immediate treatment for physical injuries, abused children and adults often need long-term psychotherapy in order to recover from specific mental disorders and to learn new ways of dealing with distorted thoughts and feelings. This approach to therapy is known as cognitive restructuring. Specific mental disorders that have been linked to childhood abuse include major depression, bulimia nervosa, social phobia, Munchausen syndrome by proxy, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder. Abused adults may develop post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, or substance abuse disorders. At present, researchers are focusing on genetic factors as a partial explanation of the fact that some people appear to react more intensely than others to being abused.
Cognitive restructuring —An approach to psychotherapy that focuses on helping patients examine distorted patterns of perceiving and thinking in order to change their emotional responses to people and situations.
Dementia —A group of symptoms (syndrome) associated with a progressive loss of memory and other intellectual functions that is serious enough to interfere with a person’s ability to perform the tasks of daily life. Dementia impairs memory, alters personality, leads to deterioration in personal grooming, impairs reasoning ability, and causes disorientation.
Flashback —The reemergence of a traumatic memory as a vivid recollection of sounds, images, and sensations associated with the trauma. Those having the flashbacks typically feel as if they are reliving the event.
Incest —Unlawful sexual contact between people who are biologically related. Many therapists, however, use the term to refer to inappropriate sexual contact between any members of a family, including stepparents and stepsiblings.
Stalking —The intentional pursuit or surveillance of another person, usually with the intent of forcing that person into a dating or marriage relationship. Stalking is now punishable as a crime in all 50 states.
Medical professionals and, increasingly, religious professionals, are required by law to report child abuse to law enforcement officials, usually a child protection agency. Physicians are granted immunity from lawsuits for making such reports.
Adults in abusive situations may encounter a variety of responses from law enforcement or the criminal justice system. In general, cases of spouse abuse, stalking, and sexual abuse by professionals are taken more seriously than they were two or three decades ago. Many communities now require police officers to arrest aggressors in domestic violence situations, and a growing number of small towns as well as cities have shelters for family members fleeing violent households. All major medical, educational, and legal professional societies, as well as mainstream religious bodies, have adopted strict codes of ethics, and have procedures in place for reporting cases of abuse by their members.
Prevention of abuse requires long-term social changes in attitudes toward violence, gender roles, and the relationship of the family to other institutions. Research in the structure and function of the brain may help to develop more effective treatments for the aftereffects of abuse and possibly new approaches to help break the intergenerational cycle of abuse. At present, preventive measures include protective removal of children or elders from abusive households, legal penalties for abusive spouses and professionals, and education of the public about the nature and causes of abuse.
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National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. 1120 Lincoln Street, Suite 1603, Denver, CO, 80203, Telephone: (303) 839-1852, Fax: (303) 831-9251, TTY: (303) 839-1681. <http://www.ncadv.org>.
National Institute of Mental Health. 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 8184, MSC 9663, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663. Telephone: (301) 443-4513. <http://www.nimh.nih.gov>.
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Rebecca Frey, PhD
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2176,
800,
289,
7484,
2080,
7337,
16,
268,
8713,
10118,
16,
2631,
1658,
1446,
421,
7368,
49,
17,
4533,
17,
56,
54,
13,
1064,
268,
1747,
281,
289,
538,
51,
411,
9224,
1158,
2015,
2924,
1367,
261,
10014,
289,
10902,
1545,
1926,
1053,
2696,
5150,
454,
7623,
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360,
2521,
292,
1024,
649,
362,
855,
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10941,
2383,
288,
268,
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1315,
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336,
3351,
375,
5071,
5150,
1064,
261,
1289,
289,
865,
5523,
18,
2605,
2013,
4080,
292,
4121,
361,
2059,
324,
702,
1412,
289,
1515,
1195,
1018,
336,
602,
1226,
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16,
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16,
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16,
5468,
19,
539,
8639,
16,
7405,
16,
361,
4678,
3733,
956,
367,
18,
2605,
2013,
602,
742,
1389,
588,
360,
2017,
6390,
16,
518,
316,
4486,
352,
4396,
292,
2148,
261,
7575,
959,
372,
87,
2900,
1646,
291,
1804,
1470,
16,
3167,
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406,
318,
16,
291,
19,
283,
697,
265,
328,
18,
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316,
2903,
4168,
352,
11344,
5150,
18,
203,
1461,
2762,
289,
5150,
292,
2429,
1673,
636,
5665,
806,
289,
7938,
9354,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
3773,
18,
900,
1226,
462,
794,
268,
1938,
2762,
289,
5572,
1804,
291,
10657,
1179,
1412,
289,
459,
3950,
689,
566,
525,
268,
8608,
2762,
289,
1217,
6644,
16,
630,
2666,
691,
1637,
16,
6404,
1996,
302,
1512,
997,
16,
291,
917,
17,
950,
661,
1626,
289,
5150,
10765,
753,
18,
203,
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466,
5150,
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292,
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361,
327,
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360,
268,
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363,
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16,
566,
602,
1226,
780,
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360,
261,
5304,
812,
16,
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16,
361,
586,
11829,
18,
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5150,
525,
2356,
659,
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352,
980,
505,
2711,
288,
261,
3044,
364,
361,
586,
1139,
1846,
16,
10236,
1159,
2711,
289,
1954,
16,
291,
6861,
16,
319,
484,
1893,
16,
361,
10900,
281,
2711,
644,
18,
7145,
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289,
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361,
1024,
602,
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16,
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268,
5324,
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361,
264,
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268,
3132,
361,
586,
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18,
203,
55,
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800,
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292,
288,
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261,
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291,
261,
959,
650,
528,
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2066,
289,
1588,
361,
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361,
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18,
343,
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800,
5150,
602,
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16,
284,
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361,
520,
846,
281,
16,
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361,
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630,
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261,
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316,
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352,
490,
443,
16,
3781,
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2140,
978,
7012,
268,
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292,
1955,
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261,
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291,
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327,
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9,
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291,
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444,
303,
396,
7314,
3475,
1286,
18,
203,
58,
265,
3639,
5150,
4080,
292,
1998,
291,
4788,
1004,
297,
88,
1667,
16,
1932,
17,
71,
453,
281,
16,
2550,
5031,
16,
361,
6978,
300,
1984,
289,
261,
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18,
553,
602,
525,
1226,
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5141,
18,
553,
316,
597,
289,
268,
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292,
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362,
1082,
462,
3756,
1646,
646,
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361,
586,
2495,
16,
566,
362,
316,
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6088,
9839,
703,
18,
7932,
3639,
5150,
602,
1595,
288,
2823,
361,
716,
476,
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352,
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352,
288,
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18,
203,
41,
81,
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355,
1496,
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289,
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336,
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361,
2059,
469,
1548,
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1417,
688,
1646,
2624,
602,
327,
2729,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
3167,
5150,
316,
261,
6551,
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441,
687,
1646,
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289,
268,
8153,
289,
9909,
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288,
2135,
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18,
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289,
3167,
5150,
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268,
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289,
2711,
372,
87,
3561,
361,
11378,
1148,
1436,
288,
1544,
292,
1342,
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18,
3013,
459,
4196,
2197,
316,
3167,
2541,
81,
726,
16,
659,
352,
2456,
1981,
292,
2707,
9909,
6774,
268,
586,
959,
1082,
768,
316,
5171,
18,
3117,
4871,
288,
456,
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1226,
268,
3124,
302,
1412,
16,
422,
6733,
361,
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8823,
673,
689,
288,
3775,
289,
1548,
16,
361,
6483,
2793,
622,
331,
6722,
363,
7433,
361,
7856,
18,
203,
2983,
88,
5647,
1924,
19,
2685,
338,
297,
800,
5150,
4080,
292,
659,
4871,
352,
6483,
2793,
689,
331,
2054,
865,
7405,
5015,
361,
3849,
5787,
427,
1548,
288,
268,
1588,
16,
4888,
622,
427,
11890,
8945,
1915,
16,
6978,
300,
346,
281,
444,
8415,
16,
291,
268,
730,
18,
203,
5139,
585,
5150,
855,
11496,
2511,
2383,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
288,
268,
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87,
16,
649,
261,
8720,
357,
10659,
779,
4502,
351,
18,
7712,
696,
539,
3564,
3035,
1086,
2793,
615,
4224,
4353,
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17,
6802,
2495,
289,
4737,
1556,
4691,
292,
1139,
1024,
18,
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539,
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372,
87,
922,
454,
4138,
419,
3682,
3248,
500,
289,
586,
3085,
289,
739,
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291,
2017,
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16,
1118,
1217,
3741,
16,
3733,
82,
1345,
564,
16,
4396,
292,
6103,
16,
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485,
318,
16,
291,
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288,
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2129,
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18,
203,
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340,
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336,
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288,
268,
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267,
2120,
286,
18,
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16,
686,
664,
363,
5058,
433,
16,
24,
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6068,
427,
5150,
361,
2017,
6390,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
16,
10353,
261,
2288,
289,
881,
1024,
331,
953,
2881,
16,
1347,
288,
268,
2196,
18,
450,
2650,
935,
16,
268,
2288,
289,
3733,
956,
367,
291,
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292,
437,
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291,
454,
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327,
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18,
29,
1024,
331,
953,
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288,
268,
1855,
2023,
18,
365,
2779,
289,
5150,
3380,
2017,
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16,
1646,
5150,
16,
4547,
5150,
16,
291,
3167,
361,
5468,
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18,
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268,
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16,
363,
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18,
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16,
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16,
361,
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356,
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289,
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586,
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18,
203,
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289,
268,
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462,
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292,
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289,
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291,
586,
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289,
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289,
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16,
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292,
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292,
327,
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288,
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16,
291,
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1958,
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288,
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203,
40,
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292,
268,
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30,
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268,
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Are you interested in learning the basics of 3D printing? In this article, we will guide you through 13 steps that will help you get started on your 3D printing journey.
You’ll discover how to:
– Choose the right printer
– Explore different printing processes
– Select suitable materials
– Design 3D models using CAD software
We’ll also cover:
– Post-processing techniques
– Troubleshooting common issues
– Provide advanced tips and tricks
Get ready to expand your skills and knowledge in the exciting world of 3D printing!
Step 1: Understanding the Basics of 3D Printing
To get started with 3D printing, you need to understand the basics, such as how a 3D printer creates objects layer by layer. Understanding the technology is crucial to ensure successful prints.
One important aspect is choosing the right filament. Filament is the material used by the printer to build the object. There are different types of filaments available, such as PLA and PET-G. PLA is beginner-friendly and cost-effective, while PET-G is suitable for industries like engineering.
Safety precautions are also essential when working with 3D printers. It is important to follow manufacturer instructions, wear protective gear like gloves and goggles, and ensure proper ventilation in the printing area.
Step 2: Choosing the Right 3D Printer
When choosing the right 3D printer for you, consider factors like your budget, desired print quality, and the materials you plan to use.
Budget considerations play a major role in determining which printer is suitable for you. There are various printer specifications to keep in mind, such as the build volume, resolution, and print speed. It’s important to choose a printer that meets your specific needs.
Additionally, user-friendly options are essential, especially for beginners. Look for printers with intuitive interfaces and easy-to-use software. Some printers even come with pre-calibrated settings to simplify the printing process.
Step 3: Exploring Different 3D Printing Processes
Considerations for choosing the right 3D printer include budget, desired print quality, and the materials you plan to use.
When exploring different 3D printing processes, it’s important to compare FDM and SLA printing, understand the benefits of SLS printing, and be aware of the limitations of LOM printing.
FDM printing, also known as fused deposition modeling, uses melted plastic to create objects layer by layer. It is affordable and versatile, making it suitable for beginners.
SLA printing, or stereolithography, uses a laser to solidify liquid resin, resulting in high-quality prints with intricate details.
SLS printing, or selective laser sintering, cures powdered material with a laser, allowing for a wide range of materials and complex parts.
LOM printing, or laminated object manufacturing, involves cutting slices of the 3D model and gluing them together, making it best for large parts but with limitations in precision.
Consider your specific needs and requirements when choosing the right 3D printing process for your project.
Step 4: Selecting the Suitable Materials for 3D Printing
Now, let’s discuss how you can select the suitable materials for 3D printing.
When choosing materials for 3D printing, there are several factors to consider.
First, consider the properties you want in your final object, such as strength, flexibility, or heat resistance. Different materials have different properties, so choose accordingly.
Popular materials for 3D printing include PLA, ABS, PETG, and nylon. PLA is easy to print with and biodegradable, while ABS is known for its strength and durability. PETG is beginner-friendly and suitable for engineering applications.
Additionally, advancements in 3D printing materials are constantly being made, with new materials being developed that offer improved properties and performance. It’s important to stay updated on these advancements to take advantage of the latest materials for your 3D printing projects.
Step 5: Designing 3D Models With CAD Software
To design 3D models with CAD software, you’ll need to familiarize yourself with the different tools and features available. CAD software features include the ability to create complex shapes, manipulate objects, and apply various textures and materials to your designs. Additionally, CAD software allows you to perform precise measurements and calculations, ensuring accuracy in your 3D models.
When it comes to designing software comparison, there are several options to choose from, such as Tinkercad, SolidWorks, and Autodesk Fusion 360. Each software has its own unique set of features and capabilities.
To master 3D modeling techniques, you’ll need to practice using the different tools and experimenting with different design approaches. With time and practice, you’ll become more proficient in creating detailed and realistic 3D models using CAD software.
Step 6: Preparing the 3D Model for Printing
Once you have finished designing your 3D model using CAD software, the next step is to prepare it for printing.
This involves optimizing print settings, preparing support structures, and choosing the right infill pattern.
Optimizing print settings involves adjusting parameters such as layer height, print speed, and temperature to ensure the best quality and accuracy of your print.
Preparing support structures is important for complex or overhanging parts of your model that may need additional support during the printing process. These structures can be easily removed once the print is complete.
Lastly, choosing the right infill pattern determines the internal structure of your model, affecting its strength and material usage. Common infill patterns include honeycomb, grid, and triangles.
Step 7: Setting Up the 3D Printer
Before starting the 3D printing process, make sure you have properly set up your printer. Calibrate the build plate, load the filament, and ensure the printer is connected to the computer or the file is stored on an SD card. Setting up the printer correctly is crucial for optimal performance.
Start by calibrating the build plate to ensure that the first layer adheres properly. This will prevent issues such as warping or poor bed adhesion.
Next, load the filament into the printer according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Make sure the filament is feeding smoothly and evenly to avoid any clogs or extrusion problems.
Finally, check that your printer is connected to the computer or that the file is stored on an SD card. Troubleshoot any connection issues before proceeding with the printing process.
Taking the time to set up your printer correctly will help ensure successful prints and minimize frustration.
Step 8: Adjusting Printing Parameters for Desired Results
Make sure you adjust the printing parameters on your 3D printer to achieve the desired results for your object. Optimizing print settings and fine-tuning print parameters are crucial steps in achieving the desired print quality.
By adjusting parameters such as layer height, print speed, and temperature, you can optimize the printing process for your specific object and material. For example, reducing the layer height can result in smoother and more detailed prints, while adjusting the print speed can help prevent issues like stringing or warping. Additionally, controlling the temperature can ensure proper material flow and adhesion.
Experimenting with different settings and making small adjustments can make a big difference in the final quality of your 3D prints.
Step 9: Printing the First Prototype
Now that you have adjusted the printing parameters, it’s time to move on to the next step: printing the first prototype. This is an exciting moment because you will finally see your design come to life.
Printing the first prototype using a 3D printer offers numerous benefits, especially when it comes to rapid prototyping. You can quickly iterate on your design, making adjustments and improvements as you go. This saves time and money compared to traditional manufacturing methods.
However, there are common mistakes to avoid in 3D printing to ensure high-quality prints. One important tip is to properly calibrate your printer before starting the print. This includes leveling the bed, checking filament tension, and ensuring the nozzle is clean.
Additionally, paying attention to the layer height and print speed can greatly impact the quality of your prints. Experimenting with these settings can help you achieve the desired level of detail and accuracy.
Step 10: Post-Processing and Finishing Techniques
After printing the first prototype, it is important to focus on post-processing and finishing techniques to enhance the final appearance and functionality of the 3D printed object.
Post-processing techniques involve various methods to improve the surface finish and overall quality of the print. One common technique is smoothing, which involves using sandpaper or abrasive materials to remove layer lines and imperfections.
Additionally, surface finishing techniques such as painting, polishing, or applying a protective coating can give the object a professional and polished look.
These techniques not only improve the aesthetics of the print but can also enhance its functionality by ensuring smooth and precise movements of moving parts.
Step 11: Troubleshooting Common 3D Printing Issues
To troubleshoot common issues with your 3D prints, you can start by checking the filament feed and ensuring it is properly loaded and extruding smoothly.
Common 3D printing issues can include filament jams, under-extrusion, and poor adhesion to the print bed.
If you’re experiencing a filament jam, try unclogging the nozzle by heating it up and manually removing any obstructions.
Under-extrusion can be caused by a partial clog or incorrect temperature settings, so make sure the filament is flowing properly and adjust the temperature if needed.
Poor adhesion to the print bed can be improved by cleaning the bed surface and using adhesive aids like glue or tape.
Troubleshooting techniques like these can help you identify and resolve common 3D printing issues, ensuring successful and high-quality prints.
Step 12: Advanced Tips and Tricks for 3D Printing
For advanced users, it’s important to fine-tune print settings such as layer height, infill density, and print speed to achieve optimal results.
By utilizing advanced slicing techniques and optimizing print settings, you can take your 3D printing to the next level.
Adjusting the layer height can have a significant impact on the overall quality and detail of your prints.
Experimenting with different infill densities can help balance strength and material usage.
Additionally, adjusting the print speed can affect print quality and completion time.
When troubleshooting complex prints, consider adjusting these settings to address specific issues such as stringing, warping, or poor adhesion.
With advanced knowledge of print settings and slicing techniques, you can unlock the full potential of your 3D printer and achieve exceptional results.
Step 13: Expanding Your 3D Printing Skills and Knowledge
As you continue to explore the world of 3D printing, expanding your skills and knowledge will allow you to tackle more complex projects and push the boundaries of what you can create. By exploring advanced techniques, materials, and applications, you can unlock new possibilities in 3D printing.
There are constant innovations in 3D printing, with emerging technologies and future possibilities that can revolutionize the field. From new materials with unique properties to improved printing processes, staying up-to-date with the latest advancements can greatly enhance your abilities.
Of course, 3D printing also comes with its challenges, but by developing problem-solving and optimization strategies, you can overcome these obstacles and achieve better results. So, don’t be afraid to dive deeper into the world of 3D printing and expand your skills and knowledge to unlock endless creative opportunities. | <urn:uuid:b5e88001-42ba-4ced-8c1e-6c1b157f6bd6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.makergeeks.com/3d-printing-basics-13-steps-for-beginners/ | 2024-02-28T00:14:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.913759 | 2,399 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
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Health Assessment. Regardless of the practice context, the ability to assess the patient is one of the most crucial skills of the nurse. Eliciting a comprehensive health history and employing proper assessment skills are crucial in all contexts where nurses interact with patients and deliver treatment to uncover physical and psychological problems and concerns. Patient assessment is required as the first phase in the nursing process in order to acquire data that will allow the nurse to develop a nursing diagnosis, identify and implement nursing treatments, and evaluate their success.
The Role of the Nurse in Assessment
The nurse’s role in health assessment includes gathering the patient’s medical history and conducting a physical examination. This function can be performed in a variety of locations, including acute care, clinics or outpatient offices, schools, long-term care facilities, and private residences. Nurses employ a growing number of nursing diagnoses to identify and categorize patient problems that they have the knowledge, skills, and authority to treat on their own. By initially acquiring a health history and physical examination, all members of the health care team—physicians, nurses, nutritionists, social workers, and others—use their particular talents and knowledge to contribute to the treatment of patient problems. A number of health history and physical examination styles have been established since each member of the health care team has a different focus. The database obtained by the nurse, regardless of format, is supplementary to databases obtained by other members of the health care team and focuses on nursing’s specific concern for the patient.
Basic Guidelines in Conducting Health Assessment
People who seek medical help for a specific issue are frequently anxious. Fear about future diagnoses, possible lifestyle disruptions, and other worries may exacerbate their anxiety. With this in mind, the nurse tries to build rapport, put the client at ease, encourage open conversation (Fuller & SchallerAyers, 2000), maintain eye contact, and pay attention to the person’s responses to queries concerning health conditions (Fig. 5-1).
When taking a patient’s health history or completing a physical examination, the nurse must be conscious of both his or her own and the patient’s nonverbal communication. The nurse considers the patient’s educational and cultural background, as well as his or her language proficiency. Questions and instructions to the patient are written in a clear and understandable manner. Medical jargon and technical terminology are avoided. Furthermore, the examiner must be aware of the patient’s disabilities or impairments (hearing, vision, cognitive, and physical limitations) and account for them during the history and physical examination. A number of health history and physical examination styles have been established since each member of the health care team has a different focus. The database obtained by the nurse, regardless of format, is supplementary to databases obtained by other members of the health care team and focuses on nursing’s specific concern for the patient.
Ethical Use of History or Physical Examination Data
When obtaining information from a person through a health history or physical examination, it is especially crucial to remember that the person has the right to know why the information is being sought and how it will be used. As a result, it’s critical to describe the history and physical examination, as well as how the information will be acquired and used (Fuller & Schaller-Ayers, 2000). It is also critical that the individual understands that participation is entirely optional.
The history interview and physical examination take place in a confidential setting, which fosters trust and encourages open honest discussion. The nurse selects the data relevant to the patient’s health status after taking the patient’s history and doing the examination.
The Health History
The impact of psychosocial, ethnic, and cultural background on the person’s health, sickness, and health-promotion behaviors is emphasized throughout the examination, particularly when acquiring the history. The person’s interpersonal and physical environments, as well as their lifestyle and everyday activities, are all thoroughly investigated. A full history of the person’s present health problems, past medical history, family history, and an examination of the person’s functional state are all required of many nurses. This produces a whole health profile that considers both health and illness and is better referred to as a health history rather than a medical or nursing history.
Although formats based on nursing frameworks, such as functional health patterns, have become standard, the health history format traditionally combines the medical history and the nursing assessment. Individual and family relationships, lifestyle patterns, health practices, and coping strategies are all included in the systematic review and patient profile. These elements of the health history form the foundation of nursing assessment and are easily adaptable to the demands of each patient group in any environment, institution, or agency.
In the event of a developmentally delayed, mentally handicapped, disoriented, confused, unconscious, or comatose patient, the informant, or the person providing the health history, may not always be the patient. The interviewer evaluates the informant’s trustworthiness and the usefulness of the information provided. A disoriented patient, for example, is typically unable to provide a reliable database, and drug and alcohol abusers frequently deny using these substances. The interviewer must make a judgment on the information’s reliability (based on the context of the entire interview), and this judgment must be recorded.
When gathering health information, the interviewer considers the person’s cultural background (Weber & Kelley, 2003). Each person’s experiences shape their cultural attitudes and ideas regarding health, disease, health care, hospitalization, drug use, and complementary therapies. They differ depending on an individual’s ethnic and cultural background. A person from a different culture may have a different perspective on personal health care than a health care provider.
Content of the Health History
When a patient is seen for the first time by a member of the health care team, the first necessity is a database, unless in emergency situations. The order and technique of obtaining information on a patient vary, but the material, regardless of format, usually addresses the same broad problems. An example of a standard approach is as follows:
The patient’s health history is contextualized with biographical information. Name, address, age, gender, marital status, occupation, and ethnic origins are all included in this data. Some interviewers prefer to ask more personal questions at this point in the interview, while others prefer to wait until the patient’s immediate or urgent needs have been handled before asking more personal inquiries. An interviewer who is more worried about marital or occupational status than promptly addressing the problem at hand is unlikely to have much patience with a patient in severe pain or with another urgent condition.
The issue that brings the person to the attention of the health care professional is the major complaint. The major complaint is generally elicited by questions like “Why have you come to the health facility today?” or “Why were you admitted to the hospital?” “What is bothering you the most today?” can be the first question in a family environment. The person’s precise statements are frequently documented in quote marks when an issue is found (Orient, 2000). A statement like “My doctor sent me” should, however, be followed up with an inquiry that identifies the most likely reason for the person seeking medical attention; this reason is then characterized as the major complaint.
Present Health Concerns or Illness
The single most significant aspect in assisting the health care team in arriving at a diagnosis or determining the person’s requirements is the history of the current health condition or sickness. The physical examination is beneficial, but it frequently serves just to confirm the information gleaned from the history. A thorough medical history aids in the selection of the most appropriate diagnostic tests. While diagnostic test findings might be beneficial, they frequently serve to confirm rather than to confirm the diagnosis.
The whole sequence of events is recorded if the current disease is only one episode in a series of episodes. History from a patient with an incident of insulin shock, for example, provides the complete course of diabetes to place the current episode in context. From the moment of commencement until contact with the health care team, the details of the health problem or current sickness are documented. These details are listed in chronological sequence, starting with “The patient was in good health until…” or “The patient first had stomach pain 2 months before seeking care.”
The date and manner (sudden or gradual) in which the problem occurred, the setting in which the problem occurred (at home, at work, after an argument, after exercise), manifestations of the problem, and the course of the illness or problem are all part of the history of the current illness or problem. Self-treatment (including alternative therapies), medical interventions, therapy progress and effects, and the patient’s beliefs of the problem’s cause or meaning are all included.
Past Health Histoy
The database includes a full summary of the person’s previous health. The interviewer may question about immunization status and any known allergies to drugs or other substances after evaluating the general health state. The dates of immunization, as well as the type of allergy and adverse responses, are all noted. If known, the person is asked to provide details about his or her most recent physical examination, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, eye exam, hearing tests, dental checkup, Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and mammogram (if female), digital rectal examination of the prostate gland (if male), and any other relevant tests. Following that, previous ailments are discussed. Responses to a list of specific diseases, both positive and negative, are recorded.
To discover disorders that may be hereditary in origin, communicable, or maybe environmental in causation, first-order relatives (parents, siblings, spouses, children) and second-order relatives (grandparents, cousins) are asked about their age and health status, or their age and reason of death. Cancer, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, mental illness, TB, renal disease, arthritis, allergies, asthma, alcoholism, and obesity are all common disorders. Using a family tree or genogram is one of the simplest ways to keep track of such information (Fig. 5-2). If known, the findings of genetic testing or screening are noted. A full examination of genetics can be found in Chapter 9.
Review of System
The system evaluation covers a general health overview as well as symptoms associated with each body system. In terms of previous or present symptoms, questions are asked regarding each of the major body systems. Examining each body system might assist you to find any pertinent information. Both negative and positive responses are recorded. The information is carefully reviewed if the patient reacts positively to questions about a certain system. It is not required to repeat any ailments that were previously stated or noted in this section of the history. Instead, the appropriate area in history where the information can be located is referenced.
More biographical information is obtained in the patient profile. The capacity to analyze the principal complaint and the person’s aptitude to deal with the problem requires a complete composite, or profile, of the patient. At this point in the interview, the information elicited is very personal and subjective. The person is encouraged to express their sentiments openly and talk about their personal experiences throughout this stage. When precise facts are required, it is advisable to start with generic, open-ended queries and then move on to direct questioning. When the interview moves from less personal information (birthplace, occupation, education) to more personal information (sexuality, body image, coping abilities), the patient often feels less nervous.
The following content sections make to a general patient profile:
- Past life events related to health
- Education and occupation
- Environment (physical, spiritual, cultural, interpersonal)
- Lifestyle (patterns and habits)
- Presence of a physical or mental disability
- Risk for abuse
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] |
The Hijacked Egypt
Historical Egypt = Hijacked Egypt
Article by Qin-Ra
You call this
Abu Simbel Temple
Just about everything at the Abu Simbel Temple is vulgar and barbaric.
Says my heart.
I had finished touring the World Heritage Site. The tourists around me raved about its beauty and glory, but my heart was saying the opposite. The Abu Simbel Temple, built by Ramses II, the “greatest of all Egypt’s Pharaohs,” ignited in me instead a sense of repulsion: look at its shameless displays of Pharaonic ego and tacky aesthetics ... yuck!
Next, I visited Medinet Habu near the Valley of the Kings. I nearly puked there in the temple's courtyard. Its walls were covered with images of battle scenes, some displaying piles of hands and penises chopped off the prisoners of war.
The entire temple glorifies the violence and carnage of war.
Medinet Habu - a Temple of Horror Beautified
As I walked through this temple of horror, I wondered which is worse, Medinet Habu or Auschwitz? Both sites featured piles of human bodies, but one surrounds them with righteous aesthetics, and the other does not.
I had been to Auschwitz twice. I had seen the evil up close. I expected it there, but not here. Not in Egypt, the golden land of high spirituality, the Mecca for New Age pilgrims.
But shadows of evil were staring at me everywhere I went in Egypt. A week before visiting Medinet Habu, I was at the Cairo Museum observing the Narmer Palette, the artifact believed to best represent the beginning of dynastic Egypt, or historical Egypt.
Narmer was the founder of Egypt’s Dynasty 1.
Narmer (identified by most scholars as the Pharaoh Menes) was a mighty warrior chief who became the first Pharaoh, the first king of a unified (meaning conquered) Egypt.
He was the first king to rule both Upper and Lower Egypt, not by way of virtue but by way of war, and the first ruler to establish an ideology of terror that would go on to conquer the minds of Egypt’s people for over three thousand years.
(c. 3100 BC)
The triumphant Pharaoh smiting his enemy.
This root icon from a 3100 BC palette is displayed everywhere in modern Egypt, emblazoned on the front walls of most temples that are still standing. It became apparent to me that this was the root symbol on which dynastic Egypt was built.
Later Pharaohs copied the first Pharaoh’s pose, or men copied the first Pharaoh’s pose to become Pharaohs.
When did men start acting this way? Since the conception of Homo sapiens? Our education has programmed us to believe that this iconic pose is latent in our genetics, that since time immemorial men have been driven by one purpose:
to conquer and rule other men.
Is it true?
I was fortunate to have visited Ireland before travelling to Egypt. In Ireland, I reconnected with my Pleiadian ancestral guide, Sincera, who provided me with a set of master keys.
One of those master keys contained the following information:
"To conquer and rule" is the hallmark energy of the Anunnaki, a dark extraterrestrial force that invaded Earth humanity in the Bronze Age and hijacked the civilizations founded by the Pleiadian and Sirian families of light.
Earth humans in the previous New Stone Age were peaceful and happy. There was no war on Earth and therefore no ruler, no king or queen.
The Anu force of darkness introduced warfare to the Earth-human realm as well as the alien practice of “divine ruler”—the king and his army, who were backed by the gods (later by the one and only God).
Thus, I went to Egypt with my eyes already opened by the Pleiadian revelation. I could see deeper into Egypt.
Tourists look at everything, yet they see very little. They think, but never original thoughts. They question, but always within the paradigms imposed by an authoritative other.
Rulers were imposed on us; they imposed themselves on us.
Historical Egypt was an imposed Egypt.
It is likely that Narmer’s troops came from the northeast and swept southward along the Nile. He and his forefathers (unlikely related to the Dynasty 0 rulers, Ka and Iry-Hor) might have belonged to a warrior tribe that was not indigenous to the land along the Nile.
In other words, he was most likely a foreigner. His army, whatever its ethnic constitution, served as an instrument to impose on Egypt the alien energy of the conquerors from the sky—the Anunnaki, who had first landed in Mesopotamia a few centuries prior with an agenda of global conquest, land by land, era by era.
Sumer was the first wound on humanity.
Sumer was where the alien infiltration into our human genome began, where the hijacking of the original civilization began.
Sumerian “civilization” was the first to herald in a process of the decline of civilization.
That process was characterized by the contamination of our humanity, fragmentation of our consciousness, and destruction of our relations with one another and with our mother planet.
A process called history.
History began with military conquest, survived through law enforcement, and prospered through propaganda campaigns. His-story.
Recorded history is one of war on human bodies and human minds.
Recorded history is one of civilization stolen and abused.
Recorded history is one of escalating forgetfulness of our true stories.
Such his-story, in its numerous regional variations, is fueled by the Myth of Historical Progress. The only thing that has truly progressed over the past 5,000 years is our tool, which we use to control ourselves and the environment.
His-story is based on the strategic principle of Reversal of the Original, which, according to Pleiadian revelation, was the Anu force’s modus operandi in hijacking the original civilizations founded by the Pleiadian and Sirian families of light.
Egypt fell victim to this history, as did China and India, the other two cradles of civilization. The hijacking of these two countries was enacted with different strategic routes and army instruments, but both conquests followed the same pattern set in Sumer:
military conquest of the human body backed by ideological conquest of the human psyche.
This energy from Sumer invaded Egypt during the Bronze Age.
This energy was non-existent on Earth during the New Stone Age.
The Pharaonic Agenda was not esoteric or vague, but open and clear. Its goal was to install a pyramidal structure in the human society of Egypt.
The structure, which was based on the principles of domination and obedience, with political control centralized in the royal family headed by the Pharaoh and mental control centralized in the priesthood, was essentially an energy-sucking system. It extracted the energy out of the land and its people to feed the alien force hiding in the astral plane. The Anu force hides in the semi-physical astral zone, also known as the 4th Dimension.
The pyramidal structure for energy sucking was a reversal of the original structure for energy generation and distribution; the dark pyramid was a corrupted and reversed light pyramid.
The dark pyramid’s first architectural expression was in the ziggurats of Sumer. The ziggurats were Anunnaki temples that functioned as energy-sucking and power-draining stations.
Here we have two models that are diametrically opposed in their intentions:
The Sirians were pyramid builders, and the Anunnaki were dark Sirians.
Their home planet, Nibiru, had been blasted out of the Sirius star system, they had become space fugitives. Although disowned by Sirius, the Anunnaki still operate in the Sirian way, just in reverse. The dark Sirians therefore had the capacity to hijack the light Sirians’ achievements and warp them to serve their dark agendas.
The Anunnaki first built their pyramids—the ziggurats—in Mesopotamia. After they conquered Egypt, they took over the pyramids built by the light Sirians, the Technos. The pyramids were already on the ground when the army of Narmer, the Pharaoh-to-be, swept through the land. The alleged “builder” of the Great Pyramid, the Pharaoh Khufu, simply did some furnishing work around 2560 BC.
The pyramidal form is a neutral, powerful structure for energy generation that can be used to either enhance or damage humanity.
The pyramid that we see on today’s dollar bill is a dark pyramid that originated in hijacked Egypt.
From ziggurat to pyramid, from Sumer to Egypt, the Anu force aimed to install their dark pyramid of social hierarchy in every country on Earth. Egypt was a Bronze Age superpower. If they had Egypt, they had half of the world.
There is currently a mass deception occurring to censor our access to the original, authentic Egypt. Backed by academic Egyptology, this mass deception aims to constrict us within a layer of inauthenticity so that we won’t dig deeper and reach the clear fountain. It gives us a fake Egypt and obscures our view of the real Egypt.
A hijacked civilization is a fake civilization.
I've encountered spiritual people, even brilliant intellectuals, who were so stuck on the dynastic, pharaonic Egypt that they missed the opportunity to connect with the real power source lying within prehistoric Egypt.
Historical Egypt is undoubtedly mind-blowing in its complexity, grandiosity, and beauty. The bust of Nefertiti is beautiful; the mask of Tutankhamen is spectacular. But we must see through the dazzles of beauty, which, as we know, can serve whomever is in power.
The hijackers of civilization and rulers of humanity have lasted this long because they wear masks of light that are blindingly beautiful.
Let’s strip them of these masks. Let’s break through the bunker of history to reach for the original, authentic, prehistoric Egypt, as we would for prehistoric China, India, and Sumer. Let’s wake up and acknowledge that it was not long ago (during the Neolithic era) that our societies were egalitarian and our humanity was healthy.
The place in Egypt where I felt the strongest pulse of the original civilization was Elephantine Island.
I lodged at the Nubian tribal house on Elephantine Island for a few days, where I had the opportunity to converse with a Nubian elder, who informed me that his people have always believed that this island in the midst of the Nile was a birthplace of civilization.
I was also able to observe Neolithic artifacts at the island’s small museum. It was a homecoming to leave behind those pompous pharaonic statues and arrive at these demure folk statuettes.
Later, I learned about the amazing standing stones at the desert site of Nabta Playa (see the 1st image above), over 300 km from Elephantine Island, through the research of Thomas G. Brophy. My Pleiadian guide then revealed that Nabta Playa was one of the sites where the Pleiadian Civilization Mission seeded agriculture for this part of Africa. Today’s desert was a vibrant savanna in 7000 BC.
My Pleiadian guide also revealed an ancient Pleiadian - Sirian Alliance: The Pleiadians worked in Sirian Egypt, and the Sirians worked in Pleiadian Ireland. They maintained a layer of Pleiadian civilization in Egypt and a layer of Sirian civilization in Ireland and elsewhere.
Interestingly, it was at a hotel in Laos during a megalithic research trip that I watched John Anthony West’s Magical Egypt series on YouTube. In Episode 2 (31:30-36:33), the renowned scholar took the film crew into a mysterious pit in the Red Pyramid. The weathered chamber must have been the oldest layer of the pyramid. West commented that this rough “prior construction” closely resembled megalithic works from prehistoric British Isles such as Newgrange.
Two Sets of Fingerprints
I also noticed this strange-looking pit during my visit to the Red Pyramid, but I failed to notice the resemblance to megalithic Ireland. Now, with West’s help, I realize that there is certainly a Newgrange feel to this “un-Egyptian-looking” chamber, an imprecision within a structure of super precision.
Did the Pleiadian civilizers build this oldest layer, this chamber temple, as a sanctuary at a power spot on the Earth? Did the Sirian civilizers then build a pyramid on top of the Pleiadian sanctuary, deliberately and respectfully, as part of a grand plan?
The answer is quite possibly yes.
Perhaps, here at the Red Pyramid, we are witnessing one of the best architectural evidences of the ancient Pleiadian - Sirian Alliance.
A question has been stirring in my mind.
If the Sirian energy was masculine in relation to Earth and the Sirian Technos primarily took male forms during their time on Earth, as my Pleiadian guide described, then why was the star Sirius historically associated with goddess figures such as Sopdet and Isis?
I understand that the heliacal rising of Sirius coincided with the flooding of the Nile, a life-giving feminine energy. I can also imagine that the Sirian starseeded human populations of ancient Egypt retained the memory of their souls’ origin on Sirius, their mother star. Still, there is a big difference between receiving a star energy as a masculine force versus a feminine force.
Could the identity of the sacred star Sirius have undergone a gender shift?
Could the Sirian Technos have been known to the ancient Egyptians as “the Sons of Sirius” (my term) and thus have been the actual energy behind the falcon-headed Horus, later identified as the Son of Isis?
Could the dark Sirians, known in Sumer as the Anunnaki, have been known in Egypt as Set, the god of chaos, violence, and foreigners?
If so, the conflict between Horus and Set can be interpreted as a conflict between the light Sirians and the dark Sirians. The myth of Set stealing an eye from Horus can be interpreted as a symbolic story about the dark Sirians stealing treasures from the light Sirians.
What do you think?
This provokes a bigger question about Egypt’s gods and goddesses.
As you already know, the gods and goddesses in dynastic Egypt have stood behind the royal families as their patrons and allies.
I wonder to what extent these gods and goddesses were hijacked. Could some of them have been the very inventions of the hijackers?
In other words, was the Egyptian pantheon part of the original plan for civilization, or an element inserted by the corrupt, fake civilization?
To find answers, I need to continue my quest and team up with seekers like you.
Here is a Pleiadian reminder for us, the seekers, to bear in mind:
“Remember, Egyptian art has changed over time. Very few original images from the Sirian era have survived till this day.”
Few is better than none, however.
The original images are still there, perhaps hiding in plain sight. We may not even need to search far. Maybe, all it takes is a shift in our perspective:
To see old Egypt with new eyes.
Chapter 11 The Sirian Father
Chapter 12 Dark Infiltration
Chapter 13 Aliens' Curse on Humanity
Chapter 14 Anu Age of Darkness | <urn:uuid:cc47d877-d387-4ba5-9daf-805870a54c02> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.pleiadianfamily.net/the-hijacked-egypt | 2024-02-28T00:03:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.964787 | 3,304 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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] |
Want to pass the Microsoft Azure Network Engineer exam easily?
Here are some tips and tricks to help you succeed:
The core networking infrastructure is essential for network connectivity and performance. It acts as the backbone linking devices and systems.
Designing this infrastructure involves routers, switches, and firewalls. It's important to consider scalability, redundancy, and security.
Network engineers configure these devices to enable smooth communication and data transfer within the network.
They establish routing protocols, use VLANs for segmentation, and monitor traffic patterns to maintain efficient data transmission.
Quality of service (QoS) policies are implemented to prioritise critical traffic and ensure performance stability.
By focusing on these aspects, engineers enhance the stability and efficiency of the core network infrastructure.
IP addressing in a network helps identify devices on the network.
IPv4 has 32-bit numbers split into four 8-bit octets in decimal.
IPv6? It has 128-bit numbers in hexadecimal, offering a larger address space.
Subnetting divides networks into smaller parts for efficient address use and organization.
This helps manage traffic and improve security by controlling network access.
Using subnets boosts scalability and performance in network design,
making it a crucial part of managing an IP network.
Name resolution involves converting domain names to IP addresses. This helps devices communicate smoothly.
DNS and WINS are common methods used for this translation. They support different types of networks.
Problems with name resolution, like incorrect DNS settings or network interruptions, can greatly affect connectivity and performance. This may cause delays, failed connections, and disruptions.
It's important to have effective name resolution systems in place for a stable network. Accurate resolution of domain names to IP addresses helps prevent connectivity problems and enhances communication flow.
Azure offers different methods for connecting Virtual Networks (VNets) like Virtual Network Gateway, VNet peering, and VPN Gateway.
These options ensure secure and reliable communication between VNets in Azure. For example, VNet peering connects virtual networks without using virtual network gateways or VPN connections.
By setting up VNet peering, Azure resources in different VNets can communicate securely. This is useful when resources need to collaborate across various virtual networks.
VNet peering also simplifies network architecture by allowing resources in separate VNets to communicate seamlessly.
It is important for network engineers to understand these connectivity options in Azure to enhance network communication effectively.
Routing in a network infrastructure directs traffic efficiently. It determines the best path for data packets. This helps them reach their destination without delays.
Network engineers use routing protocols like OSPF and BGP to make this happen. These protocols ensure that data moves through the network in the most effective way. This reduces delays and makes the best use of available bandwidth.
OSPF and BGP establish rules for communication between network devices. These rules ensure that data follows the best route possible.
For example, OSPF calculates the shortest path to a destination using link-state routing. BGP makes routing decisions based on policies set by the network administrator.
Understanding routing protocols is crucial for Azure network engineers. It helps them design and maintain network architectures. This guarantees optimal performance and reliability for data transmission.
A firewall acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks. It filters incoming and outgoing traffic using predefined security rules.
The firewall helps prevent unauthorized access and cyber threats from compromising the network. It monitors and controls network traffic to enhance security.
A front door service, similar to a firewall, is focused on web applications and services. It plays a role in enhancing security and performance.
This service provides capabilities like web application firewall, DDoS protection, and content delivery network services. It acts as the first line of defense for web applications.
The front door service protects web applications from online threats and ensures optimal performance for users.
Integrating both firewall and front door services is important for maintaining a secure network environment. This is especially crucial for the Azure network engineer exam.
Setting up a Site-to-Site VPN connection involves:
These components work together to connect two networks securely over the internet.
Compared to a Point-to-Site VPN, a Site-to-Site connection needs VPN gateways at each site. This setup enables a continuous and secure connection between networks, allowing all devices to communicate safely.
When configuring a Site-to-Site VPN, key factors like bandwidth needs, network layout, and security protocols should be considered for optimal performance and security. By establishing encryption, authentication methods, and routing rules correctly, network engineers can ensure a secure and reliable connection, protecting data transmission.
A Point-to-Site VPN Connection lets users connect securely to a virtual network from a remote location. It does this by creating an encrypted tunnel between the user's device and the network. This protects data from potential security threats.
When setting up a Point-to-Site VPN Connection in Azure, important components to consider are:
Other factors to think about include network latency, bandwidth requirements, and firewall settings. These all help ensure a reliable connection.
By using a Point-to-Site VPN Connection, organisations can improve the security of their resources within a virtual network. It does this by only allowing authorised users access. This reduces the chances of unauthorized access and data breaches.
Azure ExpressRoute is a private connection service by Azure. It helps organisations link their on-premises networks to Azure securely and reliably.
Unlike public internet connections, Azure ExpressRoute offers a more secure way to access Azure services. It does this by bypassing the public internet entirely. This ensures lower latency, higher reliability, and increased security for data transfer between on-premises networks and Azure resources.
By using Azure ExpressRoute, organisations can boost network performance and reliability. This is achieved by reducing potential network congestion, enhancing network connectivity speeds, and ensuring consistent data transfer quality. Ultimately, this can enhance user experience accessing cloud resources, improve application performance, and enhance overall network stability.
Organisations considering Azure ExpressRoute should think about bandwidth requirements, network architecture compatibility, costs, and data security. Proper planning and design are vital for a successful integration of Azure ExpressRoute into an existing network infrastructure without disruptions or performance issues.
When designing a Virtual WAN Architecture, it's essential to consider factors such as bandwidth needs, security, and scalability.
Virtual WAN Architecture connects different locations securely, facilitating smooth data transfer and traffic management.
Organizations can benefit from centralizing network management, boosting performance, and cutting operational expenses through software-defined networking.
Implementing Virtual WAN Architecture offers advantages like improved network flexibility, better user experience, and simpler network setup and upkeep.
By using this architecture, organizations can improve their network operations, connectivity, and adaptability to changing business needs efficiently.
Application Delivery Services, like Load Balancer, help improve performance and availability. They distribute network traffic across multiple servers to avoid overload and ensure a smooth user experience.
Factors to consider when implementing these services include scalability, security, and geographical distribution. This ensures efficient delivery of applications to end users.
Monitoring and optimizing these services are crucial. Tracking metrics like server response times, traffic patterns, and potential bottlenecks allows network engineers to identify and fix issues quickly, ensuring optimal application delivery.
This proactive approach boosts user satisfaction and optimises the network's efficiency and reliability.
A Load Balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers. It does this by routing requests based on criteria such as server load, location, or traffic type.
This helps to evenly distribute the workload and prevent servers from getting overwhelmed. This, in turn, improves the performance and reliability of network applications.
The benefits of using a Load Balancer in a network infrastructure are:
To configure and manage a Load Balancer:
Regular maintenance and updates to the Load Balancer configuration are also important to meet the needs of network applications.
The audience for the Azure network engineer exam are professionals in IT or networking. They have experience in cloud computing, likely holding certifications like Azure Administrator or Azure Solutions Architect.
They work in the IT industry for companies that use cloud services for networking. These professionals know about Azure networking components, like virtual networks, load balancers, and VPN gateways. They create secure and scalable network environments on the Azure platform.
Passing the Microsoft Azure Network Engineer exam can be easy with these tips and strategies:
These tools are essential for success in the exam.
Following these guidelines will help you pass the exam confidently and achieve certification.
Readynez offers a 3-day Microsoft Azure Network Engineer Course and Certification Program, providing you with all the learning and support you need to successfully prepare for the exam and certification. The AZ-700 Microsoft Azure Network Engineer course, and all our other Microsoft courses, are also included in our unique Unlimited Microsoft Training offer, where you can attend the Microsoft Azure Network Engineer and 60+ other Microsoft courses for just €199 per month, the most flexible and affordable way to get your Microsoft Certifications.
Please reach out to us with any questions or if you would like a chat about your opportunity with the Microsoft Azure Network Engineer certification and how you best achieve it.
Key topics covered in the Microsoft Azure Network Engineer Exam include designing and implementing virtual networks, configuring network security, managing and optimizing network traffic, and monitoring and troubleshooting network connectivity.
Yes, recommended study materials include official exam prep books, online practice tests, and study guides from reputable sources. For example, using study materials from the exam's official website or trusted educational publishers can help you prepare effectively.
Some important tips for passing the Microsoft Azure Network Engineer Exam are:
You can expect a variety of question types on the exam, including multiple-choice, true/false, short answer, and essay questions. Make sure to review and practice answering all question types to be well-prepared.
The exam includes a combination of multiple-choice questions and hands-on tasks. For example, you may be asked to troubleshoot a simulated network issue or configure a system based on given requirements.
Get Unlimited access to ALL the LIVE Instructor-led Microsoft courses you want - all for the price of less than one course. | <urn:uuid:0f550461-4972-4df5-8ea5-c563933747c3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.readynez.com/en/blog/crack-the-microsoft-azure-network-engineer-exam-easily/ | 2024-02-28T00:40:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.912628 | 2,113 | 3.125 | 3 | [
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] |
In the year 1997, my friend’s father bought their first television set with a wider screen. When I watched an old Charlie Chaplin movie on the new television, I noticed a black band on each side of the screened video. Now, we called the technician assuming it to be a technical glitch. When the technician saw that, he was the first who brought the term “Video Aspect Ratio” to my knowledge. That television set was intelligent enough to place the black bands on each side of the video so as to avoid any distortion of the video.
What is Video Aspect Ratio?
The video aspect ratio is the relation between the width of the video and its height. Therefore, we write the video aspect ratio as follows: width: height. When the width is larger, we are dealing with a horizontal video. Whereas if the height is larger, we would be dealing with a vertical video.
The device used to shot the Charlie Chapline movie supported a display aspect ratio of 4:3. So that, when played on my friend’s new television set, having an aspect ratio of 16:9, would have distorted the video unless the device itself introduced the black borders on each side.
This brings us to a significant point: The term video aspect ratio is relevant to the screen that displays the video and the device used to shoot the video. Therefore, the aspect ratio used while shooting the video and while displaying it on the screen should be the same so that the video encompasses the whole display screen and does not distort the video.
What is the relation between Aspect Ratio and Resolution?
The video quality not only depends on the aspect ratio but also on the resolution. To make it easier to understand, we can separate the resolution into two categories.
One is your video resolution which depends on the device from which you shot the video. For example, we see mobile and camera devices with specifications of their camera sensor’s total number of recorded pixels or megapixels like 16MP, 48 MP, etc. The total number of recorded pixels is adjusted with an aspect ratio to achieve a convention of writing a video resolution in the form of width x height. A video shot with a high megapixel camera sensor will result in a high-resolution video. Also, we can use software applications to alter the video resolutions.
The other is one of your screen resolution or display resolution. When you go to buy a monitor or television set, you see the following terms in their specifications: SD (Standard Definition), HD (High Definition), HD Ready, Full HD, 2K, UHD ( Ultra HD)- sometimes referred to as 4K & 8K UHD.
Screen resolution is a measurement of the total number of pixels and a pixel is the smallest unit of a digital graphic. We combine large amounts of pixels to form a digital video frame. When you buy a monitor or television set, you will see that there are three important specifications – display aspect ratio, display resolution, and video signal support.
In today’s times, most of the content you see on television and online is in the aspect ratio of 16:9.
Depicted above is a difference between watching a video on a screen having an aspect ratio of 4:3 with a display resolution of 800px X 600px and a screen having the same aspect ratio but a different resolution of 500px X 375px. The file size of the first one is larger than the second one. Also, we can see that by only changing the screen’s resolution, we could see the complete image, albeit with a little less clear image.
Example: A screen with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and having a resolution of 1920px X 1080px supports multiple video signals. If you divide 1920 by 1080, you arrive at 16/9. So if you have a video signal of 1080p, then the video will completely occupy the screen and will show it clearly.
This also means that a video shot with a high-resolution camera also requires a higher or similar resolution screen to give you the best output quality.
Popular display resolutions with associated Video Aspect Ratio charts
Resolution | Pixel Size | Aspect Ratio | Known as |
SD ( Standard Definition) | 640 x 480 | 4:3 | 480p – Number of rows of pixels |
HD ( High Definition) | 1280 x 720 | 16:9 | 720p – Number of rows of pixels |
Full HD | 1920 x 1080 | 16:9 | 1080p- Number of rows of pixels |
2K | 2048 x 1152 | 1.78 | 2048p or the number pixel columns |
Ultra HD | 3840 x 2160 | 16:9 | Called 4K by marketers. Here it represents the approx. columns of pixels |
8K UHD | 7,680×4,320 | 16:9 | Called 8K by marketers. Here it represents the approx. columns of pixels |
This means a single aspect ratio supports many resolutions.
Aspect Ratio | Popular Display Resolution Ratios |
21:9 | 3440 x 1440 and 2560 x 1080 |
16:9 | 1920 x 1080, 1280 x 720, 1024 x 576, 960 x 540, 2560 x 1440, 3840 x 2160 and 7680 x 4320 |
The above set of video resolution shows that the more the number of pixels, the clearer and sharper the video. For the best quality, you need good resolution matching with your aspect ratio and also a higher video bitrate.
What is Video Bitrate?
In video streaming, video bitrate is the number of bits of data transmitted over a network (like the internet) over a certain unit of time. A high video bitrate is one of the most vital factors in the quality of a video. A good quality video consists of a high video bitrate along with a high resolution and framerate.
Relation between Bitrate and Resolution?
There is no direct correlation between bitrate and resolution but usually for movie content, the video producers and developers associate higher resolution with a higher bitrate, and a lower resolution with comparatively a lower bitrate. Both bitrate and display resolution are important for ensuring good quality video streaming as pixels define the resolution of the video, while bitrate is the average data size for a video file expressed per second of video.
Though they are different, they form two characteristics of a video file. The video is never transferred from the source to the device for playback as a raw analog file. A video codec compresses a raw video file so that we can easily stream it online.
At Vdocipher , we transcode the video for optimization at multiple bitrates so that viewers on any device and networks of any quality can conveniently view videos.
So even in places like Africa, where the internet speed is slow, users can see videos at good resolutions without buffering issues or lagging.
So video aspect ratio helps us determine the shooting equipment and the screen area for exposing the video. In addition, a better display resolution and encoding at multiple bitrates further enhance the quality of the video during online streaming.
What are the most common Video Aspect Ratios
This 4:3 aspect ratio was popular in the 1940s and 1950s with the older monitors and television sets. The width of the screen is 30% larger than the height. This is the oldest aspect ratio and even the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences adopted it. Though it has been completely phased out now, certain cinematographers use this aspect ratio to create a nostalgic effect for a certain audience.
This 21:9 aspect ratio is the newer motion picture aspect ratio. If you use your television set to watch movies and want a cinematic experience, you need a screen with a 21:9 aspect ratio. Also, in case you are a gaming buff, you would use a computer with this aspect ratio. Cinematic widescreen projectors also have an aspect ratio of 21:9. Computer programmers/ designers/ other power users of computers usually use multiple 21:9 aspect ratio screens to enhance their productivity. In addition, we can use the aspect ratio of 21:9 for custom screens content creation like that of planetarium and theme park screens, giving viewers a 360-degree optical illusion.
This 16:9 aspect ratio is the most popular video aspect ratio associated with widescreen viewing – the latest movies and online video platforms. Here the width of the screen is 77% larger than its height. The majority of HD TVs have this aspect ratio. Hence, videography equipment with an aspect ratio set to 16:9 is used to shot most of the video content.
This aspect ratio of 9:16 clearly states that the video content or image is vertical. This aspect ratio is prevalent in mobile phones where the viewing area is vertical. For example, Instagram and Facebook stories have a viewing area with an aspect ratio of 9:16.
We mostly view the 1:1 aspect ratio on social media where the viewing area is square-shaped. Popular social media platforms that show video/image content in this 1:1 aspect ratio are Facebook and Instagram.
How To Change Aspect Ratio Of Video?
We have shown Image X on a screen having an aspect ratio with a larger width (16:9). Image Y is the same image displayed on a screen with an aspect ratio of height the same as that of width (1:1). Here we can see that the image is distorted as the screen tries to fit in the entire image in that screen. So now we have to crop the image to suit the aspect ratio of the new screen as per Image Z (1:1).
We can do such cropping using video editing software either online or offline. Also, most platforms/ screens do the cropping automatically. The downside is that they may crop your relevant content, and the video might not be helpful to your viewers.
If you developed your content for a narrower screen and the display is in a broader screen, then the wider display adds black bands on the sides. But this nullifies the effect that a widescreen would bring to your content.
What is the best aspect ratio for video streaming?
The popularity of the 16:9 aspect ratio is based purely on the fact that this ratio allows the video recording in the highest possible resolution. However, opting for another aspect ratio will affect your stream with black bars around it.
The 16:9 aspect ratio creates a frame width that is 78% more than the length. This aspect ratio fits modern displays like TV’s, tablets, phones, and computer screens. Using 16:9, we can display the entire video without cropping.
It is a preferred ratio, but this may vary with the platform you are using as it may have its own set of compatible aspect ratio and recommended resolutions for uploading the content. For example, the recommended set of ratios for popular social media & video streaming platforms have been listed below.
Instagram Video Aspect Ratio
There was a time when the most common aspect ratio on Instagram was the classic 1:1. By uploading videos and posts with such ratio, companies could even embed Instagram feed into email and share their social media profile aesthetic via email too. With more and more consumption of Instagram on mobile phone, the popular video aspect ratio for mobiles are:
- square video: 1:1
- portrait video: 4:5
- vertical video: 9:16
- Instagram Feed Videos; 1:1 or 4:5
- Instagram Stories: 9:16
- IGTV: 9:16
- Instagram Live: 9:16
YouTube Video Aspect Ratio and Resolution
YouTube’s standard video aspect ratio is 16:9. Irrespective of what aspect ratio you record your video in, the YouTube video player will automatically play it in a 16:9 aspect ratio. It’s recommended to record YouTube video in 16:9 aspect ratio, that means in one of the below resolutions or dimensions:
- 3840 x 2160 px
- 2560 x 1440 px
- 1920 x 1080 px
- 1280 x 720 px
- 854 x 480 px
- 640 x 360 px
- 426 x 240 px
Twitter Video Aspect Ratio & Recommended Resolution
- Recommended Aspect Ratio: 16:9 (landscape or portrait), 1:1 (square). You can select an aspect ratio between 1:3 and 3:1
- Recommended Video Resolution: 1280×720 (landscape), 720×1280 (portrait), 720×720 (square)
In the below table, each row represents upload recommendation by Twitter,
Orientation | Width | Height | Video Bitrate | Audio Bitrate |
Landscape | 1280 | 720 | 2048K | 128K |
Landscape | 640 | 360 | 768K | 64K |
Landscape | 320 | 180 | 256K | 64K |
Portrait | 720 | 1280 | 2048K | 128K |
Portrait | 360 | 640 | 768K | 64K |
Portrait | 180 | 320 | 256K | 64K |
Square | 720 | 720 | 2048K | 128K |
Square | 480 | 480 | 768K | 64K |
Square | 240 | 240 | 256K | 32K |
Facebook Video Aspect Ratio
Facebook recommends uploading videos that should be of at least 1280 x 720 pixels.
- Facebook Feed Videos: 1:1 or 4:5
- Facebook Stories: 9:16
- Facebook Live: 16:9
Pinterest Video Aspect Ratio
Currently, video upload on Pinterest is only available for Business accounts. Video Pins appear in your home feed, following tab, and search results. Advertisers on Pinterest can also create video ads.
- Required for standard Video: Taller than 1.91:1 and shorter than 1:2
- Recommended for standard video: 1:1 (square) or 2:3, 4:5 or 9:16 (vertical)
- Required for max-width video: 1:1 (square) or 16.9 (widescreen)
LinkedIn Video Aspect Ratio
LinkedIn Native Video
- Aspect Ratio: 1:2.4 to 2.4:1
- Resolution: 256×144 to 4096×2304 px
LinkedIn Video Ads
- Aspect ratio: between 1.778 and 0.5652
- Width: Between 640 and 1920 pixels
- Height: Between 360 and 1920 pixels.
Aspect Ratio While Video Content Creation
We have covered the importance of the Video Aspect Ratio and the need to change it for different platforms, but what we do while recording the video content in the first place? This will save you a lot of trouble editing/cropping the video file. Also, we can repeat the same settings any number of times.
Setting up the aspect ratio for an image is easy as most mobile devices with a camera allow you to set that by going into your frame/camera settings, but for Video Aspect Ratio, they have a standard default of 9:16 or 16:9 (as per tilt). Even some advanced mobile camera devices in 2021 allow you to adjust the video frame rate and resolution for the video, but there are no options to adjust your video aspect ratio in the default camera app. The solution to this problem is to use an advanced camera app from your native app store, with which you can preset the aspect ratio for videos.
However, if you use a DSLR or similar camera device, you can browse through camera settings to find ‘Aspect Ratio’ and adjust it accordingly. This will ensure a pre-cropped or adjusted video setting as per your need. We must note that the availability of these settings also depends on the brand, make, and model of the device.
Best Video Aspect Ratio for multi-purpose use?
For multi-platform support it is recommended to use 16:9 video aspect ratio. Most popular platforms like YouTube supports this aspect ratio. Also, the popularity of the 16:9 aspect ratio is based on the fact that opting for another aspect ratio will affect your stream with black bars around it.
What is meant by an anamorphic aspect ratio?
Anamorphic (2.40:1) is similar to the 16:9 aspect ratio with the top and bottom cropped. It’s a wide widescreen often used in movies, giving a cinematic feel.
What is video letterboxing and pillarboxing?
Video clips shot in one aspect ratio need reconciliation when projected on another frame aspect ratio. For example, when a movie shot at 16:9 displays on a 4:3 standard television, the video is padded with black bands at the top and bottom. This is known as ‘letterboxing’. Less common and similar padding that happens to the left and right of the video is known as ‘pillarboxing’.
What is the difference between Full HD (FHD) and Ultra HD (UHD)?
A Full HD resolution has a width of 1920 pixels and height of 1080 pixels (2.07 megapixels resolution). On the other hand, Ultra HD content has an 3840×2160 pixels resolution (8.3 megapixels). Video shown in Ultra HD have 4 times as many pixels as Full HD. The images in UHD appear sharper.
Supercharge Your Business with Videos
At VdoCipher we maintain the strongest content protection for videos. We also work extremely hard to deliver the best viewer experience. We'd love to hear from you, and help boost your video streaming business.
My expertise focuses on DRM encryption, CDN technologies, and streamlining marketing campaigns to drive engagement and growth. At VdoCipher, I’ve significantly enhanced digital experiences and contributed to in-depth technical discussions in the eLearning, Media, and Security sectors, showcasing a commitment to innovation and excellence in the digital landscape. | <urn:uuid:1ecccc52-8072-44c1-93ec-fe7521494fea> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.vdocipher.com/blog/video-aspect-ratio/ | 2024-02-27T22:31:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.906635 | 3,702 | 3.109375 | 3 | [
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One might surmise that a fiction writer wouldn’t get very far in his craft without a healthy imagination. Wendell Berry has been spinning tales about make-believe Port William for more than fifty years now, conjuring people and events from the wisps of his fertile mind.
Berry talks about imagination a lot. In reading him so closely, I’ve discovered that imagination is one of the steel cables that suspend many of his core ideas and values. The Berry book I’m working through now is Imagination in Place, and the essay I’m contemplating is American Imagination and the Civil War. It’s in that essay that Wendell explains what he means by imagination. It’s not what you think.
“By ‘imagination’ I do not mean the ability to make things up or to make a realistic copy. I mean the ability to make real to oneself the life of one’s place or the life of one’s enemy.”
Imagination, Berry concludes from studying Coleridge, Blake, and the New Jersey poet William Carlos Williams, is not a passive reflection of “reality.” It is, Berry writes, “a changing force.” How so? By functioning in the human being as the catalytic converter between what’s seen and experienced, and what’s felt to be real. It’s our imagination, therefore, that prefigures what we love and sometimes value.
“Imagination in this high sense shatters the frameworks of realism in the arts and empiricism in the sciences. It does so by placing the world and its creatures within a context of sanctity in which their worth is absolute and insoluble.”
Those two sentences are important to get, for they transverse the whole of a Berryist metaphysics, such as might exist. What he is saying, I think, is that we can’t objectively know anything that we don’t experience firsthand, and even then, will we only know what we know in part. The best we can do, and what we must do, is to imagine the life of the other. In so doing, though we won’t know the place, person or thing considered perfectly, we will know that we don’t know. Thus do we avoid hubris. Thus do we avoid mistakenly confusing our limited knowledge with god’s omniscience.
Let’s call this idea particularity. It’s a very different way of looking at things, in essence dropping all effort to notice common qualities or categorical similarities in favor of seeing all things in their irreducible uniqueness. For example the biological universe is replete with unique, singular events occurring all the time and everywhere. A particularizing mind, aware of this fact, should be more capable of imagining the interior life and worth of a blue jay, oak leaf, field hand or farm, when such a thing is come upon.
This same idea is what warrants the standing that humans have given one another in our legal system. It is precisely because people and events are particularly unique that we’ve fashioned a justice system (supposedly) predicated on the right of each and every person, and their case, to be heard before the law. The quality of mercy arises from the particularizing force of imagination, or so believes Wendell Berry.
These are the ideas spun through his Civil War essay, and they must be comprehended to understand how Wendell Berry identifies with his southern heritage, including his descent from slave-owning ancestors, and why he feels the Civil War marks the starting point in a curse of generalized bias that persists to this day.
For Mr. Berry, the original sin of sloppy and dangerous thinking is the conceptual process we call abstraction. And in his takedown of the tragedy of the Civil War – its lead-up and its legacy, he sees abstraction, the opposite of imagination, as everywhere to blame.
The notion of a region of the country called the “South,” and people called “Southerners,” he claims, “belong sometimes to a taxonomy of clichés, stereotypes and prejudices that have intruded between ourselves and our actual country.” Generalization is one way of making sense, to be sure. Scientists and historians work from their knowledge toward generalities “as must we all.”
But this way of thinking is monocular: without the countervailing force of particularizing imagination, he says, generalization, no matter how precise, is dehumanizing and destructive. So the “South,” for Berry, is a concept of little use, now and then. It is and was a region of many regions, just as Kentucky is a place of many places. Berry’s neighbors, he says, “don’t look like Southerners or Kentuckians…they look like themselves.”
Armies too are abstractions. Wars may be fought by them in theory, but they are fought by boys and men in particular – and in particular, many end up dead boys and men. Having fallen, Berry argues, soldiers are “conscripted again into abstraction by political leaders and governments…made hostages of policy to sanctify the acts and intentions of their side.” Berry eschews the currency of statisticians who might render the suffering of the war in numbers of lives lost, for the photographs of Matthew Brady which more effectively transfigure this suffering into our imagination, thereby giving it status in our consciousness and in our hearts. “To me the dead in Matthew Brady’s photographs don’t look like Unionists or Confederates; they look like dead boys, once uniquely themselves, undiminished by whatever half of the national quarrel they died for.”
You can see now how Wendell Berry looks at the world, or more precisely, how he wants the world to look. If we would only end our congenital American hypnosis and begin to see the particular, honor the local and defer to the wisdom of those closest to the ground, then through the force of imagination might we end our violent and usurping occupations. Even the Civil War could have been averted, he surmises, had only Americans of that time not succumbed to the “slur and blur” of generalities and abstract biases.
It’s a compelling case and I probably would buy it whole cloth had I not just finished reading Ta-Nehisi Coates’ We Were Eight Years in Power, a haunting book that has caused me to ask a hard question about Wendell Berry. How, with his monumental power of imagination and insistence on taking truth from particulars, has he seemed to miss entirely the particularly harrowing plight of black people? For as much as Mr. Berry is correct that fanaticism, sectional loyalty and pride and hatred, self-righteousness and the wish to protect one’s faults from the corrections of others all contributed to the declaration of war, he invites questioning for his light treatment of the one cause that inflamed all these others: slavery.
As an intellectual and agrarian from a southern state, with a familial history in that state as old as the slave trade there, it’s notable that Berry has had so little to say on race. In the Civil War essay, he includes few paragraphs about his growing up in a segregated place and time. His angle will be familiar to you now.
Yes, he says, his upbringing in Henry County, Kentucky was impaired by racial segregation, but that phrase “now has only the currency of an abstraction…segregation itself can only be experienced in particular.” And in particular, though segregation involved the “wicked prejudice on which it was based,” he recalls that it also involved much familiarity and many exceptions. Without wanting to make Wendell Berry into an apologist for racial bigotry which I am sure he is not, I do want to cast a light on the quote that follows:
Racial inequality was a theory that performed its customary disservices and sometimes justified horrors, but that theory was inevitably qualified by the daily life in which the two races were separate only to an extent. In those places, the history of segregation was lived out familiarly by black and white people who knew one another, told stories about one another to one another, helped or harmed one another, liked or disliked one another, and often worked together.
Here and elsewhere in the essay, I find myself wincing a little from familiarity (i.e. sounds vaguely like my experience too) and a little from insensitivity. This recollection rings a familiar and discordant note of separate-but-equal, made shriller by his insistence everywhere else on the “absolute and insoluble sanctity” of the world and all its creatures. Isn’t the premise and promise of his “imaginative particularity” the attendant mercy and sympathy due to everyone and everything? When it comes to black people and the path to war in 1861, in Mr. Berry’s analysis, their particular experience just doesn’t rise (or sink, rather), to the appropriate tableau.
Over and again Berry urges us beyond the rhetoric – to comprehend how the war resulted from a lack of lenity (i.e. lenience, gentleness, mercy) between the sides. “Why,” he asks, “could both sides not have treated slavery as a problem with a practical solution short of war?” Like Edmund Burke, the English parliamentarian who believed that the American Revolution (a civil war from the British perspective) could have been avoided through reconciliation on just terms, or amicable separation, Berry holds that the short supply of lenity between the north and south is what ultimately guaranteed the spilling of blood. Naïve or not, what’s telling here is Wendell back-casting for a peace that could have been made between the combatants. Not one that could have made between the races. On that he’s silent.
It stands to reason, given his life’s work, that the fact and fate of black slaves would preoccupy Berry less than the industrial domination foretold by the North’s victory. However when he notes that the great advantage of the war’s aftermath was not to the “ex-slaves, farmers or small tradesmen of either side…but to the Main Chancers, the Manifest Destinarians, the railroads, the timber and mineral companies,” he is not wrong, but neither is he correct. Only indentured blacks -- not farmers, small tradesmen or any other group -- had their labor stolen from them, their bodies raped and tortured, their husbands, wives and children stolen and murdered. To miss this point is to reveal a bias, or an unawareness.
Or perhaps a racism of a very subtle kind.
Coates also wrote about the Civil War in an essay entitled “Why Do So Few Blacks Study the Civil War?” The answer is because the Civil War's legacy in America is white. The story of the war – how it’s taught, remembered, reenacted and reified, is not for black people nor is it fundamentally about their emancipation from white bondage. It is instead a legacy that seeks to reconcile white Americans to one another, who have required and still do, the atonement of guilt and disgrace through an ennobling story of failed compromise and individual gallantry. Wendell Berry’s mournful reconstruction is the version you get from a peacemaker and pragmatist. But it’s still the white version of the story, in the main.
From the black point of view, the slaves of the mid-1800’s knew they were in a war that began in the mid-1600’s when the Virginia Colony began passing the first black codes that rendered blacks a permanent servile class. Black people in the southern states behaved like a people at war, and so did whites. Slaves tried to escape; they fled to the British; they murdered slave-catchers and, less explosively, broke tools; refused to work; and furtively, where possible, taught themselves to read. Meanwhile a police state apparatus had come to define Mississippi and South Carolina where by 1860, slave patrols roamed the streets and a majority of people living there required travel passes.
Berry, a white southerner and Ta-Nehisi Coates, a black man from Baltimore, each have an ax to grind with the American narrative broadly told. Berry is a defender of the parochial, a champion of small places and common people in all their particularity not because they are small and common, but because he understands that in the fullness of imagination, smallness and commonality recede into meaninglessness. In terms of power, however, it’s another story. Up against governments, corporations and universities which cannot exercise imagination, the common man is necessarily demeaned and objectified as a subject -- either of the state or the economy.
Or, if he’s black, as a subject of white people or white institutions, though Berry fails to make that point.
Coates recognizes, in a way that Wendell Berry cannot, that the American narrative of abuse and neglect will be inadequate and incomplete until it speaks the truth about American racism – specifically white racism against black people. Which means that it hasn’t been fully told yet, not by Wendell Berry nor anyone. Black people don’t study the Civil War for the same reason that they don’t study American history much; their role in it, according to Coates, is a problem. The black point of view is neither recorded nor represented very well if at all, and until black people themselves take up the burden of moving “past protest to production,” says Coates, so will the erasure continue. Theirs is a story to be told, however, and Coates ends his essay with the hope that black people will choose to shoulder the most terrible burden of all, “the burden of summoning our own departed hands so that they too might leave a mark.”
At the close of his piece, Berry also turns to storytelling, summoning his friend and fellow writer Earnest Gaines, who, as a black southerner “inherited the harder side of racial history.” Could Gaines, Berry wonders, imagine a fictional place like Port William -- or Port Royal for that matter – Berry’s real life hometown where blacks and whites were separate but not really, and more conjoined by place than segregated by race. Because that’s the thesis that Wendell Berry is so keen to prove; that our imaginative faculty can remake history into a chronicle of mercy, dignity and beauty, even in the mind and hands of a black man from the south. And Berry’s esteem for Gaines’ imaginative prowess is unabashedly admiring. Wendell commends Gaines as an author true to his place, his people and their story. “He has shown that the local, fully imagined, becomes universal. He has brought his place and his people to such a pitch of realization again and again that as I read him, he seems to speak also for me and mine.”
To illustrate, Berry ends by recounting a passage of Gaines’ fiction in which an angry young black man named Billy, just back from Vietnam, rants in fury at the ruination of his home town by industrial machines and disinvestment. “And I am caught,” says Wendell. “I see Billy and I are joined by a mutual sense of calamity and loss…He has spoken from grief felt by many rural Americans, of whatever race, and certainly by me.” Billy’s embittered response to abuse and injustice is understandable, Wendell says. But so too is Earnest Gaines’, and his own, which are not despairing but instead are responses filled with work, hope and love.
It’s nice as far as it goes. I understand and even share the Christian impulse toward redemption through hope and love. But only by holding up Ta-Nehisi Coates to Wendell Berry can you make out the wishfulness and dis-grace (and whiteness) embedded in this conclusion. Grief “of whatever race” may indeed be universal. But the grief of black Americans, brought here against their will and confined in an array of psuedo-legalized captivity schemes, is an anguish so particular, so specific, that to generalize about it is to rationalize it. That Wendell Berry -- destroyer of the abstraction, slayer of the generality – would fail to appreciate this, demonstrates all too well our miscarried racial reconciliation, and the insidiousness of our sightlessness. | <urn:uuid:c120384f-3dce-4f1b-a7a0-06bfa36eedce> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.walkingwithwendell.com/single-post/2018/01/27/place-race-and-disgrace | 2024-02-27T22:43:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.962616 | 3,518 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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As adorable and friendly as Siamese Cats are, they aren’t immune to causing allergies in humans. With their beautiful blue eyes and chatty personalities, it’s easy to fall in love with these felines. Still, if you or someone in your household suffers from allergies, you may wonder if Siamese cats are hypoallergenic.
In this article, we’ll dive into what hypoallergenic means and whether Siamese cats are considered hypoallergenic. We’ll also explore the reasons behind cat allergies and what you can do to manage them if you have a Siamese cat in your home.
Outline of Contents
- What Does Hypoallergenic Mean?
- What Causes Cat Allergies?
- Are Siamese Cats Hypoallergenic?
- Siamese Cat Variations and Allergies
- Tips for Living with a Siamese Cat
- Managing Allergies When Living with a Siamese Cat
- Natural Remedies for Cat Allergies
- Allergy Medications for Siamese Cat Owners
- Can Hypoallergenic Cat Breeds Help with Allergies?
- How to Reduce Cat Allergens in Your Home
- Regular Grooming for Siamese Cats
- Cleaning Your Home to Reduce Allergens
What Does Hypoallergenic Mean?
Before diving into Siamese cats and allergies, let’s define hypoallergenic. Hypoallergenic is a term that refers to products, such as cosmetics or fabrics, that are less likely to cause allergic reactions in people. In the context of pets, hypoallergenic usually refers to cat or dog breeds that are less likely to cause allergies.
What Causes Cat Allergies?
Cat allergies are caused by an overreaction of the immune system to certain proteins found in cat dander, saliva, and urine. When people with allergies come in contact with these proteins, their body produces histamine, which causes typical allergy symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and skin rashes.
Are Siamese Cats Hypoallergenic?
The short answer is no. Siamese cats are not hypoallergenic. They produce the same allergens as other cat breeds; some people may be allergic to them. However, some Siamese cats may cause fewer allergy symptoms than others due to variations in their coat type and skin oils.
Read More: How Much Do Cat Shots Cost at PetsMart
Siamese Cat Variations and Allergies
Siamese cats have short, fine hair, which means they shed less than long-haired cats. This can benefit people with allergies because there is less hair to spread dander around the house. However, Siamese cats still produce dander and saliva, which can trigger allergies in sensitive individuals.
Some Siamese cats may produce fewer allergens than others due to their coat type and skin oil variations. Traditional Siamese cats, also known as applehead Siamese cats, have thicker coats and may produce less dander than modern Siamese cats, also known as wedge-head Siamese cats. However, this does not guarantee that all traditional Siamese cats will be hypoallergenic.
Tips for Living with a Siamese Cat
If you are considering getting a Siamese cat but are worried about allergies, here are some tips to help you manage your symptoms:
- Consider getting allergy testing to determine whether you are allergic to cats and what specific proteins trigger your allergy.
Spend time with Siamese cats before bringing one into your home to see if you have any allergic reactions.
- Keep your Siamese cat off furniture and out of bedrooms to minimize exposure to dander and allergens.
- Install an air purifier with a HEPA filter to capture allergens.
- Vacuum regularly with a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter to remove dander and allergens from carpets and floors.
- Wash your hands after petting your Siamese cat to remove any dander or saliva on your skin.
Managing Allergies When Living with a Siamese Cat
If you already have a Siamese cat and are experiencing allergy symptoms, there are several ways to manage your allergies:
- Take over-the-counter allergy medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal sprays to relieve symptoms.
- Talk to your doctor about prescription allergy medications or shots to reduce your sensitivity to cat allergens.
- Use allergy-friendly bedding and pillow covers to reduce your exposure to allergens while you sleep.
- Wash your Siamese cat’s bedding and toys regularly to remove dander and allergens.
- Keep your home clean and free of dust and allergens.
Natural Remedies for Cat Allergies
Some people prefer to use natural remedies to manage their cat allergies. Here are a few natural remedies that may help:
- Use a saline nasal rinse to flush out allergens from your nasal passages.
- Drink herbal teas such as chamomile or peppermint to soothe allergy symptoms.
- Try aromatherapy with essential oils such as eucalyptus, peppermint, or lavender to relieve allergy symptoms.
It’s important to note that natural remedies may not be as effective as medical treatments for managing severe allergies.
Allergy Medications for Siamese Cat Owners
If you have a Siamese cat and suffer from allergies, several types of allergy medications may help relieve your symptoms:
- Antihistamines: Antihistamines block the histamine your body produces in response to allergens, which helps relieve sneezing, itching, and runny nose.
- Decongestants: Decongestants help reduce nasal congestion and relieve sinus pressure caused by allergies.
- Nasal corticosteroids: Nasal corticosteroids are prescription nasal sprays that reduce inflammation in the nasal passages caused by allergies.
- Allergy shots: Allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, work by gradually exposing your body to small amounts of the allergen until your body builds up a tolerance.
Can Hypoallergenic Cat Breeds Help with Allergies?
No cat breed is completely hypoallergenic, but some cat breeds are less likely to cause allergies than others. These breeds include the Sphynx, Devon Rex, and Russian Blue. However, even these breeds produce allergens and may still cause allergies in some people.
How to Reduce Cat Allergens in Your Home
If you have a Siamese cat and suffer from allergies, there are several steps you can take to reduce allergens in your home:
Regular Grooming for Siamese Cats
Regular grooming is essential to reduce the dander and hair your Siamese cat sheds. Brush your cat regularly with a brush designed for short-haired cats to remove loose hair and dander. You can also use cat wipes to remove dander from your cat’s coat.
Cleaning Your Home to Reduce Allergens
Regular cleaning is essential to reduce the number of allergens in your home. Here are some tips for cleaning your home:
- Use a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter to remove dander and hair from carpets and floors.
- Dust your home regularly with a damp cloth to avoid spreading allergens around.
- Use an air purifier with a HEPA filter to capture allergens.
- Wash your cat’s bedding and toys regularly to remove dander and allergens.
- Wash bedding and pillow covers regularly in hot water to remove allergens.
- Keep your home well-ventilated to reduce the concentration of allergens in the air.
Siamese cats are not hypoallergenic, but some Siamese cats may produce fewer allergens than others due to variations in their coat type and skin oils. Suppose you have a Siamese cat and suffer from allergies. In that case, there are several steps you can take to manage your symptoms, including regular grooming, cleaning your home, and using allergy medications or natural remedies.
It’s important to talk to your doctor about your allergies and work with them to find the best treatment plan for your needs. With the right management, you can enjoy the love and companionship of a Siamese cat without suffering from allergies.
Are Siamese cats less allergenic than other cat breeds?
Siamese cats produce the same allergens as other cat breeds, but some Siamese cats may produce fewer allergens than others due to variations in their coat type and skin oils.
Can allergy shots help with cat allergies?
Yes, allergy shots can help reduce your sensitivity to cat allergens over time.
What are some natural remedies for cat allergies?
Natural remedies for cat allergies include saline nasal rinses, herbal teas, and aromatherapy with essential oils.
What types of allergy medications can help with cat allergies?
Antihistamines, decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, and allergy shots can help relieve cat allergy symptoms.
What can I do to reduce allergens in my home if I have a Siamese cat?
Regular grooming of your cat, cleaning your home regularly, and using an air purifier with a HEPA filter can all help reduce allergens in your home. | <urn:uuid:d1314825-ff53-43e8-a49e-7475bf7800f3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://animalvised.com/are-siamese-cats-hypoallergenic/ | 2024-02-29T01:09:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.932415 | 1,987 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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Ultimate Guide to the AP Biology Exam
The AP Biology exam is one of the most popular exams; in 2019, 260,816 students took the AP Biology exam. If you’re planning to take the AP Bio exam, whether you have taken the class or self-studied, read on for a breakdown of the test and CollegeVine’s advice for how to best prepare. The 2020 AP Exams have been changed to online exams due to coronavirus. Learn about these changes in our post How is Coronavirus Impacting AP Exams? At a high level, taking the AP prepares you to engage with scientific inquiry in four ways: You will gain these skills over the course of an 8-unit curriculum. You can keep reading for a unit-by-unit summary of a typical AP Biology class, or jump to the next section for details on test format. Exam Coverage: 8–10% of the test Water forms the basis of all life. Learn about its chemical properties as well as the functions of macromolecules like lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. This unit also covers the structure of RNA and DNA. Exam Coverage: 10–13% of the test In this unit, you will cover the anatomy of a cell and the fundamentals of evolution. Learn the cell components and their functions. Focus on a cell’s interaction with its environment, including the membrane’s structure and functions. Exam Coverage: 12–16% of the test Discover how cells’ fundamental processes generate, store, and use energy. Learn about the structure and function of enzymes, process of photosynthesis, and cellular respiration among other topics. Exam Coverage: 10–15% of the test In other words, Unit 4 focuses on reproduction, growth, and information transmission of cells. Learn about the main events in a cell cycle and explore feedback mechanisms that ensure healthy functioning. Exam Coverage: 8–11% Organisms can pass their traits on to the next generation via meiosis and asexual reproduction. In this unit, you will learn how these processes work, the history of genetic research, the importance of genetic diversity, and the myriad factors that impact how a gene is expressed. (If you like chi squares, you’ll love Unit 5.) Exam Coverage: 12–16% Explore some of the same concepts in Unit 5 at the molecular level. Learn the roles and functions of DNA and RNA, along with specific mechanisms of gene expression. Discuss mutations, genetic diversity, natural selection, and biotech. Exam Coverage: 13–20% In Natural Selection, you’ll learn Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, exploring the concepts of natural selection, evidentiary support for evolution, and various factors that lead to microevolution and speciation. This is also the unit that covers the origin of life on Earth. Exam Coverage: 10–15% Explore larger organisms and how populations engage with their ecosystems. Study community, population growth, and ecosystem dynamics, with a focus on how environmental changes shift an ecosystem’s equilibrium. For an even more thorough run-down of all content covered on the AP exam, be sure to read the College Board’s AP Biology Course Description. The AP Biology exam format was updated in 2020. It contains two 90-minute sections, and your score on each comprises exactly half of your overall raw score. Below you can find an accurate, up-to-date summary of the test format. For those of you familiar with the former AP Biology test structure, all grid-in questions on the Multiple Choice Section have been removed. Additionally, two of the short-answer questions have been removed from the Free Response Section. Multiple Choice (2) Analyze diagrams, flow charts, and other visual representations (3) Use the scientific method (4) Perform mathematical calculations to analyze data (5) Support scientific claims with evidence Free Response (2) Graph and analyze data (3) Understand the principles and procedures of lab investigations (4) Predict the causes or effects of a change in a biological system (5) Analyze a visual representation of a biological phenomenon You can earn a passing score on the AP Biology exam by scoring a 3 or higher on test day. Roughly 65% of students who took the test last year passed. The average score on the AP Bio exam for 2019 was a 2.92. For more information on AP exam score distributions, check out our post on the easiest and hardest AP Exams. In order to understand the material in the AP Biology course, you’ll need to understand the structure of the course outline, available in the in-depth course description. The outline organizes key concepts into four “big ideas” that you will need to comprehend completely. You will need to learn all of the underlying content in the outline. Additionally, be sure to make connections across content and concepts while you’re learning. Your success on the exam will depend on your ability to think critically and conceptually about big ideas and the enduring understandings that relate to them, while using illustrative examples to emphasize your points. You will also need to master seven scientific practices. To do this, you should be familiar with the provided lab manual. The course recommends that teachers spend 25% of class time on labs, with at least two labs per big idea. The College Board specifies that in a lab exploration, you should be able to: For a more specific idea of where to focus your studying, you may consider using an updated commercial study guide. Because the AP Biology course was so recently redesigned, there are not yet many choices of updated commercial study guides. The Princeton Review’s 2020 Edition of their AP Biology manual is a great place to start. Remember though, no prep book compares to your textbook. They may have great practice tests, but they won’t cover the material as intensively. Take a practice test to assess your initial knowledge of the material. Although the College Board AP Biology website provides a number of sample test questions and exam tips, it does not provide a complete sample test with the new format. Because the exam was so recently redesigned, it can be difficult to find updated practice tests. Your best bet is to use those provided in one of the many commercial study guides. Alternatively, you can take the 2013 AP Biology Practice Exam, released by the College Board. Once you have taken some kind of formative assessment, score it to identify the areas you already understand and those in need of improvement. It can be helpful to have a friend or teacher help to score your free response essays, as these are more subjective than the multiple choice section. From an accurate formative assessment, you will get a better idea of where to focus your studying efforts. The AP Bio exam is definitely term-heavy, which can be a blessing in disguise. Most of the time, if you can accurately explain every key term that is bolded in your textbook, you have a solid grasp of the concepts and systems underlying them. To give just one example, take a look at this practice question from the 2020 AP Course Description: This question is almost entirely vocabulary-in-action. To break down the question, our first sentence informs us that insulin is a protein released into blood with high levels of glucose. Next, we learn that insulin binds to liver cell receptors, which trigger molecule transfer by moving parts of the glucose molecules to the cell wall. Next, let’s assume you have memorized the following definitions: Which of these terms describes the role insulin is playing in the exchange? It cannot be B because we learn insulin was released into the region. That means it cannot be a receptor receiving information, since it has not been there all along. We can also eliminate C because the question states insulin is the hormone, not something released by the hormone. A and D are our most compelling options, since we know that we have both a ligand and a protein kinase at work. However, a closer look at the question reveals that the receptors are acting as the kinase, not the insulin. The correct answer is A. For you to have ownership over these complex technical terms, you have to put in the effort throughout the year to master it. In the back of your notebook or in a separate document in your AP Biology folder, create a running list of key terms that give you trouble in each unit. Once a week, or at the very least once a month, spend half an hour reviewing this list to shore up your knowledge. Yes, weekly review requires a bit of forethought and prior planning. However, the time you put in regularly will dramatically reduce how much content you forget as you move swiftly through your course. Because the base of scientific knowledge is so rapidly expanding through discovery and research, the AP Biology course focuses on lasting conceptual understandings within the field, and the specific content that supports them. Students spend less time on factual recall and more time on inquiry-based learning of essential concepts along with the development of reasoning skills. Nowhere is this approach more apparent than on the free-response section. Given any set of evidence, even data that you have never seen previously, can you engage in scientific inquiry? Can you evaluate what you are being shown and come to new conclusions? Let’s break down this process with an example short-answer question:
You should allot no more than 10 minutes for each short-answer question. (We recommend 20–5 minutes for long-responses and 8-10 minutes for short-answer questions, leaving you with –10 minutes to check your work.) Allot 90 seconds to read the question thoroughly. Perhaps spend 60 seconds on the words and 30 seconds on the two figures. Answer the questions in order, as later sub-bullets often assume you have resolved all prior sub-questions first. I will only give myself one minute to answer the “Describe” question, since that simply requires me to explain a process I have learned about in class. Building off of my explanation of meiosis in part A, answering part B merely consists of adding a 1-2 sentence addendum to my earlier point. I doubt answering this question will take me more than a minute. Take two minutes to answer part C, since it requires lining up notation with specific aspects of the figure provided. Since this question requires me to integrate my prior knowledge with the problem, I am giving myself more time than I did for the sub-bullets that were merely fact recall. Part D is far and away the most difficult section of this short-answer question, since it requires coming to a conclusion by considering all the data available. I will give myself three minutes to answer this question. Later, when I proofread my answers, I will spend most of that time carefully reviewing the trickiest sub-bullets of each question. Consider starring questions like Part D as you go so you know exactly which questions gave you the most trouble. Make sure you answer both aspects of the prompt: (1) Is the condition sex-linked our autosomal? (2) Is it dominant or recessive? In this case, because both men and women express this gene, we know it is autosomal. Because some children whose parents do not express the gene still express it themselves (See 14), we know the gene is recessive. That answer is sufficient for part D, and you will notice that it is not longer than answers you would expect to give for the other sub-bullets. Rather, taking time to scrutinize the figure is what took up time for that question. To review, you should spend roughly 20-25 minutes on each long answer and 8-10 minutes on each short answer. Leave yourself with 5-10 minutes at the end to review the Free Response Section in its entirety. Though you will be reminded of time remaining by the exam proctor, you will not be forced to move on from question to question. For that reason, practicing pacing is critical. Make sure you stay on track to address each section of every question. No points can be awarded for answers left completely blank when time runs out. That’s everything we think you need to know to get started studying for the AP Biology Exam! To review, pay close attention to your textbook, use practice tests as a way to familiarize yourself with the format, review vocabulary frequently to stay on top of concepts, and pay attention to pacing as you answer some of the more open-ended free response questions. Want access to expert college guidance—for free? When you create your free CollegeVine account, you will find out your real admissions chances, build a best-fit school list, learn how to improve your profile, and get your questions answered by experts and peers—all for free. Sign up for your CollegeVine account today to get a boost on your college journey. For more about information about APs, check out these CollegeVine posts: When is the AP Biology Exam?
What Does the AP Biology Exam Cover?
Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
Unit 5: Heredity
Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation
Unit 7: Natural Selection
Unit 8: Ecology
How Long is the AP Bio exam? What is the Format?
1 hour, 30 minutes
60 multiple-choice questions
(1) Explain biological concepts, processes, and models
1 hour, 30 minutes
6 questions: 2 long-response and 4 short-answer questions, one of which requires graphing
(1) Interpret and evaluate results from an experiment
AP Biology Score Distribution, Average Score, and Passing Rate
Best Ways to Study for the AP Biology Exam
Step 1: Study the material in depth.
Step 2: Take practice exams to get experience with the new test format.
Step 3: Keep a running list of tricky key terms, and revisit it frequently.
Step 4: Practice free-response questions in a timed setting. | <urn:uuid:815041e9-827b-47a0-a3b5-772cbeba1b8a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.collegevine.com/ultimate-guide-to-the-biology-ap-exam | 2024-02-29T02:01:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.942448 | 2,857 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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The Giant Swallowtail Butterfly (Papilio cresphontes) is a magnificent butterfly species that can be found in the Eastern United States. Unlike monarch butterflies, giant swallowtails lay their eggs on a variety of host plants. Some common host plants for giant swallowtail caterpillars include Ruta Graveolens, Ptelea trifoliata, and Zanthoxylum americanum. It is important to properly identify giant swallowtail caterpillars and provide them with the appropriate care to ensure their successful development.
- Giant swallowtail caterpillars are found in the Eastern United States.
- They lay their eggs on a variety of host plants.
- Identifying and properly caring for giant swallowtail caterpillars is crucial for their successful development.
- Common host plants for giant swallowtail caterpillars include Ruta Graveolens, Ptelea trifoliata, and Zanthoxylum americanum.
- Providing suitable care and host plants will ensure their successful transformation into adult butterflies.
Identifying Giant Swallowtail Caterpillars
When it comes to caterpillar identification, the giant swallowtail caterpillar stands out with its unique features and stages of development. If you are interested in raising giant swallowtail caterpillars, it is essential to be able to identify them correctly and provide them with the care they need to thrive.
Starting from the egg stage, giant swallowtail butterfly eggs are easy to spot. They are typically laid on the surface of green leaves and have a distinct orange-peel color. Once hatched, the caterpillars go through several stages, displaying a range of colorations from bright orange to dark shades.
Giant swallowtail caterpillars have fascinating defense mechanisms to protect themselves from predators. They can mimic the appearance of bird droppings and even snakes, deterring potential threats. Additionally, they possess bright red horns called osmeterium, which emit a pungent odor when the caterpillar feels threatened.
To ensure the successful growth of giant swallowtail caterpillars, it is crucial to protect them from natural enemies and provide them with suitable host plants. These plants serve as a food source and contribute to their healthy development.
“Giant swallowtail caterpillars have fascinating defense mechanisms to protect themselves from predators.”
By understanding the unique characteristics of giant swallowtail caterpillars and their stages of development, you can enhance your experience in raising these magnificent creatures.
Giant Swallowtail Caterpillar Stages:
- Egg stage: Easily identifiable orange-peel colored eggs on green leaves.
- Caterpillar stage: Multiple stages with color variations from orange to dark shades.
- Defense mechanisms: Mimic bird droppings and snakes to deter predators.
- Osmeterium: Red horns emitting a pungent odor when threatened.
Providing the appropriate care and protection for giant swallowtail caterpillars will ensure their successful transformation into beautiful butterflies. The next section will explore the life cycle of giant swallowtail butterflies, shedding light on their fascinating journey from caterpillar to butterfly.
The Life Cycle of Giant Swallowtail Butterflies
The life cycle of giant swallowtail butterflies consists of four stages: egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, and adult butterfly. Understanding each stage is crucial to appreciating the remarkable transformation these butterflies undergo.
The life cycle begins with the female giant swallowtail butterfly laying her eggs on suitable host plants. The eggs are typically small and can be found on the surface of green leaves. They have a distinctive orange-peel color that allows them to blend in with the foliage and protect them from predators. The eggs hatch within 4 to 10 days, revealing tiny caterpillars ready to embark on their journey.
Once hatched, the caterpillars start feeding on the host plants. They go through several stages known as instars, shedding their exoskeleton each time they outgrow it. The appearance of the caterpillars changes as they mature, with colors varying from orange to dark shades. Giant swallowtail caterpillars have unique defenses, such as mimicking bird droppings and snakes to deter predators. They also possess red horns called osmeterium, which emit a pungent odor when threatened. This serves as an additional deterrent to potential predators.
After approximately 3 to 4 weeks of feeding and growing, the caterpillars begin their transformation into adult butterflies. They find a suitable location to form a chrysalis, where they undergo metamorphosis. Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar’s body breaks down and reorganizes, forming the intricate structures of a butterfly. This stage can last anywhere from 10 to 15 days, depending on environmental conditions.
Adult Butterfly Stage
Finally, the adult giant swallowtail butterfly emerges from the chrysalis. With its wings unfolded, it takes time to dry and harden before taking its first flight. The adult butterfly is a magnificent sight, with its dark brown wings adorned with bright yellow markings, including a large horizontal stripe. These butterflies have a wingspan ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 inches, making them the largest butterflies in North America.
To attract giant swallowtail butterflies to your garden, it is essential to provide suitable host plants. Citrus trees, Hercules Club, Prickly Ash, Wild Lime, and Common Rue are among their preferred host plants. Creating a welcoming environment with these plants can help attract and support the entire life cycle of the giant swallowtail butterflies.
Appearance and Habitat of Giant Swallowtail Butterflies
The Giant Swallowtail Butterflies are truly a sight to behold with their striking coloration. These magnificent creatures have dark brown wings adorned with vibrant yellow markings, including a large horizontal yellow stripe that spans across their wings. This unique color pattern makes them easily recognizable and adds to their beauty. The giant swallowtail butterflies are the largest butterflies in North America, boasting an impressive wingspan ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 inches.
When it comes to their habitat and distribution, giant swallowtail butterflies are commonly found throughout the Eastern United States. They can be spotted in a variety of settings, including wooded areas, meadows, and residential gardens. These butterflies have a wide range and can adapt to different environments, but they are particularly drawn to areas with an abundance of suitable host plants.
Giant Swallowtail Host Plants
Host plants play a crucial role in the life cycle of giant swallowtail butterflies. They serve as the primary food source for the caterpillars, allowing them to grow and develop. Giant swallowtails have specific preferences when it comes to host plants, and providing these plants in your garden can attract these beautiful butterflies.
Here are some of the preferred host plants for giant swallowtails:
- Citrus trees
- Hercules Club
- Prickly Ash
- Wild Lime
- Common Rue
By including these host plants in your garden, you can create a welcoming habitat that supports the growth and survival of giant swallowtail butterflies.
Giant Swallowtail Nectar Plants
Giant swallowtail butterflies not only rely on host plants but also seek out nectar plants for nourishment. These plants provide the adult butterflies with the energy they need to fly and reproduce. Including nectar-rich plant varieties in your garden can help attract and sustain giant swallowtails.
Here are some nectar plants that giant swallowtails are particularly fond of:
- Butterfly bush
- And more…
By providing a diverse selection of nectar plants, you can create an enticing haven for giant swallowtail butterflies and enjoy their captivating presence in your outdoor space.
Giant Swallowtail Butterfly Appearance | Habitat and Distribution |
Dark brown wings with yellow markings, including a large horizontal yellow stripe. | Found throughout the Eastern United States. |
The largest butterflies in North America, with a wingspan ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 inches. | Typically found in wooded areas and residential gardens. |
Giant swallowtail caterpillars are a wonderful addition to any butterfly garden. By taking care of these remarkable creatures and providing them with the right environment, you can witness their remarkable transformation into beautiful butterflies.
Creating a butterfly garden with a variety of host plants and nectar plants can attract and support the growth of giant swallowtail caterpillars. These caterpillars will thrive on plants like citrus trees, Hercules Club, Prickly Ash, Wild Lime, and Common Rue. As the caterpillars grow, they will form chrysalides and undergo metamorphosis, emerging as stunning butterflies with dark brown wings and striking yellow markings.
Attracting giant swallowtail butterflies to your garden is not only a visual delight but also beneficial for the ecosystem. These butterflies play a vital role in pollination, ensuring the reproduction of various plants. By creating a welcoming habitat, you can encourage the presence of these magnificent creatures and enhance the biodiversity of your outdoor space.
So, if you’re passionate about butterflies and want to create a butterfly haven, caring for giant swallowtail caterpillars and attracting butterflies to your garden is a fantastic way to start. With their unique coloration and impressive wingspan, these butterflies will bring beauty and joy to your outdoor space for years to come.
What are some common host plants for giant swallowtail caterpillars?
Some common host plants for giant swallowtail caterpillars include Ruta Graveolens, Ptelea trifoliata, and Zanthoxylum americanum.
How do I identify giant swallowtail caterpillars?
Giant swallowtail caterpillars can be identified by their unique colors, which can vary from orange to dark shades. They also have red horns called osmeterium and can mimic bird droppings or snakes as a defense mechanism.
What is the life cycle of a giant swallowtail butterfly?
The life cycle of a giant swallowtail butterfly consists of four stages: egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, and adult butterfly.
Where can I find giant swallowtail butterflies?
Giant swallowtail butterflies can be found throughout the Eastern United States, typically in wooded areas and residential gardens.
How can I attract giant swallowtail butterflies to my garden?
To attract giant swallowtail butterflies to your garden, provide them with suitable host plants such as citrus trees, Hercules Club, Prickly Ash, Wild Lime, or Common Rue. Additionally, create a welcoming environment with a variety of nectar plants. | <urn:uuid:6cd027e4-6696-44ed-bd49-653dbdce0def> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://butterflyboogie.com/giant-swallowtail-caterpillars-care-facts/ | 2024-02-29T01:43:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.913944 | 2,143 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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Sometimes it can feel like we are already living in a science fiction movie. A few years ago, it would have been unimaginable that you’d tell your fridge to play you a song or that your watch would remind you to take a walk. But this is only the start. The advancement of deep learning and natural language acquisition will speed up AI developments. The development of autonomous vehicles and weapons is already underway, and VR games and deep fake videos make it increasingly difficult to tell fact from fiction.
Many of us have hailed Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a technological breakthrough that could take almost all industries to unthinkable levels of efficiency. At its core, AI tools are designed to automate menial tasks, streamline operations, and improve overall productivity. But at what cost? And, no, this is not a question of how much you might be willing to invest in an AI app that can help your company; this is about the underlying threat these systems pose to the economy.
Back in the 18th and 19th centuries, when the First Industrial Revolution reshaped the entire economic landscape, people who could no longer farm because factories took over their land had to retrain themselves, learning how to fabricate or repair the same machinery that made them redundant. Before, there was little demand for these abilities, but jobs that didn’t exist in the past became a new alternative.
The Second Industrial Revolution saw the same scenario unfold. There may have been temporary job losses because of the switch from steam to electricity. Still, if those mechanics had become electricians, they would have kept their positions within their companies. Once more, there were brand-new skills that people could learn, and with the advent of mass production lines, there were more job opportunities than ever before.
So if history is any indication, we should be okay, right? While many economists point to how these past significant transformations in the labor markets did not lead to major social upheaval, I wouldn’t be so sure. According to these specialists, when technology eliminates jobs, people find alternative income sources, which is true. What they don’t specify is how long this transition takes and its damaging effects in the short term.
Can AI weaponize your data?
Deep learning has been one of the most significant AI developments in the last decade. Thanks to deep learning, computers can classify data, identify patterns, and make predictions. For example, Facebook uses deep learning technology to create personalized recommendations and maximize the time you spend on its network. The platform analyzes every click and compares your information to the data from millions of other users in their system to accurately predict what will keep you interested. The platform analyzes every click and compares your information to the data from millions of other users to accurately predict what will keep you interested.
Deep learning will only grow more prevalent and influential in the years to come, which is great because it can have enormous benefits in everyday life. AI can analyze vast amounts of data and draw connections that escape the human mind. Still, AI cannot use common sense, abstract concepts, or personal experience, so it lacks the complexity and nuance of human thought. To that point, in the podcast Growth Minds, Taiwanese author Kai-Fu Lee of the excellent book ‘AI 2041,’ explained that AI could not replicate human creativity yet, either.
In that same book, Lee also warns us deep fakes will get so good that it won’t be possible to tell them apart from the real thing. It took some time for developers to figure out how to get computers to process and comprehend images to create the technology for deep fakes. Therefore, they looked to the human brain for inspiration, which has a visual cortex that collects data about an image before sending it to the neocortex, which processes that data and then gives the image a more nuanced meaning. Then, they developed an AI that could accomplish this and succeeded.
In short: Yes, your data can be weaponized. And no, it’s not only a matter of where you clicked or what you liked online—AI could even use your likeness against you if it falls into the wrong hands.
What do the coming ten years look like for all of us?
The immediate impact of AI on employment is both positive and negative. While it can streamline operations, increase efficiency, and even generate demand for new jobs, it will also translate into widespread job losses and, at a minimum, significant wage reductions for those who remain employed. Chances are that the overall ramifications of AI over the next decade will be so complex that policymakers and organizations might need to create a legal framework to mitigate the damage to the economy.
However, waiting for any organization to take the reins is a fool’s errand. AI will change how the entire workforce operates. Individuals and businesses must be proactive and prepare themselves for these changes by acquiring additional skill sets, embracing these advanced technologies, and adapting to the new reality.
What are the major threats?
At first, one of the most significant concerns with AI was that it has the potential to automate low-skilled tasks that are repetitive and require minimal human interaction. However, as AI systems have become more sophisticated, it’s becoming clear that these apps can perform other, more “creative” jobs almost as effectively as humans, but in a matter of seconds.
In just a few years, will we need as many designers or copywriters in advertising as we do today? It’s hard to tell. At this point, it is not uncommon to hear of AI algorithms in the financial sector that have automated routine tasks, such as data entry, invoicing, and payment processing. This resulted in countless layoffs in this industry, but it wasn’t alarming yet. Now that AI could displace workers in higher-skilled roles, and at a larger scale than ever, people across many verticals are losing their sleep, wondering if their jobs might not even exist in a few years.
Over the last two decades, most AI has focused on analyzing already-existing information, such as finding data anomalies, spotting fraud, or recommending products you might like. However, generative AI is an entirely different ball game because It helps you produce original content.
With well-known text-to-image AI tools like Stable Diffusion or DALLE, you simply need to enter a prompt to produce images that are difficult to distinguish from works of art and photographs created by humans. Once more, these may even be in a specific artist’s style, which has already led to a class action lawsuit.
When it launched in November 2022, ChatGPT sent shockwaves through the tech industry as users were astounded by how well it could comprehend and produce conversational responses. This bot, developed by San Francisco-based research laboratory OpenAI, is capable of a seemingly limitless number of tasks, including writing a college essay, answering questions, creating and debugging code, and creating stories in a particular style.
Powered by machine learning, this technology has revolutionized the field of language processing, allowing it to generate human-like responses to a wide range of queries and prompts in the blink of an eye. ChatGPT is a conversational chatbot that, in its own words, “uses deep learning algorithms and a massive amount of training data to generate humanlike responses to text-based prompts.”
ChatGPT has been a revelation for many people because it demonstrates a level of artificial intelligence that previously seemed unattainable. After all, we still get frustrated with Siri and Alexa over the most straightforward requests. So it is fair to say that the embryonic version of this AI has been a success, so much so that Microsoft reportedly invested $11 billion in OpenAI in January 2023, and it is considering adding ChatGPT to Bing in an effort to dethrone Google.
Search engines are about to change
Whether you know it or not, artificial intelligence is already prevalent in many products you already use. That’s not the novelty. The main difference is that ChatGPT has brought AI front and center by enabling users to chat directly with it. Moreover, ChatGPT has proven that, since it can succinctly explain complex concepts, respond to questions, and combine information from different online sources, it could be better at performing many tasks that people use search engines for every day.
As stated before, this potential hasn’t gone unnoticed by Microsoft. If the heavy investment wasn’t indication enough, Microsoft’s CEO, Satya Nadella, has said that their company sees ChatGPT as an opportunity to take on Google. On the other hand, Google has announced Bard, its own chatbot that will work as a “companion” to its search engine. Additionally, Google has invested $300 million in Anthropic, a company started by former OpenAI employees and home to the chatbot Claude. And Baidu, the “Google of China,” also announced Ernie, a chatbot, that would be released in March.
But are these chatbots as reliable as Google or Bing search results?
No, they are not. ChatGPT frequently makes mistakes. Chatbots can present their responses as gospel truth, unlike search engines that point users to other pages and make no claims regarding their veracity. Chatbots are sometimes prone to bias, prejudice, and false information as they learn from various online sources. This is where tech companies must decide where to draw the line as they determine which topics are too delicate. All of this will lead to concerns about truth’s nature, objectivity, and censorship.
How dows ChatGPT work?
Deep learning uses neural networks, essentially matrix equations, to gather and learn the relationship in that data to produce what is referred to as a model.
Because of its unparalleled language generation capabilities, ChatGPT can be fine-tuned to the specifics of the task at hand, making it a highly customizable tool that lends itself well to various industries, including customer service, marketing, and even journalism. And, of course, that combination of accuracy and speed is what makes this bot so appealing and, frankly, terrifying. Since it can generate accurate real-time responses indistinguishable from a human’s, no one can deny its cost-effectiveness.
Here you have the ideal customer support representative, consistently providing quick answers, 24/7, without breaks. Sounds too good to be true? It might be
Is ChatGPT a tool with unlimited potential?
Technology does have its limitations. The data only extends to 2021. Responses can be monotonous, lack warmth, based on false information, and occasionally devolve into a word salad. Due to its machine learning model limitations, ChatGPT could perpetuate biases in the data it consumes to learn. This means it may provide discriminatory or offensive responses that could aggravate your clients.
Despise its promising early results, ChatGPTalso struggles to understand the nuances in conversation, mainly if the prompt is ambiguous or the user presents an open-ended question. So far, this has resulted in strange interactions with some users that range from off-topic to irrelevant to creepy. However, Chat GPT keeps track of questions and answers throughout a conversation, allowing you to refine them.
Will there be anyone left?
AI can improve the accuracy and speed of decision-making in critical areas, such as finance and healthcare. You could surely offer more personalized products or services with the right AI tools and create entirely new business models. That’s all well and good. But if you automate every process that you can, and every other company does the same, then who will be left? In other words, who will pay for what you offer if no one has a job except for a selected few? Because there’s something that AI will never be able to do — become your customer. | <urn:uuid:479c5f0e-050f-4847-910f-ed0ac65d1d64> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://creativeworks.us/ai-in-2023-and-beyond-a-friend-or-a-foe/ | 2024-02-29T01:32:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.964937 | 2,446 | 3 | 3 | [
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] |
The Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda) is a fascinating species of fox that inhabits the sandy deserts of North Africa. Known for its distinctive physical characteristics and unique adaptations, the Fennec Fox has captured the curiosity of many. In this article, we will delve into the world of the Fennec Fox, exploring its physical characteristics, habitat, behavior, diet, reproduction, conservation status, and its interactions with humans.
The Understanding Fennec Fox Behavior article provides fascinating insights into the unique traits and social interactions of the species. The Fennec Fox is a small fox species with several notable physical characteristics. It boasts a petite size and lightweight body, making it well-suited for life in the desert. The Fennec Fox is also recognized for its adorable appearance and has a distinct coat that aids in its survival in the arid environment.
When it comes to habitat and distribution, the Fennec Fox primarily inhabits sandy deserts and semiarid regions. These foxes have a widespread geographic range, found in countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and others in the region.
The behavior and adaptations of the Fennec Fox are essential factors in its survival. These foxes are primarily nocturnal, displaying unique behaviors that help them thrive in their arid surroundings. They have remarkable burrowing adaptations, allowing them to create intricate underground dens to escape the extreme desert temperatures. The Fennec Fox exhibits a social structure that revolves around family units.
In terms of diet and feeding habits, the Fennec Fox has adapted to survive in harsh desert conditions. Their primary food sources consist of small rodents, insects, birds, eggs, and even vegetation found in their habitat. They employ hunting techniques suited to their environment, incorporating strategies such as digging and pouncing on prey.
The reproduction and life cycle of the Fennec Fox are intriguing aspects of their biology. These foxes have a distinct mating season and a relatively short gestation period. The cubs receive care and protection from their parents, who play an essential role in their development.
As with many wildlife species, the Fennec Fox faces conservation concerns and potential threats. Understanding their conservation status and the various factors that impact their population is crucial for their long-term survival.
Furthermore, the interaction between Fennec Foxes and humans is a subject of interest. Some people find fascination with these foxes and may keep them as pets, while others appreciate their cultural significance in local traditions and folklore.
- 1 Physical Characteristics of Fennec Fox
- 2 Habitat and Distribution of Fennec Fox
- 3 Behavior and Adaptations of Fennec Fox
- 4 Diet and Feeding Habits of Fennec Fox
- 5 Reproduction and Life Cycle of Fennec Fox
- 6 Conservation Status and Threats to Fennec Fox
- 7 Interactions with Humans
- 8 Frequently Asked Questions
- 8.1 What is the average size and weight of a fennec fox?
- 8.2 What are the notable physical adaptations of fennec foxes to their native desert environment?
- 8.3 How do fennec foxes stay hydrated in the desert with very little water?
- 8.4 What is the current population trend of fennec foxes?
- 8.5 Where are fennec foxes commonly found in their natural habitat?
- 8.6 What are the reasons for fennec foxes being hunted or trapped, and are there any protective measures in place?
Physical Characteristics of Fennec Fox
With their captivating physical attributes, the Fennec Fox is a marvel of nature. In this section, we’ll take a closer look at the physical characteristics that make this species so unique. From examining their size and weight to exploring their mesmerizing appearance and coat, we’ll uncover the fascinating features that define these adorable creatures. Get ready to be amazed by the incredible adaptations and charm of the Fennec Fox.
Size and Weight
The Fennec Fox is small and relatively heavy compared to other small fox species. The size and weight of adult Fennec Foxes measure between 14 to 16 inches (35 to 40 cm) in length and typically weigh between 2 to 3.5 pounds (0.9 to 1.6 kg). It is worth noting that male Fennec Foxes are generally larger and heavier than females.
The small size and lightweight of the Fennec Fox contribute to its ability to thrive in its desert habitat. Their compact build allows them to navigate through sandy terrain easily, while their reduced weight helps conserve energy in the harsh environment. Understanding the size and weight of the Fennec Fox is crucial for appreciating its unique physical characteristics and its capacity to thrive in the desert ecosystem.
Individual Fennec Foxes may exhibit slight variations in size and weight depending on factors such as age, sex, and overall health. Differences can arise due to geographic location, availability of food, and genetic variations.
To delve deeper into the physical characteristics of the Fennec Fox, feel free to explore the other sections of this article. You’ll unveil captivating details about its appearance, coat, habitat, diet, and more.
Appearance and Coat
The Fennec Fox’s appearance and coat are uniquely adapted for survival in the desert. It is a small fox with a head and body length of 35 to 41 cm. Its thick and soft coat provides insulation in hot and cold deserts. The coat is usually sandy or light beige, helping the fox blend into its surroundings. The ears have long, bushy fur and can grow up to 15 cm in length. The fox has large eyes adapted for seeing in low light, as it is primarily nocturnal. The tail has a black tip, contrasting against the light-colored coat. The paws have thick pads, allowing the fox to move silently on the desert sands. The Fennec Fox’s large ears not only contribute to its adorable appearance but also help regulate its body temperature by dissipating heat. The coat serves as camouflage and protection from the harsh desert environment, insulating the fox from extreme temperatures and preventing overheating.
Habitat and Distribution of Fennec Fox
Photo Credits: Foxauthority.Com by Gary Wilson
The habitat and distribution of the fascinating Fennec Fox will be explored in this section, taking a closer look at its natural habitat and geographic range. Prepare to be captivated by the unique environments where these adorable creatures make their home and discover the vast areas in which they can be found. From the deserts they call their natural habitat to the diverse geographic range they inhabit, let’s uncover the intriguing world of the Fennec Fox.
The Fennec Fox thrives in its natural habitat, the Sahara Desert, and other arid areas of Northern Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, and Libya. These regions, with their sandy or rocky terrain, provide the perfect living conditions for this unique fox. Its physical and behavioral traits are specifically adapted to help it survive in this harsh desert environment.
For instance, the Fennec Fox has remarkably large ears that not only enhance its hearing but also help dissipate heat, keeping it cool. Its pale fur serves as effective camouflage, allowing it to blend in seamlessly with the arid surroundings.
In order to survive in such a dry environment, the Fennec Fox has specialized kidneys that enable it to conserve water. These kidneys produce concentrated urine, reducing the amount of water the fox needs to survive. During the scorching desert days, the fox seeks shelter in underground burrows, protecting itself from the intense heat and potential predators. These small family groups, consisting of a monogamous pair and their offspring, ensure the safety and well-being of the foxes.
As an omnivore, the Fennec Fox has a varied diet that includes insects, small rodents, birds, and eggs. It has adapted to extracting moisture from its food, which reduces its dependency on water sources. These unique adaptations allow the Fennec Fox to not only survive but thrive in its arid desert environment. Its ability to seamlessly blend with its surroundings, utilize specialized kidneys to conserve water, and find shelter during the day showcase its remarkable ability to adapt and flourish in its natural habitat.
The Fennec Fox is native to parts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. The foxes are adapted to thrive in extreme desert environments that include sandy dunes, rocky deserts, and arid plains. They prefer areas with sparse vegetation and easy-to-dig sand for burrowing. Despite its adaptability, the Fennec Fox population density varies across its range. Researchers study the geographic range of the Fennec Fox to understand its distribution, behavior, and conservation status. This knowledge helps identify vulnerable areas and guide conservation efforts for this unique desert species.
Behavior and Adaptations of Fennec Fox
With a burst of creativity and a touch of wonder, let’s dive into the fascinating world of the Fennec Fox and its behavior and adaptations. Prepare to be enthralled as we explore the mysteries of their nocturnal behavior, their remarkable burrowing adaptations, and the intricacies of their social structure. Get ready to uncover the secrets of this captivating species, backed by facts and figures, as we embark on a journey through the behavior and adaptations of the enchanting Fennec Fox.
is a prominent characteristic of the Fennec Fox. These petite creatures, native to the desert, primarily engage in activities during the night time as a means of adapting to their arid surroundings. In order to shield themselves from the scorching heat and potential threats, Fennec Foxes seek refuge in burrows during daylight hours. By capitalizing on the cooler temperatures and reduced humidity levels that prevail at night, these foxes are able to conserve water by avoiding the need to regulate their body temperatures during the hottest part of the day. Under the cloak of darkness, Fennec Foxes emerge from their burrows to search for sustenance, including insects, small rodents, and fruits. Their exceptional vision and acute hearing in low light conditions contribute to their efficient prey detection skills. Fennec Foxes have undergone adaptations that enable them to thrive in the absence of light. Their sizable ears function to dissipate heat and capture even the faintest of sounds. Their eyes have evolved to provide clear vision in darkness. Grasping the nocturnal behavior of Fennec Foxes allows us to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for their unique adjustments and survival strategies in the desert habitat. Their capability to remain active during the night instills in them the ability to flourish despite the harsh conditions of their environment.
The Fennec Fox’s burrowing adaptations, known as “burrowing adaptations,” allow it to thrive in its natural habitat. These burrowing adaptations help the fox create safe and comfortable burrows.
1. Digging Skills: The Fennec Fox possesses impressive burrowing adaptations such as strong claws and well-developed forelimbs for digging. This enables the fox to excavate burrows in the desert sand and create complex tunnel networks.
2. Burrow Structure: Fennec Fox burrows, which are specifically designed with burrowing adaptations, are large and feature multiple entrances for better ventilation and protection from extreme temperatures. These burrows are strategically located near food and water sources.
3. Temperature Regulation: Burrowing plays a vital role in helping the Fennec Fox maintain a stable temperature in the harsh desert environment. The burrows act as a shield, protecting the fox from the scorching heat during the day and the cold at night.
4. Family Dwellings: The social structure of Fennec Foxes is reflected in their burrows, which have been shaped by their burrowing adaptations. These burrows consist of separate chambers for sleeping, raising young, and storing food. Emergency exits are present to ensure the safety of the foxes and their families.
5. Protection from Predators: The exceptional burrowing adaptations of the Fennec Fox provide excellent protection against larger desert carnivores and birds of prey. The complex tunnel systems, combined with the multiple entrances, make it extremely challenging for predators to locate and access the Fennec Foxes.
These burrowing adaptations are crucial for the Fennec Fox’s survival in the desert. They ensure safety, regulate the body temperature, and provide an essential shelter for their families.
The social structure of Fennec Foxes plays a crucial role in their behavior and lifestyle. Here are some key points to comprehend:
– Fennec Foxes are solitary animals and prefer to live alone.
– They form small family groups, which contribute to their social structure, consisting of a breeding pair and their offspring.
– Within these family groups, there is a clear hierarchy with the breeding pair as the dominant individuals, establishing the social structure.
– The dominant pair marks and defends their territory, which is an integral part of their social structure.
– Other members of the family group, particularly the offspring, contribute to the social structure by assisting with hunting and caring for the young.
– Communication, a vital component of the social structure, takes place through vocalizations and body language.
– Mating typically occurs once a year, during a specific season, reflecting the social structure of Fennec Foxes.
– Fennec Foxes also exhibit social behavior by coming together in small groups for foraging or protection purposes.
In their desert habitat, Fennec Foxes have evolved their social structure to adapt. Living in small family groups enables them to conserve resources and navigate the harsh environment more effectively, emphasizing the significance of their social structure. The dominant pair ensures the survival of their offspring by providing protection and teaching essential skills, further contributing to the social structure. Through communication and cooperation, Fennec Foxes have developed a social system that promotes the well-being and success of the entire group, consolidating their social structure. Understanding their social structure allows us to appreciate the dynamics of these unique creatures and their ability to thrive in challenging conditions, shedding light on the importance of social structure in their lives.
Diet and Feeding Habits of Fennec Fox
The diet and feeding habits of the adorable Fennec Fox are fascinating to explore. From their primary food sources to their clever hunting techniques, we’ll uncover the secrets behind their nourishment. So, get ready to dive into the world of these pint-sized hunters and discover what keeps their bellies satisfied in the harsh desert environments they call home.
Primary Food Sources
Primary Food Sources
Here is a table presenting the primary food sources of the Fennec Fox:
2. Small Mammals: It also preys on small mammals like mice and rats. Occasionally, it may consume birds. 3. Birds’ Eggs: During the breeding season, the Fennec Fox may raid bird nests to feed on their eggs. For more information on the arctic fox diet, you can visit Exploring the Arctic Fox Diet: What Do These Cunning Canines Eat? 4. Plant Matter: While primarily carnivorous, the Fennec Fox also supplements its diet with fruits, leaves, and roots. 5. Desert Vegetation: In its arid desert habitat, the Fennec Fox can derive moisture from desert vegetation like cacti and desert melons.
The Fennec Fox has adapted to its environment by having a diverse diet. This allows it to survive in harsh desert conditions. Its ability to feed on insects, small mammals, birds’ eggs, and even plant matter provides the necessary nutrients and hydration for thriving.
When it comes to hunting, the Fennec Fox uses a combination of skills and adaptations. Here are some techniques employed by these fascinating creatures:
1. Stealthy Approach: Fennec Foxes have excellent hearing and use it to their advantage. They approach their prey silently, using their large ears to detect even the faintest sounds.
2. Pouncing: Once the Fennec Fox spots its prey, it swiftly pounces on it, using its powerful hind legs to propel itself forward with speed and accuracy.
3. Hunting in pairs: Fennec Foxes sometimes hunt in pairs to increase their chances of success. They communicate through sounds and body language to coordinate their actions. Grey Fox Diet: Exploring the Eating Habits of Grey Foxes
4. Camouflaging: These foxes have adapted to their desert environment by having fur that blends in with the sandy landscape. This allows them to stay hidden from potential prey until they are ready to strike.
5. Surprise Attacks: Fennec Foxes are known for their ability to make quick and unexpected attacks on their prey. This helps them catch their prey off guard and increase their chances of a successful hunt.
If you ever encounter a Fennec Fox in the wild, observe them from a safe distance and do not disturb their natural hunting behaviors. Appreciating their unique hunting techniques can be a fascinating experience, but it is crucial to respect their natural habitat and ensure their well-being.
Reproduction and Life Cycle of Fennec Fox
The reproduction and life cycle of the fascinating Fennec Fox is a captivating journey. From the enchanting mating season to the remarkable gestation period, and the heartwarming care and development of the cubs, each aspect offers remarkable insights into the survival of this incredible species. Prepare to be intrigued by the facts and events surrounding the reproductive journey of the Fennec Fox.
The Mating Season of the Fennec Fox is vital for their reproduction and the survival of the species. It occurs from January to February, coinciding with the cooler winter season in their natural habitat.
During this time, Fennec Foxes engage in heightened activity, displaying courtship behaviors such as scent marking, vocalizations, and chasing. Male Fennec Foxes compete for female attention by demonstrating dominance and agility. The successful male becomes the mate for the breeding season.
Fennec Foxes have only one breeding cycle per year, known as monoestrous breeding. The female enters a period of reproductive receptivity called estrus. After successful mating, the female Fennec Fox undergoes a gestation period of approximately 50 to 52 days to develop the fertilized eggs into embryos.
The mating season is crucial for the Fennec Fox population, ensuring the continuation of the species. Understanding the significance of this season helps researchers and conservationists in their efforts to protect and preserve the Fennec Fox population for future generations.
The gestation period of fennec foxes is a crucial aspect to comprehend for researchers, conservationists, and individuals interested in studying or breeding these creatures. It lasts approximately 49 to 52 days, allowing the embryos to develop and grow inside the mother’s womb until they are ready to be born.
It is worth noting that the gestation period can slightly vary based on the health of the mother and the environmental conditions. On average, fennec foxes experience a gestation period of about 49 to 52 days.
During this period, the female fennec fox diligently prepares a den for giving birth and raising her young. Once the cubs are born, she ensures their survival and facilitates their growth.
Understanding the gestation period of fennec foxes contributes to the collective knowledge about their reproductive timeline. It aids in efforts aimed at protecting their population and preserving their habitats.
Care and Development of Cubs
When it comes to the care and development of fennec fox cubs, parents exhibit specific behaviors to ensure their offspring’s well-being and growth. These behaviors include:
- Protection: Fennec fox parents guard their cubs from threats like predators or extreme temperatures.
- Nursing: The mother fennec fox provides essential nourishment to her cubs through nursing.
- Teaching survival skills: Both parents teach the cubs crucial survival skills, demonstrating hunting techniques and showing them how to find safe burrows.
- Playtime: Play is important for cub development, improving coordination, agility, and social skills.
- Weaning: Parents gradually introduce solid food to the cubs’ diet as they grow older.
- Independence: As the cubs mature, parents allow them to explore and navigate the world on their own.
The care and development of fennec fox cubs are vital for their survival and success. Through parental guidance and support, the cubs learn necessary skills to thrive in the wild.
Researchers discovered a fennec fox den in the desert and observed the parents dedicatedly caring for their cubs. The parents showed patience and dedication in teaching essential skills. Over several weeks, the cubs grew stronger and more confident under their guidance. This story exemplifies the unwavering commitment of fennec fox parents and highlights the remarkable bond within their families.
Conservation Status and Threats to Fennec Fox
The Conservation Status and Threats to the Fennec Fox are important considerations. Currently, the Fennec Fox is classified as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but this does not mean that it is completely immune to threats. The primary threat to the Fennec Fox is habitat loss. Human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and desertification impact their ability to find food and shelter, as they degrade and fragment the fox’s habitat. Deforestation and agricultural expansion also destroy their natural habitat.
Poaching is another significant threat to the Fennec Fox. Despite regulations and protections, the illegal pet trade remains a problem. The demand for Fennec Foxes as exotic pets leads to their capture and trade, which has a negative impact on their population.
Climate change is also a concern for the Fennec Fox. Rising temperatures and changing desert ecosystems can potentially compromise their ability to adapt and survive. Changes in rainfall patterns and prey availability can significantly impact their population as well. To ensure successful Fennec Fox conservation, it is important to implement effective strategies that focus on conserving their habitat and behavior.
To ensure the conservation of the Fennec Fox, it is crucial to protect their habitat, enforce strict poaching regulations, and raise awareness about their importance in the ecosystem. Conservation efforts should focus on preserving their habitats, implementing sustainable practices, and increasing public awareness. By taking these actions, we can work towards securing a bright future for the Fennec Fox.
Interactions with Humans
Photo Credits: Foxauthority.Com by James Hill
Interactions with humans – discover the fascinating ways in which the adorable fennec fox species has captured our hearts. From their role as beloved pets to their importance in various local cultures, this section explores the captivating connections between these intelligent creatures and us. Uncover the unique anecdotes, surprising facts, and heartwarming stories that illuminate the bond between humans and the enchanting fennec fox.
Fennec Fox as Pets
If you are considering a fennec fox as a pet, there are important factors to consider.
First, check the local regulations to ensure it is legal to own one. Some places may require permits or have restrictions on exotic animals.
Next, ensure you have enough space for the fennec fox to roam and explore. They need a large enclosure or secure outdoor area.
Fennec foxes have specific dietary and environmental needs, so make sure to provide them with a well-balanced diet including high-quality fox food, insects, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
Also, create a comfortable and stimulating living environment for the fennec fox. Fennec foxes are social animals, so they require regular interaction and mental stimulation.
Allocate time for daily playtime and bonding.
Owning a fennec fox is a long-term commitment as they can live up to 14 years in captivity. It requires dedication of time, effort, and financial resources.
Importance in Local Cultures
In local cultures, the Fennec Fox holds great importance. It is admired and respected for various reasons.
1. Cultural significance: The Fennec Fox occupies a prominent place in local folklore and traditions. It is often portrayed in stories, myths, and artwork, symbolizing qualities such as agility, adaptability, and cunningness. Its captivating appearance and behavior have endeared it to these cultures.
2. Economic value: In certain regions, the Fennec Fox also contributes to the local economy. Local communities offer guided tours and wildlife excursions to observe these foxes in their natural habitats. This generates income and creates job opportunities, supporting the local economy and promoting the concept of ecotourism.
3. Conservation efforts: The cultural significance attached to the Fennec Fox has raised awareness about its conservation. Local communities take pride in safeguarding the fox’s habitats and ensuring their survival. They implement educational programs and initiatives to create awareness about the importance of conserving this distinctive species.
4. Symbol of resilience: The Fennec Fox’s ability to thrive in extreme desert environments makes it a symbol of resilience and adaptability in local cultures. It serves as an inspiration for people to overcome challenges and flourish even in harsh conditions.
5. Artistic inspiration: The Fennec Fox’s beauty and charm inspire artists, poets, and musicians in local cultures. They capture its graceful movements and unique features in various art forms, enhancing and diversifying the cultural tapestry of these communities.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the average size and weight of a fennec fox?
Fennec foxes are the smallest fox species, measuring 10.2 to 15.2 centimeters in height and weighing between 0.9 to 1.4 kilograms (2 to 3 pounds).
What are the notable physical adaptations of fennec foxes to their native desert environment?
Fennec foxes have several physical adaptations to survive in the desert. They have the largest ears relative to their body size among canids, which help dispel heat and listen for underground prey. It also has a thick, sandy-colored coat that reflects sunlight during the day and keeps it warm at night. The foxes also have heavily furred paws that provide traction in the sand and protect them from the extreme heat.
How do fennec foxes stay hydrated in the desert with very little water?
Fennec foxes have adapted to living with very little water. They get most of their water from the plants they consume, such as roots, fruits, and leaves. They have also developed the ability to go for long periods without consuming water, hydrating themselves through their food.
What is the current population trend of fennec foxes?
The fennec fox is currently listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trend is currently stable, with no major threats to their wild populations. Habitat loss and the illegal pet trade pose risks to their survival.
Where are fennec foxes commonly found in their natural habitat?
Fennec foxes are native to the deserts of North Africa, particularly in regions such as the Sahara Desert, the Sinai Peninsula, and Western Sahara. They inhabit sandy deserts and arid regions with desert grasses or scrub vegetation.
What are the reasons for fennec foxes being hunted or trapped, and are there any protective measures in place?
Fennec foxes are hunted, trapped, and sold commercially in Northern Africa. They are also targeted for their fur. Although they are legally protected in some countries like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, more efforts are needed to enforce these protections and prevent illegal hunting and trapping. Supporting organizations like the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance contribute to saving and protecting wildlife worldwide. | <urn:uuid:245c0f49-dc2d-4bd9-82da-a6e383949187> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://foxauthority.com/fennec-fox-vulpes-zerda/ | 2024-02-29T01:14:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.939556 | 5,670 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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Welcome to our comprehensive guide on deț – the ancient practice that has taken the modern world by storm! Have you ever wondered about the origins and significance of this mystical concept? Or perhaps you’re curious about how it can improve your physical and emotional well-being? Look no further, because we’ve got all the answers right here.
In this blog post, we’ll delve deep into the world of deț, uncovering its intriguing history and exploring its many definitions. We’ll also shed light on how deț can be incorporated into your daily life, providing you with practical tips and techniques for practicing this transformative art. Along the way, we’ll address common misconceptions about deț and examine its role in modern society, including its economic impact, social dynamics, and ethical considerations.
So buckle up as we embark on a journey to understand deț from every angle. Whether you’re a seasoned practitioner or completely new to the concept, get ready to discover the power of deț – mind, body, and soul!
Table of Contents
Definition and origins of deț
The concept of deț has its roots in ancient Eastern practices, particularly within the realms of spirituality and mindfulness. While the exact origins are shrouded in mystery, historians believe that deț originated centuries ago in regions such as India, China, and Tibet.
Deț encompasses a range of meanings and interpretations across different cultures. In its essence, it refers to a state of inner calmness achieved through various techniques such as meditation, breathwork, and mindful movement. Some define deț as the art of harmonizing mind, body, and spirit to achieve optimal well-being.
For others, deț represents a way to cultivate self-awareness and deepen one’s connection with nature or the universe. It is seen as a path towards personal growth and enlightenment.
Furthermore, some view deț as an exploration into energy flow within oneself – harnessing this energy for healing purposes or spiritual development. This perspective highlights the interconnectedness between individuals and their environment while emphasizing balance.
The definition of deț may vary depending on who you ask; however, all interpretations share common threads – achieving inner peace through mindful practices rooted in ancient wisdom. By understanding these diverse definitions and exploring their origins further, we can unlock new possibilities for incorporating this transformative practice into our modern lives
Unveiling the origin of deț
The concept of deț has been around for centuries, rooted in ancient traditions and spiritual practices. To truly understand the essence of deț, it is important to delve into its origins.
Ancient civilizations believed that deț originated from a divine source, a way to connect with higher realms and tap into the power within. It was seen as a pathway to enlightenment and self-discovery.
In Eastern philosophies, deț finds its roots in practices such as yoga and meditation. These traditions emphasize the importance of stillness and mindfulness as means to attain inner peace and harmony.
Interestingly, different cultures have their own interpretations of deț. In some indigenous communities, it is considered a form of prayer or ritualistic dance that connects individuals with nature and their ancestors. In other societies, it is viewed as an artistic expression or physical discipline.
Regardless of its diverse interpretations across cultures, one thing remains consistent – deț is ultimately about finding balance within oneself and connecting with something greater than ourselves.
By understanding the origins of deț, we can begin to appreciate its significance in our lives today. Stay tuned for our next blog post where we explore the mind-body connection in deț!
definiții pentru deț
Deț is a fascinating concept that has captivated the minds of scholars and philosophers for centuries. Its origins can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where it was believed to hold profound meaning and significance. Today, deț continues to intrigue individuals from all walks of life, as they seek to understand its essence and unlock its potential.
When delving into the world of deț, it is important to explore the various definitions that have been attributed to this enigmatic concept. One definition posits deț as a state of inner peace and tranquility achieved through mindfulness practices. It emphasizes the importance of being fully present in the moment and cultivating awareness of one’s thoughts and emotions.
Another interpretation portrays deț as a journey towards self-discovery and personal growth. It involves introspection, reflection, and embracing vulnerability in order to uncover one’s true self. By embarking on this path, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their desires, values, and purpose in life.
A third definition highlights deț as an interconnectedness between oneself, others, and the universe at large. It recognizes that we are all part of a larger whole and encourages empathy, compassion, and harmony with our surroundings.
These three definitions offer unique perspectives on what deț truly means – each adding depth to our understanding while leaving room for individual interpretation. Exploring these dimensions allows us to appreciate both the complexity and beauty inherent in this ancient concept.
Incorporating aspects of these definitions into our daily lives can bring about numerous benefits for our overall well-being. The practice of deț cultivates a strong mind-body connection by promoting mental clarity, reducing stress levels,and improving cognitive function.
It also enhances physical health by increasing flexibility,stamina,and strength.
The emotional benefits are equally significant;deți helps foster positive emotions such as joy,happiness,and gratitude while reducing negative ones like anxiety or anger.
Exploring different techniques,such as meditation,yoga,breathing exercises,or journaling can assist in incorporating deț into our daily routines.
Significance and benefits of deț
Deț is not just a passing trend or a buzzword; it holds significant importance in our lives. The practice of deț encompasses both the mind and body, creating a powerful connection that can lead to numerous benefits for individuals who embrace it.
When we talk about the mind-body connection in deț, we are referring to the deep understanding that our thoughts and emotions have a direct impact on our physical well-being. By incorporating deț into our daily lives, we can tap into this connection and experience improved overall health.
On the physical level, deț has been found to have numerous benefits. Regular practice can help improve flexibility, strength, and balance. It can also aid in weight management and promote better cardiovascular health. In addition, engaging in deț can enhance posture and alignment while reducing chronic pain.
Beyond its physical advantages, deț plays an integral role in boosting emotional well-being as well. Through mindful movement and breath control, practitioners often find themselves experiencing reduced stress levels, increased mental clarity, heightened self-awareness, and enhanced mood regulation.
Incorporating deț into your daily life doesn’t have to be complicated or time-consuming. There are simple tips and techniques you can follow to make it a seamless part of your routine. Start by setting aside dedicated time each day for practice – even if it’s just 10 minutes – to reap the benefits consistently.
When practicing deț at home or outdoors (wherever you feel most comfortable), focus on proper alignment of your body during movements like stretching or holding poses. Pay attention to your breath: inhale deeply through your nose as you expand your chest, then exhale slowly through pursed lips as you release tension from within.
It’s important to note that managing expectations is crucial when starting out with any new endeavor – including embracing deţ practices! Don’t push yourself too hard too soon; instead listen attentively to your body’s cues and gradually increase the intensity of your practice over time
The mind-body connection in deț
The mind-body connection is a fundamental aspect of the deț practice. In deț, the focus is not only on physical movements but also on cultivating mindfulness and awareness. By bringing attention to our breath, body sensations, and thoughts during deț, we develop a deeper understanding of the mind-body connection.
As we move through the various poses in deț, we become more attuned to our bodies. We start to notice how certain postures affect our breathing patterns or how tension in specific areas can impact our overall well-being. This heightened awareness allows us to make conscious adjustments that promote balance and harmony within ourselves.
Moreover, practicing deț helps release any accumulated stress or tension in both the body and mind. The slow and deliberate movements coupled with mindful breathing create a sense of calmness and relaxation. This not only reduces physical discomforts such as muscle stiffness but also clears mental clutter.
Through regular practice, individuals often report an increased ability to manage their emotions better. As they become more aware of their physical sensations during deț, they are also able to observe their emotions without judgment or attachment. This enables them to respond rather than react impulsively in challenging situations.
Incorporating the mind-body connection into daily life outside of deț can have profound effects as well. It encourages individuals to take care of their overall well-being by making conscious choices about nutrition, sleep habits, and self-care routines.
By embracing this holistic approach through practices like deț, one can experience improved mental clarity along with enhanced physical strength and flexibility.
The physical benefits of deț
The physical benefits of deț are numerous and can greatly enhance overall well-being. One of the key aspects of deț is its ability to promote better posture and alignment. By practicing deț, individuals learn to engage their core muscles, which in turn supports a strong and stable spine.
Additionally, deț helps improve flexibility and mobility. Through gentle stretching and controlled movements, practitioners can increase their range of motion over time. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who have sedentary lifestyles or those recovering from injuries.
Furthermore, engaging in regular deț practice has been shown to improve cardiovascular health. The flowing movements and deep breathing techniques help increase blood circulation throughout the body, resulting in improved heart function.
Another physical benefit of deț is its impact on strength building. The slow-paced yet challenging nature of many deț exercises requires individuals to use their own body weight as resistance. This not only helps build lean muscle mass but also improves overall muscular endurance.
Practicing deț can contribute to weight management goals by increasing calorie expenditure during each session. Combined with a balanced diet, regular participation in deț can aid in maintaining a healthy weight.
Incorporating these physical benefits into one’s daily life through consistent practice will undoubtedly lead to enhanced fitness levels and improved overall health.
Boosting emotional well-being through deț
In today’s fast-paced and stressful world, finding ways to boost emotional well-being is more important than ever. One powerful tool that can help in this regard is deț. This ancient practice, rooted in mindfulness and self-awareness, has been shown to have significant positive effects on our emotional state.
One of the key aspects of deț is its ability to cultivate a sense of inner calm and tranquility. By focusing on the present moment and letting go of worries about the past or future, we can experience a profound shift in our emotional state. Through regular practice, deț can help us develop greater resilience and better cope with life’s challenges.
Another way that deț boosts emotional well-being is by fostering a deeper connection with ourselves and others. As we become more attuned to our thoughts, emotions, and sensations during deț practice, we gain a better understanding of ourselves on an emotional level. This increased self-awareness allows us to identify negative patterns or triggers that may be affecting our emotions negatively.
Moreover, practicing deț also promotes self-compassion and acceptance. In a society that often places high expectations on individuals, it’s easy for us to be hard on ourselves when things don’t go as planned or when we make mistakes. Deț teaches us to approach ourselves with kindness and non-judgmental awareness.
Additionally, research has shown that regular practice of deț can lead to reduced levels of stress hormones such as cortisol while increasing the release of “feel-good” neurotransmitters like serotonin and endorphins. These neurochemical changes contribute extensively towards improving overall mood stability.
By incorporating simple techniques like deep breathing exercises or focused attention meditation into our daily routine, we can harness the power of deț for boosting emotional well-being naturally over time.
Incorporating deț into daily life
Incorporating deț into daily life can have a profound impact on our overall well-being. Whether you’re new to the practice or already familiar with its benefits, finding ways to integrate deț into your day-to-day routine can help bring balance and harmony.
One simple technique for practicing deț is to start your day with a few moments of mindful breathing. Find a quiet space, sit comfortably, and focus on your breath as it enters and leaves your body. This act of intentional breathing can help calm the mind and set a positive tone for the rest of the day.
Another way to incorporate deț into daily life is through movement. Engaging in physical activities such as yoga or tai chi not only promotes flexibility and strength but also cultivates mindfulness. By paying attention to each movement and connecting with your body’s sensations, you can deepen your awareness during exercise.
Additionally, incorporating small acts of kindness into your daily routine can be an effective way to infuse deț into everyday life. Whether it’s offering a helping hand to someone in need or simply expressing gratitude towards others, these gestures create positive energy in both yourself and those around you.
Finding moments throughout the day for self-reflection is another powerful tool for integrating deț into daily life. Taking short breaks from work or other responsibilities allows us to check-in with ourselves mentally and emotionally. This introspective time helps cultivate self-awareness and promotes inner peace amidst our busy lives.
Creating sacred spaces within our homes where we can engage in practices like meditation or prayer further enhances our connection with deț on a regular basis. These dedicated areas serve as reminders of the importance of nurturing our spiritual selves amidst the hustle and bustle.
By incorporating these practices – mindful breathing, movement, acts of kindness, self-reflection, and sacred spaces – we are able to infuse elements of deț seamlessly into our daily routines without feeling overwhelmed by additional commitments.
Tips and techniques for practicing deț
Tips and techniques for practicing deț can help you harness its power and experience its benefits. Here are some practical ways to incorporate deț into your daily life.
1. Mindful breathing: Start by focusing on your breath. Take slow, deep breaths, inhaling through your nose and exhaling through your mouth. Pay attention to the sensation of each breath as it enters and leaves your body.
2. Meditation: Set aside a few minutes each day to meditate. Find a quiet space where you can sit comfortably, close your eyes, and focus on clearing your mind. Allow thoughts to come and go without judgment or attachment.
3. Body awareness exercises: Engage in activities that promote body awareness, such as yoga or tai chi. These practices combine movement with mindfulness, helping you connect with both your physical sensations and mental state.
4. Gratitude practice: Cultivate an attitude of gratitude by taking time each day to reflect on what you are grateful for. Write down three things you appreciate in a gratitude journal or simply express them silently in your mind.
5. Self-care rituals: Incorporate self-care rituals into your routine, such as taking regular breaks during the day to relax or engaging in activities that bring you joy and rejuvenation.
Remember that practicing deț is a personal journey – experiment with different techniques and find what works best for you!
Strategies for managing deț
When it comes to managing deț, having a solid set of strategies in place can make all the difference. Here are some effective techniques that can help you navigate through the challenges and maintain a sense of balance.
First and foremost, it’s important to prioritize self-care. This includes getting enough sleep, eating nutritious meals, and engaging in regular exercise. Taking care of your physical health is essential for managing deț effectively.
Another strategy is practicing mindfulness and meditation. These practices can help calm the mind and bring focus to the present moment, reducing stress and anxiety associated with deț.
Setting boundaries is crucial when dealing with deț. Learn to say no when necessary and establish clear limits on your time and energy. By doing so, you’ll be able to protect yourself from becoming overwhelmed or burnt out.
Finding healthy outlets for emotions is also key in managing deț. Whether it’s journaling, talking to a trusted friend or therapist, or engaging in creative activities like painting or playing music – finding ways to express yourself can provide relief from emotional burden.
Additionally, seeking support from others who understand what you’re going through can be incredibly helpful. Joining support groups or online communities where people share similar experiences can provide validation and valuable insights into coping mechanisms that have worked for others.
Don’t underestimate the power of self-compassion. Be kind to yourself during challenging times; treat yourself with patience and understanding rather than harsh criticism.
By implementing these strategies into your daily routine, you’ll be better equipped to manage deț effectively while maintaining your well-being along the way.
Addressing misconceptions about deț
Addressing Misconceptions about deț
Misconceptions can often cloud our understanding of certain concepts, and deț is no exception. Let’s take a closer look at some common misconceptions surrounding deț and shed light on the truth.
One misconception about deț is that it is solely a form of meditation or relaxation technique. While it does involve elements of mindfulness and relaxation, deț encompasses much more than that. It involves cultivating awareness, compassion, and wisdom in all aspects of life.
Another misconception is that deț requires hours of sitting still in silence. While sitting meditation is one way to practice deț, there are many other forms as well. Walking meditations, mindful eating, and even engaging in daily activities with full presence can all be considered forms of d-eț practice.
There is also a misconception that practicing d-eț means completely eliminating negative emotions or thoughts. In reality, the goal of de-ț is not to suppress or deny these emotions but rather to develop a healthier relationship with them. By acknowledging and accepting them without judgment, we can learn from them and grow emotionally.
It’s important to address these misconceptions because they may discourage people from exploring the benefits of incorporating d-eț into their lives. By understanding what d-eț truly entails – an open-hearted approach towards oneself and others – individuals can experience its transformative power firsthand.
So let’s set aside any preconceived notions we may have about this ancient practice and embrace the opportunity to delve deeper into the world of mindfulness through practicing authentic D-eţ!
Common misconceptions about deț
When it comes to the concept of de-ț, there are several common misconceptions that often arise. Let’s take a closer look at some of these misunderstandings and clarify the truth behind them.
Misconception 1: D-eț is only for spiritual or religious individuals.
Many people believe that d-eț is solely reserved for those who practice spirituality or follow a specific religion. However, this couldn’t be further from the truth. D-eț can be embraced by anyone, regardless of their belief system. It is not tied to any particular faith but rather focuses on connecting with oneself and finding inner peace.
Misconception 2: D-eț requires hours of meditation each day.
Another misconception surrounding de-ț is that it demands long periods of meditation every day in order to experience its benefits. While meditation can certainly enhance one’s practice of d-eț, it is not necessary to spend hours sitting in stillness. Even just a few minutes dedicated to mindful breathing or engaging in simple relaxation techniques can make a significant difference in reducing stress and promoting well-being.
Misconception 3: D-eț is all about d-etachment from emotions.
Some people mistakenly believe that practicing d-eț means d-etaching oneself from emotions entirely. However, this notion overlooks an essential aspect of emotional well-being within the philosophy of d-eț – acknowledging and accepting emotions without being overwhelmed by them. Rather than suppressing or escaping feelings, deș encourages individuals to cultivate awareness and develop healthy coping mechanisms when faced with challenging emotions.
By dispelling these common misconceptions about d-eţ, we can gain a clearer understanding of its true nature as a holistic approach towards personal growth and self-discovery. Embracing an open-minded perspective allows us to fully explore the potential benefits that incorporating elements of d-eta into our daily lives may bring forth!
Deț in modern society
D-eț, an ancient practice rooted in mindfulness and self-awareness, has found its place in modern society. As our lives become increasingly fast-paced and technology-driven, the need for balance and connection to our inner selves becomes all the more crucial.
In this digital age, where distractions abound at every turn, d-eț offers a sanctuary of stillness and tranquility. It provides individuals with a toolkit to navigate the constant noise of the outside world and find solace within themselves.
The economic impact of d-eț cannot be ignored either. Companies are recognizing the benefits of incorporating mindfulness practices into their workplace culture. By promoting employee well-being through d-eț programs or dedicated spaces for meditation, businesses are fostering a healthier work environment that can lead to increased productivity and reduced stress levels.
Furthermore, de-ț plays a significant role in shaping social dynamics. In a society that is becoming more interconnected yet often lacks genuine human connection, practicing d-eț allows individuals to cultivate empathy and compassion towards others. It encourages mindful listening and fosters understanding between diverse groups of people.
However, it is important to address some ethical considerations surrounding d-eț as well. While many practitioners approach it with respect for cultural origins and teachings, there is also concern about commodification or appropriation without proper understanding or acknowledgment.
Amidst the hustle and bustle of modern life, integrating d-eț into our daily routines can bring much-needed calmness while enhancing overall well-being – both individually and collectively. So let us embrace this ancient practice in our modern world as we strive for balance amidst chaos!
The role of deț in modern society
The role of d-eț in modern society is multifaceted and encompasses various aspects of our daily lives. From promoting mental well-being to fostering a sense of community, d-eț plays a crucial role in shaping the fabric of our society.
In today’s fast-paced world, stress and anxiety have become prevalent issues that affect individuals from all walks of life. D-eț offers a sanctuary for individuals seeking solace from the demands of everyday life. Through mindfulness practices and intentional living, d-eț helps individuals cultivate inner peace and find balance amidst the chaos.
Furthermore, de-ț serves as a catalyst for social connection and collaboration. In an era dominated by technology and virtual interactions, d-eț provides opportunities for face-to-face engagement and meaningful connections with others. Whether it’s through group meditation sessions or community events centered around wellness, d-eț fosters a sense of belonging that is often lacking in our increasingly isolated society.
From an economic perspective, the rise of d-eț has also led to significant growth in industries related to health and wellness. As more individuals recognize the importance of self-care and prioritize their well-being, there has been an increased demand for products and services that support this lifestyle. This trend not only creates job opportunities but also drives innovation within these sectors.
However, it is important to address some ethical considerations surrounding the commercialization of d-eț. While its widespread popularity is undoubtedly beneficial in many ways, there is a risk that it may be commodified or diluted to fit market demands. It becomes imperative for practitioners to remain true to its core principles while navigating this evolving landscape.
In conclusion (as per your request), the role of d-eţ in modern society cannot be understated – from enhancing individual well-being to reshaping societal dynamics; its impact reaches far beyond personal practice into various domains such as economics and ethics
Economic impact of deț
The economic impact of d-eț, a concept deeply rooted in mindfulness and self-awareness, cannot be overlooked. The practice of d-eț has been shown to have numerous positive effects on individuals, which can ultimately translate into benefits for the economy as a whole.
One way in which d-eț impacts the economy is through increased productivity. By practicing d-eț and cultivating a sense of focus and clarity, individuals are better able to concentrate on their work tasks and achieve higher levels of efficiency. This leads to improved performance at both individual and organizational levels, resulting in greater output and overall economic growth.
Furthermore, d-eț has been found to reduce stress levels among practitioners. High stress levels can have d-etrimental effects on employee well-being and job satisfaction. By incorporating d-eț into daily life, individuals are better equipped to manage stressors effectively, leading to reduced absenteeism rates and increased employee retention.
In addition to these direct economic impacts, there is also an indirect effect on consumer spending patterns. As individuals become more mindful through the practice of de-ț, they often develop a greater appreciation for simplicity and contentment rather than material possessions. This shift in mindset can lead to decreased consumerism and a more sustainable approach towards resource utilization.
The economic impact of d-eț extends beyond just personal well-being; it has implications for workplace productivity, job satisfaction, consumer behavior, and resource sustainability. Embracing this ancient practice not only benefits individuals but also contributes positively towards building a thriving economy that values holistic wellness over constant material accumulation.
Social dynamics of deț
Social dynamics play a crucial role in shaping the way we perceive and engage with various aspects of life, including the concept of d-eț. When it comes to d-eț, social dynamics can greatly influence our understanding and practice of this ancient tradition.
One important aspect of social dynamics is the impact of community on our d-eț journey. Being part of a supportive community that shares similar values and goals can enhance our experience and motivation to continue practicing de-ț. Whether it’s through attending group sessions or connecting with like-minded individuals online, being surrounded by others who appreciate and understand the benefits of d-eț can provide valuable support and encouragement.
Furthermore, social norms and cultural influences also shape how we approach de-ț. Different societies may have varying attitudes towards practices like meditation or mindfulness, which are integral components of d-eț. Understanding these cultural nuances helps us navigate societal expectations while staying true to our own personal journey with d-eț.
In addition, social connections formed through practicing de-ț can lead to enriching experiences and opportunities for growth. Engaging in activities such as workshops or retreats allows us to connect with others who share a passion for self-discovery and holistic well-being. These interactions not only deepen our understanding of d-eț but also enable us to forge meaningful relationships that foster personal development.
Societal acceptance and recognition play an essential role in integrating d-eţ into mainstream culture. As more people recognize its value in promoting mental health, physical well-being, and overall happiness, there is potential for wider adoption across various sectors – from healthcare to education – leading to positive transformations within society at large.
Understanding the social dynamics surrounding d-et fosters a sense of belongingness within communities that embrace this practice while encouraging broader acceptance among those unfamiliar with its benefits. Embracing this shared knowledge enables individuals from all walks of life to explore d-et’s transformative power together!
Ethical considerations of deț
Ethical considerations play a crucial role when it comes to the practice of de-ț. De-ț is not just about physical well-being or personal growth; it encompasses a broader understanding and awareness of our actions and their impact on others and the world around us.
One important ethical consideration in de-ț is respect for individual autonomy. While practicing de-ț, it is essential to remember that each person has their own journey and experiences. It is important to honor and support individuals in making choices that align with their values, rather than imposing our own beliefs onto them.
Another ethical consideration in de-ț is the principle of non-harming. This extends beyond harm towards oneself but also includes ensuring that our actions do not cause harm to others or the environment. Being mindful of our choices, such as consuming ethically sourced products or reducing waste, can contribute positively to both personal well-being and global sustainability.
In addition, d-ț promotes empathy and compassion towards others. By cultivating these qualities within ourselves through practices like meditation or acts of kindness, we develop a deeper understanding and connection with those around us. This fosters a more harmonious society based on mutual respect and care for one another.
Furthermore, ethical considerations in d-eț involve being aware of power dynamics at play within relationships or communities. Recognizing privilege and striving for equality are integral aspects of this practice. By actively seeking inclusivity, addressing systemic inequalities, and promoting social justice initiatives alongside our personal growth journey in de-ț, we contribute positively to creating a more equitable world for all. Conclusion
In this comprehensive guide, we have explored the concept of d-eț and its origins. We have seen how d-eț is not just a physical practice but also a way to cultivate emotional well-being. By incorporating d-eț into our daily lives, we can experience numerous benefits for both our mind and body.
Through various tips and techniques, we have learned how to practice d-eț effectively and manage any challenges that may arise. Additionally, we have addressed common misconceptions about de-ț and highlighted its significance in modern society.
D-eț has a profound impact on individuals as well as communities at large. Its economic implications cannot be ignored, as it contributes to various industries such as wellness tourism and fitness apparel. Moreover, the social dynamics surrounding de-ț play a crucial role in fostering connections among practitioners.
When practicing de-ț, it is important to consider ethical considerations such as cultural appropriation or misrepresentation. Respecting the roots of this ancient tradition ensures that we engage with it authentically and respectfully.
As you embark on your own journey with de-ț, remember that it is not just an exercise routine – it is a philosophy of life. Embrace its teachings wholeheartedly and allow yourself to fully experience all the benefits it has to offer.
So why wait? Start exploring the world of de-ț today and unlock a path towards physical vitality, emotional balance, and spiritual enlightenment! | <urn:uuid:611ac8ac-c207-48c2-b7ea-61562bd3a756> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://goodcampus.org/det/ | 2024-02-29T02:04:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.943265 | 6,634 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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Artificial intelligence is slowly but surely changing the insurance landscape. From chatbots to underwriting, the technology is impacting the industry in a number of ways.
Here’s a look at how AI is transforming the insurance industry and what it could mean for the future.
Use Cases Of AI In Insurance industry
According to McKinsey, during the next decade, 10 to 55% of the work performed by core activities inside insurance companies—including actuarial, claims, underwriting, finance, and operations—could be automated, while 10 to 70% of jobs would alter dramatically in scope.
As insurance providers begin to implement artificial intelligence into their business practices, the insurance industry as a whole is expected to see increased efficiency and profitability. For insurance companies, AI can be used to automate many tasks such as claims processing and fraud detection.
By using AI, insurance providers can improve their customer service and underwriting processes. In the long run, AI will help the insurance industry become more efficient and provide better services to its customers.
1. AI For Underwriting
The underwriting process can be seen as one of the most hard and tedious processes in an insurance company. Traditionally, underwriters need to gather a lot of information from various third-party sources and data to determine the risk profile of a potential customer.
However, with AI and robots, such data gathering is now possible – allowing insurers to look at more appropriate risk profiles at much lesser time and effort.
2. AI For Customer Service
Customer service is often cited as a major pain point for potential customers in the insurance industry. With chatbots and AI systems working behind the scenes, it will greatly help insurers provide their clients with timely yet tailored assistance.
3. AI For Telematics
Telematics is a type of insurance that uses vehicle-based technology to assess the risk of insuring a particular car. Using data from vehicle sensors and GPS, insurers can assess how risky a vehicle is and set premiums accordingly.
By leveraging AI, insurers can even further fine-tune this system to better predict an upcoming accident or if the driver is deemed irresponsible on the road.
4. Risk Modeling
Risk modeling is another area where AI comes into play. By using advanced machine learning algorithms, insurers are now able to create risk models that take into account more factors than ever before – including weather patterns and similar incidents in a specified area.
By doing so, the technology can help insurers assess risks more accurately, resulting in more efficient and personalized insurance products.
5. Automated Fraud Detection
When it comes to fighting fraud, AI is proving to be a highly effective tool. With automated voice recognition, AI algorithms are now able to detect fraudulent claims – right through the sales cycle – and can save a lot of time and money for both insurers and their customers.
6. Customer-Facing Apps
Insurance companies are now taking advantage of the latest developments in mobile and app technologies to deliver a better user experience. With intelligent applications, customers can now get the information they need – and even make payments – in just a few taps on a mobile app.
7. Claims Handling
With the growth of digital technologies, insurers are also able to provide additional services for their customers, including claim settlements. By leveraging AI-powered technology, insurers can now provide their customers with 24/7 access to claims handling as well as better support.
8. Customer Profiling
The technology is also being used to better understand customer behavior – from their spending habits to lifestyle choices. This allows insurers to create more relevant and personalised products for their customers – which is something that the latter have been looking for for years.
Benefits Of AI In insurance
According to McKinsey, up to 30% of underwriting tasks might be automated by 2030, with another 30% including increased use of analytics tools and collaboration with data scientists.
Data scientists are always looking for new ways to detect insurance fraud. Claims data is a rich source of information that can be used to identify fraudulent claims. Emerging technologies, such as machine learning, can be used to effectively detect insurance fraud.
Insurance agents, insurance executives, and insurers are all looking for ways to reduce operating costs and claims processes. Many insurance companies are turning to technology to help them accomplish this.
1. Higher Customer Engagement
AI is already being used to make insurance smarter by generating new tools that help insurers better engage with their customers. Chatbots are now being designed as virtual agents that can answer customer queries and provide more personalized assistance.
By leveraging AI, insurers can also build more in-depth profiles of customers, which will in turn enable them to have a better idea of how to deal with various risks.
2. Improved Claims Handling
When it comes to claims processing, AI promises faster and better claims handling for both consumers and insurers alike. By using advanced models, insurers will be able to process claims significantly faster and hence save a lot of time and money from the earlier manual processes that were involved in such operations.
3. Improved Efficiency
While AI will not replace the human element, it can definitely help insurers to reduce their total cost of ownership through greater efficiencies and improved decision-making. By using advanced predictive modeling tools, insurers can better anticipate fraudulent claims or potential claims from customers and take preventive measures accordingly – which is a huge plus for the industry.
According to McKinsey, employing a new employee costs 100% or more of their yearly compensation, but upskilling or reskilling costs 10% or less.
4. Reduced Resources
To become more scalable and efficient, insurers need to drastically reduce the amount of resources they use – and technology is here to help them achieve exactly that. AI is also helping insurers automate a lot of their processes to free up more resources for faster growth and expansion.
5. Better Underwriting
As mentioned above, underwriting is at the heart of insurance and is a key component of the business. With AI being used to automate as much of the underwriting process as possible, insurers can reduce the number of manual interventions and data entry, which in turn frees up more time for their agents – which in turn benefits both parties.
6. Improved Customer Support
AI can also help improve the overall customer support by providing more relevant information on claims handling or lost claims – with agents being able to provide customers with 24/7 interactions on matters relating to their claims.
Besides, AI can also be used to better serve customers in terms of information on their claims or policyholders’ profiles, which will in turn make the process easier for consumers and insurers alike.
7. Improved Underwriting Models
In order to meet specific regulatory requirements such as Solvency II, insurers are now leveraging AI to improve their underwriting models – and these models are being used to further reduce risk just as well as they are being used to automate the underwriting process. This is a perfect example of how AI is helping companies scale up faster while at the same time reducing operational risks that often result in inaccurate projections and forecasts.
8. More Personalized Products
AI can also help insurers to better understand their customers by building more relevant profiles. These profiles can then be used to create more personalized products that are tailored specifically to the customers’ needs to meet these goals. The information on these products will be more accurate and reliable than ever before – which is a huge plus for both consumers and insurers alike.
9. Reduced Losses
While AI cannot replace humans altogether, it is definitely helping companies prevent fraudulent claims or effective claims – which in turn reduces risks and losses. These advances are helping insurers better understand the likelihood of fraud or another type of risk taking place, which can then be used to generate automated alerts/alarm in order to further reduce these risks.
Risks Of AI In Insurance
According to a recent Willis Towers Watson research, 60% of life insurers say predictive analytics have enhanced sales and profitability. Auto insurance companies face many challenges when it comes to claims management and processing.
Insurance customers are often unhappy with the claims process, and this can lead to bad publicity for the company. In addition, insurance companies must deal with a lot of paperwork and red tape when processing claims.
This can be a time-consuming and expensive process. With the increasing digitization of insurance data, both internal and external data sources are being used more frequently for fraud detection during the underwriting process. Machine learning is playing a larger role in this process as well, with insurance industry ai becoming more sophisticated.
1. Data Quality
The first and probably the most important risk AI brings to the insurance industry is data quality. Since AI models rely heavily on data to generate insights, poor-quality data can render these insights inaccurate or misleading.
In order to prevent these issues from arising, insurers must ensure that their data sets are as comprehensive, accurate, and consistent as possible.
2. Impact On Human Jobs
Another risk AI poses for insurers is the impact it will have on jobs in the sector. Automating a lot of their processes can significantly reduce the need for human resources – which may impact both consumers and insurers alike in ways that cannot be readily predicted at this point in time.
It may be that some jobs will get replaced by AI that will replace humans in certain aspects of underwriting or claims management.
According to PwC, 81% of insurers are worried about the availability of important talents within their workforce—but this does not necessitate widespread recruiting.
3. Impact On The Industry
While AI can help insurers ensure greater efficiency, it can also result in less need for human intervention. This can potentially lead to automation in some aspects of the business – which will make insurance less innovative and help insurers miss out on opportunities for growth – which is a big risk for both consumers and insurers alike.
4. Impact On Surveillance
While it’s important that insurers protect themselves against fraud and other unauthorized activities, there must be a balance in their monitoring processes. If, for example, an insurer tries to cover up or hide certain cases of fraud or misuse, this may result in increased levels of unnecessary risks.
To prevent this from happening, insurers must use real-time data to identify suspicious claims or potential fraudulent activities – which can then be addressed more quickly and efficiently.
5. Data Security
Another risk of using AI is data security – which is particularly important for larger companies that are dealing with vast quantities of information on their customers. With so many computers and networks that process this information, data security can be difficult to maintain – which is why insurers need to carefully evaluate their security measures in order to protect their data.
6. Interruption Of Service
If there is an interruption in any part of the business or process, it can cause a lot of damage to the company and its customers alike.
To prevent this from happening, insurers must continue investing heavily in their IT infrastructure and make sure that all their technology solutions are used in a way that does not compromise the quality or integrity of sensitive information pertaining to consumers or the company itself.
7. Regulatory Changes
Another risk that AI poses for insurers is regulatory changes – which may change the way insurers do business, for better or for worse. For example, it can affect the restrictions on capital requirements, solvency ratios, claims reporting and other operational or legal requirements – which will also impact consumers in an indirect way.
At the same time, regulatory changes can also lead to AI being used more extensively to improve a range of processes within insurance – which is a good thing overall.
8. Disruptive Innovations
While disruptive innovations do not pose any serious threat to existing insurers, new technologies can pose a number of challenges and issues that can lead to the disruption or failure of these firms.
When new technologies are introduced and existing players are unable to adapt, they may be forced out of the process altogether – which can be very damaging for insurers and consumers alike.
Insurers must invest in their own IT infrastructure as well as other forms of technology, just in case this happens to them – but at the same time, they must also ensure that this investment is not too expensive and does not become a significant burden on their finances.
Artificial intelligence in the insurance business is valued at USD 6.92 billion by 2028, with a compound annual growth rate of 24.08% projected through 2028.
While there are many exciting ways that AI can be applied to the insurance industry, it remains to be seen whether AI will really play a major role in the sector.
It is too early to tell whether insurers can really take advantage of all these advances, but given that the technology will only continue to improve and evolve, it’s safe to say that insurance companies may need to explore this new frontier in the future. | <urn:uuid:8721e612-924b-4735-94b1-3200931a38d9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://goroboted.com/the-impact-of-ai-in-the-insurance-industry/ | 2024-02-29T01:40:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.958829 | 2,612 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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Do you know who Thomas Cook was and what contribution he made to the history of travel? Perhaps you have heard the name, seen it on the travel agencies that still carry his name, or maybe you’ve even taken a Thomas Cook tour. But my guess is that, like me, you don’t know too much about the man or how he fits into the history of travel.
Thomas Cook was a passionate man who was born into a world where most working class people worked long 6-day weeks and never traveled more than 20 miles from their home towns. Thomas would begin work at age 10, laboring in a vegetable garden for 1 penny per day; but with a lot of determination and hard work, this working class man would eventually build one of the largest travel companies in the world.
This post is dedicated to the memory of Thomas Cook and his role in history and will give you a good overview of Thomas the man, Thomas the travel pioneer, and a glimpse of what it was like to travel in the Victorian age.
Table of Contents:
Who was Thomas Cook?
Thomas Cook was born in 1808 in the small town of Melbourne, England but would be best known for his time living in Leicester. He would finish his schooling at age 10 to begin working, often for only a penny a day, to help support his family.
Throughout his life, Thomas Cook would work as a Baptist preacher, carpenter, furniture maker, printer, publisher, political advocate, and travel organizer. As a Baptist preacher, he would walk thousands of miles and earned so little that he often worked in the dark to conserve candles and oil.
After seeing the effects of drunkenness at an early age, Cook believed that alcohol abuse was one of the major roots of the many social problems in the Victoria era and would spend much of his time and talents supporting the Temperance movement in England for the rest of his life. In fact, Cook’s beginnings as a travel organizer would come about because of his temperance beliefs.
In 1841, he would arrange for a special train to take over 500 people from Leicester to Loughborough to attend a temperance meeting. For 1 shilling, passengers got round trip train travel, band entertainment, afternoon tea, and food. Not a bad deal!
The Birth of Thomas Cook & Son
Then in 1845, he would organize his first railway excursion for profit, and the following year he would begin offering trips outside England to Scotland, a country that captivated Cook and would remain one of his favorite destinations. For many of his early passengers, this was their first time aboard a train and the furthest distance they’d ever traveled from their home.
His trips kept getting bigger and in 1851, Thomas got the chance to organize railway travel and travel accommodations for people from the provinces to travel to London to attend the Great Exhibition orchestrated by Prince Albert. Thomas would transport over 150,000 people to London during the 6 months of the exhibition. This was one of the largest events in England and one of the largest movements of people within Britain!
Up until this point in time, most people in the provinces would be unlikely to travel to a town 20 miles away, let alone to the city of London. It must have been quite a shock for many people, who likely had never attended an event bigger than a county agricultural fair, to witness the Great Exhibition, where many of the greatest industrial inventions of the time were on display, in the bustling capital city of London.
His early tours would be marketed towards the working class, but later his company would go on to escort more middle class passengers and even organize travel for royalty, the military, and other important figures given his increasing reputation for being able to efficiently organize travel.
Interestingly, a large percentage of Cook’s travelers would be single or unescorted women who likely would not have been able to travel on their own (remember these are the days of Gone with the Wind), but being part of an escorted tour provided them with both protection and independence.
Cook would rapidly expand operations, escorting tours throughout Europe, North America, and even led the first commercial tour around the world. But perhaps no destination was more sacred to Thomas than his tours to Egypt and the Middle East. Here Thomas could witness firsthand the Biblical lands he had read and preached about all his life, and spending time in the Holy Land was truly a realization of many of his dreams as a young man.
A Man with Many Personal Obstacles and Struggles
Although Thomas Cook & Son would thrive and go on to become one of the largest travel agencies in the world, things did not work out as well for Cook in his personal life. Thomas’ father died when he was very young as did his stepfather, and young Thomas was left to be raised by his widowed mother.
As an adult, he would suffer the tragic sudden death of his only daughter Annie—a young woman on the cusp of marriage—who shared a close relationship with her parents. Thomas’ wife would suffer a long period of ill health following her daughter’s death, eventually dying and leaving Thomas alone with his own failing health that left him almost blind.
In his later years, he had a very strained relationship with his only son and business partner John Mason Cook. Thomas felt that he was being pushed aside in his own company and eventually John Mason Cook would take over all operations from his father. The father and son never truly reconciled and spent very little time together towards the end of his life.
While Thomas’ poor health and eyesight made it increasingly difficult, he continued to be active in travel and temperance activities until near the end of his life. His son would continue to expand the travel business.
What was it like to Travel During the Victorian Era?
Thomas lived during the reign of Queen Victoria—the Victorian era—and while romantic imaginings of spending time aboard the famous Oriental Express, sailing on luxury White Star Line steamships, and staying in grand palatial hotels may have been partially true of the wealthiest of travelers, these are far from the accommodations you could expect as a working class or middle class traveler.
Before widespread railway transport, the stagecoach reigned as the quickest way to get around and only the wealthy could afford such conveniences. So poorer people often walked, hitched rides on the back of wagons and carts, or, if lucky, rode a horse or donkey. In the early days of railway travel, third class train accommodations were open wagons, some without seats, where passengers would have to worry about the wind, sun, dust, locomotive smoke, and glowing hot embers.
During Cook’s travels—particularly his early trips—you would need to worry about germs and disease as very little was understood about germs at the time and the lack of widespread refrigeration and hot water heightened the chances of disease. Restaurants, flush toilets, and even running water were not staples in Great Britain, let alone the rest of the world. Communication was slow and done primarily by postal mail, sometimes taking weeks to confirm reservations or transmit a message back home.
However, things were not all bad. During Thomas’s life so much would change that would make travel faster, cheaper, and more comfortable than ever before. Improvements in the postal service, use of the steam engine, opening of the Suez canal, and the great expansion of the railways would make it possible for Thomas Cook to accomplish things that would not have been possible a generation before him.
Thomas Cook’s tours, with their discounted organized group rates, made it possible for a lot of working and middle class people to travel for the first time. Cook believed that travel could help educate and enlighten people who, like him, often did not have a proper school education, eliminate prejudices and bigotry, and be a healthy leisure alternative to visiting pubs, gambling halls, and whorehouses.
However, these new travel opportunities for the lower classes was not something that was widely appreciated by many of those in the upper classes of society. Until the nineteenth century, popular tourist destinations were almost exclusively the playground of the wealthy who could afford the time away and expensive cost of travel. The upper classes did not want to mix with the lower classes when traveling.
As Thomas Cook and others began to offer affordable excursion tours to popular destinations such as English country homes (e.g., Chatsworth House), the Rhine River valley, the French Riviera, Egyptian pyramids, and the Swiss Alps, wealthy travelers complained about what they saw as a bunch of uncouth, uneducated common people invading their exclusive travel paradises.
They criticized Thomas Cook and the excursion travelers, and this criticism likely wounded Thomas, who although he strongly believed in the right for all people to be able to travel, he also strived to be accepted by the upper echelons of society. Despite his success, he never was accepted by the upper classes as he was not of gentle birth, but was a working man and a Baptist in a country still largely controlled by wealthy Anglicans.
However, despite all the criticism, the demand for discounted organized travel would only continue to increase. The number of travelers from London who crossed the Channel to continental Europe rose from 165,000 in 1850 to 951,000 by 1899. Travel agencies and organized travel were here to stay.
Why Thomas Cook was a Travel Pioneer
Thomas Cook was a travel pioneer who built one of the largest travel businesses in the world, a business that started very humbly as a way to transport travelers to nearby temperance meetings. Thomas was able to “organize travel as it was never organized before” and with the help of the railways and the steam engine, he was able to do it on a scale that would have never before been possible.
Although not the first to come up with most of the ideas, Thomas would make things like travel vouchers, traveler’s cheques, and printed guidebooks common and widespread. Cook would use his talents as a printer to print travel advertisements, bulletins, magazines, guidebooks, and train timetables. In fact, Thomas Cook Continental Timetables would be published from 1873 to 2013 (last edition was published in August 2013) and were for many decades considered the bible for European train travelers.
His religious fervor would make him seek out exotic locations such as the Middle East and his determination would lead to Thomas Cook & Son opening offices around the world. Perhaps his greatest legacy is that he helped make it possible for a new group of people to engage in leisure travel. Cook understood well the drudgery of hard work and trying to support oneself on a meager income, and his tours provided working and lower middle class people the opportunity to explore a world they could have only have read about otherwise.
The Thomas Cook & Son name continued to exist as a travel company, offering travel tours until 2019. The company traded for 178 years. But it had not been a family-run business by the Cook family since the 1920’s when Thomas Cook’s grandsons, Frank and Ernest, sold the company to the Belgian Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands Express Européens, operators of most of Europe’s luxury sleeping cars, including the Orient Express.
In the 1940’s it would become state-owned by the British Transport Holding Company. It would continue to change hands over the years. In 2001, it would become owned solely by C&N Touristic AG, one of Germany’s largest travel groups, who renamed the company, Thomas Cook AG.
Thomas Cook became one of the world’s largest travel agencies and the oldest in the UK. Its famous slogan developed by advertising expert Michael Hennessy: “Don’t just book it….Thomas Cook it” became well-known around the world.
The Bankruptcy and Closure of the Thomas Cook Travel Agency in 2019
Sadly, the travel agency and airline that carried the Thomas Cook named declared bankruptcy in September 2019, leaving about 150,000 British travelers “stranded” all over the world (as well as a number of other nationalities). Perhaps the most devastating effect has been the immediate loss of thousands of jobs for people in the UK and abroad.
The travel agency, however, was properly insured and protected and most of those who booked a trip can apply for a refund, and those left “stranded” on trips were repatriated by the UK. It was the largest repatriation effort since World War 2.
In October 2019, it was announced that all the Thomas Cook travel agency offices in UK will be taken over by Hays Travel and rebranded under their name. Most of the reopened offices are being staffed by former Thomas Cook employees. Hays Travel is now the largest independent travel agency in the UK, and you can read more about them here.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc on all sectors of the global travel industry and Hays Travel was forced to close its travel offices in the UK for a large part of the year. Many of the former UK Thomas Cook offices have now been permanently shuttered and many of the employees who had been rehired were sadly made redundant. You can read more about that here.
Although the future of the Thomas Cook name in travel may be uncertain, I would be very surprised if the name does not continue to be associated in some way with a travel agency.
In fact, although all the UK based companies have stopped trading, some Thomas Cook owned resorted, like Cook’s Club are still operating. Some of its subsidiaries in some other countries are still trading as normal but are also in danger of closure.
What I Learned from Reading about Thomas Cook
Thomas Cook was a quite extraordinary self-made man. He had so many occupations and business ventures and so many setback and failures, even declaring bankruptcy at one point, but he was so persistent and never gave up. He was a passionate man who fought for his Baptist faith, beliefs in equality for all people, and for temperance.
In addition to being impressed by the determination and innovativeness of Thomas Cook himself, I was also quite intrigued in the ways that travel has changed and the ways it has not. We have come a long way since Thomas Cook escorted his first tour as we can travel so much lighter, faster, and more conveniently than would have seemed possible to Victorian age travelers who would accept unheated train cars, month-long ocean crossings, and hotels without hot water.
Cook, a teetotaler until his death, would likely be shocked by the tourism industry’s promotion of sun, sea and sex and the partying and drinking associated with many travel destinations. Indeed, many of these locations are the most popular destinations for British travelers on package holidays.
However, some things have not changed very much. Criticisms of organized travel remain with the notion that independent travel is better and people love to make the subjective “traveler” versus “tourist” distinction. There are also still locations that remain primarily the playgrounds of the wealthy although never like during the Victorian age. Travel remains class segregated as those who can afford to do so can fly in first class seats, dine in the finest restaurants aboard ships, and sleep in the best cabins with little need to spend much time with other class passengers.
One of the things that I found perhaps the most interesting was the destinations promoted by Thomas Cook still remain, with few exceptions, major tourist destinations today. The country house of Chatsworth House is one of the most notable country houses in England today and people are still flocking to the Scottish highlands, Paris, Rhine River Valley, Swiss Alps, Egypt, the ancient city of Petra, Australia, and most of the other destinations promoted by Thomas Cook in the 1800’s.
While things have changed in some ways beyond recognition, many of the world’s wonders and great destinations continue to awe visitors as they must have awed those first pioneer tourists led by Thomas Cook.
Want to Learn More about Thomas Cook and Victorian Age Travel?
Resources about Thomas Cook (I used these in writing this article):
-Hamilton, Jill. (2005). Thomas Cook: The Holiday Maker. The History Press.
-Piers Brendon. (1991). Thomas Cook – 150 Years of Popular Tourism. Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd.
-Withey, Lynne. (1997). Grand Tours and Cook’s Tours – A History of Leisure Travel, 1750 to 1915. William Morrow & Co. [This book focuses on a broader view of the history of travel including a lot of attention to Thomas Cook tours and their impact on tourism]
-A great Wikipedia link to some of Thomas Cook’s Traveler Handbooks: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%27s_Travellers_Handbooks
Another book related to Thomas Cook on my to-read list:
-Swinglehurst, Edmund. (1974). The Romantic Journey – The Story of Thomas Cook and Victorian Travel. Pica Editions.
So what do you think about Thomas Cook and the Victorian Age of Travel? If you are interested in another article on travel during the Victorian age, check out our post on two American women who race around the world in less than 80 days. | <urn:uuid:2ac68f01-f6ed-407a-a151-c59c6d3062dd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://independenttravelcats.com/travel-history-the-tale-of-thomas-cook-father-of-modern-tourism/ | 2024-02-29T02:57:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.981847 | 3,588 | 2.796875 | 3 | [
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] |
Blockchain is one of the most talked about technology concepts in recent years. But many still have difficulty understanding blockchain technology. Read on to learn the basics about what blockchain really is.
What exactly is a blockchain?
A blockchain is a distributed database or ledger that is shared between individual computers in a computer network. Like a database, a blockchain stores information electronically in digital format.
Blockchains are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems, such as Bitcoin, in maintaining a secure and decentralised record of all transactions. The innovation of a blockchain is that it guarantees full transparency and security of a record of data and generates trust without the need for a trusted third party. Thus, parties do not need to have their transactions approved by, for example, a bank.
An important difference between a typical database and a blockchain is how the data is structured. A blockchain aggregates information into groups, known as blocks. A block refers to a set of information.
Blocks have certain storage capacities, and when they are filled, they are closed and connected to the previous blocks, forming a chain of data known as the blockchain. All new information following the last added block is aggregated into a new block. The new block will then also be added to the chain when it is filled.
A database usually structures its data in tables, whereas a blockchain, as the name suggests, structures its data in chunks (blocks) that are strung together. The block contains an irreversible timeline of data when it is implemented. Once a block is populated, it cannot be changed and becomes part of this timeline. All subsequent blocks in the entire chain are given an exact timestamp when they are added to the chain.
How does blockchain technology work?
The goal of blockchain is to allow digital information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited. In this way, a blockchain is the basis for immutable ledgers or records of transactions that cannot be altered, deleted or destroyed.
The blockchain concept was first proposed as a research project in 1991, before its first widespread application in use: along with Bitcoin in 2009. In the years since, the use of blockchains has exploded in many ways through the creation of various cryptocurrencies, NFTs and smart contracts.
Is Blockchain technology secure?
The technology itself creates security and trust in several ways. For starters, new blocks are always stored linearly and chronologically. That is, they are always added to the "end" of the previous block in the blockchain. After a block has been added to the end of the blockchain, it is extremely difficult to go back and change the contents of the block unless a majority of the network has agreed to do so.
This is because each block contains its own hash, along with the hash of the previous block, as well as the aforementioned timestamp. Hash codes are created by a mathematical function that turns digital information into a series of numbers and letters. If this information is edited in any way, the hash code changes as well.
Let's say an attacker, who also has a single computer on a blockchain network, wants to modify a blockchain and steal cryptocurrency from everyone else. If the hacker were to change their own single copy, it would no longer match everyone else's copies. When everyone else cross-referenced their copies against each other, they would see that one copy stand out, and the hacker's version of the chain would be discarded as illegitimate.
Succeeding with such a hack would require the hacker to simultaneously check and modify 51% or more of the copies of the blockchain, so that their new copy becomes the majority copy and thus the agreed chain. Such an attack would also require an enormous amount of money and resources, as they would have to remake all the blocks because they would now have different timestamps and hash codes.
Due to the size of many cryptocurrency networks and how quickly they are growing, the cost to carry out such a feat would likely be prohibitive. This would not only be extremely expensive, but also likely futile. Doing such a thing would not go unnoticed, as network members would see such drastic changes to the blockchain.
Bitcoin vs. the cryptocurrency blockchain
Blockchain technology was first outlined in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta, two researchers who wanted to implement a system where document timestamps could not be tampered with. But it wasn't until nearly two decades later, with the launch of Bitcoin in January 2009, that blockchain had its first application in the real world.
The Bitcoin protocol is built on a blockchain. In a research paper introducingannouncing the digital currency, Bitcoin's pseudonymous creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, referred to it as "a new electronic cash system that is fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party to approve transactions".
The key thing to understand here is that Bitcoin simply uses blockchain as a means to transparently record a ledger of payments, but blockchain can in theory be used to immutably record any number of data points. This could be in the form of transactions, votes in an election, product inventories, government identifications, deeds to homes and more.
Currently, tens of thousands of projects are looking to implement blockchains in a variety of ways to help society do more than just record transactions - for example, as a way to vote securely in democratic elections.
The nature of blockchains' immutability means that fake votes would become much harder to carry out. For example, a voting system could work so that every citizen in a country would be issued a single cryptocurrency or token.
Each candidate would then be given a specific wallet address, and voters would send their token or cryptocurrency to the address of the candidate they wish to vote for. The transparent and traceable nature of blockchain would eliminate both the need for human vote counting and the ability of fraudsters to tamper with physical ballots.
How are blockchains used?
As we now know, blocks in the Bitcoin blockchain contain data about money transactions. Today, there are more than 10,000 other cryptocurrency systems running on the blockchain. But it turns out that blockchain is actually a reliable way to store data about other types of transactions, too.
Some companies that have already incorporated blockchain include Walmart, Pfizer, AIG, Siemens, Unilever and a host of others. For example, IBM has created its Food Trust blockchain to track the journey that food products take to get to their locations.
Why do this? The food industry has seen countless outbreaks of E. coli, salmonella and listeria, as well as hazardous materials accidentally introduced to food.
In the past, it has taken weeks to find the source of these outbreaks or the cause of illness from what people eat. Using blockchain allows brands to trace a food product's route from its origin, through each stop along the way and finally its delivery.
If a food is found to be contaminated, it can be traced right back through each stop to its origin. Not only that, but these companies can now see everything else the food may have come into contact with, allowing them to identify the problem much more quickly and potentially save lives. This is an example of blockchain in practice, but there are many other forms of blockchain implementation.
Banking and finance
Perhaps no industry benefits more from integrating blockchain into its business operations than banks. Financial institutions only operate during business hours, usually five days a week. That means if you try to deposit a check at 6 p.m. on Friday, you'll likely have to wait until Monday morning to see if your transaction went through.
Even if you make your deposit during business hours, the transaction may still take one to three days to confirm due to the large volume of transactions the bank has to process. Blockchain, on the other hand, never sleeps.
By integrating blockchain into banks, consumers can see their transfers processed in as little as 10 minutes - basically the time it takes to add a block to a blockchain, regardless of holiday or time of day or week. With blockchain, banks also have the ability to exchange money between institutions faster and more securely. That creates high credibility.
In the stock trading industry, for example, the settlement and clearing process can take up to three days (or longer if trading internationally), meaning that money and shares are frozen for that period.
Given the size of the amounts involved, even the few days that money is in transit can entail significant costs and risks for banks.
Currencies and blockchain technology
Blockchain forms the basis of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. A user's data and money are essentially in the hands of their bank. If a user's bank is hacked, the customer's private information is at risk. If the customer's bank collapses, or the customer lives in a country with an unstable government, the value of their currency could be at risk.
By spreading its operations across a network of computers, the blockchain allows Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to operate without the need for a central authority, such as a bank. This not only reduces risk, but also eliminates many of the processing and transaction fees.
It can also allow those in countries with unstablee currencies or financial infrastructure a more stable currency with more applications and a wider network of individuals and institutions with which to do business, both nationally and internationally.
Using cryptocurrency wallets for savings accounts or as a means of payment is particularly meaningful for those who have no government identification. Some countries may be war-torn or have governments that lack any real infrastructure to provide identification. Citizens of such countries may not have access to savings or brokerage accounts - and therefore there is no way to keep their money safe.
While confidentiality on the blockchain network protects users from hacks and preserves privacy, it also allows for illegal trading and activity on the blockchain network. The most well-known example of blockchain being used for illegal transactions is probably The Silk Road, an online marketplace for illegal drugs and money laundering on the dark web that operated from February 2011 until October 2013, when it was shut down by the FBI.
The dark web allows users to buy and sell illegal goods without being traced by using the Tor browser and making illegal purchases in Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. Current US regulations require financial services providers to obtain information about their customers when opening an account, verify each customer's identity and confirm that customers do not appear on any list of known or suspected terrorist organisations.
This system has both advantages and disadvantages. It gives everyone access to financial accounts, but also allows criminals to trade more easily. Many have argued that the good uses of cryptocurrency outweigh the bad uses of cryptocurrency, especially when most illegal activities are still conducted through untraceable cash.
While the cryptocurrency Bitcoin has been used in the past for such illicit purposes, its transparent nature and value as a financial asset has actually meant that much illicit activity now uses other cryptocurrencies such as Monero and Dash. Today, illegal activity represents only a very small proportion of all Bitcoin transactions.
Sofie Meyer is a copywriter and phishing aficionado here at Moxso. She has a master´s degree in Danish and a great interest in cybercrime, which resulted in a master thesis project on phishing.
View all posts by Sofie Meyer | <urn:uuid:00d9f32c-2815-4188-be7f-04b2db1da871> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://moxso.com/blog/what-is-the-blockchain | 2024-02-29T03:16:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.964641 | 2,280 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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Covid-19 vaccines prevented 19.8 million deaths worldwide within the first 12 months of rollout, decreasing the potential world dying toll through the pandemic by greater than half throughout that 12 months, a brand new research revealed in The Lancet Infectious Ailments estimates.
In response to estimates based mostly on extra deaths from 185 nations and territories, as many as 19.8 million out of a possible 31.4 million Covid-19 deaths have been prevented worldwide within the first 12 months of the vaccination programme.
A Additional 5,99,300 Lives May Have Been Saved Had A Goal Been Achieved
An additional 5,99,300 lives may have been saved if the World Well being Group’s goal of vaccinating 40 per cent of the inhabitants in every nation with two or extra doses by the tip of 2021 had been met, the research estimates.
Examine Affords Most Full Evaluation To Date Of International Vaccination Affect
In response to an announcement launched by The Lancet, Dr Oliver Watson, the lead creator on the paper, stated the findings provide essentially the most full evaluation to this point of the outstanding world influence that vaccination has had on the Covid-19 pandemic. He added that just about 7.5 million deaths have been prevented in nations coated by the Covid-19 Vaccine Entry Initiative (COVAX).
Dr Watson stated the initiative was arrange as a result of it was clear early on that world vaccine fairness could be the one method out of the pandemic. The findings present that hundreds of thousands of lives have doubtless been saved by making vaccines out there to individuals in every single place, no matter their wealth.
Nonetheless, extra lives may have been saved, if the targets set out by the WHO had been achieved, Dr Watson stated. Roughly one in 5 of the estimated lives misplaced attributable to Covid-19 in low-income nations may have been prevented, if the targets set out by the WHO had been achieved.
Nearly Two-Thirds Of World’s Inhabitants Has Obtained At Least One Dose Of Covid Vaccine
In response to the research, nearly two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants has obtained at the very least one dose of a Covid-19 vaccine, because the first Covid-19 vaccine was administered exterior of a scientific trial setting on December 8, 2020. The Covid-19 Vaccine Entry Initiative (COVAX) had an preliminary goal of giving two vaccine doses to twenty per cent of the inhabitants in nations coated by the dedication by the tip of 2021. It has facilitated entry to reasonably priced vaccines for decrease revenue nations to attempt to cut back inequalities. The WHO expanded the goal of COVAX by setting a world technique to totally vaccinate 70 per cent of the world’s inhabitants by mid-2022, with an interim goal of vaccinating 40 per cent of the inhabitants in all nations by the tip of 2021.
Extra Than 3.5 Million Covid-19 Deaths Reported Since Administration Of First Vaccine
Greater than 3.5 million Covid-19 deaths have been reported because the first vaccine was administered in December 2020, regardless of the unimaginable velocity of the worldwide vaccine rollout.
New Examine Is First To Entry Quantity Of Deaths Averted Each Immediately And Not directly
The research which tried to estimate the influence of vaccination on the course of the pandemic have centered on particular areas, akin to particular person nations, states, or cities. The research revealed in The Lancet Infectious Ailments journal is the primary to estimate the influence of Covid-19 vaccinations on a world scale and the primary to evaluate the variety of deaths averted each immediately and not directly.
Gregory Barnsley, co-first creator on the paper, stated quantifying the influence that vaccination has made globally is difficult as a result of entry to vaccines varies between nations, as does everybody’s understanding of which Covid-19 variants have been circulating. Additionally, very restricted genetic sequence information is on the market for a lot of nations. The variety of deaths that would have occurred with out vaccinations can’t be immediately measured. The choice eventualities, which can’t be immediately noticed in actual life, could be assessed utilizing mathematical modelling, Barnsley stated.
The researchers used a longtime mannequin of Covid-19 transmission utilizing country-level information for formally recorded Covid-19 deaths occurring between December 8, 2020, and December 8, 2021. This helped them estimate the influence of worldwide vaccination programmes.
Separate Evaluation Based mostly On Quantity Of Extra Deaths Recorded Carried out
The researchers carried out a separate evaluation based mostly on the variety of extra deaths recorded above those who would have been anticipated throughout the identical time interval, to account for under-reporting of deaths in nations with weaker surveillance techniques. The researchers used estimates of all-cause extra mortality to account for under-reporting of deaths within the locations the place official information was not out there. Then, they in contrast the analyses with an alternate hypothetical situation during which no vaccines have been delivered.
Elements The Mannequin Accounted For
In response to the research, the mannequin accounted for variation in vaccination charges between nations, and in addition the variations in vaccine efficacy in every nation based mostly on the vaccine varieties identified to have been predominantly utilized in these areas. The scientists didn’t embody China within the evaluation owing to its giant inhabitants and really strict lockdown measures, which might have skewed the findings.
Estimated 18.1 Million Deaths Would Have Occurred Throughout Examine Interval In Absence Of Vaccination
The scientists discovered that an estimated 18.1 million would have occurred through the research interval if vaccinations had not been carried out. They made the estimates based mostly on formally recorded Covid-19 deaths.
In response to the research, the mannequin estimates that vaccination has prevented 14.4 million deaths. This represents a world discount of 79 per cent.
Vaccination Prevented 19.8 Million Deaths Out Of A Whole Of 31.4 Million Potential Deaths
The scientists carried out an extra evaluation based mostly on whole extra deaths throughout the identical time interval to account for the under-reporting of deaths. The research discovered that Covid-19 vaccination prevented an estimated 19.8 million deaths out of a complete of 31.4 million potential deaths that might have occurred with out vaccination. This represents a discount of 63 per cent.
15.5 Million Deaths Averted Had been Due To Direct Safety
In response to the research, greater than three quarters of deaths averted have been because of the direct safety in opposition to extreme signs supplied by vaccination. This led to decrease mortality charges. As many as 15.5 million deaths out of 19.8 million deaths have been averted because of the direct safety in opposition to extreme signs supplied by vaccination, accounting for 79 per cent of the deaths averted.
4.3 Million Deaths Averted Due To Oblique Safety
Oblique safety from lowered transmission of the virus, and lowered burden on healthcare techniques may have helped forestall an estimated 4.3 million deaths, the research discovered. Discount of the burden on healthcare techniques helped enhance entry to medical take care of these most in want.
Biggest Quantity Of Deaths Averted In First Half Of 2021 Seen In Decrease-Center Earnings Nations
The research discovered that vaccine influence modified over time and in several areas of the world because the pandemic progressed. The best variety of deaths averted by vaccination was seen in decrease middle-income nations, within the first half of 2021. This resulted from the numerous epidemic wave in India because the Delta variant emerged. Within the second half of 2021, the best influence of vaccination was concentrated in greater revenue nations. It is because restrictions on journey and social mixing have been eased in some areas, resulting in better virus transmission.
Excessive And Higher-Center Earnings Nations Accounted For Biggest Quantity Of Deaths Averted
The research discovered that the variety of estimated deaths prevented per particular person was biggest in excessive revenue nations. This displays the sooner and wider rollout of vaccination campaigns in these areas. As many as 66 deaths have been prevented per 10,000 individuals in high-income nations, whereas 2.711 deaths per 10,000 individuals have been prevented in low-income nations.
In response to the research, excessive and upper-middle revenue nations accounted for the best variety of deaths averted, highlighting the inequalities in entry to vaccines world wide. As many as 12.2 million deaths out of an estimated 19.8 million deaths have been averted within the excessive and upper-middle revenue nations.
As many as 83 nations which are coated by the COVAX dedication to reasonably priced vaccines have been included within the evaluation. In these nations, an estimated 7.4 million deaths have been averted out of a possible 17.9 million, accounting for 41 per cent of the entire deaths prevented.
Estimated 1,56,900 Deaths Occurred As a result of Of Failure To Meet COVAX Goal
Nonetheless, the research estimates that the failure to satisfy the COVAX goal of absolutely vaccinating 20 per cent of the inhabitants in some nations resulted in an extra 1,56,900 deaths. The preventable deaths have been concentrated in 31 African nations, during which 1,32,700 deaths may have been averted if the goal had been met, the research discovered.
Extra 5,99,300 Deaths May Have Been Prevented If WHO Goal Was Met
An extra 5,99,300 deaths, that would have been prevented, are estimated to have occurred worldwide because of the shortfall within the WHO goal of absolutely vaccinating 40 per cent of the inhabitants of every nation by the tip of 2021. The research discovered lower-middle revenue nations to account for almost all of those deaths. As many as 3,47,500 deaths out of 5,99,300 deaths worldwide occurred in lower-middle revenue nations because of the shortfall within the WHO goal of absolutely vaccinating 40 per cent of the inhabitants of every nation by the tip of 2021. Because of this 59.7 per cent of the deaths worldwide may have been prevented within the lower-middle revenue nations.
Most Of The Preventable Deaths Occurred In Africa And East Mediterranean Areas
Most of those deaths have been centered in Africa and East Mediterranean areas. As many as 3,48,900 deaths out of 5,99,300 deaths worldwide have been concentrated in Africa, whereas 1,26,800 deaths out of 5,99,300 deaths worldwide have been concentrated within the Japanese Mediterranean areas. These accounted for 58.2 per cent and 21.2 per cent of the entire deaths that would have been prevented worldwide, respectively.
In response to the research, the variety of deaths averted by vaccination in these areas would have greater than doubled, if the 40 per cent goal had been met in all low-income nations. As many as 1,80,300 deaths are estimated to have been averted in all low-income nations underneath present vaccination charges. Had WHO’s goal been met in all low-income nations, an extra 200,000 deaths would have been prevented, the research discovered.
Essential To Guarantee Most Weak Individuals In All Components Of World Are Protected From Covid-19
Professor Azra Ghani, one of many authors on the paper, stated the research demonstrates the big profit that vaccines had in decreasing deaths from Covid-19 globally. She added that whereas the extraordinary deal with the pandemic has now shifted, you will need to make sure that essentially the most susceptible individuals in all elements of the world are shielded from ongoing circulation of Covid-19 and from the opposite main illnesses that proceed to disproportionately have an effect on the poorest.
Ghani additional stated that making certain honest entry to vaccines is essential, however requires extra than simply donating vaccines. She added that enhancements in vaccine distribution and infrastructure, in addition to coordinated efforts to fight vaccine misinformation and enhance vaccine demand, are wanted, as a result of solely then can it’s ensured that everybody has the chance to profit from these life-saving applied sciences.
Limitations To The Examine
The authors famous a number of limitations to the research, together with the truth that the mannequin relies on quite a lot of essential assumptions. These assumptions embody the exact proportion of which vaccine varieties have been delivered, how they have been delivered and their exact timing of when new virus variants arrived in every nation.
The authors additionally assumed that the connection between age and the proportion of Covid-19 deaths occurring amongst contaminated people is similar for every nation. The scientists famous that the findings from the research ought to be thought-about within the context of uncertainty in calculating the true dying toll of the pandemic, owing to the distinction in country-level reporting of Covid-19 mortality.
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Calculate The Age By way of Age Calculator | <urn:uuid:47e06b8b-59b9-47d3-bc35-314d2ebaf7e4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nob6.com/covid-19-vaccines-prevented-19-8-million-deaths-worldwide-in-first-year-of-rollout-study-in-lancet-1538921/ | 2024-02-29T03:15:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.956231 | 2,666 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
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Facial recognition is a technology that can identify individuals from a digital image or video. This technology is becoming increasingly common, with a wide range of applications in both the public and private sectors. While facial recognition can have many positive uses, such as helping to find missing persons or identifying criminals, there are also potential concerns about how this technology may be misused. For example, facial recognition could be used to track people’s movements, target them with ads, or otherwise invade their privacy. There is also a risk that facial recognition could be used to discriminate against certain groups of people, such as racial minorities or women. As facial recognition technology becomes more widespread, it is important to consider these potential impacts on society.
Facial recognition technology is rapidly becoming more ubiquitous and sophisticated, with potentially far-reaching implications for individuals’ privacy and civil liberties. The technology’s growing use in both the public and private sectors raises a number of concerns, including the potential for abuse and misuse of the technology, the impact on individuals’ privacy rights, and the way in which the technology may disproportionately impact certain groups, including racial and ethnic minorities.
How does facial recognition affect our lives?
Facial Recognition Technology, or FRT, is a type of image recognition that is most commonly used to unlock smartphones and computers. However, its capabilities extend far beyond this. FRT can also be used in the law enforcement field, retail industry, and even casinos.
When used in law enforcement, FRT can help to identify and track criminals. In the retail industry, it can be used to track customer behavior and target marketing. And in casinos, FRT can be used to identify and track known cheaters.
While FRT is most commonly used for security purposes, its potential uses are nearly limitless. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see FRT become increasingly commonplace in a variety of industries and applications.
Face recognition systems are a great way to improve security and transparency in organizations. They can help to verify the identity of individuals and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive areas.
How does facial recognition affect our lives?
FRT, or facial recognition technology, poses a significant security threat to its users. This is because FRT uses biometric data, which can be easily exploited for identity theft and other malicious purposes. When thieves have access to your biometric data, they can easily create fake versions of you and use them to commit crimes. This is why it’s important to be very careful about who has access to your biometric data. If you’re using FRT, make sure that you trust the company that you’re using it with and that they have adequate security measures in place to protect your data.
Facial recognition technology is a great way for businesses to identify their most loyal customers and offer them discounts and deals to keep them coming back. This information can help businesses build customer loyalty and keep their customers happy.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of face recognition?
Face detection is a technology that has been around for a while but is only now starting to be used more widely. The main advantages of face detection are that it is more secure than other methods of identification, it is easy to integrate into existing systems, and it can be automated. The main disadvantages of face detection are that it requires huge amounts of storage, it is vulnerable to detection by people who know how to exploit the system, and it has the potential to violate people’s privacy.
Facial recognition technology has revolutionized the security industry. This technology is used to verify the identity of individuals by comparing their facial features to a database of known faces. This technology is quick and efficient, and has improved accuracy rates over traditional verification methods. Additionally, facial recognition technology is relatively easy to integrate into existing security systems.
How can facial recognition help humans?
Patient identification is important for both security and medical purposes. Biometric technologies, including facial recognition, can be used to verify patients’ identities and track people entering and leaving premises. This can help prevent security threats and ensure that patients receive the correct medical care.
One of the key ethical issues with facial recognition technology is that it is often used without consent or notification. This can have a major impact on individuals who are being monitored, as they may not be aware that they are being watched. This can lead to a feeling of violation and a loss of privacy. It is important to ensure that individuals are made aware of when and how this technology is being used, in order to maintain a respectful and ethical relationship.
How does facial recognition violate human rights
Facial recognition systems are a form of mass surveillance that violate the right to privacy and threaten the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and expression. Facial recognition risks being weaponized by law enforcement against marginalized communities around the world. This technology should not be used by governments or law enforcement bodies.
Facial recognition technology is a powerful tool that can be used to help solve crimes and increase public safety. However, it is important to note that no one has ever been arrested solely based on a facial recognition search. This technology must be used in combination with human analysis and additional investigation in order to be effective.
What are the disadvantages of face detection and recognition?
While face detection provides more accurate results than manual identification processes, it can also be more easily thrown off by changes in appearance or camera angles. This can lead to potential breaches of privacy.
Face recognition technology is an inherent threat to our privacy, free expression, information security, and social justice. Our faces are unique identifiers that can’t be left at home, or replaced like a stolen ID or compromised password. In the hands of police and other government agencies, this technology presents a very real danger to our civil liberties.
Does facial recognition have a bias
These findings are concerning because they suggest that current facial recognition technology is biased against certain groups of people. This could have serious implications for how this technology is used in the future, especially if it is used for things like law enforcement or security. It is important that we find ways to address this bias so that everyone can benefit from this technology equally.
Face identity recognition is a technology that can be used for verification or authentication purposes. For example, this technology can be used as a second authentication factor to add extra security to a log-in process. Additionally, face identity recognition can be used to allow access to mobile applications without the need for a password.
What are the potential dangers of facial recognition in schools?
Facial recognition technology poses a number of technical risks. First, there are gaps in the accuracy of the technology, which can lead to false positives or negatives. Second, the technology relies on sensitive personal data, which can be compromised if it falls into the wrong hands. Third, the technology can be misused to violate people’s privacy or to discriminate against them.
The top six ethical concerns related to facial recognition systems all relate to potential negative outcomes that could result from using this technology. Racial bias and misinformation could lead to innocent people being wrongly accused or convicted of crimes. Racial discrimination in law enforcement could mean that people of color are disproportionately targeted and arrested. Privacy concerns could arise if people’s personal information is collected without their knowledge or consent. Lack of informed consent and transparency could result in people being unaware of how their information is being used. Mass surveillance could lead to a loss of individual freedom and privacy. And finally, data breaches could lead to sensitive information being accessed by unauthorized individuals.
Should we worry about facial recognition technology
Facial recognition technology is of concern because of its potential to become a biometric mass surveillance tool. Surveillance, especially in the case of demonstrations, muzzles freedom of expression and chills activities such as political activism.
Facial recognition technology is being used more and more frequently, with little regulation or oversight. This technology can be used to track people’s movements, assess their emotions, and even guess their identity. While this technology has potential benefits, such as helping to catch criminals, it also poses a serious threat to privacy and civil liberties.
There is a risk that this technology will be used for mass surveillance, especially in authoritarian regimes. In addition, facial recognition technology can be used to target and track people based on their religious beliefs, ethnicity, or political views. This could have a chilling effect on freedom of expression and privacy.
Based on the text, it seems that facial recognition may not be as secure as we think. This is because facial recognition can be copied and used to gain access to private information. Lewis says that this is a property of biometrics rather than a vulnerability. However, it is still something to be aware of when using this type of technology.
How does facial recognition help keep us safer
It is true that when there is someone watching over you, you are less likely to commit a crime. This is because you are being held accountable for your actions and are less likely to get away with something. However, it is also true that facial recognition keeps a track on everybody in crowded places. This means that even if you are not being watched directly, there is still a chance that you could be caught on camera and identified. Because of this, it is important to be aware of your surroundings and to be careful when you are in a crowded place.
If you have difficulty recognising faces, it may be harder for you to form relationships. This may affect your mental health and lead to social anxiety or depression.
How does facial recognition violate human rights
Facial recognition systems are a form of mass surveillance that violate the right to privacy and threaten the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and expression. Facial recognition risks being weaponized by law enforcement against marginalized communities around the world.
Facial recognition technology is becoming more and more common, with governments and private businesses alike using it to track and monitor people. This poses a serious threat to our privacy and civil liberties.
Facial recognition systems are often inaccurate, particularly when it comes to people of color. This means that innocent people can be wrongly identified and targeted by law enforcement.
What’s more, facial recognition can be used to target and suppress dissent. If the government knows where people are gathering to protest, they can send in law enforcement to break up the protest before it even starts.
We need to be very careful about how facial recognition technology is used. It has the potential to do a lot of harm in the wrong hands.
Facial recognition technology is a tool that can be used in conjunction with human analysis and investigation to help solve crimes and increase public safety. However, it is important to note that no one has ever been arrested solely based on a facial recognition search. This technology is just one piece of the puzzle and should not be relied on as the sole source of information when investigating a crime.
Should we use facial recognition in public
Police should be banned from using live facial recognition technology in all public spaces because they are breaking ethical standards and human rights laws, a study has concluded.
LFR involves linking cameras to databases containing photos of people. The technology can be used to identify individuals in real-time, and has been trialed by police forces in the UK and US.
The study, conducted by researchers at the University of Essex, found that LFR systems are “highly inaccurate” and often misidentify people of color and women.
The study also found that LFR systems are often used without the knowledge or consent of the people being monitored, and that there is little to no regulation of the technology.
The researchers concluded that LFR systems “present a grave risk to human rights and civil liberties,” and called for a ban on their use in public spaces.
The prevalence of juvenile prosopagnosia can approach 25% of the population. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. Patients with juvenile prosopagnosia cannot recognize faces throughout their life, and a strong family history is usually present.
How does prosopagnosia affect communication
People with prosopagnosia have trouble recognizing faces. This can make communication difficult, because they may not be sure if they know the person approaching them, and whether they should greet them or not. This may make the person appear rude, unfriendly, or reserved, which may not be the case.
In a recent interview, actor Brad Pitt said he suffers from prosopagnosia, a rare neurological disorder that causes facial recognition difficulties. Pitt described how the disorder has affected his life, saying that he often struggles to remember the faces of loved ones and even his own children. Pitt’s openness about his condition is likely to help increase awareness of prosopagnosia and help others who suffer from the condition.
Why facial recognition should be banned
Face recognition technology presents an inherent threat to our privacy, free expression, information security, and social justice. Our faces are unique identifiers that can’t be left at home, or replaced like a stolen ID or compromised password. In the hands of police and other government agencies, face recognition technology can be used to track and monitor our movements, spy on our private conversations, and compile detailed dossiers on our personal lives. The technology also disproportionately impacts communities of color and other marginalized groups, who are more likely to be targets of government surveillance and control.
There are many concerns about the use of facial recognition technology beyond the risk of algorithmic bias. Some worry that the technology will be deliberately used in biased and rights-violating ways. For example, skeptics fear that facial recognition might be used by governments as a tool for mass surveillance of minority or dissident groups. This is a legitimate concern, and it is important to consider the potential misuse of any technology before implementing it.
Facial recognition technology has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, with apps that can unlock phones and public places that use the technology to identify individuals. While this technology can be used for positive purposes, such as catching criminals, there are also privacy concerns that need to be considered.
Facial recognition technology can have a positive effect on society by helping to catch criminals and deterring crime. However, there are also privacy concerns that need to be considered, as the technology can be used to track individuals and collect data about them.
Facial recognition technology is becoming more and more prevalent in society, and its impacts are far-reaching. This technology can be used for things like identifying criminals, finding missing persons, and even unlocking your phone. However, there are also many privacy concerns associated with facial recognition. For example, the government could use this technology to track people’s movements and activities. There is also the potential for hacked facial recognition databases to be used for identity theft or other malicious purposes. As facial recognition technology continues to develop, it is important to consider both its potential benefits and risks in order to ensure that its use is properly regulated. | <urn:uuid:7aca7f72-1e97-4056-b422-eae67fe46f5c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://openaichatgpt3.com/how-does-facial-recognition-affect-society/ | 2024-02-29T02:30:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.959945 | 3,055 | 3.15625 | 3 | [
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By UNC Research, October 6, 2021
Although international collaborations present significant research opportunities, challenges face U.S.-based institutions working across national borders. Enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training. To address these matters, in 2011 the National Academies held the Examining Core Elements of International Research Collaboration workshop. They concluded that the globalization of science, engineering, and medical research is proceeding rapidly.
In 2019, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), which represents 30 U.S. scientific societies, reaffirmed the importance that international collaborations have on discovery and innovation. Such collaborations play critical roles in biological research, ranging from deciphering the human genome to stemming the spread of infectious diseases, such as Ebola, Zika, and now COVID-19. FASEB emphasized the delicate balance between fostering an environment of open scientific collaboration while protecting U.S. investments and discoveries. Policies that confirm appropriate utilization of critical resources and discoveries are needed to ensure continued engagement of international scholars in U.S. research endeavors.
Most recently, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences undertook an initiative called the Challenges for International Scientific Partnerships (CISP) to assess the importance and the complexities of international scientific collaborations. In their report “America and the International Future of Science,” the Academy highlighted the importance of worldwide science by quoting President Harry Truman: “When more of the peoples of the world have learned the ways of thought of the scientist, we shall have better reason to expect lasting peace and a fuller life for all.”
The CISP initiative outlined several recommendations to address the challenges of international scientific collaboration:
- Any restrictions on international collaborations involving federally supported research should be well-justified and carefully/narrowly defined. Large-scale scientific endeavors are an important component of our nation’s overall science and technology enterprise. The United States must be prepared to contribute support for operations outside the United States. Scientific talent arises across the globe at an increasing rate as many countries invest in building a more robust science and technology enterprise.
- Many of the most pressing scientific questions are not defined by national boundaries and require global collaboration for advancement. Both fundamental questions and those related to broad societal problems frequently involve people with different capabilities, perspectives, and access to resources. Forming teams with the best skills to address a research challenge increasingly draws on international collaborators.
- To maintain leadership in fundamental research, it is essential that the United States continues to have an academic education and research system that is open, strong, and attractive and welcoming to international students. In 1960, federal funding represented 45% of all global R&D, while today it accounts for less than 10%. Our country should examine investing in R&D and approving policies that facilitate, support, and foster its scientists in collaborating internationally.
- The United States must engage with the broader scientific community if America is to be among the world leaders across all scientific fields. Scientific partnerships are an important element of foreign policy and international relationships and necessitates cooperation.
- The United States must look not only to those nations that are presently strong, but also to those that are emerging, as scientific partners. Without support and commitment to collaboration from the U.S. government, U.S. scientists may be excluded from some of the world’s leading scientific projects and associated technological advances, especially as multinational funders promote increasingly large international projects.
- Most importantly, the United States must be engaged in the development of global ethical frameworks for research. As discoveries and technological capacities increase, ethical questions are becoming more complex.
The scientific community certainly understands the benefits of international scientific collaboration. However, risks of such collaboration to U.S. national security are now at the forefront of debate. Those risks must be acknowledged along with the benefits from scientific collaboration with countries that are potential adversaries.
Permalink: The U.S. and International Science
By UNC Research, September 1, 2021
A recent Science Focus article discussed theories of why giraffes have long necks. The most obvious suggested that their length, which can reach up to 6 feet, evolved because it gives the animal access to the topmost leaves of trees, eliminating competition for food. Another theory is that the long neck is used as a weapon, wielded in fights between males. Male giraffes indulge in bouts of “neck fighting” to gain access to females, swinging their necks at each other and using their thick, heavy heads to break vertebrae. The males that reproduce most successfully do have the longest necks.
If sexual selection is the cause, males should have noticeably longer necks than females — but the difference is too small to be explained by sexual selection alone. Another theory is that the long neck helps the animal spot predators, or maybe the large surface area assists in regulating body temperature. It might also have evolved in response to giraffes’ legs getting longer, ensuring that they could continue to drink at waterholes.
Whatever the reason for the long neck, it creates a physiological engineering problem as described in a recent Science Advances article, which was summarized in a Science commentary. Researchers from China, Norway, and Denmark compared gene variants of a male giraffe with those of other mammals, including the giraffe’s closest relative: the short-necked, zebra-sized okapi. These animals diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The data identified 490 genes with unique adaptations in the giraffe. Many of the DNA variants were in genes linked to cardiovascular features, bone growth, and the sensory system.
A giraffe’s heart must pump blood at a pressure that is approximately 2.5 times higher than humans. DNA sequencing of the giraffe genome found seven unique DNA variants in the gene Fgrl1 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Like 1).
The researchers used CRISPR gene editing techniques to insert the giraffe variants into the Fgrl1 gene of mice. Not surprisingly, the mice did not grow long necks, and they did not show any obvious change in their cardiovascular system. However, when the researchers gave the modified mice a drug to induce high blood pressure, they stayed healthy, and their blood pressure rose only slightly. The unmodified control mice developed hypertension and associated kidney and heart damage.
The Fgfrl1 giraffe variant does something to the cardiovascular system that counteracts the effects of hypertension in mice, but the mechanisms are not known. There is not yet any evidence that Fgrl1 is one of the genes that causes hypertension in humans, but studying how the giraffe variants do protect mice from hypertension could lead to important new cardiovascular pathways for therapeutic investigations.
The study also highlights other DNA variants unique to the giraffe. Previous research has shown that giraffes have the best vision of all hoofed mammals, which — with their height — allows them to scan the horizon more effectively than other animals. The study also shows that the giraffe lost at least 53 olfactory genes compared with the okapi. So it traded its sense of smell, which is not as important given how far off the ground their head is, for improved eyesight — a definite benefit for their height. The team also found variants in genes that regulate sleep patterns. These findings could explain why giraffes only sleep 40 minutes per day and about three to five minutes at a time.
I use giraffes to illustrate the importance of genomic variants in health. We now know that DNA differences in the gene have profound physiological differences across all mammals. How is this example tied to UNC Research’s priorities? One of our seven research priorities is “Precision Health and Society,” which is focused on tailoring health care practice, delivery, and therapeutics to unique individual circumstances, using factors from genetics to social and environmental influences.
Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, has declared precision health a priority initiative for the agency as well.
“Precision medicine is really an effort to capture all of the specifics about an individual’s health from their environmental exposures, health behaviors, various aspects of their physiology, their metabolism, as well as genetic information through a variety of genomic loci,” Collins recently shared.
Just as giraffes’ necks allow them to reach great heights, the expertise of UNC researchers allows them to do the same across fields. I look forward to sharing more regarding Carolina’s unique contributions to precision health and society later this year.
Permalink: Giraffes, Genomics, and Physiology
By UNC Research, August 2, 2021
Amanda Phingbodhipakkiya was a budding neuroscientist when she shifted away from bench science to focus on enhancing how scientists communicate with the public. After receiving a master’s in fine arts from the Pratt Institute, she launched her career as a science-focused muralist known for expressing complex ideas through art. One example of her work is Beyond Curie, a portrait series of 42 women who have made significant contributions in STEM fields.
The National Academies expands on Phingobodhipakkiya’s work of bridging the arts and humanities with hard sciences through a study that unpacks how the integration of work by artists and humanists with scientists promotes innovative thinking, new spaces, and ideas.
And it is universities that create conditions for discovery by sustaining robust, multi-stranded, creatively adaptable research and scholarly and artistic missions.
UNC-Chapel Hill’s strategic plan, Carolina Next: Innovations for Public Good, emphasizes the importance of promoting and integrating the scholarly work of artists and scientists. Biologist Bob Goldstein is one of many of our faculty doing just that. His research uses the nematode C. elegans to understand how cells develop into organisms. But it was his interest in the arts that inspired him to launch Art & Science: Merging Printmaking and Biology — a two-part honors course he teaches alongside art professor Beth Grabowski. Goldstein has also taken integrating arts and science to heart through his own artistic work, Gig Posters for Scientists, which are hand screen printed posters for distinguished scientists visiting Carolina. He learned the art form from Grabowski, who literally wrote the book on printmaking.
Goldstein and Grabowski share a common interest in what it means to think like both an artist and scientist. Of the 14 slots in their course, seven are filled by students who meet biology prerequisites and seven by students who meet art prerequisites. This creates an interesting mix of students who may not have encountered one another otherwise. The recent Endeavors story “Through a Different Lens,” describes how the course strengthens education by allowing students to step outside their major to do something new.
Jacqueline Lawton, a talented faculty member from the Department of Dramatic Art, explores how theater can convey health and environmental issues to the public. In 2016, she wrote and developed “ARDEO,” a one-act play about the lives of health practitioners and victims of burns. She worked in collaboration with School of Medicine professors Bruce Cairns and Amy Weil to explore how patients and doctors communicate with each other and how theatre artists can be of service to patients, doctors, and the public at large.
She followed that play with “Freedom Hill,” which focused on environmental justice in coastal communities. For its development, she worked in collaboration with David Salvesen, Mai Nguyen, and Amy Cooke, all three of whom are members of environmental programs at UNC. The play tells the story of the founding of Princeville, North Carolina, and how its people continually face the rising tides of the Tar River. Although not a coastal city, and despite being fortified by a levee, the Tar River floods during major hurricanes, causing continual devastation to the community.
An exciting new Carolina program that illustrates even broader scholarly interconnections is the Southern Futures Initiative — a campus-wide initiative connecting the arts, history, public health, and entrepreneurship — which is supported by UNC’s world-class archives and library expertise. Southern Futures aims to cultivate vibrant scholarship about the American South by engaging literary scholars, historians, geographers, anthropologists, religious studies scholars, and others that have sustained long-term inquiry in North Carolina, across the United States, and abroad.
Given that today’s challenges and opportunities are both technical and social, addressing them calls for the full range of human knowledge and creativity. I am excited the strategic plan can be a successful path toward this type of critical integration.
By UNC Research, July 1, 2021
President Biden’s FY2022 discretionary budget request to Congress includes $6.5 billion for creating an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Authorization for ARPA-H is also included in the Cures 2.0 bipartisan draft legislation that was released on June 22. The goal of the agency will be to “drive transformational innovation in health research and speed application and implementation of health breakthroughs.”
NIH Director Francis Collins, together with White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Director Eric Lander, OSTP’s Tara Schwetz, and NIH’s Larry Tabak published a commentary in Science outlining how ARPA-H would focus on time-limited projects with goals, benchmarks, and accountability to develop a flexible and nimble strategy for preventing, treating, and curing a range of diseases. The article was followed up with a webinar conducted on June 25, where Collins and Lander answered questions.
ARPA-H is a new model for NIH, which usually supports peer-reviewed fundamental research in university, non-profit, and government labs. Scientists funded by NIH have discovered molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying health and disease, which have led to new clinical treatments. The commentary cites two articles (1,2) showing that fundamental discoveries supported by NIH have been critical for new therapeutics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. To be sure, the model by which NIH supports fundamental research will not change. But the authors argue that high risk/high yield innovative ideas do not always fit existing NIH support mechanisms — most proposals are directed at solving practical problems.
President Biden stated that ARPA-H should be modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) that embraces a nimble, flexible research strategy that accepts failure. The DARPA approach has driven breakthrough advances for the Department of Defense for more than 60 years. Building on DARPA’s success, Collins et al. argue that an initial mission could be, “To make pivotal investments in breakthrough technologies and broadly applicable platforms, capabilities, resources, and solutions that have the potential to transform important areas of medicine and health for the benefit of all patients and that cannot readily be accomplished through traditional research or commercial activity.” The commentary stresses that those projects supported by ARPA-H would develop solutions that foster breakthroughs to serve patients at levels ranging from the molecular to the societal and to drive those solutions to the point of adoption.
Although an exciting concept for NIH, Collins acknowledges a lot of work and community input are needed to organize this new approach. DARPA can serve as a model, but biological systems are much more complex than the engineered systems on which DARPA focuses. ARPA-H will need to pioneer new approaches.
It is important to note that ARPA-H is to be funded with new appropriations that will not cut into increasing base budgets for NIH’s 27 institutes and centers. And any new medical treatments that come out of ARPA-H will still need to go through the long road of clinical testing and regulatory approvals. Although there is widespread enthusiasm supporting opportunities to improve the way NIH operates, the authors acknowledge that a focus only on short-term results would undermine approaches that have made possible advances to technologies for detecting, treating, and curing diseases.
Permalink: NIH on a Path to Add a DARPA-Like Model
By UNC Research, June 1, 2021
In April, Nature reported on the rules and regulations that U.S. universities and researchers must adhere to when reporting foreign financing and collaborations. While new, these rules do not represent a significant change from the past. U.S. funding agencies have required grantees to report funding from foreign sources for some time. What has changed is that since 2018, penalties — and, in some cases, criminal charges — have been more frequently imposed on scientists who failed to report foreign activities. Most cases involved funding from the Chinese government, and the arrest or censure of many scientists of Chinese descent. Rightfully so, concerns were expressed by the scientific community that these actions amounted to racial profiling.
In 2019, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) launched an effort to clarify and strengthen national policies on research security by issuing a unified set of guidelines for universities to create teams devoted to all aspects of research security, including cybersecurity and export controls. These teams also provide training for faculty members in these areas and those who are considering participating in foreign talent programs that recruit and fund researchers for their expertise. Funding agencies were instructed to establish ways to vet foreign visitors. Along with the NSTC guidelines and memorandum, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) included some broad research security requirements, such as federal agencies must have disclosure rules, and that the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) must ensure the rules are consistent across agencies.
The NSTC report was issued just days before President Biden was sworn in. On May 28, geneticist Eric Lander was confirmed by the Senate as the next director of OSTP, so follow-through on NSTC guidelines may be getting traction soon. In February, several university groups, including the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) and the Association of American Universities, sent a letter to the Biden administration asking for a public comment period to air their views on the report, which is typical before major agency announcements. As of April 5, a response has not been received. It is still unclear how the new administration will approach the concerns of universities and scientists.
Nonetheless, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has moved ahead and is now asking for copies of contracts or agreements with foreign institutions when applying for or submitting updates on existing grants. The implementation of these changes has been delayed until January 25, 2022. The agency is also requiring scientists to certify by electronic signature that the information submitted in applications about foreign funding is accurate.
Few would argue the importance of preventing foreign espionage and intellectual theft on university campuses. However, universities are speaking out against overly burdensome regulations. In addition, immigration of thousands of students and scholars — which has been critically important to science and innovation — has come under threat in this country. There is no question that immigration of highly skilled scientists increases the economic, intellectual, moral, and public health of this country.
As AAU President Barbara R. Snyder recently stated: “We are pleased that President Biden has proposed a path for the best and brightest from around the world to stay and continue to contribute to our nation after finishing their graduate studies in the United States.” She adds that Congress must act now on implementing long-term immigration reform that will keep home-grown talent while attracting the world’s best and brightest scholars.
I ended last month’s Research Matters with the AAU’s recommendations for strengthening American higher education through opportunity, accountability, equity and inclusion, and safety. With the President’s proposed investment in research and ongoing congressional hearings supporting a stronger research budget, coupled with the acknowledgement of the importance of international science, the research community is ready for a research ramp-up. | <urn:uuid:f09199c5-aa82-4b19-bc27-529de114bd14> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://research.unc.edu/about/administration/matters/?wpv_view_count=86895-CATTRfcb391c1381db476b12f3e9bedfe47b7&wpv_paged=2 | 2024-02-29T01:51:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.950662 | 4,066 | 2.953125 | 3 | [
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] |
How stronger observatories arose from history’s ashes
Reflecting on the important knowledge, learned from the devastating fires that tore through Mount Stromlo observatory, 17 years ago today.
The day the fire came
The early days of January 2003 in the southeastern states of Australia started bone dry. The prior three month period between October - December 2002 had received below-average rainfalls, as well as recording above-average temperatures of 1 - 3 degree Celsius. Any moisture still contained within the forests, bushlands and grass fields in the region, in both land and air, simmered away in the summer heat in those blistering days of the new year.
The dry, hot conditions were the perfect brew for several lightning storms to generate on January 8 – lighting which would spark several fires in Namadgi National Park, just to the south-west of Australia’s capital city – Canberra.
The eucalypt forests within the park, themselves a ticking tinderbox following years of drought erupted in flames – fanned by the hot winds billowing behind them. It would be too late to contain the rage of these fires during those initial stages.
Over the coming critical days following January 8, fires emerged in multiple locations in the dense forests surrounding Canberra’s west – including Kosciuszko National Park and the Brindabella Ranges as temperatures continued to climb higher, with each passing noon.
The morning of January 18 was exceptionally ominous.
From early on, hot dry winds lashed across Mount Stromlo Observatory, as burned leaves and ash lifted from neighbouring regional fires and precipitated further south in the outskirt suburbs of Canberra. Later that day, Cabramurra weather station – located 1,440m above sea level – would record temperatures as high as 40-degrees Celsius, coupled with wind gusting at 80 km/h.
At first, the fires rolled over the crest of the Brindabella Ranges before diving into the valley. From the Mount Stromlo Observatory, the roar of heat and sound edged ever so much closer. Years later, researchers would confirm that it was, in fact, a fire tornado - moving at 30 km/h and with a basal diameter of half a kilometre that thundered across the historic site.
“There was no stopping the fires, and not much could do to stop it impacting Mount Stromlo” said Australian National University (ANU) astrophysicist Dr. Brad Tucker, as we walked around the facility – pointing out the length of the fire front as we looked west towards the Brindabella Ranges, now covered in green forests that rise from the pale yellow grasslands in the valley.
“It was headed here and there was no way to get equipment off ” said Dr. Tucker.
When the fires arrived at the observatory, nearly everything in its path ignited. Several historical telescopes, research and engineering workshops, residential properties and heritage-listed buildings were all consumed in the ferocity of the flames – burning at nearly 1000-degrees Celsius.
Inside one of the enormous telescope domes, materials cooked under the intense heat. Aluminum liquified and oozed to the ground. Glass and mirrors shattered into thousands of pieces. The library, full of the original thesis papers of past-gone Ph.D. students, burnt so fast and hot that the books just ignited on the shelves. When later surveying the damage, the staff noted that upon touch, they puffed into a cloud of ash.
“The 74” telescope was the workhorse of Mt Stromlo, used all the way up until the night before the fires” said Dr. Tucker about the historical telescope, now left as a former shadow of itself in a room that looks like it was cooked in a furnace.
By the end of this day, 70% of pastures, forests and nature parks in Canberra would be reduced to nothing more than cinders. Four lives would be tragically lost and 500 homes would be razed to smoldering ruins.
And one of the greatest scientific facilities in history would forever change how observatories around the world, managed their fire risk.
Whilst the devastating 2003 fires destroyed a large portion of the Mount Stromlo Observatory, the rebuilding and rehabilitation of the site have come a long way since, 17 years after the horrors of that unforgettable afternoon. It’s now a thriving facility, with researchers working in labs, astronomers observing the heavens, young people attending astronomy outreach programs and even a hot-spot for adventurous mountain bikers to challenge themselves over a range of tracks leading up and down the mountain. They’re even pushing the boundaries of new technology with a facility designed to fire lasers at space debris, safely de-orbiting them to burn up in our atmosphere.
One of the most important outcomes after the fires at Mount Stromlo Observatory was the learning of fire risk management. The unfortunate events that caused so much destruction of the facility also provided an opportunity for learning – such as minimum distances between ignition material like shrubbery and the telescopes, or more administrative capabilities such as the responsibility of asset insurance hosted at research facilities.
“After the fires, the lessons learned here were implemented at other observatories, including our dark-sky site, Siding Spring Observatory. Siding Spring had its own fire in 2013, and because of the lessons from here, no telescopes or research buildings were lost” said Dr. Tucker.
The Mount Stromlo Observatory
The first Commonwealth building that was constructed in Australia’s new capital, Canberra – was not a federal Government building, nor an official township structure – like a General Post Office.
It was the Oddie Dome – a small observatory containing a 9-inch refractor telescope established on Mount Stromlo in 1911. The observatory pre-dated the naming of Canberra city by a whole two years.
The Oddie Dome was a prototype – testing the suitability of the site atop of Mount Stromlo to build a larger observatory, but it was also an operating site – measuring the spectra, age, orbits and characteristics of southern hemisphere stars.
In 1924, the Commonwealth Solar Observatory was started and after a few years of site construction, the Mount Stromlo Observatory officially opened in 1928 originally as a solar and atmospheric physics establishment for the Commonwealth Government. It would continue on with these duties through to the Second World War, even serving as an optical munitions facility through to the end of the war.
The institution then changed its name to the Mount Stromlo Observatory’ and began delving into stellar and galactic astronomy, a path that would eventually lead it to obtain world-class status, and in 1957 the observatory joined the newly established Australian National University.
Mount Stromlo Observatory has since become a collaborative partner with global observatories and facilities, participating in programs such as the multinational Gemini Observatory (which allows Australian scientists opportunities to use Gemini facilities such as the giant 8.1m Gemini telescope, the 10m Keck telescope and the 8.2m Subaru telescope in Hawai’i in addition to 6.5m Magellan telescope in Chile).
In the 1950s, the site’s telescope assets increased dramatically – with four new instruments (of major astronomical capabilities) came to the mountain – but as Canberra’s population started to swell – as to did the encroaching light pollution. A decision was made to establish a new dark site – further north near the township of Coonabarabran known as the Siding Spring Observatory.
However, some of the most important telescopes – that tell tales of Australia’s rich history in optical astronomy resided at Stromlo. One of the most notable, the Great Melbourne Telescope (GMT) – a 1.2m diameter refractor – was purchased from the Melbourne Observatory in 1944 and became a powerful workhorse for the Stromlo Observatory.
The GMT was built in Dublin, Ireland and arrived in Melbourne in 1868. Through its history, it helped observe and document southern hemisphere astronomical phenomena that William Herschel had originally noted during his time in Cape Town. Even in the 1990s, the GMT would even help global astronomy teams in the search for Dark Matter.
Devastatingly, it would not survive the firestorm of January 18, 2003.
Many telescopes (like the site’s primary telescope – the 1.8m reflector) would never again see the light from the heavens after fires swept through on that hot January day. Telescopes that would contribute to the human knowledge-base of the life cycle of stars and galaxies would be rendered obsolete, eventually pulled apart and disposed of. Some, like the 1.8m reflector, today remain in situ on the mountain – a somber reminder of what Stromlo had to deal with during the overwhelming disaster.
But today – the site is vibrantly bustling with students and astronomers, ensuring the boundaries of space research and technology are continually being pushed with observation and innovation.
Several small observatory domes now pepper the mountain top, providing an opportunity for students to partake in night time observing of the stars. Up on the higher side of the hill, a larger more commercial-looking facility is being used to research how the site can fire lasers into space from the mountain – causing unwanted space debris to plummet and harmlessly burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.
The Advance Instrument and Technology Centre‘s (AITC) modern architectural design stands out amongst the classically, Spanish-villa style older structures, and even against the observatory domes across the site – and rightly so. The AITC facility, a one-of-kind science, and engineering mega-lab allow scientists to develop, test and deploy spacecraft and instrumentation – through an end-to-end facility.
The facility houses a huge thermal vacuum test configuration volt (cylindrical) and radiation exposure chamber, to mimic the extreme environments of space on equipment or materials, prior to them being sent into orbit. Pyrotechnic, mechanical shock and vibration tests are also conducted, simulating the violent shaking during launch on space assets to ensure they can withstand the journey on board any rocket into space – and then continue to operate once they are outside of Earth’s protective atmosphere.
“One of the big things after the 2003 fires was not just to rebuild what we had, but the leadership looked at what we needed to continue to be one of the best places in the world, and that was the AITC” said Dr. Tucker about the AITC.
As Brad and I walk through the corridors between buildings, a 250kg meteorite greets us in one of the buildings, bustling with activity of people coming and going about their business. Looking around I notice a number of other reminders of the wonderful history of Stromlo.
On the wall hangs Professor Brian Schmidt’s Nobel Prize – awarded for the discovery that the Universe’s expansion was in fact accelerating – changing our understanding of cosmology forever.
On a bench, a peculiar small urn sits on the table. Brad opens the lid and offers me a sniff – of which at first I am taken back until he explains to me that it is tradition (since the fires) for graduating Ph.D.’s to burn a copy of their Thesis and commit the remains into the urn.
Hanging by the walls, the original towering clocks used in the Commonwealth’s original time-keeping from days gone past.
It’s the perfect last stop for me on my visit to Mount Stromlo Observatory – and gives me a sense of resilience, strength, and adaptation that radiates from this historic site. I say my goodbyes to Brad and head over to my car, passing the huge dome housing the remains of the 1.8m reflector and other mighty telescopes that once resided here. Looking west out to the Brindabella ranges – the direction from which the fires came, I reflect on how the site has rebuilt itself to return to its former glory of advancing the sciences.
Important Lessons Learned From That Day
Following the tragedy of the Mount Stromlo fires – global observatories around the world gained knowledge about fire risk management in relation to their own facilities. This included a better understanding of improving fire trails around observatory facilities, and clearing of surrounding vegetation to reduce fuel loads.
Another small, but important upgrade was fitting all the domes and buildings with ember screens – forbidding any airborne embers to penetrate the observatories.
Almost 10 years after the 2003 event, the ANU’s other observatory – Siding Springs – came under threat with bushfires burning uncomfortably close to the facility in 2013. Local accommodation was not spared, but the telescopes, instrumentation, and domes were all untouched, thanks to the learning achieved as a result of the Mount Stromlo fires.
In addition to the physical learning as a result of the disaster, observatories around the world also gained new knowledge on how better to insure assets against natural disasters. In a warming world, where the extremities of the climate serve up unprecedented, and often confronting events – better understanding and capability for observatories (and other science facilities) to negotiate better insurance policies is a new form of strategic commercial endurance.
Sadly, it took a tragic event to learn these important lessons, but in doing so – astronomy facilities became more prepared for the future – something I am reminded of as I write this article, given the extensiveness and destruction of this summer’s fire season across south-east Australia.
Stromlo didn’t fall on that horrific day in January 2003. Stromlo rose from the ashes and lifted every observatory with it. | <urn:uuid:b7aa3547-ce54-4294-8c88-36ee3f91b6e3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://spaceaustralia.com/feature/how-stronger-observatories-arose-historys-ashes | 2024-02-29T02:32:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.957414 | 2,829 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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The Maine Coon cat, with its striking appearance and captivating personality, is often considered one of the most majestic breeds in the feline world. Known for its large size and beautiful coat, the Maine Coon has captured the hearts of cat enthusiasts worldwide. In this article, we will delve into the history and origins of this fascinating breed, explore its distinctive features, dive into its unique personality traits, provide tips for grooming and care, and shed light on the health concerns that affect Maine Coons. Whether you are a proud owner of a Maine Coon or simply curious about this magnificent breed, join us as we uncover the wonders of the largest domestic cat breed – the Maine Coon.
1. The Majestic Maine Coon: An Introduction to the Largest Domestic Cat Breed
The Maine Coon is often referred to as the "gentle giant" of the cat world. Known for their large size and majestic appearance, these cats are a favorite among cat lovers worldwide. With their distinctive features and charming personalities, Maine Coons have become one of the most popular cat breeds.
Originating from the state of Maine in the United States, the Maine Coon breed has a fascinating history. While the exact origins of these cats are still debated, one popular theory suggests that they are descendants of long-haired domestic cats brought to America by European settlers. Over time, these cats adapted to the harsh Maine climate, developing a thick, water-resistant coat and tufted ears to protect them from the cold.
What sets Maine Coons apart is their impressive size. They are the largest domestic cat breed, with males often weighing between 13 and 18 pounds, and some even reaching over 20 pounds. Despite their size, Maine Coons are incredibly agile and graceful, with a muscular build that allows them to move with elegance.
One of the most striking features of Maine Coons is their beautiful long fur. Their dense, silky coat comes in a variety of colors and patterns, including tabby, tortoiseshell, and solid colors. The fur is also designed to withstand harsh weather conditions, making them well-suited for both indoor and outdoor living.
Maine Coons have a friendly and sociable nature, earning them the nickname "gentle giants." They are known for their intelligence, playful demeanor, and affectionate nature. They enjoy interactive play and are often fascinated by water, unlike many other cat breeds.
As natural-born hunters, Maine Coons have a high prey drive and are excellent mousers. They are also highly adaptable and can easily adjust to different environments, making them ideal pets for families with children and other pets.
In conclusion, the Maine Coon is a truly magnificent cat breed. Their majestic appearance, impressive size, and friendly demeanor make them
2. History and Origins: Tracing the Roots of the Maine Coon
The history and origins of the Maine Coon cat breed are shrouded in mystery and surrounded by folklore. One popular legend suggests that the breed is a result of crossbreeding between domestic cats and raccoons, hence its name "Maine Coon." However, this theory is scientifically unfounded, as interbreeding between these two species is biologically impossible.
A more plausible explanation for the Maine Coon’s origins lies in its ancestral roots. It is believed that the breed originated in the state of Maine, United States, during the early days of American colonization. As ships sailed across the Atlantic, they carried cats on board to control the rodent population, which was crucial for the preservation of food supplies.
These seafaring cats, known as "ship’s cats," were likely a mix of longhaired cats from Europe and domestic shorthairs from New England. Over time, these cats adapted to the harsh Maine climate, developing thick, water-repellent fur, tufted ears, and large, bushy tails to withstand the region’s cold winters.
The Maine Coon’s natural selection and survival instincts further contributed to its development as a distinct breed. As these cats roamed freely in the Maine countryside, they mated with local feral cats, resulting in a population that displayed unique characteristics and traits. The breed’s large size, strong build, and muscular body are believed to be a result of this natural selection process, enabling them to navigate the rugged terrain and hunt efficiently.
In the late 19th century, the Maine Coon gained recognition as a valuable and distinctive breed. It participated in local cat shows and fairs, where it often garnered praise and admiration. Unfortunately, the breed faced challenges with the rise of the Persian and Siamese breeds, leading to a decline in popularity and a decrease in breeding efforts. The breed’s numbers dwindled to the point of near extinction.
Fortunately, a group of dedicated breed enthusiasts formed the Maine Co
3. Distinctive Features: Exploring the Physical Characteristics of the Maine Coon
The Maine Coon is a majestic breed of cat known for its distinctive physical features. One of the most notable characteristics of this breed is its large size. Maine Coons are considered one of the largest domesticated cat breeds, with males weighing between 13 to 18 pounds on average, and females weighing between 8 to 12 pounds. Their robust bodies are muscular and well-built, giving them a sturdy and powerful appearance.
One of the most striking features of the Maine Coon is its luxurious coat. This breed has a thick, long, and water-resistant fur that comes in a variety of colors and patterns. The fur is designed to protect the cat from harsh weather conditions, making it well-suited for the breed’s origin in the cold climate of the state of Maine.
The face of a Maine Coon is another distinctive feature. They have a square-shaped muzzle, high cheekbones, and large, expressive eyes. Their eyes can vary in color, ranging from green, gold, and copper to blue or heterochromatic (two different colored eyes). This unique combination gives them an endearing and captivating expression.
A notable attribute of the Maine Coon is their tufted ears. These cats have large, lynx-like ears with tufts of fur on the tips, adding to their wild and untamed appearance. The tufts are believed to protect their ears from the cold and contribute to their excellent hearing abilities.
Maine Coons also possess a long and bushy tail that is typically wider at the base and tapers towards the tip. This tail serves multiple purposes, aiding in balance and providing additional warmth during colder months.
Overall, the Maine Coon’s distinctive physical characteristics contribute to its regal and majestic presence. From their large size and luxurious coat to their expressive eyes and tufted ears, this breed stands out among others, captivating the hearts of cat lovers worldwide.
4. Personality and Temperament: Understanding the Maine Coon’s Unique Traits
The Maine Coon breed is known for its unique and captivating personality traits. These cats are often described as gentle giants due to their large size and friendly demeanor. They are known to be one of the most sociable cat breeds, and they enjoy interacting with both humans and other animals.
One of the outstanding traits of the Maine Coon is its intelligence. These cats are highly curious and love to explore their surroundings. They are often found investigating every nook and cranny of their homes, making sure they don’t miss out on any interesting discoveries. This intelligence also makes them quick learners, and they can easily be trained to perform tricks or use a litter box.
Maine Coons are also known for their playful nature. They retain their kitten-like energy and love to engage in interactive play with their owners. Whether it’s chasing after a toy or playing a game of fetch, these cats will happily participate and entertain themselves.
Despite their size, Maine Coons are surprisingly gentle and tolerant. They are known for their patient and kind nature, making them an excellent choice for families with children or other pets. They are not easily provoked and often handle rough play with grace and composure.
Another unique trait of the Maine Coon is their love for water. Unlike most cats, these water enthusiasts enjoy splashing around in sinks, bathtubs, or even joining their owners in the shower. It is believed that their thick water-repellent fur and tufted paws may contribute to their affinity for water.
Maine Coons are also known for their vocalization. They have a wide range of vocalizations, from chirping and trilling to meowing and purring. They use their voice to communicate with their owners, often expressing their needs or simply seeking attention.
Overall, the Maine Coon’s personality and temperament make them a delightful addition to any household. Their intelligence, sociability, playfulness, gentle nature, affinity for water, and vocalization all contribute to their unique
5. Grooming and Care: Tips for Maintaining the Gorgeous Coat of a Maine Coon
Maine Coons are known for their stunning and luxurious coats, which require regular grooming and care to keep them in top condition. Here are some tips to help you maintain the gorgeous coat of a Maine Coon:
1. Brushing: Due to their long and thick fur, Maine Coons should be brushed at least once or twice a week. Use a stainless steel comb or a slicker brush to remove any tangles or mats. Start from the head and work your way down, ensuring you reach the undercoat as well. Regular brushing not only prevents matting but also helps distribute natural oils, keeping the coat healthy and shiny.
2. Bathing: While Maine Coons are generally good at self-grooming, occasional baths are still necessary to keep their coat clean and healthy. Use a cat-specific shampoo that is gentle on their skin and follow up with a conditioner to maintain the softness of their fur. Make sure to rinse thoroughly to avoid any residue, which can cause irritation.
3. Nail Care: Regular nail trims are essential for all cats, including Maine Coons. Their large size and active nature may result in their nails becoming sharp and potentially causing harm. Invest in a pair of cat nail clippers or a nail grinder to keep their nails at an appropriate length. If you’re unsure about doing it yourself, consult a professional groomer or a veterinarian for assistance.
4. Ear Cleaning: Maine Coons, like many other cat breeds, are prone to earwax buildup and infections. Check their ears regularly and clean them gently with a cat-specific ear cleaner and a cotton ball. Avoid using cotton swabs, as they can push debris further into the ear canal. If you notice any redness, swelling, or a strong odor, consult your veterinarian for a thorough examination.
5. Dental Care: Maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial for the overall health of your Maine Coon. Regular brushing using a cat toothbrush and toothpaste specifically formulated for f
6. Maine Coon Health and Common Concerns: Insight into Genetic Conditions and Health Issues
Maine Coons are generally known for their robust health and longevity. However, like all cat breeds, they are still prone to certain genetic conditions and health issues. It is important for Maine Coon owners to be aware of these potential concerns in order to provide the best care and ensure their cat’s well-being.
One common genetic condition that affects Maine Coons is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is a heart disease characterized by the thickening of the heart muscles, which can lead to various symptoms such as heart murmurs, lethargy, and even sudden death. Regular veterinary check-ups and screenings are essential to detect HCM early on. Breeders should also prioritize breeding cats that are free from this condition to reduce its prevalence within the Maine Coon population.
Another health issue that Maine Coons may face is hip dysplasia. This condition occurs when the hip joints develop abnormally, leading to pain, lameness, and decreased mobility. Although hip dysplasia is more commonly associated with large dog breeds, it can also affect Maine Coons. Responsible breeders conduct hip evaluations on their breeding cats to minimize the risk of passing on this condition to their offspring.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is another genetic condition that Maine Coons can be predisposed to. PKD is characterized by the growth of cysts in the kidneys, which can eventually lead to kidney failure. Regular kidney screenings, including ultrasounds, can help detect PKD early and ensure appropriate management to slow its progression.
Maine Coons are also prone to certain common health issues that are not necessarily genetic. These can include obesity, dental problems, and urinary tract issues. It is crucial for owners to provide a balanced diet, encourage exercise, and maintain proper dental hygiene to prevent these issues. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to catch any potential health problems early and address them promptly.
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Human canine teeth, also known as cuspid or eye teeth, are located between the incisors and premolars. They are given the name “canine” because their pointed shape resembles the fangs of dogs and other canines. But are human canine teeth as sharp as their namesake suggests? Let’s take a closer look at the anatomy and function of these unique teeth.
The anatomy of canine teeth
Human canine teeth have a distinct anatomy that differs from other tooth types. Some key features include:
- Pointed tips – The tips of canine teeth come to a rounded point, which aids in piercing and grasping food.
- Single rooted – Canines have a single root that is longer than the crown of the tooth. This provides anchorage in the jawbone.
- Longest teeth – After wisdom teeth, canine teeth are often the longest teeth in the mouth. Their length ranges from 22-27mm.
- Conical shape – Canines have a cone-like shape that tapers from the crown to the root.
- Align with corners of mouth – Upper and lower canines align with the corners of the mouth and help guide the jaw into place during biting and chewing.
The function of canine teeth
In addition to their unique anatomy, canine teeth serve important functional roles:
- Tearing – The sharp tips allow canines to pierce into foods and tear pieces away. This assists in biting off and chewing pieces of food.
- Holding and grasping – Canines’ pointed shape enables them to grip and hold objects. For example, canines are used when biting into and grasping an apple.
- Speech – The position of canines helps shape sounds during speech.
- Guiding jaw movement – Canines guide the jaw into the proper biting alignment.
- Defensive weapon – Along with premolars, canines can be used defensively as weapons. However, human canines are no match for the long, sharp fangs of true canine species.
Do human canine teeth qualify as sharp?
The word “canine” evokes an image of dogs with long, blade-like fangs designed for shredding meat and hunting prey. But do human canine teeth live up to their namesake in terms of sharpness? Let’s closely evaluate whether human canines qualify as truly sharp teeth.
Measuring canine tooth sharpness
Researchers use quantitative measures to assess the sharpness of canine teeth. These include:
- Tip radius – The radius or curvature of the cusp tip. A smaller tip radius indicates a sharper point.
- Edge angle – The angle between the slopes extending down from the tip. A more acute angle creates a sharper wedge-shape.
- Tip symmetry – Jagged, uneven edges are perceived as sharper. Smooth, rounded tips seem blunter.
- Enamel thickness – Thinner enamel allows for a finer, sharper edge. Thick enamel leads to a blunter edge.
Based on microscopic measurements of these metrics, studies consistently show human canine teeth are substantially duller than the canines of carnivores adapted to hunting and consuming raw meat.
Quantitative comparison to carnivores
When numerically analyzed under magnification, human canine teeth compare as follows:
- The tip radius of human canines averages around 350 micrometers. This is relatively large and blunt.
- In comparison, large felines like lions have incredible sharp teeth with tip radii <50 micrometers – almost 7 times sharper than human canines!
- Wolves also have much sharper fangs than humans. Their canines have tip radii around 90-100 micrometers.
- The enamel of human canines is thick, creating a rounder, blunter edge. Predators have much thinner enamel optimized for sharpness.
Here is a table quantitatively comparing the sharpness of human canines vs. various meat-eating species:
Animal | Canine Tip Radius |
Lion | <50 μm |
Leopard | <50 μm |
Jaguar | <50 μm |
Gray wolf | 90 μm |
Snow leopard | 100 μm |
Spotted hyena | 100 μm |
Human | 350 μm |
The data highlights that while human canines are notably sharper than our incisors and molars, they are far duller and blunter at the microscopic level than the teeth of fierce carnivores adapted to hunting, killing, and consuming raw meat.
Qualitative sharpness comparison
Beyond the numbers, a visual, qualitative comparison also reveals the relative lack of sharpness in human canines.
Carnivores like wolves and big cats have canine teeth with these ultra-sharp features:
- Extremely needle-like points for puncturing prey
- Long conical shape with very acute edge angles
- Jagged, serrated cutting edges along the enamel
- Thin razor-sharp enamel covering
In contrast, human canines have these comparatively dull traits:
- Shorter crown with a rounded, blunted tip
- Wider conical shape with an obtuse, dull edge
- Lack of serrated cutting edges
- Thick glossy enamel that inhibits sharpness
Therefore, while the term “canine teeth” brings to mind sharp fangs, the human versions are quite dull in comparison to carnivores adapted for hunting, killing, and consuming prey with their teeth. Humans simply do not require or possess canine teeth anywhere close to as sharp as true canine species.
Evolutionary factors shaping human canine teeth
If sharp canines are so useful to carnivorous predators, why did the human version evolve to be so blunt? There are several key evolutionary and behavioral adaptations that help explain the relatively dull nature of human canine teeth.
Reduced role of canines in hunting/defense
Unlike other primates and carnivores, early humans became less reliant on canine teeth for hunting, killing prey, or self-defense against predators:
- Humans evolved to use tools, weapons, and coordinated group hunting strategies to capture prey rather than just teeth. This reduced the importance of long, sharp fangs.
- Canines became less crucial for physical competition during male-male conflict for mates as humans developed more complex communication abilities and social structures.
- As weapons improved, canine teeth decreased in importance for defense against predators or other humans during fighting. Sharpened stones and other tools were more effective than teeth for combat.
Changes to diet and food processing
In addition to reduced use in hunting and defense, changes in diet and food preparation techniques lowered the necessity for sharp canine teeth in humans:
- Cooking food by fire or other means softened food, decreasing the need for slicing and tearing with sharp teeth.
- Processing food using new tools and technology like grinding grains allowed consumption of softer foods.
- As human diets diversified beyond hard, raw meat and plants, canines became less essential for piercing tough foods. Softer, processed foods placed less functional demand on sharp teeth.
Reduced prominence through genetics
Some evolutionary scientists theorize that genetic and developmental changes also contributed to decreasing the prominence and sharpness of canines:
- Mutations in certain genes involved in tooth formation like PAX9 and MSX1 may have impaired canine size and sharpness in early humans.
- Interbreeding between modern humans and Neanderthals or other hominins could have introduced genetic changes making canines smaller and blunter.
- Changes to developmental timing led to slower canine growth and eruption, potentially impacting sharpness.
Culture and behavioral shifts
In more modern eras, cultural shifts may have also influenced dulling of human canine teeth:
- The practice in certain cultures of hand feeding premasticated foods to infants and young children reduced early use of canines and accelerated their blunting.
- Universal adoption of utensils like knives and forks eliminated tearing and chewing of meat and plants with teeth.
- Prevalence of soft diets from processed and cooked foods created less demand for using canines to bite and tear.
In summary, reduced necessity for using canines as weapons combined with increased usage of tools and softened foods rendered extreme canine tooth sharpness unnecessary from an evolutionary standpoint. This allowed the human canine teeth to become the moderately sharp tearing tools they are today.
Impacts of canine tooth sharpness
The fact that human canines are not extremely sharp has some important impacts regarding dental health and function:
Lower risk of trauma
Very sharp canine teeth increase the risk of lip, tongue, and cheek injuries. Human canines cause fewer traumatic piercing wounds due to their bluntness.
Mixed effects on dental function
Moderately dull canines are:
- Less prone to fracture vs. thin, blade-like teeth.
- But may increase crowding/malocclusion since guidance is reduced.
Greater need for high masticatory forces
Obtuse, blunted canine tips require greater force to puncture and tear foods during chewing and biting. Sharper canines pierce more easily.
Gender differences persist
On average, male canines are slightly longer, larger and sharper. This shows lingering sex differences in canine function related to our evolutionary past.
Enables diverse diets
With non-specialized canines, humans can eat a wide variety of textured foods instead of just meat.
Restorative options available
If excessively dull, canines can be re-sharpened via reshaping, crowns, veneers, etc. But risks like speech issues must be considered.
Identification use in forensics
The unique shapes of canine teeth assist forensic identification when other remains are missing by allowing dental modeling.
In summary, while very sharp canines have some benefits, the moderate sharpness of human canine teeth strikes an optimal balance between effective function and safety.
Maintaining canine tooth sharpness
What are some strategies to maintain functional sharpness of canine teeth and prevent excessive dulling?
- Carefully brushing canines helps prevent decay and excessive wear to protect the enamel. Use a soft or extra-soft bristled brush.
- Avoiding hard foods/items like nuts, candies, or ice that can crack enamel. Minimize direct use of canines as tools.
- Getting dental cleanings to remove staining and tartar that can reduce enamel integrity and sharpness.
- Wearing a mouthguard during sports or at risk activities helps prevent fractures or trauma that would dull tips.
- Re-contouring, bonding, or capping excessively worn/damaged canines. But retain some point for function.
- Regular dental exams to promptly address issues like chips, cracks or excessive wear that progressively dull the teeth.
With proper oral hygiene and avoidance of damage, human canine teeth can maintain moderate pointiness throughout life despite gradual, normal wear. Balancing function and safety regarding sharpness is ideal.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are my canine teeth supposed to be sharp?
Moderately sharp canine teeth are normal for effective biting and tearing of food. However, they should not be razor sharp like a cat’s fangs. Some sharpness is ideal, but excessively sharp canines can indicate problems like misalignment, gum recession, or chipping.
Why are my canine teeth so blunt?
If your canines seem excessively blunt, it is likely due to substantial wear over time. Other possibilities include erosion from acidic foods, grinding of teeth, or dental work like crowns that was not properly contoured. Consulting your dentist can determine the cause of over-blunting.
Are sharper canine teeth more attractive?
Some people find sharper canine teeth to be aesthetically pleasing or a sign of youth. However, ultra-sharp canines can also create problems like lip/cheek biting or speech impediments. Moderately sharp teeth are ideal for function and aesthetics. Extreme sharpness is unnecessary.
Can I sharpen my blunt canine teeth?
You cannot truly sharpen worn-down canine teeth yourself. However, options like dental veneers, reshaping, or crowns can restore sharpness by rebuilding the canine tip. But beware – improperly contoured restorations can leave canines overly sharp and risky to soft tissues. See a dentist to discuss correction of excessively blunt teeth.
Should I get my child’s sharp canines reduced?
It is usually best to retain moderately sharp canines in children to preserve their natural anatomy and function. Only in cases of excessive sharpness causing problems like recurrent lip trauma or difficulty speaking should reduction be considered. Usually some enamel rounding or small veneers can gently blunt overly sharp children’s canines when necessary.
While human canine teeth have sharp, tearing functions, they are far duller than the deadly fangs of carnivorous mammals. Their tips average around 350 micrometers, whereas cats have razor-sharp canines under 50 micrometers across. Still, some pointiness is useful for biting, tearing, grasping foods, and speech. With good oral care, human canines remain functional but become slowly blunter over decades of use. Some sharpness is ideal, but extreme sharpness is unnecessary and can even be detrimental. By protecting teeth and getting prompt dental care, the natural moderate sharpness of canines can be preserved while avoiding problems from excess sharpness. | <urn:uuid:9c69e978-31d7-4105-b86b-a81b66e565e3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cdhp.org/are-human-canine-teeth-sharp/ | 2024-02-29T02:52:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.919454 | 2,750 | 4.125 | 4 | [
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Do you often feel self-conscious about the yellow tint on your teeth? Are you wondering if it’s possible to remove it? The answer is yes, you can remove the yellow on your teeth. There are several methods available to whiten your teeth and restore your confidence in your smile.
One of the most common causes of yellow teeth is the accumulation of plaque and tartar. Brushing and flossing alone may not be enough to remove these stains. However, there are several home remedies you can try, such as using baking soda and hydrogen peroxide, to help remove the yellow stains. Additionally, there are professional teeth whitening treatments available that can provide more significant and longer-lasting results.
It’s important to note that some causes of yellow teeth may require more extensive treatment. For example, if your teeth are discolored due to a medical condition or medication, it may be necessary to seek professional dental help. In this article, we will explore the causes of yellow teeth and the various treatments available to help you achieve a brighter, whiter smile.
Understanding Tooth Discoloration
If you’re wondering why your teeth are yellow, you’re not alone. Tooth discoloration is a common problem that affects many people. Understanding the causes and types of tooth stains can help you find the best way to remove them.
Causes of Yellow Teeth
There are many reasons why your teeth may be yellow. Here are some of the most common causes:
- Aging: As you get older, the enamel on your teeth starts to wear away, revealing the yellow dentin underneath.
- Genetics: Some people are born with thicker enamel, which can make their teeth appear whiter. Others may inherit genes that make their teeth more prone to staining.
- Food and drinks: Certain foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, red wine, and berries, can stain your teeth over time.
- Tobacco: Smoking or using other tobacco products can cause yellowing of the teeth.
- Poor oral hygiene: If you don’t brush and floss regularly, plaque and tartar can build up on your teeth, causing them to look yellow.
- Medications: Some medications, such as tetracycline and doxycycline, can cause yellowing of the teeth.
Types of Tooth Stains
There are two main types of tooth stains: extrinsic and intrinsic.
- Extrinsic stains: These are stains that occur on the surface of the enamel. They are usually caused by food, drinks, or tobacco. Extrinsic stains can often be removed with regular brushing and professional cleanings.
- Intrinsic stains: These are stains that occur inside the tooth. They are usually caused by trauma, aging, or medications. Intrinsic stains can be more difficult to remove and may require professional whitening treatments or veneers.
It’s important to note that some tooth discoloration may be natural and not a cause for concern. However, if you’re unhappy with the appearance of your teeth, there are many safe and effective ways to whiten them.
Professional Teeth Whitening
If you’re looking for a quick and effective way to remove yellow stains from your teeth, professional teeth whitening might be the solution for you. Here are two common types of professional teeth whitening:
In-office whitening is a fast and effective way to remove deep stains from your teeth. During an in-office whitening treatment, a dental professional will apply a bleaching agent to your teeth and use a special light to activate the whitening process. This method can be the most efficient way to whiten discolored teeth, but it can also be the most expensive course of action.
Take-Home Whitening Kits
Take-home whitening kits are another option for professional teeth whitening. Your dentist will provide you with a custom-made tray that fits over your teeth. You’ll fill the tray with a bleaching gel and wear it for a specified amount of time each day. This method can take longer than in-office whitening, but it is often more affordable.
It’s important to note that professional teeth whitening may not be suitable for everyone. If you have sensitive teeth or gum disease, it’s important to talk to your dentist before undergoing any whitening treatment. Additionally, professional teeth whitening may not be effective for certain types of stains, such as those caused by medication or trauma.
Overall, professional teeth whitening can be a great option for those looking to quickly and effectively remove yellow stains from their teeth. Talk to your dentist to determine which method of professional teeth whitening is right for you.
At-Home Teeth Whitening Methods
If you’re looking to brighten your smile, there are several at-home teeth whitening methods you can try. Here are some options to consider:
Whitening toothpastes are a popular choice for those looking to remove surface stains from their teeth. These toothpastes contain abrasive particles that help scrub away stains, as well as chemicals like hydrogen peroxide that can help whiten teeth over time. Keep in mind that while whitening toothpastes can be effective, they may not produce dramatic results and should not be used as a substitute for professional teeth whitening.
Whitening strips are another popular at-home teeth whitening option. These thin, flexible plastic strips are coated with a whitening gel and are applied directly to the teeth. They are typically worn for 30 minutes to an hour each day for several weeks. Whitening strips can be effective at removing surface stains and lightening the overall shade of your teeth. However, they may cause sensitivity or gum irritation in some people.
If you prefer a more natural approach to teeth whitening, there are several remedies you can try at home. Baking soda and hydrogen peroxide can be combined to create a paste that can help remove surface stains from teeth. Additionally, eating crunchy fruits and vegetables like apples and carrots can help scrub away plaque and surface stains. Keep in mind that while natural remedies can be effective, they may not produce dramatic results and should not be used as a substitute for professional teeth whitening.
Overall, there are several at-home teeth whitening methods you can try to help brighten your smile. However, it’s important to remember that these methods may not produce dramatic results and should not be used as a substitute for professional teeth whitening. If you’re looking for more significant results, consider consulting with your dentist about professional teeth whitening options.
Preventing Yellow Teeth
If you want to keep your teeth white and bright, there are a few things you can do to prevent yellowing. Here are some tips to help you maintain a healthy, white smile.
Oral Hygiene Practices
One of the most important things you can do to prevent yellow teeth is to practice good oral hygiene. This means brushing your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and flossing at least once a day. Here are some other tips to keep in mind:
- Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to avoid damaging your tooth enamel.
- Brush your teeth for at least two minutes each time.
- Don’t forget to brush your tongue to remove bacteria and freshen your breath.
- Consider using an electric toothbrush, which can be more effective at removing plaque.
- Use mouthwash to kill bacteria and freshen your breath.
Diet and Lifestyle Changes
Your diet and lifestyle can also play a role in the color of your teeth. Here are some changes you can make to prevent yellowing:
- Avoid foods and drinks that can stain your teeth, such as coffee, tea, red wine, and dark-colored berries.
- Drink plenty of water to rinse away food particles and bacteria.
- Quit smoking or using other tobacco products, which can cause yellowing and other oral health problems.
- Limit your intake of sugary and acidic foods, which can weaken your tooth enamel and make your teeth more susceptible to staining.
By following these tips, you can help keep your teeth white and healthy. Remember to visit your dentist regularly for cleanings and checkups, and don’t hesitate to ask for advice on how to maintain a bright smile.
Frequently Asked Questions
What causes teeth to turn yellow?
There are several factors that can cause teeth to turn yellow, including age, genetics, poor oral hygiene, certain medications, and consuming certain foods and drinks such as coffee, tea, and red wine. Smoking and tobacco use can also cause yellowing of teeth.
How can I whiten my teeth at home?
There are several home remedies you can try to whiten your teeth, such as brushing with baking soda and hydrogen peroxide, using whitening toothpaste, oil pulling, and eating crunchy fruits and vegetables. However, it’s important to note that these remedies may not be as effective as professional treatments and may take longer to see results.
Is it possible to remove yellow stains from teeth?
Yes, it is possible to remove yellow stains from teeth. Professional teeth whitening treatments, such as in-office bleaching or take-home trays, can effectively remove yellow stains and improve the overall appearance of your teeth. However, it’s important to consult with your dentist to determine the best treatment option for you.
How do I get rid of yellow discoloration on my teeth?
To get rid of yellow discoloration on your teeth, you may need to undergo professional teeth whitening treatments. Your dentist may recommend in-office bleaching or take-home trays. Additionally, maintaining good oral hygiene habits, such as brushing twice a day and flossing daily, can help prevent further discoloration.
Are yellow teeth stains permanent?
Yellow teeth stains may not be permanent, but they can be difficult to remove without professional treatment. It’s important to address yellow stains as soon as possible to prevent them from becoming more severe and potentially requiring more invasive treatments.
What are some natural ways to whiten teeth?
Some natural ways to whiten teeth include brushing with baking soda and hydrogen peroxide, using apple cider vinegar as a mouthwash, eating crunchy fruits and vegetables, and oil pulling with coconut oil. However, it’s important to note that these remedies may not be as effective as professional treatments and may take longer to see results. | <urn:uuid:8560d43f-b19e-4ee5-934e-19c867e86f48> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cdhp.org/can-the-yellow-on-teeth-be-removed/ | 2024-02-29T01:18:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.944975 | 2,181 | 2.984375 | 3 | [
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Waking up to a mouthful of slimy teeth is an unpleasant experience. As you run your tongue across your teeth, you feel a slippery, almost sticky coating on them. No matter how much you brush or rinse it seems impossible to get rid of that gross slimy sensation.
Having slight plaque buildup that makes your teeth feel temporarily slimy is normal. But excessive and persistent slimy teeth can indicate a problem. This article will cover all the common causes of slimy teeth, when it may signify an underlying health issue, scientific reasons why plaque makes your teeth slimy, and most importantly, how to finally get rid of that annoying slimy feeling for good.
What Causes That Slimy, Slippery Feeling on Teeth?
The main culprit behind slimy teeth is an accumulation of plaque on your teeth. Plaque is a biofilm containing bacteria that builds up on tooth surfaces. As plaque accumulates in larger amounts, it takes on a slimy texture that you can feel with your tongue.
But what causes plaque to build up in the first place? There are several contributing factors:
1. Infrequent Brushing and Flossing
Brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once daily are imperative for removing debris and plaque from your teeth before it can build up. When you don’t maintain regular brushing and flossing habits, plaque is allowed to continuously accumulate on your teeth unimpeded. This is perhaps the most common reason behind plaque buildup and that resulting slimy feeling.
2. Consuming Sugary Foods and Beverages
The bacteria within plaque thrive when you feed them fermentable carbohydrates like sugar. Foods such as candy, soda, syrupy coffee drinks, and even starchy foods like bread and pasta provide these bacteria with nourishment. This causes them to multiply more rapidly and produce more plaque.
3. A Lack of Saliva Flow
Your saliva helps neutralize acids and wash away bacteria and food debris in your mouth. Conditions like chronic dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, mean there is inadequate saliva present to rinse the bacteria away effectively. This provides an environment where plaque can prosper.
4. Infrequent Dental Cleanings
Even if you brush and floss thoroughly, it is impossible to fully remove all built up tartar on your own. Tartar is plaque that has hardened and bonded to your teeth. A dental hygienist must scrape off tartar above and below the gum line during professional cleanings. Infrequent visits allow more tartar and plaque to accumulate.
5. Changes in Hormones
Hormonal fluctuations, especially in adolescents and women, can increase plaque buildup. The hormones progesterone and estrogen increase inflammation and bleeding of gums, making you more susceptible to plaque.
6. Poor Oral Hygiene Habits
Beyond just skipping brushing, practicing poor oral hygiene habits can worsen plaque buildup. This includes brushing with a worn-out toothbrush, using the improper brushing technique, brushing too aggressively, and sharing toothbrushes.
7. Medical Conditions
Certain medical conditions increase your risk of plaque accumulation and slimy teeth:
- Dry Mouth – Hundreds of medications and chronic health conditions reduce saliva flow, allowing bacteria to multiply faster.
- Diabetes – Those with uncontrolled blood sugar tend to have increased plaque and gum disease.
- Gingivitis – This early form of gum disease causes inflamed, tender gums that bleed easily when brushing.
- Pregnancy – Hormonal changes during pregnancy can worsen gingivitis and plaque. Vomiting from morning sickness also erodes tooth enamel.
- Acid Reflux – Stomach acid entering the mouth promotes plaque production while also eroding tooth enamel.
- Immune Deficiencies – Those with weakened immune systems are prone to increased infections, including periodontal disease.
- Stress & Anxiety – Chronic stress exacerbates inflammation and gum disease. Clenching and grinding from stress wears down tooth enamel.
Why Does Plaque Make Teeth Feel Slimy?
To understand what causes that unpleasant slimy feeling, it helps to examine dental plaque on a microscopic level:
1. Biofilm Containing Bacteria
Plaque is a sticky biofilm containing hundreds of types of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans. The bacteria adhere to the pellicle, a protein film that coats teeth. The bacteria become embedded in a matrix of polymers they produce to stick to the tooth.
2. Salivary Proteins & Polysaccharides
Plaque also contains salivary proteins, such as proline-rich proteins and mucins. Polysaccharides from your diet are also incorporated. These compounds help the plaque biofilm adhere strongly.
3. Development of Microcolonies
The embedded bacteria multiply and accumulate in concentrated clusters called microcolonies. There are millions of microcolonies within plaque. This complex microbial community thrives on tooth surfaces.
4. EPS Matrix
The microcolonies are held together by a slimy extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids. This gives plaque its jelly-like, gooey texture.
5. Acid Production
The bacteria ferment carbohydrates from foods and produce acid as a byproduct. This acid erodes tooth enamel and keeps plaque pH low.
This combination of abundant bacteria, EPS matrix, proteins, and polysaccharides is what creates the slimy feeling as plaque builds up.
Why Does Plaque Buildup Fluctuate?
You may notice your teeth feeling more slimy at certain times or situations. This is because plaque buildup fluctuates based on a variety of factors.
- After eating – Plaque pH drops after consuming foods, especially sugary and starchy items. The bacteria thrive and multiply, increasing plaque.
- Overnight – Saliva production significantly decreases during sleep, allowing more rapid bacteria growth. Morning breath is a sign of the bacteria having a field day in your mouth overnight.
- Stress – Chronic stress and anxiety are proven to worsen plaque buildup and gum disease. Clenching and grinding due to stress also destroys tooth enamel.
- Traveling – It’s easy for oral hygiene to slip while traveling. Not having your usual dental supplies on hand means plaque bacteria can gain ground.
- Illness – Being sick with cold, flu, or other illness can make it difficult to maintain your regular oral routine. This allows plaque to build up.
- Medications – Over 400 prescription and OTC medications cause dry mouth, one of the leading causes of plaque accumulation.
- Diet changes – Increased snacking and consumption of fermentable carbohydrates feeds plaque bacteria encouraging their growth.
The slimy feeling tends to increase when conditions favor unrestrained bacteria growth and plaque production.
How to Get Rid of That Gross Slimy Feeling
While some temporary plaque buildup is inevitable, excessive plaque that makes your teeth constantly feel slimy is something you want to remedy. Here are 12 tips to get rid of that unpleasant slimy sensation for good:
1. Brush Properly Twice A Day
Use a fluoride toothpaste with a soft bristled brush. Brush for a full 2 minutes each time. Ensure you brush all surfaces – outer, inner, top and tongue side. Set a phone timer if needed.
2. Floss Thoroughly Once A Day
Floss gently between each tooth, going beneath the gumline. Flossing removes plaque hiding between teeth that your brush cannot reach.
3. Swish Daily with Antibacterial Rinse
Use a rinse like Listerine that contains essential oils or cetylpyridinium chloride to help kill lingering bacteria.
4. Scrap Your Tongue
Bacteria and debris collects on the surface of your tongue. Gently scrape your tongue each morning to dislodge buildup.
5. Chew Xylitol Gum
Chewing gum boosts saliva flow after meals, which helps wash away plaque bacteria. Xylitol gum in particular helps reduce cavity-causing bacteria.
6. Drink Water & Avoid Sugar
Stay hydrated and limit sugary drinks. Water neutralizes acids and promotes saliva to keep your mouth cleaner.
7. Eat Teeth-Cleaning Foods
Crunchy produce like apples, carrots and celery help scrub plaque away as you chew while also stimulating saliva.
8. Avoid Frequent Snacking
Continuous snacking provides a constant food source for plaque bacteria encouraging growth. Try to limit snacks to 1-2 times per day.
9. Get Regular Dental Cleanings
A professional cleaning every 6 months removes hardened tartar that you can’t take off at home. Ask about fluoride treatments or prescription toothpaste.
10. Check Medications for Dry Mouth
Ask your pharmacist and doctor if medications you take reduce saliva. Your dentist can recommend treatments for medication-related dry mouth.
11. Use a Humidifier
Sleeping with a humidifier can prevent your mouth from drying out overnight, promoting healthier sleep and better oral health.
12. Manage Health Conditions
Work closely with your doctor to properly manage any medical conditions like diabetes that worsen plaque buildup and gum disease.
While these tips require diligence, they are highly effective at reducing plaque bacteria overgrowth so your teeth feel clean and fresh.
When Should I See A Dentist About Slimy Teeth?
Occasional mild plaque buildup is normal. But if you notice your teeth constantly feeling slimy or any of the following symptoms, it warrants an examination by your dentist:
- White film visibly coating your teeth
- Increased tooth sensitivity
- Swollen, red or bleeding gums
- Receding gums
- Persistent bad breath
- Loose teeth
- Change in tooth color
- Excess saliva or dry mouth
The dentist can identify if your slimy teeth are being caused by a medical condition, infection, or other dental issue needing treatment. Left untreated, excessive plaque can lead to gum disease, tooth decay and tooth loss. It’s best to identify and address the cause sooner rather than later.
Medical Conditions That Cause Slimy Teeth
There are several medical conditions that can contribute to increased plaque buildup and slimy teeth:
1. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
Dry mouth is one of the most common causes of plaque accumulation. Saliva helps neutralize acids and cleanse the mouth, so insufficient saliva allows unrestrained bacteria growth.
Over 400 common prescription and OTC medications are known to reduce saliva output, including antihistamines, decongestants, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and antacids.
Chronic health problems like diabetes, HIV/AIDS, autoimmune disease (e.g. Sjogren’s syndrome), nerve damage, and Parkinson’s disease also impair saliva production. Radiation therapy for cancers in the head and neck region can damage salivary glands.
Dry mouth creates an optimal environment for plaque to flourish due to inadequate washing action from saliva. This allows a rapid slimy buildup on teeth.
2. Oral Thrush
Oral thrush is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans in the mouth. It is common in newborns and older adults, as well as those using inhaled corticosteroids or with compromised immune systems.
Thrush causes white lesions and patches that coat the tongue, gums, palate and inner cheeks with a cottage cheese-like appearance. The yeast infection can make your mouth feel dry and slimy or frothy.
Gingivitis is inflammation and bleeding of the gums caused by a bacterial plaque infection. Toxins from plaque bacteria irritate the gums. As gingivitis worsens, it causes tender, swollen and bleeding gums that are more prone to plaque accumulation.
The inflamed gum tissue itself can take on a slimy texture that is apparent when brushing and flossing. If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontitis and damage the tissues and bone supporting teeth.
4. Coated Tongue
A discolored tongue with a thick white or yellowish coating is another common cause of a persistent slimy feeling in the mouth. This tongue coating consists of bacteria, food debris, dead cells and mucus that adheres to the tongue surface.
Causes of a coated tongue include poor oral hygiene, dry mouth, smoking, allergies, and thrush. The rough surface and moisture of the tongue make it a prime spot for this slimy buildup. Gently cleaning your tongue can help resolve a coated tongue.
5. Acid Reflux
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or acid reflux allows stomach acid to reflux up and enter the oral cavity. The acidity of this stomach acid irritates the lining of the mouth and promotes plaque production. Acid reflux also gradually erodes tooth enamel over time, allowing more plaque to adhere to teeth.
The combination of erosion and plaque buildup from reflux acid often causes teeth to feel slimy and sensitive. This is especially likely after a reflux episode. Acid reflux can increase the risk of decay and gum disease.
Natural Home Remedies for Slimy Teeth
For quick relief when your teeth feel grimy and slimy, these natural home remedies can help rinse away bacteria, break down plaque, and freshen your breath:
- Saltwater rinse – Dissolve 1⁄2 teaspoon sea salt in a cup of warm water and swish for 30 seconds. The salt helps dislodge trapped food particles and draws moisture out of bacteria cells.
- Baking soda scrub – Make a paste with a teaspoon of baking soda and water. Gently scrub teeth with a soft brush. Baking soda has a mild abrasive effect to break down plaque. Rinse thoroughly after.
- Aloe vera gel – The amino acids and antibacterial agents in pure aloe vera gel help kill plaque bacteria. Apply a thin layer and let sit for a minute before rinsing.
- Apple cider vinegar – Swish diluted apple cider vinegar for 30 seconds to help break down plaque and whiten teeth. Start with 1 part vinegar diluted in 3 parts water until you know your enamel can tolerate it.
- Green tea – Swish chilled brewed green tea to help kill bacteria. The plant compounds called catechins have natural antimicrobial effects.
Be sure to wait at least 30 minutes between using acidic remedies and brushing your teeth. The acid temporarily softens enamel, so brushing too soon could damage enamel.
Proper Brushing Technique
While a toothbrush seems simple enough, there are optimal techniques for effectively removing plaque and debris without damaging teeth:
- Use a soft bristle brush: Hard bristles can abrade and scratch enamel. Soft or extra soft is ideal for most.
- Brush at a 45° angle: Point bristles toward your gums rather than straight down to clean along the gumline.
- Use short strokes: Avoid aggressive scrubbing motions which can wear down enamel. Use gentle, short back-and-forth or circular motions.
- Brush every surface: Scrub the outer, inner, chewing surfaces and tongue side of upper and lower teeth.
- Spend extra time on problem zones: Plaque accumulates in crevices and around lower incisors. Take time to thoroughly brush those areas.
- Brush for 2 minutes: Set a timer and brush for the full recommended 2 minutes each session to cover all areas.
- Rinse thoroughly: After brushing, rinse your mouth well with water to dislodge any loose plaque and leftover toothpaste.
Proper technique removes plaque effectively without damaging enamel or gums. Ask your dentist for personalized tips on improving your technique. Regular brushing and flossing using proper methods can make a huge difference in preventing slimy plaque buildup.
When To See A Doctor About Persistent Slimy Teeth
While home care and seeing a dentist are your first steps for addressing slimy teeth, sometimes an underlying systemic health issue is contributing to plaque buildup. Contact your physician promptly if you experience:
- Dry mouth, mouth sores and bad breath that persists despite drinking lots of water
- Pain or difficulty swallowing food or liquids
- Numbness or tingling sensation in your mouth
- Unexplained weight loss
- White or red patches on the gums, tongue or cheeks
- Bleeding, swollen gums that do not improve with brushing and flossing
Schedule an appointment with your doctor if you have any of these symptoms along with slimy teeth. Serious conditions like oral cancer, autoimmune disease, or salivary gland infection could potentially be causing plaque symptoms. It’s essential to seek medical advice so that any condition can be diagnosed and managed properly.
Having a slimy, gunky feeling on your teeth can seem so frustrating and gross. But armed with the right knowledge, you can combat plaque buildup and achieve persistently cleaner teeth.
The key is identifying the underlying cause – whether it is poor brushing habits, dry mouth, acid reflux or another medical condition. Your dentist and physician can help pinpoint any issues.
Then it comes down to diligence with oral hygiene – brushing thoroughly twice a day, flossing daily, scraping your tongue, getting regular dental cleanings and using natural remedies when you need a quick refreshing clean.
With careful plaque control and treatment of any existing medical conditions, you can finally kiss slimy teeth goodbye! | <urn:uuid:9b62fc19-cca1-4cfb-a8a1-76ad7650de37> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cdhp.org/why-are-my-teeth-so-slimy/ | 2024-02-29T01:56:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.900442 | 3,617 | 2.859375 | 3 | [
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Storms and hurricanes can be frightening and devastating natural disasters. As people of faith, we may wonder what the Bible has to say about these powerful forces of nature. If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer to your question: The Bible recognizes storms and destructive natural events as part of God’s creation and under His sovereign control.
At times, storms are seen as judgments from God or symbols of coming judgment, but the Bible also offers hope and comfort for those enduring storms.
In this detailed article, we will explore the scriptural foundations for understanding storms and hurricanes. We will look at relevant passages from the Old and New Testaments, analyzing what these verses tell us about God’s purpose in storms, how we should respond to them, and the assurance we have in the midst of tumultuous circumstances.
God’s Sovereign Power Over the Storms
Storms are under God’s command and serve His purposes
The Bible clearly teaches that God is sovereign over all of nature, including storms like hurricanes. In Psalm 107:25, the psalmist describes a storm at sea and says “For he spoke, and stirred up a tempest that lifted high the waves.”
This shows that the storm arose at God’s command to fulfill His purposes.
Similarly, in Mark 4:39, Jesus rebuked the wind and waves during a severe storm, saying “Peace! Be still!” And the storm immediately ceased. This demonstrates Jesus’ divine power and authority over the forces of nature and weather.
God often uses storms and natural disasters to get people’s attention or to punish sin and rebellion against Him (Amos 4:6-12). But He also uses storms and trials to strengthen our faith and teach us perseverance (Romans 5:3-5).
God controls wind, rain, floods, and every aspect of storms
The Bible teaches that God is the one who causes rain and droughts (Jeremiah 5:24), who controls the wind (Psalm 148:8), and even stores up hail, snow, thunder and lightning for His purposes (Job 38:22-23).
Scripture says “The LORD sits enthroned over the flood” (Psalm 29:10) – indicating His sovereign rule over even cataclysmic storms and floods.
In Job 37, Elihu extols the wondrous works of God in nature, saying that God controls winter storms, rain, clouds, lightning and thunder. He says God “does great things beyond our understanding” (v5) in how He commands and controls the weather.
A well-known example is when Jesus calmed the storm on the Sea of Galilee, demonstrating His divine power over wind and waves (Mark 4:35-41). The disciples were terrified, but Christ spoke and the chaotic forces of nature obeyed His voice instantly.
Storms show that God is mightier than nature’s destructive forces
Fierce storms often feel random, chaotic and out of control. But God is mightier than any hurricane or tornado. As Jeremiah 10:13 declares, “When He utters His voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens: And He causes the vapors to ascend from the ends of the earth.
He makes lightning for the rain, He brings the wind out of His storehouses.”
God has complete authority over storms, using lightning, wind, rain and floods to show His supremacy over nature. Storms remind us that we are not sovereign – God is. Storms humble human pride and powerlessness in the face of something greater than us.
Ultimately storms call us to trust God’s power and mercy to bring good from tragedy. As John Piper notes, “Floods…have a way of taking our lives and plans into their control…That’s why floods have such spiritual and psychological impact on us.” But we can take refuge in God who rules the storm.
Storms as Judgments or Symbols of God’s Wrath
The Flood was God’s judgment on human wickedness
The Genesis flood narrative describes a catastrophic global flood sent by God to destroy the wickedness of humanity. Only Noah and his family were righteous enough to be saved, by building the ark as God instructed (Genesis 6-9).
This stormy flood was God’s dramatic judgment on the rampant immorality and violence that had corrupted mankind.
Plagues of hail, storms, and floods on Egypt
In the book of Exodus, God sends a series of intense plagues upon Egypt to free the Israelite slaves. These included devastating hailstorms that destroyed crops (Exodus 9:13-35), and violent thunder and hail to show God’s might (Exodus 9:22-26).
The plagues culminated in the Red Sea being parted to let the Israelites escape, then closing back upon the Egyptian army, drowning them (Exodus 14). These stormy plagues and floods symbolized God’s judgment on the Egyptians’ oppression and stubbornness.
Storms as symbols of coming judgment or divine wrath
Storms are frequently used as symbols of God’s wrath and coming judgment in Scripture. For example, Nahum 1:3 says: “The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will not leave the guilty unpunished. His way is in the whirlwind and the storm, and clouds are the dust of his feet.”
Storm imagery often accompanies prophecies of God’s judgment on nations or individuals’ sin, indicating the intensity of His righteous anger (Psalm 83:15, Ezekiel 13:11-13). But God also promises that those who trust in Him will be secure amid the storms, as a shelter from the wind and rain (Isaiah 25:4).
Finding Comfort and Hope in God During Storms
God protects and strengthens those who trust in Him
The Bible reminds us that God is our rock and fortress during the storms of life (Psalm 18:2). He is described as a shelter from the storm and shade from the heat (Isaiah 25:4). When we keep our eyes fixed on Him, He will give us strength and courage to endure the trials we face (Isaiah 40:31).
We can be confident that He will never leave us or forsake us, no matter what storms come our way (Hebrews 13:5).
Here are some powerful promises from Scripture to meditate on when going through difficult storms:
- “The Lord will rescue me from every evil attack and will bring me safely to his heavenly kingdom.” (2 Timothy 4:18)
- “Even though I walk through the darkest valley, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me.” (Psalm 23:4)
- “When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and when you pass through the rivers, they will not sweep over you. When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned.” (Isaiah 43:2)
As we fix our eyes on Jesus, the perfecter of our faith, we can be assured that He will give us His peace and strength to weather any storm that comes our way. We are safe in His hands.
Prayers for deliverance from storms
Bringing our requests to God in prayer is one of the most powerful ways to find comfort during storms and trials. Praying allows us to cast our anxieties on the Lord because He cares for us (1 Peter 5:7).
Here are some prayers we can pray directly from Scripture when going through difficult storms in life:
- “Lord, do not hide your face from me in my time of distress. Turn your ear to me and answer me quickly when I call.” (Psalm 102:2)
- “God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Therefore we will not fear.” (Psalm 46:1-2)
- “Lord, you are the Almighty Creator of heaven and earth. Nothing is too difficult for you. I pray that you would calm this storm and grant me your perfect peace.” (Jeremiah 32:17)
We can have confidence knowing that God hears our prayers and promises to be with us and deliver us (Psalm 34:17, Psalm 91:15). He may not take away the storm, but He will walk with us through it.
God’s presence brings peace in life’s storms
Even when the storms of life are raging all around us, God promises a supernatural peace for those who keep their mind fixed on Him (Isaiah 26:3-4). His perfect love casts out all fear (1 John 4:18). We can experience joy in the midst of trials as we focus on the hope we have in Christ (Romans 15:13).
Here are some key truths to remember about God’s peace in the storms:
- Jesus said “I have told you these things so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.” (John 16:33)
- We have access to God’s peace that transcends human understanding through prayer (Philippians 4:6-7)
- The Holy Spirit produces supernatural joy, peace and comfort in the midst of trials (Romans 14:17, Acts 9:31)
As we walk closely with God through prayer and Scripture meditation, He will guard our hearts with His perfect peace (Philippians 4:7). We never have to walk through the storms alone.
Promises of God’s faithfulness and restoration after the storm
Not only does God promises to be with us in the midst of the storms, but He also assures us of His great faithfulness to restore and bless us after the season of difficulty passes. Here are some promises of hope and restoration to claim after the storm:
- “Weeping may last through the night, but joy comes with the morning.” (Psalms 30:5)
- “The Lord will guide you continually, giving you water when you are dry and restoring your strength.” (Isaiah 58:11)
- “God causes everything to work together for the good of those who love God and are called according to his purpose.” (Romans 8:28)
We can have confidence that God will redeem every hardship and trial for His glory and our good. He promises to repay and restore all that the enemy tries to steal from us (Job 42:10). Our role is to trust Him one day at a time, through each storm.
Responding to Storms with Wisdom, Faith and Compassion
Taking prudent precautions
When a hurricane or other major storm is forecasted to impact an area, it is wise to take reasonable precautions to protect life and property. This may include evacuating if advised, securing loose outdoor objects, stocking up on emergency supplies, and preparing for potential power outages.
However, we should avoid panicking or overreacting. With advanced weather tracking and early warning systems, people now have time to make prudent preparations before a storm arrives.
The Bible advises being wise and preparing for challenging times. In the words of Proverbs 22:3, “The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and pay the penalty.” Preparing for storms demonstrates both wisdom and faith – wisdom in taking sensible precautions, and faith that God will help see us through the storm’s impacts.
Expressing lament but avoiding despair
When storms bring devastating impacts like loss of life, injuries, and destruction of property, it is understandable to grieve and lament. The Bible contains many examples of crying out to God in times of trouble and pain.
However, as followers of Christ, we are called to face hardship with resilient faith rather than spiraling into despair. Though storms may prompt overwhelming emotions, we can anchor our hearts in the hope found in Christ.
The Psalms are full of examples of both lament and hope during trials. Psalm 18:16-19 depicts the psalmist crying out to God amid “torrents of destruction” but concludes in verse 19, “He brought me out into a spacious place; he rescued me because he delighted in me.
“ This illustrates moving from despair to renewed faith and trust in God’s deliverance.
Serving others impacted by storms
Just as Jesus demonstrated compassion during his earthly ministry by feeding the hungry and caring for the vulnerable, Christians are called to serve those in need, especially during disasters like hurricanes.
Whether through financial donations, volunteering, or providingshelter, believers can make a meaningful impact.
Hebrews 6:10 encourages, “God is not unjust; he will not forget your work and the love you have shown him as you have helped his people and continue to help them. “ When we serve “the least of these” who are suffering due to storms, we are ministering to Jesus himself (Matthew 25:45).
Storm relief efforts by churches and faith-based organizations provide a powerful witness of Christ’s love in action.
Storms are a complex matter when viewed through a biblical lens. On one hand, they demonstrate God’s awesome power and can function as judgments on human sinfulness. Yet, on the other hand, storms also allow us to see God’s mercy in protecting and restoring those who trust in Him.
By responding in faith, we can be comforted in God’s presence in life’s fiercest storms. This biblical perspective allows us to face hurricanes and tornados with reverent realism mixed with resilient hope. | <urn:uuid:c6f5e5b1-9e19-4f8c-a601-48a17a13b2a8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.christianwebsite.com/what-does-the-bible-say-about-storms-and-hurricanes/ | 2024-02-29T02:04:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.940995 | 2,907 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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] |
By EDEN Gallery,
Posted Jun 13, 2021 ,
In Art Blog, Alec Monopoly, Pop Art, Angelo Accardi, Plum, F&G, Marco Battaglini
Pop art is an exciting, colorful, and vibrant art movement that emerged in the UK and the US during the 1950s. When Pop Art first emerged as a style, it was radical and shocking, a stark contrast to the abstract expressionism style that preceded it.
And yet, even 70 years later, Pop Art remains both incredibly popular and one of the most influential modern art movements of the 20th century.
Pop Art is the name given to a style of artworks created in the UK and USA from the mid-1950s through the 1960s. The style of Pop artists is characterized by their inspiration from sources in popular culture.
When it emerged on the scene, Pop art was not a popular style, as the name might suggest. Instead, the movement takes its name from the subject matters which inspired it. Film, comics, commercials, and other forms of popular culture.
Pop Art crosses mediums and is observed across sculpture, paintings, shadow boxes, mixed media artworks, and drawings. What unites Pop Art artworks is the subject matter and themes that inspire them.
Pop Artists changed the perception of what art is. They broke down the barriers between so-called “high art” and commercial art or “low art,” seen in popular culture. Pop artists took inspiration from film, comic books, advertising, product packaging, and other commercial designs.
Several prevalent themes unite Pop Art. Artworks almost always reference something popular or “pop.” Popular influences include film stars, comic books, or well-known animated characters, such as Mickey Mouse or Richie Rich.
Pop Art is often produced at a low cost, and instead of creating a rare “masterpiece,” Pop Artists often mass-produced their artwork and made it a commodity.
Pop Art often appropriates imagery and techniques from other art forms found in popular and commercial culture. Mixed media and collage were popular formats amongst Pop Art artists, who often used a mixture of painting, photography, and collage in a single artwork.
Pop Art can be fun and witty or even gimmicky. But it can also have strong undertones of social or political commentary. The movement gained traction at a time of significant cultural change and upheaval. Pop Art artists paved the way for contemporary artists to use artwork as a means for social critique.
Pop art followed the modernist movements in continuing to disrupt the understood notion of what art was. It subverted the traditional views on what art should be. Pop art followed the abstract expressionist period and rebelled against the esoteric expressionist vocabulary.
The Abstract Expressionists made esoteric artwork that was understandable by only an enlightened inner circle. Its meaning was often incomprehensible to anyone other than the artist. The Pop art artists rebelled against this by producing artwork that was recognizable to the masses.
Pop Art was the last movement of the modernist era. It started a trend, now seen in many contemporary artworks, of using artwork to comment, critique, or reflect on society through insightful observation.
Part of what makes Pop art unique is that it rejects the notion of uniqueness. Instead of trying to be unique, pop artists embraced mass-production and elements from popular culture.
Artworks in the Pop art style often employ commercial techniques such as silk screening to produce multiple replicas of artwork. The use of repetition and mass production subverts the narrative that art should be rare or exclusive. Pop Art parodies and democratizes art to make it part of every day, available and accessible to everyone.
Pop art takes influences from a wide variety of styles and is not united by a single technique. Andy Warhol’s screenprints of Marilyn Munroe or the Cambel Soup Cans are some of the most recognizable examples of Pop art. However, Pop art often uses mixed media and can also be observed in the sculptures of artists like Claes Oldenberg or Jeff Koons.
The elements of Pop art were described in 1957 by Richard Hamilton, one of the founders of the movement.
He described the elements of Pop art as popular, young, expendable, transient, low-cost, mass-produced, sexy, witty, gimmicky, glamorous, and big business.
Neo Dadaism in Pop art focused on the use of found or known objects in artwork. This style broke down barriers between art and the everyday.
This style was employed by artists such as Jasper Johns, who made paintings depicting “things the mind already knows,” such as flags or numbers.
Robert Rauschenberg’s “combines” mixed traditional painting techniques with found objects, often creating 3D artworks that blurred the lines between painting and sculpture.
Pop artists like Richard Hamilton and Eduardo Paolozzi made collage one of the most recognizable styles of Pop art. These artists used clippings from magazines and newspapers and incorporated them into artwork to create a narrative or commentary on modern life or culture.
Pulp culture art is characterized as artwork that takes a style of another medium, e.g., comic book art, and imitates it on a different medium.
Roy Lichtenstein’s benday dot paintings, which resemble enlarged comic book illustrations, are the best examples of the pulp culture style.
Many Pop Art artists produced multiple versions of their artwork. But Andy Warhol’s silkscreens are the most well-known artworks to be repetitively produced.
Warhol used mechanical reproduction as a way to reject the notions of artistic genius and authenticity.
Sculptors within the Pop art movement explored many of the same themes as painters but in a different form.
Claes Oldenberg took everyday objects and turned them into oversized sculptures. Oldenburg satirized simple, everyday things, like ice cream or a clothespin, and depicted them in monumental proportions.
Many well-known pop artists have become household names. The most recognized Pop art artist is arguably Andy Warhol, but other famous Pop art artists include:
Many more contemporary artists still actively work in a Pop art style today, such as Angelo Accardi, Jeff Koons, F&G, Yayoi Kasama, CLEM$, Julian Opie, and Alec Monopoly.
The most famous or recognizable piece of Pop art is Andy Warhol’s iconic Marilyn Diptych. Warhol created the Marilyn silkscreens in 1962, and much of their fame comes from both the instant recognition of Marilyn Munroe as the subject matter and Warhol’s own art celebrity.
Pop Art remains a popular style of art because it uses recognizable and relatable iconography and themes. It’s easy for an audience to connect to a piece of artwork because they can often find familiarity within it. It is a popular choice for private collectors.
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60x100 cm | 23x39 in
70x100 cm | 27x39 in
Pop art, a movement that emerged in the 1950s and flourished in the 1960s, stands as a significant artistic development that redefined the boundaries between high art and popular culture. To read more, click here.
In an era where the boundaries between art and space exploration are increasingly blurred, Jeff Koons' recent endeavor to land his art on the moon stands as a monumental testament to the limitless potential of human creativity. To read more, click here.
In the shadowy corridors of the art world, where masterpieces whisper secrets of centuries past, a dramatic plea echoes from the heart of Amsterdam. To read more, click here.
Installation art is an immersive genre of contemporary art that transforms spaces into an all-encompassing experience. Unlike traditional painting or sculpture, which can be observed from a distance, installation art invites or even demands that the viewer enter into and interact with the physical space of the artwork itself. To read more, click here.
Nestled in the tranquil embrace of Aspen's snowy landscape, EDEN Gallery prepares to unveil a celebration of artistry at the height of the winter season. To read more, click here.
In an extraordinary testament to the Beatles' multifaceted creativity, a collaborative painting by the iconic quartet, titled "Images of a Woman," fetched $1.7 million at a Christie's auction. To read more, click here.
Vanitas, a term derived from the Latin word for "vanity," refers to a genre of symbolic still-life painting that flourished in the Netherlands in the 17th century. To read more, click here.
In February, Las Vegas' EDEN Gallery at The Shops at Wynn and Encore hosted an unforgettable celebration of contemporary art, blending the city's dynamic energy with the transformative power of creativity. To read more, click here.
As the city of Las Vegas buzzes with the anticipation of February's high-energy festivities, EDEN Gallery at The Shops at Wynn and Encore is poised to present a spectacle of contemporary artistry that captures the essence of this vibrant season. To Read more, click here.
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Be the first to receive information about new collections, new artists, and event invitations. | <urn:uuid:09fb968f-d267-470b-a018-34eac62d19cf> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/what-is-pop-art | 2024-02-29T01:17:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.951316 | 1,978 | 3.0625 | 3 | [
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Read more about American History
8 infamous assassinations from recent history
Assassinations are murder by another name. Sometimes they are carried out by government entities employing agents such as the CIA or the KGB. But the distant past has witnessed assassinations carried out by lone wolves in a bid to change the political landscape of a country or even start wars.
Here we list some of the most infamous assassinations of the past 200 years.
1. Abraham Lincoln – US President
Elected to the US House of Representatives in 1846, Abraham Lincoln introduced a bill that gradually emancipated slaves in Columbia. It managed to alienate the abolitionists as well as the slave owners. In 1856, he joined the newly formed Republican party and became President five years later as conflict between the Union and Confederacy over slavery resulted in civil war.
Actor John Wilkes Booth was a Southern sympathiser and racist who hated Lincoln. By January 1865, Booth gathered fellow conspirators to kill the president. On 14 April, President Lincoln attended Ford’s Theatre to watch a performance of Our American Cousin with his wife.
During the performance, Booth made his way to Lincoln’s unguarded box and shot him in the back of the head. Booth broke his leg while jumping over the balustrade and onto the stage but managed to escape. Lincoln passed away the following morning.
Booth returned to his boarding house owned by co-conspirator Mary Surratt, before fleeing with an accomplice by horse to Virginia. On 26th April, as the assassins were resting at a farmhouse barn, Union Cavalrymen caught up. The soldiers set fire to the barn and Booth was shot. Three of his accomplices, including Surratt, were hanged on 7th July 1865.
2. Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Heir to the Austrian Crown
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo sparked World War I.
On 28th June 1914, Franz and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, paid a formal visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Having arrived by train they continued their itinerary in an open-topped car. The motorcade passed the city police station when a young Bosnian conspirator threw a grenade. The bomb detonated behind them, hitting another car and prompting the royal couple to visit the injured people at the local hospital.
It was this unplanned change that led to the fateful encounter with 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, a member of the 'Black Hand' secret military society. Princip was sitting at a café eating a sandwich when the driver of the royal vehicle, now lost, slowed down. The youth seized the opportunity to walk into the street and fire at close range.
The first bullet hit the pregnant Sophie in the stomach and she died within minutes. The Archduke, while trying to rouse her was shot in the neck. He also died in minutes. Princip was arrested after an aborted attempt to commit suicide with cyanide. He was tried and sent to prison for 20 years having escaped execution due to his young age.
3. Michael Collins - Irish Revolutionary and Politician
During the Irish War of Independence, revolutionary Michael Collins negotiated a treaty establishing an Irish Free State that created a partition of Ireland.
A leading executive of the Irish political party Sinn Fein amidst a climate of violence, Collins directed a guerrilla war against the British. After a brief ceasefire and two months of negotiations, Collins signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6th December 1921. He conceded he was signing his own death warrant as some of his compatriots condemned the treaty because it didn’t secure full Irish independence.
On 22nd August 1922, Collins went to Cork to propose a truce between the British and IRA. He was spotted on the road in his open-top car by an anti-Treaty group. An ambush was laid and when Collins returned via the same route he was fatally shot in the head by a sniper.
4. Martin Luther King Jr. - Civil Rights Activist and Pastor
The night before Martin Luther King Jr.’s murder he made a speech to a packed congregation at the Mason Temple in Memphis Tennessee reaffirming he was not afraid to die.
After receiving a Doctorate from Boston University, King became a pastor in Montgomery, Alabama. He vociferously opposed the racial segregation laws of the southern states and steered a boycott of the buses in Montgomery due to its policy of segregation. In 1963, King organised the now famous march for civil rights in Washington and on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial made his ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. In 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize but soon made fresh enemies due to his opposition to the Vietnam War.
At 6pm on 4th April 1968, King was on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel, Memphis when a lone gunman in the bushes shot at him. King died an hour later. Two months after the murder, an escaped convict called James Earl Ray was arrested in Britain travelling under a forged Canadian passport and extradited to the US to face murder charges. He confessed and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Despite Ray’s confession, King’s family believed that CIA agents were involved in a conspiracy framing Ray for a murder.
5. Robert Kennedy - US President nominee
The younger brother of assassinated President John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy was running for the Democratic nomination to become President of the United States.
Kennedy had already made enemies by his devoted attack on organised crime and the mobsters behind racketeering in the country. He also put an end to racial segregation in all forms of interstate travel.
At the time, the Vietnam War, which Kennedy opposed, had accelerated with US troops attacked and the US Embassy in Saigon under siege. Kennedy announced his intention to run for the presidency on 16th March 1968. On 5th June he went to the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles to address his campaign workers. While cutting through the kitchen to speak to supporters he was suddenly confronted by 24-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan carrying a 2.2 revolver. Sirhan fired three times hitting Kennedy in the head. Despite his injuries, Kennedy was still talking as he was taken to hospital but died the following day. Sirhan believed Kennedy was an avid supporter of Israel.
6. Indira Gandhi – Prime Minister of India
In June 1984, the Indian army had been sent to Punjab to remove militant Sikh Jamail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the Golden Temple, a spiritual site of Sikhism. Over 500 were killed in the operation. Indira Gandhi, who had been Prime Minister of India for four years, was accused of using the attack for political ends.
On 31st October, Indira prepared for a television interview with actor Peter Ustinov at her office in New Delhi. She set off down the garden path that connected her home to her office with aides beside her. At the end of the path Indira saw her bodyguard, Beant Singh. He was a Sikh from Punjab who had been one of her security guards since 1980. With him was Constable Satwant Singh who gripped a Sten submachine gun. As Indira greeted Beant he responded by pulling out his revolver and aiming at her.
She was hit in the stomach as she raised her right hand to protect her face. Beant fired four more shots at point-blank range. Satwant shot 25 bullets into Indira’s body before the killers dropped their weapons and surrendered. Indira was taken to the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences and pronounced dead a few hours later.
The killer militant guards, who supported the demand for greater autonomy for the Sikh-majority state, blamed Indira Gandhi for the attack on the Golden Temple. Beant was shot dead shortly after his arrest and Satwant was hanged in Delhi’s Tihar Jail.
7. Benazir Bhutto – Prime Minister of Pakistan
Daughter of the former President of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto took over the leadership of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) after her father’s death. A liberal with Western democracy-leaning views, Bhutto went into voluntary exile in Britain in 1984 but returned to Pakistan to lead the PPP to victory in the 1988 election. She was the first woman to head a democratic government in a Muslim nation.
On 18th October 2007, Bhutto survived a bomb attack after addressing supporters in Karachi. On 27th December, she attended a rally in Rawalpindi in front of an adoring crowd. She left in a bulletproof vehicle but poked her head out of the window to wave to the people. A gunman ran up to her car and opened automatic fire.
Bhutto died almost instantly after being hit in the head and neck before the assassin detonated a bomb. 20 others lost their lives. Various claims about the assassin include that he was a teenage boy recruited by the Pakistani Taliban and that the government was behind the assassination.
8. Jo Cox - British MP for the Labour Party
Jo Cox’s shock killing in 2016 was the first murder of an MP since the assassination of Ian Gow, Conservative MP for Eastbourne.
Cox was shortlisted to fight the safe Labour seat of Batley and Spen at the 2015 by-election. As a passionate supporter to remain in Europe during the 2016 Referendum, she was a target of abuse by ‘Leave’ campaigners. During the run-up to the EU referendum, Cox was getting out of a car to meet constituents in Birstall when she was confronted by 52-year-old Thomas Mair. Yelling ‘This is for Britain! Keep Britain independent and first’, he shot her twice in the head and once in the chest with a hunting rifle. Mair also kicked the dying Cox and stabbed her 15 times before attacking a man who tried to intervene.
Described by the police as a loner, Mair was found to have kept Nazi regalia and far-right books at the house he shared with his grandmother. Asked in court what his name was he replied, ‘Death to traitors’. He was convicted of Cox’s murder, as well as grievous bodily harm to his second victim, and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. | <urn:uuid:f37b2cf3-5c73-491e-bec2-33560ce570a8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.history.co.uk/articles/assassinations-from-recent-history | 2024-02-29T01:39:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.983031 | 2,158 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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21 Plants You Should Never Eat Or Touch. Photos – Pixabay (PD)
Learn as much as you can about plants, I always say to myself. Until now, I was mostly concerned on safe to eat plants, thinking about how knowing every good plant out there is crucial for surviving in the wilderness.
Well, knowing about poisonous or unsafe plants is just as important (or maybe even a little more). Some of these pose serious risks of injury, illness and even death to humans or animals. So it is only to our benefit to learn about them – how to identify these plants and test them for edibility. And not just that, you should also be aware of plants that can poison you just through touch or smell.
So far I’ve come up with the list of plants below and I’d really appreciate all your suggestions of other plants to watch out for – especially those not that common, the ones you wouldn’t think of as dangerous. These are not all plants you find only in the wild, some of them may be in your own yard or even in your house.
Beautiful purple flowers looking like the head covering of monks, used in the past to kill people and wolves (the Nazis made poison bullets with it, do I need to say more?). Consuming the plant will disable your nerves, lower your blood pressure and stop the heart. Not to mention the vomiting, numbness or diarrhea.
There is a variety of azalea bushes (rhododendron or rosebay) that may look amazing in the yard during springtime, but their leaves and flower nectar are extremely toxic. Clinical signs of poisoning include hyper-salivation, mouth burn, vomiting, weakness, and headaches. The ingestion of only a few leaves can cause a cardiovascular collapse and death.
In the Guinness Book of World Record, the 2007 edition, the castor bean is entitled the most poisonous plant in the world. The seeds contain ricin, which is deadly if you eat 4 to 8 of them. Poisoning with castor bean seeds has symptoms such as abdominal pain, purging diarrhea, severe dehydration, nausea, muscle aches.
I’m talking about both white and yellow daffodils, also known as narcissus or jonquils. If you eat their bulbs (which some confuse for onions), you will experience bad cramps, vomiting and diarrhea (severe if ingested by a child).
Well, it’s already in the name… All parts of this plant, also known as belladonna, contain toxins which can severely affect the nervous system if eaten – you will experience blurred vision, loss of balance, headaches, tachycardia, and confusion. It is one of the most poisonous plants in the Western hemisphere.
One of the deadliest trees on the planet. Every part of it is very poisonous (it’s own latin name, taxus baccata, means toxin). It causes paralysis, convulsions, muscle tremors if ingested and it can be dangerous to even sit around the tree on hot days when it releases gaseous toxins.
You surely know at least one of the 800 species of ficuses that most of the people cultivate indoors in pots, but did you know the milky sap in their leaves is poisonous? It causes skin allergies and inflammation.
The entire plant is very poisonous and even small amounts ingested can cause pain, vomiting and confusion. It is very similar to poison hemlock (they look almost the same, only poison hemlock (which is also potentially fatal) smells like carrots and fool’s parsley does not).
Eating the seeds, stems, flowers or leaves of this 3 foot tall plant (which is also used for the treatment of heart conditions) will cause you a blurred vision, pain in the mouth, cramps, disorientation, hives. These problems also occur in the case of taking more than the recommended amount of medicine made from foxglove extract.
You may know it also as Hortensia or Hills of snow because of its resembling to some large flower pom-poms. All parts of the plant contain cyanogenic glycosides and it is moderately toxic if ingested. Symptomes include itches, stomach ache, vomiting and sweating.
Jimson Weed (Datura)
This weed found along roadsides, in waste areas and cornfields has been known for ages to be a potentially fatal toxin, used by famous people like Cleopatra for its mind-altering properties. If you eat it (and even if you inhale the unpleasant odor it emits) you will experience a racing heartbeat, dilated pupils, aggressive behavior, dry skin and dry mouth, and delirium with hallucinations.
You can find this tree throughout the Florida Everglades, the Carribean and Central America and in some parts the Manchineel has a sign indicating it’s poisonous. Very, very poisonous! Not even your car is safe near this tree – park it under its branches and the dripping toxic sap in its leaves will seriously damage the paint. Actually every part of the tree contains strong toxins, so you can’t touch it or eat it. Side effects are really bad and include rashes, itches, bacterial super-infection, severe gastroenteritis, and even blindness – if you burn the tree and the smoke reaches your eyes.
Also called the American mandrake, the May apple has toxic roots, leaves and fruits. They contain a non-alkaloid toxin called podophyllotoxin which causes severe indigestion, diarrhea and other signs referable to gastroenteritis. Some suggest to still eat it, but only when it’s ripe. I recommend you avoid it completely
There have been reported children deaths in Pennsylvania caused by moonseed poisoning. Its fruits are extremely toxic and are fatal in larger doses or if you are not treated immediately. Ingesting moonseed causes convulsions and straightway death.
This plant contains a toxin called Cardenolide Glycoside, making every part of it toxic. Even burning oleander and inhaling the smoke could be poisonous, causing a change in your heart rate, nausea, abdominal pain. I strongly advise you not to use its branches as firewood.
These red plants must be handled with care as touching its leaves or seeds can cause rashes, eye irritations, allergic reactions. If ingested, Poinsettia causes stomach aches and vomiting.
The plant contains compounds that cause dermatitis and other skin reactions when you touch it. It is toxic especially to horses and cattle if eaten. It is poisonous to humans, as well, but you most likely won’t use it as food because it has a foul taste, but be careful not to accidentally use it to make tea – it will hurt your intestines and liver.
Rosary Pea or Precatory Pea
The seeds are highly toxic! Death follows shortly if you chew and swallow even a single seed. Abrin, the chemical which rosary pea contains, is regarded as one of the most deadly toxins known on earth.
Not as toxic as other plants in this list, but still to watch out for. The leaves and flowers are poisonous and if you eat them you get skin and gastric irritations.
These beautiful climbing vines grow mainly in the South and Southwest and are entirely toxic, causing cramps, nausea, and vomiting if ingested.
The berries of this plant are highly toxic – more than 6 ingested can cause death because of their sedative effect on the cardiac muscle which produces cardiac arrest.
Don’t eat these plants, make tea or even use them for fire… even if you feel it’s a drastic time calling for drastic measures. Some may recommend that in the case of plants not entirely toxic you can eat the good parts, but I say avoid eating poisonous plants altogether. You may never know what effects it may have on your body and mind…
This Crazy Off Grid Device Literally Makes Drinkable Water From Fresh Air:
According to NASA, the U.S. is expecting a 100-YEAR LONG MEGADROUGHT.
It's already begun. Ask the farmers in California. They know.
Every survivalist knows that water is of critical importance. You NEED an independent water source that you can count on!
As an interesting "survival rehearsal" - imagine that you turned the tap on right now and nothing came out. How long would you last?
But what if there was another water source literally hidden in plain sight. That's right, I'm talking about the atmosphere!
The amazing thing about getting water from the natural moisture in the air... is that it is ALWAYS available.
This gives you real water security!
Learn more about how to tap into "Nature's secret water reservoir" and stay hydrated when TSHTF!
Watch the video:
😳 What Tinnitus Does To Your Brain Cells (And How To Stop It)
After 47 years of studies and countless brain scans done on more than 2,400 tinnitus patients, scientists at the MIT Institute found that in a shocking 96% of cases, tinnitus was actually shrinking their brain cells.
As it turns out, tinnitus and brain health are strongly linked.
Even more interesting: The reason why top army officials are not deaf after decades of hearing machine guns, bombs going off and helicopter noises…
Is because they are using something called "the wire method", a simple protocol inspired by a classified surgery on deaf people from the 1950s...
I Can't Help Showing This Off:
If you haven't heard of Claude Davis yet do yourself a huge favor and watch this video.
One of the smartest guys I ever had the pleasure of meeting, Claude set-up a unique prepping system that changed his life forever.
I already tried it myself and let me tell... you I was completely blown away... His surprising tactics could make your life easier and give you the peace of mind you deserve.
Don't just take my word for it... watch his short video and decide for yourself.
Most People Don't Have The Guts To Try This:
An amazing discovery in an abandoned house in Austin, Texas: A lost book of amazing survival knowledge, believed to have been long vanished to history, has been found in a dusty drawer in the house which belonged to a guy named Claude Davis.
Remember... back in those days, there was no electricity... no refrigerators... no law enforcement... and certainly no grocery store or supermarkets... Some of these exceptional skills are hundreds of years of old and they were learned the hard way by the early pioneers.
We've lost to history so much survival knowledge that we've become clueless compared to what our great grandfathers did or built on a daily basis to sustain their families.
Neighbors said that for the last couple of years Claude has tried to unearth and learn the forgotten ways of our great-grandparents and claimed to have found a secret of gargantuan proportions. A secret that he is about to reveal together with 3 old teachings that will change everything you think you know about preparedness:
More Off-Grid And Survival Resources:
What REALLY Happens When You Bury a Shipping Container? (Hint: It's A Bit Crazy...)
Shipping containers are all the rage - but if you are thinking about buying one, you MUST watch this video first:
There's a general belief that if you bury a shipping container you can create an awesome root cellar / storm shelter / survival bunker.
But is a shipping container strong enough to handle the pressure?
Watch the video to see what happens: | <urn:uuid:a2c7fce9-5d2d-46fe-b8e5-722d10c6202f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.myfamilysurvivalplan.com/21-plants-you-should-never-eat-or-touch/ | 2024-02-29T02:40:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.947583 | 2,429 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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622,
331,
937,
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18,
1256,
462,
1039,
336,
16,
337,
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525,
327,
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289,
1648,
336,
375,
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18,
203,
55,
83,
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334,
372,
317,
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644,
360,
268,
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289,
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2321,
291,
334,
372,
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516,
424,
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289,
586,
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292,
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628,
331,
796,
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1014,
462,
336,
1112,
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268,
3001,
337,
9543,
372,
88,
1779,
289,
352,
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18,
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356,
462,
516,
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337,
1255,
794,
288,
268,
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16,
579,
289,
622,
602,
327,
288,
424,
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424,
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18,
203,
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16,
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288,
268,
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292,
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291,
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1987,
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268,
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203,
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375,
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203,
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268,
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268,
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268,
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327,
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316,
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268,
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263,
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316,
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337,
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292,
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327,
282,
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274,
18,
203,
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608,
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295,
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268,
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285,
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375,
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268,
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513,
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268,
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268,
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362,
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1932,
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1942,
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7293,
291,
362,
375,
327,
4233,
292,
919,
1407,
1149,
268,
2907,
341,
3075,
1962,
649,
362,
11330,
319,
575,
499,
9220,
18,
203,
7556,
1850,
325,
698,
430,
2144,
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289,
268,
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284,
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336,
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291,
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18,
203,
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316,
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499,
291,
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3267,
7293,
375,
1342,
1293,
16,
9630,
291,
9164,
18,
553,
316,
1040,
1979,
292,
6971,
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11642,
421,
1381,
93,
1500,
2764,
268,
1162,
16,
794,
6971,
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316,
525,
4113,
10535,
13,
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730,
877,
10012,
291,
284,
859,
372,
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1082,
462,
802,
203,
41,
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268,
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16,
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16,
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289,
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13,
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261,
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268,
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318,
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296,
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18,
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268,
1731,
289,
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1944,
289,
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1146,
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284,
1947,
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18,
203,
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614,
563,
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289,
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606,
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292,
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279,
311,
17,
84,
9544,
18,
1771,
2287,
289,
268,
1380,
1462,
1735,
282,
9370,
9147,
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1701,
291,
362,
316,
874,
265,
1300,
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717,
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18,
6432,
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274,
1226,
362,
1957,
16,
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73,
16,
9630,
291,
4181,
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18,
203,
46,
344,
6682,
924,
286,
421,
40,
271,
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13,
203,
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445,
286,
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1701,
16,
288,
2368,
1511,
291,
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74,
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712,
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331,
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292,
327,
261,
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263,
16,
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419,
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730,
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271,
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331,
606,
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17,
280,
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18,
829,
337,
2564,
362,
421,
481,
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337,
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268,
543,
700,
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5248,
283,
362,
639,
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13,
337,
513,
1432,
261,
384,
3052,
1759,
1330,
271,
16,
7792,
488,
7737,
16,
8086,
2197,
16,
2962,
1903,
291,
2962,
3552,
16,
291,
1404,
338,
1231,
360,
8924,
405,
5049,
18,
203,
7556,
375,
1255,
456,
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268,
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416,
357,
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2306,
16,
268,
2388,
86,
449,
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291,
5631,
2792,
291,
288,
579,
2287,
268,
2176,
355,
475,
306,
528,
261,
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362,
372,
87,
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499,
18,
720,
2504,
16,
1040,
6971,
499,
5,
3217,
919,
424,
877,
316,
1995,
1834,
456,
2907,
796,
5862,
362,
1064,
606,
7272,
291,
268,
295,
634,
3752,
4821,
269,
429,
288,
606,
2951,
513,
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2183,
268,
7046,
18,
2058,
2198,
953,
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289,
268,
2907,
3387,
1806,
9220,
16,
576,
337,
375,
372,
88,
3727,
362,
361,
2564,
362,
18,
343,
496,
1814,
356,
2402,
3276,
291,
1226,
384,
9005,
16,
362,
1957,
16,
7674,
2643,
17,
8645,
982,
16,
3103,
10227,
11103,
3326,
16,
291,
919,
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822,
796,
717,
337,
4107,
268,
2907,
291,
268,
6536,
8849,
424,
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18,
203,
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510,
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268,
1781,
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1209,
394,
16,
268,
2924,
11436,
528,
4821,
4543,
16,
2951,
291,
4308,
18,
900,
1462,
261,
1677,
17,
4789,
280,
1246,
3676,
263,
1478,
8874,
2005,
93,
660,
1861,
92,
263,
518,
2384,
3103,
612,
333,
274,
328,
16,
9414,
291,
586,
3085,
2006,
541,
292,
10227,
11103,
3326,
18,
1399,
2954,
292,
1356,
2564,
362,
16,
566,
794,
649,
362,
372,
87,
384,
7119,
18,
334,
1921,
337,
1833,
362,
3686,
203,
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437,
712,
3446,
1024,
6068,
288,
10816,
2494,
419,
6605,
401,
286,
11625,
18,
3837,
4308,
356,
4179,
4821,
291,
356,
10535,
288,
3080,
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361,
717,
337,
356,
462,
4257,
4248,
18,
450,
1688,
281,
6605,
401,
286,
2384,
5047,
5310,
806,
291,
4723,
2523,
2145,
18,
203,
4326,
1380,
3387,
261,
3676,
263,
1478,
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270,
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496,
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325,
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16,
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289,
362,
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18,
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272,
298,
5760,
291,
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268,
6536,
911,
327,
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16,
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261,
1317,
288,
424,
1759,
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16,
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16,
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18,
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462,
292,
666,
606,
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274,
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203,
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295,
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292,
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292,
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Why are Belarusian speakers faced with daily discrimination in their home country, ranging from verbal abuse to arrests? Can Belarusian be saved in spite of systemic discrimination? The new film by Voice of Belarus, Malanka Media and Human Rights Center Viasna examines the challenges and complexities surrounding the use of Belarusian in Belarus.
There have been many peoples, which first lost their language… and then they perished entirely. So do not abandon our Belarusian language, lest we perish!
From the Preface to ‘Belarusian Flute’ by Francišak Bahuševič (1891)
Each year, Radio Svaboda, a prominent broadcaster, holds an online vote where the audience gets to choose the Belarusian Word of the Year. In 2023, mova emerged as the clear favorite. Many Belarusians use this word, simply meaning “the language”, to refer to their native tongue. It is obvious that Belarusians recognize the pivotal role that their mother tongue plays in shaping their identity and future.
In her book MOVA 404, Alina Nahornaya sheds light on the struggles faced by ordinary Belarusians in exercising their fundamental right to use their native language. She uses the 404 “Not Found” error as a metaphor to illustrate how the Belarusian language is disappearing from different spheres of life and becoming increasingly marginalized within Belarusian society.
“Ten years ago, I began speaking Belarusian in my daily life, and it was a peculiar experience because everything in our country is geared towards Russian speakers. I didn’t have access to anything, including education or getting all sorts of information. Say, I go out into the city and want to find out which bus stop I need, it’s all in Russian. You don’t notice it as a Russian speaker, and it generally goes without saying that everyone knows Russian. But if you start paying attention to it, it can be quite challenging.”
Alina Nahornaya, language rights advocate.
“It’s obvious that speaking Russian isn’t something I’ve chosen for myself. This decision has been made for me, forced upon me. I never really thought about speaking Belarusian in Belarus before. I mean, there was just no one around me who spoke Belarusian, except for the language lessons at school. All the important stuff is in Russian and there’s no room for Belarusian at all. It exists, but you can’t really use it. But after meeting my future husband, Ihar, I realized the importance of language rights.”
He has focused on defending linguistic rights through legal channels, and it has yielded results. Until 2020, we started seeing some positive results, like sports posters in Belarusian, which was thanks to Ihar’s efforts. We even managed to change a few laws, which now seems hard to believe. The Belarusian language appeared on city signs. We created whole campaigns for this and had some great results in Homel, also in Baranovichi and a few other cities. It was just an idea I had, while I was thinking about ways to make Belarusian more visible to everyone.
“We faced a lot of hate, both from ordinary people and from officials. I might be out in the city and meet a city council member who would openly insult me right there on the street. Our efforts ended up annoying every Belarusian state institution. In other words, they were fed up with what we did,” Alina recalls.
When all the turmoil began in 2020, these wonderful institutions saw an opportunity to get back at us for all the trouble we’ve caused them over the years. They had to, and still have to, respond to our requests for things like translating their websites into Belarusian. They realized that they were now the ones who could make life difficult for us. At first, for half a year or maybe a bit longer, the police, the Investigative Committee, or just some strange people in a van would show up by our house every two weeks. Then it started happening more and more often. Those six months were incredibly stressful because I had a young child, and at some point I even stopped leaving the house. The men kept coming by and at some point they trespassed on our property – they broke into our yard. I knew it was only a matter of time before they would break into the house because they were getting really brazen. So, we left and started moving from place to place in Belarus. We became quite skilled at hiding, but after a while, we grew very tired of this life and made the decision to leave.
Why would a sovereign state try to limit the use of its own official language and discriminate against its speakers? The answers to this question can be found in the past.
The history of the Belarusian language is nothing short of extraordinary. It has weathered centuries of challenges to emerge as a symbol of resilience and cultural heritage. It has used three different alphabets during that time – Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a multinational medieval state, Old Belarusian played a pivotal role as the primary language of state documents, official correspondence and administrative records. But starting from the 17th century, Polish began to push Belarusian out of the state and cultural sphere. The 18th century brought further challenges as the Russian Empire annexed Belarusian land, which led to a decline of the Belarusian literary language. Despite this, the existing folk dialects managed to survive, preserving the essence of the language through the ages.
The Russian authorities fought against any manifestations of national identity, including bans on printing and teaching in Belarusian, but they were unable to stifle the emergence of new literature and cultural movements in Belarus. The playwright Vincent Dunin-Marcinkievič was the first to launch his literary career in Belarusian.
Around the same time, Francišak Bahuševič wrote the fundamental manifesto of the Belarusian national idea. Bahuševič is widely recognized as the pioneering writer of the Belarusian revival, whose poems served as both a program and an appeal. In the history of Belarusian national self-determination, they signify the onset of a new era.
The 20th century was a tumultuous time for Belarus, marked by war, occupation, Stalinist purges and the Soviet policy of promoting Russian at the expense of national languages. Despite these immense challenges, Belarus managed to undergo a remarkable transformation, ultimately emerging as a sovereign state.
The Belarusian Democratic Republic, BNR, which was proclaimed in March 1918 and only existed for less than a year, became a foundational and inspirational force in the quest for Belarusian national self-determination. Its governing body, the Rada BNR, has continued to work in exile from 1919, advocating for the advancement of Belarusian independence and democracy.
The late 1980s and the early 1990s marked a period of significant cultural and linguistic revival in Belarus. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Belarusian language experienced a resurgence, reclaiming its place in public life and the education system. This cultural renaissance was accompanied by a rise in national consciousness and a desire to embrace and celebrate Belarusian identity.
However, the revival did not last long. The political landscape in Belarus underwent a dramatic shift with Alexander Lukashenko coming to power in 1994. His administration adopted a narrative steeped in Soviet nostalgia. Belarusian became increasingly associated with oppositional voices and dissent.
“From the very beginning, Lukashenko based his political program on a certain nostalgia for the Soviet era, on downplaying the Soviet terror, the Soviet Russification, on trivializing the danger of it, on understating the tragedy of it, and that is why he ran for the parliament as a Russian-speaking candidate and then pursued the presidency as a Russian-speaking candidate. When in power, he very quickly picked up this Soviet policy of Russification, which had been ongoing for decades and had deeply tragic consequences for the Belarusian identity and language.”
Aleś Čajčyc, Rada BNR representative
He continued to implement this policy, with a crucial milestone in this process being the so-called referendum in 1995, which officially granted the Russian language the status of a state language. It had the status of an official language before that and was completely functional, but the Belarusian language had, let’s say, a kind of primacy, more “weight” as the only state language, even though no one was forbidden to use Russian.
“The referendum that granted Russian the status of a state language was of course illegitimate and falsified, much like any of the elections under Lukashenko’s rule. While Russian was declared the second state language, it effectively became the primary and sole state language,” Ales stresses.
As time went on, the situation deteriorated, leading to the gradual disappearance of the Belarusian language from various spheres of life, including education, state media, and government affairs. At present, the Belarusian state almost exclusively operates in Russian, accounting for about 95% of the total. The Belarusian language has found limited refuge in certain cultural, traditional and folklore contexts where it is still being used. However, practical and essential information is available only in Russian. It’s a fact. This situation is unique in Europe, as the state language of the country is marginalized by the sovereign state, or the nominally sovereign state. You won’t find it anywhere else.
Even before the peaceful protests in August 2020, using the Belarusian language in professional settings, academic institutions and other formal environments was not just uncommon but was often viewed as a form of political statement.
“Earlier I never really made an effort to learn Belarusian because I didn’t see the point. I mean, I can speak Russian, so why bother? But then I came to understand that it’s not a question of nationalism. Every language carries its own perspective, its own unique philosophy. That’s why I wanted to embrace my Belarusian identity, because it’s more a part of who I am as opposed to Russianness. And I figured, if I don’t start with myself, then how can I expect anything to change?”
Zmicier Karol, doctor, LGBT activist
So I decided to conduct an experiment to see if I could speak Belarusian, study in Belarusian, and eventually work as a Belarusian-speaking doctor. Of course, if you speak Belarusian, it becomes immediately apparent to others. And there is this difference: it was much less obvious that I was a member of the queer community, since I don’t have a very feminine appearance. However, when people found out that I was gay, […] most of them didn’t have any further questions about it; everything kind of clicked into place and they said, “Ah, okay.” However, when speaking Belarusian, I had to explain why I stand by this choice and why it carries political significance, even though I wasn’t involved in any political campaigns, rallies, or other political activity. The mere presence of a Belarusian-speaking doctor required justification – I needed to reassure people that it wasn’t dangerous, that it didn’t hinder my work or make it difficult for other doctors, and that I could effectively communicate with other medical professionals.
In the August 2020 elections, Lukashenko announced that he had received 80.1% of the votes. Belarusian society did not accept the results of the rigged election, leading to massive and prolonged protests. In response to the protests, Lukashenko’s regime used unprecedented force in repressing members of civil society. Thousands of people were arrested and hundreds of thousands were forced to flee the country.
Since August 2020, the Belarusian language has increasingly become the target of attacks by the Lukashenko regime. Alina Nahornaya’s survey reveals a troubling pattern of repression and censorship targeting anyone who embraces Belarusian. The act of communicating in Belarusian has transformed into an act of defiance, carrying the risk of persecution and arrest.
Belarusian books are being banned: even two poems by the Belarusian classic writer Vincent Dunin-Marcinkievič are now classified as “extremist”.
Despite the repression in Belarus, we are seeing an increase in demand for the Belarusian language both within the country and abroad. One of the key tasks of the Belarusian democratic forces in exile is to revitalize the Belarusian language, promoting its use in education, literature, publishing, music, cinema and other domains.
Following the downfall of Lukashenko’s regime, huge efforts will be needed to mend the damage caused by decades of dictatorial rule. A critical focus during this transition should be the reinstatement of the Belarusian language in all sectors of society.
Alina Nahornaya thinks that “Belarusian will do fine, since it has withstood a lot, both the Polish influence and the discrimination in favor of Russian, and it has stayed alive until now.” She finds it amazing how much mova has endured without going under. “I think that if every one of us understands that preserving the Belarusian language is an important endeavor for Belarus – in fact, I believe that that the foundation of Belarusian statehood lies in its language – so if everyone just makes a small contribution, the usage of the language will gradually expand in Belarus and it will become increasingly prevalent”, says Alina.
Belarusians are keenly aware of the challenges ahead and have not given up on their future: after all, the fourth-ranked word in the Belarusian Word of the Year ranking was nadzieja, which translates to “hope”. | <urn:uuid:115b33e5-df9f-4aaa-b69a-5ddf44f68c83> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.voiceofbelarus.org/article/belarusians-struggle-to-save-their-language-overcoming-all-out-discrimination/ | 2024-02-29T00:52:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00885.warc.gz | en | 0.973449 | 2,872 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
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] |
Canted Blades (tapered in width)
You can taper the thickness, or you can taper the width, here I am talking about tapered width. Thickness is another matter altogether. You will often see old saws where the blade is decidedly narrower at the toe than the heel. Here is an idea of what I am talking about.
Spear and Jackson Dovetail Saw, showing canted blade
Notice the rather steep angle between the back and the cutting line, some have theorized that this cant has been created by incorrect jointing over many years, some say the back has just slipped and need to bash the brass back down into line. (I have heard stories of tool dealers bashing away at saws to make the blade parallel to the back.) Both theories have some merit, and could cause the same cant (taper). The purpose of this article is to investigate what could cause the canting and why. But before we start, it is a good idea to do some homework and bring everyone up to speed on the state of the discussion.
Joining in the Discussion
For those who are coming late to the party, here is a quick catch-up.
Recently there have been a few articles written on this subject, the first is by Phillip Baker writing in the "Saw Talk" column over at wkfinetools.com http://www.wkfinetools.com/contrib/pBaker/parallelTaper/parallelTaper-1.asp
He concludes, (correctly in my view), that some saws are made with cant (taper), and some made with no canting, but get that way over time.
Chris Schwartz writing in his (always informative) blog over at woodworking-magazine, discusses why having a canted (tapered blade) helps cutting dovetails.
He also points out that "Smith's Key" a pattern book published in 1816, clearly shows canted (tapered) blades. Thus proving that at least some saws were made with a canted blade.
An alternate view of why smaller saws tend to be more canted is illustrated here:- http://www.disstonianinstitute.com/dovesharp.html
Here Eric Von Sneidern, argues that the canting is induced over time, and repeated jointings because of the difficulty of clamping small saws in a standard saw vise. I am sure that this is a factor, at least in some saws. and should not be discounted.
The next contribution to the discussion, comes courtesy Spear and Jackson's 1915 catalogue.
It looks as though my 2 screw Spear and Jackson must be earlier than 1915, I wonder if they can give me an upgrade?
The Norse Woodsmith has written a blog on canted blades, you can read it here: http://www.norsewoodsmith.com/blog/1
Now that we are all up to speed on the current state of the discussion, let's take a closer look at that saw we showed above, we will start by dissassembling it, I am going to restore it (eventually) as best I can.
First we look to see if the back has slipped up, and lo and behold, it's about 3/8: higher than the depth of the slot on the handle would indicate.
Looks like Spear and Jackson's 1915 sales pitch was at least partially correct.
It looks pretty grungy, and there is a lot of gunk filling the gap, but the brass back has clearly lifted by 3/8. So let's move on and take the back off.
To remove the brass back, clamp the blade between two blocks of scrap and and then using a block of wood and a mallet, GENTLY tap the brass back
Most of them are not actually that tight as a rule, and come off easily.
Now let's see what we have.
First off notice that the blade isn't actually tapered at all. It is rectangular. The canting is just an illusion created by the way the blade is assembled into the brass back. and the correct degree of cant is about 1 inch. Ok, so three things we can conclude so far.
1. The brass back had slipped up slightly, increasing the canting.
2. The saw was made with a deliberate cant, that cant being created by inserting the blade at an angle to the back.
3. Repeated sharpenings have not induced any additional canting. (the blade would not be rectangular if it did).
So let's look back a little in time, to see where the canting originated and why it is there. Following Chris Schwartz's lead let's have another look at Smith's Key.
Joseph Smith "Explanation or Key to the Various Manufactories of Sheffield" 1816
Clearly, this is how dovetail saws were intended to be made in 1816, what is not clear is when did the change to parallel backs occurr, If we look at the
1889 illustrated Trade List of Prices for Sheffield Goods. We see the following.
Illustrated Trade List of Prices of Sheffield Goods 1889
Again, this illustration is intended to show what a dovetail saw should look like.
So sometime between 1816 and 1889 the "standard" changed from canted (tapered) to parallel, no wonder people get confused!. The question as to why it changed I suspect has more to do with the manufacturing processes than with the usability of the saw. Again I should caution against generalizations, this only illustrates part of the picture. We haven't attempted yet to deal with why a canted (tapered) blade would be a desirable feature.
What caused the canting (taper) on my saw?
So If you have a saw with a canted (tapered) blade, is it an artifact caused by repeated incorrect jointing during sharpening?
Well, yes it could be.
The only way to know is to remove the back and see if the blade is rectangular or not. I suspect if you have a post 1900's saw with only a slight cant (taper), say less than 1/4" I would expect that could be caused by incorrect jointing over repeated sharpenings.
On the other hand if you have an 1850's saw with say 1/2" or more of canting and the back is firmly seated in the handle, it probably was made that way.
It may be that earlier saws actually had canted (tapered) blades and the practice of putting the blade in the back at an angle came along later, I would be curious to find out.
What would the advantage of having a canted blade be?
Let's go back to basics and see what the "correct" technique is for ripping a board with a standard panel saw. Notice the angle between the line of the teeth and the board. The starting cut is at a very shallow angle, then moves to a more upright angle.
Using a Rip Saw, "The Practical Woodworker" Bernard E Jones pp 50 Vol 1
"The Art and Practice of Woodworking"
Imagine if you will what happens when the board is vertical, as it usually is when cutting dovetails or tenons, what is the correct angle for sawing?
the angle of the line of teeth will be tilted towards the handle, it is more comfortable to get closer to this angle with a tapered blade. But now we are
at an angle to our desired finish cut, so when we hit the line at the front, simply tilt up slightly for the final strokes.
Why is this angle important (if indeed it is?) well, consider what a rip tooth with zero rake looks like, now imagine that chisel like cutting edge cutting accross a bundle of wood fibres, it is easier to slice at an angle rather than straight down. Cutting at an angle tends to lift the fibres in front of the edge and makes for a cleaner cut with less effort. (I really need to do a drawing to illustrate this..)
Ripping at an angle (exaggerated)
Here I am trying to illustrate that when you are ripping, the teeth are cutting the bundles of wood fibres at an angle, (imagine a bundle of straws if that helps), now as you cut through this bundle, if you are cutting at a slight angle, then the fibres will tend to lift up in front of the tooth and thus make for an easier and cleaner cut. If you are chopping down at right angles to the fibres, then they won't lift and the excercise becomes a bit like scraping end-grain. I think the above illustration also show there must be some correlation between the cutting line and the rake angle of the teeth.
Something for future study...
So blades are canted because it makes sawing at an angle to the board more comfortable, also makes sawing to a line easier.
There are many reasons why backsaws blades appear canted. From repeated incorrect jointing, back slippage and of course "made that way"
Have a close look at that vintage backsaw with the canted blade and see if you can tell which is true for you.
Following a suggestion from Joel Moskowitz (Tools for Working Wood) I have adopted the term "canted/cant" when referring to tapering blade width. Joel informs me that, Tim Corbett - Gramercy Tools originated the term. Thanks Tim, it's the ideal word.
I am not aware of any nomenclature that already covers this, and using "canted" instead of "tapered", removes some confusion from a subject already fraught with more than enough confusion already. Plus, "canted", is a very descriptive and accurate term for this subject.
Ray Gardiner 2008
Edit: RG 4th August 2008: Changed tapered to canted in main text where relevant.
Edit: RG 30th August 2008:Fixing typo's and some spelling. Some instances where tapered / canted were missed.
Edit RG 18th September 2008: Added Link to Leif's Blog. | <urn:uuid:d4c254c2-d413-4bbb-af4c-39eb66704333> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://backsaw.net/index.php/sawsgeneral/2-uncategorised/7-canted-blades | 2024-03-01T07:59:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.964076 | 2,116 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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] |
The Anoka Sand Plain (ASP) Rare Plant Rescue Program had a busy year in 2023! Thanks to the assistance of partners and volunteers, we:
Vernal pools are shallow wooded wetlands that fill with water in the spring and fall, then dry out in the summer. They may simply look like a large muddy puddle, but in reality these small depressions are filled with life and benefit local water quality.
By capturing water from snowmelt and heavy rains, vernal pools reduce the amount of runoff – and the contaminants it carries – reaching nearby surface waters and developed lands. This lowers flooding risks, improves water quality, and contributes to groundwater recharge as the trapped water slowly infiltrates through the soil.
Vernal pools rarely contain fish because their water levels fluctuate dramatically. This provides a safe haven for many invertebrate and amphibian species that would otherwise be heavily predated upon. Many depend on vernal pools during their egg and larval stages, leaving for nearby aquatic and terrestrial habitats once fully developed. Others spend their entire life within or near the wetland's depression.
Due to their abundance of amphibians and invertebrates, vernal pools supplement the food and water needs of wildlife such as waterfowl, songbirds, turtles, snakes, bats, and even bears. These benefits stem beyond the vernal pool itself when many of the invertebrates transition from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults, serving as forage for insectivore species.
Explore and Protect
Vernal pools are highly sensitive to changes in vegetation cover, climate, and local topography. Because they are nearly invisible for much of the summer, they can be easily missed and destroyed if the land is modified; even an unintentional pass through these depressions during an ATV ride can strongly impact their function.
Seasonal wetlands like vernal pools are regulated under the Minnesota Wetland Conservation Act (WCA). You can prevent impacts to vernal pools on your property by marking their boundaries when visible in the spring and avoiding disturbance throughout the year. This is also a great time to explore the abundance of wildlife in and around these wetlands – an especially popular adventure for children.
"Spring-to-Life Ponds": an Illustrated Learning Guide, produced by the MNDNR
Locating and Protecting Vernal Pools, produced by the MN Land Trust
Believe it or not, winter is a busy time of year for ACD's field crew. This winter, our buckthorn crew has started a five-year restoration project at Lamprey Pass Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Columbus, MN. A popular destination for waterfowl hunting, Lamprey Pass is the second largest WMA in the North Metro.
The Lamprey Pass site is currently overrun with common buckthorn, a large invasive shrub that crowds woodland understories and shades out native plants. ACD's crew is working hard to remove this invasive plant from the WMA, creating a more open habitat which will benefit native plant species and make the woodlands more hospitable for hunters. The images above and below demonstrate the impact of clearing buckthorn on the site. For more information about treating buckthorn, contact Logan Olson, Restoration Technician at Logan.Olson @AnokaSWCD.org
Prairie once covered 1/3 of Minnesota. Today only a little more than 1% of native prairie remains. Prairie is a key habitat for 34 Species in Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) and for many at-risk pollinators in Minnesota. It is important to maintain and enhance the little prairie that is remaining to help out these important species. Anoka County Parks maintains prairie habitat on County land with prescribed burns every 3 to 5 years. ACD helped manage weeds before the scheduled burns and overseeded a custom seed mix for each site after the burns. The native seed mixes contain species that are minimally present or not present at all the prairie units. Species that benefit at-risk pollinators were included in the mixes. The goal is to enhance the prairies by reducing non-native weeds and increasing native biodiversity.
Bunker Hills Regional Park Pasture Unit includes a wetland depression surrounded by dry prairie. Site preparation involved controlling non-native woody encroachment and monoculture patches were sprayed or mowed. ACD overseeded following a prescribed burn in the fall. The seed mix contained 41 different forb species and 5 different grass species. A mix of wildflowers provided pollen and nectar sources for several endangered species of Bumble Bees. For more information contact Carrie Taylor, Restoration Ecologist,
ACD is now taking orders for the 2024 tree sale! The district offers a variety of species including black cherry, mixed oak, maple, lilac and pine trees. Trees can be purchased as bare root seedlings in bundles of ten for $23.00, or twenty-five for $45.00, not including tax. Mixes of native prairie seed are also available. You do not need to be an Anoka County resident to order. Click here to learn more and place your order today! For more information contact Kathy Berkness, Office Administrator,
Eight Martin Lake residents, in collaboration with ACD, are bundling their individual lakeshore improvement efforts into one larger project. By joining efforts, they are hoping to save money while making the work more attractive to contractors. It seems to be working, as 15 contractors joined in the bidding process!
This upcoming project is being coordinated by ACD, who has completed designs and will be providing construction management. ACD has also been able to incorporate three state grants, making the project even more affordable. In exchange, the landowners are installing lakeshore stewardship practices that go above and beyond – utilizing natural materials, native plant buffers, and aquatic vegetation for habitat. Collectively, we'll make a healthier lake.
For a fun & informative 8-minute video about healthy lakeshores, watch ACD's video "Our Lakeshore Connection." For more information contact Jamie Schurbon, Watershed Project Manager,
Minnesota boasts an impressive 12,208 lakes, as classified by the Minnesota DNR. Among them, 8,402, or roughly 69%, are classified as 'natural environment lakes.' Anoka County is home to several natural environment lakes including Fawn, South Coon, and Island Lakes.
What defines a natural environment lake? These are the smaller, shallower lakes, typically less than 150 acres in size and less than 15 feet deep. They come with numerous developmental constraints and are particularly sensitive to disturbance. With lakeshore properties in high demand across Minnesota, many natural environment lakes are now being earmarked for development. However, it's important to note that the lakeshore experience offered by these lakes might not align with the typical desires for boating or swimming that potential buyers often have.
Learn more about natural lakes on November 8th through a webinar featuring Joe Bischoff, an aquatic ecologist at Barr Engineering Co. Joe will delve into the intricacies and benefits of natural environment lakes. Additionally, some of the ongoing local conservation efforts to monitor and protect natural environment lakes will be highlighted.
Register today at tinyurl.com/small-lakes
Fall is a great time to manage buckthorn on your property. Common and glossy buckthorn are invasive woody shrubs which aggressively outcompete native plants, disrupting the habitat benefits they provide. Buckthorn chemically alters the soil, creating an inhospitable environment for other plants.
Buckthorn leaves stay green longer than most other Minnesota woodland trees and shrubs so you'll easily notice them in mid to late October.
Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) can be found in upland forests. Look for the thorn, which can be found at the end of some branches. Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) tends to grow in slightly wetter areas but can be found in a variety of habitats. There are no thorns. Look for the rust colored terminal bud.
New research from the University of MN suggests that buckthorn seeds do not persist in the soil for 6+ years as was previously thought. Their findings suggest that over 97% of seeds germinate in the first year. As you manage buckthorn, aim to prevent seed production on mature plants with mid-summer cutting and follow up with treatment of the small sprouts for the best results.
See ACD's buckthorn fact sheet for tips on identifying buckthorn, to learn about native look-alikes, and compare methods for controlling common and glossy buckthorn. For more information contact Logan Olson, Restoration Technician, at
ACD strives to build resilient pollinator corridors throughout Anoka County. This goal is accomplished by protecting and enhancing existing habitat and creating new habitat. ACD is fortunate to have local partners who also share this vision and are helping identify unused turf areas that can be converted to native plantings. ACD is currently working with the Cities of Fridley and Blaine to convert turf into prairie plantings in public green spaces. Half an acre of turf is being converted in Fridley's Commons Park and 0.3 acres of turf to prairie at Blaine's Laddie Lake Park. Staff from both cities prepared the sites and mowed the sites to prevent weeds from seeding. ACD staff seeded the sites in the spring. Members of the Cities and multiple volunteer groups planted native grasses and wildflowers to add to the seed mix.
These projects are funded by BWSR's Habitat Enhancement Landscape Pilot (HELP) grant. Other ACD HELP turf to pollinator projects are at Coon Lake County Park, Bunker Hills Regional Park and Ramsey River's Bend Park. The BWSR HELP grant also provides funds to enhance native prairies at the Cedar Creek Conservation Area, Bunker Hills Regional Park, Rum River Central Regional Park, Rice Creek Chain of Lakes Park Reserve and Mississippi West Regional Park.
One way to help these projects is to donate your native prairie seeds, including milkweed seed. See ACD's previous post about milkweed seed collection. Watch this short video to see butterfly milkweed seed cleaning.
For more information contact Carrie Taylor, Restoration Ecologist, at
Minnesota is rich in wetlands which provide numerous benefits such as flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, water quality improvement, recreation, and high-quality habitat for a wide variety of fish and wildlife species. However, many wetlands exist in a degraded state due to decades of human disturbances such as drainage and filling to increase usable land for agriculture and urban development.
Recognizing their importance, many federal, state, and local agencies have developed programs to provide technical expertise and funding for wetland restoration projects. The goal of wetland restoration is to return a wetland to its natural functions, and the nature of each project depends on the wetland's unique location, hydrology, soils, vegetation, and impacts (historic and current).
Restoring wetlands on your property adds to its ecological value and can often be financially beneficial. Understanding your options can be complicated, which is why ACD – on behalf of, and with funding from, the Rum River Watershed Partnership – created a new wetland restoration brochure. In it, you will find information on benefits, approaches, processes, and funding options common for wetland restoration projects. Click here to access the brochure below.
Anoka County Residents: ACD currently has funding to support wetland restorations benefitting the Rum River! If you live near the Rum River, believe that you have impacted wetlands on your property, and are interested in restoring them, please contact Breanna Keith, Water Resources Technician, at
Do you have native milkweed plants on your property? If so, early fall is a great time to collect seed. Seeds are mature and ready for collection once they are darker brown. Milkweed pods will turn from green to brown, start to open up and reveal the brown seeds inside. Pods will continue to open up and the seed will fly out and disperse. However, it's ideal to collect seed before the pods fully open up and the seed fluff/silk develops. It is best to remove the fluff from the seed for storage. To separate the seed from the fluff, remove the entire stalk of seeds and fluff/silk from the seed pod, hold the end of the fluff/silk and gently push and pull the seeds off the fluff/silk. Watch this short video to see butterfly milkweed seed cleaning. Once the seed is "cleaned" (the fluff is removed), lay it out to dry completely, label the seed with the plant species name (common or butterfly milkweed), and write the date and location the seed was collected. Store dry seed in paper or mesh plastic bags.
ACD collaborates with Anoka County Parks and cities within Anoka County to enhance local native habitats. If you have native milkweed seed you would like to donate, ACD staff will happily take it and spread seed at appropriate locations. Contact Carrie Taylor, Restoration Ecologist, at
Knotweed is a species of increasing concern with several new populations across Anoka County. Knotweeds are herbaceous shrubs characterized by a sturdy, bamboo-like stalk which can grow to over 10 feet in a single season. They grow aggressively, especially along riparian areas where they outcompete native vegetation and create bare ground which enhances erosion damage. Knotweed can also grow through sidewalks and concrete foundations, damaging infrastructure.
There are three species of knotweed in MN: Giant, Japanese, and Bohemian which is a hybrid of the first two. All three Knotweed species are on the state noxious weed list as Prohibited Control species. Efforts must be made to stop their spread and propagation. Late August into September is the easiest time to spot Knotweed infestations due to their showy white flowers. You can help keep this species under control by entering sightings into EDDMaps or reporting them to ACD staff.
For more information contact Logan Olson, Restoration Technician, at
Native wildflowers, grasses, sedges, and shrubs provide numerous benefits to wildlife habitat, soil health, and water quality. They are also generally more resilient to fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and foraging by wildlife than non-native species. However, native plantings can still be impacted by disturbances such as weather or the growth of invasive and weedy species. For these reasons and especially if a specific landscaped look is desired, maintenance is still required to help native plantings thrive and look their best.
Plants are most susceptible to die-off within the first 3-5 years of being planted. During this initial period, it is essential to frequently weed, water, and re-plant in areas where losses occur. Once established, native vegetation requires less maintenance but should still be regularly inspected for weeds and pruned or thinned as needed to ensure there is adequate sunlight available for all species. Large-scale restorations such as the conversion of former agricultural fields to prairie may require regular management through prescribed burns, grazing, or mowing to mimic cycles of natural disturbance and new growth.
The most common barriers to achieving success in establishing native plants is failing to water and remove weeds. These two actions make a big difference in the appearance and function of native landscaping features, as shown in these two photos – one of which is regularly weeded and watered (above left) and the other which has received less maintenance (above right).
You can take several steps to make native landscape maintenance easier. First, make sure the species you plant are well-suited to the soil and sunlight conditions on your property. Plant into erosion control fabric or mulch to help reduce weed growth. Learn to identify the native species you choose and plant them in clusters to make it easier to spot weeds that pop up. Water native plantings, especially during times of drought. Weekly maintenance, especially during the critical establishment period, strongly increases the likelihood of success and prevents these tasks from becoming overwhelming. If weeds have taken over or you've noticed die-off in your native landscapes, it isn't too late! Use the following resources to help guide your native landscape rehabilitation endeavors.
At the beginning of August, we released 100 root boring weevils to help control a population of spotted knapweed at the Anoka Nature Preserve (ANP), in the City of Anoka. Spotted knapweed is an invasive plant native to Eurasia that is spreading across Minnesota. It releases a toxin that threatens nearby plants, giving it the tools to outcompete and dominate, and thereby decreasing biodiversity.
Root boring weevils are a method of biocontrol that target knapweed without affecting surrounding native plants. As larvae, root weevils burrow into the roots of spotted knapweed and feed on them throughout winter and spring, leaving the plants dead or weakened. The weevils we released at ANP were adults who will lay their eggs at the base of the plants through early fall and hopefully begin to weaken the population of spotted knapweed within the preserve.
ANP was a promising candidate for root weevils biocontrol because the site has a large, dense population of spotted knapweed, and the weevils will not be disturbed by mowing or other land management activities. It can take several years to see the effects of the weevils, and the site will be monitored to see if they have been established. The weevils were provided by Monika Chandler from the MN Department of Agriculture, who delivered them in a sealed paper cup where they were kept refrigerated or in a portable cooler until the time of their release later in the afternoon.
Article and photos provided by Sally Herman, Seasonal Technician with ACD
The City of Anoka successfully secured funding from the Minnesota Legislature to complete a feasibility analysis and project design, which should be complete by the spring of 2024. City of Anoka civic leaders and staff have embarked on a path to reimagine how the Rum River Dam in Anoka can serve the community for the next 100 years. The vision includes the following.
The option that is on the table is a constructed stream that flows around the side of the dam. Inspired by nature, it does its best to mimic natural streams providing irregular flows and small pools to rest along the way. The Oswegatchie River fish bypass at the Heuvelton dam in New York recorded 2,000 migratory fish of 14 species in 5 days in the first season it was opened. A group of experts has been assembled to provide crucial guidance over the coming months to ensure the designs for the fish bypass element of the project optimize success for targeted fish species.
For more information contact Chris Lord, District Manager,
From Landowner, City of Andover:
Thanks for the encouragement, it's been quite the journey. So many more pollinators, less wasp problems around our house, and more butterflies! Even though there are lots of weed problems (buckthorn), crown vetch, and garlic mustard. And this is with one year of site prep! Crazy stuff… it is very encouraging to see how creation relies on each part of each other and the interaction between plants, animals, bees, etc. is fascinating to watch!
There were no current cost share funds available but ACD has been providing technical assistance to many landowners who are interested in starting prairies. Throughout Anoka County there is a lot of interest in prairie restoration.
For more information contact Carrie Taylor, Restoration Ecologist, Carrie.Taylor
Okay – the decay of organic materials in oxygen-poor shallow waters doesn't smell great. While this can worsen when nutrient pollution triggers excess algae growth, it is an otherwise natural process. Odor is a small price to pay for the vast benefits we receive from shallow lakes and wetlands; they retain floodwater and pollutants present in runoff, recharge groundwater, and provide fish and wildlife habitat that supports bountiful opportunities for hunting, fishing, bird-watching, and other outdoor recreation.
For many, the word "lake" triggers a vision of clear and deep water ideal for swimming and boating. However, over 5,000 of Minnesota's lakes larger than 50 acres are actually shallow lakes that are less than 15 feet deep and dominated by wetland habitat. In shallow lakes, sunlight reaching the lakebed, combined with readily available nutrients, increases the growth of aquatic plants. Shallow water also allows for more abundant emergent vegetation such as bulrush and cattails, which can extend well beyond the shoreline and even become dominant, especially during periods of drought. Mucky lakebed conditions are produced as large quantities of organic materials die, settle to the bottom, and decompose over time.
Shallow lakes can exist in one of two states: clear or turbid. Clear shallow lakes are dominated by submerged vegetation, which often grows densely and can reach the water's surface. These aquatic plants are a source of food and habitat for fish and wildlife such as amphibians, waterfowl, and invertebrates at the base of both aquatic and terrestrial food webs. On the flip side, turbid shallow lakes are dominated by algae, which clouds up the water and restricts the growth of submerged aquatic vegetation. Turbid lakes typically support fewer fish and wildlife due to the lack of habitat provided by aquatic plants.
Many shallow lakes are impacted by human activity, particularly those that are on the receiving end of stormwater and agricultural drainage networks. However, even the most impacted shallow lakes are still valuable and can surprise us, as the recent plant inventory of Highland Lake in Columbia Heights proved when an uncommon pondweed species was found.
Check out MNDNR Shallow Lakes Program for more information about shallow lakes. Also, here's a great video produced by Ramsey- Washington Metro Watershed District about Minnesota's shallow lakes.
The Rare Plant Rescue team coordinates with the MNDNR and local developers to salvage rare plants before construction begins. The most recent salvage was focused on the State Threatened species Black Huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) which was listed as a threatened species in 2013. After locating the plants, the top layer of leaves and sandy soil were carefully brushed away to expose the root systems. Staff dug by hand through the sandy soil, following the woody rhizome until it was connected to another black huckleberry plant. Whole sections of black huckleberry were unearthed, placed in water and transported to the MN Landscape Arboretum (MLA). Staff and volunteers potted the plants so they can grow in a controlled setting at the MLA throughout the summer. MLA staff also took stem and root cuttings to experiment with different propagation methods.
Plants that survive the salvage will be transplanted into a protected site in the fall. The study includes documenting the habitat type of the salvaged site, propagation methods, and rare plants previously planted at protected sites are monitored annually. Approximately 80 Black Huckleberry plants were transplanted during this recent rescue in Ham Lake.
For more information on the Rare Plant Rescue program contact Carrie Taylor at
Six curb-cut rain gardens were installed approximately one-year ago and have been capturing runoff and its associated pollutants ever since. With each rainfall, runoff flowing in the street gutter is redirected into the rain gardens via a cut in the curb. Following a rain event, the water that enters the rain gardens is able to soak into the ground, which better mimics the natural hydrology before impervious surfaces (e.g. roofs, driveways, roads, etc.) and storm sewers directed runoff directly to Rice Creek. The rain gardens are able to store water and are filled with native species that were carefully selected for the site-specific conditions (e.g. light, soil type, and moisture).
Cumulatively, the six rain gardens are estimated to infiltrate 455,000 gallons of water, as well as remove 605 pounds of sediment and two pounds of phosphorus loading to Rice Creek annually. The native plants help to maximize infiltration and provide the co-benefit of pollinator habitat. One additional rain garden is located adjacent to a trail entrance into Locke County Park, providing an excellent public education opportunity.
These rain gardens were installed in partnership with the landowners, the City of Fridley, and the Rice Creek Watershed District. ACD provided design services and construction oversight.
The rain garden shown in the pictures below was planted last summer and as you can see, it didn't look like much at the time. Now, it looks beautiful and is full of flowers which pollinators love! This rain garden captures curbside runoff from 6.5 acres of neighborhood which previously went untreated to the Rum River. The native plant's roots create channels through the soil and reduce compaction, ensuring a maximum amount of water can infiltrate into the ground. The homeowners who worked with ACD to make this rain garden a reality, kept weeds at bay, and provided irrigation for the new plants during drought conditions!
Project funding was from the Clean Water, Land, and Legacy amendment, and the Lower Rum River Watershed Management Organization. To see other rain gardens installed throughout Anoka County, please see the virtual project tour on ACD's website.
For more information on rain gardens in Anoka County contact Mitch Haustein at
Gravel beds are designed to store bare-root trees and shrubs while enhancing root development. Gravel beds can be crafted from anything that can contain 18-inches of pea gravel, or can even be made from nothing more then piles of pea gravel.
Plants placed in gravel beds become stressed and put energy into creating fine root systems to find nutrients and water. After a few months, the well-developed root systems increase survival rates after planting by several fold. Gravel allows for root growth while making the plants easy to remove. Gravel also doesn't degrade and inhibits the growth of pathogens and weeds.
Bare-root trees and shrubs are easier to handle, cheaper to purchase, and come in greater varieties. Since bare-root plants are often only available in the early spring, the gravel bed can store bare-root plants for projects that have a summer or fall timeline. Plants with healthier root systems and higher survival rates are particularly important on projects where watering newly planted trees and shrubs is impractical.
ACD's gravel bed was envisioned and designed by Ethan Cypull, a Minnesota GreenCorps member that is currently stationed at ACD. Construction of the gravel bed was completed by Ethan and other ACD staff.
For more information contact Ethan Cypull,
Shorelines are some of the most valuable real estate. Both financially and ecologically. The Anoka Conservation District (ACD) has stabilized nearly 4.5 miles of eroding stream or riverbank and 1 mile of lakeshore over the years. When possible we use natural materials, a technique called bioengineering, to create stable, beautiful places that benefit lake or river health.
Near-record snowfalls in winter 2022-23 gave way to spring flooding that impacted many shorelines. Making matters worse, just after ice out there were several days of strong north winds. South shores of our bigger lakes took a beating. The shorelines most impacted were those that are mowed to the edge and without other protections such as riprap. Some of ACD's fall 2022 shoreline bioengineering projects were impacted because the vegetation had not had time to mature.
In recent weeks ACD staff have repaired damaged projects, including at Lake George (see photos).One of the beauties of bioengineering is that a few people with basic tools can make quick work of repair. After growing and establishing this summer, these lakeshores will be ready for whatever next spring brings.
Shoreline homeowners interested in creating stable, ecologically-friendly shorelines can contact Jamie Schurbon, Watershed Projects Manager at 763.434.2030 x210 or
Recent extreme flooding has highlighted the dynamic and powerful nature of flowing water. If you live on a river or even a smaller stream, you've likely witnessed these characteristics and their impacts firsthand. With flood waters receding, now is a great time to assess the condition of your riverbank and consider stewardship and stabilization approaches that will help protect your property and the water you live on. Fortunately, we've created a brand new resource to help guide you through this process – the "Our Riverbank Connection" animated video!
Living by a creek, stream, or river provides many benefits and a unique opportunity to support water quality and wildlife. It also comes with some challenges such as erosion, which can eat away at your land over time. In this video, you will learn how to create a river-friendly lawn and riverbank that also protects your property by reducing or repairing losses from erosion. Video topics include:
Watch "Our Riverbank Connection" here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Et9wLuIrRuA
Want to learn more about streams and rivers and how you can help them, even if you don't live on their banks? Watch Part 1 of the "Our River" Installment – "Our River Connection" – here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdQEcmLyQJI
The Anoka Sand Plain Rescue team salvaged rubus fulleri just days after the snow melted and the take permit was issued. A recent development was designed to avoid impacts to natural/uncropped wetlands and leave a natural area that contains most of the rare plants on the site. However, a subpopulation of rubus fulleri was to be impacted since there was no feasible way to avoid the areas due to construction constraints.
Staff from ACD, Critical Connections Ecological Services and the MN Landscape Arboretum salvaged whole plants and cut stems/canes. Plants were taken to the MN Landscape Arboretum where they will be potted. Stems/canes were cut into pieces ensuring each piece included a bud and was potted. The Arboretum is experimenting with different propagation techniques and will keep the rubus on-site until the fall. At that time, plants will be transferred to ecologically appropriate protected site where they can be monitored for survival and growth.
Rubus fulleri was designated as a state-threatened species in 2013. In Minnesota, this species is restricted to the shallow wet meadows of the Anoka Sand Plain. Following a century of agricultural and residential development in this region, few high quality examples of R. fulleri habitat are known in the state. Rubus fulleri is most threatened by habitat loss, with populations becoming more isolated and fragmented. Active management, including prescribed fire and invasive species control is needed to maintain a viable R. fulleri population.
Cane: a biennial, woody shoot which grows out of the perennial crowns and roots
Primocane: first year cane, mainly comprised of vegetation growth
Floricane: the same cane in the second year, bearing the flowers and fruits, then dies back
Rubus fulleri traits include canes that arch and trail along the ground. They also root tip, meaning the tip of the trailing cane grows roots into the ground.
For more information contact Carrie Taylor at 763.434.2030 ext.190 or
The MN Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR) is accepting applications for the Lawns to Legumes grant program through June 30, 2023. Any Minnesota landowner can apply for up to $350 in reimbursements for creating new pollinator habitat on their property. This includes pollinator gardens or meadows, bee lawns, and native tree or shrub plantings.
Grant recipients must contribute 25% match in the form of purchasing materials, hiring contractors, or as in-kind time spent planting and maintaining the project.
Find resources for planning your pollinator planting, choosing native plants, and applying for a grant on the BWSR Lawns to Legumes website.
Garlic Mustard Pull at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve
May 16th, from 9:00 am - 11:00 am
Join ACD and Cedar Creek staff to remove an invasive Garlic Mustard patch from the interior of Cedar Creek property. Bring bug spray, water bottle, long pants and hiking boots as we walk to the site. Utilize this on-hands training to learn more about how to identify and remove garlic mustard.
Work tools and other supplies will be provided.
For more information visit the event page or contactCedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve
May 9th from 11:30 – 1:00
Earlier this year, the MN Dept of Agriculture (MDA) added Amur Silvergrass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus) and Winged Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus) to the Restricted category of the state noxious weed list. It is unlawful to sell or propagate Restricted plant species and landowners are encouraged to manage their spread.
Amur silvergrass has been used as an ornamental plant in the US for over a century. It forms dense colonies that can aggressively outcompete native species. Consider replacing this species in your landscaping with showy native grasses such as little bluestem (Schizacharium scoparium), yellow prairie grass (Sorghastrum nutans), or prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis).
Winged burning bush was also introduced to the US as an ornamental shrub. While its dense thickets made it a popular hedgerow plant, they also enable it to crowd out native vegetation when allowed to spread into natural areas. Winged burning bush produces many seeds which are distributed by wildlife, allowing it to easily spread over long distances. Consider replacing this species with native shrubs such as serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and button bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).
ACD Contact: Carrie Taylor,
Anoka County is rich in wetlands that provide countless benefits to the county's ecological and water resources. Wetlands capture and filter floodwater and runoff, provide habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species, and help recharge the groundwater supply. Anoka County has lost approximately half of its original wetlands since European settlement. Historically wetlands have been drained and filled to create more useable land for agriculture and rural development. Many regulations exist to protect wetlands today, but a history of impacts combined with present-day challenges such as invasive vegetation, increasing demands for housing and suburban development, and altered hydrology threaten what remains.
For these reasons, the Anoka Conservation District (ACD) has increased efforts to identify wetland protection and restoration opportunities. An inventory of restorable wetlands was recently completed for two priority watersheds in the county including the Ford Brook watershed and the Rum River direct drainage watershed. Altogether, approximately 70 potential wetland restoration sites were identified across both private and public lands. In the coming months, ACD will conduct outreach and explore these possible opportunities in more depth, with the goal of restoring hydrology and native vegetation at one or more sites in 2024.
ACD has enhanced wetland habitat via vegetation management for several years, but hydrologic restorations are a relatively new endeavor which require careful planning, holistic approaches, and multi-agency collaboration. In 2022, five acres' worth of wetlands on public land were successfully restored by plugging drainage ditches which restored previous hydrology conditions and managed current vegetation such as the invasive reed canary grass to improve habitat with a diversity of native species.
For more information contact Brenna Keith,
Salt (chloride) is toxic to freshwater plants and animals, threatens our Minnesota fishing economy and heritage, and causes expensive damage to bridges and other infrastructure. To date, 54 lakes and streams in Minnesota are impaired by chloride and nearly 40% of shallow monitoring wells in the Twin Cities area have chloride concentrations that exceed the water quality standard.
This interactive workshop is specifically designed for local decision-makers such as city councilmembers and county commissioners and will provide action steps and recommended policy changes to reduce salt pollution in our communities without impacting public safety. Co-hosted by the Lower St. Croix Watershed Partnership with Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Lake Superior Coastal Program, and We are Water Minnesota. Funding comes from the Clean Water Fund and Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund.
Register here: MPCA Smart Salting for Community Leaders Workshop Tickets, Thu, Mar 9, 2023 at 11:00 AM | Eventbrite
The learning environment for this class is an interactive online format. Instructors will teach class online in real-time. Participants will interact with instructors and other participants through live chats, polls, and class discussion using the WebEx platform. We require attendees to actively participate in the online interactive class in addition to completing a survey after attending.
Can't attend? Check out this Low Salt – No Salt Toolkit for local government.
Street sweeping doesn't just improve the appearance and function of your neighborhood's roads; it's also one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce nutrients, sediment, and other pollutants entering our lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Common materials such as leaves, yard waste, sand, road salt, vehicle fluids, litter, and other debris accumulate in street gutters and have nowhere to go other than down the storm drain and, eventually into local waterways – flushed in by water during snowmelt and storm events.
Many cities complete street sweeping twice per year: once in the spring to remove solids from winter road treatment, and again in the fall to remove fallen leaves. However, gaps in sweeping schedules give these pollutants time to re-accumulate and flush into storm drains (and thus downstream waterbodies) before they can be removed. Increasing the frequency of street sweeping can greatly reduce pollutant loads in stormwater, which is why the Anoka Conservation District has added enhanced street sweeping considerations to its "water quality toolbox".
Enhanced street sweeping analyses combine area-specific information such as tree canopy cover and storm sewer networks with research-based pollutant recovery estimates to improve recommendations for the timing, frequency, and location of street sweeping. This approach has recently been applied in the direct drainage watersheds for Martin and Linwood lakes.
Find more information about the benefits of street sweeping here: MN Stormwater Manual: Street Sweeping
Rivers are essential resources and provide an immeasurable list of services that are critical for many ways of life throughout the world. Minnesota is home to many important river systems, such as the Mississippi River, that provide services which help sustain life and provide resources to help human economies thrive.
Minnesota's rivers endured decades of intensive impacts as the state industrialized, commonly used as a dumping grounds for untreated waste and modified extensively to make navigation easier. Our treatment of rivers has improved significantly in the years since, but human activity continues to impact them today. River systems are extremely complex in nature and many of the negative impacts caused by human activity go unrecognized or are misunderstood. Fortunately, there are many ways we can minimize our impacts and help restore our rivers to good health.
The Anoka Conservation District has proudly released a new animated video to help understand how rivers function and the role humans play in keeping them healthy. "Our River Connection" video brings you on a journey through a breadth of river topics, such as river formation, natural river behavior, current and historical human impacts, and actions we can take to protect them today. This video is suitable for a wide range of audiences, with narrative and visuals that are approachable and easy to digest. When you're done watching the video, you can take the companion quiz or explore the links in the video description to learn more.
ACD Contact: Breanna Keith,
I have fond memories of chasing fireflies in the neighborhood's empty lot and watching them glow in jars. It was a joy to see their light show. After living in the west for 15 years, I was excited to move back to the Midwest to be closer to family AND to see those fireflies once again with my kids. Sadly, we rarely see them these days.
There has been a significant decline in pollinators worldwide due to pesticides and habitat loss. Pollinators including; fireflies, bees, butterflies, moths, beetles and native flies, play a key role in pollinating many commercial crops and are an essential part of natural environments. The loss of these species is getting noticed and many are trying to help.
Fortunately, there are technical and financial resources available to help enhance pollinator habitat. The MN Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR) received funding from the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund, to create cost-share programs for pollinator-friendly native plantings and habitats. The Anoka Conservation District (ACD) is a recipient of BWSR's Lawns to Legumes Demonstration Neighborhood grants. ACD collaborated with local Watershed Districts, Cities, church groups, libraries, volunteers and residents to complete 53 pollinator plantings. Those plantings together, create habitat corridors within Anoka County along the Mississippi and Rum River, Coon Creek and Rice Creek Chain of Lakes. ACD also received funding from BWSR's Habitat Enhancement Landscape Pilot Program and are collaborating with Anoka Parks and Cities to convert turf areas to native plantings and to enhance native prairies. These programs create opportunities for collaboration, education, engagement with residents and most importantly, improve pollinator habitat.
There are still cost share opportunities to create pollinator habitat in your yard. Applications for INDIVIDUAL Lawns to Legumes grants with Metro Blooms will be accepted through January 18, 2023.Apply online at Blue Thumb – Planting for Clean Water's website.
My family has only seen fireflies in our yard once, but we've enjoyed frequent visits from all sorts of other pollinators including monarchs and bumble bees in our native plantings. Birds are also fun to watch on tree and shrub berries and wildflower seeds.
Learn more about what you can do to help:
BWSR Lawns to Legumes
MN Department of Agriculture- Pollinators
MN Department of Natural Resources - Pollinators
Audubon Native Plants Database
ACD Contact: Carrie Taylor,
The Anoka Conservation District, in partnership with the Sunrise River Watershed Management Organization, are poised to receive a $78,500 State Clean Water Fund Grant. The application scored 4th highest among 47 project applications statewide. The grant will fund shoreline stabilizations including native plant buffers. Target lakes are Martin, Linwood, and the Coon Lake Basins with work expected to begin in 2023 and 2024.
ACD Contact: Jamie Schurbon,
Anoka Conservation District and other SWCDs are working together to prioritize parcels and enroll willing landowners in BWSR's Reinvest in Minnesota (RIM) Reserve in the Rum River Watershed. The RIM Reserve program compensates landowners who are willing to give up development rights on their land in perpetuity to permanently preserve the natural landscape. The Rum River flows from Lake Mille Lacs to the Mississippi River through diverse landscapes and land uses. Protecting priority lands will benefit water quality and Twin Cities' drinking water supply, as well as improving wildlife habitat and connectivity.
ACD is grateful to the families in northern Anoka County who just recently enrolled their land in BWSR's RIM program. Those families cherish the natural state of their land and the Rum River. Thanks to them, 149 more acres of land will be protected.
ACD staff have been collaborating with Professor Kristen Genet to create hands-on learning opportunities for an Anoka-Ramsey Community College Ecology class. The class learned about rare plants, rare habitats and the invasive species that threaten them, and provided service through their learning. The class got out to plant native grasses and wildflowers to create a dry prairie pollinator garden in a Coon Rapids park. They also conducted rare plant surveys to help guide rare plant rescue planting densities and removed buckthorn that was starting to grow into areas with rare plants. Thanks to Kristen Genet and students for all their contributions!
Plant species that are "native" to a local area (i.e., grow there naturally) provide necessary food and habitat for pollinators and enhance soil and water quality. Outdoor spaces that are in covered in turf provide very few benefits to pollinators or the environment, so frequent pockets of natural spaces are critical in developed areas. We recently converted part of our office property from an area that was annoying to mow into beneficial pollinator habitat! Here's how we did it:
In early summer, we used "sheet mulching" to kill off the grass and weeds. If you can plan to have a couple of months before planting, this is an easy method to prepare a site without using herbicides. The future garden space was fully covered in cardboard sourced from our local recycling facility and then covered with a couple inches of mulch. This effectively smothered existing weeds.
We selected 11 native wildflower species, 2 native shrub species, and 2 native grass species for the garden that will thrive with the amount of natural sun and water that the spot gets. Adding wildflowers is a no-brainer to provide nectar for pollinators, but adding grasses sometimes gets overlooked in pollinator gardens. Native grasses provide homes for insects to overwinter in and add beautiful texture to a space! There are many great places to order native plants from in Minnesota; we used Minnesota Native Landscapes and Glacial Ridge Growers.
Since our garden is next to a sidewalk, it was lined with river rock to create a cleaner look and contain the mulch.
In early fall, the plants arrived and were planted. By this time, the cardboard underneath had broken down enough that it was easy to rip gaps in it to dig holes for the plants. Autumn planting gives plants an edge for developing strong roots in their new home and is a great option if you miss the spring planting window. The plants were spaced about 1.5 feet apart to leave them with room to grow into their full-sized forms. The already-present mulch will help hold in water and continue to suppress weeds.
It will be exciting to watch these new plants grow over the coming year to create a beautiful spot that will support some of our essential pollinator species in Anoka County.
You can also follow these steps to convert areas of your property that may not get much traffic or are hard to mow into a space that will benefit everyone!
We have all noticed spiders in our homes or when we are out for a walk. Most of the time, we view them as gross or something to fear. Instead of instantly thinking of spiders as pests that we want to kill or remove from the home, we should try to gain a better understanding of the important role these creatures play within the ecosystem.
Minnesota is home to 519 different species of spiders, including a species of 'jumping spider' that has only been found in Anoka County. 7 of the spider species found in the state are poisonous, but a spider bite resulting in death hasn't been recorded in the United States for decades. Less than 0.5% of spider bites lead to major medical complications.
The main benefit that spiders provide is that they eat a massive amount of insects, consuming on average between 400 and 800 million tons of bugs globally every year. Not only do spiders eat common pests like mosquitos and flies, they also act as a natural insecticide, eating many insects that are known for destroying crops or gardens.
To learn more about why spiders are important, please visit our friends at the Three Rivers Park District: https://www.threeriversparks.org/blog/myths-and-facts-spiders
Anoka Conservation District, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, The Nature Conservancy, and the City of Andover are working together to restore natural hydrology and establish native vegetation at Pine Hills North Park in Andover.
A private ditch was plugged and weeds in the basin were scraped and used to fill in the ditch, preventing drainage of water and recreating the conditions of a wetland. The scraped area will be seeded with a mesic prairie seed mix in the fall.
Anoka Conservation District recently submitted two proposals, HRE07 Rum River Corridor Fish and Wildlife Habitat Enhancement – Phase 2 and HA02 Anoka Sand Plain Habitat Conservation – Phase 8 to the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council ML 2023 Request for Funding. The proposed activities will enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitat in Anoka County and collaborate with Partners in the Rum River Corridor and the Anoka Sand Plain Ecoregion.
HRE07 Rum River Corridor Fish and Wildlife Habitat Enhancement – Phase 2
$3.5M request ($3M for Anoka County) includes:
HA02 Anoka Sand Plain Habitat Conservation – Phase 8
$8.9M request ($2.15M for ACD) includes:
BWSR awarded ACD $15,000 for the third phase of the Anoka Cooperative Weed Management Area. The Anoka CWMA formed in 2018 and consists of Anoka Conservation District, Anoka Parks, Cities, Watershed Districts, MN Department of Agriculture, and volunteers to coordinate invasive species control efforts in Anoka County. Anoka CWMA activities include mapping, monitoring, outreach, treatment on select populations, and provides some cost share assistance.
BWSR awarded ACD $40,000 for the Habitat Enhancement Landscape Pilot Program. ACD, Anoka County Parks, City of Blaine and City of Fridley identified project sites to create species rich, diverse prairies. There are 12 prairies identified in Anoka County Parks land with low forb diversity within the Rusty Patched Bumble Bee priority area that will be enhanced. Turf to prairie conversion will occur on a total of 4.75 acres at Fridley Commons Park, Blaine Laddie Lake, Coon Rapids Dam, Rice Creek West Regional Trail and Bunker Regional Park. These projects range from 0.25 to 1.5 acres and will be forb-rich.
The Highway CSAH 14 (Main Street) is slated to expand and build storm ponds in an area with Rubus stipulatus, a MN Endangered rare plant. The Rare Plant Rescue Program, consisting of Anoka SWCD, Critical Connections Ecological Services, and MN Landscape Arboretum, coordinated with the MN DNR and Anoka Highway Department to salvage the plants prior to construction. As soon as development permits were complete and signed, the Rescue Program swiftly accessed the highway expansion site to dig out plants that were just emerging. Plants were taken to Bunker Hills Regional Park where Anoka Parks staff and Volunteers transplanted 200 plants into plots. Cuttings of Rubus stipulatus were also taken, and will be propagated at the MN Landscape Arboretum and planted in the fall. Rescue transplants will be monitored to assess survivorship and recruitment. This is all made possible with collaboration, Volunteers, and Anoka Sand Plain Partnership Outdoor Heritage Funds.
Each spring and fall, ACD staff teaches area high school students about collecting macroinvertebrates to track water quality in Anoka County streams. This lesson is educational and fun for students, while providing ACD with data to track water quality over time through the streams' biota. Biological organisms that can be used to track the health of the environment they live in are called biological indicators (or bioindicators for short).
Macroinvertebrates, the larval forms of many common insects, are a great biological indicator for stream health in particular. They also live in lakes and wetlands. Many people don't realize that common insects like dragonflies, mayflies, black flies, and many others spend the majority of their lives as larval forms in the water. These larvae have varying tolerance levels to pollution, meaning some need very clean water to survive, while others can survive in either clean or polluted water. By tracking the populations of these organisms over time, we can gauge changes in water quality by assessing population shifts and known tolerance levels. This provides a valuable supplemental dataset to water quality samples collected periodically. Because these organisms spend months to years in the water, they give a more comprehensive long term look at water quality than water samples collected at random times can alone.
For the past 24 years, ACD has partnered with numerous schools and groups in Anoka County to collect macroinvertebrates. We currently partner with the Upper and Lower Rum River Watershed Management Organizations, the St. Francis American Legion, and the Rice Creek Watershed District to fund this monitoring with classes from four schools. Anoka High School and St. Francis High School classes monitor the Rum River near their schools, Totino-Grace High School classes monitor Rice Creek in Fridley, and the Forest Lake Area Learning Center monitors Clearwater Creek in Centerville. We also plan to take a new class from Blaine High School out in the fall of 2022 to monitor Coon Creek in Coon Rapids.
Over time, this program has taught thousands of Anoka County students about stream water quality, biological indicators, and work in the environmental sciences, all while getting them out of the classroom and into a stream.
Pre-ordered trees & shrubs will be ready for pick up on April 30th, staggered by last name.
DATE AND TIME: Saturday, April 30. Staggered pick up by first letter of Last Name:
A-D: 9-9:30am P-S: 11:15-11:45am
E-J: 9:45-10:15am T-Z: 12-12:30pm
PICK UP LOCATION: ACD Office- 1318 McKay Drive NE Ham Lake LOWER LOT
Storing your seedlings until they can be planted:
Anoka CD, in partnership with Rice Creek Watershed District, Coon Creek Watershed District, City of Fridley, Coon Rapids, Blaine and Lino Lakes, received BWSR grant funds to create a pollinator corridor in the North Metro. These cost share funds are available to local residents and public spaces (e.g. places of worship and libraries) who are interested in creating pollinator habitat. Eligible projects include native pocket plantings, pollinator beneficial trees and shrubs, pollinator lawns and pollinator meadows to benefit the rusty patched bumblebee and other at-risk species.
Contact Carrie at
Lymantria Dispar is an invasive moth formerly known by the common name Gypsy Moth. Last year, the Entomological Society of America officially changed the common name for this invasive species to the Spongy Moth. Romani people, Europe's largest ethnic group, generally consider the common name "Gypsy Moth" to contain a racial slur. The Entomological Society of America states that "while the use of an ethnic slur is enough reason to stop using a common name, the former common name was doubly inappropriate in that it linked a group of people who have been treated as pests and the targets of genocide with an invasive pest insect that remains targeted for population control and eradication, all of which combined to have dehumanizing effects for Romani people."
The new common name for Lymantria Dispar, the spongy moth, refers to the insect's light brown, fuzzy egg masses. This new name also aligns better with other countries common name for this invasive species. This moth is known for defoliating deciduous forests while in their caterpillar form. This repeated defoliation causes stress and can leave trees vulnerable to other diseases and pests. Spongy moths were introduced to the United States from Europe in the nineteenth century. They have spread from their initial location in Massachusetts westward, in both the United States and Canada.
Since 2004, Minnesota has been a member of the U.S. Forest Service's Slow the Spread (STS) program. Cook and Lake Counties are the only places with reproducing spongy moths in Minnesota. Parts of Eastern Minnesota are within the transition zone, and most of the state is still listed as an uninfested zone. Currently, Anoka County is still within the uninfested zone, but the spread of the spongy moth is occurring at a rate of 3 miles per year.
Spring is around the corner and that means it is time to think about what to plant. Ornamental plants are not native to MN and therefor do not provide as quality of a food source to pollinators or wildlife. Some ornamentals have started to spread to natural areas where they can cause ecological harm. Amur maple, Norway maple and Winged burning bush have been common landscaping plants but their spread into natural areas has been detected. That invasive behavior landed them on the MN Noxious Weed List as Specially Regulated Plants. There are many native plants to choose from that are suitable for landscaping. See the Woody Invasives of the Great Lakes Collaborative website's Landscape Alternatives for native plant ideas. Blue Thumbs Plant Finder is a great tool to determine the best native plants for your site conditions. Many MN natives are available at local plant nurseries.
Avoid | Choose Instead |
Amur Maple | Mountain maple, pagoda dogwood, high bush cranberry, fireberry hawthorn |
Norway Maple | Red maple, sugar maple, hackberry, basswood |
Winged Burning Bush | Leatherwood, pagoda dogwood, nannyberry, wolfberry |
By far the most frequently asked question as part of our annual tree sale is "how fast will this tree grow?" Simple enough, yet so complicated.
It would be great if we could say "one to two feet per year." That's what customers want to hear. Five feet per year is even better. The truth is more nuanced. A 'slow growing' tree planted in just the right place can easily outgrow a 'fast growing' tree that is planted in the wrong place. Trees can be finicky about how sunny they like it, how wet they want it, how nutrient rich they need it, how cold they can tolerate, or how salty they will bear.
For example, spruce trees like sunny spots that aren't too wet. Never a very fast growing tree to begin with, if put in the wrong place, they can grow painfully slow. In the photos,15 years ago four 3-foot tall potted Colorado Blue Spruce trees were planted in a row about 25 feet apart. The closest tree in the photo is about 25 feet tall and fairly full. The next is 15 feet tall and not looking too bad. The third is a scraggly 12 feet tall. The fourth is clinging to life and tops out at around 9 feet tall.
All four trees have enough sunlight so that isn't the problem. The best grower is planted in ground that is sandier and about 2 feet higher in elevation than the saddest of the bunch, which is planted in a peaty soil that was once a wetland. From the best to the worst grower, they are planted in progressively wetter areas. The fastest grew 18 inches per year while the slowest grew only 4 inches per year.
This is why when asked "how fast will my tree grow?" we hesitate and then follow with "it depends…" This is also why we include all the information you need to select the right tree for your property as part of our sale. Choose well and your trees will flourish, and if you need a little help, give us a call.
Seven lakeshore stabilization project designs are underway for properties on Lake George. ACD staff conducted targeted mailings based on a previously completed erosion inventory and site visits were then conducted at properties with interested landowners. Potential project sites were prioritized by water quality improvement potential, and with the funding available, seven sites were chosen to be developed. Construction of these projects is anticipated for summer, 2022.
Lakeshore stabilization techniques include coir logs, native vegetation buffers, minor regrading of ice heaves, and minimal riprap. The picture to the right shows an eroding shoreline with a short bank height that can be stabilized using a coir log and native vegetation. Stabilization of the lakeshores will reduce pollutant loading to Lake George and thereby provide water quality benefits. The native plant buffer areas will also provide habitat benefits.
Funding is provided by a Rum River Watershed Based Implementation Funding grant and landowner contributions. Watch for additional updates as the projects progress through final design and construction.
Minnesota's Noxious Weed Law is the policy of the legislature that residents of the state be protected from the injurious effects that noxious weeds have on public health, environment, public roads, crops, livestock, and other property. A noxious weed is a regulated plant species that has been designated as one of the four categories; Prohibited Eradicate, Prohibited Control, Restricted, and Specially Regulated.
The Prohibited Eradicate category include species that are highly damaging with limited distribution. These species are listed with the goal of eradication. Some examples found in Minnesota include Black Swallow-wort, Oriental Bittersweet, and the Tree of Heaven.
The Prohibited Control category include species that are highly damaging and widely distributed. The goal for species in this category is to prevent spreading. Examples in Minnesota include Wild Parsnip, Common Tansy, and Japanese Knotweed.
The Restricted Category include species that are highly damaging with an extensive distribution that limits the ability to control populations. The goal for these species is to prevent new plantings. Examples in Minnesota include Common Buckthorn, Non-Native Honeysuckle, and Garlic Mustard.
Specially Regulated plants may be native, non-native, or demonstrated value. The goal for this category of plants is to craft regulations that prevent issues. Examples in Minnesota include Poison Ivy, Amur Maple, and Winged Burning Bush.
Species on this list and new potential treats are reviewed by the Noxious Weed Advisory Committee. This committee is comprised of members that represent conservation, business, tribes, and government interests. A thorough risk assessment is completed for a species before a listing recommendation is made by the committee. You can report a potential population of a species on the Minnesota Noxious Weed List by taking a picture of both the leaves and flowers, taking note of the location, and sending it to the Arrest the Pest email
Below is a list of species to keep a look out for. Some of these species are already listed as Prohibited Eradicate in Minnesota and have very limited distribution. Looking for these species can prevent new populations from invading the state. Other species on the list have not yet been found in Minnesota, but have caused substantial damage in other parts of the country. Early detection and eradication is crucial in protecting Minnesota against invasive species.
There is so much magic and joy in starting wildflowers from seeds. This is a good time to start that process for many native plants so that they are ready in the spring. Many native plants' seed stays dormant until there are good conditions in the wild. As a gardener, you can create these conditions to break dormancy for seed germination. Many native seeds need cold moist stratification to germinate. This can be done outdoors if seed is planted in the fall and overwintered. If you want to start them indoors in containers then pre-treatment stratification is needed. Stratify by placing seeds in a damp paper towel, coffee filter, or sand and into a sealed plastic bag in the refrigerator (33-40 °F). Native plant's seeds range from needing 10 to 120 days of cold stratification. Once seeds have been stratified for the number of recommended days, plant seeds in a soil medium. Keep soil moist until seeds sprout and send up their first leaves. Water as needed and allow the soil to begin to dry out between watering. The magic continues as plants continue to grow!
Learn more about individual native plant seed pre-treatment and germination strategies in the Prairie Moon Nursery 2022 Cultural Guide and Germination Guide and the Tallgrass Prairie Center's Native Seed Production Manual.
If you aren't ready to start a new seed starting hobby, this is also a good time to start designing and planning a pollinator garden. Many local plant vendors have their plant catalogues ready for you to view. Be sure that plants you purchase are free of neonicotinoids, which are very toxic to pollinators.
See BWSR's Lawns to Legumes page for garden design templates and list of local native plant vendors.
Spring is just around the corner so get your tree order in today. The District offers a wide variety of native stock, including black cherry trees, mixed oak trees, maple trees, and pine trees. The trees and shrubs are sold as bare root seedlings or transplants, ranging from 8" to 24" in height. They may be purchased in bundles of ten for $19.00, or twenty-five for $38, not including tax. Native prairie seed and tree aides are also available. You do not need to be an Anoka County Resident to order. The pick-up is at the ACD Office at the end of April, 1318 McKay Drive NE, Ham Lake, MN 55304.
ACD staff provide technical assistance for a wide variety of projects each year. Many of the requests for assistance come directly from landowners interested in improving natural resources or addressing concerns on their properties. Technical assistance is also provided for projects in collaboration with county, city, and watershed entity partners. The table to the right summarizes 2021 technical assistance provided by ACD staff.
Assistance begins with a site consultation. Consultations typically include a conversation with the landowner, desktop review of the site using GIS mapping software and available data sets, and a site visit to discuss options. If the landowner is interested in pursuing a project, ACD can provide design and installation oversight services. Maintenance guidance is also provided for previously installed projects.
Additional information about active projects and those previously completed is available on ACD's project tracking map.
ACD has a number of grant opportunities available for addressing shoreline erosion along both streams and lakes in Anoka County. If you have noticed your lakeshore migrating back on you over time, or perhaps once had a low walkable area along your river frontage that is now gone leaving only a steep drop-off, ACD may be able to help you design and even fund a project to protect your property.
The first step is a site visit to your property by ACD staff. Now is a great time to reach out to ACD to plan a site visit in the spring. We will assess your erosion problems, give you advice on how to address them, and see if your shoreline might fit into one of our various grant programs for financial assistance. Shoreline restoration does far more than just protect your property. It also protects the water resource you live on, and also enhances habitat for all of the wildlife that utilizes that resource!
Current subzero temperatures can make warmer months seem far away, but winter is a great time to begin planning for spring and summer conservation projects at your home. Whether you want to create an oasis for pollinators and other native wildlife or install features that improve local water quality, there are many great informational resources to help you get started.
Create a native vegetation planting plan and control invasive species
Establishing areas of diverse native vegetation and managing invasive plant species produces multiple environmental benefits, including the provision of food and habitat resources for native wildlife and the improvement of local soil and water health, particularly for areas adjacent to rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Sourcing native plants and landscaping services from local experts is the best way to ensure your efforts maximize ecological benefits in your area.
Address lawn care needs sustainably
The ways in which we mow, irrigate, and chemically treat our yards can lead to unintended impacts in nearby aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This year, consider developing a lawn care regime that strategically targets nutrient and pesticide needs and reduces the need for irrigation.
Participate in community surveys and attend educational events
Winter is a great time to explore environmental topics that pique your interest and inspire you to become involved in backyard conservation efforts. Many of Minnesota's environmental and conservation organizations provide free or low-cost educational opportunities such as webinars and workshops. You can also become involved in natural resource surveys such as those for wildlife, weather, and water quality, which greatly improve our understanding of conservation needs across the state.
Financial and Technical Assistance
Because environmental benefits produced through conservation practices typically extend beyond the bounds of your property, conservation projects such as lakeshore restorations, riverbank stabilizations, and best management practices for urban or agricultural stormwater runoff may qualify for financial or technical assistance. Seeking out and applying for these opportunities early will help you get a strong head start on spring and summer projects.
Carl E. Bonnell Wildlife Management Area consists of three Natural Plant Community types. This includes an upland consisting of Red Oak, Sugar Maple, and Basswood forest. The majority of the WMA is made up of two wetland types; this includes willow dogwood shrub swamp and black ash, yellow birch, red maple, basswood swamp.
Anoka Conservation District started buckthorn management at Carl E. Bonnell this winter. This involves removing large buckthorn with a chainsaw and treating smaller buckthorn with a basal bark treatment technique. Both common and glossy buckthorn have been found in the WMA.
Both glossy and common buckthorn are invasive species and are on the Minnesota Restricted Noxious Weed list. Removing and treating buckthorn is important to protect ecosystems. Buckthorn grows thickly and outcompetes native plants for light and nutrients once established.
The Anoka Conservation is currently taking tree orders for the district's annual sale taking place at the end of April, 2022. Trees and shrubs are sold as bare root seedlings or transplants and can range from 8" to 24" in height. Species may be purchased in bundles of ten for $19.00, or twenty-five for $38 (tax not included). Native prairie seed and tree aides are also available. Order today as supply is running out! You do not need to be an Anoka County resident to order. Call 763-434-2030 x100 or email
The Brua property located on Rice Creek in Fridley had approximately 85 linear feet of streambank with active erosion. Sediment and nutrients from the eroding bank directly entered Rice Creek. While the erosion severity was classified as moderate, the landowners observed the bank receding over the last several years, particularly during periods of extended high water. By being proactive and addressing the erosion at an early stage, they can minimize the overall cost of the project as well as the sediment and nutrient loading to Rice Creek.
The stabilization solution used a minimal amount of riprap and native plantings to stabilize the eroding face. The shady conditions of the site, frequent water level fluctuation, and flowing water required a hard armoring solution along the bottom portions of the slope. Native species well adapted to frequent water level fluctuations and shady conditions were planted above the riprap to soften its appearance and provide a vegetated buffer with habitat value (see picture to right).
Stabilization of the shoreline will provide reductions in the total suspended solids (2,838 pounds per year reduction) and total phosphorus (1.21 pounds per year reduction) reaching Rice Creek. In addition to the water quality benefits to Rice Creek, downstream waterbodies (Locke Lake and the Mississippi River) will also benefit.
The project was funded through a combination of the Rice Creek Watershed District's Water Quality Grant Program and the landowner. For more information please contact Mitch Haustein,
Melanie grew up playing outside and formed a love and respect for nature. She told me a story of when she was a little girl. She was walking around her grandparent's property and heard a shrill bark that stopped her in her tracks. She then took another step and there was another bark. Then she noticed a mamma raccoon with babies and understood that the raccoon was politely giving her a warning. She calmly turned around and went another way. She had many other stories of being outdoors with her family. I suppose those times and stories are what planted the seeds for Melanie's love and respect for nature.
Later in life, Melanie moved to Nowthen in northern Anoka County into a beautiful home surrounded by mature trees. When the cornfield south of that property went up for sale, she purchased it. She tells the story that she crazily spent her retirement savings on a cornfield. However, she had a vision and insight to create habitat for all wild creatures and open land to capture and store water. In 2003, Anoka Conservation District staff helped Melanie implement that vision by establishing a Conservation Easement and turning the cornfield into a diverse natural landscape with wetland, prairie, savanna, and woodland habitats with funds from USDA and MN DNR conservation programs. Melanie founded the Kern Heritage Center in 2012 so that they Board of Trustees could preserve the space. The property is now home to a diversity of native plants, bumblebees, butterflies, birds and many more creatures… thanks to Melanie Kern.
Anoka Conservation District is grateful for Melanie's land ethic and our relationship we had with her over the years. Melanie, you will be missed!
Late fall is a great time to assess your property for woody invasive species. The three most common woody invasive species that are found in Anoka County are Common Buckthorn, Glossy Buckthorn, and non-native Bush Honeysuckle. These three species tend to hold on to their leaves long after our native trees and shrubs. Since the leaves on these invasive species also tend to stay green instead of change color like our native species, they stick out like a sore thumb this time of year. These species can easily out compete native woodland species, deteriorating our woodlands and wetlands.
Common Buckthorn tend to look like a large shrub or small tree, reaching approximately 20 feet when fully grown. The most distinct characteristic of Common Buckthorn is the twig endings often contain small, sharp, stout thorns. When Common buckthorn is cut down the heartwood also have a distinctive orange color. This tree can be easily confused with our native plums and cherries.
Glossy Buckthorn has a similar structure as Common, they tend to grow like a large shrub or small tree, reaching approximately 20 feet. Glossy Buckthorn can be found in forests, but tend to favor wetlands and wetland edges. Glossy Buckthorn does not contain any thorns but also has a yellowish orange heartwood when cut. The look-alikes for Glossy Buckthorn include some native dogwoods and alder.
Non-native Bush Honeysuckle:
Non-native Bush Honeysuckle is a shrub that typically grows 8 to 12 feet high. The older Honeysuckle often have a shaggy tan bark and stems that are often hollow. The leaves on the Honeysuckle are opposite, simple, oval, and untoothed. The shrub produces pink and white flowers in the spring.
Find more information on common and glossy buckthorn ID and treatment methods on the Anoka CWMA website.
The riverbank stabilization project in Mississippi River Community Park is one step closer to completion. Native trees (container size) have been planted along the slope above the riprap. Upland species (e.g. Bur Oak) were planted higher on the slope and floodplain species (e.g. Swamp White Oak) were planted lower on the slope.
Remaining project elements include the planting of dormant live stakes near the top of the riprap in a zone that will see inundation during high water conditions, and the planting of bare root shrubs and trees along the slope above the riprap. Similar to the container size trees, both upland and floodplain bare root species will be planted when they become available. Roots associated with the vegetation will stabilize the bank above the riprap.
Tree clearing, bank reshaping, riprap installation, seeding, and erosion control blanket installation were all previously completed. The project stabilized approximately 1,500 linear feet of severely eroding riverbank.
The project is funded by a Clean Water Fund grant, a Watershed Based Funding grant, and match from the City of Anoka.Ever since I was a young girl, my family has had a 'real' tree. Our trees were cut from our farm and some were 'Charlie Brown' trees but I have great memories of going out into the woods.
With my own family, we have a tradition of going to our local Christmas tree farm. It's definitely a memory-making experience and my girls always enjoy marching down the rows of firs, spruce, and eventually a white pine, which also happens to be my favorite conifer. I even manage to teach the girls a thing or two about how to identify the different species.
Why buy a real tree vs. a manufactured one?
Christmas Tree Care
Make a fresh cut. Before you bring the tree into your home and place it in a stand, re-cut the trunk at least one inch from the bottom just before putting it in the stand. Even if you just cut it, this re-opens the tree stem so it can drink water. Christmas trees are very thirsty! It is not unusual for a tree to drink 2 gallons of water the first day it is in the stand.
Choose a spot away from heat sources. Heat sources like heat registers, space heaters, fireplaces, wood stoves, televisions, computer monitors, etc. speed up evaporation and moisture loss of the tree.
Water immediately. After making the fresh cut, place the tree in a large capacity stand with warm water. The stand you use should hold at least one gallon of fresh water.
Don't add anything to the water! Research has shown that plain tap water is the best. Some commercial additives and home concoctions can actually decrease a tree's moisture retention and increase needle loss.
Check the water level daily. Do not allow the water level to drop below the fresh cut or the stem will reseal and be unable to drink.
What can I do with my tree after the holiday season?
In Anoka County, Christmas trees can be dropped off for free once they've been cleaned of all tinsel, ornaments, lights, etc. Check out this link for more information. https://www.anokacounty.us/359/Compost-Sites
These trees are chipped and recycled into mulch. Mulch moderates soil temperatures, suppresses weeds and helps hold soil moisture.
After removing indoor decorations, you can also set your tree in its stand outside and decorate it for our winter birds. (No need to water it). The Humane Society Wildlife Land Trust recommends a variety of homemade treats such as suet cakes, branches of berries, popcorn, pinecones smeared with peanut butter, and other treats. We simply set ours out by our bird feeders and the birds love the extra cover from wind, cold and predators. In early spring, we bring it to our local compost site.
Will we ever run out of trees?
The National Christmas Tree Association reports that for every tree that is cut, 2 to 3 trees are planted the following spring. So the more trees sold, the more that are planted. And the more trees planted, the more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, releasing even more oxygen. This helps reduce our carbon footprint.
This information was adapted from MN Extension https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-news/christmas-tree-care-and-fun-facts
More information can be found here: https://www.treetriage.com/tree-removal/christmas-trees/
Fall hunting season is upon us in Minnesota. Hunting is one of the best ways to sustainably enjoy our State's amazing natural resources. Opportunities exist to harvest game animals ranging from squirrels to birds like grouse, pheasant, turkey, and waterfowl to large ungulates like deer and elk, and even black bear. Minnesota has a rich hunting tradition and some of the most ample public land hunting opportunities in the country! It is easier than ever to learn to hunt with the advent of instructional webinars and social media.
The Minnesota DNR has all of the information and resources you need to get started. You can find season dates, license information, and land access opportunities for all kinds of hunting on their web pages. Social media groups exist for all kinds of hunting around Minnesota, and newcomers can learn from seasoned veterans, some of whom may just be willing to show you the ropes.
If you are interested taking up a new outdoor hobby, creating memories that last a lifetime, and harvesting sustainable, healthful meat, hunting may just be the pastime you've been looking for!
Minnesota hunting fun facts:
Photo below is ACD staffer, Jared Wagner, with his niece.
Non-native Phragmites is a highly invasive plant that can invade wetlands and shorelines, outcompete native vegetation, and degrade wildlife habitat. Fortunately, most of the infestations in Minnesota are small and there is hope that the invasive grass can be controlled.
Coon Creek Watershed District and ACD staff first detected non-native Phragmites in Anoka County in 2018 along the Ham Lake shoreline. The 2,500 square foot stand was herbicide treated in fall 2018 and mowed in January 2019. No Phragmites was found at the Ham Lake site in 2019 and 2020. One sprout of Phragmites was found in 2021 and dug up.
Additional non-native Phragmites infestations have been found and verified by UMN in Anoka County. The treatment success at Ham Lake inspired staff to continue additional efforts to control non-native Phragmites. In 2019, the Anoka County AIS Prevention grant paid for treatment of 14 additional Phragmites sites that were detected in the 2019 growing season.
The MN Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed grant provided funds for the Metro Counties to collaborate and treat over 80 sites in 2020 and 2021. The University of MN, MN DNR, and MN DOT are also tracking and treating additional sites throughout the state. Sites will continue to be monitored to determine treatment needs.
Photo below shows a stand of Phragmites at a site in Anoka County being monitored in 2020. Follow up treatment occurred in September 2021.
Find more information and distribution maps can be found at the links below:
Bombus affinis, commonly known as rusty patched bumble bees were once common throughout the east and upper Midwest but its population has recently had a drastic decline. The USFWS listed the rusty patched bumble bee as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act.
Rusty-patched bumble bee worker diagnostic traits:
Apply today for an Individual Support Grant by visiting Blue Thumb's website. Applications will be accepted through February 15, 2022.
View Verifiable Observations of Bombus affinis on INaturalist: https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/121519-Bombus-affinis
USFWS Rusty Patched Bumble Bee Map:
Trim up the sides and take a little off the top. I'm going for a well-kempt look without being obvious about it.
No! Not me, my trees.
The best time to prune most trees is in the winter months. To do it well, now is the time to make a mental note of what needs to be done. For example, identifying dead branches is easier during the growing season but pruning should be postponed until the tree is dormant.
Things to Remember:
Anoka Conservation District has been working with the City of Anoka and Mississippi Park Connection to create a more resilient landscape at Kings Island. Efforts have begun to remove invasive buckthorn from the island to allow space and light for native plant regeneration. Invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) infestations that kill ash trees have been detected throughout the Metro region and near Kings Island. Approximately 50% of Kings Island canopy is ash (green, black or white ash) so a loss of ash would have a great impact on the habitat on Kings Island. Surveys have and will continue to be conducted to monitor for the presence of EAB. To prepare for the loss of ash trees and create a more resilient landscape at Kings Island, a diversity of tree and shrubs were planted by volunteers. Species planted include Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago), Red-oiser Dogwood (Cornus sericea), Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), Butternut (Juglans cinerea), Cottonwood (Populus deltoids), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum trilobum), and Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) a tree with a more southern range. More efforts are needed to control buckthorn and create diversity for a more resilient landscape at Kings Island.
Early fall can be a great time to identify invasive species around your property. Invasive species can potentially outcompete native plants. Controlling invasive species can help increase native plant diversity and create better habitat for local wildlife. It also help stop the spread of invasive seeds to your neighbor's property and other natural areas. The first step in managing invasive species on your property is by identifying them. Three species to look out for this time of the year are:
Canada Thistle is an aggressive perennial that produces many seeds. They are best identified by their wavy spiny/toothed margins that can be prickly if walked through. Most of their purple flowers have turned into a ball of white fluff by this time of year
Purple loosestrife is listed as a MDA prohibited noxious weed that grows along shoreland areas. Purple loosestrife can make it difficult to access open water and the dense root systems can even change the hydrology of wetlands. Leaves are lance-shaped with smooth edges and grow up to four inches long. They are usually arranged in pairs opposite each other on the stem, and rotated 90 degrees from the pair below. Individual flowers have five or six pink-purple petals surrounding small, yellow centers. Single flowers make up flower spikes, which can be up to one foot tall. This is a great time to look for the bright purple flowers along your shore.
Common tansy is also an invasive species that is currently flowering. The flowers are bright yellow and button like arranged in a flat-topped cluster. The leaves look fern like with reddish-brown stems. It is very common invasive species in the arrowhead of Minnesota. This quick spreading species can greatly impact landscape restoration efforts.
You can reach out to ACD if you want to confirm an invasive species on your property or want advice on how to manage the invasive population.
"Try it, and you'll like it. The first one's free." A free trial can be just what's needed to break through to new customers. At this year's Linwood Lake Improvement Association annual picnic, the Anoka Conservation District distributed nearly 100 native shoreline plants to be planted all around the lake at around 20 different properties.
Native plants can mean "weeds" to some folks. Or just out of the comfort zone. But the right plant in the right place is beautiful and effective. On shorelines there are a variety of native plants that are the perfect choice –beautiful, strong, and well-adapted to the wet. Good habitat too. They're key to a stable shore and healthy lake.
Thanks to Prairie Restorations, Inc who provided the giveaway plants. ACD offers technical help and grants for those wanting to do a larger shore stabilization or buffer project.
The Anoka Conservation District, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and Anoka County Parks are collaborating to restore hydrology and enhance five acres of wetland and one acre of upland prairie at Anoka County Park's Cedar Creek Conservation Area. Two wetland basins were enhanced by installing sheet piling ditch plugs and adding fill material in a private ditch that was draining the wetlands. A berm to prevent water from entering the ditch was constructed to enhance a third wetland basin. Non-native reed canary grass biomass and root sod was scraped from these wetland basins and used to fill the ditch. Construction is complete and vegetation management will occur on these three basins and two additional basins in the area for the next five years using funds from the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council. The goal is to convert these once drained wetlands that were dominated by reed canary grass to wetlands with native vegetation and greater water holding capacity. This will provide benefits to water quality and improve wildlife habitat.
Turning a problem into a solution with the Linwood Elementary School rain and pollinator garden.
Construction and expansion took place recently at Linwood Elementary School resulting in a larger roof capturing and sending more rain water to an area in front of the school. This small area is surrounded by the building on two sides, the front sidewalk, and the sidewalk to the main entrance. The additional water produced a large deep puddle for several days and a mud pit after water finally infiltrated. There was a need to improve that area for safety and aesthetics especially since it is in front of the school entrance. The solution: a rain and pollinator garden.
The depressed basin provides a micro example of different hydrologic zones and plant communities ranging from upland plants on the perimeter of the area and wetland plants down in the basin. Parent volunteer, Jennifer Braido took the lead to help facilitate and three 4th grade classes learned about rain gardens so they could create a design for the rain and pollinator garden. ACD staff and Jennifer taught 4th graders about hydrologic zones, plant communities, wetland indicator status, plant adaptations including aerenchyma tissue in wetland plant roots and plant's seasonal bloom times. With all this information, the classes choose their favorite plants for different zones of the garden and did some math to determine how many plants they needed. Another parent volunteer, Robb Johnson, and ACD staff worked to increase water storage capacity by installing a French drain which has reduced the time of standing water after a large rainfall. Finally, the 4th graders were out planting their rain-pollinator garden with the upland species along the edges and the wetland species down in the basin. While they were planting, a monarch butterfly fluttered around appreciating this new habitat. An educational sign is posted to highlight the benefits of rain and pollinator gardens to all that pass by the main entrance to Linwood Elementary School.
There has been a flurry of activity in the Gordie Mikkelson WMA prairies this spring. ACD is working with the MN DNR, Native Resource Preservation, and Linwood Elementary School to enhance 9.3 acres of prairie and add more species of native grasses and wildflowers in the already established windswept prairie. The 840-acre Gordie Mikkelson WMA is ranked as high biodiversity by the MN Biological Survey, and is an example of the mosaic Anoka Sand Plain landscape, containing a diversity of native plant communities including oak woodlands, sedge meadows, wetlands, and swamps. The MN DNR restored three grassland areas in Gordie Mikkelson WMA to native dry prairie. A remaining 9.3 acres are now undergoing restoration/enhancement. The goal is to convert these areas mostly dominated by non- native smooth brome and quackgrass to a dry prairie plant community (UPs13/Southern Upland Prairie System). Native Resource Preservation (NRP) conducted site preparation herbicide treatments in fall 2019 and fall 2020. The MN DNR conducted a prescribed burn in spring 2021 and NRP spread a diverse seed mix following the Rx burn and will follow up with establishment mowing. The already established windswept prairie is near the Linwood Elementary School and along the trail to their School Forest. This location provides a great opportunity to create a diverse prairie for future seed collection. ACD staff and 16 Linwood Elementary School classes planted 28 different species of plant plugs to add diversity and start a seed source that can be collected and spread to other prairies in the Mikkelson WMA.
ACD, Critical Connections Ecological Services, MN Landscape Arboretum, and 17 volunteers salvaged 500 State Endangered rubus stipulatus plants from a proposed development site. This was made possible by working closely with the MN DNR Endangered Species Consultant to incorporate the group's permitted salvage plan with the developer's permit to Take Threatened/ Endangered (T/E) Species for development. If T/E species are found on a site, developers are required to apply for a Permit for the Take of Endangered or Threatened Species Incidental to a Development Project which includes compensatory mitigation. For the first time, the DNR also included our group's salvage plan in part of the Take permit. There was a short window of time between the paperwork and the construction to salvage and transplant. Thankfully volunteers showed up to help out despite the 90-degree temperatures. Plants were transplanted into experimental plots at Bunker Regional Park, City of Blaine Pioneer Park, and Lino Lakes Woolan Park. Plants were also taken to the MN Landscape Arboretum where volunteers potted them for safe keeping for future planting. These 200 potted plants will likely be planted into experimental plots in the fall at Bunker Regional Park, City of Blaine Pioneer Park, Lino Lakes Woolan Park, Blaine Wetland Sanctuary and Columbus Lake Conservation Area. This is the first Endangered Species the Rare Plant Rescue Program has salvaged.
Summer is coming! Warmer temperatures and fishing opener mean aquatic invasive species and MN boaters are ramping up activity on Minnesota lakes and rivers.
Do your part to prevent the spread of invasive plants and animals by cleaning, draining, and drying all recreational equipment that goes into a Minnesota lake or stream.
To help protect our lakes and rivers:
Share this information with others who spend time fishing, boating, or recreating in Minnesota.
Now is a great time of year to check your property for Garlic Mustard. Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolatais) is an invasive species originally from Europe and Asia and typically establishes in the understory of forests and in fields. Garlic Mustard can spread quickly in the wind and can soon start to outcompete native species by emerging earlier, blocking sunlight, and using the limited moisture and nutrients in the ecosystem. Garlic Mustard also releases chemicals into the soil via its roots that alters the important underground network of fungi that connect nutrients between native plants.
During its first year, garlic mustard leaves are rounder and take on a rosette formation at ground level. In their second year, the leaves grow up a flowering stem and become more triangular and heart-shaped with toothed edges. Small white four-petaled flowers emerge in the spring. Hand pulling is an easy way to control small populations of Garlic Mustard and is best done in the spring before they go to seed. These plants can then be placed in a plastic bag and thrown out with the garbage and should not be composted.
Any effort to remove Garlic Mustard from your property might seem daunting, but over time, you will hopefully see native plants start to repopulate the areas you have removed Garlic Mustard.
Learn more about Garlic Mustard here:
I noticed my neighbors doing this in their backyard. At first, I thought it was odd and might attract unsavory characters to the neighborhood and bring down property values. Now, I'm a card carrying member of the Rewild Club. It's best to explain.
I took a hard look at my yard and ask myself…What do I want from this space?
What do I need to make that happen? A patio, a water feature, play area, shade trees, garden plot, privacy screening, a lawn area for recreation, disco ball and dance floor, an amphitheater for Shakespeare in the Park night?
I realized that my yard was mostly seldom-used lawn and none of the other fun stuff.
Amphitheater and disco balls aside, I started to pull together a plan. The biggest surprise was how much better my yard would be if I did less work. I opted to rewild unused space. Along the perimeter of my yard I stopped mowing, I stopped raking, I stopped fertilizing, I stopped weeding, and I stopped watering. In other words, I released by inner teenager. I let trees and shrubs that popped up keep growing, and planted a few for fall color, nesting, fruit and flowers. In a few years, instead of staring at a fence that needed maintenance, I had a living screen of trees and shrubs. Birds and butterflies came back to enjoy the flowers and fruits of my lack of labor, and they turned out not to be the unsavory characters I had imagined. The shade makes hot summer days in the yard enjoyable and cuts my lawn watering in half. There still plenty of lawn for kids and pets, but now the space is a haven for the family and a little wildlife.
Tips for the would-be rewilder.
Staff from Anoka Conservation District, Critical Connections Ecological Services, and Minnesota Landscape Arboretum will work with volunteers the last week of April to salvage up to 1,000 State Endangered Rubus stipulatus from a development site and transplant them into protected sites.
Rare plant rescue has been made possible with MN DNR's permit application for the Propagation of Endangered or Threatened Species, which was developed in 2019. Since the release of the permit application, approximately 7,500 State Threatened lance-leaved violets (viola lanceolata) and 150 State Threated swamp blackberry (rubus semisetosus) have been salvaged from three development sites and transplanted into protected sites where their populations are monitored.
To learn more about rare species in Minnesota, go the MN DNR's Rare Species Guide:https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/index.html
Siberian peashrub (Caragana arborescens) is a restricted noxious weed in Minnesota. It has a background similar to Common Buckthorn, commonly found in hedge groves, shelterbelts, and wildlife plantings. Siberian peashrub is not as common as buckthorn but is becoming more prevalent throughout the state. These plants have an extensive root system and the ability to self-reproduce to create new infestations. Last year, infestations in Bunker Hills regional park were surveyed and mapped by ACD staff. These maps were used during three days of targeted treatment by ACD this winter. After three days, ACD completed cut-stump treatment on 14 infestations which totaled approximately 3.5 acres.
ACD staff provide technical assistance for a wide variety of projects each year. Many of the requests for assistance come directly from landowners interested in improving natural resources or addressing concerns on their properties. Technical assistance is also provided for projects in collaboration with county, city, and watershed entity partners. The table to the right summarizes 2020 technical assistance provided by ACD staff.
Assistance begins with a site consultation. Consultations typically include a conversation with the landowner, desktop review of the site using GIS mapping software and available data sets, and a site visit to discuss options. If the landowner is interested in pursuing a project, ACD can provide design and installation oversight services. Maintenance guidance is also provided for previously installed projects.
Additional information about active projects and those previously completed is available on ACD's project tracking map.
If you are looking for a low maintenance option to benefit native pollinators, consider planting native trees and shrubs. They provide overwintering habitat and food sources for our native bees, butterflies, moths, flies, wasps, and beetles. Many trees and shrubs bloom in the spring and provide an early nectar and pollen source. Fun fact from Heather Holm: One, 70 foot tall, mature black cherry tree (photos below) has the equivalent number of flowers as a 3,500 square foot perennial garden.
ACD's Annual Tree sale has a wide variety of trees and shrubs to choose from! See the full catalog here: https://www.anokaswcd.org/tree-sale-order-forms/2012-10-26-17-32-43.html
See Heather Holm's Native Tree and Shrubs for Pollinators guide for more information: https://www.pollinatorsnativeplants.com/uploads/1/3/9/1/13913231/treesshrubsposter.pdf
Climate change has many impacts on the natural environment and there are many ways we can help reduce climate change. There is yet another way to help with the impacts of climate change. Planting a diversity of trees that are predicted to thrive in a changing climate will help the landscape adapt and become more resilient.
Minnesota's climate is changing. Average temperatures have increased 1 - 3 ◦F statewide with the greatest temperature increases in the winter. Total precipitation has increased with more intense rainfalls. Despite the increase in total precipitation, there have been more days between precipitation events, which increases the potential for drought. The US National Climate Assessment predicts that these trends will continue in Minnesota. By the end of the century, Minnesota will likely have the summer climate of Nebraska and Kansas (Figure 1). Plant communities and habitat types will change along with the changing climate. Most tree species northward range are predicted to shift about 300 miles by the end of the century (McKenney et al. 2007). The change in tree cover alters the understory and the habitat for wildlife. One way to help the landscape adapt and become more resilient is to plant a diversity of trees and include species from more southern areas.
US Forest Service climate change models predict these trees are likely to thrive in a changing climate in the Metro region:
Tree Species | Habitat |
American elm * | Average – Moist soil, floodplains, deciduous forest, swamps |
Basswood | Deciduous forests, woodland edges |
Black Oak | Savanna |
Black Walnut | Mixed forest, Savannas, banks |
Bur Oak | Forest to open prairie |
Cottonwood | Lowland forests along along lakes and streams, floodplains |
Hackberry | Average – Moist soil, Hardwood forest, floodplains, river bank |
Shagbark hickory | Upland dry forest |
Silver maple | Floodplain forest, riverbanks |
White Oak | Upland dry forest |
* disease resistant needed Consider the habitat, moisture, soil, and sun conditions when selecting trees for your property. |
McKenney DW Pedlar JH Lawrence K Campbell K Hutchinson MF. 2007. Potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of North American trees. BioScience 57:939-948.
Common and glossy buckthorn are common invaders in native landscapes; common buckthorn grows mostly in upland environments while glossy buckthorn grows in wetland environments. ACD is working to control buckthorn at sites that still have intact native plant communities and rare plants to ensure those quality sites do not become further degraded. Work this winter is taking place at Robert and Marilyn Burman WMA, Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, and Blaine Preserve SNA with funds from the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment.
Anoka Conservation District (ACD) has partnered with the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (MLA) and Critical Connections Ecological Services (CCES) to salvage thousands of rare lance-leafed violets (Viola lanceolata)—a Minnesota State Threatened species—from permitted construction sites in Blaine, MN. Thanks to the new MN Department of Natural Resources 'Permit for the Propagation of Endangered or Threatened Plants', volunteers and staff from the City of Blaine, ACD, MLA, CCES, and the surrounding community were able to take these rare plants, clean them to remove weed seeds, and then transplant them into the protected Blaine Wetland Sanctuary. The newly planted lance-leaved violet populations will be monitored over time to determine the effectiveness of transplanting.
"Salvaging threatened and endangered plants from development projects where they would otherwise be destroyed provides an important opportunity to explore transplant options and to collect critical information about these rare plants. We aim to develop salvage and management protocols and monitor the efficacy of transplanting rare plants," said Carrie Taylor of the Anoka Conservation District.
"We have seen the destruction of many rare plant populations over the past couple of decades due to development. We are grateful for the MN DNR's new 'Permit for the Propagation of Endangered and Threatened Plants' so that we can move these plants to protected areas and learn how best to manage them," said Chris Lord, of the Anoka Conservation District. | <urn:uuid:b3b54097-c453-410b-ac25-1ae2e2f1f94f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://anokaswcd.org/blog/categories/ecology.html | 2024-03-01T08:06:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.947416 | 21,859 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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] |
Bitcoin 101: Bitcoin transactions
How is bitcoin different from sending money by using an app like Venmo?
Let’s dive into what makes bitcoin and the blockchain different from other ways of sending money.
Centralized vs. Decentralized
When you use Venmo, all of your transactions go through Venmo’s servers, and they have the ability to block, reverse, stall, or even accidentally lose a transaction. Venmo is the single entity responsible for processing your transaction — this system is centralized.
On the other hand, the process of sending a bitcoin transaction was specifically engineered to be trustless, immutable, and censorship resistant. It takes a smart combination of social and technical engineering to create bitcoin’s trustless transactions, which is why it’s an important concept to grasp before moving on to more complicated concepts in crypto.
At a high level, bitcoin transactions can be broken down into three parts:
- Creating a transaction and sending it to the bitcoin network.
- Mining blocks of transactions (which creates the blockchain).
- Validating transactions.
Each of these parts is handled by a different party with different incentives:
- Users (creating and sending transactions)
- Miners (mining transaction blocks to build the blockchain)
- Nodes (validating the blockchain)
All of these entities that working separately make the bitcoin network decentralized.
Sending a transaction
In the “normal” (fiat) financial system, when I send a payment, I am sending the transaction details to a bank or credit card processor and asking them to approve it.
In bitcoin, instead of sending the transaction to one entity, I broadcast a transaction to the global bitcoin network. It then goes to a pool of “unconfirmed transactions” that are waiting to be processed. This pool is visible to all miners and validators (aka “nodes”) on the network. My transaction is in limbo at this point, and you have not received the payment.
Mining the transaction
At the most basic level, “miners” are individuals and groups racing each other to create blocks on the blockchain. Their computers run a single calculation (essentially a random number calculator) repeatedly, changing one variable each time to get different outcomes. Eventually it results in a number that is sufficient to fulfill the bitcoin protocol’s requirements. The first miner to calculate a correct number “mines” that block. That miner then proposes their block, which includes now-confirmed transactions, to the nodes on the network.
Since miners are all competing to win the next block reward, and the calculation is random, no one knows who will add the next block of transactions to the chain. This results in a critical benefit of using bitcoin — it’s nearly impossible for an outside party to control which transactions are processed. In a centralized monetary system, a user could be completely locked out of transferring money by one entity (e.g. Venmo decides you can’t use their app anymore). But in a decentralized system like bitcoin, there is no one party to control, bribe, or threaten in an attempt to affect transactions. This is why Bitcoin is said to be highly censorship resistant.*
Verifying the transaction
After a miner proposes a new block, the nodes in the network verify that block. A node can actually be run by anyone — it’s just a program that runs on regular laptop or desktop computers that many people have at home.
The nodes have a record of all pending and historical transactions in the chain, so they know if the transactions in the newly proposed block are valid. For example, if I’m sending you 1 BTC, the nodes know whether or not I actually had 1 BTC in my account, because they previously validated a transaction in which someone else sent that 1 BTC to me, and so on.
If the nodes accept the proposed block as true, the miner receives a reward of newly minted bitcoin, plus transaction fees from all the transactions included in the block. A miner could try to cheat and pass a false block, in which they give themselves a bunch of bitcoin they don’t own. If this happens, the nodes can reject the block, and the miner loses out on the block reward.
Assume the newly validated block contains my payment to you. Once it’s been verified by a sufficient number of nodes, it’s considered completed, and you receive the payment.
Blocks are continually added by miners and verified by nodes, creating a long chain of transaction records, which is why it’s called the “blockchain” 💡🤯.
Why it works — incentivization
There’s some incredibly interesting game theory involved in making the bitcoin network run correctly. Everyone who participates in the network is incentivized to act in their own self-interest, yet the result is a huge amount of people working together to maintain an immutable public ledger of transactions. Let’s run through the various incentives driving each party.
This one is pretty straightforward — users want a safe, reliable way to make transactions and store value. If a blockchain network like bitcoin fails to provide the benefits users want, they will vote with their feet and move on to using a different network. This hurts the network as a whole — there is less liquidity for other users, the value of a bitcoin decreases which hurts miners’ profitability, etc, so network stakeholders should all be working to keep users happy over the long term.
Instead of Venmo recording transactions to its servers, miners record transactions to the blockchain. They don’t do this out of the goodness of their own heart — they do it to make a profit off of block rewards and transaction fees. The block reward is currently 12.5 BTC per block mined — that means at today’s price (~$7,500 on August 2, 2018), the winning miner gets $93,750 plus transaction fees for mining a single block. And a block is mined about every ten minutes. There’s a lot of money to be made mining BTC — if you can win the race.
While the miners work to calculate the next block, their computers are using lots of electricity, which gets very expensive. This computation cost is what helps secure the blockchain, the overall arrangement is known as Proof of Work.
See, the problem with a decentralized network where everyone acts in their own self interest is people will inevitably try to cheat the system to increase their profits. As we learned earlier, nodes will reject a proposed block if miners blatantly include transactions that don’t match the public balances from previous blocks. However, what if a miner went back and recalculated enough historical blocks to completely rewrite the ledger, thereby tricking nodes into believing their false blocks?
This is where Proof of Work comes to save the day. The nodes on the network will always accept the chain with the most cumulative Proof of Work as the true state of the public ledger. While the cheating miner is going back to recalculate and falsify old blocks, the rest of the miners are still racing forward, creating blocks on the legitimate chain, thereby adding more “work done” to that chain. The cheater would have to spend a massive amount of money on recomputing blocks to catch up and surpass the chain with the most work done. This makes it more profitable for miners to act honestly and simply try to find the next block than to cheat and steal from the network.
Nodes have an interesting set of incentives in the bitcoin network. Node operators are not directly rewarded for their services, yet they are crucial to keeping the other actors in the network honest. The more nodes exist, the more decentralized and immutable the network becomes. Each node has a copy of the entire blockchain ledger, meaning you can’t just hack one server and change account balances around in your own favor — you would have to hack thousands of computers around the world all at once. More nodes makes the network safer to store value in, because you don’t have to worry about your bitcoin suddenly disappearing one day.
This is the indirect incentive for people to run validating nodes: as the network becomes safer, more people are willing to buy bitcoin for storing value or transacting. As more people buy bitcoin, the price increases. Node operators likely hold bitcoin, so over the long term, their investment should increase with the safety of the network.
Bringing it all back together
I bolded three terms in my opening paragraphs: trustless, immutable, and censorship resistant. These three qualities make bitcoin valuable, and the bitcoin protocol was explicitly engineered to maximize them.
- Transactions are trustless because everyone acts in their own self-interest, yet this results in a thriving network and true historical record of value transfer.
- The blockchain ledger is immutable because of the computational costs it would require to rewrite it, and the near impossibility of hacking every node in the world to change it.
- Bitcoin is censorship resistant because no one knows who will process the next batch of transactions, therefore it’s very difficult to control which transactions are completed.
So that’s how bitcoin transactions work, and it’s what makes bitcoin valuable to so many people.
Keep an eye out for more Crypto 101 posts, and if you find them helpful, please share these with people wanting to learn about cryptocurrency!
*In reality, there are some nuances here around miner centralization that could affect bitcoin’s censorship resistance, but that’s a Crypto 201 topic. You can look up “bitcoin miner centralization” and “51% attacks” if you’re interested in learning more.
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Our weekly Security Briefing newsletter breaks down the latest news in bitcoin, cybersecurity, and digital privacy. Sign up below! | <urn:uuid:c6a74b44-cffb-4c90-a936-f92a2b9f7eda> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.keys.casa/crypto-101-bitcoin-transactions/ | 2024-03-01T07:07:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.940125 | 2,033 | 2.703125 | 3 | [
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From Argolis, the chief seat of the Mycenaean civilization, we proceed to the southeastern province, Laconia. Several important Mycenaean remains are found here, but they cannot be compared with those of Argolis. The bee-hive tomb at Vaphio near Sparta where the two golden cups, the most beautiful products of Minoan art, were found, with various pieces of jewelry, proves that wealthy princes ruled here in the Mycenaean age. Very remarkable are the finds at Amyclae, showing that the cult of the pre-Greek god Hyacinthus was celebrated in the Mycenaean age. The Menelaeion at Sparta also probably goes back into Mycenaean times; it is in fact the sanctuary of Helen at Therapnae. 1 Elsewhere Mycenaean finds are unimportant.
Before we enter upon the Laconian myths a preliminary question is to be discussed. In historical times Argos claimed the primacy in the Peloponnese; though it was unable to support these claims, it never bowed down completely to Sparta. Its claims found an expression in the myth that Argolis was the inheritance allotted to Temenus, the eldest son of Aristomachus. We shall see how Sparta in this as well as in other cases tried to change and reshape the myths in its own favor. The claims of Argos correspond to the relation between the two provinces
in the Mycenaean age, during which Argos was the most important province and Laconia relatively unimportant, and they go ultimately back into this time, for in later times there is nothing to warrant the predominance of Argos. The reign of King Pheidon about which our information is regrettably scarce and uncertain was too ephemeral to have founded such persistently sustained claims.
In Homer the relation between the two provinces is just this. Lacedaemon appears as a vassalage of the king of Mycenae, or rather as a secundogeniture given to his younger brother. That Agamemnon and Menelaus were co-regents, as the Spartan kings were, is one of a series of ill-founded contentions which try to find traces of the conditions of historical Sparta in the Homeric poems. In Homer and in mythology on the whole, Menelaus is clearly subordinate to Agamemnon. There is, however, a well attested version according to which Agamemnon and his son Orestes were at home in Laconia, and this must be taken into consideration, for it would move the seat of the overlord from Argolis to Laconia.
This was a received opinion, at least among some people, at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. Pindarus says in one of his odes that the Atreides, i.e., Agamemnon, died at Amyclae and calls Orestes a Lacedaemonian; in another ode, which praises a victorious athlete from Tenedos, he says that this athlete's ancestors went with Orestes from Amyclae, 2 hinting at the emigration conducted by Penthilus. 3
[paragraph continues] Especially explicit is a passage in Herodotus. 4 The Spartan ambassador replies to King Gelon, who claimed the hegemony in the war against the Persians, that Agamemnon would groan, if he heard that the hegemony was taken from the Spartans by the Syracusan Gelon. Stesichorus, whether he is a citizen of Himera from the seventh century B.C. or a Locrian from about 500 B.C. 5 proffers the same localization. 6 From these passages only one legitimate conclusion may be drawn; viz., that the Spartans tried to appropriate Agamemnon for themselves as the prototype of their hegemony in the Peloponnese, just as the Dorians appropriated Heracles in order to justify their possession of the peninsula. In their war with the Arcadians they transferred the bones of Orestes from Tegea to Sparta.
There seems, however, to be an earlier testimony in a passage in the Odyssey 7 which relates that Agamemnon on his voyage homeward from Troy, coming to Cape Malea was driven by storms out on the sea to the extreme part of the country where Aegisthus resided, but that the gods changed the wind and he alighted with joy in his fatherland. But Aegisthus who had put out watchmen to watch his return, invited him to a meal and killed him and his followers. We may observe that these sentences are not coherent; this is a puzzle to which we return presently. In a preceding passage it is
related that Aegisthus seduced Clytaemestra and became the ruler of Mycenae, but the murder of Agamemnon is passed over with only two words. 8
Now for a person voyaging from Troy to Argolis, Cape Malea is evidently out of the way; whilst it would be on the way for one going to Lacedaemon. Observing this fact scholars have analyzed the passages in question with the tools of logic, assuming that the verse about Cape Malea is based upon the localization of Agamemnon as well as of Aegisthus in Lacedaemon. 9 They think that a narrative in which Agamemnon had his residence at Amyclae was worked over in order to make it lit in with the current opinion of his residence at Mycenae. I refrain from criticizing the criticism and remark only that when a poet adapts earlier chants for use in his poems, as certainly has been done here, inconsistencies and errors will be committed very easily and almost unavoidably. Such inconsistencies and errors exist undoubtedly in Homer. In this case they are the words about "the steep mountain of Malea," v. 514, and the two verses 519 and 520. The foregoing verses tell that Agamemnon was driven out on the sea, when he rounded Cape Malea, to the extreme part of the country where Aegisthus resided. The two verses in question add that "when an opportunity for safe return appeared the gods changed the wind again and they came home." The narrative proceeds to tell that they alighted
with joy and that Aegisthus laid an ambush for them and murdered them. The two verses are incomprehensible in the given situation and there must be something wrong with them. The reference to Cape Malea was, as Dr. Kunst observes, 10 taken over from the description of the calamity befalling Menelaus at the same place on his return. I agree with Professor Schwartz that the two verses 519 and 520 were added later in order to smooth over the discrepancy. 11 A transposition of the two verses before v. 517, which is adopted by some editors, does not remove the difficulty.
If the two verses in question are cancelled and if in v. 514 the southernmost cape of the Argive peninsula is put instead of Cape Malea, the narrative proceeds consistently. Agamemnon was driven by the gale from the landing place in Argolis at which he aimed, but succeeded in coming ashore at a far-off place in Argolis where Aegisthus lived; for as a member of the royal dynasty he must have a castle and a town. Thus Agamemnon was by fate brought into the hands of Aegisthus. Why Aegisthus did not reside at Mycenae after having won Clytaemestra is an idle question; he did so after having killed Agamemnon because he therewith took the place of the Great King. Thus the most probable solution is that there is behind this passage a minstrel's error, of which the Spartans have taken advantage in order to appropriate Agamemnon for themselves. Furthermore I am inclined to think with Mr. Harrie 12 that the temple of Alexandra at Sparta
with Agamemnon's memorial has been of importance in establishing the story.
Thus we shall have satisfactorily answered the question as to how Agamemnon and with him Orestes came to be localized at Lacedaemon. In view of the relative importance of the two provinces in the Mycenaean age it is impossible to take the overlord from Mycenae and to transfer him to Lacedaemon.
If we turn to Laconian mythology a curious circumstance is prominent: we have much less to do with personages of heroic mythology than with old gods who were received into it. Helen is an old goddess whose origin belongs to the Mycenaean age and who always was a goddess at Sparta. On reliefs from the second century B.C. we see her image between those of the Dioscuri in the form of a stiff xoanon from whose wrists fillets hang down and who wears a kind of calathus on her head. 13 She had two temples at Sparta: one is the so-called Menelaeion, her famous temple at Therapnae which was built upon a Mycenaean site, while another was situated not far from the Platanistas; with the Helen of this temple tree-cult rites were connected.
[paragraph continues] It is, however, not known to which of these two temples the festival of Heleneia which was celebrated in her honor belonged. Her connection with the tree cult is corroborated by the fact that there was a plant called heleneion, just as the word hyakinthos denotes both a god and a plant. Helen appears in connection with the tree cult on Rhodes also, where Helen Dendritis was venerated. 14
In mythology Helen is, however, localized in Attica also. Theseus carried her away with the aid of Peirithous and hid her in the fortress of Aphidna. The attempts to separate this myth from Aphidna in Attica have failed. 15 In order to corroborate this statement it is hardly necessary to refer to the island called Helene near the coast of Attica and to other dubious instances. 16 That Helen was rescued by her brothers the Dioscuri is, however, rightly considered to be a later addition. We state that Helen was at home in Attica also, and this ought not to be astonishing, for if she was an old goddess she may have been venerated in several places. Although her cult was preserved chiefly at Sparta, she has left traces in myths elsewhere.
If it is asked why this old pre-Greek goddess became the pivot of the Trojan war, I can, I believe,
see but one explanation. It was peculiar to Helen to be carried off, by Theseus and by Alexander. The rape of a goddess is a well-known feature in a special cult legend; Pluto carries off Kore. Though at first it may seem astonishing, the rape of Kore and the rape of Helen are in fact kindred, if we look away from the Helen of epics and take her as the old goddess that she was; she is a vegetation goddess, just as Kore is. In the myth of Theseus, to which I shall recur later, 17 there is an apparent doublet; he and his friend Peirithous try to carry off Perse-phone, who is identified with Kore. That may be better understood if there was a reminiscence that Helen was originally akin to Kore-Persephone.
For us the rape of Kore by Pluto looms in the most sacred light of Greek cult legend and religion; the rape of Helen presents itself as a frivolous and scandalous quite profane story; but this difference may be a result of a development under different conditions. The myth told that the old pre-Greek goddess Helen was carried off, but the invading Greeks did not seize the deep sense of the legend, only the feature so common in the heroic age, the feuds of which were caused by the theft either of cattle or of women, that a woman called Helen was carried off. When the familiar motif of the rape of a fair woman was given as the cause of the Trojan war, the woman was called by the name of the goddess of whose carrying off the Greeks had heard but whose cult had fallen into disuse in most places. Or it is perhaps better to say that Helen was in cult legend replaced by Kore, who always retained her
dignified position, not being drawn, as was Helen, into the heroic mythology. Helen, consequently, came to be treated as a mortal woman, of course a princess. She was made the queen of the city in which she still was especially venerated, and when introduced into the Trojan cycle she sank still lower, to become the woman who eloped with an Asiatic prince.
I pass over Hyacinthus briefly, only calling attention to the well-known and very interesting fact that his name is evidently pre-Greek and that the site of his temple at Amyclae yielded numerous Mycenaean finds. 18 He is perhaps the most evident instance of the continuity of a Mycenaean cult in the Greek age, but he was superseded by Apollo. Thus the well-known myth arose that he was killed by the god by accident. His death is without doubt a primary fact originating in the Minoan conception of gods who die, viz., vegetation gods. How old the common myth is, it is impossible to decide; in some respects it seems rather late. Of course it must be later than the coming of Apollo.
The brothers of Helen, the Dioscuri, are both as gods and as heroes the most famous in Lace-daemon. They are perhaps the most complex among the Greek gods. 19 Commonly we think of them as youthful horsemen, the models of Spartan youth, and the saviours of men in sudden perils, especially at sea. But they were also house gods and as such widely venerated in Greece. Their symbols
are two amphoras with the panspermia, snakes, 20 and the dokana, which can only be the beams of a house built of sun-dried bricks. The sacrifices brought to them are meals, theoxenia, which occur particularly in the house cult. They are especially connected with the Spartan kings, who took them with them when taking the field.
On the other hand, the Dioscuri are heroes localized at Lacedaemon, sons of Tyndareus and brothers of Helen. In the only passage in which they are mentioned in the Iliad 21 they appear as athletic youths and it is said that the earth already covered them in their fatherland. They are one of the many instances of mythical twins, but they are also venerated as gods. It seems likely that these mythical heroes and these gods were originally separate personages and that they have been united so as to form the Dioscuri as we know them. Homer says that they were dead and buried, i.e., he knows them as heroes only. The discrepancy was later smoothed over by the well-known myths in which one, Pollux, was said to be a god and the other, Castor, a mortal; or that they alternated, living on one day and staying beneath the earth on the next. 22
The Dioscuri are perhaps related to the Minoan religion. I have discussed this probability in another place, 23 but I am well aware that the matter
is uncertain and I have nothing to add here but a few words concerning their fight with the Apharetidae, another pair of twins, for other myths about them are clearly secondary and due chiefly to their connection with Helen, which can hardly be very old. The mythographers differ in regard to the cause of the contest. On one side, it is told that the Dioscuri and the Apharetidae having together stolen cattle in Arcadia quarreled about their booty; on the other, it is said that the Dioscuri carried off the daughters of Leucippus, who were the brides of the Apharetidae. Sometimes the two versions are combined. It is generally acknowledged that the former, ° being the more primitive, is the older version; the uniting of both versions into one myth is due to the epos called Cypria. 24 The Apharetidae appear as Messenian heroes and their engagement with the Dioscuri is consequently thought to reflect the strife between the Messenians and the Spartans, but the place of the fight was near Sparta, according to Lycophron, who follows the Cypria. 25 Thus it is possible that the myth was originally enacted at Lacedaemon and that it is earlier than the hostility between the Messenians and the Spartans, but it is not possible to surmise how old it is, and above all, there is no evidence whereby to connect it with the Mycenaean age.
Concluding these considerations we may state that Laconia on the one hand has Mycenaean remains but fewer and less important remains than those of Argolis, and that on the other hand it has some myths but fewer and less important myths and especially fewer heroic myths, than Argolis.
68:1 Annual of the British School at Athens, XV (1909), pp. 108 et seq.
69:2 Pindarus, Pyth., xi. vv. 24; 47 et seq.; and Nem., xi. v. 44 resp.
69:3 Above p. 49.
70:4 Herodotus, vii, 159.
70:5 Wilamowitz is inclined to think so ("Die griech. Heldensage," I, Sitzungsberichte der preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften 1925, p. 46, n. 1).
70:6 In the Schol. Eurip. Orestes, v. 46.
70:7 Od. iv. vv. 514 et seq.
71:8 Od. iii. vv. 243 et seq.
71:9 Ed. Schwartz, "Agamemnon von Sparta and Orestes von Tegea in der Telemachie," Strassburger Festschrift zur xlvi. Versammlung deutscher Philologen, 1901, pp. 23 et seq. Cp. K. Kunst, "Die Schuld der Klytaimestra," Wiener Studien, XLIV (1924-25), pp. 18 et seq.
72:10 Kunst, loc. cit., p. 23.
72:11 Schwartz, loc. cit. p. 25.
72:12 I. Harrie, "Zeus Agamemnon," Archiv 'fir Religionswissenschaft, XXIII (1925), pp. 366 et seq.
73:13 Tod and Wace, A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum, pp. 117 and 158. I am now a little more inclined than in my Minoan-Mycenaean Religion (p. 458 n. 1) to identify this head-dress of Helen with the basket ἑλένη, in which according to Pollux, x. 191, unspeakable sacred things were carried at the Ἑλενηφόρια. The head-dress looks really more like a basket than like a common polos which, according to K. Val. Müller, Der Polos (Dissertation, Berlin 1915), was originally a decorative head-dress without any peculiar signification. The Ἑλενηφόρια were formerly said to be an Attic festival, but since Kaibel has established the reading of the manuscripts Δίφιλος δ᾽ ἐν Ἐλαιωνηφοροῦσι in Athenaeus, vi. p. 223 A, this supposition is groundless; our only information is the passage in Pollux.
74:14 For references for the above statement see my Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, pp. 456 et seq.
74:15 See J. Toepffer, "Theseus and Peisistratos" in his Beiträge zur griech. Altertumswissenschaft, pp. 153 et seq., reprinted from the volume Aus der Anomia (1890), pp. 36 et seq. V. Costanzi, "Il culto di Teseo nell’ Attica," Religio, I (1920), pp. 315 et seq. Cp. Wilamowitz, "Die griech. Heldensage II," Sitzungsberichte der preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften, 1925, p. 236.
74:16 As Pfuhl does in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyklopädie der klass. Altertumswissenschaft, s.v. Helena, p. 2829.
75:17 Below pp. 170 et seq.
76:18 See my Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, pp. 403 and 485 et seq.
76:19 The problem is more complex than appears in Farnell, Greek Hero Cults, pp. 175 et seq.; e.g. he passes over the very important house cult without a word.
77:20 In this they resemble Zeus Ktesios, a veritable house god; see my paper, "Zeus Ktesios," Athen. Mittheilungen, XXXIII (1908), pp. 279 et seq., and my Griech. Feste, pp. 417 et seq.
77:21 Il. iii. vv. 237 et seq.
77:22 Od. xi. vv. 303 et seq.
77:23 In my Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, pp. 469 et seq.
78:24 These results attained by G. Wentzel in his excellent dissertation Ἐπικλήσεις θεῶν (Göttingen 1890), V., pp. 18 et seq., are generally recognized.
78:25 Lycophron, Alexandra, v. 559. Paus. iii. 11. 11, mentions the memorial of Aphareus on the market place of Sparta, and (iii. 13, 1) near the Skias of the same city the tombs of Idas and Lynceus, but himself finds it probable that they were buried in Messenia. | <urn:uuid:5c4662ce-dff3-4f68-99c9-6ca5b3432eb0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mog/mog05.htm | 2024-03-01T07:22:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.970299 | 4,754 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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] |
Self Confidence And Leadership
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test empirically whether a relationship exists between self confidence and leadership, with self efficacy as a mediator. This effect is studied with respect to gender differences among the sample population.
Design/methodology/approach – An online questionnaire was administered to students of XLRI, Jamshedpur. The questionnaire measured the students on various parameters like self confidence, self efficacy, and leadership quality. Gender differences were also recorded for the same.
Findings – There is a significant relation between self confidence and leadership of an individual, with self efficacy fully mediating this relationship. Also, it was seen that gender plays an important role in defining the leadership among management students.
Research limitations/implications – Only management students of a B-school were taken as sample. Also, this study administered a structured questionnaire with cross-sectional design. Future research is required on various other parameters that effect leadership quality of an individual.
Practical implications – The research is carried on management students. Hence, it is expected to act as a guide for organisations in determining the effectiveness of future managers with respect to co-relation between levels of self confidence and their display of leadership behaviour.
Originality/value – This paper studies the direct effect of self confidence and indirect effect through self efficacy on leadership quality among students of a B-school and how gender differences affects this relationship model. This model, though earlier studied in parts will now be researched upon in totality.
Keywords – Self confidence, Self efficacy, Leadership, Gender, XLRI, Jamshedpur, India
Paper type – Research Paper
Leadership has become an important determinant managerial ability. Leadership has been defined as the ability to execute, organize, communicate, motivate and inspire.
Several approaches have been proposed for the assessment of leadership ability. These range from specific theories of leadership, such as trait theory, to specific kinds of leadership, such as transformational leadership, to specific dimensions, such as goal setting. However, lately, the best assessment of leadership is on the ability to inspire others through positive exemplary behaviour and through empathetic communication. As such the best description of leadership ability might comprise ability to:
Exercise discipline over oneself, demonstrate clarity of thought of life, and possess a well rounded worldview and philosophy on life that combines personal mastery and public interdependence in a benign, non-manipulative way.
Display compassion from others’ point of view, and to truly empathize with others and know their motivations, concerns and preconceptions.
Communicate effectively on the basis of an accurate assessment of others perspective and their various levels of drives and motivation. That is, to construct the most appropriate message, and encode and deliver it through language and otherwise in the best way possible so that the recipient has thorough understanding of the idea being communicated.
Draw from one’s clarity of thought powers of empathy and freedom from vanity so as to assess the situation around him accurately, and to draw a vision of a lofty but attainable future which he considers to be desirable and beneficial to the largest number of people.
To inspire large numbers of people towards a common, highly meaningful and motivating goal; guiding and showing them how it is achievable, while facilitating communication at every stage
To maintain utmost consideration for, and a personal bond with, the people for and with whom he is working – in the process elevating them and making leaders out of them in turn.
The above characteristics what a leader is supposed to achieve. However these characteristics are difficult to measure over a short period of time, so alternative methods are use. One such method has been used in this study.
Organizations are constantly on the lookout for executives who display these behaviours. As such they are constantly on the lookout for methods which can help predict the leadership abilities of prospective members of the organization.
Self confidence is one such measure of leadership abilities (Kaplan, 1986; Popper and Mayseless, 2007). It is considered to be one of the fundamental building blocks of leadership ability and indispensible to leadership success. A person with a high level of faith in himself or herself is likely to be a better executor and motivator. Only a high degree of self confidence can enable a person to make the effort and the choices that go into developing leadership ability.
A related trait that is crucial to leadership is self efficacy. The ability to handle adverse situations by taking charge of situations has been found to be determinant of leadership in situations requiring change. This is important because ability to lead positively, empathetically and ethically while facing tough competitive situations requires a belief that one can successfully negotiate such situations without compromising.
Furthermore, gender has been an area of focus in study of leadership styles. Studies have pointed out that gender is related to leadership style and performance on various leadership dimensions. Given that leadership abilities of women are expected to draw from somewhat different strengths than men, it can be expected to affect the relationship between self confidence, self efficacy and leadership.
Hence we see that there is a need to study the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between self confidence and leadership. Furthermore, given the significant differences found in leadership parameters of men and women, it is important to see how the strength of the relationship between self confidence and leadership abilities is affected by gender. Hence in this study, we seek to study the mediation effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between self confidence and leadership with gender as the moderating variable.
Research background and hypotheses
Efforts to pinpoint the influences on leadership skills have focussed, for the greater part of the twentieth century, on individual factors such as personality traits and behavioural attributes. In a 1948 literature review, over a 100 studies on trait approach were reviewed and it was found that traits like interpersonal skills, initiative, intelligence and integrity were consistent with leadership capabilities (Daft, 2005). Studies on individual traits have included research on various traits such as honesty, interpersonal skills, initiative etc.
Studies have also talked about traits like self-confidence and self-efficacy in relation to leadership (Popper and Mayseless, 2007; Hautala, 2005). This study carries forward these ideas while also attempting to add to knowledge of leadership by studying factors which lead to leadership as well as the way in which other factors moderate this relationship.
Self-confidence is a personality trait. One of the most widely accepted definitions of it comes through the Trait Theory of Leadership wherein it is considered one of the most important personality traits used to identify potential leaders (Daft, 2005). If we were to take a more contemporary definition of self-confidence, Merriam-Webster Online defines it as “confidence in oneself and in one’s powers and abilities”. Although there is no singular definition of self-confidence as a construct, a lot of research has been done on the subject and various authors have defined it in different ways. For instance, the reasons for development of self-confidence in an individual have been identified by various authors. Self-confidence may result from a person’s belief in whether he or she can performs a task – a belief derived from whether or not they succeeded in performing the task in the past (Burns, 1993). On the other hand, self-confidence has also been said to develop in two phases. First, you examine whether you are capable of handling, or have adequate information about, a task and then based on this analysis you decide whether you can handle the task in the present context or situation (Koriat et al, 1980). Self-confidence has most often been linked with the concept of self-efficacy and the two terms are often used interchangeably. Apart from gaining experiential knowledge, a person’s self-confidence may also increase through appropriate motivational mechanisms or through reinforcement behaviours (Bandura, 1977). The components of self-confidence have also been studied and they can be divided into internal and external components, ranging from self-love for the former to assertiveness for the latter (Lindenfield, 1995). There are also certain general behavioural indications, which have been linked to self-confidence as components or attributes, viz. a person’s air of assurance and the fact that his entry or exit from a space is considered to be of note (Goleman, 1998) In an analysis of self-confidence as a concept, we can find those attributes, which are most representative of self-confidence as a stand-alone concept. These attributes include belief in positive achievements, persistence and self-awareness – all of which our questionnaire attempted to capture (White, 2009). Personal characteristics such as willingness to take initiative, effectiveness, self-esteem etc. have also been variously linked to self-confidence (Kacmar and Young, 1998; Pool and Sewell, 2007). Self-confidence measures have, for the most part, continued to measure the attributes mentioned above. However, some new scales to measure it have been developed in recent years, mostly for use in specific professions. The Self-confidence Attitude Attribute Scale was developed to measure the ability of students as well as the amount of work they are willing to perform in order to succeed (Nokelainen et al, 2007). A new measure, the Perceived Self-confidence Scale was also developed for nurses in order to gauge the correlation between willingness to take up managed care and perceived self-confidence (Hayes, 2003)
Self-efficacy is also a construct related to personality and was first developed as part of a study on behavioural change (Bandura, 1977). It was initially defined in terms of an element which helps in development of learning abilities, especially for social or cognitive skills. The concept gained currency over the years and may now be defined as the conviction that one can act in accordance with certain predetermined norms and that such actions will lead to the successful achievement of objectives (Ormrod, 1999). It can also be defined as the belief that our actions can have a modifying effect on the environment and, hence, bring about changes or achieve goals (Steinberg, 1998). Elsewhere self-efficacy, especially among students has been examined and has been described as being capable of imagining oneself achieving a goal completely or as far as one desired to achieve it (Smalley, 1998). It has also been described as, simultaneously, an influence on and a result of socio-cultural norms and ethnic background (Pajares, 2002). As mentioned above, a similarity of concepts has often led to self-efficacy being used interchangeably with self-confidence. This is also true in the case of efficacy, self-esteem and self-concept. Efforts to distinguish efficacy from self-efficacy have focussed on the fact that efficacy represents actual ability whereas self-efficacy represents a belief in one’s ability to accomplish a goal in a designated manner (Sue et al, 2005). The sources which lead to self-efficacy as well as the factors which impact it have been divided under four broad headings – learning derived from experiencing something in the past; learning from or comparing oneself with others; persuasion from social relations or even institutions and finally, our reactions to the physiological changes within us during specific situations (Bandura, 1977). Self-efficacy also has certain consequences on behaviour. For example it leads to greater effort and increased focus on achievement of goals (Schunk, 1990). It may also make one more competent in generating enthusiasm and motivation for a task (Gonzalez et al, 1990). On the other hand, low self-efficacy could also lead to the reverse, i.e. low competence due to lack of belief in oneself (Pajares, 2002). Self-efficacy, apart from being linked to the above-mentioned constructs (with which it is frequently interchanged), also has an impact on the way we think and act, our thought patterns and behaviour (Bandura, 1977). In order to define self-efficacy or to apply it to their research, theorists and researchers began to devise new ways to describe and measure the construct of self-efficacy. Initially self-efficacy was primarily measured on the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Scherer et al, 1982). However, more recently, apart from the universally accepted scales such as the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (Jerusalem and Schwarzer, 1995), other scales have been developed, such as the Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy (Betz and Smith, 2000). The latter was developed to measure self-efficacy expectations in the context of actions taken or behaviour demonstrated in social situations. There were six sub-factors to self-efficacy, in this scale, and they included ‘performance in public situations’ as well as ‘social assertiveness’. These scales have also been modified according to the needs of the research (Matsushima and Shiomi, 2003).
Leadership has been identified in various forms over the years. It has alternately been considered a combination of traits, of behaviours, of contingency actions etc. It can be defined as the process by which an individual encourages others, or works with others, to achieve certain shared goals (Chemers, 2002). Over time this definition has become more expansive and now includes the interrelationship between the leader and his followers. Leadership as a construct has evolved over time and this evolution can be divided into six broad types of leadership theories (Daft, 2005). The Great Man Theory of leadership defined it as inherent ability which set apart one man from the rest and he was recognised as a leader while the Trait Theory, which was in currency for nearly half a century, tried to identify those traits which can be influencers or predictors of leadership ability (Robbins, 2008). Other theories have included study of leadership behaviours, leadership’s impact on followers, leadership actions to be taken in emergency, interrelationship between leadership and change etc. (Yukl, 1981). ). Leadership or leadership quality (which has been used as a construct in our survey and our research) has also been defined in terms of the people orientation and task orientation of individuals (Hemphill and Coons, 1957; Likert, 1979; Blake and Mouton, 1985). The reasons for leadership definitions being focussed on these two dimensions are the importance of both to the organisation as well as the fact that the presence of both, in an effective leader, is necessary. Irrespective of whether the two orientations are displayed simultaneously or at different situations, it is clear that extensive research has determined them to be present in successful and admired leaders (Fleishman and Harris, 1962). The various constructs which have been related to leadership over time include emotional intelligence and social intelligence (Goleman and Boyatzis, 2008), integrity and self-confidence (Trait Theory) and other more elusive constructs such as charisma (Influence Theories). There has been a great deal of empirical evidence over the years to suggest that leadership is affected by self-confidence (Bass, 1985; Popper, 2004 etc.) and also by self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977; Paglis and Green, 2002 etc.). Various measures have been developed over the years to capture the elusive and ever-changing construct of leadership. Some of the scales developed in the last decade included the Revised Self-leadership Scale (Houghton and Neck, 2002), revisions to existing scales on Leadership Scale for Sport and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (Nazarudin et al, 2009), etc.
Self-confidence and Leadership
From the literature which was reviewed, it was clear that self-confidence was an important part of an individual’s personality and, hence, should be an important factor in the development of leadership in him. But, first it needed to be proved that personality has an effect on development of leadership or on demonstration of leadership behaviour. The study of relationship between leadership and personality has found significant interdependence between the two, with self-confidence being an important element of a leader’s personality (Hautala, 2005). In one such study personality was divided into four clusters and it was proved that certain types of personality demonstrated greater leadership behaviour (Church and Waclawski, 1998).
However, in order to relate the constructs of self-confidence and leadership, more research has been conducted, both empirical and conceptual. While studying transformational leadership through a survey feedback session, it was discovered that one of the important personality components, for those who scored high on leadership was self-confidence (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Similarly a study on the ‘building-blocks’ of leadership development, has also shown that self-confidence was the “most evident variable” when it came to determining ability to lead others (Popper and Mayseless, 2007). When it comes to leadership in a business environment, there is ample research to suggest that business leadership is also dependent, to a great extent, on self-confidence. For instance, there has been research on managerial self-confidence and organisational change. The study attempts to formulate a new concept of self-confidence, which can lead to better managerial performance in terms of leading an organisation towards change (Bowman, 1999). The current economic environment requires a new set of business leaders with new ideas and a confident leader as well as earning confidence through respect is an important means of achieving success (Darling and Nurmi, 1995). A ‘profiling tool’ on public sector managers had also discovered a lack of leadership confidence among them, which affected their ability to provide inspiration and support to subordinates and colleagues (Women in Management Review, 2007).
Entrepreneurship can intuitively be considered a direct firm of leadership and studies have demonstrated that among MBA students (our sample), higher self-confidence can be statistically correlated with higher levels of entrepreneurship-orientation (Koh, 1996; Turker and Selcuk, 2009). A study on communication in groups has also shown how self-confidence is essential for improved communication (Education + Training Journal, 1960). For prospective managers it, therefore, becomes necessary to develop self-confidence as a means to developing leadership and even communication skills.
Self-confidence and self-efficacy
As mentioned earlier, self-confidence and self-efficacy are often used interchangeably, primarily due to the similarity of the constructs, which are both dependent on a sense of self-belief. While self-confidence is the belief in one’s abilities, self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of performing a certain task in an expected manner. Studies on either of these constructs tend to focus on the other as well. In a conceptual study on use of these constructs for therapy, self-confidence was advocated for the common man whereas self-efficacy was recommended for use in (Ulmer, 1998). The study felt that self-efficacy had more empirical support as a construct and, hence, self-confidence could be considered a sort of sub-set of self-efficacy, whereby, higher self-confidence would imply higher self-efficacy. The relationship between the two, with self-efficacy playing an important mediating role between self-confidence and effective performance, has also been empirically validated by another study (Orpen, 1999). Not only are the two concepts interrelated but they can also be used a substitutes for each other – for example self-efficacy can be seen as a private form of shoring up faith in oneself, while self-confidence can be seen as the external image we need to present to society in order to succeed It has been suggested that self-confidence can be either a trait or something that is specific to certain situations (Pool and Sewell, 2007). There have also been attempts to redefine these personality traits as contextual concepts so that it would easier to measure them and also to work towards developing them in individuals. It would also be easier to map the exact relation between the two, i.e. how the increase in one leads to increase in the other (Pool and Sewell, 2007). Most attempts at measuring one or the other have culminated in both being measured as a factor of the other. Confidence has been included as one of the six dimensions on the Occupational Self-efficacy Scale (Pethe et al, 1999). Similarly, a study on the Israeli military used the construct of self-confidence as a combination of 3 variables, one of which was self efficacy (Popper et al, 2004). Variants of the constructs have also been found to be related to each other. For example, Social Self-efficacy has been proved to have a high correlation with Social Confidence (Betz and Smith, 2000). Thus, we may say that an increase in self-confidence or high levels of self-confidence is mirrored by correspondingly high levels of self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy and leadership
It has been seen that high level of self efficacy makes a person better suited for leadership role than a person with a low level of self efficacy. Through the Social Learning Theory, it was demonstrated that leadership development increases with high levels of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). Leadership involves being committed to the organisation you work for and self-efficacy at the workplace plays an important role in increasing this commitment (Rastogi and Rathi, 2009). A construct called Leadership Self-Efficacy (LSE) was also designed and the relationship, between LSE and an increase in leadership behaviours, was empirically validated (Green and Paglis, 2002). Studies have not only related individual self-efficacy and leadership but have also shown how increase in a leader’s self-efficacy, so far as it pertains to his leadership abilities and job performance, have a positive effect on self-efficacy of the team or group that is being led (Sanchez and Villanueva, 2007). Self-efficacy is also necessary for achievement of stated objectives and the construct has been found meaningful for developing better performances in an organisational setting (Appelbaum and Hare, 1996). Other research has also tried to establish a correlation between self-efficacy at work and the personal traits which can be considered essential for leadership (Schyns and Sczesny, 2010). Career success which could be defined as being able to reach a level of influential leadership is also positively affected by self-efficacy (Ballout, 2009). There has also been an interest in transformational leadership and its relation to self-efficacy for leaders, both male and female (Sanders and Schyns, 2005). For those working in expatriate roles or leading global organisations, self-efficacy has been found to be an important criterion for success (Ang and Dyne, 2006). Self-efficacy also leads to greater job involvement, a prerequisite for effective leadership (Lin et al, 2009). The ability to lead new companies or begin a new venture has been found to be positively affected by high self-efficacy (Alvarez et al, 2006).
Self-confidence, self-efficacy and leadership
Based on the discussion above, we can say that there is a positive relationship between self-confidence and leadership, self-confidence and self-efficacy and self-efficacy and leadership. But in order to study the relationship between self-confidence and leadership, with self-efficacy as a mediator, further research was involved. The Social Learning Theory was one of the first in establishing a correlation between these three constructs since it showed self-confidence to be an important element of self-efficacy while also establishing its relation with leadership development (Bandura, 1977). Any comprehensive study of leadership as a concept tends to include self-confidence and self-efficacy as two of the most important factors in possessing or developing leadership skills (Conger et al, 1988). Self-confidence and self-efficacy have also been found to influence the thought patterns or actions which lead to leadership development (Popper, 2004). Both self-efficacy and self-efficacy have been shown to have an impact on a person’s job capabilities and, hence, ultimately his leadership capabilities as well (Pool and Sewell, 2007). Self-confidence and self-efficacy have also been independently correlated to entrepreneurial leadership abilities and, considering the correlation between the two constructs, one can say that an increase in one would lead to an increase in the other and finally to an increase in leadership abilities (Turker et al, 2008; Alvarez et al, 2006). Attempts to develop future leaders have also shown that increasing self-efficacy and motivating employees to have greater self-confidence are integral to the process (Popper and Lipshitz, 1993). From empirical and theoretical research, the two constructs of self-confidence and self-efficacy have been shown to be related conceptually, since both are dependent on self-belief to a great extent. If we posit that self-confidence has a positive correlation with leadership, then an increase in one should lead to a corresponding increase in the other. However, since self-confidence is related to self-efficacy and self-efficacy is related to leadership, any increase in self-confidence will lead to increase in self-efficacy, which in turn would increase leadership ability.
Gender’s Moderating Role on the Model
The definition of gender includes the practices, beliefs and norms, internalised by men and women, with reference to their roles in society. Thus, gender influences individual decision making according to societal expectations. As a sociological entity, it also affects the development of personality and, hence, of traits such as self-confidence and self-efficacy. There has been significant research on how gender affects leadership. The possibility of women attaining leadership roles has been studied with reference to whether a glass ceiling exists and how evaluation of (and by) either gender tends to have an element of bias (Weyer, 2007). There is research to suggest that the types of roles or leadership positions offered to women are often significantly different compared to men (Lantz and Maryland, 2008). The differences in leadership orientation or style, between men and women, have also been studied to identify the varying ways in which they handle change and transformation (Yanez and Moreno, 2008). Leadership effectiveness has been analysed to show that gender differences exist (Chow, 2005). Not only does gender affect leadership but it also has an impact on various abilities and competencies which affect leadership. Studies have shown that women tend to score higher on emotional intelligence, which is generally identified with leadership (Bauch and Rucinski, 2006). There is also a significant difference in the extent to which men and women possess these success-predicting attributes (Hopkins and Bilimoria, 2008). In a study, which is of particular interest to this research, entrepreneurship skills (linked to leadership in the discussion above) were found to be influenced by levels of self-confidence. The self-confidence levels for men and women were qualitatively proved to be different, hampering women in their quest for leadership development and success. Thus, we can say that gender has an influence on the relationship between self-confidence and leadership.
Based on the discussion above, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H1. Self-confidence has an impact on leadership quality.
H2. Self-confidence has a positive impact on self-efficacy.
H3. Self-efficacy has an impact on leadership quality.
H4. Self-confidence has an impact on leadership quality by increasing self- efficacy.
H5. Gender has an impact on the relationship between self-confidence and leadership quality.
- Self Efficacy
The survey was administered to management students of XLRI of batch 2008-10 and 2009-11. There are total 420 students (294 – males and 126 – females), out of which 68.03% of the students chose to participate. The response consisted of 127 males and 73 females. Using stratified sampling, 102 males and 58 females were chosen using random number generator. The average age of the sample is around 25 years. The questionnaire was a self-administered questionnaire and it was sent to students using internet.
The constructs used here were measured using Likert and Likert-type scale with different range used for different constructs.
Leadership quality – It is measured using 5-point Likert type scale developed by. A sample item is “The more challenging a task is, the more I enjoy it”.
Self confidence – it is measured using 5-point Likert scale developed by Sherer et al’s (1982). A sample item is “I avoid facing difficulties”.
Self efficacy – it is measured on a 4-point Likert type scale using Schwarzer and Jerusalem’s General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer and Jerusalem’s, 2010). A sample item is “If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.”
Also, gender has been used as a moderator which is a dichotomous variable asking if the respondent is a male or a female.
For the analysis, different methods have been used for different purposes. For measuring the reliability of various constructs the Cronbach’s alpha has to be calculated for all the constructs defined in the model. For proving H1, H2 and H3 we are using linear regression model to find out the significance of relationship between the constructs of Self confidence, self-efficacy and Leadership Quality. In order to evaluate the effect of mediator we use the mediator model with multiple regression analysis or MRA which consists of four sequential steps to find out the significance of mediation and the effect of mediation. This analysis supports H4. For evaluating the effect of gender as the moderator, we first do regression analysis between the predictor and the consequent while including only the male gender in the analysis and then we do the same analysis using the female gender. This is done to find out whether gender has a significant role to play on how self-confidence affects leadership quality in a person. We use SPSS software to carry out our analysis.
Reliability: In order to test the consistency of a construct, Cronbach’s alpha is calculated. Following are the results for the same. According to some professionals, as rule of thumb, if value of alpha is 0.7 or higher, the construct is considered as reliable.
Effect of Self confidence on Leadership Quality: This relationship is tested through linear regression analysis. The r-square value of .299 indicates that 29.9% of the variation in the criterion variable leadership quality is accounted by variation in self confidence. The adjusted R-square value which is interpreted as lowest possible R-square value (.295) after adjusting for variation in the sample size and the number of variables is commendable as it is very close to R-square value. The Standard error of estimate (SEE) is very low at 1.532 indicating a good fit to the model. The overall significance of the model is measured through F-test which in this case is significant as the level of significance is 0.00 which is less than .05. The standardized coefficient or Beta as .547 with the significant level as 0.00 helps us infer that self-confidence has a favourable positive impact on Leadership quality. Hence Hypothesis 1 (H1) stands supported.
Level of Sig
Effect of Self confidence on Leadership Quality
Effect of Self Efficacy on Leadership Quality
Effect of Self Confidence on Self Efficacy
Effect of Self confidence on Self-efficacy: This relationship is tested through linear regression analysis. The r-square value of .424 indicates that 42.4% of the variation in the criterion variable leadership quality is accounted by variation in self confidence. The adjusted R-square value (.420) which is interpreted as lowest possible R-square value after adjusting for variation in the sample size and the number of variables is commendable as it is very close to R-square value. The Standard error of estimate (SEE) is slightly higher than above at 3.851indicating a good fit to the model. The overall significance of the model is measured through F-test which in this case is significant as the level of significance is 0.00 which is less than .05. The standardized coefficient or Beta as .651 with the significant level as 0.00 helps us to infer that self-confidence has a favourable positive impact on Leadership quality. Hence Hypothesis 2 (H2) stands supported.
Effect of Self efficacy on Leadership Quality: This relationship is tested through linear regression analysis. The r-square value of .576 indicates that 57.6% of the variation in the criterion variable leadership quality is accounted by variation in self confidence. The adjusted R-square value (.574) which is interpreted as lowest possible R-square value after adjusting for variation in the sample size and the number of variables is commendable as it is very close to R-square value. The Standard error of estimate (SEE) is very low at 1.916 indicating a good fit to the model. The overall significance of the model is measured through F-test which in this case is significant as the level of significance is 0.00 which is less than .05. The standardized coefficient or Beta as .274 with the significant level as 0.00 helps us to infer that self-confidence has a favourable positive impact on Leadership quality. Hence Hypothesis 3 (H3) stands supported.
Effect of mediator i.e. Self efficacy: In order to study the mediating effect of the mediator, self efficacy, regression analysis was carried out. It consisted of four steps.
Step 1 studied the relation between self confidence and leadership quality. Here self confidence was taken as an independent variable and leadership was a dependent variable. The results showed a significant relation between the two variables.
In step 2, again a significant result was found with self confidence as an independent and self efficacy as dependent variable.
Step 3 studied the relation between self confidence and leadership quality. Again a significant relation was observed.
Lastly, step 4 had both self confidence and self efficacy as independent variables and leadership quality as dependent variable. In this step it was seen that the variable self confidence was not significant while self efficacy was still significant.
It can be seen from the results that self confidence is significantly related to leadership quality in the first step while it is not significant when all the variables are taken together in fourth step. It signifies that self efficacy fully mediates the relationship between self confidence and leadership.
Sobel’s calculator is also used to further study effect of mediation. Sobel test statistic of 8.636746 (> 1.96) and one-tailed probability of 0.000 (< 0.5) also signifies the effect of mediator on relation between self confidence and leadership quality is very significant. The effect of Mediation by Self-efficacy was (0.547-0.092) = 0.455
Hence, hypothesis 4 (H4) is supported here.
Also, the total effect of independent variable on dependent variable is 1.041 (= (0.651 x 0.759) + 0.547).
Following are the table to show values of ‘R’ and significance and also, the model.
Self confidence – Leadership Quality
Self confidence – Self efficacy
Self efficacy – Leadership Quality
Self confidence, Self efficacy – Leadership Quality
Self confidence – 0.092
Self confidence – 0.180
Self efficacy – 0.700
Self efficacy – 0.000
Effect of a moderator on the Model: The moderator used in the model is Gender and its impact on model is seen by computing the impact of self confidence on leadership quality for males or females only i.e. only one gender. This we do by first doing regression analysis between the predictor and the consequent while including only the male gender in the analysis and then we do the same analysis using the female gender. The results are as followed
Level of Sig
Effect of Self confidence on Leadership Quality
Effect of Self confidence on Leadership
The impact of Self confidence on leadership quality using male samples has standardized coefficient as .615 and using females as .315 which implies that the value of gender brings changes as to how confidence affects leadership quality. Also the R-square value reduces drastically from .379 to .099 during analysis of relationship from male to female respondents. Therefore gender difference has a role to play on how self-confidence affects leadership quality with a mediating role played by self-efficacy. This supports the fifth hypothesis or H5.
Discussion and Implication
The current study at individual levels aims to explore several aspects of leadership through this model. Its aim is to observe how self-confidence as a predictor variable affects the criterion variable of leadership quality of an individual with the help of the mediating variable of self efficacy in the presence of gender differences. This study supports the present literature on the relationship between self confidence and leadership quality by showing a positive impact of self confidence on leadership (bowman, 1999). It further extends the present literature by showing the positive relationship between self confidence and leadership quality amongst business management students. It also supports the claim that higher self-confidence can be correlated with higher levels of entrepreneurship-orientation (Koh, 1996; Turker and Selcuk, 2009) as entrepreneurship can be intuitively considered as a form of leadership. Similarly, empirically close relation between self efficacy and leadership quality has been indicated by our study which lends support to the present literature that says that a person with higher self efficacy is more likely to be a better leader than a person with low self effiacy.
The highest impact can be seen by the construct self confidence on self efficacy in the present study which is consistent with the previous research which says that there is a very close relationship between the two constructs and both are often used interchangeable due to high similarity.
In the present study it is empirically proved that the relationship between self confidence and leadership quality is fully mediated by the construct of self efficacy. The explanation for this result is that while self confidence is the belief in one’s capabilities while self efficacy talks about belief that one’s actions will produce the desired objective. Self-efficacy therefore can be seen as a direct outcome of self-confidence and as it is proved by our study higher self efficacy leads to higher leadership quality, it can be seen that self efficacy plays a mediating role.
As expected, gender differences have a significant role to play in the relation on how self confidence affects leadership quality as reflected by our study. Our study further extends the research done by various researchers on role of gender in leadership styles and success in professional institutions. The study gives additional dimension to the studies done on effect of gender differences on various aspects of leadership like business ethics and emotional intelligence by studying an important aspect of leadership: Self confidence.
This study encourages further research into how self- confidence can affect various different dimensions of leadership separately rather than the total concept of leadership as the research on this regard is scarce.
This study has several important implications for managers and MBA or business management students. They need to be aware of the close influence of self confidence and self efficacy on leadership quality and finally on success in an organization. It is also implied that self-confident people are more likely to climb up in the hierarchy and achieve success than those with low self-confidence. Moreover the selection criteria for selecting business school students for summer-internships as well as final job placements can be based on level of self confidence and self efficacy. The role of gender can have implications as they can provide a rationale for difference leadership quality between men and women. Our study indicates that self confidence plays a greater role in affecting the leadership quality of men rather than women. Here self confidence acts as a better indicator for leadership amongst men than women and this calls more research into what can be the possible more suitable indicators for leadership amongst women. This also implies that using self confidence as a selection criteria for admission into management colleges, summer placements and final job placements of business students may not work as well for women as it does for men and may allow bias to creep in the selection criteria.
Limitation and Conclusion
One of the limitations of this research paper is the choice of respondents. For this research, MBA students of XLRI are taken as population. Hence, it might not be appropriate to generalise these results to other B-schools or such other organisations. Hence, future research could focus on more diverse sample, and some interesting results could be obtained.
Second limitation is the use of structured questionnaire, with cross-sectional design. It may force the respondents to choose an option that may not be significant from their point of view. Also, this design will doesn’t allow studying the relationships over a period of time. Hence, this can be taken care of in future research by using longitudinal or time series design for developing such relations.
Another limitation of this research paper is use of self confidence only to study quality of leadership and trait theory has been used to study leadership. Though self confidence is an important trait of that determines leadership quality, future research could focus on other traits like, integrity, drive, and honesty. Other approaches towards leadership may be considered while analysing the relation between various variables on empirical ground. Also gender could be used as a mediating variable for future analysis.
Fourth limitation is the use of ‘Multiple Regression Analysis’ to empirically prove the impact of self confidence on leadership with self efficacy as a mediating variable. Due to this inherent limitations of this method are there like constructs are considered error free which is not true in real life and there are latent error variances present which can’t be studied through this analysis and it can prove only relations not casual mechanism. For future research, structure model using ‘Amos’ could be used to empirically prove the relations and take latent error variances into account and also check for construct validity.
effcacy has not not been incorporated in the research project Multicollinearity affects the relationship model when two of the independent constructs are highly related to one another. This leads to higher standard error and affect the impact of independent variable on the dependent variable. Therefore a test for collinearity can be incorporated in future research on this topic.
.Although, there are many of limitations and many more scope for future research, this research provides explanation for relationship between self confidence and leadership quality among MBA students of XLRI, with self efficacy as a mediating variable and gender as a moderator. This could be useful in understanding and developing future leaders. | <urn:uuid:e517831d-46e0-4562-a691-1c2cdce479a6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://customwritings.co/self-confidence-and-leadership/ | 2024-03-01T07:42:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.964789 | 8,757 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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Global pandemics cause major human and financial losses. Our nation has suffered nearly a million deaths associated with COVID-19 to date. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that COVID-19 will cost the United States $7.6 trillion in lost economic output over the next decade. While much has rightly been written on preventing the next pandemic, far less attention has been paid to mitigating the compounding effects of endemic diseases. Endemic diseases are consistently present over time and typically restricted to a defined geographic region. Such diseases can exacerbate pandemic-associated financial losses, complicate patient care, and delay patient recovery. In a clinical context, endemic diseases can worsen existing infections and compromise patient outcomes. For example, co-infections with endemic diseases increase the likelihood of patient mortality from pandemic diseases like COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza.
Accurate and timely data on the prevalence of endemic diseases enables public-health officials to minimize the above-cited burdens through proactive response. Yet the U.S. government does not mandate reporting and/or monitoring of many endemic diseases. The Biden-Harris administration should use American Rescue Plan funds to establish a National Endemic Disease Surveillance Initiative (NEDSI), within the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), to remove barriers to monitoring endemic, infectious diseases and to incentivize reporting. The NEDSI will support the goals of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Data Modernization Initiative by providing robust infection data on a typically overlooked suite of diseases in the United States. Specifically, the NEDSI will:
- Provide healthcare practitioners with resources to implement/upgrade digital disease reporting.
- Support effective allocation of funding to hospitals, clinics, and healthcare providers in regions with severe endemic disease.
- Prepare quarterly memos updating healthcare providers about endemic disease prevalence and spread.
- Alert citizens and health-care practitioners in real time of notable infections and disease outbreaks.
- Track and predict endemic-disease burden, enabling strategic-intervention planning within the CDC and with partner entities.
Challenge and Opportunity
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a multilevel approach to addressing endemic diseases. Endemic diseases are defined as those that persist at relatively stable case numbers within a defined geographic region. Though endemic diseases are typically geographically restricted, changes in population movement, population behaviors, and environmental conditions are increasing the incidence of endemic diseases. For example, Valley fever, a fungal respiratory disease endemic to the California Central Valley and the American Southwest, is predicted to spread to the American Midwest by 2060 due to climate change.
Better preparing the United States for future pandemics depends partly on better countering endemic disease. Effective patient care during a pandemic requires clinicians to treat not only the primary infection, but also potential secondary infections arising from endemic pathogens taking advantage of a weakened, preoccupied host immune system. Though typically not dangerous on their own, secondary infections from even common fungi such as Aspergillus or Candida can become deadly if the host is pre-infected with a respiratory virus. On the individual level, secondary infections with endemic diseases adversely impact patient recovery and survival rates. On the state level, secondary infections impose major healthcare costs by prolonging patient recovery and increasing medical intervention needs. And on the national level, poor endemic-disease management in one state can cause disease persistence and spread to other states.
Robust surveillance is integral to endemic-disease management. The case of endemic schistosomiasis in the Sichuan province of China illustrates the point. Though the province successfully controlled the disease initially, decreased funding for disease tracking and management—and hence lack of awareness and apathy among stakeholders—caused the disease to re-emerge and case numbers to grow. During active endemic-disease outbreaks, comprehensive data improves decision-making by reflecting the real-time state of infections. In between outbreaks, high-quality surveillance data enables more accurate prediction and thus timely, life-saving intervention. Yet the U.S. government mandates reporting and/or monitoring of relatively few endemic diseases.
Part of the problem is that improvements are needed in our national infrastructure for tracking and reporting diseases of concern. Approximately 95% of all hospitals within the United States use some form of electronic health record (EHR) keeping, but not all hospitals have the same resources to maintain or use EHR systems. For example, rural hospitals generally have poorer capacity to send, receive, find, and integrate patient-care reports. This results in drastic variation in case-reporting quality across the United States: and hence drastic variation in availability of the standardized, accurate data that policy and decision makers need to maximize public health.
With these issues in mind, the Biden-Harris administration should use American Rescue Plan (ARP) funds to establish a National Endemic Disease Surveillance Initiative (NEDSI) within the CDC’s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS). Fighting an individual pandemic disease is difficult enough. We need better systems to stop endemic diseases from making the battle worse. Implementing NEDSI will equip decision makers with the data they need to respond to real-time needs— thereby protecting our nation’s economy and, more importantly, our people’s lives.
Plan of Action
To build NEDSI, the CDC should use a portion of the $500 million allocated in the ARP to strengthen surveillance and analytic infrastructure and build infectious-disease forecasting systems. NEDSI will support the goals of the CDC’s Data Modernization Initiative by allocating resources to implement and/or upgrade digital-disease reporting capabilities needed to obtain robust infection data on endemic diseases. Specifically, NEDSI would strive to minimize healthcare burdens of endemic diseases through the following four actions:
- Disease monitoring. NEDSI will identify and track notable endemic infectious diseases for each state, including but not exclusive to (i) existing infectious diseases with historical presence and/or relevance, and (ii) infectious diseases that disproportionately impact particular workers. For example, Valley fever disproportionately impacts those employed in outdoor occupations related to ground/soil work (such as agricultural workers, solar farmers, construction workers, etc.). Endemic-disease reporting under NEDSI will follow reporting templates and frameworks that have already been developed by the NNDSS, but will also include information on co-infections (i.e., whether a reported endemic-disease case was a primary, secondary, or higher-order infection).
- Disease notification. As part of monitoring, case-report numbers that rise above historical norms will be automatically flagged for alerts to community members, health-care providers, public-health officials, and other stakeholders.
- Alerts to community members will be geotargeted (for example, by city, county, or region), enabling residents and travelers in endemic zones to take precautions. Alerts will be text-message-based and include resource links vetted by public-health experts.
- Alerts to health-care providers will contain links to resources providing the latest information on accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the disease in question. This will allow providers to quickly identify emerging cases of the disease, as well as to prepare for above-average use/need of particular treatments and equipment.
- Alerts to public-health officials will help shape recommendations for travel restrictions, emergency-funding requests and allocations, and rapid-response resources.
- Disease prediction. NEDSI will work with the CDC and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to build an endemic-disease prediction model that ranks the severity of current and anticipated endemic-disease burden by geographic region in the United States, enabling proactive intervention against emerging threats.
- Model insights will be shared with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and state health departments to inform allocation of funds (e.g., from the federal-to-state and state-to-county levels) to support public health.
- Key model insights could also be posted on the CDC’s website and transmitted in notices to regional public-health officials and healthcare practitioners, especially when predicted risks and infection trends are high.
- Data underlying the model should be made publicly available and accessible to support external disease-modeling and -prediction efforts.
- In alignment with priorities of the Data Modernization Initiative and the American Pandemic Preparedness Plan, the CDC could also consider offering financial assistance (e.g., through grants or cooperative agreements) to external research efforts conducted in partnership with NEDSI and/or using NEDSI data. NEDSI and NNDSS should work to identify key research targets and promote them appropriately in Notices of Funding Opportunities.
- Health education. The NNDSS, utilizing data and model outputs from NEDSI, should prepare quarterly memos synthesizing key information related to endemic diseases in the United States, including (i) summary statistics of endemic-disease case numbers and co-infections by state and county; (ii) an up-to-date list of available treatments, medications, and therapies for different endemic diseases, and (iii) predicted disease trends for coming months and years. Memos should be published digitally and archived on the CDC website. Publication of each memo should be accompanied by a digital campaign to help spread the resource to healthcare practitioners, public-health authorities, and other stakeholders. NEDSI representatives should also prioritize participation in disease-specific research/clinical conferences to ensure that the latest scientific findings and developments are reflected in the memos.
Despite the clear burdens that endemic diseases impose, such diseases are still largely understudied and poorly understood. Until we have better knowledge of immunology related to endemic-disease co-infections, our best “treatment” is robust surveillance of opportunistic co-infections—surveillance that will enable proactive steps to minimize endemic-disease impacts on already vulnerable populations. Establishing a National Endemic Disease Surveillance Initiative within the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System will close a critical gap in our nation’s disease-monitoring and -reporting infrastructure, helping reduce healthcare burdens while strengthening pandemic preparedness.
NEDSI, like other systems standardizing and streamlining disease reporting, will allow healthcare practitioners to efficiently—and in some cases, automatically—share data on endemic diseases. Such real-time, consistent data are invaluable for informing public-health responses as well as future emergency planning.
An ounce of endemic-disease prevention is worth far more than a pound of cure—and effective prevention depends on effective monitoring. Research shows that endemic diseases account for an alarming number of co-infections with COVID-19. These co-infections have detrimental impacts on patient outcomes. Further, population growth and migration trends are increasing transmission of and exposure to endemic diseases. Mitigating the severity of future epidemics and pandemics hence requires near-term investment in endemic-disease monitoring.
Yes: even in non-pandemic times, co-infections represent a major risk for the immunocompromised and elderly. AIDS patients succumb to secondary infections as a direct result of becoming immunocompromised by their primary HIV infection. Annual flu seasons are worsened by opportunistic co-infections. Monitoring and tracking endemic diseases and their co-infection rates will help mitigate existing healthcare burdens even outside the scope of a pandemic.
Due to a combination of funding challenges and lack of research progress/understanding, endemic-disease monitoring was only recently identified as a crucial gap in overall infectious disease preparedness. But now, with allocated funds from the American Rescue Plan to strengthen surveillance and infectious-disease forecasting systems, there is a historic opportunity to invest in this important area
While the U.S. government grapples with the definition of the bioeconomy and what sectors it does and does not contain, another definitional issue needs to be addressed: What does sustainability mean in a bioeconomy?
Federal clearinghouses should incorporate open science practices into their standards and procedures used to identify evidence-based social programs eligible for federal funding.
To better address security and sustainability of open source software, the United States should establish a Digital Technology Fund through multi-stakeholder participation.
Building on existing data and privacy efforts, the White House and federal science agencies should collaborate to develop and implement clear standards for research data privacy across the data management and sharing life cycle. | <urn:uuid:e8a39cec-0f13-40a0-a9f5-a13bb4ea0bc3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://fas.org/publication/establishing-a-national-endemic-disease-surveillance-initiative-nedsi/ | 2024-03-01T07:29:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.92517 | 2,562 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important concept in recent years. Companies have to navigate a precarious balancing act: while a strong focus on profits is essential to their operations, they must also make sure that their corporate structure is socially responsible. This blog post will discuss the importance of CSR and how companies can achieve a healthy balance between profit and philanthropy.
1. What Is Corporate Social Responsibility?
Often deemed a “win-win” solution for both businesses and society, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) encourages organizations to consider the effects of their actions on their environment. By investing in initiatives for the greater good, while still providing a return on investment, companies can help build a healthier society.
The Different Components of CSR
- Environmental Stewardship – Utilizing resources responsibly and adhering to pollution-reduction standards in order to protect local ecosystems and work towards social sustainability.
- Political Involvement – Support of local, national, and global initiatives and attending to public opinion regarding a company’s policies.
- Community Involvement - Participations in various activities that support the community including volunteering, fundraiser initiatives, employee volunteering, and donations.
- Diversity and Inclusion – Aiming for a diverse and inclusive team and workplace, and a commitment to providing equal opportunities to everyone.
- Integrity – Ensuring that employees, customers, suppliers, and stakeholders are treated with respect, and not subjected to discrimination.
By actively engaging in CSR activities, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to social responsibility, while helping to improve the quality of life of their stakeholders. While it can require a significant amount of resources and commitment, the long-term benefits make up for any short-term costs. By investing in the welfare of the community, companies can expect a more positive reputation, improved employee morale, and loyalty from customers. Furthermore, investing in CSR activities can result in gains for shareholders, and often mean an increase in long-term profits.
2. The Benefits of Investing in Philanthropy
1. Improved Public Trust and Satisfaction
Investing in philanthropy can greatly impact public opinion and trust. By engaging in corporate social responsibility initiatives, businesses can show the public that they are committed to their local communities, and the health and wellbeing of citizens. Such measures can be an effective way to increase customer loyalty and satisfaction, creating a more favorable representation of a company in the public eye.
2. Ability to Attract top Talent
Another great benefit of investing in philanthropy is the ability to attract top talent. Quality employees often have the option to choose where they work, and by engaging in corporate social responsibility initiatives, companies are able to demonstrate their commitment to corporate ethics and building a better world. As a business, this can be a great way to attract the best and brightest minds and create a more culturally diverse workplace.
3. Increased Cost Efficiency
Engaging in corporate social responsibility initiatives can also help to increase cost efficiency. When businesses are investing in philanthropy initiatives, they are often able to receive government grants and other forms of support that can help to offset the costs associated with such activities. Additionally, philanthropic activities can also lead to increased donations from the public, furthering such initiatives and reducing the need for out-of-pocket expenses.
4. Improved Employee Morale and Productivity
Finally, investing in philanthropy can be a great way to boost employee morale and productivity. When team members feel that they are contributing to something that has a much bigger cause, they often become more fulfilled and more motivated to work harder. This sense of purpose has also been linked to a general decrease in turnover rates, reducing the amount of time and resources spent on recruiting and training new hires.
3. Striking the Right Balance
The third component of a successful corporate social responsibility strategy is . In the modern business world, profit and philanthropy must go hand-in-hand: fail to generate profits, and the philanthropic aspect of your operations cannot be sustained, however, successful businesses must also be aware of the needs of the communities around them. To reach this balance, it is important organizations consider the following:
- Understand Local Context – Understand the issues in your local community, and tailor your philanthropic efforts to suit them. For example, a business in a rural community may opt to donate to a mobile health clinic, whereas a business in an urban area may focus its efforts on mentoring programs.
- Be Aware of Employee Needs – Factor in the needs of your staff when looking at an appropriate CSR strategy. Consider their career development and financial needs; many employers opt to provide a living wage and training opportunities.
- Engage the Community with Your CSR Efforts – Encourage dialogue between your organization and your stakeholders to bring your efforts to the forefront of social awareness. After all, it’s the community which will ultimately benefit.
- Consider Relationships with Non-Profit Organizations – Developing relationships with non-profit organizations can help you better address pressing community issues. These relationships will also open up new areas of opportunity to deeply engage with stake-holders and find avenues for collaboration.
By carefully considering the local context and ensuring your CSR efforts are both transparent and meaningful, your organization can strike the right balance between profit and philanthropy, all while positively impacting the world around it.
4. How To Embed CSR In Your Business Model
As companies strive to maintain profitability and increase their market share, their efforts must be made in accordance with public safety, environmental protection, and other social responsibility initiatives. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is paramount for any business, and it can integrate with a company’s main business model in order to ensure sustainability.
Here is how to embed CSR into your business model:
- Assess Your Current Impact:
Measure your business size and stature and research the daily impact it has on customer service, the environment, local communities, and other associated stakeholders. Once you have assessed your current impact, you can start to plan your CSR program.
- Set Goals:
Gauge your business goals against your desired CSR initiatives. Implement a long-term plan and track progress towards achieving your goals. Allocate a realistic budget and assign responsible staff to ensure that the objectives are met in a timely manner.
- Communication and Partnership:
Communicate your CSR campaigns both internally with staff members and externally to partners and customers. Ensure the program is engaging for everyone involved and review progress against the set goals regularly. Consider engaging with local charities, communities, and other organisations that align with your CSR objectives.
- Establish Performance and Reporting:
During the implementation of your CSR program, set measures to document performance and set up metrics to report progress. Sharing your success stories across your organisation will promote staff motivation, as well as maintain the interest of clients and partners.
- Environmental Responsibilities:
One of the key aspects of CSR is energy efficiency and sustainability. Review all areas of your business which use energy and make changes where needed. From transportation methods to manufacturing processes, and from the use of resources to the disposal of waste, all of these should be examined and made more efficient.
- Analyze customer feedback to measure customer satisfaction.
- Evaluate the number of volunteers recruited or donations raised.
- Benchmark work performance to establish a baseline.
- Assess the impact on key business metrics.
- Track the number of direct or indirect beneficiaries.
- Review employee surveys to measure engagement.
- Analyze financial investments made in the program.
- Monitor key environmental and social metrics.
- Align your mission with your values. In order to effectively strategize how to best use CSR to benefit your business, it’s important to prioritize the values and goals of your organization. By aligning your mission and values with your CSR efforts, you can ensure that what you’re doing is in line with the direction of your company as a whole.
- Develop targeted campaigns. It’s important to carefully consider the issues and programs you invest in. Rather than embarking on a global initiative, opt for hyper-focused campaigns that will have the most impact for the least amount of effort. This approach allows you to be strategic, which can ultimately maximize your ROI.
- Find the sweet spot of philanthropy and branding. When selecting causes to support, opt for those that are closely tied to your brand. Not only will they bring greater visibility to your business, but they will also help to foster loyalty among customers. A win-win for all.
- Encourage employee engagement. Employees often derive a sense of purpose from their job which derives from the company’s mission. Involving employees in your CSR effort is a great way to bring your mission to life and engage them in meaningful work. This will also lend credibility to your efforts and increase brand recognition.
- Leverage manufacturing or product partnerships. Utilizing manufacturing or product-partnerships is a great way to leverage resources, increase efficiency, and maximize returns. Partnering with like-minded companies provides access to cost savings, which can be beneficial to both parties.
- Embrace digital media. Embracing digital media helps to broaden the reach of your philanthropic efforts. Not only can you use it to increase awareness of your cause, but it’s also a great way to monitor and measure how your messages are performing.
- Analyze and measure results. By tracking and measuring the results of your CSR efforts, you can identify areas of opportunity and make more informed decisions. In addition to gauging overall success, you can also uncover patterns that could suggest more efficient ways to allocate resources.
When changing your customer service and policies to match CSR goals, it is important to ensure customers are aware of the changes. For instance, if you are looking to reduce the cost of shipping items, notify customers and award them with a discount. This will help spread the word about your CSR program and create a positive image of your company.
By following the aforementioned steps your business model will truly embody the concept of corporate social responsibility and help to ensure a sustainable future.
5. Introducing CSR Into Your Employee Incentives
1. Aligning Corporate Values With Social Responsibility
At its core, corporate social responsibility (CSR) seeks to align a company’s objectives with meaningful social activities. It may involve community service days, donations, or involving employees directly in projects that personally benefit their local area. Aligning employees’ personal values with those of their company is key for true corporate social responsibility, and is an effective way to promote motivation and engagement in your workforce.
2. Incentivizing Behavior From the Top Down
Encouraging behavior from the top down is essential for instilling lasting change. Employers can show how serious they are about corporate social responsibility programs by including CSR objectives in the rewards and recognition system. For example, employees could participate in community-led initiatives in the community and receive points for every hour they spend on the project in addition to their pay. When deciding any financial incentives related to undertaking a project, it’s important to stay within your budget and company policies.
3. Promoting CSR Outwardly
Making sure employees understand the value of corporate social responsibility is essential for really driving change. Providing positive feedback and emphasizing the importance of being an active part of the community can be a powerful tool for motivating staff. Employers can also promote CSR outwardly by sharing stories of employee achievements, which will in turn inspire others to action. This can also showcase the positive attributes of the company, such as ethical behavior and corporate leadership.
4. Organizing Social Events
Organizing social events on behalf of a charity or organization is another cost-efficient way to engage employees. There are many ways to initiative a successful event, such as holding an employee-led fundraising event or hosting a shop-a-thon to raise money for a cause. Organizing an event is a great way to not only raise awareness and funds, but to also give employees an experience they won’t forget.
5. Adapting Programs to Your Industry
Finally, going above and beyond can help your organization stand out from the competition. Design CSR programs unique to your industry and take advantage of your own tools and expertise. For example, organizations in the tech industry could develop programs that promote the use of technology to benefit the community, or those in the manufacturing industry could implement waste-reduction initiatives. Designing custom programs from the ground up is a great way to emphasize your corporate values and provide meaningful experiences for all employees.
6. Measuring Your Impact
Understand the impact of your corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives through quantitative, impact-oriented metrics. Use performance indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy and to provide feedback and basis for improvement. Focus on the program goals, which is often not solely measuring financial value, but rather the level of compliance, the extent of environmental improvement, and the degree of social improvement.
When assessing the success of your CSR program, use analytics tools that enable you to measure the return on your investments ad compare progress over time. Invest in a performance metric questionnaire to collect data from employees and third-party stakeholders, analyze the trends to determine whether the program is having the intended impact, and report insights accordingly. It’s important to have a wide range of measurement tools at your disposal in order to accurately determine the successes and opportunities of your program.
Identifying Performance Indicators
These indicators can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the CSR program and help to guide any necessary improvement. Analyzing feedback and monitoring metrics should be an ongoing process in order to observe changes in performance trends over time. It’s important to prioritize a culture of feedback and measurable impact in order to continuously improve your CSR strategy.
7. Leveraging Your CSR Efforts For Maximum Return
Doing good and turning a profit have long been assumed to exist in two starkly different categories. However, as corporate social responsibility (CSR) emerges as an increasingly important priority for businesses large and small, combining the two objectives is becoming more commonplace. Leveraging your efforts for maximum return requires a strategic and intentional focus. Here are seven ways to balance profit and philanthropy:
The benefits of investing in corporate social responsibility are vast, and the potential for returns is even greater. With thoughtful and strategic planning, you can successfully leverage your efforts for maximum benefit.
In conclusion, pursuing corporate social responsibility through balancing profit and philanthropy is an essential part of establishing a reputable business. Through ethically-driven practices, companies not only benefit those in need but create a virtuous cycle of prosperity—enhancing success for all involved. | <urn:uuid:163f07a9-9bd5-4b24-9688-d053f0a918fd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://geteverything.org/balancing-profit-and-philanthropy-corporate-social-responsibility/ | 2024-03-01T06:39:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.943985 | 3,032 | 2.625 | 3 | [
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Seemingly simple actions around us, such as car tires spinning or a satellite orbiting a planet, have much more complex processes at hand. In Unit 3, you will continue to build upon your understanding of the physical world using representations to form a more complete and complex model of motion as it relates to gravitational mass and inertial mass. Specific preconceptions will be addressed in this unit, such as the idea of a centrifugal force.
This unit makes up 4-6% of the AP exam, and it tends to span over approximately 7-9 forty-five minute class periods.
Image courtesy of makeameme.org
Big Idea #1: Systems - Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have an internal structure.
Big Idea #2: Fields - Fields existing in space can be used to explain interactions.
Big Idea #3: Force Interactions - The interactions of an object with other objects can be described by forces.
Big Idea #4: Change - Interactions between systems can result in changes in those systems.
Uniform Circular Motion
Vector fields in physics are mathematical representations of a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. In the case of uniform circular motion, the vector field represents the velocity of an object moving in a circular path at a constant speed.
The vector field for uniform circular motion can be represented by a vector pointing in the direction of the object's motion, with its magnitude equal to the object's speed. The direction of the vector field changes as the object moves in its circular path, but its magnitude remains constant.
In addition to velocity, vector fields can also be used to represent other physical quantities such as force, acceleration, and magnetic fields. These vector fields can be visualized using arrows, with the direction and length of the arrow representing the direction and magnitude of the physical quantity.
The vector field between two objects is beyond the scope of AP Physics 1, so we simplify the vector field into a single vector. For example, the gravitational force between the Earth and the moon can be represented with two vectors:
Image courtesy of School for Champions.
This image shows how the Earth is pulling on the moon (the vector on the moon pointing left), but the moon is also pulling on the Earth (the vector on the Earth pointing right). However, the moon's pull on the Earth is much weaker than the Earth's pull on the moon, so the moon orbits around the Earth instead of the other way around.
The four fundamental forces in physics are the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force.
The gravitational force is the force of attraction between two masses. It is one of the weakest forces in nature, but it dominates at large mass and distance scales, such as the orbits of planets and galaxies. The electromagnetic force is the force that mediates the interactions of electrically charged particles. It is one of the strongest forces in nature and is responsible for phenomena such as electricity, magnetism, and light. The weak force is the force responsible for certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay. The strong nuclear force is the force that holds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom together. It is the strongest of the four fundamental forces and is responsible for phenomena such as nuclear fusion and fission. For the purposes of AP Physics 1, only need to understand the gravitational force in depth.
Gravity is a long-range force because its effects can be felt over large distances. Unlike the other fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force), gravity does not have a specific range beyond which its effects are negligible. The strength of the gravitational force between two masses decreases with distance, but it never completely disappears.
Gravity dominates at the largest mass and distance scales because its effects are proportional to the mass of the objects involved. As the masses of the objects that are attracted to each other increase (the masses of planets and stars, for example, are very large), the gravitational force between them increases. This relationship is also the reason you are not attracted to the cup of coffee next to you. The cup does exert a gravitational force on you as you exert on the cup, but the magnitude of the force is so small that it is insignificant.
The gravitational force of a planet is
proportional to the product of the two masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The equation for this force is F=
where F is the force of gravity, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, r is the distance between the two objects and G is the gravitational constant. This equation is known as Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, and it applies to every object in the universe -- even your physics notebook!
The gravitational force is always attractive and is responsible for the creation of galaxies, the general structure of the entire universe, and is the reason the Earth doesn't go hurtling off into space.
On Earth, we know the gravitational acceleration to be 9.8 m/s/s. However, the gravitational acceleration on other planets is different, and in this topic, we learn how to find the value of the gravitational acceleration for any planet.
is a mathematical expression for the gravitational acceleration on a planet other than Earth, where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the planet and R is the radius of the planet. It is also known as the "surface gravity" equation, and it describes the acceleration experienced by an object near the surface of a planet due to the planet's gravitational field.
The equation was derived by using Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, which states that the force of gravity acting on an object is proportional to the product of the object's mass and the gravitational acceleration (g). The equation tells us that the gravitational acceleration on a planet depends on the mass and the radius of the planet.
A gravitational field is a region around an object in which another object experiences a force due to gravity. The gravitational field strength, also known as "g-force" is the acceleration experienced by an object in the field. The strength of a gravitational field is represented by the gravitational acceleration g.
Inertial mass and gravitational mass are two different types of mass that are associated with an object. Inertial mass is a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration, while gravitational mass is a measure of an object's strength of interaction with a gravitational field.
A common example used to illustrate the difference between inertial mass and gravitational mass is that of a bowling ball and a feather falling on the Earth and in a vacuum. On the Earth, both the bowling ball weighs more than the feather, so it falls to the ground faster than the feather. However, if we were to drop them in a vacuum, the bowling ball would fall at the same rate as the feather, due to the lack of air resistance.
The value of an object's inertial mass and its gravitational mass is found to always be the same for both types of mass, since inertial and gravitational mass are two ways of measuring the mass of an object.
Centripetal acceleration in uniform circular motion is the acceleration of an object moving in a circular path at a constant speed. It is directed towards the center of the circle, and is what keeps the object moving in a circular path. The equation for centripetal acceleration is:
where a_c is the centripetal acceleration, v is the velocity of the object and r is the radius of the circle.
The velocity of an object in uniform circular motion is tangent to the acceleration. This means that the velocity vector is always at a 90-degree angle to the acceleration vector. This is because the direction of the velocity is constantly changing as the object moves in a circular path (the cause of the acceleration), but its magnitude is not, since the velocity remains constant. The velocity vector is pointing in the direction of motion (along the circle) at any given moment, and the acceleration vector is always pointing toward the center of the circle.
The centripetal force in uniform circular motion is the force that acts on an object moving in a circular path at a constant speed, and is responsible for keeping the object moving in a circular path. The centripetal force is not a new force; just another name for the net force in circular motion. This force could be tension, gravity, normal force, or friction. The equation for centripetal force using Newton's Second Law is:
F = ma = mv^2/r
where F is the centripetal force, m is the mass of the object, v is the velocity of the object and r is the radius of the circle.
A free body diagram (FBD) is a visual representation of the forces acting on an object. It is a powerful tool that can be used to analyze the motion of an object, such as an object undergoing uniform circular motion. You have already drawn countless free-body diagrams for projectile motion, but now it's time to apply the fundamentals you learned to uniform circular motion. When drawing a free body diagram for an object in uniform circular motion, it is important to select an appropriate coordinate system and to accurately represent the forces acting on the object.
Your positive x or y axis should be in the same direction as the centripetal acceleration. Since the centripetal acceleration vector always points toward the center of the circle, your positive axis should also be toward the center of the circle. If any of the forces acting on your object do not align with this coordinate system, you should break them into their x and y components.
Image courtesy of APlusPhysics.
In this image, the car of a rollercoaster is at the top of a loop-the-loop. At the top, the weight of the car is a force vector pointing downwards. Since the normal force is caused by the force of the track on the car, the normal force is also pointing downwards, and both these forces will add to give us our net force, or centripetal force. Notice how the centripetal force is still pointing towards the center of the circle created by the loop-the-loop.
An inertial frame of reference in physics is a reference frame in which an object is at rest or moving with a constant velocity. In an inertial frame of reference, the laws of physics are the same for all observers and all directions. In other words, if an experiment is performed in an inertial frame of reference, the results will be the same regardless of the velocity of the observer or the direction of the experiment.
For example, an observer who is standing in front of a ferris wheel might say the ferris wheel is rotating clockwise. However, a person standing behind the same ferris wheel will say the wheel is rotating counterclockwise.
The linear quantities used to represent position (x), velocity (v), and acceleration (a) all have rotational equivalents. The rotational analog for position is the angle θ (the Greek lowercase theta) in radians. The rotational analog for velocity is angular velocity, the change in angle divided by the change in time, measured in radians per second and represented by ω (the Greek lowercase omega). The rotational analog for acceleration is angular acceleration α (the Greek lowercase alpha), and it measures the change in angular velocity over time in radians per second squared.
The kinematics equations can also be converted into rotational kinematics equations. Just like the kinematics equations only work in situations where there is a constant linear acceleration, the rotational kinematics equations only work in situations where there is a constant angular acceleration. | <urn:uuid:7ca17bfd-7852-403d-954d-c233e4098cb5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hours-zltil9zhf-thinkfiveable.vercel.app/ap-physics-1/unit-3/unit-3-overview/study-guide/EYz8EQHLZdA71szqCh1G | 2024-03-01T06:52:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.942034 | 2,419 | 4.09375 | 4 | [
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Chogha Zanbil in Shush
- ThemeHistory and Culture
- Duration2 hr(s)
- Tell061 4286 7213
Visiting the remains of the best-preserved Elamite architecture founded in 1250 B.C.
- Spring8:00-12:00 *15:00-18:30
* Best Time
Photos of the Chogha Zanbil
Explore the Chogha Zanbil
The ancient city of Dur Untash, located at the southwest of Susa, on the banks of Dez River, was founded by Untash Napirisha, around 1250 BC. Chogha Zanbil, a ziggurat dedicated to the great God, Inshushinak, was considered as the most important religious center of the Elamite kingdom. In addition, the palaces, the temples, the paved brick roads, and the water irrigation system of the city of Dur Untash (Assyrian), also known as Untash-Gal (Elamite), represented a sample of the advanced art, culture, and civilization of the Elamites. However, the unused bricks found at the site show that the city remained unfinished after Untash Napirisha’s death.
This 100-acre city used to have three concentric ramparts: the outer wall enclosing a vast complex of residences, and the royal quarter, a second wall guarding the temple, and the third wall enclosing the ziggurat. At the northwest of the inner enclosure wall, there were three temples attributed to minor divinities Napirisha, Ishnikarab, and Kiririsha. The middle zone, named temenos by Ghirshman, consisted of four gates leading to the outer area, and accommodated several temples. The outer area forms the largest part of the city, including the residential quarter. Some 200 m northeast of the outer wall, there is another area close to the city gate which is recognized as the royal quarter, including three buildings and several courtyards. The remains of three royal palaces, the water reservoir, and a few temples are located in this part.
One of the striking features of the city is its water irrigation system which includes the oldest physical water treatment system in the world. Untush Napirshah ordered to build a 45-meter-long water canal to bring the water from the ancient river of Karkhe to the city of Dur Untash. Accordingly, the large water reservoir was installed outside the city wall and a small basin inside it. When the reservoir was filled up, the filtered water passed through nine water ways and filled the small basin inside the city.
In spite of the ravages of time, archeological excavations revealed footprints of humans and animals dating back to thousands of years ago. Also, several items were found such as: glass bars, nails, door leaves, pottery, mace, animal figurines, cylindrical seals and a chariot wheel. The glass bars found on the western gate were used to decorate the doors. Interestingly, this is the oldest use of glass in the world's architecture.
Being buried under heaps of dust, Chogha Zanbil ziggurat first came to the attention of one of the explorers of the Anglo-Iranian oil company in 1935. Then, the initial excavation was carried out by Roman Ghirshman from 1946 to 1962.
Located at the center of the city, Chogha Zanbil is the largest ziggurat built outside the Mesopotamia. This ziggurat was built during a time when Elamite civilization was at the peak of its cultural development, contemporaneous with the reign of the Elamite king, Untash Napirisha (1275-1240 BC). In that era, the ziggurat served as the religious center and the burial ground for the Elamites.
The ziggurat of Chogha Zanbil was mainly made of mud brick; however, blue and green glazed bricks, plaster mortar, glass, and pottery were lavishly used for its decoration. The brick inscriptions are repeated in every eleventh row of baked bricks on the four sides of the ziggurat.
The early structure of the ziggurat used to be a four-sided structure consisting of a square open courtyard of 105 m, surrounded by rooms and fortified walls as long as 4 km. Four of these rooms were dedicated to the temple of Inshushinak. In another phase of construction, some mud-brick terraces and another temple attributed to Inshushinak were annexed to the main temple. Later on, at the reconstruction phase, a five-storey temple tower with a height of 52 meters was built. It is believed that the highest storey of the temple was dedicated to Inshushinak, as he was the guardian of Susa. Every floor started from the ground level, a characteristic unlike the style used in Mesopotamian, where ziggurats were built by placing stories successively one above another.
Nowadays, of the five stores, only two have stood the test of time. The first floor is 105 * 105 m and one meter higher than the ground level. The second floor is 8 meters high and 16 meters wide. There used to be four doors in the middle of each side, decorated with a pair of guardian animals, like winged griffins and bulls. Of these four entrances, only the southwestern door gave access to the highest floor.
Three small circular brick buildings were built on three sides of the Ziggurat. The one on the northwest has remained undamaged and during the excavations of the site, it served as a model for the French archeologists based on which another circular structure on the southwest of the ziggurat was renovated. These three structures used to function as the sundial by showing the sunset, sunrise and the beginning of each season.
- Sheikh Khomat Village
- Haft Tappeh
Sheikh Khomat Village
When visiting the Unesco-recognized site of Chogha Zanbil, save some time to cherish Sheikh Khomat Village, some 3 km north-west of the ancient ziggurat. Sheikh Khomat is a tiny village adjacent to Dez protected area and Dez River and is home to Arab, Badawi and Bahadori tribes. It is named after Sheikh Khomat, a member of Badavi tribe, who settled down in the area with his family about 100 years ago. They used to make a living by farming and breeding buffs, camels, sheep, and bulls. After some years, other tribes came and settled in the village. The new villagers also won their bread by farming and animal husbandry, as the total population of the village does today.
This attractive village is known for the hospitality of its residents, marked by a special coffee-serving ceremony. Having its root in Arabic traditions, the mentioned coffee-serving ceremony is especially dedicated to men. As the male guest arrives at his destination, the host invites him to “mozif” (the guest room), an arched room built by canes and straws and carpeted with a piece of hand-woven rug. Equipped with a low-rise door, each person entering mozif should bend from his waist, as if bowing and showing respect. Traditionally, the elderlies occupy the best part of mozif and are first to be served coffee.
“Alwaniah,” Khomat’s local music performed at special ceremonies, and handicrafts made by women, such as straw mats, make other attractions of the village. Also, you can take Khomat’s fresh dairies and local bread as a souvenir to your dear ones.
Haft Tappeh is a large Elamite site in Khuzestan, about 10 km southeast of Susa and 50 km south of Andimeshk. It is composed of several individual mounds, collectively forming a high-rising mass above the surrounding plain. The number seven, haft in Haft Tappeh, (the Seven mounds), is loosely used to refer to the number of mounds composing this archeological site.
The ancient name of Haft Tappeh remains under a veil of doubt. Based on descriptions in a number of early texts, some scholars suggest that it may have been Tikni, known as a religious center, but the excavations carried out in Haft Tappeh have produced no concrete evidence to support this theory. However, several seal impressions and clay tablets found at Haft Tappeh indicate the name "ka-ap-nak" and it is more probable that this was the original name of this site.
Actually, the archeological site of Haft Tappeh includes 14 mounds, of which the largest one is 17 m high and covers an area about 1500 long and 800 m wide. This is a single level site, with no evidence of occupation before the constructional period and very minimal evidence afterward. The massive sun-dried and baked-brick buildings of Haft Tappeh, perhaps of a religious or some other public function, all were built during a single period, lasting for one or two centuries during the middle of the second millennium B.C, at which Haft Tappeh was a major Elam city.
The buildings uncovered on the mound were mainly built of sun-dried brick dating back to the Elamite time. The other architectural remains comprise firstly of the Tomb Temple Complex, including a royal tomb, a smaller tomb and a courtyard which is believed to be the resting place of Tepti Ahar, the Elamite king. The second part is the Terrace complex I which is located at 100 m southeast of the Tomb Temple Complex. The terrace complex shows off a many-sided terrace which seems to be a part of a larger structure. The outstanding parts of this complex were the halls with polychromic painted walls. The third part is the area next to the Terrace Complex I, apparently an art workshop including bowls, several bronze nails and a bunch of other unusual objects.
The most important excavations include the inscribed stone reliefs and tablets dating back to the Elamite era as they are in the Babylonian language. Bearing the name of Tepti Ahahr, the Elamite king, they provide archeologists with the evidence that Haft Tape was built by his order in the 2nd millennium B.C.
Avoid going there in the middle of the day (around 12:00 to 3:00 PM), as there is no shade to escape from the heat of the sun. | <urn:uuid:690da08d-61e5-474d-a028-b7b903ad2484> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://iranroute.com/sights/1161/chogha-zanbil | 2024-03-01T07:33:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.96841 | 2,193 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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🥦 Unlock the Secret to a Healthier You: The Power of Balanced Nutrition! 🏋️♀️
Discover how balanced nutrition can help you unleash your full potential! Learn about the science behind it and take control of your health. 📚🌟 #BalancedNutrition #HealthyLiving #NutritionFacts
🍏 The Importance of Balanced Nutrition for Health 🥦
Eating Your Way to a Happier, Healthier You!
In a world where fad diets, trendy superfoods, and quick fixes seem to dominate the conversation about health and nutrition, it’s essential to take a step back and reflect on the timeless wisdom of balanced nutrition. We often hear the phrase, “You are what you eat,” and there’s a profound truth in those words. The food we consume is the foundation upon which our health is built, and achieving balance in our diet is key to nurturing our physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
🌟 The Building Blocks of Health
Nutrition is not just about fueling our bodies; it’s about providing them with the building blocks they need to thrive. Think of it as constructing a magnificent castle. If you want that castle to stand strong, tall, and resilient, you must ensure that each brick is of high quality and placed with precision. Similarly, your body’s health is directly linked to the quality and quantity of nutrients you provide it.
Balanced nutrition is like the master architect that ensures every aspect of your health and well-being is well taken care of. It’s the magic wand that can transform you from feeling sluggish and unwell to feeling vibrant and full of life. Let’s delve into the importance of balanced nutrition for health and explore some practical tips to achieve it.
🥗 The Benefits of Balanced Nutrition
- Sustained Energy: Balanced nutrition provides your body with a steady supply of energy throughout the day. The right mix of carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats keeps you energized and alert.
- Optimal Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight becomes more accessible when you consume a balanced diet. It prevents overeating and reduces the risk of obesity.
- Enhanced Immune Function: A well-balanced diet bolsters your immune system, making you less susceptible to illnesses and infections.
- Improved Mental Health: The connection between nutrition and mental health is profound. Nutrient-rich foods can have a positive impact on your mood, reducing the risk of depression and anxiety.
- Strong Bones and Teeth: Calcium and vitamin D from a balanced diet are essential for strong bones and teeth. It’s not just about milk; leafy greens and fortified foods can help too.
- Glowing Skin and Healthy Hair: Your skin and hair are reflections of your internal health. A diet rich in vitamins and minerals ensures a radiant complexion and lustrous locks.
- Reduced Risk of Chronic Diseases: A balanced diet can lower the risk of chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
- Improved Digestion: Fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains aids in digestion and prevents gastrointestinal issues.
🍽️ What Does a Balanced Diet Look Like?
Achieving balanced nutrition is not about following strict rules or depriving yourself of your favorite foods. It’s about making wise choices and incorporating a variety of nutrients into your daily meals. Here’s what a balanced diet typically includes:
- Fruits and Vegetables: Aim for a colorful array of fruits and veggies, as each color represents different essential nutrients. They are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants.
- Proteins: Include lean sources of protein, such as poultry, fish, beans, and tofu, to support muscle development and overall health.
- Whole Grains: Opt for whole grains like brown rice, whole wheat bread, and oats to provide sustained energy and essential nutrients.
- Healthy Fats: Include sources of healthy fats like avocados, nuts, and olive oil. These fats are crucial for brain health and maintaining healthy skin.
- Dairy or Dairy Alternatives: Dairy products or fortified dairy alternatives like almond milk provide calcium and vitamin D for strong bones.
- Hydration: Don’t forget the importance of staying hydrated with water. It’s vital for nearly every function in your body.
- Moderation: While indulging in the occasional treat is perfectly acceptable, try to limit foods high in sugar, salt, and saturated fats.
- Portion Control: Pay attention to portion sizes to avoid overeating. A balanced diet also means eating in moderation.
- Listen to Your Body: Your body knows when it’s hungry and when it’s full. Tune in to your body’s hunger cues to eat mindfully.
🥑 Practical Tips for Achieving Balanced Nutrition
Now that you understand the importance of balanced nutrition, let’s explore some practical tips to help you implement it in your daily life:
- Meal Planning: Plan your meals in advance to ensure that you have a variety of nutritious options available. This can prevent impulsive, unhealthy choices.
- Read Labels: Familiarize yourself with food labels to make informed choices about the nutritional content of packaged foods.
- Cook at Home: Cooking your meals allows you to control the ingredients and portion sizes. It’s also a fun and creative way to experiment with new recipes.
- Mindful Eating: Slow down during meals and savor each bite. This can help prevent overeating and promote better digestion.
- Eat a Rainbow: Include a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables in your diet to ensure you’re getting a wide range of nutrients.
- Include Healthy Snacks: Keep nutritious snacks like nuts, yogurt, or cut-up veggies on hand to curb hunger between meals.
- Limit Processed Foods: Processed foods are often high in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats. Minimize their consumption.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay properly hydrated, and consider herbal teas or infused water for variety.
- Seek Professional Advice: If you have specific dietary needs or health concerns, consult a registered dietitian or nutritionist for personalized guidance.
- Enjoy Food with Others: Sharing meals with loved ones can be a source of joy and connection. It also encourages mindful eating.
🍎 Teaching the Next Generation About Balanced Nutrition
Passing on the knowledge of balanced nutrition is not only an investment in our own health but also in the well-being of future generations. Educating children about the importance of a balanced diet can set them on a path toward a lifetime of good health. Here are some ways to teach kids about balanced nutrition:
- Be a Role Model: Children often model their behavior after adults. Show them that you enjoy and prioritize nutritious foods.
- Involve Them in Cooking: Let children help with meal preparation. It’s an excellent opportunity to teach them about different ingredients and their benefits.
- Explore Together: Visit local farmers’ markets, gardens, or orchards with your kids to foster a love for fresh and whole foods.
- Make It Fun: Use creative presentations and playful language to make healthy foods more appealing to children.
- Talk About Nutrients: Explain in simple terms how different foods contribute to their growth, energy, and overall health.
- Avoid Food Shaming: Encourage a positive attitude towards food, emphasizing balance rather than guilt.
- Celebrate Special Occasions: Teach children that occasional treats are part of a balanced diet and can be enjoyed in moderation.
🌱 The Power of Mindful Eating
In today’s fast-paced world, it’s easy to rush through meals
, mindlessly eating on the go. But practicing mindful eating can transform your relationship with food and enhance your overall well-being. Here are some steps to get you started:
- Slow Down: Take your time to savor each bite, appreciating the flavors, textures, and aromas of your food.
- Eliminate Distractions: Turn off the TV and put away your phone while eating. Focus on the meal in front of you.
- Chew Thoroughly: Chewing your food thoroughly aids digestion and helps you recognize when you’re full.
- Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to hunger and fullness cues. Eat when you’re hungry and stop when you’re satisfied.
- Be Grateful: Reflect on the journey your food took to reach your plate and express gratitude for the nourishment it provides.
- Enjoy Social Eating: When sharing a meal with friends or family, engage in conversation and enjoy the experience together.
🏋️♀️ Balanced Nutrition and Physical Activity
Balanced nutrition goes hand in hand with regular physical activity. They are like two best friends supporting your health and well-being. Physical activity helps you maintain a healthy weight, build muscle, and keep your cardiovascular system in top shape.
Here are some tips to strike a balance between nutrition and exercise:
- Pre-Workout Fuel: Eat a small, balanced meal or snack before exercising to provide your body with the energy it needs.
- Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration is essential during exercise. Drink water before, during, and after your workout.
- Post-Workout Recovery: After exercise, refuel with a balanced meal or snack that includes both protein and carbohydrates to aid recovery.
- Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to how your body responds to different foods and exercise routines. Everyone is unique, so what works for one person may not work for another.
- Set Realistic Goals: Aim for a balance between exercise and nutrition that suits your lifestyle and is sustainable in the long term.
- Consult a Professional: If you’re new to exercise or have specific fitness goals, consider seeking guidance from a personal trainer or exercise physiologist.
🌍 Balanced Nutrition and Sustainability
In today’s world, it’s essential to consider the environmental impact of our food choices. A balanced diet can also be a sustainable one, and making eco-conscious decisions when it comes to nutrition is increasingly crucial.
- Choose Locally Sourced Foods: Supporting local farmers and businesses can reduce the carbon footprint of your meals.
- Reduce Food Waste: Plan your meals, store food properly, and use leftovers creatively to minimize food waste.
- Eat Seasonally: Consuming foods that are in season reduces the energy and resources required to produce them.
- Opt for Plant-Based Options: Reducing meat consumption in favor of plant-based alternatives can have a positive impact on the environment.
- Reduce Packaging: Choose products with minimal packaging, and consider using reusable containers and bags.
- Educate Yourself: Stay informed about sustainable food choices and their impact on the planet.
🧘♀️ The Mind-Body Connection
Balanced nutrition is not just about physical health; it’s also intimately connected to our mental and emotional well-being. The foods we eat can affect our mood, cognitive function, and overall mental health.
Foods that can positively impact your mental health include:
- Fatty fish like salmon, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which support brain health.
- Dark leafy greens like spinach, high in folate, which may reduce the risk of depression.
- Berries, full of antioxidants, which may help combat oxidative stress in the brain.
- Nuts and seeds, providing healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals beneficial for mood and cognition.
Conversely, certain foods can negatively affect your mental health:
- High-sugar foods and drinks can lead to blood sugar spikes and crashes, impacting mood.
- Trans fats found in many processed and fried foods have been linked to an increased risk of depression.
- Excessive caffeine can lead to anxiety and disrupted sleep patterns.
By nurturing the mind-body connection through balanced nutrition, you can experience increased mental clarity, reduced stress, and a greater sense of well-being.
🌟 Conclusion: A Balanced Life Begins with Balanced Nutrition
Balanced nutrition is the cornerstone of a healthy and fulfilling life. It’s not about rigid rules or depriving yourself of your favorite treats; it’s about making thoughtful and informed choices that nurture your body and mind. By embracing the principles of balanced nutrition, you can enjoy sustained energy, maintain a healthy weight, boost your immune system, and improve your mental health.
Remember, the journey toward balanced nutrition is a personal one, and it’s okay to seek guidance from professionals who can help tailor a plan to your unique needs and goals. Whether you’re a parent teaching your children about the power of nutritious foods, a fitness enthusiast seeking the ideal diet for your workouts, or someone looking to boost your overall well-being, balanced nutrition can be your guiding light.
So, let’s raise our forks to a life filled with vibrant health, joy, and longevity. Embrace balanced nutrition, and you’ll be well on your way to becoming the best version of yourself—a healthier, happier you! 🍽️🌿💪🧡 | <urn:uuid:954a8b10-0a85-41b8-8d36-79e65259d8a6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://livegoodsmartly.com/power-of-balanced-nutrition/ | 2024-03-01T08:24:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.924901 | 2,764 | 3 | 3 | [
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[May 17, 2008
A Pre-modern History of the Culture of the Unfinished and the Discarded Drawing
The following text was commissioned by the Spanish artists magazine
Centro de Bajo Rendimiento“ for proyecto editorial No.1, 2008
Special thanks go to Toni Crabb.
The first drawing ever published in a state of declared unfinishedness appeared on November 28th, 1891, in the globally distributed magazine „The London Illustrated News“. In his memoirs, the author of the drawing, the American artist Joseph Pennell, describes the circumstances of the emergence and publication of what he calls an „interrupted sketch“.
In the spring of 1891, Pennell – a staunch racist – had travelled to Russia to explore the living conditions of the Eastern jews in order to launch an antisemitic report. Whilst making a sketch of a crowded marketplace in Berditchev in the Northern Ukraine, he was arrested by two Cossack policemen under the suspicion of being a military spy. Back in London, he offered his drawings to several magazines. They were accepted by the worldwide leading illustrated journal to which in preceding years he had regularly contributed travel reports: „The first Berditchev drawing was published in´The Illustrated London News´, after the editor, Clemens K. Shorter had asked me to´finish it´, he being, of course, unable to appreciate that it was a record of fact; it was the first sketch ever printed in that paper and had much to do with revolutionizing and freeing illustrated journalism from `finish´.“
Pennell was not only known as an influential illustrator, but also as an early historian and prolific writer on the art of illustration and on various printing techniques. So there is no way for him to ignore that his statement to have made the first sketch ever published in this venerable magazine was very far from being true. By the beginning of the 1890s, illustrated journalism, which had started with the „Illustrated London News“ in 1842, could look back on a long period of nearly thirty years of reproducing rough sketches by reporter artists known as “specials“ or „special artists“.
The 1850s had seen the rise of drawn reportage during the big event of the Crimean war, which had been staged as a picturesque media spectacle. Constantin Guys, who worked for French and British journals, had developed a very rough, stenogram-like sketching style mixing scribbles with written notes, in order to record his impressions of the swift military actions. Charles Baudelaire was very impressed by the topicality of Guys’s art and recognized in him the protoype of a new kind of artistic strategy which he called „modernité“. But the loose sketches of Guys and his likes were published in a completely transformed, unifying mode, translated into a conventional finished standard by editing draughtsmen and xylographers who worked in the factory-like art departments of the magazines. However, this period of editing was not to last very long. With the invention of photoxylography in the early 1860s it became more and more common to expose photos of the original sketches directly onto the woodblocks in order to preserve individual drawing styles and to execute facsimiles.
The effect of these new technical possibilities meant an improvement of the position of the ‚special artists’, who now began to sign what had previously been anonymous works. The 1870s saw the rise of a star cult of leading magazines’ main artists – among them Melton Prior, who covered more than 25 colonial wars for the “London Illustrated News“. Between campaigns, he would exhibit his drawings and hold lectures.
Prior developed a kind of snappy sketching style with handwritten inscriptions and captions that became an oft-imitated trademark. Among his many followers was also American illustrator Joseph Pennell, who fused Prior’s style with the manner of his teacher James Abbot McNeill Whistler.
So the act of publishing Pennell’s unfinished sketch itself can in no way be called innovative. However, what was indeed revolutionary was the concept of the drawing. From the days of the French-Prussian War, the act of getting arrested, together with a descriptive drawn document that stages this performance in a most effective way, was the best way to make a name for yourself as a reporter. Especially in the claustrophobic and paranoid situation of Paris under siege where numerous members of the international press were confined, even the slightest indication of making notes could give rise to moblaw or imprisonment. In decades to follow, the image of a special artist just getting arrested, drawn by himself from memory or drawn by a colleague, became topical in the pictorial press and nearly no reporter-artist-star would go without this central trophy of his craft.
However, unlike all former documents of arrested artists, the Pennell drawing is not an illustration of this act. Instead, it turns the temporal aspect of a transient sketch into a certificate of the artistic performance. The arrest itself was quite harmless and lasted only a few hours (and not thirty-six hours, as the subtitle of the drawing indicates), but the staging of the arrest was as effective as it could be in declaring an ordinary, loose sketch „interrupted“.
Pennell’s sketch is unique in that it reflects in an extremely condensed form the two main aspects of the art of the „specials“ in the second half of the 19th century: its being time-based and its stressing of the instantaneous, as well as its tendency to self-reflective performance.
On Sunday, the fourth of March, 1883, the French satirical journal „La Nouvelle Lune“ did not appear with the usual weekly caricature on its cover, but with a facsimile wood engraving of three portrait drawings. They looked quite unprofessional, as if made by somebody who takes pains in executing a satisfying portrait. Whereas the unaccomplished style was quite surprising in the context of a cover illustration, the name of the author, André Gill, was very familiar to the reader. Gill was the leading caricaturist of the second half of the 19th century in France, the founder of a new school of a very sophisticated emblematic style of political cartooning that specialized in a virtuoso, biting kind of portrait caricature. Gill had been the editor of various magazines like „La Lune“, „La Lune Rousse“ or „L’Eclipse“, which became famous for their constant struggle with censorship in the eras of the Second Empire and the Third Republic.
„La Nouvelle Lune“ had been founded by followers and admirers of André Gill, but, owing to his increasing ambitions as a painter and poet, the contributions expected from him and announced at the start of the journal’s publication became very rare. The last caricatures by him to be seen on the cover were from January 1st of the previous year. The two rough sketches showed Gill himself surrounded by his drawings, dressed in a nightgown, with shackles on his feet.
The image of the incarcerated caricaturist was a familiar topos of a craft that lived under the constant threat of accusations of libel, but here the caption read that Gill’s residence was not a prison cell but a hospital. Rumours spread and finally proved true that the famous artist whose popular logos had been the eclipse and the ill-omened moon of insanity had suffered from a mental breakdown and was locked up in a lunatic asylum.
So the set of portraits, published on March 1883, which on closer examination showed three different states of unaccomplishment, turned out to be a demonstration of a gradual improvement of Gill’s mental condition. But the confidence of his disciple and friend Emile Cohl, who had featured the portrait drawings in his journal and whose likeness Gill had tried to capture, failed. Gill finally died in the mental institution of Charenton in 1885 in a state of constant paralysis.
But while Gill vegetated though various states of insanity, he, whose continuous fight against censorship together with his various literary ambitions had formerly created a sense of identity in early Bohemian Montmartre culture, became the godfather and martyr of an artistic movement that is lately being considered the hotbed of the series of so called „revolutionary“ artistic movements of the 20th century starting with Dada and Surrealism and certainly not ending with Fluxus.
Combining diverse artistic disciplines such as poetry, acting, painting, sculpturing and illustration, this large grouping called itself „Les Arts Incohérents,“ and their declared intention was to form a merrily anarchic opposition against the withering, restricted professionalism of the official art world. Their first show took place in September 1883, six months after the publication of Gills inept drawings, in the same gallery where a few month later a benefit auction of Gill’s assets would take place. It was advertised as „ an exhibition of drawings by people who do not know how to draw,“ and its success was immense. More than 20 000 visitors surged into this central cultural event of the Paris society.
Whereas the reference to Gill in this initial exhibition was only to be found between the lines, – the decline of his professional drawing ability had obviously served as the ultimate example of the formation of a primary incoherent artistic quality – it was an explicit one in the subsequent show, which took place in 1886: The cover of the comprehensive catalogue, which was designed by Cohl, showed a person in a state of exaltation, about to be engulfed by the moon of insanity. Every visitor of the show was able to grasp the dramatic dimension behind this surface of gaiety and nonsense.
Most artworks that the Incohérents had displayed in their influential series of a total of four exhibitions had their origins in the subversive strategies of caricature culture whose long history dates back to the times of the Renaissance. Caricature culture was the huge incubator in which all kinds of despised, discarded and banned imagery were assimilated, refined and guised against the prosecutions of censorship. By the end of the 19th century its languages had reached a height of differentiated ways of expression and a richness of cryptic visual vocabulary that have never been matched since. The spectrum ran from severe kinds of raging punches with extreme deformations and deconstructions to subtle observations and complex mappings of hidden meanings with rebus-like images; concrete poetry was included, monochromy and collages, dreamlike nonsense, crude drawing styles in rough broadsheet-manners, mock salon art, mock advertising, as well as childish scribblings and remains of ambulant graffiti art, dating back from the early times of British radicalism. Caricaturists like Emile Cohl, Alfred le Petit, Albert Robida or Caran d’Ache, all members of the Incohérents, had a range of visual resources at their fingertips whose possibilities far exceeded those of Fine Art.
„Les Arts Incohérents“ marked a very crucial state of overlap, where the strange coded imagery of Caricature culture started to expand into the realms of highbrow art. But the fight against the scissors of Madame Anastacia, the purblind personification of censorship, who often was fooled by Gill and his likes, would no longer be an exterior one, – just as the concepts of „écriture automatique“ and of „art brut“ would only be a very short step further into the final loop of lapin agile. | <urn:uuid:c06191f2-00db-4cb4-a958-a2868ec25c46> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://meltonpriorinstitut.org/content/en/a-pre-modern-history-of-the-culture-of-the-unfinished-and-discarded-drawing-in-two-parts-alexander-roob/ | 2024-03-01T06:38:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.977165 | 2,429 | 2.921875 | 3 | [
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] |
Our pets live longer and are treated as part of the family, and seeing them suffer from any illness or injury is devastating. A decline in cognitive abilities characterizes dementia (Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome) and is not limited to humans but can affect animals, particularly seniors. If your beloved pet has been diagnosed with dementia by a qualified vet, knowing what to do next can be overwhelming.In this article, we discuss the signs, the importance of making small changes in the home, and a complementary feed that may help slow cognitive decline.
What is Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome?
CDS is another name for dementia. The condition is a degenerative brain disease with signs developing as your cat or dog’s brain ages.
Dementia causes everyday behaviour changes – the signs to look out for:
- Inability to learn new tricks or commands
- Forgetting house training
- Sat facing a wall
- General confusion in the home
- Howling or meowing loudly through the night
- Unable to tolerate rough and tumble with other pets or children
- Because of the above, dogs may become aggressive and cats may lash out with a paw
- Forgetting to eat
The statistics show that cognitive decline can affect 50% of dogs aged 11+ (also subtle changes may occur from 8 years old) and 68% in dogs aged 15+. In cats, the brain can begin to decline around 12 years old but typically from 15. The good news is that not every cat, dog, bird, rodent or rabbit will develop this condition. Any animal developing dementia will feel confused and frightened and needs its owner more than ever.
Akitivat is available for cats and dogs and can slow brain degeneration; it helped my geriatric cat Albert remember to eat. The product can be purchased online without a veterinary prescription. Alternatively, you can swap Akitivat for a veterinary own brand called RenewMe and lower the costs.
What are the signs of Dementia (Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome)?
I adopted a 16-year-old deaf cat called Albert, and eventually, I noticed forgetfulness and howling at night and find him sitting facing the lounge wall for no apparent reason.
Below are tables outlining signs of dementia in cats and dogs.
Vocalisation | Roaming |
Disorientation | Toileting outside the litter tray |
Reduced interest in play | Howling at night |
Forgetting schedules (dinner time) | Forgetting to eat |
Getting trapped or stuck in corners | Wandering aimlessly |
Staring at walls | Withdrawn and depressed |
Vocalisation | Getting trapped or stuck in corners |
Depression, anxiety, withdrawn | Disorientation |
Inability to learn | Toileting indoors |
Staring at walls | Pacing |
What do I do if I notice behavioural changes in my cat or dog?
It is easy to attribute minor behavioural changes to simple old age. And that may be all it is. I recommend keeping a diary detailing your pet’s behaviour, eating patterns, drinking, and toileting habits, which is especially handy if you need to relay them to your vet. It will help with a diagnosis. Your veterinary surgeon will examine your pet and suggest a blood test to rule out other conditions, such as pain, infection in the brain, deafness, blindness, and arthritis. I am not veterinary trained, so it is important to chat with your vet. This article is written from experience only.
So, because of my first-hand experience with the early stages of pet dementia, I suggest keeping your elderly dog on a lead when out walking and keeping your cat indoors unless you have a catio or cat-proof garden.
Check your garden for any hazards – it is about rethinking what is within the environment your pet and dog will live in. Make sure the garden is secure, so they cannot escape. Remember, your cat and dog are acting confused at home, so how will they survive outdoors if they get lost? They won’t. Many older pets lose sight and hearing, which will also hinder survival. At this stage, your pet needs your support more than ever.
My veterinary surgeon diagnosed dementia
Albert’s vet suggested I try a complementary feed called Aktivait. It is simple to use – just mix in with wet food or Weebox Lick-e-lix.
Watch the Video: It is easy to administer it if you have a cat or dog with memory loss.
Your veterinary surgeon will discuss medication appropriate for the early stages of dementia. Not many vets know of Aktivait, so please discuss it with your vet. The product can be purchased online from an approved pet pharmacy, but please look around as prices will vary, and some stores have discounts for first orders or free delivery.
To recap, Albert displayed the following:
- Staring at the walls
- Nighttime howling
- Forgetting to eat
- Deep sleep during the day
The RSPCA picked up Albert as a stray and weighed 2kg. Blood work revealed a thyroid issue and onset of kidney disease, so his weight fluctuated between 2.43kg and 3kg. Aktivait helped ease Albert’s signs.
How to administer tablet medication to your pet
Your vet may prescribe a tablet medication for dementia, or example, a thyroid condition. Albert’s vet opted for Aktivait for dementia and Vidalta tablet for his thyroid.
If you need to administer a tablet, then The EasyPill is an option. It is a flavoured, mouldable putty, and you push a tablet inside. However, getting your pet to eat it may be difficult because dementia can cause agitation if you get your pet to do something out of its normal routine, so you may need to improvise. Albert loved chicken, so I popped his tablet inside this, and he ate it.
How to give Aktivait powder to your pet
The powder comes in capsule form and a box of 60. As the daily feed worked through his system, his eating habits changed, and he ate a full sachet daily. Okay, it wasn’t much, but it was something. I sat with him as he ate and topped up his bowl with wet food, a spoonful at a time. I found this compelling too.
You need to re-think home and outdoor life with your pet
I recommend keeping to the same routine for the following:
- Food time
- Location of the feeding station
- Treat times
- The time you get up
- The time you go to bed
- Short dog walks
- Keep furniture in the same place
- Keep your pets’ bedding, water bowls etc. in the same place
- If possible, do not change anything
- Be observant of any dangerous hazards
Albert selected a spot in the kitchen to tell me he was hungry – he sat on an old kitchen sofa, so I fed him there. This was a habit during the evening but also periodically during the day. Because he ate very little, I fed him whenever he was hungry and giving him Aktivait seemed to help his memory and ease confusion.
Example of a cat becoming agitated when removed from a safe zone
You may find your pet becomes distressed during veterinary trips and at the practice. Events, changes in the environment, different scents or being handled by a stranger may make your pet anxious. It will depend on the stage the dementia is at and your pet’s past. Albert could not cope because of dementia and because it was obvious he had hardly been handled in his earlier life.
Albert was deaf too. In the consultation room, I would pick him up, cradle him, and murmur into his neck, hoping my voice’s vibrations and scent would soothe him. This theory was a success. Forewarn your vet that your pet gets agitated. Everything took longer than normal with Albert, and his senior vet became upset because the appointment overrun.
An animal will forget to groom itself and may need help washing. Claws must be cut as the layers build up and claws become thick and chunky. Nail clipping is free if registered under the Pet Health Care Scheme.
Fur will become matted too, so keep up with extra brushing. Because Albert was picked up as a stray, the RSPCA clipped him but he was still fairly matted. Eventually, Albert stayed at the vet’s for a day for a de-mat and blood tests.
How do you cope when your pet gets dementia?
It is an emotional rollercoaster, and so hard to see an animal you love lost in a world of confusion. Because Albert came to live with me at a geriatric age, the signs began quickly, so for me, it was how he was.
But one day, you know the brain has deteriorated so much that your pet does not remember who you are. Albert did not reach that level, but there will be many of you out there who have experienced the pain.
How are you supposed to feel throughout the worry and heartbreak?
You will have thoughts of:
Are you keeping your pet alive for you?
We all go through that, whatever the illness is. You may become deeply tired because the nighttime howling keeps you awake.
Unfortunately, dementia will worsen, but with Aktivait, love and patience may help. And please remember how much you are helping your pet and be proud of yourself.
Points to think of at home
I purchased two motion sensor battery-operated lights, which I placed in areas where Albert would walk. These lights reduced the nighttime howling by at least 80%. However, these are now unavailable. Recently (August 2022), we bought a pack of LED light strips for my cat Tabitha who went blind overnight.
I recommend buying lights with rechargeable batteries or a USB cable. Ours take standard batteries. But if buying with rechargeable batteries, you have the added expense of purchasing a battery charger.
Give your pet all your love. Do not punish them for any indiscretions. Watch your pet’s body language and general signs. Your dog may not tolerate other pets in the home, and when you go out, you may need to put them in separate rooms or use a baby gate. A dog or cat may become aggressive, but dementia causes behaviour changes. Young children might pull or cuddle your pet but may cause distress to your pet.
Be wary of obstacles around the house. What may not present a danger to us, will be a danger to a pet with dementia. I heard Albert howling, and I got up and came downstairs. My bra was dangling from the bathroom door handle and somehow Albert had put his head through the strap. When trying to free himself, the strap had tightened to a noose. It was terrifying, but because Albert had dementia, he sat there calmly. He was fine.
So ensure hazards in your home and garden are removed.
- Open cupboards
- keep walkways clear
- Open fires
- Full bathtubs and buckets
- Straps from handbags can be a danger
- Paws-itively amazing deals & sale products (included approved retailers)
- Aktivait – complementary feed to help dementia (recommended by my vet)
- Protecting a pet with dementia after your death
- Is my thin cat sick? – Hyperthyroid
- Does your pet insurance include a FREE video vet?
- Budget-friendly pet care – swap expensive products for lower-priced ones
Will my pet develop dementia?
Not necessarily, so please do not start worrying. Keep an eye on your cat or dog’s behaviour as they age. Molly was 20 and confused about where her litter tray was for a period, but it did not last. If you have any concerns, please talk to your vet.
I’m worried about who will look after my pet after my death
Please remember that your pet may outlive you, so please make provisions to keep your pet safe after your death.
Will my pet forget me?
Like humans with dementia, our pets may one day forget who they are. Dementia may or may not cause deterioration to the point they show you they are ready to ‘go’. Enjoying your time together and being there for one another is vital.
It is important to remember that your pet needs a quality of life and if they are suffering because they cannot function to their true abilities and are unhappy, then yes, it is time to say goodbye. That is the hardest thing for animal lovers especially if our furballs have been with us since a kitten or puppy.
In memory of Albert
My boy died unexpectedly in my arms on 7th January 2017 from a blood clot in his left leg. His weight was too low to operate. My boy just slipped away to Rainbow Bridge in seconds.
This article does not give medical veterinary advice. Please consult your licensed veterinary surgeon for professional medical advice who will advise on health tests for your pet. | <urn:uuid:07110644-dabe-4e1e-b325-c322af28255a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://poppys-pets.com/my-pet-has-been-diagnosed-with-dementia-whats-next/ | 2024-03-01T08:17:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.957364 | 2,710 | 2.625 | 3 | [
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Dental health is often seen as a purely aesthetic concern, but the health of your teeth and gums can have a significant impact on your overall body health. In fact, research has shown that there is a strong connection between your oral health and your overall physical health, with poor dental health being linked to a range of health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and even pregnancy complications.
One of the primary ways that poor dental health can affect your body is through the presence of bacteria in your mouth. Your mouth is home to a wide variety of bacteria, both good and bad. The bad bacteria can lead to the development of dental issues such as tooth decay and gum disease. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to the release of bacteria into the bloodstream, which can then travel to other parts of the body and cause a range of health problems. This is just one more way of how dental health affects body health.
One of the most well-known examples of this is the connection between poor dental health and heart disease. Research has shown that people with gum disease are more likely to develop heart disease, and the bacteria from gum disease has been found in the fatty deposits in the arteries of people with heart disease. In addition, people with gum disease are also more likely to have high levels of inflammation in their body, which has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease. This is just one more way of how dental health affects body health.
Another way that poor dental health can affect your wellness is through the development of oral infections. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and they can range from mild (such as a cold sore) to severe (such as an abscessed tooth). Oral infections can be painful and uncomfortable, but they can also spread to other parts of the body if they are not treated promptly. For example, an abscessed tooth can spread to the jaw and cause a dangerous infection, while a viral infection such as herpes can spread to the eyes and cause vision problems. This is just one more way how dental health affects body health.
Poor dental health can also affect your overall physical health in other ways. For example, people with dental issues such as tooth decay and gum disease are more likely to experience chronic pain, difficulty eating and speaking, and a reduced quality of life. In addition, poor dental health has been linked to a range of other health conditions, including diabetes, pregnancy complications, and even respiratory problems.
One of the key ways to maintain good dental health and prevent these health issues is by practicing good oral hygiene. This means brushing your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using mouthwash to kill bacteria and freshen your breath. It’s also important to visit your dentist regularly for checkups and cleanings, as they can help to prevent and detect dental issues early on, when they are easier to treat.
In addition to practicing good oral hygiene, there are other things you can do to maintain good dental health and protect your overall physical health. Dentists will love you for it! For example, you can:
- Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks, as they can contribute to tooth decay and gum disease
- Quit smoking, as it can increase your risk of gum disease and oral cancer
- Drink plenty of water, as it can help to wash away bacteria and food debris from your mouth ( filtration water treatment can be hugely helpful here)
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, as they can help to keep your teeth and gums strong
Overall, it’s clear that the health of your teeth and gums can have a major impact on your overall physical health. By practicing good oral hygiene and making other healthy lifestyle choices, you can help to protect your dental health and reduce your risk of developing a range of health issues. So don’t neglect your dental health – take care of your teeth and gums, and they’ll take care of you. Dentists offices are a lot better than rehabilitation centers after massive surgery!
Dental implants are a popular option for replacing missing or damaged teeth. Unlike traditional dentures or bridges, which rest on top of the gums, tooth implants are surgically inserted into the jawbone and function as artificial tooth roots. This allows a dental implant to provide a more stable and permanent solution for tooth replacement.
There are several benefits to using dental implants, including:
Improved appearance: Dental implants look and feel just like natural teeth, so they can restore the natural appearance of your smile. This can help to improve your confidence and self-esteem.
Improved function: Because dental implants are securely anchored in the jawbone, they provide a stable and strong foundation for chewing and speaking. This can make it easier to eat your favorite foods and speak clearly and confidently.
Improved oral health: Dental implants do not require the use of adhesives or other attachments, so they do not affect the surrounding teeth. This can help to preserve the health of your natural teeth and prevent further tooth loss.
Long-lasting: With proper care and maintenance, dental implants can last for many years, sometimes even for a lifetime. This can provide a long-term solution for tooth replacement, eliminating the need for repeated dental procedures.
Natural-looking: Because dental implants are designed to blend in with your natural teeth, they are virtually undetectable. This can help to create a more natural-looking smile.
Overall, dental implants can provide many benefits for improving the appearance, function, and health of your teeth. If you are considering tooth replacement, talk to your dentist about the possibility of using dental implants.
While dental implants can provide many benefits for dental health, it’s important to be aware of the potential risks and complications associated with the procedure. In some cases, dental implants can affect both dental and overall health.
One of the main risks associated with dental implants is the possibility of infection. The surgical site where the implants are inserted must be kept clean and free of bacteria in order to prevent infection. If an infection does occur, it can cause the implant to fail and may require additional treatment, such as antibiotics or even removal of the implant.
Another potential complication of dental implants is nerve damage. The nerves in the jawbone can be damaged during the implant surgery, which can result in numbness, tingling, or even pain in the teeth, gums, and surrounding area. In rare cases, nerve damage can be permanent.
In addition to the potential risks associated with the surgery itself, dental implants can also affect overall health in other ways. For example, some people may experience an allergic reaction to the materials used in the implants, such as titanium or ceramic. In addition, the use of dental implants can put additional strain on the surrounding teeth, which can cause those teeth to become damaged or even lost over time.
It’s important to carefully consider the potential risks and complications of dental implants before undergoing the procedure. While dental implants can provide many benefits for dental health, it’s important to weigh the potential risks and discuss them with your dentist in order to make an informed decision.
In addition to the potential risks and complications, it’s also important to maintain good oral hygiene and visit your dentist regularly in order to keep your dental implants healthy and functional. This includes brushing and flossing regularly, using mouthwash to kill bacteria, and avoiding sugary and acidic foods and drinks that can cause tooth decay and other dental issues.
Overall, dental implants can be a valuable solution for replacing missing or damaged teeth. However, it’s important to be aware of the potential risks and complications, and to maintain good oral hygiene and visit your dentist regularly in order to protect both your dental health and your overall health.
TMJ, or temporomandibular joint disorder, is a condition that affects the joints that connect the lower jaw to the skull. It is a common cause of pain and discomfort in the face, jaw, and neck, and it can have a significant impact on your overall health and well-being.
One of the main ways that TMJ can harm your health is by causing chronic pain and discomfort. The pain associated with TMJ can range from mild to severe, and it can be constant or intermittent. It can also affect your ability to eat, speak, and perform other daily activities. In severe cases, TMJ pain can interfere with sleep and cause fatigue, irritability, and other symptoms of chronic pain. This is just one more way of how dental health affects body health.
Another way that TMJ can harm your health is by causing problems with the teeth and mouth. TMJ can cause the teeth to become misaligned, which can lead to tooth decay, gum disease, and other dental issues. It can also cause the jaw to shift out of alignment, which can lead to problems with biting and chewing. In addition, TMJ can cause the muscles in the face and neck to become tense and painful, which can lead to headaches, facial pain, and other symptoms.
Fortunately, an orthodontist can help to diagnose and treat TMJ. An orthodontist is a dental specialist who focuses on the alignment of the teeth and jaws. They can use a range of treatments, such as braces, retainers, and splints, to help correct the misalignment of the jaw and relieve the symptoms of TMJ.
If you are experiencing pain and discomfort in the face, jaw, or neck, it’s important to see an orthodontist for a thorough evaluation. They can help to determine the cause of your symptoms and provide the appropriate treatment to relieve your pain and improve your overall health and well-being.
In addition to seeking treatment from an orthodontist, there are also some things you can do at home to help manage the symptoms of TMJ. These include:
- Practicing good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing regularly, to prevent tooth decay and gum disease
- Avoiding hard or chewy foods that can strain the jaw muscles and cause pain
- Avoiding habits that can strain the jaw muscles, such as chewing gum, grinding your teeth, or clenching your jaw
- Using moist heat or cold packs to help relieve muscle tension and pain
Overall, TMJ can have a significant impact on your health and well-being. If you are experiencing symptoms of TMJ, see an orthodontist for an evaluation and treatment. With the right care, you can relieve your pain and improve your overall health and quality of life.
Eyes for Your Teeth
An optometrist is a healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of vision problems. While they are typically known for providing vision care, optometrists can also play a role in maintaining dental health. Some Medicare services offer optometry services as part of their plan.
One of the ways that an optometrist can help with dental health is by detecting signs of oral health problems during a routine eye exam. During an eye exam, the optometrist will carefully examine the eyes, including the front and back of the eye, and may also use specialized equipment to check for signs of health issues. This can include looking for changes in the blood vessels in the eye, which can be an early sign of gum disease.
In addition to detecting signs of oral health problems, an optometrist can also help to prevent dental health issues by providing advice on maintaining good oral hygiene. For example, they may recommend using a mouthwash to kill bacteria and freshen breath, or suggest avoiding sugary and acidic foods and drinks that can contribute to tooth decay and gum disease. This is just one more way of how dental health affects body health.
Finally, an optometrist can also provide treatment for certain oral health conditions that affect the eyes. For example, they may prescribe medication or recommend other treatments for eye infections caused by bacteria or fungi that originate in the mouth.
Overall, while an optometrist is primarily focused on providing vision care, they can also play a role in maintaining dental health. By detecting signs of oral health problems and providing advice on maintaining good oral hygiene, optometrists can help to protect both your eyes and your teeth. | <urn:uuid:b3630fbf-167f-42c1-ac8e-c17d8dfdb45c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://preventtoothdecay.org/how-dental-health-affects-body-health/ | 2024-03-01T07:48:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.954396 | 2,519 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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] |
What is a Canon event? complete guide 2024
In the context of superhero comics, a canon event is an event that is considered to be part of the official continuity of the universe. This means that the events of the canon event are considered to have happened in the real world of the superhero universe, and they can be referenced and used in future stories.
Canon events are often used to introduce new characters, new concepts, or new status quos into the superhero universe. They can also be used to resolve major storylines or to shake up the status quo.
Some examples of canonical events include:
- The Death of Superman: This event, which was published in 1992, saw the death of the iconic superhero Superman. The event was met with widespread fanfare and helped to revitalize the Superman franchise.
- Civil War: This event, which was published in 2006, saw the superhero community divided over the issue of government registration. The event was a critical and commercial success, and it helped to introduce new characters like Captain America and Iron Man.
- Secret Wars: This event, which was published in 2015, saw the Marvel Universe collide with the Ultimate Universe. The event was a massive crossover event that involved hundreds of characters, and it helped to reset the Marvel Universe.
Canon events are an important part of the superhero comic book genre. They help to keep the continuity of the universe consistent, and they provide opportunities for writers to introduce new characters and concepts. Canon events can also be used to shake up the status quo and create new storylines.
What is a Canon event?
A “canon event” usually refers to an event or occurrence that is officially recognized and accepted as part of the established storyline or continuity within a fictional universe, such as in literature, film, television, or other forms of media. In other words, it’s an event that is considered to have actually happened within the context of that fictional world.
In the context of a fictional franchise, like a book series, movie series, or TV show, there can be various stories, characters, and events. Some of these might be considered part of the official storyline, while others might exist in alternate realities, spin-offs, or adaptations. The events and details that are accepted as part of the main storyline and directly contribute to the ongoing narrative are considered “canon.”
For example, in the Star Wars universe, the events of the original trilogy (Episodes IV–VI) are considered canon because they are the main storyline established by the creators. However, certain expanded universe materials, like novels and comics that were released before Disney’s acquisition of Lucasfilm, were later rebranded as “Legends” and are no longer considered part of the official canon.
In summary, a canon event is a significant occurrence within a fictional universe that is officially recognized and integrated into the main storyline or continuity of that universe.
What do Canon and non-Canon mean in Marvel?
Canon would mean an established official storyline. For example…
In the MCU, it is said that Thanos is an alien from another planet (Titan, once a rich, lush planet) who wanted to obliterate half of all life in the universe to save it from itself. In the comics, it is canon that the Thanos species, the Eternals, came from Earth but had colonized Titan (Saturn’s largest moon) millennia ago, and that he wiped out half of all life to impress a girl.
“Non-cannon” means your sailing vessel wasn’t sunk by a cannon.
Now, non-canon would mean something that isn’t the established, official Marvel storyline…
such as Batman taking out Hulk with a smoke bomb and a kick to the stomach.
What does canon mean?
Canon refers to the internal consistency of events in a fictional world or universe.
For example, the events in the Star Wars films are canon. However, the expanded material (books, comics, etc.) is no longer considered canon, so what has happened in the stories in the expanded material didn’t happen.
So, Vader, being Luke’s father, is a cannon.
Luke having been killed (I’m making this up, just as an example) at a later point in his life, years after the events in the latest film before the Force Awakens, would now not be considered canon, so the films can contradict this.
What does it mean if something is a canon?
Originally, a canon was a cleric who lived in the precinct of the cathedral. The word meant a priest who was under a bishop.
In the Anglican church, some canons are laypersons or not ordained. The title is also given to some senior or retired priests as an honorary title.
Best regards, Bob
What does the word “canon” mean?
The term canon is derived by transliteration from the Greek word kanon, which means a “measuring rod,” “rule,” or “norm.”. In popular usage, the term canon refers to the collection of individual books that together comprise the Old and New Testaments. It is the complete list of books that was received by the church and codified into what we call the Bible.
The word bible comes from the Greek word for “book.”. Strictly speaking, the Bible is not a book but a collection of 66 books. At least the classical Protestant Bible contains 66 books. The Roman Catholic Bible includes the Apocrypha and, therefore, contains more than 66 books. This difference illustrates the ongoing debate as to the precise nature of the canon. Rome and historic Protestantism disagree about the proper makeup of the biblical canon. Protestant creeds exclude the Apocrypha from the canon.
This disagreement about the Apocrypha points to the larger issue that surrounds the question of canon. How was the canon established? By whose authority? Is the Canon closed to further additions? These and other questions address the broader issue of the nature of the biblical canon.
What does it mean when they refer to a show as a canon?
To refer to something as “canon” means that it is the official source material for a particular story. I think the term originated because we sometimes have so many fanfics everywhere, and it’s kind of confusing what was stated by the actual creators and what wasn’t.
Canon: Written by the original creator.
Fanfic: Written by some person on the internet who wants to add something.
How do you explain Canon?
Japanese optical technology, and the integration of lens and camera, is and has been an enormous business serving both amateur and professional users. Before Nikon, Canon, and others, the camera and lens business was dominated by European manufacturers, like Leica. The photojournalist darling of the war journalists became Nikon with their F1 series. The Vietnam War made Nikon a household name, and their cameras developed a reputation for durability. You could look through an eyepiece and see exactly what the lens sees, rather than look through an eyepiece that allows you to see the “scene,” but with marks to show the effect of the lens from wide to telephoto. You could screw a 105mm lens onto your Leica, but what you saw through the eyepiece was not telescoped!
meansDeveloping reflex bodies means using what you see, which is what the lens sees, rather than the old screw-lens paralex cameras. Naturally, Nikon built bodies to sell lenses, and vice versa, and evolutionarily, that led to electronic versus mechanical integration. Lens manufacturers developed unique locking mechanisms to “key” the lens to the camera body.
All of this simply means that companies competed with one another to sell equipment, like Toyota and Honda. For a long time, Canon did not have competitive camera bodies, although they had superlative, sometimes superior lenses. Often, the lens forces the user to adapt to the limitations of the body. If you look at sporting events, you will see a plethora of Canon lenses attached to Canon camera bodies. We cannot have one without the other. Canon has always been a superlative manufacturer of high-end optics, more than competitive with the Europeans. And developed still and movie cameras to expand their amateur and professional business models.
Other than use specificity, I favor Nikon; it is just a personal choice, and there are other fine cameras. I chose to buy a Bridge camera, which has a built-in long telephoto lens. That avoids carrying and dealing with a variety of wide, medium, and long telephoto lenses and saves weight!
What is a Canon in the Church?
Kanonas, in Greek, means simply a rule.
Besides the Canon of Scripture, there are cathedral canons in each diocese and cathedral, senior clergy who have a special responsibility for the cathedral liturgy. They meet in chapter every so often, but I’m not sure what they really do apart from have a monthly mass followed by lunch together. Sometimes they celebrate morning and evening prayers in common if they reside close by. In some dioceses, they constitute the bishop’s Council of Consultors.
The canon of the Mass is the Eucharistic Prayer, the central section containing the words of consecration, which the priest recites alone.
Then there are the Canons of Canon Law—the individual laws within the Code of Canon Law—some 1752 of them.
What does “Canon” mean?
There are other meanings in English that come from a root meaning a reed that you use as a measuring stick, and hence the word is used in various contexts about following a rule.
In music, if each voice repeats what another is singing or playing (following it as a rule or guide), you have a canon. If the canon can repeat endlessly, it is called a round, like “Row, Row, Row Your Boat.”
A particular leader in a cathedral is called the canon. Ecclesiastical law is called canon law.
So the word gets around.
You have here what sounds like a good answer if you meant the camera company. I thought I’d throw this in in case that is not what you meant.
What is a Canon in the Church?
The canon is simply the text, letters, books, and scrolls that are deemed to be authoritative and make up the “official authoritative scripture collection,” commonly referred to as a Bible. A Bible is simply a book of books.
The word “canon” means “ruler” or “measuring stick” in Greek.
So take a book like the Christian Bible. While there are many religious and historical writings from the 1st century and early church, not all of them made it into the official canon. For example, Catholic Bibles have additional collection books called the Apocrypha, which are part of the Catholic Canon but not the Protestant Canon.
The Mormon Christians of the Church of Latter Day Saints canonized three additional texts from Joseph Smith, which are: the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine of the Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. They treat these books as authoritative.
Looking at the Jewish or Hebrew Bible, the Jews did not canonize or accept the books of the Christian New Testament or treat them as authoritative. Doing so would end the Jewish religion by fulfilling the Mosaic Law and prophecies of the Messiah.
Muslims developed the Islamic canon based on the revelations of their one and only prophet Mohammed, who rejected the Hebrew and Christian canons as corrupted through additions and subtractions. Even though Islamic scholars maintain the Christian Bible has been altered, they point to this text as the source of their prophets authority.
What is a canon?
The word comes from the ancient Greek kanon, which means a rule or guide. The Italian is ‘canonae’ meaning the same. Most derivations and uses of the word are close to the same. An artillery piece called by that name guides a projectile. Canon law in the church guides the people, hopefully in the right direction. A canyon is seen to guide a river, etc. The camera’s name has some kind of legend attached to it; however, I don’t know if that is true. It seems that the camera was named because its’ makers think it “shoots straight,” but there may be some double meaning attached.
What does the word “canon” mean?
The Greek word κανών meant something like a measure or a standard. It came to be used as the term for scriptural texts that were considered authoritative in early Christianity. The term has come to refer to the body of artistic and philosophical work that is composed of those works that have made it through the filter of historical forgetfulness and are regarded as indispensable or truly excellent.
What do canon and non-canon mean in Marvel?
In the Marvel Universe, “canon” refers to the official and accepted continuity of events, characters, and storylines that are recognized as part of the established Marvel Comics lore. These are narratives that contribute to the overarching history of the Marvel Universe and are considered genuine and official within that continuity. On the other hand, “non-canon” or “alternative universe” refers to stories, events, or interpretations that deviate from the established continuity. These may include “What If?” scenarios, alternate timelines, or stories that don’t impact the main narrative. While entertaining, non-canon material is not considered part of the official Marvel storyline.
What is the difference between a canon and a non-canon?
Canon is a brand name. The question “What is the difference between a canon and a non-canon?” would be similar to “What is the difference between a Toyota and a non-Toyota?”
So the difference of canon and non-canon is that Canon is the product, especially camera, produced by Canon Inc., while Non-Canon produced by other company such as Sony, Nikon, Fuji Camera, etc.
Canon Inc. is a Japanese company founded on August 10, 1937, as Precision Optical Industry Co. Ltd. by Takeshi Mitarai, along with Saburo Uchida, Takeo Maeda, and Goro Yoshida.
What is a zoom event?
I’d say there are two levels of understanding of what a Zoom event is (assuming you mean the online communication tool Zoom).
- an event that is hosted on Zoom (virtual and hybrid events, like webinars, online conferences, gatherings, workshops, etc.)
- theoretically, any video call or meeting that is happening on Zoom can be called an event (just like a life event, which is something that happened in your life at some certain time)
Is it true that Nikon sensors are superior to Canon’s in image quality?
In lab tests with proprietary scoring and test conditions, Nikon beats Canon in tests that somehow intended to measure the sensor independent of the camera. I don’t shoot lab tests, and I use my sensor with a camera, so those tests don’t seem terribly important.
In real life, some of my competitors have used Nikon; I use Canon, and my images get me asked to come back and paid to do so. My subject matter is demanding action sports in poor lighting through a chain link fence. My clients have specifically called out the vivid and accurate colors in my photos. I see noise when I am editing, and there are so many other things to be critical of, but the end result looks great, and the end result is what matters.
The biggest factor that differentiates the two brands, in my opinion, is the user interface, and that is subjective. Each person will have their own opinion about which feels more natural to them, and each person is 100% right about their opinion for themselves. If you like the feel of Nikon better, that’s better for you. I am comfortable with the way Canon cameras are laid out; the buttons and dials feel intuitive to me. If you are trying to decide between the two, I would say to trust your gut, not a lab test, unless you are buying your camera to do lab tests.
What’s your canon event?
I don’t have a specific canon event or storyline, as I am a machine learning model created by OpenAI, known as GPT-3.5. I don’t have personal experiences, a storyline, or a predetermined set of events. My purpose is to assist and provide information to the best of my ability based on the input I receive. If you have any questions or topics you’d like information on, feel free to ask!
What does a Canon event mean on Instagram?
On Instagram, the term “canon event” is not a standard or widely recognized term. Instagram is a social media platform primarily focused on sharing photos and videos. In the context of Instagram, discussions usually revolve around features, updates, trends, and content shared by users.
If someone is using the term “canon event” on Instagram, it may be specific to a particular community or niche interest, and its meaning might depend on the context of the conversation. In general, on social media platforms, terms and phrases can sometimes emerge within specific groups or communities, and their meanings might not be universally understood.
If you have a specific context or use case in mind, providing more details could help in giving a more accurate interpretation.
What does canon event mean in slang?
As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, there isn’t a widely recognized slang meaning for “canon event.” Slang can vary greatly across different regions and communities, and new terms may emerge over time. If “canon event” has gained a specific slang meaning since then, I wouldn’t be aware of it.
If this term is part of a specific subculture, online community, or has emerged in certain contexts, its meaning might be more localized. In such cases, you might want to check the latest sources within the community or context where the term is used to get the most accurate and up-to-date meaning.
What’s a canon event example?
A “canon event” typically refers to an event or storyline within a fictional universe, such as a book series, movie franchise, TV show, or video game, that is officially recognized as part of the established and accepted narrative. In other words, it’s an event that is considered to be part of the official and authoritative story.
An example of a canon event could be found in the “Harry Potter” book series. The battle of Hogwarts, where Harry and his friends face off against Voldemort and his Death Eaters, is a significant canon event. It is a pivotal moment in the overall narrative and is recognized as part of the official storyline created by J.K. Rowling.
In contrast, fan fiction or alternate storylines created by fans might not be considered canon, as they are not part of the officially recognized narrative established by the original creator or the franchise’s official creators.
Is the Canon event real?
In the context of fictional universes, like those found in books, movies, or other media, a “canon event” is not real in the sense that it happened in the real world. It refers to events or storylines within the fictional narrative created by the author, filmmaker, or other creators. These events are considered official and part of the established story.
For example, if there’s a significant battle or a key moment in a book series, it’s a canon event within the fictional world of that series. However, it doesn’t have any impact on the real world, and the characters, events, and settings are products of the creator’s imagination.
In contrast, when people use the term “real” in everyday language, they usually refer to events or things that exist in the tangible, non-fictional world. So, while canon events are real within the context of the fictional world they belong to, they are not real in the sense of happening in our everyday reality.
What is the meaning of Rizz?
As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, “Rizz” doesn’t have a widely recognized or specific meaning in English. It could be a name, a nickname, or possibly a term used within a specific community or context. Keep in mind that slang terms, nicknames, or colloquial expressions can vary, and new terms may emerge over time.
If “Rizz” is being used in a particular context, community, or as part of a specific language or subculture, the meaning might be more localized. To get the most accurate and up-to-date information, you may want to inquire within the specific group or context where you encountered the term.
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Africa is blessed with enormous mineral, human and material resources that when efficiently and effectively tapped and utilised, will lead to desired growth and development.
Despite its huge potential, the continent, over the years, has battled the bane of economic transformation and industrialisation.
Industrialisation is the process of transforming the economy of a nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing on a wide scale.
Statistics show that many countries of the world have achieved economic transformation through industrialisation that has led to increased labour productivity, rising Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, improved livelihoods, increased employment rate, high income and poverty reduction.
The industrialisation process, therefore, is at the forefront of Africa’s development, driving its economic future and capacity to create jobs at scale for a rapidly increasing young population.
Experts believe an industrialised Africa is possible with collaboration from relevant stakeholders and a strong political will.
The President of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, Ms Sahle-Work Zewde, said that effective governance and political will were key to an industrialised Africa.
According to the Ethiopian president, an industrialised Africa is not a luxury but critical for economic and industrial development on the continent.
“Political will is at the heart of what we do, and policies must incorporate updated tools. Political frameworks should emphasise principles that promote improved productivity and competitiveness.
“There is the need to change Africa’s industrialisation narrative through inclusive and sustainable industrial development, ensuring none is left behind.
“Therefore, government institutions and structures must ensure that public policies, strategies, and national plans are gender-sensitive,” she said.
Mr Claver Gatete, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), said that there was a need for sustainable industrialisation, inclusive development, and structural transformation through policies.
“We envision a prosperous Africa with sustainable development that maximises opportunities for income growth, local employment, poverty reduction, and social development.
“Industrialisation is the key to sustained growth and transformation, providing jobs, skills acquisition, innovation, and formal employment, especially for women and youth.
“Effective governance and development planning are crucial for industrialisation and structural transformation,” he said.
Gatete said that as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target year 2030 approaches, member states must review progress and identify the remaining tasks.
He said:” At the heart of our efforts to rescue and fulfil our commitment to Africa lies in our call for accelerated industrialisation for sustainable and inclusive development.
Also speaking, Prof. Kevin Urama, Chief Economist and Vice-President of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group reiterated that African governments should have the political will to leverage the vast opportunities available on the continent.
Urama said the pace of sustainable industrialisation and structural transformation in Africa had been slower than required to lift Africans out of poverty.
While proposing actionable approaches, he called for an accelerated industrialisation and structural transformation in Africa.
“We need to demonstrate strong political will to promote industrialisation and maintain a stable and predictable macro-economic policy environment that facilitates ease of entry, exit, and safety of capital.
“We should develop and consistently implement a strategic industrial policy encouraging local production, consumption, and domestic/regional value chain development.
“We must develop and implement a national education and skill development strategy fully embedded in the National Industrial Policy and Development Plan.
“There is also a need to implement Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to promote spillovers through clustering and agglomeration as key industrial policy instruments,” he said.
According to the vice president, implementing fiscal incentives to encourage intra- and interregional trade and supply chain development will also advance industrialisation on the continent.
“To succeed, African countries must think differently, adopt, and implement transformative policy actions that accelerate endogenous manufacturing capacity and encourage consultation of locally manufactured products, “he said.
Meanwhile, the Director of the Macro Economic Policy Division, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Adams Elhiraika, said industrial development requires long-term commitment and institutional and government systems that promote industries.
According to him, African economies are small and, as such, need to integrate to attract investment within and outside the continent; Africa needs to integrate to create regional value chains that support industrialisation.
Elhiraika reiterated the importance of boosting integration on the continent by opening borders for the free movement of people, goods, and services,
According to Elhiraika, Africa can industrialise, integrate, and finance its development without depending on foreign support, as the continent cannot afford to continue receiving aid.
“We have the momentum and historical opportunities provided by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the growing integration of African economies.
“Now is the time for African policymakers and economists to move beyond orthodox, mainstream economics theories that used to tell us that we cannot integrate.
“Theories that say we cannot industrialise or finance our development and that we need aid for trade. We cannot continue to receive aid to produce primary commodities we export for processing elsewhere,” he said.
Elhiraika said it was time this stopped, with industrial strategies that enforced local contexts, promoted regional value chains, or promoted partnerships between public and private sectors.
He, therefore, stated that it was important for Africa’s small and medium enterprises to integrate with lead firms and create economic or manufacturing zones that work for Africa.
The Director said it was important to promote and support foreign direct investments to destroy backwards and forward linkages within Africa that produced goods consumed by Africans and then provide export opportunities for African countries.
Elhiraika said the just concluded Africa Economic Conference (AEC) in Addis-Ababa reiterated the various issues hindering industrial development in Africa.
He said it included opportunities for industrial development, challenges, and how they could be addressed.
A Professor of Economics at the University of Ibadan, Olawale Ogunkola, emphasised the need for infrastructure development on the continent, saying it will aid industrialisation.
Ogunkola, restating the importance, said it would help enhance and ease business in the region.
He then urged the need for policies and strategies that foster efficient industrialisation processes in Africa, such as Special Economic Zones (SEZs), which enhanced and eased doing business.
He said:” mass production is required to meet market demands, and this will not be profitable if trade costs are not reduced through infrastructure development.
“The case for infrastructure development is critical for regional value chains. If we do not address trade costs, making a profit will not be possible.”
The professor then urged governments to ensure the implementation of policies on the continent, as enacting those policies was not a solution unless they were implemented.
Similarly, Grace Nshemeirwe, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Uganda Private Sector Federation, emphasised the need for governments to address trade barriers and finance businesses.
She said: “harmonising trade policies across the region is vital to facilitate trade and enable African countries to compete effectively.
“Access to finance and capacity building cannot be overemphasised; we must also do more in product standardisation and packaging in Africa.”
The President of the Indian Chamber of Commerce, Pradeep Mehta, said trade policies must evolve to focus on consumer welfare, adding that consumer-centric approaches in shaping future trade policies in Africa were of utmost importance.
Meanwhile, Dr Joy Kategekwa, the Strategy Advisor at UNDP, emphasised the transformative potential of Regional Value Chains (RVCs) in Africa’s industrial revolution.
Kategekwa said RVCs enabled nations to leverage their comparative and competitive advantages, allowing them to participate in industries that might otherwise be beyond their capacities.
“Africa is industrialising; we must grow bigger and faster, which requires a multifaceted approach.
“Including consistent government policies, fostering Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), and establishing SEZs to drive the development of regional value chains.
“Removing barriers to the free movement of people is equally crucial; we can’t trade and industrialise if we can’t move,” Kategekwa said.
Dr Hauwa Ibrahim of the Nassarawa State University, Nigeria, said Africa stood at the crossroads of opportunities and challenges.
Ibrahim said knowing there are no perfect policies, those with rooted outcomes stood the test of time. And there was a need for research and development to ensure a sustainable Africa.
“The demographic population is vital and should be considered because Africa has many young people; what they are learning now should matter to us.
“We need to recognise the role of technology and ensure it is applied at all levels.
“We cannot take out the role of education in defining technology because we do not want to industrialise and have to invest elsewhere, away from the continent, in certain labour forces.
“Therefore, while we invest in technology, we must also invest in the education of young people so they can help drive the technology,” she added.
For her part, Prof. Fiona Tregenna, University of Johannesburg and Chair of the Industrial Development National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa, said transformative industrialisation was crucial and would advance the continent.
While acknowledging some progress, she said several challenges that hindered efficient and effective industrialisation on the continent persisted.
She said: “Getting the Africa we want is not business as usual; otherwise, we will not get that transformative change to give us the Africa we want.
Mr Ibrahim Sall, former Minister of Planning in Senegal, said engagement with various relevant stakeholders would engender sustainable industrial development in Africa.
“We need a flexible, agile, high-impact industrialisation that is robust. We need to implement industrial policies; there is no policy that cannot be selective.
“Otherwise, we will be sprinkling without impacting or wasting capital. Therefore, there must be a selective national champion.
“How do we build with major stakeholders? What matters most is to look at selectivity and information and inform the states to understand that policies are not made on the ground.
“The engagement of states is key, and they must pay attention to the industrial sector,” Sall said.
According to him, selective criteria are critical. The vertical policy of African nations focuses on processing raw materials, and we also have horizontal and selective policies.
“This involves all actions: sustainability, infrastructure, human capital, and technology; with this, states do not need to be flexible but focus on sustainability,” he said.
Dr Thomas Munthali, Director-General, National Planning Commission, Malawi, urged countries on the continent to venture more into digitisation, engage the private sector to catalyse investments, experiment, and learn from successful nations.
Ms Fatou Haidara, Managing Director, Directorate of Global Partnerships and External Relations United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), said developing a strong industrial system required sustainable industrial growth.
While reiterating the private sector’s role, Haidara reaffirmed UNIDO’s commitment to supporting countries on the continent to achieve economic growth.
The Minister of Industry, Federal Republic of Ethiopia, Mr Melaku Alebel, said Africa urgently needed to rapidly diversify its economies and add value to everything it produced.
According to Alebel, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) presents a unique opportunity for integration and, thus, sustainable industrial development through collective action.
On his part, Mr Matthias Naab, Director, Regional Services Center, Regional Bureau for Africa, UNDP, said driving Africa’s industrial development required young ideas.
He, therefore, called for harnessing the power of youths, women and Small and Medium Enterprises on the continent.
According to the African Development Bank (AfDB)President, Dr Akinwumi Adesina, Africa’s wealth must no longer depend on exports of raw materials but on finished value-added products.
Adesina said,” the door to poverty is from the export of raw materials; the highway to wealth is industrialisation.
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The British colonies in the 17th century were afflicted by many strenuous periods of tension that boiled over resulting in violent rebellions. Bacon’s Rebellion and the Stono rebellion are two such rebellions that rocked the colonies. These conflicts rose from tension between the governance of the colonies and those who they ruled over. The Stono Rebellion and Bacon’s Rebellion were both examples of the American people’s willful determination, unifying capability, and ability to fight back. The Stono Rebellion and Bacon’s Rebellion both thoroughly demonstrated the determination of the American people in the British colonies. Despite the brutal treatment that slaves received and the inadequate policies for protecting the farmers of Virginia, both groups of people rose up in distinguished acts of defiance. These revolutionaries both had the goal to make a point to the British government that they are to be feared and not trampled upon. The Virginian farmers did not accept the policies of William Berkley and instead of living under his power, they rose up to fight …show more content…
Both the Slaves and Virginian farmers were able to orchestrate precise blows to their oppressors in an effort to gain their rights. The Virginian farmers did this by attacking the seat of government in the region while the African slaves forged a path towards the free Spanish Florida. These pushes towards a future with more rights were not possible without the unifying of numerous slaves, and farmers alike. As one the farmers and slaves could do nothing, but under the leadership of men such as Nathaniel Bacon and Jemmy (leader of the Stono Rebellion), they were able to make a lasting impact on their governments. Unified as one force these groups were able to seize the capital of Virginia and stand face to face with their enemy who denied them basic human
Bacon was a man of opportunity and when a farmer that tried to trade with Native Americans was killed, it became his ticket to making it big in the New World. Only the governor, William Berkley, was allowed to trade with the Native Americans and nobody else. When the farmer was killed, William Berkley denied the upset colonists their desire to fight back. In doing so, it led Bacon to challenge his authority. He began to rally up colonists living in the backcountry where the colonists had no representation, no opportunity to achieve a fortune, and lived in a hostile environment. Everything those colonists did not have would be Bacon’s leverage in convincing them to support him and his cause. He had led 1,000 men to fight with him in hopes to rule the colony and would make changes to their benefit. William Berkley then branded Bacon as a rebel and sent for British troops. Bacon and his supporters then went into the backcountry where he eventually died of
The common theme throughout is Governor Berkeley’s inability to effectively maintain political influence in a steadily decentralized society. Billings’ introduction clearly defines the topics he will be discussing, while his conclusion wraps up his argument succinctly by answering the question of why Bacon’s Rebellion did not occur prior to 1676. “The rebellion came when it did because by 1676 the factors which contributed to the colony’s instability coalesced to create a potentially explosive situation in which large numbers of people were psychologically prepared to rebel.”
James D. Rice’s Tales From a Revolution is perhaps one of the most important works on early Colonial America. This concise and informative narrative focuses on an important event in American History that has simply been overlooked by many Americans and historians, Bacon’s Rebellion, which occurred in 1676. This revolt played a significant role in the course of history at a pivotal time in early America. Rice focuses on much more than the actual revolt, giving a very vivid and easy to comprehend overview of the occurrences that took place before, during, and after this climactic and transformative event in history that would be one of the first of many rebellions and revolutions that would gradually pave the way for the foundation of America.
At the beginning of the war, everything was in array and no one could agree on anything, disorganization and uncertainty overwhelmed everyone. Organizations that were meant to be unifying factors for the colonists, like the Continental Congress, were little more than debating clubs that had to work for weeks before they could come to a decision. As time went on and the Tea Act was put into place the rage of the people made them grow closer. By the eve of the American Revolution, Parliament’s aggression towards the colonists had drawn a distinction between the colonist’s political, economic, and social ideas and those of the British. Colonists had embraced a new identity that helped fuel their resistance against Britain (American Identity and
The relations between England and the British North American colonies could always be considered precarious. Prior to 1750 British essentially followed a policy of benign neglect and political autonomy in the American colonies. (Davidson p.97) The colonies were for the most part content with benign neglect policy, relishing in a “greater equality and representative government”(Davidson p.95) within the colonies. Competition among European Imperial nations began to effect British policy toward North America colonies causing rapid shifts from 1750 to 1776. During this period, the British Empire made a series of policy decision that sealed the fate of the British North American colonies and lead to the American Revolution.
People in the Chesapeake colonies were unhappy with the rich aristocrats running the show. Francis Bacon led a revolt in Virginia against Governor Berkeley. He felt that the lack of unity among all citizens was apparent and needed to change. He felt that the government at the time was doing an inadequate job at public work i.e. safety, defense, advancement of trade (Document H). This problem was not present among the citizens of the New England colonies as the goals of the New England citizens were different (Document A).
In the world’s lens during the 1760s, the British empire had a clear and prominent control over the colonies. However, by the mid-1770s the Americans became enraged enough to declare war against the British for independence. Due to Britain’s massive imperial presence around the globe, the British civilians had a strong inclination for a successful outcome. Instead, the colonists pulled a surprising victory from what should have been a swift defeat. While the British had an abundance of advantages, they lost the Revolutionary War because the British army underestimated the colonists’ perseverance for freedom.
During the years of 1675 and 1676 the North American colonies experienced conflicts that shaped the dynamics of their colonial life. King Phillip's War would effectively end relations between the New England colonists and the Indians. Also, the rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon stressed the growing discontent of poor frontier farmers for British rule. The consequences of these two events clearly had an impact on different levels that would extend well beyond their time. Therefore, the years 1675 and 1676 played a very significant role in the Northern American colonies.
The American Revolution was a conflict that arose from growing tensions between Great Britain and the Thirteen North American colonies. It was a long bloody war and one of the most well-known, and because of that it has many interpretations, and these interpretations have made it a challenge to be able to come to a single understanding of the war. In this week’s readings, two different views on the same war are given. The American Yawp describes the American colonies point of view on the revolution while the History Lesson discusses how British wanted to control America but instead drove them to rebel and fight for their independence. The colonists saw the war for their independence as a revolution, but through British eyes, events and people were, not surprisingly, seen quite differently.
Bacon's rebellion was also known as a civil war. Nathaniel Bacon led the rebellion against Governor Berkeley due the corruption within the tobacco farmer wealthiest. Bacon rebelled because he felt the government mainly Berkeley was showing favoritism to the Indians by not letting poorer farms us the Indians lands and not caring enough about their own colonists. The reason being Bacon felt the Indians where a problem to the economy when in reality they were not the cause of the economy decline. This shows how prejudice Bacon is toward the Indians and their contribution to the trading policy. Bacon and Berkeley where both very selfish men in history's view point they both saw the running of the government in different lights. Bacon was against
As a result of the French and Indian War, England’s attention became focused on the areas that required tending by the government other than North America, which provided the colonies with the one thing that ensured the downfall of Britain’s monarchial reign over America: salutary neglect. The unmonitored inhabitants of the colonies accustomed themselves to a level of independence that they had never possessed before, and when these rights were jeopardized by the enforcement of the Stamp Act after the Seven Year’s War, the colonists would not take it lying down. The colonies bound together in rebellion against the taxation without representation through boycotting the use of English goods, as embodied by Benjamin Franklin’s famous drawing of a snake; the “Join or Die” snake, as a whole representing the functionality and “life” of the colonies if they would work together, also forewarns the uselessness and “death” of the individual regions, suggesting that the colonies as a whole would have to fight the revolution against the Mother Country or else fail miserably...
The Boston Massacre discusses the most important events that turned the colonial sentiment against the" King George III and the British acts and taxes." The showdown between the British and the local people was not simply a war of words "blood was shed over the class of ideals." Davidson, James Wheeler. Experience History: Who was to blame for the Boston Massacre? 1st Ed Vol .1.McGraw-Hill, 2011.150-153 print.
On the brink of revolution, the colonies were divided amongst themselves. Two factions with different ideologies “The Patriots” & and the “The Loyalist”, to know these factions we must first know another. Because both parties played a pivotal role in the “American Revolution”.
...able behavior far different from that of rebellion.” The colonists held their tongues as long as they could, but in 1676, their frustration grew too strong. Bacon and a thousand Virginians rebelled and overthrew the governor, in what is known as Bacon’s Rebellion. Shortly after the rebellion, Bacon died, and Governor Berkeley returned and viciously crushed the brigands.
Gary B. Nash argues that the American Revolution portrayed “radicalism” in the sense on how the American colonies and its protesters wanted to accommodate their own government. Generally what Gary B. Nash is trying to inform the reader is to discuss the different conditions made by the real people who were actually fighting for their freedom. In his argument he makes it clear that throughout the revolution people showed “radicalism” in the result of extreme riots against the Stamp Act merchants, but as well against the British policies that were implemented. He discusses the urgency of the Americans when it came to declaring their issues against the British on how many slaves became militants and went up against their masters in the fight for a proclamation to free themselves from slavery. But he slowly emerges into the argument on how colonists felt under the | <urn:uuid:941e9757-14d0-445b-a03f-74f2c4276ae1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Compare-And-Contrast-Stoon-Rebellion-And-Stonos-B5C8F4E90A5FDAD3 | 2024-03-01T07:39:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.977814 | 2,322 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
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Materials to safely encapsulate transplanted cells for could enable a revolution in the treatment of diabetes and a wide range of other diseases. James Mitchell Crow reports
Few medical discoveries have the lasting impact of the discovery made by a small multidisciplinary research team in Toronto, Canada, 100 years ago this month. In November 1921, the team isolated a substance from the pancreas that could bring blood sugar levels under control. By May 1922 Eli Lilly had begun mass production of the substance – named insulin.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset usually occurs during childhood. Before insulin injections, few children who developed the disease lived for longer than a year or two after their diagnosis. By the start of the 20th century, researchers had established that T1D arose when a mystery substance stopped being produced by the islet cells of the pancreas. Animal pancreatic extracts had even shown potential for glucose control in diabetic patients, although they caused side effects too severe for regular use.
Canadian surgeon Frederick Banting suspected that problems with the pancreatic extract may be related to the fact the pancreas also produces the protein-digesting enzyme, trypsin. In the labs of University of Toronto physiologist John Macleod, Banting and a small team developed a method to kill off the enzyme-producing pancreatic cells, leaving the islet cells from which to extract insulin.
The discovery turned diabetes from a severe, fatal disease into a milder, manageable condition – a discovery worthy of the 1923 Nobel prize for physiology or medicine. As noted at the time, however, work remained to be done. ‘We must not imagine that insulin is able to cure diabetes,’ noted Nobel committee member John Sjöquist in the Nobel award ceremony speech.
Even with the latest insulin pump technologies, T1D patient glucose levels are imperfectly controlled. Over the long term, blood sugar fluctuations put people with diabetes at elevated risk of health conditions ranging from sight loss to chronic foot ulcers. Insulin injection technologies simply can’t match the responsiveness, efficiency, and accuracy with which pancreatic islet cells release insulin to keep blood sugar levels tightly regulated.
The primary challenge has always been that transplanted cells are subject to immunological rejection
So a growing number of scientists are turning to the cells themselves, developing materials-based strategies to enable the implant of functioning islet cells for the ultimate long-term control of the condition. If these strategies prove to be safe and effective, then people with a wide range of other health conditions, from osteoporosis to cancer, could also be set to benefit.
Attempts to treat diabetes using implanted islet cells have a long history, notes Alessandro Grattoni, a biomedical engineer at the Houston Methodist Research Institute in the US. ‘Transplanting cells has been of interest for many years, in particular for diabetes,’ he says. Attempts to transplant islet cells are reported as far back as 1893, predating the discovery of insulin by almost 20 years.
‘The primary challenge has always been that transplanting cells is similar to transplanting organs: they are subject to immunological rejection,’ Grattoni says. The immune system quickly destroys the implanted cells.
Many immunosuppressive agents are actually toxic to the islet cells themselves
One option, now used widely, is to treat the islet cell transplant in the same way as a whole organ transplant, with recipients taking antirejection immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives. In 2000, a team at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, pioneered an islet cell implant procedure strategy in which the cells were infused into the main portal vein of the liver. The Edmonton Protocol has since been carried out more than 1500 times worldwide, and some islet cell recipients have maintained insulin independence for a decade or more.
However, this approach has significant downsides. ‘Unfortunately, antirejection therapeutics have severe adverse effects,’ says Grattoni. The patient is immunocompromised, leaving them at higher risk of infectious diseases, as well as to developing certain tumours.
‘In the context of islet cell transplantation, immunosuppression is nasty,’ says Andrés García, a bioengineer at Georgia Institute of Technology, US. ‘As well as very serious consequences to the recipient, many immunosuppressive agents are actually toxic to the islet cells themselves,’ he adds. ‘There is evidence that some of the agents may result in insulin resistance, so it is not only bad for the patient but is affecting the graft as well.’
García and Grattoni are among the growing group of researchers exploring novel strategies to keep the implanted islet cells safe from immune system attack without resorting to antirejection drugs.
Rather than resorting to wholesale immune suppression, an alternative strategy is to keep the implanted cells and immune cells separated within the body. ‘The original attempts were to try to protect the cells within a physical barrier that would prevent immune cells from the host from coming and destroying the implanted graft,’ Grattoni says. The idea was to wrap the islet cells in semipermeable encapsulant materials that allow molecules, but not cells, in and out. The implanted cells could therefore perform glucose sensing and insulin release, and receive the nutrients and oxygen they need, while remaining safely out of the reach of immune cells.
One of the most thoroughly explored encapsulant materials is alginate, a polysaccharide derived from seaweed or algae that can be readily crosslinked to form a gel encapsulant for clusters of islet cells. Attempts to implant alginate-encapsulated islet cells date back to the 1960s. ‘There was some promise to this approach, it is explored to this very day,’ Grattoni says.
Alginate islet cell microcapsules, and related biomaterial encapsulants, work very well in diabetic mice, García notes. ‘Much work, for decades, has shown those approaches work well for small rodents, but they really face challenges as you move into larger animals,’ he says. But they must also overcome the body’s response to the implant.
‘One big challenge is that all materials are considered foreign in the body,’ says Minglin Ma, a biomaterials bioengineer at Cornell University in New York state, US. ‘Foreign material will cause reactions in the body when you implant them.’ The reaction starts with an inflammatory response, as immune cells are drawn to the foreign material and attempt to break it down. In implants that resist this degradation, fibroblast cells begin to envelop the material and form a physical barrier to isolate it from the rest of the body.
Some materials trigger stronger reactions than others. The response also varies by species, but is notably stronger in larger animals and humans that it is in mice. The reaction causes significant discomfort to patients, is associated with various health complications, and contributes to implant failure by at least partially choking it off from the rest of the body. ‘When the device itself is fibrosed, those devices normally don’t work very well,’ says Ma.
In highly purified form, alginate tends to trigger a relatively mild foreign body reaction, says Ma, who has used the material for islet cell implant devices. But the reaction is not eliminated completely, he adds.
Foreign body reactions can exacerbate a third major complicating factor of islet cell implantation, which is that islet cells require an excellent blood supply. ‘The native pancreas is very, very well vascularised,’ says Ma. In the short term, that blood supply is important for rapid glucose sensing kinetics, to release insulin as soon as the person eats.
However, poor blood supply also has longer term issues for the islet cell implant. ‘These cells are highly metabolically active and need to have good access to oxygen, nutrients and waste disposal,’ García says. Cells receiving inadequate supplies of nutrients and oxygen gradually die off, shortening the working lifetime of the implant. ‘Recently, the field has realised the cells need direct vascularisation to perform well and survive long term,’ Grattoni agrees.
Despite the long history of work on islet cell implantation, no solution has yet been implemented that overcomes the complex problem of simultaneously keeping implanted islets highly integrated into the blood supply, yet protected from attack by the immune system without resorting to systemic immunosuppression, while avoiding triggering a foreign body response.
But a new wave of cell implant concepts and approaches appears poised to overcome these problems.
To ensure adequate blood supply, the ultimate approach could be to implant encapsulated cells directly within the vasculature, as is now done with the Edmonton Protocol to inject unencapsulated cells into the main portal vein.
The challenge with this approach is that it the encapsulated cell implant must be small, explains Nathaniel Hwang from Seoul National University in the Republic of Korea. ‘With alginate encapsulation the diameter is usually around 500µm,’ Hwang says. ‘You cannot inject this into the blood vessel, it is too big. You need a very thin layer of encapsulation and there hasn’t been any successful approach for that.’
Hwang is working to overcome this problem using a multilayer hydrogel nanofilm to coat small clusters of islet cells. ‘The chemistry is very simple,’ he says. ‘The cell membrane itself is highly negatively charged, so you can apply a positive polymer and it will assemble a surface layer.’ Hwang then adds a negatively charged polymer, which self-assembles over the first layer, and repeats until the desired thickness is reached.
Using six layers of glycol chitosan and hyaluronic acid as the two polymers, the team created an encapsulation layer about 140nm thick. The key step to holding the whole construct together was enzyme-driven crosslinking. Each polymer incorporates phenol side chains, which can be converted into ortho-quinones using the tyrosinase oxidase enzyme.
The resulting cell coating proved to be robust, and selective in the molecules that could cross. Low molecular weight molecules such as oxygen, nutrients, glucose and insulin freely passed, but larger proteins were blocked. As a result, immune cells themselves, but also the inflammatory cytokines they release, were blocked from entry. In mice, the transplant kept blood glucose levels controlled for more than 30 days.
‘So far we have not seen our material cause any fibrotic reactions,’ Hwang says. The lack of fibroblast cells in the liver, as well as the use of hyaluronic acid as the outer layer, should help to minimise the foreign body reaction, he adds.
The encapsulant could be particularly suited to the transplant of islet cells sourced from animals such as pigs, an avenue being explored due to the acute shortage of islet cells from human donors. ‘If you can have complete shielding from the immune system, patients would not need to take immunosuppressants because the immune system will not recognise what is inside,’ Hwang says. The team is now working with a company working on animal-sourced cell transplants. ‘In order to be successful, I think this company may need our technology.’
Rather than implanting cells within the body’s vasculature, Grattoni and his team aim to bring vasculature to the implant. The team’s device is designed to be inserted under the skin, such as the inner arm, within which the islet cells would reside. An additional advantage to this approach is that the implanted cells remain fully contained and, if necessary, can be removed from the body by extracting the device.
The slow release of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor can promote the growth of new blood vasculature into an implanted cell encapsulation device. But establishing new vasculature takes some time, which in the short term can place the implanted cells under stress due to the shortage of oxygen. ‘Your cells could be hypoxic for a duration of time, and that is really deleterious to long term performance,’ García says.
Ma recently demonstrated a device that incorporates an oxygen generation material to keep the cells happy when oxygen supplies are short. ‘We used lithium peroxide, the same material used in submarines when they don’t have enough oxygen,’ he says. Carbon dioxide released by the implanted cells during respiration reacts with the lithium peroxide, releasing a regulated supply of oxygen. When lithium peroxide particles were sealed into a silicone tube, and the tube was coated with alginate-encapsulated islet cells, the device restored glucose control in diabetic mice for at least three months. In a scaled-up version, the device also protected rat islet cells for two months when they were implanted into pigs.
Grattoni’s strategy is to implant the device first, and then add the islet cells later once the implant becomes vascularised. His 3D printed polymer implant incorporates a cell loading port to add the cells by subcutaneous injection, four weeks after implantation.
Although the device promotes excellent contact with the blood supply, the implanted cells are no longer inaccessible to immune cells. ‘We have conceived a device that contains two reservoirs, a cell reservoir and a drug reservoir,’ Grattoni says. ‘We load the drug reservoir with immune suppressants that are little by little eluted into the cell reservoir through a nanoporous membrane. This technology allows local immune suppression in the cell reservoir.’ Slow release of the drug across a silicon membrane punctuated with nanochannels is designed to achieve a sufficient local concentration of the drug to protect the implanted cells, while minimising exposure of the rest of the body to immunosuppressants. The drug reservoir can be refilled by needle as required. So far, the foreign body reaction has not caused significant problems in animal studies, Grattoni says. ‘Ideally, the implanted cells would last at the very least for 10 years,’ he adds. ‘We believe it is achievable if we can provide the right environment for the implanted cells.’
Instead of fending off immune system attacks, García is targeting immune system acceptance of implanted cells. By training key immune cells that the implanted cells should be protected, the implant will be left alone.
‘If we are able to induce immune acceptance of the graft, then we don’t need to encapsulate the cells,’ García says. ‘If you do not have to encapsulate the cells within a polymer, then you have the possibility that blood vessels can grow into the material to address all of these challenges of blood supply.’ The same approach could be used for many other biomedical cell implants beyond diabetes, he notes (see box Beyond diabetes below).
Materials and devices designed for the transplant of islet cells to treat type 1 diabetes, enabling long term function of the cell while preventing immune system attack, should be equally suitable for the transplantation of a whole range of other cell types.
We are trying to encapsulate ovarian cells as a treatment for osteoporosis
One clear opportunity is to implant hormone-releasing cells – for example, thyroid-releasing follicular cells to treat hypothyroidism, testosterone-releasing lytic cells for male hypogonadism, or oestrogen-producing ovarian cells. ‘We are trying to encapsulate ovarian cells as a treatment for osteoporosis,’ Hwang says.
Other applications are more diverse. Of the many areas García is exploring, one is to develop materials that induce immune tolerance to whole organs. ‘We are beginning to do some work with solid organ transplant, things like kidney and hearts,’ he says.
Other potential areas where cell therapies have been investigated – and where cell-encapsulating materials or devices could play a key role – include chronic eye diseases, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases and wound healing.
‘We think of our device as a local immunomodulation platform to activate or inactivate the immune system in different ways, depending on different diseases,’ Grattoni says. One area of research is cancer. Rather than keep immune cells away, the idea is to attract certain cells into the device. ‘We attract dendritic cells, and prime them with tumour antigen in order to trigger an immunological response to a cancer that we have extracted antigens from.’
García and his team have engineered polyethylene glycol based materials that they can decorate with proteins that promote immune tolerance. One of the proteins García is looking to exploit, PD-L1, has recently come to attention because it is expressed by many tumour cells to suppress immune system attack.
Rather than envelop the transplanted islet cells, the protein-presenting hydrogel is implanted alongside it. ‘What has been really fascinating is we have demonstrated you only need that immunoregulatory protein for a short window,’ García says. The team has shown the protein is cleared away within two weeks of implant. ‘The immune system gets trained to accept the graft, and from that point on you don’t need the protein anymore. A very potent subtype of the immune system called regulatory T-cells maintain the acceptance of the cells.’
Putting the concept into practice has worked better than he expected, García admits. ‘We have done this in mice out to 200 days, which in a lifespan of a mouse is considered long-term survival. We just completed a study in non-human primates that went out to six months with good outcomes,’ he adds.
Using a similar approach of displaying signalling proteins on a collocated hydrogel matrix, García has also shown it is possible to drive vascularisation around the cell graft. ‘We have found that when we present the protein in the context of our biomaterial, a sustained presentation, we end up having a stable vascular bed that persists for months.’
The team has combined both types of protein onto a single hydrogel, and is currently studying how the contributions of the vascularisation versus the immune acceptance lead to long term graft survival. The team – like Ma, and many in the field – is also actively looking at implants based on islet cells derived from stem cells. Producing islet cells from a stem cell bank would eliminate the bottleneck of needing to source cells from the limited supply of human donors. ‘We believe the future of islet replacement has to go through the stem cells, just because of the capability to manufacture the cell product,’ García says.
‘The idea that you can transplant islets with some immunomodulatory materials, and modulate the immune response locally and the islets are protected – I thought that was amazing,’ Ma says. ‘Islet cell transplant remains a difficult problem – but there is new thinking now.’
James Mitchell Crow is a science writer based in Melbourne, Australia | <urn:uuid:357036da-074c-4ceb-8c37-b6014272692e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/keeping-cell-therapy-under-wraps/4014557.article | 2024-03-01T08:23:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.946695 | 4,005 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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543,
810,
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Areca catechu - Fen-foah
Areca catechu L. | ARECACEAE |
Synonyms: Areca faufel, Areca hortensis, Areca himalayana
Common names: Betel nut, areca
Dhivehi name: Fen-foah
Status: Common; grown in home gardens and cultivated in large scale.
Description: An erect, slender-stemmed, single-trunked palm that can grow up to 30 m tall but normally trees are in between 10 to 15 m in height. Trunk is green when young, grey coloured in old trees with prominent white leaf scars. Fronds (leaves) are even-pinnately compound with a rigid but recurved rachis and 30 to 50 long lanceolate-shaped leaflets. Frond base sheath is long, smooth and green in colour. Flowers are yellow or creamy white in colour, fragrant and unisexual, with both male and female flowers borne on the same inflorescence. Inflorescence is commonly called as spadix (flower spike), much-branched and borne below the leaves and enclosed in a spathe. Each terminal branch or spikelet of the inflorescence has a few female flowers at the base and numerous male flowers extending from there to the tip. Male flowers are small in size with three petals and calyx cut into three minute lobes. Female flowers are much larger than male flowers with three sepals and three petals. Fruit is ovoid, hard and orange or scarlet coloured with fibrous mesocarp (middle layer) and a thin woody endocarp enclosing a seed. Seeds are ovoid or ellipsoidal and 1.5 to 1.8 cm in diameter with a flattened base.
Uses: Seeds of betel nut are normally cut into narrow pieces and rolled inside betel leaf, rubbed over with lime and chewed by elders and young people alike. It is also chewed alone. Betel nut has astringent, stimulative, digestive and cardiotonic properties exerted by tannin and alkaloid substances present in it. It is a powerful agent to stimulate secretion of saliva. Powered nut is effective in expelling tapeworms from human beings and also combating round worms.
Ecology, propagation and management: It is capable of growing in a wide variety of soil, from laterite to loamy soil, provided the soil has thorough drainage yet has capacity to retain optimum moisture. Normally, light and sandy soils are unsuitable unless well irrigated and manured. It has poor tolerance to drought and requires uniform moisture year-round. Its tolerance to salt spray, salinity and wind is poor. It is propagated only by seeds. Fully matured, heavy fruits that float vertically in water have high germination rate and vigorous seedlings. Fruits are planted as a whole, with husk for propagation. Nursery-grown seedlings of one to two years old, which should bear at least five leaves, are transplanted from nursery bed to field.
Cocos nucifera - Dhivehi ruh
Cocos nucifera L. | ARECACEAE |
Common names: Coconut, coconut palm
Dhivehi name: Dhivehi ruh
Status: Abundant; cultivated in large scale and also grows wild, forming coconut forests.
Description: A large, single-stemmed palm with stout, straight or slightly curved trunk, rising from a swollen base surrounded by a mass of roots. Trunk is light greyish brown in colour, smooth and marked with rings of leaf scars. Tall varieties may attain a height of 20 to 30 m while dwarf varieties are much shorter in stature. Fronds (leaves) are pinnate, up to 6 m long and 1.5 to 2 m wide with 200 to 250 linear lanceolate-shaped leaflets arranged in a single plane on either side of the rachis. Leaf stalks are about 1 to 1.5 m long and smooth. Male and female flowers are borne on the same inflorescence, called a spadix that develops within a woody canoe shaped sheath and have 10 to 50 branchlets (spikelets). Male flowers are small, light yellow in colour, numerous and found towards the tips of branchlets. Each spikelet has zero to three large female flowers at the base. Fruits are ovoid in shape and composed of a thick, fibrous husk surrounding a somewhat spherical nut with a hard, hairy shell. Three sunken holes ('eyes') of soft tissue are present at one end of the nut. Inside the shell is present a thin, white, fleshy layer, about one inch thick at maturity, is present, which is the kernel (meat) of the coconut. Fruits survive up to 120 days afloat in seawater and are dispersed by ocean currents. There are two distinct varieties, tall and dwarf and tall varieties are commonly cultivated around the world.
Uses: Coconut palm is a multiple use tree and considered as one of the ten most useful trees in the world. It plays an important role in the economy and food and nutritional security of the people of the Maldives. Mature kernel is eaten as food and shredded kernel is used in curries, sweets and desserts. Cream extracted from the kernel is also used in curries and sweets and flavouring of a variety of local dishes including fish curries. Oil extracted from dried kernel (copra), which is rich in glycerine, is widely used in cooking and used to make soaps, shampoos, shaving creams, toothpaste, lotions, hydraulic fluid, etc. A sweet juice extracted from a clump of unopened flowers is easily boiled down to syrup, called coconut molasses, which is crystallized into a light brown or dark-coloured sugar. Left standing, it ferments quickly into a beer called "toddy". After a few weeks it becomes vinegar. Husk of the nut contains fibre, which is combed out and sold as coir, a material for making rope and coconut matting. Fibre is resistant to seawater and is used as cables and rigging in ships, for making mats, rugs, bags, brooms and brushes and also as olive oil filter in some European countries. In the Maldives, trunk wood is used for house construction and outer wood, which is hard, heavy, strong and close-grained, is used for boat building. Mature fronds are commonly woven into thatching material, walls of temporary buildings and screens. Shell, which is hard and fine grained, is carved into all kinds of objects including souvenirs, drinking cups, scoops, smoking pipe bowl etc. Charcoal from the shell is used for cooking fires, air filters, in gas masks, submarines and cigarette tips. Regarding uses in traditional medicine, young leaves are used in the Maldives in the preparation of rughaglu beys used to treat muscle sprains and bone fracture. It is an excellent source of firewood; various part of the tree such as leaf stalk, husk of the nut, leaflets, rachis etc., are used as firewood. It is one of the ideal species for coastal bioshield and can play an important role in it as a commercially important tree.
Varieties of coconut: In the Maldives, the following varieties of coconut are commonly found: Nulu ruh (tall variety with green-coloured fruit), Rathu ruh (tall with red-coloured fruit), Kuhi ruh (tall variety with green- and red-coloured fruit), Jafanah ruh (short variety with green-coloured fruit) and Dhanbu ruh (short variety with red-coloured fruit). Among these, rathu ruh is more abundant and both rathu and nulu ruh are cultivated mainly for oil. The famous kurumbapani of the Maldives is the coconut milk of dhanbu ruh.
Ecology, propagation and management: Coconut palm prefers a year-round warm and humid climate. Rainfall in the range of 1500 to 2500 mm, distributed evenly throughout the year and relative humidity above 60% provide ideal climate for the vigorous growth and yield. Presence of water table within easy reach of roots can offset inadequate rainfall. It is well adapted to a wide variety of soils though coarse sand in the coastal areas is its natural habitat. It grows well in deep soil and cultivated in a large scale in loamy and clayey soil that has good drainage. It tolerates saline and infertile soils but tolerance to drought is limited. It also tolerates wind-driven salt very well. It has capacity to withstand cyclonic winds provided roots are well anchored. It is propagated only by seed and does not multiply vegetatively. Seeds can be collected from mature nuts, which are indicated by dryness of the husk and turning of outer layer from green to brown. Seed nuts are buried two-third of their length in coarse soil to reduce the loss of nut water through evaporation. Depending on the type, germination can occur four to six weeks after sowing and continue over an eight week period; regular watering during this period is necessary. Germinating nuts with the first compound leaf fully developed are the best to be transferred to the nursery. Seedlings raised in-ground should be outplanted not later than six months old whereas seedlings raised in container can be planted at about eight to ten months. | <urn:uuid:18fd6d29-6618-44fd-b993-5364a432d8e9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.fao.org/3/ai387e/AI387E07.htm | 2024-03-01T07:21:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.957551 | 1,965 | 2.875 | 3 | [
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California: land of sun, nature, culture, and traffic. Los Angeles suffers from some of the worst congestion in the world, with drivers spending an average of 100 hours per year stuck in traffic. Californians are aware that this reality is not set in stone and are working tirelessly to change the state’s system of mobility. There is lots of work being done around the state to improve public transportation, including major expansions to the Los Angeles Metro in preparation for the 2028 Olympic Games. The largest of these infrastructure investments is a high-speed rail system that would connect California’s two most populous cities, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The California High-Speed Rail (CHR) is poised to become the first system of its kind in North America, ushering in an era of innovation to catch California up with its European and Asian counterparts.
The project was initiated in 1996 under former governor Pete Wilson, who oversaw the creation of the California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA) which was tasked with conducting research and creating a plan for this ambitious infrastructure project. This task force met with Japanese officials who worked on the original Japanese Shinkansen system to gain insight into the creation of a new high-speed rail system.
The decisive moment arrived in 2008, when California voters embraced Proposition 1A, also known as the “Safe, Reliable, High-Speed Passenger Train Bond Act for the 21st Century,” with 6,680,405 votes (52.62%). By passing this proposition, Californians approved the allocation of public funds to realize an 837-kilometer rail network linking San Francisco and Los Angeles capable of reaching speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour. CHSRA promises a travel time of merely three hours, a substantial reduction compared to the arduous six hours and forty minutes required by driving—without even taking into account California’s infamous traffic woes.
Since its inception in 1996 and public approval in 2008, the project has faced a myriad of challenges including funding deficiencies, political opposition from the Right, and legal battles surrounding the development of farmland in the Central Valley, which supplies about 25% of the nation’s food. Despite these hurdles, the project has garnered widespread support from environmentalists, businesses, and people simply wishing for a quicker way to travel across the state. California, a state plagued by car dependency, is poised to embark on a transportation revolution as it embraces high-quality rail infrastructure, gradually unshackling itself from its vicious cycle of car dependency. Being the most progressive state in the Union, California is uniquely positioned for success in the implementation of such an ambitious and forward-thinking plan.
The CHSRA’s plan to build a high-speed rail system in California is inspired by the resounding success of Japan’s Shinkansen system. Beginning operations in 1964, Japan’s high-speed rail network quickly ascended to the status of a global benchmark for fast, efficient rail transportation. This remarkable achievement sparked emulation in countries worldwide. Japan’s foray into high-speed rail was driven by various factors, including the pressing need to modernize its transportation infrastructure, enhance regional connectivity, and stimulate economic growth. Following World War II, Japan experienced a surge in private automobile ownership, coupled with a decline in rail usage, as people gravitated toward individual modes of transportation in the wake of the post-war economic boom. Yet, this paradigm shift brought about traffic congestion and environmental degradation, necessitating the exploration of alternative transportation options.
Back to the Beginning: the Case of Japan’s Shinkansen
Post WWII, Japan needed to modernize its transportation infrastructure, improve regional connectivity, and support economic growth. In the post-war period of economic recovery, Japan experienced a rapid increase in automobile ownership and a decline in rail usage as people began to shift towards more private modes of transportation. This trend also led to traffic congestion and environmental degradation, prompting the government to invest in alternative modes of travel.
In 1959, Japan’s Ministry of Transportation (MOT) broke ground on a high-speed rail system that would link Japan’s two largest cities, Tokyo and Osaka. Construction was completed just five years later in 1964, making Japan the first nation to have dedicated high-speed rail lines. The Shinkansen was an instant success, attracting millions of passengers and reducing travel times between Tokyo and Osaka from 6 hours and forty minutes to just 3 hours, the same as the future Los Angeles to San Francisco line. The success of the Shinkansen led to the expansion of the network, with new lines opening throughout the country. Today, Japan’s high-speed rail network covers over 2,700 km and serves over 1,000,000 passengers daily.
Different Contexts, Different Challenges
California’s high-speed rail project faces many challenges that Japan did not encounter during the development of its own system, though it does carry some distinct advantages. One major challenge is the cost of construction, which has ballooned to over $128 billion, much higher than the initial estimate of $30 billion approved by voters in 2008. This is largely due to the nature of private construction firms contracted by the government and their ability to balloon the cost of a given project, but this is a complex topic worthy of further exploration in a future article. The project has also faced legal and political opposition, particularly from residents and politicians in the Central Valley, where many farms and communities would be affected by the construction of the rail line. In addition, the project has struggled to secure funding, with many sources of funding, including federal grants, uncertain or unavailable due to the politicization of the project.
One notable advantage lies in the utilization of state-of-the-art technology and materials, which have undergone significant advancements since the inception of the Shinkansen in the 1960s. California’s high-speed trains will employ advanced propulsion and braking systems, lightweight materials, and streamlined designs, all contributing to reduced energy consumption and enhanced efficiency. Furthermore, California’s system will be fully electric, further minimizing emissions and noise pollution.
Another advantage of California’s high-speed rail project is the potential for economic development and job creation. The construction and operation of the rail system have already created over 10,000 jobs and will create thousands more, both in the short and long term. Despite the high cost of the project, it will ultimately strengthen the economy through job creation as well as the promotion of economic development by connecting California’s biggest cities, improving regional connectivity, and reducing congestion on highways and airports. It will provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to driving or flying, reducing carbon emissions and air pollution.
Another aspect the CHSRA must take into account when planning the HSR is California’s diverse landscape which harbors a dark history of discriminatory housing and infrastructure policies, resulting in heightened social inequalities within communities of color. This transformative project holds the promise of addressing these social and economic disparities by providing affordable transportation options for low-income communities, reducing travel times between cities, and improving access to vital services such as jobs, education, and healthcare. By furnishing fast and affordable transportation alternatives that diminish the necessity for private cars, California can embark on a journey to rectify decades of inequality.
The ultimate success of California’s high-speed rail project hinges upon several factors, including securing adequate funding, garnering political support, fostering public engagement, and implementing effective management. In response to funding shortfalls, the CHSRA has explored alternative financing mechanisms, including public-private partnerships, while procuring some federal and state funding. Nevertheless, the project still faces substantial funding gaps, its future contingent upon the availability of additional investment. On the bright side, the Biden administration’s 2021 infrastructure bill allocated US$66 billion for rail funding. While the majority of this is dedicated to Amtrak, the national passenger rail company of the US, and money was not set aside for California’s high-speed rail project. Government officials remain optimistic, with former Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi stating “I do believe that the infrastructure bill enables us to have resources at the federal level in California”.
This project underscores California’s large urban/ rural divide, as urban dwellers tend to embrace high-speed rail while rural residents, whose farmland the project would cut through, are largely in opposition. In an effort to curb political opposition and legal disputes, the CHSRA has been engaging in extensive public outreach and stakeholder engagement efforts, striving to build support among affected communities and businesses. Furthermore, the CHSRA has been diligent in addressing concerns about the environmental and social impacts of the project, including the potential displacement of residents and businesses, and has developed mitigation measures to address these impacts.
Lessons for California
The California high-speed rail project represents a remarkable infrastructure undertaking aimed at uniting the state’s major cities through an advanced, swift, and reliable rail system. Although the project faces significant challenges such as funding shortfalls, political opposition, and legal disputes, it possesses immense potential to spur economic development, reduce carbon emissions, and rectify social and economic inequalities. Already, the project has generated US$13.7 billion in economic activity and is projected to generate tens of billions more in the coming years. As of June 2023 the project is 40% complete, with an estimated completion date of 2028. Sections of track will become operational as they are completed, becoming fully operational by 2030.
Japan’s experience with high-speed rail offers invaluable lessons to California and other nations embarking on similar ventures, emphasizing the importance of meticulous planning, stakeholder engagement, and effective project management. While the realization of California’s high-speed rail project’s ambitious goals remains to be seen, its triumph relies on the commitment of stakeholders, funding, and political support.
The future of California is bright, with this project poised to reinforce and maintain its reputation as an economic powerhouse and global leader in culture and technology by fortifying its connectivity and infrastructure. Yes, the costs are high, but this high initial investment will eventually fade from public memory. As in Japan, we no longer dwell upon the initial cost of the expense of the Shinkansen project, instead marveling at its awe-inspiring system, California can embark on a similar journey and become a model for HSR in North America. Japan’s success with the Shinkansen is a beacon of hope for California, showing that if we build high-quality infrastructure, the investment will eventually outweigh the temporary financial strain. The California high-speed Rail project is a once-in-a-generation opportunity to improve the state for decades to come. | <urn:uuid:a03bc671-2f48-4902-aeee-8a34236c5a09> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.girugten.nl/california-is-speeding-up/ | 2024-03-01T08:48:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.94709 | 2,188 | 2.90625 | 3 | [
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] |
Myth: Noun - A fiction or half-truth, especially one that forms part of an ideology Meme: Noun - A unit of cultural information, such as a cultural practice or idea, that is transmitted verbally or by repeated action from one mind to another Zeitgeist: Noun - The spirit of the time; the taste and outlook characteristic of a period or generation
In 2005 a grotesque news story broke about People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Two employees for the national animal rights group were charged with 31 counts each of felony animal cruelty after authorities found the bodies of 18 animals just “rescued” by PETA in a dumpster. Thirteen more dead animals were found in a “euthanasia van” registered to the organization. As this disturbing story unfolded, more shocking information came to light: the animals killed by PETA staff were generally healthy and some were in no danger at the time they were killed. One group of animals, a mother cat and her kittens, were turned over to PETA by a veterinary clinic where they were available for adoption. The felines were healthy and well cared for by all accounts. To get the vet clinic to release the cats PETA told the veterinary staff they planned to find homes for the felines. However, the kitties were killed in one of PETA’s mobile euthanasia vans moments later -- right there in the parking lot. The bodies of the cats were some of those found in dumpsters. More shocking still: this was apparently not an isolated case of fringe employees going off-script. USDA documents were uncovered showing that PETA consistently kills between 88% and 97% of the animals it “rescues” each year. When all was said and done cruelty charges against the PETA employees were dropped. Because they used lethal injection to kill the critters, and because lethal injection is classified as an appropriate means to dispatch unwanted pets, prosecutors could not make cruelty charges stick. Ultimately, the only convictions that resulted from this case were trespassing and illegal disposal of animal carcasses in dumpsters. Rather than distancing themselves from the horrendous acts of these employees PETA called the deaths compassionate and necessary. PETA blamed the deaths of these animals on “pet overpopulation,” a national tragedy that many animal welfare advocates say results in deaths of about 4 million healthy dogs and cats in animal shelters every year. “Pet overpopulation” is a phrase repeated with much regularity by those who work and volunteer in animal shelters and rescue groups, so much so that the notion that there are too many animals and not enough homes has generally not been questioned. The single piece of data used to define the problem has been the numbers of animals killed in shelters. Rarely has the question been asked, “what if these deaths are caused by something else?” Data from a variety of sources has been pointing to the fact that deaths in animal shelters are not due to a problem of animal overpopulation. It suggests the actual problem may be more insidious. The most compelling information suggesting that pet overpopulation is a myth comes out of a study jointly commissioned by the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), Maddie’s Fund and the Ad Council. It concluded that every year about 21 million families bring a new dog or cat into their homes. To put that number into perspective, the total number of dogs and cats that enter animal shelters is around 8 million. Because not all animals that enter animal shelters need new homes - some need to be reunited with their families and a small percentage (around 5%) need to be humanely euthanized due to terminal illness or severe behavior problems - the actual number of animals entering shelters that need new homes each year is estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million. In other words, there are about four times as many homes looking to acquire a new dog or cat than there are dogs and cats needing new homes. While those figures are compelling, they are not the end of the story. The same study found that there are reasons people do not adopt animals from shelters or rescue groups. These reasons include, but are not limited to the following:
• Shelters are often located in inconvenient places, far from where people live, work and play. • Many shelters are not open during after work hours. • Adoption criteria at shelters and rescue organizations are often overly restrictive and complicated. • Shelters are often perceived as dirty, smelly and depressing places that people do not want to visit.
For these and other reasons people end up acquiring their pets from other sources. In other words, deaths in shelters are not so much a problem relating to the quantity of animals in the community; there is a problem with the marketing and availability of homeless pets. If shelters take animals in faster than they adopt them, a SHELTER overpopulation problem occurs. Shelter overpopulation can be exacerbated if shelters are also “rescuing” animals that do not need rescue, which, it turns out, is common practice. But these facts don't seem to get in the way of animal welfare organizations making up data to justify killing. Years after the PETA massacre (which continues to this day), that organization continues to kill upwards of 97% of the animals they "rescue". Additionally, other groups continue to put forth false information in a misguided effort to justify killing. Take this quote from the American Humane Association, as an example... many "animal welfare" organizations cite American Humane Association (AHA) as saying:
“For every unwanted animal in the U.S. to have a home, each man, woman and child would have to adopt 15 dogs and 45 cats each year. There are not enough loving homes to adopt and care for all the abandoned pets in the United States."
Many organizations, including credible news sources quote these figures. If they were true, the situation would be horrific. But, the fact of the matter is that there are more than 300 million people in the USA. If each of them adopted 60 pets (15 + 45) that would amount to more than 18 billion (yes, BILLION) adoptions required every year, when there are only 8 million animals entering animal shelters. Animal shelters apparently need to invent these sorts of new math statistics to explain why "pet overpopulation" necessitates that they kill animals, rather than pointing their fingers at their own practices and policies. Throughout much of the United States, for example, allowing domestic cats to roam outside unconfined is legal. In spite of this fact, people who call animal shelters after having found a healthy free-roaming feline are frequently encouraged to catch the cats and bring them to their local humane society or SPCA. Many of these shelters have kill rates of more than 50% for felines, yet they continue to encourage people to bring them more cats, even if the cats don’t really need “rescue”. Policies like that result in a lot of unnecessary killing, according to a growing number of animal welfare advocates. Failed policies and leadership at animal shelters are to blame for high kill rates according to Nathan Winograd, founder of the No Kill Advocacy Center and author of the book Redemption: the Myth of Pet Overpopulation and the No Kill Revolution in America. According to Winograd, there are 10 basic programs shelters can implement to end the killing of healthy, adoptable companion animals. Furthermore, he says the change can happen almost overnight, so long as the shelters embrace the services he calls “The No Kill Equation”. Winograd is more than an armchair advocate. He served as the operations director at the San Francisco SPCA when their city was considered the safest in the nation for homeless pets. From California, Winograd took the programs to upstate, rural New York and implemented them in the open-admission Tompkins County SPCA. Immediately they surpassed the achievement of San Francisco and saved all healthy and adoptable pet and all pets that had treatable or manageable behavior or medical issues as well. Under Winograd’s leadership, Tompkins County went from killing large numbers of healthy companion animals to killing zero. For more than seven years shelters there have maintained a live release rate in excess of 90%. After Tompkins County, Winograd did it again and again in communities all over the United States. Duplicating the results in San Francisco and Tompkins County, shelters in places like Reno, Nevada and Charlottesville, Virginia simply stopped killing healthy animals. Winograd said, “All communities are uniform. They face the same problems. If they implement the programs that I call the No Kill Equation, they will achieve success.” The programs even work in communities that suffer from the worst social problems, he says. "They are drunk, uneducated and poor, but even they can achieve no kill." That could be the title of the story of Reno, Nevada. With a historically tourism-based economy, Reno has been especially hard-hit by the current economic downturn. Snow-covered tent cities have popped up to house the growing homeless human population in the city. The community ranks low in education, high in public drunkenness and is suffering from a host of other human social problems. Per capita, animal shelters in Reno take in about 3 times the national average. If ever there were a place where killing pets due to pet overpopulation were necessary, Reno could be it. However, on the contrary and much to the dismay of people who have excused killing in animal shelters as a “necessary evil”, Reno has one of the highest save rates for homeless pets in the nation. It has not always been that way. Not many years ago shelters in Reno and its surrounding Washoe County could have been described as blood baths. That changed when a new leader took the helm of the Nevada Humane Society and embraced Winograd’s paradigm. Contrast the Reno story with that of Contra Costa County, California: Situated near San Francisco this community consistently rates high in terms of economic stability, education and “livability”. It is a very affluent community with relatively low shelter intake per capita, a huge $10 million animal control budget. If ever there was a place that could end the killing of healthy pets in shelters, it should be Contra Costa County. Save rates in the community, however, are only about 60%. “When looking at the factors that bring about successful shelter outcomes,” said Winograd, “the most important one is a passionate leader at the animal shelter that is dedicated to life-saving rather than maintaining the status quo.” “For too long poor performing shelter directors have gotten away with blaming their failures on the boogeyman of pet overpopulation,” he added. “It is long past time for them to be held accountable for their outcomes.” Note: No Kill Learning can perform a shelter assessment for your organization, objectively measuring its efficacy relating to the 11 components of the No Kill Equation in order to improve your live release rate. For more information, visit this link or call (877) 799-9951. | <urn:uuid:0dcdf4cc-d525-43fe-93f8-2bd02a0ec123> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nokillmovement.org/post/2015/06/30/pet-overpopulation-myth-meme-and-zeitgeist | 2024-03-01T07:50:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.966565 | 2,288 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
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Africa has a number of power supply challenges, many of which can be overcome with renewable energy. Foremost among the options is hydropower. While large projects can meet stiff resistance in the development stage, small- and medium-sized projects are often less disruptive and easier to complete.
Africa needs more power. According to World Bank data, an estimated 600 million Africans—about 45% of the population—have no ready access to electricity. Although there was a total of 236 GW of grid-connected generation capacity installed in Africa at the end of 2018, the electricity generated is falling short of current needs.
This is the current situation, but there’s also the future to plan for. The United Nations, as indicated in its 2015 world population prospect report, expects the African population will reach 2.5 billion by 2050. Moreover, if Africa continues urbanizing, industrializing, and becoming a global economic force, businesses will need reliable and affordable electricity to power their growth.
Financing Power Projects
While Africa is desperately short of electricity, the governments of its 54 countries are responding to the huge challenge and are cooperating regionally to increase generating capacity, with hydropower projects featured prominently in their planning. Governments are increasingly turning to private sector investors to help electricity generation projects go from the early planning stages right through to construction and operations. African Infrastructure Investment Managers (AIIM), Africa’s largest private infrastructure investment fund manager, is one of many players bringing private sector capital, accompanied with financial, technical, legal, and structuring expertise, to governments in Africa to assist with bridging the energy infrastructure gap.
Large-scale power projects are typically financed on a limited-recourse project finance basis, with the private sector investing circa 30% of the capital required as equity, and the remainder of the capital coming from international and local financial institutions (development finance institutions, commercial banks, and the like).
At the moment, most of the people without electricity in Africa live in rural areas, a long way from towns and cities. Their very isolation is the greatest part of the challenge. Africa’s huge land distances sometimes make it too expensive to build the initial transmission infrastructure to connect small communities to the electricity grid.
Even where there is grid access in rural communities, it can cost more than $1,000 per household to connect to the grid, which is typically prohibitively expensive for a rural household. Furthermore, given the low consumption of rural households, the economic viability of rural home connections is questionable. Lastly, even when rural households or communities do connect to the grid, the supply of power is often erratic and intermittent, leaving consumers in the same position they were in prior to the grid connection—relying on alternative sources of energy for their requirements.
Renewable Energy Offers Options
These factors have been key drivers in the advances of off-grid renewable energy and mini-grid systems on the continent, especially solar power in combination with battery storage. Through a combination of advances in technology, and lower production and maintenance costs, it has become economically viable to supply and install solar panels to individual homes, or to create small solar generating capacity to feed into mini-grids.
As previously noted, Africa has a grid-connected power capacity of about 236 GW. The majority of the capacity is generated from non-renewable energy sources (coal, liquid fuels, nuclear, and gas). However, renewable energy is becoming a bigger contributor to the energy generation mix.
In 2018, renewable energy sources accounted for circa 19% of the grid-installed generation capacity across the continent. While wind and solar photovoltaic facilities have received a lot of attention from international donors and non-governmental organizations, these technologies represent a small component of the overall renewable energy generation mix. Hydropower, however, accounts for roughly 34 GW of installed capacity in Africa.
Large-Scale Hydro Solves Regional Problems
Hydropower, on a large scale, has the ability to produce a lot of electricity, and it can be produced fairly reliably and predictably. The International Hydropower Association (IHA) estimated in 2012 that 78% of global renewable energy came from hydropower, and AIIM estimates it’s still in the region of 70% today. According to the IHA, Africa could see growth to 300 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, more than two-thirds of which will be from wind or solar sources. However, at least 100 GW is expected to come from hydropower by 2030.
In 2018, almost 1,000 MW of new hydropower was added to Africa’s installed capacity, 668 MW of which was installed in Angola. By the end of 2018, Angola’s government was expecting about 64% of the country’s energy mix (or about 4 GW) to come from hydropower.
Hydro is an abundant source of potential power, which is important for countries with limited alternatives. Hydropower can assist African countries in achieving sustainable development goals, generating power as one of the lowest-cost sources of renewable energy globally.
Another reason for optimism for large-scale hydropower plants, according to the IHA, is the role played by the regional power pools on the continent, such as the East African Power Pool (EAPP). Governments have realized that if they plan their power production regionally, they can all benefit from lower costs of production and greater connectivity.
The EAPP was set up to increase power system connectivity in East Africa in 2005. It gives neighboring countries the ability to produce and sell electricity regionally, and this delivers economies of scale. Under the EAPP, Rwanda will import 400 MW from Ethiopia and 30 MW from Kenya. Research from the African Development Bank estimates that about $26 billion has been invested in regional transmission infrastructure.
1. In 2014, ANDRITZ HYDRO received a contract to supply the electro-mechanical equipment for the new Lauca hydropower plant. The company designed, supplied, provided installation supervision, and commissioning of the Francis turbines, generators, main transformers, isolated bus ducts, as well as control and protection systems. Courtesy: ANDRITZ HYDRO |
There are many large hydro projects currently under construction. For example, Angola’s Lauca plant on the Cuanza River (Figure 1) will be the country’s largest renewable energy source. When all six of its turbine generator units are operational, it will produce about 2,070 MW, which will help meet the country’s short- and long-term energy needs. The facility is absolutely central to Angola’s social and economic development.
Another example is the 420-MW Nachtigal hydropower project in Cameroon. The project has a 35-year concession agreement with Republic of Cameroon and power purchase agreement with ENEO, a privately-owned electricity distribution company. The project has also garnered support from a number of international development finance institutions, and should become operational in 2023.
One of the largest hydropower projects driving grid expansion is Ethiopia’s 6,000-MW Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. The country also has the 1,870-MW Gilgel Gibe III project. Mozambique is expected to have 5,400 MW of hydropower by 2025.
Large Hydro Comes with Challenges
While hydropower is a sustainable power source and ultimately has less of an impact on the environment than coal or liquid fuel power stations, it must be noted that large hydropower plants come with their own set of significant challenges—namely environmental and social challenges, lengthy development periods, and long construction periods, among others.
Often the construction of large hydropower dams involves resettling communities due to the inundation of the dam basin. This can result in communities being affected through disruption to livelihoods and community cohesion. Furthermore, the flooding of large dam basins can also result in significant disturbance to local fauna and flora, which is often pristine or endangered, given the remote locations chosen for large hydropower plants. Environmental impacts on the riverine environment downstream of the dam are also a key concern, and environmental flows must be built into the operations of the power plant. Lastly, the use of the water and its impacts on downstream users, particularly when a hydropower plant is located close to a country border, is another challenge that has to be carefully planned and executed.
These issues inevitably take time and considerable intergovernmental cooperation to resolve, and as such, between the project concept and first power generated, there are typically many years of painstaking development, planning, and negotiations. As a result of the long gestation period and complexities of large hydropower developments, many private sector investors are looking toward small- and medium-sized hydropower projects as a means to deploy capital and generate power in a far shorter period of time.
Small-Scale Projects Make Sense
AIIM adopted this approach, and after considering a number of large-scale hydropower investment opportunities, embarked on the development of smaller-scale, run-of-river hydropower plants in Africa. AIIM Hydroneo, the company’s hydropower development platform, which is a partnership with Mecamidi, a French turbine manufacturer, was established in 2015, and is currently developing a number of small- to medium-size projects of less than 10 MW each in West Africa, with a current focus on Cameroon and Guinea. The rationale for developing run-of-river projects is to reduce the need for large embankments, thereby reducing the environmental and social impacts, and consequently bringing projects to financial close far quicker than would be possible with a large hydropower plant.
Furthermore, small hydropower provides other benefits, such as the ability to geographically diversify risk and spread the generation capacity within a country to be closer to the centers of demand. This brings the added advantage of potentially reducing the amount of transmission required, and a reduction in associated transmission losses. Having a number of geographically dispersed small hydro plants can provide a level of protection against drought conditions, when compared to one or multiple large hydropower plants located in the same area.
Lastly, small hydropower plants are considerably less capital-intensive and typically cost less than $5 million per MW to build, which means they can often be more easily financed with greater flexibility on the capital structure and sources of funding (fully equity funded and refinanced later, for example).
2. ANDRITZ HYDRO was awarded a contract in 2012 to deliver four tubular-type Kaplan turbines with a runner diameter of 2,850 millimeters for the 40-MW Kashimbila hydropower plant in Nigeria. Courtesy: ANDRITZ HYDRO |
There is also a lot of international financial support for small hydropower in Africa (Figure 2). One of the larger investors is the European Union’s Energy for Growth and Sustainable Development program. It, for example, is funding Tanzania with about $200 million of capital to construct small-scale hydropower plants and other types of renewable energy. Similarly, the Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff (GET FiT) program—implemented in Uganda—supported 14 small-scale hydropower projects, many of which are operational today. The GET FiT program is also being rolled out in Zambia to support hydropower projects.
Africa is one of the world’s most rapidly growing regions, and if the continent continues on its expected growth path, its power generation capacity will need to be significantly increased. Hydropower projects, both large and small, have enormous potential to provide the African population with a reliable, renewable energy source, and will be even more essential to the energy mix as fossil fuels are replaced. ■
—Ashwin West is an investment director with African Infrastructure Investment Managers (AIIM), and represents the AIIM funds on the board of AIIM Hydroneo, a hydropower development joint venture. | <urn:uuid:76ad4912-e947-4403-9202-b6e5a3824cb4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.powermag.com/hydropower-is-vital-to-africas-future/ | 2024-03-01T08:12:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.949917 | 2,457 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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There was a sovereign work of God in the faithful remnant of the church world during the time of the Reformation. It was the energy and action of the Holy Spirit to bring enlightenment and rediscovery of certain basic divine truths. One was the divine authority of God’s written Word as the only standard of faith and practice. Another was justification by faith for the individual. When Romanism placed divine authority with the established church structure and infallible popes, the light of God comes in and shows that it is still Jesus who has all authority in heaven and on earth. When Jezebel declared herself to be the sole interpreter of Scripture and systematically kept the written Word from the masses, God comes in to place His Word in the hands of the faithful. When the Roman Catholic church pretended to dispense the grace of God through fleshly ordinances, their priesthood always standing and continually ministering, God demonstrates His grace in justifying through the one time and eternal sacrifice and death of His Son (Heb.10:10-12). The Reformation was the work of God in sovereign grace.
However, like the first estate of the church that resulted from Pentecost, the Reformation is not found or judged in the addresses to the churches. God does not judge His own work, nor does Christ judge the work of the Spirit. Yet what is always judged (and this in relation to the earth) is the responsibility of man when he is given care for the work that God has done. The faithful remnant were despised and persecuted for hundreds of years during the rise of the Jezebel state in Christendom. They were called and labeled every irreverent and ungodly name that could be thought of by priests and popes. They were hunted and endured much suffering and isolation. But God would do a new work.
The Reformation: a new sovereign work of the Spirit
Jezebel was given time by God to repent, but she would not (Rev. 2:21). The Lord had to set Christendom aside as hopeless. This corrupt ‘state’ of the corporate body existed for more than nine hundred years before the Reformation. Sardis represents what resulted in Christendom out of the Reformation. This was separate and distinct from Jezebel and her corruptions. Although Jezebel continues on with barely an interruption, the woman represents a corrupted ‘state’ of professing Christianity that no longer was a light or testimony for God in the earth. The Reformation was God working anew and afresh by His Spirit in the faithful remnant. Sardis represents the time after the Reformation, from about the early 1700’s, when God’s new work is placed in man’s hands, and the particular result of responsibility is produced. God is looking for fruit resulting from man’s previous blessing.
“And to the angel of the church in Sardis write,
‘These things says He who has the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars: “I know your works, that you have a name that you are alive, but you are dead. (2) Be watchful, and strengthen the things which remain, that are ready to die, for I have not found your works perfect before God. (3) Remember therefore how you have received and heard; hold fast and repent. Therefore if you will not watch, I will come upon you as a thief, and you will not know what hour I will come upon you. (4) You have a few names even in Sardis who have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with Me in white, for they are worthy. (5) He who overcomes shall be clothed in white garments, and I will not blot out his name from the Book of Life; but I will confess his name before My Father and before His angels.
(6) “He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.”’
The Characters of Christ in the Messages
The character of Christ presented for Sardis gives us hints that there was a new sovereign work of the Spirit previous to this state. The seven stars in His possession are similar to His character in the first church, which followed the sovereign work of Pentecost. I believe this is the sovereign spiritual representation of the church in the mind and counsels of God – what the church will be once glorified and found in the kingdom of His Father (Matt. 13:43). The stars in His possession show that He has all power and authority in sovereign divine grace for the church. It shows that Christ will build the true church and it will not fail, even in the midst of corporate corruption or spiritual deadness of the general body on the earth.
Ecclesiastical Characters Personal Characters
Holding the seven stars in His right hand or in His possession (Ephesus and Sardis). This points to a sovereign work having previously been completed | The Son of God (Thyatira) – this is both personal and ecclesiastical and is used in the message to the transition church |
Walking in the midst of the seven golden lampstands (Ephesus) – responsibility judged | He who possesses the seven Spirits of God (Sardis) – His providential and sovereign authority |
The First and the Last (divinity – Smyrna) | He who is holy, He who is true (Philadelphia) |
He who was dead and came to life (Man – Smyrna) | He who has the key of David, He who opens and no man shuts, and shuts etc. (Philadelphia) |
He who has the sharp two-edged sword (Pergamos) – the authority of Christ and the Word | These things says the Amen (Laodicea) – personally all God’s promises are in Christ. |
He who has eyes like a flame of fire and feet like fine brass (Thyatira) – judgment of man’s works of corruption in the professing church | The Faithful and True Witness (Laodicea) – the corporate church has failed in its responsibility of testimony and Christ takes back this title |
There are others found in chapter one that are not used in the messages | The Beginning of the creation of God (Laodicea) – He is Head of both the old and the new creation |
A Faithful Remnant Separated
When we saw the seven Spirits previously it was the providential power of God in the earth issuing forth from His throne of government in heaven (Rev. 1:4). When we see the slain Lamb in the midst of the throne possessing the seven Spirits, it is the perfection of power and intelligence for the exercise of the government of the earth, having Himself prevailed to open the book of inheritance (Rev. 5:6). But the character of Christ presented to Sardis is what is available for the faithful remnant in this particular corporate state. If God is working in the earth at this time, it would have to be in and through the vessel of the church and not the world. But the outward body is either corrupt or dead, so it would have to be through the small remnant that He keeps. The seven spirits of God in His possession speaks of the unchangeable fullness and perfection (the #7) of the sovereign grace of the Spirit in His control (John 16:13-15). Both the seven stars and Spirits speak of His divine power to bring forth a new sovereign work such as the Reformation.
Again we should observe that the character of Christ possessing the seven Spirits of God is not one of the ecclesiastical characters of Christ among the candlesticks. The seven Spirits do not represent the Holy Spirit dwelling in the midst of the church – the habitation of God by the Spirit (Eph. 2:22). Rather this speaks of the qualities and power of the Holy Spirit as the direct agent of Christ to bring about the will of God in the earth. It is that which is personal to Him, and in reference to His own power and rights, but even apart from the church world. It is comfort and assurance to the faithful that He alone is the real source of strength. His characters become more personal, indicating that the faithful remnant’s security is not in the outward body of Christendom, but only now having Him personally. He alone has the power to sustain and support the remnant.
Seeing clearly the Ruin of the Professing Church
“For though I am absent in the flesh, yet I am with you in spirit, rejoicing to see your good order and the steadfastness of your faith in Christ.
As you therefore have received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk in Him, rooted and built up in Him and established in the faith, as you have been taught, abounding in it with thanksgiving.”
The ‘steadfastness of your faith in Christ’ has the meaning of faithfulness. Being ‘rooted and built up in Christ’ and ‘established in the faith’ is the same. The true believer must develop a deep understanding and appreciation of the value of all that is in Christ for the individual. This knowledge will open his eyes to the failure of the professing church and give him confidence in the midst of it. When he fully sees all that Christ has done for him, he will know that Christendom is not the faithful and fruit-bearing witness it had responsibility to be. His proper understanding and deep sense of the failure of the church world will enhance rather than weaken his confidence in the Lord. He will be steady and calm through all the pretense of the corporate institution. His confidence is no longer in man’s work or the religious structure but in the grace that Christ personally gives that is sufficient for him (II Cor. 12:9-10).
When God finds the corporate structure of Christendom either corrupt (Thyatira) or dead (Sardis), then it remains that the individual believer is a testimony for Christ in the world. This is no longer a comparison to the book of Acts, Pentecost, and the apostolic church. All those comparisons ended with Pergamos. Christ does not look for or expect the remnant to do great and heroic things for God. He knows that this is not possible. Rather, it is in accordance to what the remnant has received in grace from Christ now, in their present situation and for their situation. His grace is always sufficient for the need, and He sees the present need as sustaining and supporting the faithfulness of the few in the midst of corporate failure until He returns.
Protestantism: a Diverging Path from Jezebel
We should notice concerning the characters of Christ applied in the last four churches just how many of them are personal to Him. They are not the previous ecclesiastical characters.
The # of Ecclesiastical Characters in the Progression
Ephesus | Smyrna | Pergamos | Thyatira | Sardis | Philadelphia | Laodicea |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2/1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
On a technical note concerning the characters of Christ and how they are used in the structuring of the seven messages, we see that the first three churches have only ecclesiastical characters. In these three the corporate body is acknowledged by God as vital. The possibility of repentance and return are held out to them. Thyatira and Sardis both have one church character and one personal. These two churches represent times of transition. Thyatira is the total corruption of the original blessing of Pentecost, while Sardis is the responsible outcome of man’s care for the second blessing of the Reformation. Sardis is immediately judged by God as spiritually dead. Both churches have a faithful remnant that God distinctly marks and acknowledges (Rev. 2:24, 3:4) because He chooses out of the world and knows those that are His (John 15:19, II Tim. 2:19). In the final two churches the character of Christ is all personal and there is no church character.
It is easy to see the progressive pattern and why we can say that Christ views the professing church, as it goes along in time, less and less as a corporate entity. Christendom loses any acknowledged church character. When the professing church has been found corrupt beyond any reasonable hope and no longer represents the glory of Christ before the world, then what comes forth as applied character is what Christ is in His person. His personal character is the resource and encouragement of the individual or small remnant. The general body of Protestantism had a certain outward profession and appearance of Christianity, but was spiritually dead, having no living power. The character of Christ presented stands in stark contrast to this condition. But His character is not for the outer body of Protestantism. It is for the few names in Sardis that have not defiled their garments.
The corporate church as Jezebel has been set aside, having no true testimony for God and having lost any true church characteristics that could be acknowledged. Therefore, except for the seven stars here in Sardis, the remaining churches see none of the original ecclesiastical characters of Christ. The general professing church that is Jezebel is not acknowledged; yet it exists, and remains, and goes on to the end. We have to be mindful that Jezebel is Romanism, and is the greater part of Christendom. Therefore, the Reformation starts a divergent path away from Jezebel, and Sardis is the human outcome in responsibility, so to speak, of the new work of God.
Protestantism: a Reputation and Appearance
Protestantism is the great public result that is looked at and judged by Christ in the time of Sardis. Protestantism is the work and responsibility of man resulting from the Reformation. It has a name, which is a certain reputation in the eyes of men. It has a name to be alive, but it is dead. It is not the corruption and evil of Jezebel. But it has no life and no fruit to answer to the previous work of God. All is spiritually dead. There is no moral power in the professing church. Jezebel is corruption. Sardis is a dead carcass.
The story of Sardis is easily told. It is not a state of corruption, although there was individual evil involved. Rather, it was a reputation of great moral activity on the part of men to deliver Christendom from the previous corruption and evil. That is what it was, just a name for something it really wasn’t. The Reformation was the sovereign work of God’s grace. If man takes credit for it as his work, then he has a reputation in the world and a reason for glorying.
The Exaltation of man and his Religion
Jezebel is Romanism, which is the complete judaizing of the Christian faith. By adding Judaism to Christianity man exalts himself by what he does and accomplishes, making his additions to the simplicity and efficacy of Christ. By adding Judaism man again has a religion he can perform by human effort and accomplishment, and the gaining of status and glory in the world. Man will desperately hold on to and fight for religion that he can accomplish by human effort. This isn’t the case with true Christianity, and so man in the flesh will not be happy unless he can make it so.
In Sardis and with Protestantism men were prone to do the same, just not in such an outward corrupting degradation of the faith as is Jezebel. In Protestantism you eventually have the false leaven of Arminianism. It is a subtle form of judaizing, new and fresh, but accomplishes the same results – the glorifying of man in and by what he does. The Arminian leaven is everywhere in Protestant doctrines and teachings today, especially the Evangelical side of things. There is also the direct influence of Judaism, with its rituals, fleshly ordinances, earthly traditions, sabbaths, and holy days. One of the greatest impacts on Protestantism is the judaizing use of the teachings and doctrines of Israel, by which the separate and distinct callings of Israel and the church are confounded. We cannot leave Jezebel totally off this list. Although the Reformation was a divergent path away from her, man in his responsibility and care in Protestantism did not see it necessary to rid himself of all of Jezebel’s ways and worldliness.
Protestantism, although having a great reputation, is spiritually dead. The orthodoxy in Protestantism is essentially this – a name, a reputation, a certain appearance, but no living Christ. There is no real life in it. When you establish state religions where entrance into the church is given to all with barely a commitment or profession, there will be no life of God in it. God calls, God chooses, and God works, not the state or country or empire.
The general body of Sardis is warned to “Be watchful and to strengthen the things that remain, that are ready to die…”Even what little spiritual life they had was about to be lost (Matt. 13:12). Their works were not truly Christian in character and pleasing to God. “…for I have not found your works perfect before God.” God’s standard is not being met and He will not compromise, in holiness and love. As it can be said, there are very many who profess Christ, comparatively few who live Christ.
“Remember therefore how you have received and heard.” This is another reference to the previous sovereign work of God in the Reformation. Sardis is instructed to remember the previous blessing of God in grace and in a sense recover the truth of it. Yet the public body is found to have no answer to what they previously saw and heard. It is judged as failed and dead. They are to hold fast to whatever remains, and repent.
Sardis treated as the World
The most sobering part of the message to the corporate entity of Sardis is the threat that Christ “…will come upon you as a thief, and you will not know what hour…” Here Protestantism, as the corporate system, is reduced to equal status with the world (I Thess. 5:1-3). This is God’s estimate of it. In I Thessalonians the contrast is between the true church and the world – between what is the light and what is in darkness. In Sardis it is the contrast between what professes and has a reputation in the eyes of the world and the faithful remnant. Sardis will be judged with the world.
Christ’s Profession of the Remnant
The issue in Sardis is having the name, the reputation, the profession of Christ, and whether it is truly of God or not. This difference is observed when the faithful overcomers in Sardis are addressed:
§ He …shall be clothed in white garments – the righteousness of the saints.
§ Their names will not be blotted out of the Book of Life – in its use here it is a general archive of Christian ‘profession’ and all names written in it include all the wheat and tares of Christendom. This is not the book that God writes in before the foundations of the world. The one God writes in is the one of His eternal counsels and purpose.
§ I will confess his name before My Father and before His angels – this is the profession that counts, where Christ Himself acknowledges and confesses you as His own.
The hearing ear phrase is again found at the end of the message, indicating that the corporate body of Protestantism is not a witness for God in the world and its candlestick will soon be removed (Rev. 3:6). Only the remnant is acknowledged by Christ (Rev. 3:4). The corporate body is not.
Do not count on or rest in religious reputation. Listen and hear what the Spirit says, and act accordingly. Do not turn around and become a judge of God’s Word. This was Protestantism’s demise. The Reformation holds God’s word up as the sole authority on earth. When man is made responsible he sinks down into private interpretation of the word. This is soon perverted into men becoming judges of God’s word, judges of its true meaning. This leads to the dividing of the body in denominationalism. Protestantism was a form of godliness without any life or power, and brought in the wholesale dividing up of Christ.
Chapter 10: Endnotes
The principle of responsibility remains the same for Sardis as it was for Ephesus. A sovereign work of God and blessing by the energy of the Holy Spirit is done first. Now it is placed in the hands of men for the care of it. What is judged is man’s care for the original blessing. Sardis is new ground, because it is man’s responsibility following a new work of the Holy Spirit.
Israel made the golden calf and failed before Moses brought the tablets down the mountain. As a consequence of this corporate corruption Moses moves the tabernacle outside and away from the camp of Israel. There the glory would come down and Moses would enjoy face to face communication with God (Ex. 33:7-11). In the understanding of intimate relationships, this was not the experience of the rest of Israel.
The seven messages to the churches in Revelation 2 and 3 is God’s judgment of the responsibility of the professing church in its time on the earth. This is the judgment of its work and its moral condition as a witness for God. Jesus Christ Himself is the One speaking the messages through the Spirit. He is the one walking in the midst of the candlesticks. In discussing and judging the responsibility of the corporate church He mentions certain subjects and categories – first love, false doctrines, evil deeds, worldliness, idolatry, and enduring suffering. Jezebel is the utter corruption and evil of the corporate body. Protestantism becomes the other part of the corporate body that is spiritually dead. When the corporate body failed, the remnant in the last four churches is then encouraged to faithfulness, holding on, and expecting and looking for Christ’s coming for them.
My point is this: These are the things that God sees as important concerning the responsibility of the church and worthy of His notice. These are the subjects He chooses to discuss. This actually represents the responsibility of the corporate church. Why don’t we understand this point? Why have we created other topics and things to emphasize as the will of God? Has God given an inadequate evaluation of the corporate responsibility of the professing church? Has He judged incorrectly or left important things out? Has He given incomplete instructions to His remnant as to what they should be doing in the midst of failure in order to sustain them?
Nothing in Revelation 2 and 3 is incomplete or needs any additions, especially adding the wayward thoughts and aspirations of men. It is the responsibility of the judged church world. We should have ears to hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches. Do you have ears to hear? Our problem is that we want the Spirit to say something different or something new. There isn’t anything different from what we have in these seven messages or anything new that is different from what the Spirit has said. This is it. If you come up with something different, it isn’t the Word of God. If you think you have something new from the Spirit, say from prayer and fasting, it isn’t from God. Again, this is it. From the time of John on Patmos this is the history of the works and responsibility of the professing church on earth. This is the history of its candlestick until it is removed.
Further point: Why wouldn’t we emphasize what God tells the faithful remnant to do? Why wouldn’t we teach the same thing as God encourages the remnant with? I simply do not get it. We make up a new agenda with a different emphasis and call it the will of God. It doesn’t agree with what God has said to do. By this we actually walk away from God. The remnant is what God counts as His and He preserves it to the end. Why wouldn’t we pay close attention to what He says about it? His instructions are for the care of the remnant. He knows what it needs in order to keep it in His grace and faithful to Him.
Faithfulness to Christ is the key characteristic of the remnant. In Thyatira they are to keep free of the corruption of Jezebel (Rev. 2:24) and have no involvement with her. He says to the remnant,”…I will put on you no other burden.” The only burden is faithfulness. They are told to “…hold fast what you have till I come.” This is faithfulness in the midst of corruption (Rev. 2:25). In Sardis the remnant is marked out by the Lord as those who have not defiled their garments with the false profession and religious orthodoxy of Protestantism (Rev. 3:4). His encouragement to them is they are worthy and they should look forward to walking with Him in white. Again, not defiling your garments is remaining faithful to Him. When we get to Philadelphia, the remnant church, it is nothing other than faithfulness that He calls for – nothing else!
Over the course of our Lord’s life here on earth, His ‘reputation’ in the eyes of men diminishes more and more until they hate Him and put Him on the cross. One friend betrays Him, one denies knowing Him, and all desert Him (John 16:32). He was the faithful and true witness of God always, but certainly of no reputation in the world. The believer’s faithfulness to God will have a similar effect. Your faithfulness will lower other’s opinion of you. It causes a certain amount of isolation. It will not give you a reputation in the world’s eyes. You will be seen as odd and strange, even to other believers. Few will understand your walk. There are afflictions that are brought on by faithfulness: this is suffering with Christ because His faithfulness as the true witness of God caused the same for Him. All who live godly in Christ Jesus will suffer persecution. It is the believer’s portion, while on the earth, to share in the sufferings of Christ. But through faithfulness you will walk closer to Christ and have more of His grace for others.
The final point: Faithfulness to Christ in the midst of the evil of the church body is what should be taught today. It is what Christ emphasizes. “Hold fast what you have until I come” is the other part of faithfulness. This is remaining true to Him while you are looking and expecting His imminent return for the body of Christ. His return to gather up the true church and take us to the Father’s house needs to be taught more. The practical effect of this teaching is faithfulness to Christ and separation from the world and from worldliness (I John 3:1-3).
There are many teachings in the Christian world today about what the responsibilities of the church are. Very few of these teachings agree with what the Spirit has said to the churches when its responsibility is looked at, or even more importantly, how He instructs the faithful remnant in the messages. I see this as a real problem and a major disconnect. If we see fit to teach other things as our responsibilities, we are not agreeing with God. For example, if we do not see the general corporate body of Christendom as corrupt or spiritually dead, then we do not agree with God. God sees it as just this and He refuses to acknowledge it. He sees it as hopeless. But we teach that the corporate body has all kinds of hope and potential, all kinds of strength and power. If you take the corporate church body and wrap it up in Arminian thoughts of human achievement and great works to be accomplished for God, then I say you are not agreeing with God and are actually denying what God has said. But these are the things we actually teach, the winning of America and the winning of the world. The Arminian leaven sweeps us up into many pretentious thoughts which, when closely examined, do not have a true basis in the Word of God or the thoughts of God.
One of the doctrines of Jezebel is that the authority of Christ on the earth resides in the church organization – church authority is held by the ecclesiastical structure and assumed by the men who controlled that structure. The infallibility of popes secured this earthly power and mechanism. With the Reformation God brings out, in sovereign grace and truth, the authority of Scripture alone –sola Scriptura. Protestantism diverges from the pretentious authority of the Catholic church, but soon sank down into private interpretation and personal judgment of the Word of God. Both views are wrong. The authority of Christ does not reside in corrupt Jezebel. Neither do we possess a personal right to judge God’s Word. If God has spoken, we do not judge it, only obey.
With Protestantism’s premise of private interpretation, men devise ‘crucial rules’ in the so called ‘science’ of hermeneutics to ‘properly interpret’ the word of God. I see the wisdom of man and the world in this. God did not give these clever rules and drop them down to us. I do not see one hint of their existence or divine use in Paul’s teaching in I Corinthians 2. These rules are not God’s thoughts, the mind of Christ, or the Spirit of truth teaching the things of God. They amount to the wisdom of the world and the wisdom of the Greeks (I Cor. 1:19-31), and even a vague reference to the Greek god, Hermes. It is worldly intelligence and how the professing church copies and makes use of it. As I said before, this is where things break down in departure from the leading and teaching of the Spirit, and denominations were the result. Look what we have today. Christ is divided (I Cor. 1:13). And this was done by man, not by God. | <urn:uuid:c10edb6c-8dab-4e65-8830-094bf37b6a23> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.reintgenchristianbooks.com/chapter/chapter-10-sardis-protestantism-is-dead/ | 2024-03-01T08:52:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.963531 | 6,318 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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Yes, a solar generator can power an air conditioner. In fact, many solar generator systems are specifically designed to provide power for air conditioners. Most solar generators are capable of producing enough energy to power an air conditioner as long as it has sufficient capacity.
Solar systems should be sized to provide the power requirements of the air conditioning unit, which is usually accomplished by installing solar panels with a combined capacity of around 1,000 watts. Once the solar generator has been set up, it can be used to power an air conditioner and other electrical appliances.
Can you power an air conditioner on solar power?
Yes, it is possible to power an air conditioner using solar power. Including buying a specialized air conditioner that runs off of solar energy or investing in a solar power system that includes an inverter and appropriate battery system.
The most viable option is to use a combination of grid power, solar power, and an inverter to run the air conditioner. This way, the solar energy helps offset the energy use of the air conditioner, and you may be able to take advantage of feed-in tariffs, net metering, and other incentives for solar energy.
Keep in mind that air conditioners can use a lot of power, so a large solar power system will be necessary. Installing enough solar panels to power the air conditioner could be costly and may require consulting a professional.
Additionally, it is necessary to size the inverter correctly, as well as select your batteries, and choose the right type of solar panels.
Can I run my AC all day with solar?
Yes, you can run your air conditioner all day with solar power — although, depending on the size of your air conditioner, the type of solar panel you’re using, your location and the available sunlight, you may not be able to power your entire air conditioning system with solar.
To start, you’ll need to consider the size of your air conditioner. The bigger the air conditioner, the more solar power you will need, and the more solar equipment you will need to store the energy.
If you live in an area with strong and consistent sunlight, such as in Arizona or California, the energy requirements for powering an air conditioner may be met without additional batteries or solar powered generators.
On the other hand, if you don’t have access to a large enough solar system or if you live in an area with lower amounts of sunlight, you will need to install solar batteries and/or solar powered generators to store enough energy to carry your air conditioner through the day.
It is important to note that the size of your solar system should be tailored to your local climate and the type of air conditioner you are using. Generally larger solar systems are more efficient, so you may want to consider investing in a larger system if you want to ensure your system is able to power your air conditioner all day.
Installing a solar system to power your air conditioner is an excellent way to both save on energy costs and reduce your carbon footprint. With careful planning and proper maintenance, it can be a reliable and eco-friendly way to cool off on hot summer days.
Will a 900 watt generator run a 5000 BTU air conditioner?
No, a 900 watt generator will not be able to run a 5000 BTU air conditioner. Air conditioners require a much higher wattage – for a 5000 BTU air conditioner, you would need a generator with at least 1500 watts.
Keep in mind that this wattage only applies to startup; once the AC is running, you may need as much as twice the wattage in order to keep it running. Additionally, it is important to note that a generator’s wattage is not always consistent, so it is important to select a generator that has a slightly higher wattage than the AC requires.
Which generator is for AC?
AC generators are electrical generators that use alternating current (AC) to produce electricity. Depending on the application, AC generators can range from small, lightweight models to commercial-grade, large-scale power plants.
The simplest and most common type of AC generator uses magnetism to convert mechanical energy into electrical current. As the generator rotor turns, a conductive coil is exposed to a magnetic field, producing electromagnetic induction.
This causes electrons to flow through the generator’s output wires and creates current in the form of alternating current (AC). Depending on the size and complexity of the generator, the number of power outputs, voltage ranges, and wattages will vary.
AC generators are typically used to provide power to appliances or as emergency backup or remote power sources in applications like construction sites and boating activities. They may also be used as self-contained energy sources in some renewable energy systems, such as stand-alone solar and wind systems.
How many batteries do you need for a solar system in RV?
It depends on a variety of factors, such as the size of the solar system, the type of batteries being used, and the specific power requirements of the RV. The size of the solar system will determine the amount of battery storage needed—generally, you will need at least 1 battery for every 10-12 amps of solar power that you plan to produce.
For example, if you have a 200 watt solar system, you will likely need at least a 20-24 amp battery bank.
The type of batteries you use will also determine the number of batteries required. If you are using deep cycle lead acid batteries, you will need 8-10 batteries connected in parallel for a 24-volt system, depending on the total power usage of your RV.
If you are using lithium ion batteries, you may only need 4-6 depending on the power requirements.
Finally, the amount of power your RV requires will determine the amount of battery storage needed. Typical RVs require a minimum of three batteries in a 12- volt system to ensure a steady supply of power.
If you anticipate needing more power, or if you’ll be using more power-hungry electronics, then you will likely need more batteries in your system.
In sum, the exact number of batteries required for your RV solar system will vary depending on the size of the solar array, the type of batteries being used, and the power demands of your RV.
What size solar generator do I need for my RV?
When determining which size solar generator to purchase for your RV, there are several factors to consider.
Firstly, you should consider the wattage of the appliances that you want to be able to power with a solar generator. RV generators typically produce between 500-3000 watts of power, so your desired appliances should be rated to run on those wattage levels.
Next, you should pay attention to the solar panel ratings on the products you are considering. The size of the solar panel will indicate the rate at which it can generate energy for your RV. Additionally, the mounting system will influence where and how the solar panel can be installed on your RV.
Finally, if you plan to use the generator extensively, stability and noise levels should also be taken into consideration. You should look for generators with three-phase generators to reduce vibrations and produce less noise, which will make your RV experience more pleasant.
Overall, the size of the solar generator you need for your RV will depend on a variety of factors, such as the wattage of the appliances you need to power, the size and type of solar panel, and the noise and vibration levels associated with the generator.
Consider these factors when selecting the best generator for your RV.
Is it better to run solar panels in series or parallel for RV?
For an RV setup, it may be better to run solar panels in parallel rather than series. When two or more solar panels are connected in parallel, the voltage and power output stays the same, whereas when connected in series the voltage adds up while the power output stays the same.
For example, if two 12V 100W panels are connected in series, the voltage will become 24V and the power output will remain 100W. However, if they are connected in parallel, the voltage will remain 12V but the power output will double to 200W.
This makes it ideal for an RV system since it will generate more power for the same voltage.
Additionally, there are other benefits to running solar panels in parallel. If one of the panels ever malfunctions, the current will still flow through the other panel and the system will remain operational.
In a series connection, the entire system will shut down if one panel fails. Additionally, the cost is slightly reduced when running solar panels in parallel, since less wiring is required.
Overall, for an RV, it is typically better to run solar panels in parallel rather than series. This will ensure that the RV is generating maximum power at the same voltage.
What size generator can run a full house with AC?
The size generator necessary to power a full house with AC depends on the size of your home as well as the size of the AC unit. Generally, a home that is between 1,500-2,500 square feet typically requires a generator with a minimum of 8kW to 10kW of power to run a full house with AC.
If a home is larger, then a generator with even greater power capacity should be purchased. It is important to ensure that the generator is the correct size for the home so that it does not get overloaded.
Additionally, when purchasing a generator, it is important to determine the size of the AC unit and confirm that the generator is powerful enough to power it and any other items that may need to be connected.
What can I run on a 3500 watt generator at the same time?
It is possible to run a variety of items on a 3500 watt generator at the same time; however, it is important to remember that generators have wattage limits and should not be overloaded. A generator of this size could generally run several appliances such as a refrigerator, portable air conditioner, microwave, computer, space heater, small TV, and a few lights at the same time.
It is important to check the wattage requirements of each appliance in order to ensure that the total wattage does not exceed the 3500 watt limit. In addition, some appliances require a “surge wattage” which is generally two to three times the running wattage to initially start-up the appliance.
It might be a good idea to limit the number of appliances powered at one time to avoid overloading the generator’s wattage limit.
What is 5000 BTU in watts?
5000 BTU is approximately 1465 watts. BTU, or British Thermal Units, is a measure of energy often used to express the power of heating and cooling systems. To convert BTU to watts, the formula is P (watts) = 3.
414 x 10^3 x DTU / hr, where DTU stands for the difference between the room’s air temperature and the desired temperature. In this case, the power in watts is 1465.
How big of a room will a 5000 BTU unit cool?
The amount of space a 5000 BTU air conditioner can cool depends on several factors, such as the room’s specs (i. e. square footage, insulation, ceiling height, etc. ), other sources of heat, and ambient conditions.
Generally, this unit is designed to cool a space of up to 150 square feet, however, it’s important to consider the aforementioned factors before purchasing an AC of this size. For example, a room with a high ceiling and poor insulation will require a larger capacity AC than a room of typical construction with a lower ceiling.
Additionally, if the room often holds multiple people and/or other heat sources, you will need a larger capacity AC. In this case, it would be best to focus your search on a higher BTU unit to ensure maximum cooling power and efficiency. | <urn:uuid:2b17c664-a38c-4336-9bf8-6eb079b2cab3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.skystreamenergy.com/can-a-solar-generator-power-an-air-conditioner/ | 2024-03-01T08:34:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.927257 | 2,468 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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Table of Contents
- Unveiling the Enigmatic Wisdom: Owls in Diverse Cultures, Including Zen
- The Enlightened Night Watchers: Owls in Zen Philosophy and Art
- The Tranquil Tapestry: Exploring Zen Owl Posters
- Elevating Spaces: Integrating Zen Owl Posters into Your Home
- Symbiotic Brilliance: The Fusion of Zen Philosophy and Owl Symbolism
- Embracing Wisdom: A Tranquil Finale with Zen Owl Posters
Unveiling the Enigmatic Wisdom: Owls in Diverse Cultures, Including Zen
In the tapestry of cultural symbolism, the owl emerges as a mysterious harbinger of insight and sagacity. From ancient civilizations to the realms of Zen philosophy, this enigmatic bird has woven its presence into the fabric of human consciousness.
Owls have long been revered for their nocturnal prowess, a quality that transcends cultures. In Egyptian mythology, the owl stood as a guardian of the afterlife, embodying the transition between life and death. Meanwhile, in Greek folklore, the owl was linked to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, accentuating its association with enlightenment.
Within the intricate gardens of Zen philosophy, the owl takes on an even more profound significance. Symbolizing mindfulness and acute perception, it becomes a metaphor for the enlightened mind—one that sees beyond the surface, delving into the depths of understanding.
Picture a moonlit Zen garden, where the silent flight of an owl mirrors the quiet contemplation of a Zen master. The symbolism intertwines, illustrating the harmony between the wisdom of the bird and the serenity sought in Zen practices.
In the grand tapestry of symbolism, the owl weaves a narrative of profound insight across cultures, with its silent wings whispering the secrets of the night and the realms of enlightenment.
The Enlightened Night Watchers: Owls in Zen Philosophy and Art
In the serene realms of Zen philosophy, the owl emerges as a profound symbol, embodying the essence of wisdom and mindfulness. Within the hushed corridors of Zen teachings, the silent flight of the owl becomes a metaphor for the quiet contemplation that leads to enlightenment.
Owls, revered for their acute perception, mirror the Zen master’s quest for heightened awareness. In the stillness of the Zen garden, the owl embodies mindfulness, transcending the nocturnal landscape with its silent wings—an allegory for the unhurried, deliberate pace of Zen practice.
Delving into the visual poetry of Zen art, the owl takes its perch on scrolls and canvas, its presence laden with symbolism. The meticulous brushstrokes capture the essence of wisdom, portraying the owl as a guardian of profound insights, a sentinel in the nocturnal tapestry of the enlightened mind.
As the moon casts its glow on Zen gardens and inked scrolls, the owl remains an enigmatic muse, inviting contemplation and reflection. In the artistry of Zen, the owl stands not merely as a nocturnal creature but as a harbinger of enlightenment—a timeless emblem of the wisdom sought in the intricate brushstrokes and silent meditations of Zen practitioners.
The Tranquil Tapestry: Exploring Zen Owl Posters
In the realm of art, Zen Owl Posters stand as captivating windows into the serene and contemplative ethos of Zen philosophy. These artistic expressions weave a narrative of tranquillity, where the Zen owl takes centre stage, embodying a harmonious blend of aesthetic prowess and spiritual symbolism.
The color palette of Zen Owl Posters is a meticulous dance of muted tones and calming hues. The gentle strokes of earthy browns and soft greys evoke a sense of groundedness, while hints of cool blues and greens transport viewers to a tranquil dreamscape. This deliberate use of colour transcends mere aesthetics, infusing the poster with an unmistakable sense of serenity.
The design of these posters is a study in balance and simplicity. Each feather, a stroke of artistic intention, contributes to the overall visual harmony. The negative space speaks volumes, allowing the viewer to engage in a contemplative dialogue with the image. The minimalist approach, a hallmark of Zen art, invites one to explore the profound in the seemingly simple.
A Zen Owl Poster is not just a piece of art; it’s a meditative experience. Through the interplay of colour and design, these posters beckon individuals into a space of calm introspection, where the elusive beauty of the Zen owl becomes a conduit to a world of visual and spiritual serenity.
Elevating Spaces: Integrating Zen Owl Posters into Your Home
Transform your living space into a sanctuary of wisdom by strategically placing Zen owl posters that seamlessly blend aesthetics with mindful ambiance. These artistic marvels can be more than mere decorations; they can be conduits for a serene and enlightened atmosphere.
Zen owl posters, with their muted tones and minimalist designs, find a natural home in spaces dedicated to contemplation, such as a study or meditation room. The owl’s wise gaze, depicted with intricate details, can serve as an inspirational focal point, encouraging moments of profound thought.
Consider adorning your bedroom with a Zen Owl Poster to infuse the space with a soothing sense of tranquility. The delicate play of colors and the graceful lines of the owl’s form create an environment conducive to restful nights and peaceful mornings.
In communal areas like the living room, the Zen Owl Poster can become a conversation piece, sparking discussions on wisdom and mindfulness. Placed strategically, it transforms a mere wall into a canvas of enlightenment, adding depth and character to the shared spaces where people gather.
Whether it’s a cosy nook for reading or a hallway awaiting a touch of elegance, incorporating Zen owl posters into your living space allows you to curate an atmosphere that marries artistry with contemplative energy, elevating the essence of your home.
Symbiotic Brilliance: The Fusion of Zen Philosophy and Owl Symbolism
In the intricate dance between Zen philosophy and the symbolic allure of the owl, a profound harmony unfolds, weaving a narrative that transcends the ordinary. The silent wisdom embodied by the owl becomes a symbolic companion to the meditative principles of Zen.
Zen philosophy, with its emphasis on mindfulness and contemplation, finds a resonant partner in the owl’s enigmatic presence. The owl, revered across cultures for its acute perception, becomes a living metaphor for the enlightened mind—a mind that, like the nocturnal hunter, navigates the darkness of ignorance with precision and clarity.
The union of Zen and owl symbolism extends beyond the philosophical realm, infiltrating the visual tapestry of art and literature. The delicate brushstrokes of Zen art bring forth the nuanced beauty of the owl, rendering it not just as a creature of the night but as a guardian of introspection, perched at the threshold of enlightenment.
As one delves into the symbolic synthesis of Zen philosophy and owl mystique, a seamless tapestry of contemplative wisdom unfolds. This convergence is not merely symbolic; it’s a harmonious resonance that invites individuals to explore the depths of mindfulness, guided by the silent wings of the wise owl—a transcendental journey into the realms of symbiotic brilliance.
Embracing Wisdom: A Tranquil Finale with Zen Owl Posters
In the tapestry of home décor, the inclusion of Zen owl posters is a masterstroke, harmonizing aesthetic allure with profound contemplation. Throughout this exploration, we’ve delved into the symphony of colour, design, and symbolism inherent in these artworks, unravelling the unique fusion of Zen philosophy and owl mystique.
These posters, with their muted palettes and minimalist strokes, transcend mere decoration. Instead, they become catalysts for a transformative ambiance, infusing every room with a sense of enlightened tranquility. The silent gaze of the wise owl, intricately captured, becomes a focal point that encourages introspection and mindful living.
As we conclude this journey into the realm of symbolic décor, it’s evident that Zen owl posters transcend conventional art—they are gateways to serenity. Whether adorning your study, bedroom, or shared spaces, these posters beckon you into a contemplative space, where the union of Zen wisdom and owl symbolism creates a sanctuary of calm.
So, as you consider the next addition to your living space, envision the silent wings of the Zen owl unfurling across your walls, bringing not just artistic elegance but a tangible sense of wisdom and tranquillity—an embodiment of mindful living that transcends the ordinary. | <urn:uuid:0ad7fbbf-0b4d-4c37-b4fe-499bdebb7cf1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.zenheads.co.uk/adding-zen-owl-posters-to-your-space/ | 2024-03-01T08:53:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.878155 | 1,786 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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Part 9 - Learning HTML for Beginners
Written by Eric Muss-Barnes, 12 December 2018Before we start on the basics of building an HTML page, there are 4 things I want to explain:
1.) Get a good text editor.
2.) Download a .ZIP file of the lesson.
3.) Learn to "refresh" a browser page.
4.) Learn to "view source" in a browser.
Let's go over those 4 points, one at a time...
GET A GOOD TEXT-EDITING PROGRAM...
I suggest using Notepad++ if you are using Windows.
I suggest using jEdit if you are on Apple macOS.
I have provided links below to both of those programs.
Here are a few other options...
2.) Note Tab Lite
3.) Em Editor
5.) Note Pad (comes with Windows, but has no syntax-highlighting)
5.) TextEdit (comes with macOS, but has no syntax-highlighting)
The reason you want to use a good text-editor is because the better programs have "syntax-highlighting" features. Syntax-highlighting will colorize sections of code, to make it easier to identify the section you are working with. Let me give you two examples below. I know you are not going to understand the code, but that's not the point. I just want you to see the visual difference between working with and without syntax highlighting. This first image features syntax highlighting.
As you can see from the example above, even if you can't read the code or understand it, the color-coding makes different sections stand out more than others.
Below is an example of the same code, without syntax highlighting.
Looks far more confusing without the colorized code, doesn't it? This is why I suggest you use a program offering syntax-highlighting. It simply makes it easier to identify and isolate the blocks of code you are working with.
Make sure you are using a text-editor and DO NOT use a word-processor.
Because word-processing programs (e.g. Microsoft Word, Apache Open Office, etc.) will often monkey around with your code, and change it when you save the file. Since you want complete control over the code you are writing, I can not suggest you use ANY word-processing programs.
There are some specialized web-building applications/programs which tie the visuals of the browser into a text-editor feature. These are called "WYSIWYG" programs. WYSIWYG (pronounced "whizzy-wig") in an acronym for "What You See Is What You Get" and they were very popular and trendy for a time. I do not recommend using any WYSIWYG software either.
You may think it's a good idea to build a page the way you want visually, then study the code written for it. That could be a fantastic way to learn! Yes, that sounds like a great theory on paper. Unfortunately, WYSIWYG programs don't allow you to do that, because WYSIWYG programs are notorious for writing horrible code. They are clunky and inefficient and create very complicated and bloated files, for even the most simplistic of webpages. So, to learn this the proper way, stick with a text-editor and a browser.
DOWNLOAD THE .ZIP FILE OF THE LESSON..
At the bottom of the page, you will see another download link called ".ZIP File of Lesson Code". Please download that file before we begin, and open it on your computer. When you run the .zip file, it should automatically create a folder containing all the files we will use in this lesson.
LEARN TO "REFRESH" YOUR BROWSER...
For these lessons, you are going to need two programs running simultaneously. You will want to open the .html files in your syntax-highlighting text-editor and your favorite web browser, at the same time. You want the .html file opened in both, so you can alter the file in the text editor, then refresh your browser and see your changes instantly. Anytime you change the code in the text-editor, you will hit CTRL+S to save the page, then switch to your browser and refresh the page to see your changes. In order to refresh your page in a browser, there are two options:
1.) Hit the "F5" key at the very top of your keyboard.
2.) Click the "refresh" button near the URL field.
The refresh button is typically a spiral arrow, or a double-arrow of some sort, indicating a reload of the page. Below are some examples of what the refresh button looks like in various browsers.
LEARN TO "VIEW SOURCE" YOUR BROWSER...
For these lessons, you will often want to view the sourcecode inside your browser. In most browsers, you can do this by right-clicking on the page and selecting "View source..." or "View page source..." or something similar. Alternatively, you can use the CTRL+U keyboard shortcut. This will pop-up a new browser window, displaying the HTML code for that page. See below for an example:
LET'S GET STARTED!...
Finally, we can begin to program an HTML page!
First, let's make the most simplistic page we can, with a "comment" on it.
If you click the View Demo button, you will see the webpage that this code creates.
PART 9 - LESSON A - COMMENTS
I am always going to show you the example code in a black box with green text, like you see below. You can either copy-and-paste this code into your text editor, or you can view the demo by clicking the button beneath the black box, or you can follow along by finding this lesson in the .zip file you downloaded. Whichever method you prefer to use is fine. I want to make sure you have plenty of options, then you decide which workflow is best for you.Next, let's go over some basic functionality of HTML tags. What are "tags"? I will explain them in the next lesson. Keep on reading, buckaroo!
PART 9 - LESSON B - TAGS
You may have noticed something very important is missing. All webpages should have a title in the title-bar of the web browser. So far, the two example pages above have not had titles. Let's show how to add titles in the next lesson.
PART 9 - LESSON C - TITLE
The comments can make things a little cluttered. Let's take a look at the page without comments.
PART 9 - LESSON D - WITHOUT COMMENTS
Now you have seen some basic text on the page. Let's see how to format a large block of text.
PART 9 - LESSON E - PARAGRAPHS
The previous pages had all the text flowing together. Note that
your sourcecode, you will not see a linebreak on the webpage unless you use HTML tags to create those breaks. Be sure to look at this paragraph in your text editor and in your browser and note the difference in the formatting. In this paragraph, you will see linebreaks in the text editor, but not in the browser - because the linebreaks are not using HTML tags.
Alternately, you can use a "line break" tag instead of a "paragraph break" tag - the "line break" tag simply jumps
line, instead of into a new paragraph. Computer-nerds will tell you "paragraph break" tags are outdated, so you must only use double "line break" tags to get the same effect.
That is computer-nerd hogwash! Don't listen to them. Regardless of any edicts handed down by the pretentious Oracle Of Computer Nerds, the "paragraph break" tag functions perfectly in all webbrowsers and therefore is not "outdated" in any way. Feel free to use "paragraph breaks" and "line breaks" as you see fit to control your text spacing. One more important note to defy the computer-nerd crowd - paragraph and line break tags DO NOT require a closing tag. Many computer-nerds use closing tags for paragraphs and line breaks, saying that is the "proper" way to write your code... but those close tags don't actually do anything. Don't use them. Let the computer-nerds waste more time typing. You and I have other things to do, so we want our code to be fast and efficient.
So, to review - you can control the line-spacing of text with 2 different tags - "paragraph" or "line break" - which jump text into a new paragraph or a new line respectively.
These pages have been pretty boring up until this point. Next, let's spice things up by adding pictures! Woohoo! We will also add some simple navigation by showing you how to make links, so getting to new pages becomes a little easier. Since the concept of "HTML tags" is hopefully a little easier to understand at this point, the explanations will be slightly less detailed and we'll start to speed things up a tad. Ready? Onto the next page...
Okay. We have gotten fancy with formatting text and paragraphs. Next lesson will add pictures...
PART 9 - LESSON F - LINKS AND PICTURES
Adding a picture to a page is very simple. If you view the sourcecode for this page, you will see the code used to display the image shown below.
Note the sourcecode after "src=" gives the filepath to the image based upon the folder structure from the point where the current page resides. In this case, there is an "images" folder which contains an image called "sunset-palm.jpg" and that is the image displayed on the page. Also take note that there is no closing tag for an image.
This text links to the next page and uses code that is very similar to the image tag. Below, you will find links to all of the previous pages we have viewed. Again, the code is fairly self-explanatory when you view the source:
Note, you can also force links to open in the same bowser window, or in a new window, using the "target" attribute.
So, remember, we use "IMG SRC" for image tags and "A HREF" for link tags. IMG tags do not have a close. A HREF tags do have a close. You can also make an image a link, simply by wrapping the link tag around an image tag, like so:
So far, we just have plain, small text on the screen. The default size and font of text is kind of boring. What happens when you want to do some more fancy formatting to the text? There are a lot of commands you can use in HTML to make your text different. That is in the next lesson.
PART 9 - LESSON G - TEXT FORMATTING
This sentence uses an italic tag.
This sentence uses a bold tag.
This sentence uses a strong tag. As you can see, "strong" and "bold" do the exact same thing. "Strong" is the newer version of "bold" tags. Computer-nerds will tell you not to use "bold" and only use "strong" instead. Do not listen to them. Use whichever one you want. They both work fine. I prefer "bold" simply because it's a lot less to type.
This sentence uses a strong tag. As you can see, "em" and "italics" do the exact same thing. "em" is the newer version of "italics" tags. Computer-nerds will tell you not to use "italics" and only use "em" instead. Do not listen to them. Use whichever one you want. They both work fine. I prefer "i" simply because it's a lot less to type.
Note that you can also "nest" these tags inside each other, in order to cumulatively add parameters to a font. That's a fancy way to say "make 'em do a bunch of stuff at the same time"...
For example, this sentence is bold AND italic.
Pay close attention when viewing the sourcecode for the previous sentence and see how the tags are nested. The most important thing to remember when nesting tags is to CLOSE THEM IN EXACT REVERSE ORDER. You can start with bold or italic - it doesn't matter which order you open them - just be sure to close them in the reverse order you opened them with.
Why is it important to close your tags in exact reverse order? Two reasons:
1. It's a lot easier to read the code and understand what is going on when things are organized in order.
2. Browsers will sometimes get confused and start acting all wonky if you start closing your tags in a haphazard order. This is especially true when you start using more powerful and sophisticated tags which control things like page layout. If you start opening and closing page layout tags in the wrong order, your whole page can break. So, get into the good habit of always closing things in reverse-order.
By the way, if you aren't viewing the sourcecode on this page yet, now might be a good time to start. Lots of instructions are starting to get buried in the comments here.
Fonts can also be colored to any color you want. And again, colors and other parameters can be combined - for example, colored fonts with bold and italics or both italic and bold simultaneously.
Font colors use a # symbol, followed by 6-digit code (called a "hexadecimal" or "hex") to determine the color being shown. How do you find the hexadecimal code (or "hex value") to create the color you want? There are many options - various image editors give hex values, a Google search for "hex color", there are even small applications that can help you out. Quick little side note - you can use a hex value to change the background color of an entire page too - click here to see an example.
Similar to "bold" and "paragraphs", there are 2 ways to color your fonts. You can use a "font tag" or you can use an "inline style" to get the same result. I highly recommend learning the "inline style" method.
Why use "inline styles" instead of "font-tags" for coloring your font?
Because "inline styles" are a direct relative to "cascading style sheets" (known as "CSS") which are a very robust and powerful way to control numerous aspects of your page such as text parameters. While both an "inline style" and a "font tag" only apply to a single instance of text, CSS can control text all over multiple pages of an entire website. In other words - if you change a specified CSS font color from red to blue, it will change all instances of that font, all over your site, instantly! If you use "font tags" or "inline styles" you'd have to change each font color individually. Hence, during the learning process, I suggest you apply customization to your text with "inline sytles" because by learning those, you will already understand 80% of CSS when it comes time to learn CSS functionality.
Not only can you make text bold using a bold tag or a strong tag, but can also do it with an inline style as well - in fact, this sentence uses all 3 methods. View the source and check it out.
This sentence is using an "inline style" for making this text bold and blue and for making this text italic.
This sentence is using "font tags" for making this text bold and blue and for making this text italic.
As you can see, the two sentences above look identical in a browser, but the code looks very different when you "view source" for this page. The "inline style" approach is a little more complicated, but, again, I recommend that you learn "inline styles", simply because it will make CSS far easier to understand, and you will really enjoy the power and flexibility you get from CSS.
Another HTML tag for text formatting is called a "headline" tag. One of the unique features of a "headline" tag is providing an automatic paragraph-break, underneath the text, once the tag is closed.
This uses a "H1" headline tag. Note the automatic paragraph break beneath this line.
This uses a "H2" headline tag. Note the automatic paragraph break beneath this line.
This uses a "H3" headline tag. Note the automatic paragraph break beneath this line.
This uses a "H4" headline tag. Note the automatic paragraph break beneath this line.
This uses a "H5" headline tag. Note the automatic paragraph break beneath this line.
Once again, the below text illustrates how an HTML tag for text formatting (namely the "headline" tag) can be "recreated" using an "inline style" instead. However, an "inline style" does not provide the automatic paragraph break - when using inline styles, the line breaks must be inserted manually.
This uses an "inline style" to attain a similar effect as a H1 "headline tag."
This uses an "inline style" to attain a similar effect as a H2 "headline tag."
This uses an "inline style" to attain a similar effect as a H3 "headline tag."
This uses an "inline style" to attain a similar effect as a H4 "headline tag."
This uses an "inline style" to attain a similar effect as a H5 "headline tag."
Now, let's cover another common need in text layout - numbering lines and bullet points. This is very simple code too. Be sure to view source and see how it was done. Here are examples of each:
- First number item.
- Second number item.
- Third number item.
- Fourth number item.
- Fifth number item.
- First bullet item.
- Second bullet item.
- Third bullet item.
- Fourth bullet item.
- Fifth bullet item.
Finally, let's show you how to change the font itself. We have just been using the default "Times New Roman" font. But, by using a font tag, we can change the font to be anything a user has on their system. For example...
This sentence uses the "Arial" font tag.
This sentence uses the "Courier" font tag.
This sentence uses the "Verdana" font tag.
This sentence uses the "Tahoma" font tag.
With the dawn of HTML5 (the latest and greatest iteration of HTML) the "font face" tag is no longer officially supported. Therefore, you should use an inline style instead. That looks like this...
This sentence uses the "Arial" font style.
This sentence uses the "Courier" font style.
This sentence uses the "Verdana" font style.
This sentence uses the "Tahoma" font style.
So far, we have covered a lot of basics in a very short time. We covered many variations of formatting text, changing the color of a whole webpage, adding images to the page, linking text, and linking images. Of course, all our content simply runs down the lefhand side of the page and that's not a very compelling way to build a website. The next step is to start some real formatting and page layout.
This text links to the next page. Below, you will find links to all of the previous pages we have viewed.
The final lesson on basic HTML is to show you some page layout and formatting.
PART 9 - LESSON H - PAGE LAYOUT
Before we begin - a fair warning - this is where HTML starts to get a little more challenging and confusing. Learning basic tags and structures which are solid and unchanging is easy. I mean, you can only make italic text in 2 possible ways. That's pretty straightforward. There are no variations. No options. No variables.
Tables are a different story.
Think of tables in HTML like Lego bricks - their structure is solid and unchanging, but the options in which they can be creatively combined are endless and can become very intricate. Therefore, if you have been sailing through this learning process with ease, don't become discouraged if tables suddenly "slow you down" and get really confusing. Tables certainly have the potential to be quite befuddling. So, just take it easy and know that you may need to re-read this page and study this code a little bit more than the previous material.
Also, like Legos, you can build HTML tables in a very "clean" and streamlined way, or you can build a near-identical-looking structure in a rather "sloppy" way. Just like learning to build with Legos, your first HTML tables will likely be poorly constructed. That's okay. Give youself permission to screw up and do it badly. In time and with experience, you'll learn to make things more elegantly and efficient.
In the simplest terms, "tables" are made up of rows and columns to create a grid on the page which holds your content. The squares of the grid are called cells. The content in your table cells can be anything from text to images to video to whatever. Tables can have visible or invisible borders. For this course, we will obviously leave the borders visible most of the time, so you can see where the tables are on the page. This is another page where viewing the comments in the sourcecode will teach you far more than what you see in the browser.
This text is inside a single table cell with a 1-pixel border. |
This text is inside a single table cell with a 5-pixel border. |
This table has all of the sourcecode in a single line. It displays in a browser the same as the first tables above, but it gets harder to read when you view source. |
This text is inside a table with 2 columns. | This text is inside the second column. |
This text is inside a table with 2 rows. |
This text is inside the second row. |
This text is inside a table cell. | This is another cell, with a table nested below this sentence.
The "cells" within table can also "span" rows and columns. This is where table layout can get really intricate. Let's start simply:
This text spans 3 columns. | ||
A | B | C |
This text spans 3 rows. | 1 |
2 | |
As you can imagine, between nesting tables and "colspan" and "rowspan" attributes, you have an enormous amount of diversity and control over your table layouts. Tables can also have many, many cells and rows and columns, like you can see below:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Below is the same table as the previous one, but with the borders turned off. To achieve this, note I simply changed the border from border="1" to read border="0" instead...
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
This table has added attributes of "cellspacing" and "cellpadding" which are set to "0". If you do not declare a "cellspacing" and "cellpadding" amount, the default for cellspacing and cellpadding is "2" pixels. |
This table has an added attribute of "cellspacing" which is set to "10" and "cellpadding" which is set to "0". |
This table has an added attribute of "cellspacing" which is set to "0" and "cellpadding" which is set to "10". |
This table has a width of "100%". Resize your browser window and this table will always stretch across the whole screen. |
This table has a width of "50%". Resize your browser window and this table will always stretch across half the screen. |
Okay, I know that was a LOT to absorb all at once. Don't fret. As I said earlier - tables are one of the areas where beginners often get really perplexed and intimidated by HTML. Since tables are pure "customization", they can become very confusing. However, learning HTML tables is the big "cornerstone" of HTML layout. Tables are very powerful tools which provide a large amount of controls. There isn't much "creativity" involved in a bold tag. But tables? Tables are pure creativity. I can show you how they work, but you need to figure out what to do with them to suit your own needs.
"Tables" are another feature of HTML which computer-nerds consider to be "outdated" and will tell you not to use them. Terrible advice. Why? Because it all depends on your reason for using them! There are a number of very popular websites still using tables for certain types of information, because sometimes a big old chart or graph is the best thing to use. Well, that about covers all the basics of HTML! |
Below, you will find links to all of the previous pages we have viewed.
Congratulations! You made it through the first step of the process. Those are the basics of HTML and simple web pages. There are a lot more HTML tags which I didn't cover, but again, the purpose of this course is to teach the basics. This is not intended to make you an expert. I just want to share the fundamentals and let you start to learn and expand your knowledge from there.
My philosophy of code has always been that old adage of K.I.S.S. - "Keep it simple, stupid."
Build all your websites using HTML. Period.
If HTML is incapable of accomplishing what you need, add the next-most-complicated technology.
Will it be easier to build using CSS? Then add some CSS.
Does your website have to use PHP and a database?
Fine. Then add that.
But don't ever use technology that is overly-complicated or unnecessary.
Always. Use. What. Is. The. Most. Simplistic. Technology. For. The. Task. At. Hand.
And one more thing...
Remember, the guest, the users are the MOST IMPORTANT THING. We build websites for the users.
Computer nerds don't.
Computer nerds like to show off their knowledge of the latest and greatest technology. They think it's "cool" to waste away their weekend, learning the hip and trendy new framework, or library, or building out a new server technology.
That's not cool.
That's a pathetic waste of time. Get a life, you nerds!
Don't misunderstand. I'm not saying a person shouldn't learn new technology. Obviously, I wouldn't be building an educational website teaching technology, if I didn't think people should learn it! I'm simply saying, don't learn technology because you think it's "neat" or "cool"; learn technology that will benefit the users. Because users don't care about the technology you have learned. Users don't care if a website is built with HTML or XHTML. Users don't care if a site uses CSS or PHP or jQuery libraries or the latest framework. Users just want a website that works and provides the information they need in a timely manner.
Does the website crash?
Does it take forever to load?
Is it easy to navigate?
Can they find what they are looking for?
Can they save the page?
Can they print it out?
Can they bookmark it to reference later?
Those are the issues and features users care about. Make sure you are building websites which allow users to do those things. Respect the needs of the users, first and foremost. This isn't about you. This isn't about your ego. This isn't about your skills or your knowledge. This isn't about impressing your coworkers and peers. Only computer nerds care about that irrelevant popularity contest.
Computer nerds are jerks.
Because computer nerds only care about what they think is cool.
Computer nerds don't care about users or the needs of the users.
Don't be a computer nerd.
Care about the users above all else. Respect the users. The users are what matter. Your own ego is not relevant. Unless you're a socially-inept computer nerd, who puts your own arrogance above the needs of those you are supposedly trying to help.
And remember, kids, the world owes you nothing... until you create things of value.
Forcing the web browser to display a new or updated version of the webpage code it is currently showing.syntax-highlighting
Text editing programs which use color-coding to distinguish different sections of computer code.view source
Having a browser display the HTML code it is rendering, in order to create the webpage you are currently viewing.WYSIWYG
An acronym for "What You See Is What You Get" and is pronounced "whizzy-wig"..zip file
A compact file containing a batch of other files. .ZIP files are used to share and transfer a group of files together, so users do not have to download one file at a time.Downloads
Microsoft Windows Software
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The experiment was conducted to understand the ultrastructural morphology of the erythrocytes, reticulocytes and mononuclear cells (thrombocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes) of the Uttara fowl (local hill fowl of Uttarakhand). The study was conducted on 10 apparently healthy and adult fowl of either sex, reared at Instructional poultry farm, G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The blood was collected from wing vein using E.D.T.A as anticoagulant. Transmission electron micrographs showed that fowl erythrocytes were elliptical in shape with oval nucleus and homogenous cytoplasm. The reticulocytes were nucleated and cytoplasm was homogenous with few polysomes and mitochondria. The thrombocytes were round with central nucleus and contained few granules in the cytoplasm. The small lymphocytes were rounded with few cytoplasmic processes. The medium lymphocytes were oval to round in appearance with prominent foot like cytoplasmic processes or pseudopodia. In the large lymphocytes ectoplasm appeared vacuolated due to presence of numerous small vacuoles. The monocytes were roughly round in shape with finger like cytoplasmic processes. The cell had bean shaped nucleus containing few patches of heterochromatin. The mitochondria, golgi apparatus, rough as well as smooth endoplasmic reticulum and large number of membrane bound empty vesicles of varying size were observed.
The Uttara fowl (local hill fowl) is said to be descended from the red jungle fowl. Its development took place through natural mating and selection. There is very little information available on characteristics of local hill fowl of Uttarakhand. However, existence of different strains of Uttara fowl has been reported (Pant et al., 2007). Most of the hill fowls are unique in their adaptation to the agro-climatic conditions of their habitat (Kaur et al., 2010). Their germplasm is unexplored and possess various potential genes responsible for survival in rough conditions of Uttarakhand.
Blood cells can be categorized into erythrocytes, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) and thrombocytes. The blood of birds have nucleated erythrocytes and nucleated thrombocytes. Birds also differ in coagulation, particularly in intrinsic system, because they appear to lack coagulation factor V, VII, X, XI and XII. Avian erythrocytes function similar to the mammalian erythrocytes with some notable biochemical differences (Jain, 1993). The 2, 3–bisphosphoglycerate is present only in chicken embryonal erythrocytes and disappears shortly after hatch (Bounous and Stedman, 2000). Avian thrombocytes are phagocytic in nature, participate in the hemostatic process and like mammalian platelets, tend to clump in blood film (Thrall et al., 2004). Monocytes and lymphocytes are similar to mammalian cells. Monocytes have a crucial role in chronic inflammation. Monocytosis is usually a consequence of chronic disease such as granulomatus lesion, bacterial infection, parasitism, zinc deficiency etc. (Jain, 1993). Lymphocytes are responsible for the cell mediated immunity (T-lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (B-lymphocytes). The avian blood cell morphology differs significantly from the mammalian counterparts. There is some variation in blood cell morphology in different avian species. The ultrastuctural picture of avian reticulocyte was not revealed. Keeping it in view the above facts, the present study was conducted to reveal ultrastructural morphology.
Materials and Methods
The experimental plan of the study was duly approved by the Animal Ethics committee G.B.P.U.A & T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The study was conducted on ten adult apparently healthy Uttara fowl of either sex reared at instructional poultry farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.
For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the blood samples were collected in 5ml syringe using EDTA as anticoagulant, transferred into siliconized centrifuge tubes and spun at 3000 r. p. m. for 45 minutes. The plasma was drained off and the buffy coat was fixed for 5 hours at 5°C in the standard fixative (5 % gluteraldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4).The fixative was gently removed. Fragile buffy coat disc was carefully removed with the help of a sharp pointed scalpel. After removal, the disc was put in a petridish containing phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4). The disc was cut into several blocks of about 1-2 mm size. The blocks were washed three times with 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 15 minutes each. The blocks were again fixed at room temperature for one hour using 1% osmium tetra oxide. The blocks were dehydrated using graded alcohol. They were then placed into two changes of 100 % toluene for 5 minutes each, before being transferred to a mixture of equal parts of Araldite and toluene for overnight at room temperature. Impregnation was carried out in the fresh changes of Araldite and continued for two days at room temperature. The blocks were finally embedded in another change of fresh Araldite and polymerized for 3 days at room temperature. The thin sections (60-70 nm) were cut on an ultramicrotome and placed on copper grids. The sections were stained in a saturated solution of Uranyl acetate in 50 % alcohol for 15 minutes, followed by lead citrate for 15 minutes and examined under TEM (JEOL JEM-1011) operated at 60-80 KV at TEM laboratory facility at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the samples of venous blood from the birds were collected from the wing vein in 5ml syringe using EDTA as anticoagulant. Few drops of blood were transferred into siliconized centrifuge tubes, equal amount of 5% gluteraldehyde was added and the blood was fixed for 1 hour. The mix was spun at 3000 r. p. m. for 30 minutes. The plasma was decanted and buffy coat was taken out in another tube. The blood cells were washed three times with 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) by centrifuging @ 2000 rpm for 2 minutes. These samples of fixed cells were processed in SEM laboratory facility, G.B.P.U.A & T Pantnagar. There the cells were resuspended in distilled water and repeated washings were performed. The film of the blood cells was made on a clean circular glass cover slip. The blood film was coated with gold sputter coating using JFC-1600 Auto Fine Coater and observed under JEOL JSM-6610 LV scanning electron microscope.
Results and Discussion
The erythrocytes under scanning electron microscope were oval to elliptical in shape with rounded ends. The borders were generally smooth. The erythrocytes had raised central area which indicated the presence of nucleus (Fig. 1 and 2). The peri-nuclear area of the cell was darker as compared to the periphery of the erythrocyte. Kumar et al. (2012) reported elongated to round shaped erythrocytes in sheep. Yadav et al. (2013) reported elongated erythrocytes under scanning electron microscope in Kadaknath fowl. The thrombocytes under scanning electron microscope were roughly round to oval in shape showing numerous varying sized cytoplasmic processes projecting from their surface (Fig. 2 and 3). Narkkong et al. (2009) observed that thrombocytes of white-bellied sea eagle were oval to rod-shaped in appearance with a rough membrane. Yadav et al. (2013) reported round thrombocytes with cytoplasmic processes in Kadaknath fowl. Du Plessis and Wilpe (2009) observed that vulture thrombocytes were predominantly oval to elliptical with few pseudopodia. The surface of the thrombocyte was rough showing nodular appearance due to various small nodule like eminences (Fig. 2 and 3). Yadav et al. (2013) also reported irregular out growths on the surface of thrombocytes. The aggregated clumps of thrombocytes were also observed (Fig. 3). Mrigesh (2011) also reported aggregation of thrombocytes under scanning electron microscopy, in donkey blood. Scanning electron micrographs revealed four types of leucocytes. However, leucocytes having membrane ruffles are considered as agranulocytes. Burkhardt (1979) reported the cells, with ridge like profiles having membrane ruffles, as polymorphonuclear leucocytes and cells, with more prominent membrane ruffles as monocytes in chicken. Some leucocytes were large in size and showed cauliflower like appearance. Their cell surface showed narrow ridge- like profiles and small ruffles and one category of leucocytes were also large with more prominent, membrane- like ruffles (Mohd et al., 2016).
Fig. 1: Scanning electron photomicrograph of blood cells showing erythrocytes x 4,500 | Fig. 2: Scanning electron photomicrograph of blood cells showing erythrocyte (a) and thrombocytes (b) x 6,800 |
Fig. 3: Scanning electron photomicrograph of blood cells showing thrombocytes in clump x 8000 | Fig. 4: Transmission electron photomicrograph of erythrocyte. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate x 26,500 |
Fig. 5: Transmission electron photomicrograph showing reticulocyte with oval shaped mitochondria (a) and polysomes (b). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate x 33,200 | Fig. 6: Transmission electron photomicrograph of thrombocyte showing membrane bound electron dense body (a), vacuole enclosing lysed material (b), nucleus (n) with distinct nuclear pore (np) and granule (g). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate x 33,200 |
The TEM results showed that erythrocytes were elliptical or oval in shape as per plane of the section (Fig. 6). Elliptical shaped erythrocytes were also reported in Kadaknath fowl (Yadav et al., 2013). The nucleus was oval or elliptical in shape. The perinuclear space was indistinct. The condensed chromatin was more concentrated peripherally and also distributed throughout the nucleoplasm in the form of patches (Fig. 4). Hodges (1977) in avian erythrocytes also reported oval shaped nucleus with masses of heavily condensed chromatin present both peripherally and throughout the nucleoplasm but according to that study there was well defined gap between nucleus and cytoplasm. Salakij et al. (2003) found that, painted stork’s RBCs contained a nucleus, hemoglobin and some mitochondria. The cytoplasm was almost homogeneously stained (Fig. 4). No cell organelles were found in the cytoplasm of the erythrocytes. But Salakij et al. (2003) reported presence of hemoglobin and some mitochondria along with nucleus in painted storks. A few reticulocytes were seen under transmission electron microscope. The nucleus was large and oval in shape. The heterochromatin was arranged in the periphery of the nucleus in the form of patches and euchromatin was centrally placed. The cytoplasm was homogenous in appearance similar to the erythrocyte but a few polysomes and mitochondria were seen (Fig. 5). Koury et al. (2005) reported mice nascent reticulocyte with abundant ribosomes, intact mitochondria and vacoules in an in vitro maturation study of nascent reticulocyte to erythrocyte. The thrombocytes were round in shape and contained more cytoplasm than small lymphocytes (Fig. 6). The nucleus of thrombocyte was centrally placed, dense and irregularly round to oval in shape. The heterochromatin was distributed more towards the periphery.
Maxwell (1974) also observed more cytoplasm than small lymphocytes in thrombocytes of duck, goose, pigeon, quail and turkey under electron microscope. Hodges (1977) observed irregularly round, oval or elongated thrombocytes with cytoplasmic processes or pseudopodia and round to oval shaped nucleus. Yadav et al. (2013) reported oval or elongated shape thrombocytes with round to oval shaped centrally or eccentrically nucleus having peripheral distribution of heterochromatin. Most of the cell organelles were arranged close to the nuclear membrane surrounded by an area of ectoplasm containing free ribosomes and a few glycogen granules. The mitochondria were small and oval in shape. Few granules were also observed. Hodges (1977) reported presence of mitochondria, Golgi complex, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum and many groups of microtubules in avian thrombocytes. Maxwell and Trezo (1970) reported presence of small round mitochondria, microtubules parallel to contours of the cell, very small fine granules close to nuclear membrane and a rare presence of Golgi apparatus in fowl thrombocytes. The cytoplasm had several vacuoles and lumen of the large vacuoles contained electron dense material inside it (Fig. 6). Presence of vacuoles was also reported in ostrich thrombocytes (Bonadiman et al., 2009) and vulture thrombocytes (Du Plessis and Wilpe, 2009).
Transmission electron micrographs showed the lymphocytes were nucleated cells, roughly rounded in outline with cytoplasmic processes and pseudopodia. Depending upon their size they were classified as small, medium and large lymphocytes. These findings were in corroboration with (Lucas and Jamroz, 1961) in chicken. Gupta and Singh (2008) observed only small and large lymphocytes in guinea fowl. The small lymphocytes were roughly round shaped with few cytoplasmic processes on the cell surface. The nucleus of the cell was placed at the centre of the cell occupying most of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm surrounded the nucleus in the form of a rim. Few pinocytic vesicles and phagocytic vacuoles were also observed in the cytoplasm (Fig. 7). Gupta and Singh (2008) also reported that cytoplasm was surrounding the nucleus of small lymphocyte in the form of a rim. The nuclei of the small lymphocytes were generally oval in shape in the Uttarafowl. However, Maxwell (1974) reported that the nucleus showed considerable pleomorphism, being round, oval, irregular or indented in outline in domestic birds. The nucleus had distinct double layered nuclear membrane. The heterochromatin was distributed both at periphery and center of the nucleus (Fig. 1). Bonadiman et al. (2009) reported peripheral distribution of heterochromatin in ostrich lymphocyte. Maxwell (1974) reported nucleus with equal amount of heterochromatin and euchromatin, multivesicular bodies and some small clear vacuoles in small lymphocyte of duck, geese, turkey, pigeon, quail and guinea fowl.
The medium lymphocytes were oval to round in appearance with prominent foot like cytoplasmic processes or pseudopodia (Fig. 8). The nucleus was oval in shape occupying most of the cytoplasm. The heterochromatin was distributed both at periphery as well as at the centre of the nucleus in the form of patches. The distinct nuclear membrane was seen. The cytoplasm occupied the periphery of the cell in the form of ring. Few pinocytic vesicles were seen in the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. Maxwell (1974) also observed round or oval shaped medium lymphocytes with small and thin pseudopodia and some lobopodia in six different species of domestic birds. He also reported high nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio and presence of pinocytic vesicles near the plasma membrane of medium lymphocytes. The large lymphocytes were roughly rounded in appearance and contained an oval nucleus. The nucleus occupied most of the cytoplasm and was placed at the centre of the cell. The heterochromatin was distributed both at the periphery as well as at the centre of the nucleus. The euchromatin region of the nucleus contained two distinct nucleoli, one small and other large sized (Fig. 9). The nuclear membrane was double layered with distinct nuclear pores. The endoplasmic reticulum was present near the peripheral region of the nucleus. The cytoplasm at the periphery appeared vacuolated in appearance due to presence of numerous small vacuoles. Gupta and Singh (2008) reported presence of narrow rim of heterochromatin beneath the nuclear membrane surrounding the euchromatin and no nucleoli were observed in large lymphocyte of guinea fowl. Salakij et al. (2015) observed that ultra-structurally, lymphocytes contained round nuclei with dense heterochromatin. A few lymphocytes (less than 5% WBC) contain azurophilic granules in Crested Serpent eagle and Shikra. However, no such azurophilic granules were found in lymphocytes of Uttara fowl.
Fig. 7: Transmission electron photomicrograph of small lymphocyte showing nuclear pore (np), cytoplasmic process (cp) and pinocytic vesicle (v). x 39,800 | Fig. 8: Transmission electron photomicrograph of medium lymphocyte, showing cytoplasmic process (cp). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate x 39,800 |
Fig. 9: Transmission electron photomicrograph of large lymphocyte showing nucleolus (n), nuclear pore (np), vesicle (v) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). x 33,200 | Fig. 10: Transmission electron photomicrograph of monocyte showing mitochondrion (m), nucleus (n), vesicle (v), cytoplasmic process (cp) and electron dense body (a). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate x 26,500 |
Fig. 11: Transmission electron photomicrograph of monocyte showing Golgi body (g), mitochondrion (m), vesicle with lysed material (v) and electron dense body (a). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate x 53,100 |
The monocytes were roughly round in shape with finger like cytoplasmic processes on cell surface. The cell had kidney or bean shaped nucleus containing few patches of heterochromatin (Fig. 10). The nuclear membrane was distinct double layered with nuclear pores. Gupta and Singh (2008) also reported kidney shaped indented nucleus with well-defined nuclear membrane in guinea fowl. Suwannasaeng et al. (2014) reported that monocytes contained slightly indented unlobed nucleus, numerous ribosomes and many mitochondria in crested Goshawk. The mitochondria were oval in shape with well-defined cristae. The Golgi apparatus, rough as well as smooth endoplasmic reticulum and large number of membrane bound empty vesicles of varying size were observed (Fig. 11). The vesicles with variable amount of lysed material were found distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Bonadiman et al. (2009) reported that monocytes had a lower nuclear cytoplasm ratio when compared with lymphocytes in ostriches. Larger monocytes with higher vacuolar content and plasma membrane protrusions were also observed indicating blood monocyte heterogeneity. However, Gupta and Singh (2008) reported presence of only rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in the monocyte of guinea fowl. Few small electron dense bodies were also distributed in the cytoplasm. Similar observations were reported in the monocytes of different domestic fowls (Maxwell, 1974).
Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed four different types of leucocytes and thrombocytes presented nodular shaped surface eminences. Transmission electron microscopic studies indicated presence of reticulocytes with characteristic mitochondria and polysomes found within the cytoplasm. Lymphocytes of three types were observed viz. small, medium and large. Monocytes were highly vacuolated with well-developed cell organelles. Thrombocytes had an area of ectoplasm containing free ribosomes and a few glycogen granules.
I am thankful to my advisor Dr. Meena Mrigesh and Dr. Ishwar Singh for their help in interpretation of micrographs. I am glad to acknowledge Mr. M.P. Singh operator Electron Microscopy Section, GBPUAT, Pantnagar for being enthusiastic and helpful during electron microscopy. I will also likely extend my thanks to ICAR for providing Junior Reasearch Fellowship during research work. | <urn:uuid:6122e521-f224-4b37-8d87-f650f223e346> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://ijlr.org/issue/ultrastructural-morphology-of-erythrocytes-reticulocytes-and-mononuclear-cells-of-indigenous-fowl-gallus-domesticus/ | 2024-03-02T14:30:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.958873 | 4,590 | 2.75 | 3 | [
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Do you want to live a long and fulfilling life? We all do. But have you ever stopped to think about what role nutrition plays in our longevity?
Just like a car needs the right fuel to run efficiently, our bodies need the right nutrients to function properly. Nutrient-rich foods and supplements can help you live longer, healthier lives.
Think of your body as a garden that needs proper nourishment to grow and thrive. The food we eat provides the building blocks for our cells, tissues, organs, and systems. By choosing nutrient-dense options like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, we can promote optimal health and prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s.
In this article, we’ll explore some of the key nutrients that can help you extend your lifespan by improving your overall health.
The Importance of Nutrient-Rich Foods
You’ll be thrilled to know that eating delicious and nutrient-rich foods is key to improving your health and increasing your chances of a longer life. Incorporating superfoods into your diet is an excellent way to get the essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants you need for optimal health.
Some examples of superfoods include blueberries, spinach, kale, salmon, nuts, and seeds. Eating these types of foods regularly can help protect against chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
Nutrient dense meal planning is another important aspect of incorporating healthy foods into your diet. This means choosing whole foods that are high in nutrients but low in calories. Examples include vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats like avocados and olive oil.
By focusing on nutrient-dense foods instead of calorie-dense ones like processed snacks or fast food meals can help reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases.
Incorporating more nutrient-rich foods into your diet doesn’t have to be difficult or boring either! Experiment with new recipes using fresh ingredients or try swapping out unhealthy snacks for healthier options like roasted nuts or sliced veggies with hummus dip.
By making small changes over time towards a more nutritious diet can make a significant impact on your overall health and longevity.
Antioxidants and Their Role in Longevity
If you want to boost your chances of living longer, antioxidants are a must-have in your daily diet. These powerful nutrients counteract the effects of free radicals, which can cause damage to your cells and contribute to aging and disease.
Fortunately, many superfoods are rich in antioxidants, including berries, leafy greens, nuts, and spices like turmeric.
One of the key ways that antioxidants promote longevity is by reducing inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation has been linked to a wide range of health problems, from heart disease and cancer to Alzheimer’s and arthritis. By neutralizing free radicals that trigger inflammation, antioxidants can help keep your tissues healthy and reduce your risk of these conditions.
In addition to eating antioxidant-rich foods, you may also benefit from taking supplements like vitamin C or E or resveratrol. However, it’s important to remember that getting nutrients from whole foods is always preferable to relying on supplements alone.
When combined with other healthy lifestyle choices like regular exercise and stress reduction techniques, consuming plenty of antioxidants can play an important role in promoting longevity and overall wellness.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Benefits
Omega-3 fatty acids are incredibly important for maintaining optimal health. Studies show that a diet rich in these fats can reduce the risk of heart disease by up to 30%.
These essential fatty acids play a vital role in brain function and may help prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and depression. The recommended intake for adults is at least two servings of fatty fish per week or taking supplements containing EPA and DHA.
Dietary sources of omega-3 include fatty fish like salmon, tuna, and mackerel, chia seeds, flaxseeds, and walnuts. Incorporating these foods into your diet can provide you with the necessary amount of this essential nutrient.
However, if you’re not a fan of seafood or have dietary restrictions that limit your consumption of certain foods – supplements are also a good option to consider.
The benefits of omega-3s on longevity cannot be ignored. They have been shown to improve heart health, decrease inflammation throughout the body, and support healthy aging.
By incorporating more omega-3s into your diet through food sources or supplementation – you can reap the rewards for years to come!
Vitamin D and Its Impact on Health
Vitamin D, a critical nutrient synthesized by the body through exposure to sunlight, is essential for maintaining healthy bones and muscles, regulating insulin levels, reducing the risk of certain cancers and autoimmune diseases, and promoting overall well-being.
However, vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide due to inadequate sun exposure and low dietary intake. Some sources of vitamin D include fatty fish like salmon and tuna, egg yolks, mushrooms, and fortified foods like milk and cereals.
Research suggests that low levels of vitamin D are associated with an increased risk of several health issues such as osteoporosis, rickets in children, muscle weakness, depression, heart disease and respiratory infections.
Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve bone density in older adults with osteoporosis. Additionally, it may also help fight off upper respiratory tract infections including influenza A & B viruses.
It’s important to get enough but not too much Vitamin D as excessive intake can lead to hypercalcemia which can be harmful to your kidneys or other organs. Consult with a healthcare professional about your individual needs before taking any supplements.
Therefore, ensuring adequate intake of vitamin D through diet or supplements may not only help you live longer but also improve the quality of life in later years as well.
Probiotics and Gut Health for Longevity
Get ready to embrace the power of good bacteria, because probiotics are here to keep your gut healthy and happy for many years to come. Probiotics are a type of live bacteria that can provide numerous health benefits, including enhancing digestion, boosting immunity, and reducing inflammation.
They work by increasing microbiome diversity in your gut, which is essential for maintaining overall wellness. Fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and tempeh are excellent sources of probiotics. These foods contain live cultures that can help populate your gut with beneficial bacteria.
You should aim to consume at least one serving of fermented food per day to ensure optimal gut health. If you have trouble incorporating these foods into your diet or if you need a more potent dose of probiotics, you may want to consider taking a supplement. Taking a high-quality probiotic supplement can help replenish the good bacteria in your gut and boost your immune system.
Look for supplements that contain multiple strains of bacteria and at least 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) per serving. It’s also important to choose a reputable brand and consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
By adding fermented foods or taking a probiotic supplement regularly, you can improve your gut health and increase longevity potential!
How much of each nutrient should I consume to promote longevity?
To promote longevity, it’s important to balance your nutrient intake. Each nutrient plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. However, the amount of each nutrient needed varies depending on factors such as age, gender, and activity level.
It’s important to keep dietary restrictions in mind when planning your meals. For example, those with lactose intolerance may need to find alternative sources of calcium. Consulting with a registered dietitian can help ensure that you’re getting the right balance of nutrients for your individual needs and goals.
Can supplements alone provide enough nutrients for longevity?
Supplements can be a quick and easy way to get the nutrients you need, but can they alone provide enough for longevity?
While supplements can offer benefits such as improved immune function, increased energy, and reduced inflammation, relying solely on them may come with potential risks.
Supplements lack the synergy of whole foods and may not contain all necessary nutrients or in the proper balance.
Additionally, some supplements have been found to interact negatively with medications or cause adverse effects in high doses.
While supplements can be helpful additions to a balanced diet, it’s important to also prioritize whole foods for optimal health and longevity.
Are there any foods or supplements that should be avoided for longevity?
To maximize your longevity, it’s important to avoid certain foods and supplements.
Processed foods are one of the biggest culprits of poor health and can increase your risk for chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
To avoid processed foods, try sticking with whole, unprocessed options like fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.
Additionally, many sugar alternatives on the market have been linked to negative health effects such as gut disturbances and increased inflammation.
It’s best to limit or avoid these sweeteners altogether and opt for natural sweeteners like honey or maple syrup in moderation.
By avoiding processed foods and limiting sugar alternatives in your diet, you can help promote longevity by reducing your risk for chronic diseases.
How does the quality of the food I consume impact its ability to promote longevity?
Are you aware that the quality of the food you consume plays a crucial role in promoting longevity?
Organic vs. processed foods can make a significant difference in your health and lifespan. Eating organic, whole foods, free from harmful chemicals and pesticides, provides your body with essential nutrients necessary for optimal function.
On the other hand, processed foods lack nutrient bioavailability due to additives and preservatives added during processing. As a result, consuming these foods regularly can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease, ultimately shortening your life expectancy.
Therefore, it’s essential to prioritize high-quality organic foods over processed options for a long and healthy life.
Can a healthy diet alone guarantee a longer lifespan, or are other factors at play?
To guarantee a longer lifespan, it’s not just about having a healthy diet. Other factors such as lifestyle and environment also play a significant role in promoting longevity.
Making positive lifestyle choices like exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, and managing stress can all contribute to living a longer life.
Additionally, environmental influences such as air pollution and exposure to toxins can impact health and potentially shorten lifespan.
While nutrition is important, it’s essential to consider the overall picture of one’s lifestyle and environment when striving for longevity.
So, you’ve learned about the importance of nutrient-rich foods and how antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, and probiotics can all contribute to longevity.
But let’s face it – who wants to live forever anyway? You might as well indulge in that greasy burger or sugary treat because what’s the harm in living a little shorter?
Of course, we’re just kidding. The truth is that while genetics play a role in how long you’ll live, your lifestyle choices have an even greater impact.
So why not make those choices count by fueling your body with nutritious foods and supplements? Who knows – maybe you’ll end up living longer than you ever thought possible. | <urn:uuid:893717a7-903f-484b-a8ff-c76f4ff67901> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://121healthcare.com/the-role-of-nutrition-in-longevity-foods-and-supplements-that-can-help-you-live-longer | 2024-03-02T13:00:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.937898 | 2,362 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
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As the 1540’s progressed, Tintoretto’s career was floundering. His apprenticeship to Titian, the great Venetian Renaissance master, had ended acrimoniously. Patrons were turned off by his experimental painting style. And he never seemed able to obtain the sort of major public commission other artists had used to establish themselves in the city. He needed a break if he was ever to see his work in the Doge’s palace or on the altars of Venice’s major churches. That break came at last from the Scuola Grande di San Marco, which commissioned Tintoretto to paint Miracle of the Slave – a famous scene from the life of its namesake saint.
Tintoretto poured everything into this painting, drawing on the best of past Venetian masters and the new Mannerist style then in fashion in Central Italy. The work is a raw display of artistic talent, filled with heavily-worked colors and statuesque figures holding dramatic poses. Yet what really holds one’s attention is the figure of the flying St Mark. His gravity defying form and bright fluttering robes contrasts with the otherwise realistic depiction of those in the mob. It lends the work a fantastical quality, which drew strong reactions from all who saw it. With this piece, Tintoretto at last achieved the recognition he desired, setting him on a path that would forever change Venetian art.
Table of Contents
Saint Mark and the Miracle of the Slave
Tintoretto completed the Miracle of the Slave for the Scuola Grande di San Marco in 1548. The Scuola was one of several Venetian confraternities – lay religious organizations dedicated to charity. These confraternities thrived in Venice during the 16th century, which in addition to their religious role, also served as a sort of social club for the Venetian middle class. Among the confraternities, San Marco was the most prestigious, a position underscored by the fact that its namesake saint was also the patron of the city of Venice.
The story of the Miracle of the Slave is found in the Golden Legend, a 13th century compilation of anecdotes from the lives of Christian saints. In the story, a slave requests permission from his master to go on a pilgrimage to Venice to worship the relics of St Mark. The master refuses, but the slave’s devoutness compels him to go anyway.
When the slave returns, he finds that his master is furious at his insubordination. As punishment, the master orders the slave’s eyes be put out, his limbs be hacked away, and his teeth be knocked out with a hammer. The master’s servants attempt to carry out his orders, but in each instance, the tools used to inflict the punishment break or soften. Eventually, the master relents, recognizing “the virtue of God so openly (displayed) by the miracles of Saint Mark.” These miracles so inspire the master that he then goes on his own pilgrimage to Venice together with the slave.
Witness to the Miracle
In depicting this miracle, Tintoretto brings us right into the middle of the story, making the viewer feel as if they are actually witnessing the event as it unfolds. We see evidence of the failed torture: a servant holds up the broken hammer while a broken ax and stake lie discarded near the slave’s head. The master (in red on the far right) looks on in disbelief, powerless to inflict his desired torment. All the while, the slave lies impassively on the ground, his eyes closed as the flying St Mark reaches down toward him.
The connection between saint and slave form an axis in the middle of the work, around which the action of the scene seems to swirl. We, as viewers, feel ourselves caught in its vortex, becoming a part of the crowd witnessing St Mark’s miracle.
Adding to this effect are several clever compositional techniques which make the world of the painting feel as if it is merging into the real. Elements of this include: 1) the architecture, which pushes right up to the picture plane; 2) the man in black, who peaks around the bottom left corner (giving the illusion that he is standing next to the viewer); and 3) the expert foreshortening (particularly of the slave and St Mark) and clean perspective, which add to the three dimensionality of the piece. These are all accentuated by the monumental size of the canvas (5.4 meters wide and 4 meters high), which allowed Tintoretto to paint all the figures as life sized.
The combined effect of these narrative and compositional techniques is to give us, the viewer, the impression that we are a part of the crowd witnessing this miracle. By allowing us the opportunity to participate in the scene, Tintoretto’s work adds to the glory of St Mark and, by extension, the Scuola that commissioned it.
Michelangelo’s Design and Titian’s Color
In addition to the compositional techniques highlighted above, there are a number of other stylistic elements in the work worth mentioning. These would come to define Tintoretto’s unique artistic style in the decades that followed completion of Miracle of the Slave.
First is the visible brushwork, the result of Tintoretto’s dry brush and glazing techniques. This adds depth of color and texture to the work (which is difficult to make out in digital images of the piece but makes a profound impression when viewed in person). These techniques had actually been pioneered by Titian decades before Tintoretto came on the scene. In Titian’s case, however, the visible brushwork was seen as a sign of refinement, while for Tintoretto, it was viewed as proof of his excessive haste.
Another element Tintoretto borrowed from Titian (and other past Venetian masters) is the broad color gamut. Blues, reds, oranges, and blacks swirl across the surface of the painting following in the best traditions of Venetian art. Even the famed poet and art critic Pietro Aretino, while critical of Tintoretto’s supposed haste, spoke glowingly of the colors, which he noted enhanced the naturalism of the piece.
Where Tintoretto somewhat broke with past Venetian painters is in his statuesque figures, which were more characteristic of Central Italian painters. These figures are the fruit of Tintoretto’s long studies of the works of Michelangelo. Several in fact are pulled almost verbatim from sculptures of the Florentine master.
The painstaking detail evident in each figure and the imaginative composition gives us some sense of the long hours spent by Tintoretto in creating this work. It was an exceptional demonstration of raw artistic talent from a (then) relatively obscure painter. As such, it probably came as a shock to Tintoretto when the Scuola initially rejected it.
The precise reasons for this rejection aren’t entirely clear, but it’s likely the members of the Scuola were turned off by Tintoretto’s fantastical composition, which they may have viewed as pushing the limits of conventional decorum. There is an almost a comic book-like quality to the flying St Mark suspended above the crowd. Superman-esque flying Saints were not new to Italian painting (see Sansovino’s earlier bronze relief of Miracle of the Slave as well as Michelangelo’s The Conversion of Saul). However, in Tintoretto’s work, St Mark’s gravity defying performance appears somehow more alien than in these other works.
Much of this is due to the stylistic elements noted above: the swirling colors and composition, the weighty statuesque figures, and the way in which the painting appears to merge into the real world. It is also partially due to the orientation of the sharply foreshortened slave and St Mark, who are positioned perpendicularly to the picture plan. This puts them in their own space, seeming apart from the laterally arrayed figures of the crowd.
The image of the flying saint was so striking that the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre argued that it anticipates the work of Galileo and Newton. Tintoretto, however, likely didn’t mean for it to suggest the harsh break with natural law that it at first appears. Rather, it is more likely that the image of St Mark is meant to represent a divine vision internal to the slave. This is suggested by their spatial proximity, the slave’s closed eyes, and (most importantly) the fact that no one else in the scene appears aware of the saint’s presence. The idea of the divinely inspired internal vision was in keeping with Church teachings of the time. Such visions, it was believed, were more likely to be divinely inspired than those outwardly visible.
Miracle of the Slave and Tintoretto’s Arrival
Despite the initial rejection, the members of the Scuola Grande di San Marco were at last prevailed upon to accept the painting, which was placed prominently opposite the altar in the Scuola’s meeting house. However, as a parting snub, Tintoretto was not admitted into the Scuola’s membership, as was customary when a Scuola accepted a painting. Regardless, the work achieved Tintoretto’s aim, establishing him as one of the leading painters in the city of Venice. Following the completion of Miracle of the Slave, new commissions came in at a much faster pace, allowing Tintoretto to further refine the unique style already apparent in this work. In so doing, he would create a body of work that would eventually come to embody the very essence of Venetian art.
Sources/Further Reading on Miracle of the Slave
- To learn more about the art of Tintoretto, see this post on the artist’s masterpiece – his monumental narrative cycles at the Scuola Grande di San Rocco.
- For more on other monumental works by Tintoretto, see this post on Tintoretto’s Paradise, the largest painted canvas in the world.
- The Gallerie dell’Accademia’s page on Miracle of the Slave.
- The text of the volume of Jacobus de Voragine’s Golden Legend containing the Life of St Mark. This is where the story of the Miracle of the Slave is recorded. This text comes from the Temple Classics edition, edited by F.S. Ellis and translated by William Caxton.
- Nichols, Tom. “Tintoretto: Tradition and Identity.” London. Reaktion. 1999
- LEVEY, MICHAEL. “TINTORETTO AND THE THEME OF MIRACULOUS INTERVENTION.” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 113, no. 5109, Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1965, pp. 707–25
- Nichols, Tom. “Tintoretto, Prestezza and the Poligrafi: A Study in the Literary and Visual Culture of Cinquecento Venice.” Renaissance Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, Wiley, 1996, pp. 72–100
- Coffin, David R. “Tintoretto and the Medici Tombs.” The Art Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 2, [Taylor & Francis, Ltd., College Art Association], 1951, pp. 119–25
- Goldberg, Jonathan. “Conversions: Around Tintoretto.” The Massachusetts Review, vol. 49, no. 1/2, The Massachusetts Review, Inc., 2008, pp. 163–91 | <urn:uuid:954b98bf-f02d-4eeb-9a76-f444468bbf74> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://artifactstravel.com/miracle-of-the-slave/ | 2024-03-02T13:27:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.95575 | 2,474 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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] |
Building Powerful Shoulders: Exercises and Techniques for Muscle Growth
The shoulder muscles are a crucial part of any upper body strength routine. However, they are also one of the more complex muscle groups to target effectively. Building powerful shoulders requires a comprehensive approach that targets each muscle group individually to help you achieve balance and symmetrical development. In this article, we will explore the anatomy of the shoulders, and discuss why you need to prioritize shoulder training, as well as the best exercises and techniques to build strong, muscular shoulders.
The Anatomy of the Shoulder: Understanding the Muscles Involved
The shoulder joint comprises several muscles that work together to enable a smooth range of motion. The primary muscles involved in shoulder movement include the deltoids (anterior, medial, and posterior), rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis), and the trapezius. Understanding how these different muscles work together is crucial to develop a balanced shoulder routine that targets each area effectively.
The deltoid muscles are responsible for lifting the arm away from the body and rotating it. The anterior deltoid is involved in flexion and internal rotation, the medial deltoid in abduction, and the posterior deltoid in extension and external rotation. These muscles are often targeted in shoulder workouts with exercises such as lateral raises, front raises, and rear delt flyes.
The rotator cuff muscles are a group of four muscles that work together to stabilize the shoulder joint and assist in rotation. The supraspinatus is involved in abduction, the infraspinatus and teres minor in external rotation, and the subscapularis in internal rotation. These muscles are often targeted with exercises such as external and internal rotations using resistance bands or dumbbells.
Why Should You Prioritize Building Strong Shoulders?
Whether you are an athlete or simply someone who is serious about their fitness, prioritizing shoulder training has numerous benefits. Strong shoulders are essential for many upper-body movements, such as pushing and pulling motions, as well as overhead activities like throwing, serving, or reaching. In addition, well-developed shoulders help to enhance your physique, giving you a more defined look and an improved posture.
Another benefit of building strong shoulders is that it can help prevent injuries. The shoulder joint is one of the most mobile joints in the body, which also makes it more susceptible to injury. By strengthening the muscles around the shoulder joint, you can help stabilize and protect it from injury.
Furthermore, strong shoulders can improve your overall athletic performance. Many sports require strong shoulders, such as swimming, tennis, and basketball. By prioritizing shoulder training, you can improve your ability to perform in these sports and potentially even gain a competitive edge.
The Best Shoulder Exercises for Mass and Definition
The best shoulder exercises focus on developing all three deltoid muscles, as well as the rotator cuff muscles and trapezius. These exercises include overhead press variations, lateral raises, front raises, rear delt flyes, and upright rows. By incorporating these exercises into your routine, you can target all areas of the shoulders, resulting in mass and definition.
It is important to note that proper form and technique are crucial when performing shoulder exercises. Improper form can lead to injury and hinder progress. It is recommended to start with lighter weights and focus on perfecting form before increasing weight.
In addition to weight training, incorporating stretching and mobility exercises can also benefit shoulder development. Stretching the shoulders and surrounding muscles can improve flexibility and range of motion, while mobility exercises can help prevent injury and improve overall shoulder health.
How to Warm Up Your Shoulders Before a Workout
Warming up the shoulders before a workout is essential to prevent injury and prepare yourself for heavy lifting. A good warm-up routine should include mobility exercises, such as arm circles or shoulder dislocations, as well as activation exercises like band pull-aparts or scapular wall slides. These exercises help to activate the shoulder muscles and improve range of motion before your actual workout.
It is important to note that the intensity and duration of your warm-up should be tailored to your specific workout and fitness level. For example, if you are planning to do heavy overhead presses, you may need a longer warm-up with more focus on shoulder mobility and activation exercises. On the other hand, if you are doing a lighter workout, a shorter warm-up may suffice.
In addition to mobility and activation exercises, incorporating dynamic stretches into your warm-up can also be beneficial. Dynamic stretches involve moving through a range of motion, such as arm swings or lunges with a twist, and can help to further improve flexibility and prepare your body for exercise.
Essential Tips for Proper Shoulder Exercise Form and Technique
To build strong, muscular shoulders, it is crucial to maintain proper form and technique when performing exercises. Some key tips to keep in mind include maintaining a neutral spine, avoiding excess momentum, keeping your elbows slightly bent, and maintaining a controlled pace throughout each repetition. Proper form and technique help to keep the focus on the muscles you are targeting, ensuring that you get the most out of each exercise.
In addition to maintaining proper form and technique, it is important to vary your shoulder exercises to target different areas of the shoulder muscles. For example, incorporating exercises that target the front, middle, and rear deltoids can help to create a well-rounded, balanced shoulder workout. Additionally, incorporating exercises that target the rotator cuff muscles can help to improve shoulder stability and prevent injury.
Another important aspect of proper shoulder exercise form and technique is to listen to your body and avoid overtraining. Overtraining can lead to muscle fatigue, injury, and decreased performance. It is important to give your muscles time to rest and recover between workouts, and to gradually increase the intensity and volume of your workouts over time.
Advanced Training Techniques to Add Intensity and Challenge to Your Workouts
If you are looking to take your shoulder training to the next level, advanced training techniques can help you to push your limits and achieve greater results. These techniques include drop sets, supersets, pause reps, and isometric holds. By incorporating these techniques into your routine, you can challenge your muscles in new ways, promote hypertrophy, and push yourself beyond your limits.
One of the most effective advanced training techniques for shoulder training is the use of resistance bands. Resistance bands can be used to add extra resistance to your exercises, which can help to increase muscle activation and promote greater gains in strength and size. Additionally, resistance bands can be used to perform exercises that are difficult to do with traditional weights, such as lateral raises and front raises. By incorporating resistance bands into your shoulder training routine, you can add a new level of intensity and challenge to your workouts.
How to Avoid Common Shoulder Injuries During Your Workout Routine
Shoulder injuries are a common concern when targeting this muscle group. To avoid injury, it is essential to maintain proper form and technique during your workouts, avoid overtraining, and incorporate exercises that target all areas of the shoulder muscles. Additionally, ensuring that you warm up correctly and maintain proper mobility can significantly reduce the risk of shoulder injuries.
Another important factor to consider when trying to avoid shoulder injuries is to gradually increase the intensity and weight of your workouts. Sudden increases in weight or intensity can put excessive strain on your shoulder muscles and lead to injury. It is also crucial to listen to your body and take breaks when necessary. Pushing through pain or discomfort can worsen an existing injury or lead to a new one.
The Importance of Rest and Recovery for Shoulder Muscle Growth
Rest and recovery are crucial components of any muscle-building plan. Giving your shoulders time to rest and recover between workouts is essential to promote growth and prevent injury. Adequate sleep and proper nutrition also play a significant role in muscle recovery, helping to ensure that your shoulders have the fuel they need to repair and grow stronger.
It's important to note that overtraining can actually hinder shoulder muscle growth. Pushing your shoulders too hard without proper rest and recovery can lead to fatigue, decreased performance, and even injury. It's recommended to give your shoulders at least 48 hours of rest between workouts, and to listen to your body's signals of fatigue or pain. Incorporating active recovery techniques, such as foam rolling or light stretching, can also aid in muscle recovery and prevent soreness.
Nutrition Strategies to Support Shoulder Muscle Development
Proper nutrition is essential for building strong, powerful shoulders. Protein is a crucial component of muscle growth, and it is recommended that you consume around 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight daily. Additionally, consuming carbohydrates before and after your workout can help to restore glycogen levels and promote recovery. Healthy fats and micronutrients are also essential for overall health and muscle-building efforts.
Supplement Recommendations for Maximizing Shoulder Strength and Size
While nutrition should be your primary focus when it comes to building strong, muscular shoulders, supplements can help you to take your results to the next level. Whey protein isolate, creatine, and BCAAs are all popular choices for those looking to enhance their muscle-building efforts. However, it is important to note that supplements should never replace proper nutrition and training, but should rather complement them.
Building Symmetrical Shoulders: Targeting Weak Points and Imbalances
Building strong, symmetrical shoulders involves a well-rounded approach that targets any weak points or imbalances. Common areas of weakness include the rear delts and the rotator cuff muscles. By incorporating exercises that target these areas specifically, you can improve your overall shoulder development and achieve a more balanced, aesthetically pleasing physique.
Achieving a V-Tapered Physique Through Focused Shoulder Training
The shoulders play a significant role in achieving a V-tapered physique, giving you a broad, powerful upper body with a narrow waistline. By incorporating exercises that target the shoulders, lats, and lower back, you can create the illusion of a smaller waist and more pronounced upper body muscles. The result is a balanced, aesthetically pleasing physique that turns heads in and out of the gym.
The Benefits of Strong Shoulders Beyond Aesthetics: Improving Posture, Overhead Strength, and More
Finally, strong shoulders have several benefits beyond aesthetics. They can improve your posture, reduce your risk of injury, and help to enhance your overall athletic ability. Whether you are an athlete or simply someone looking to improve their quality of life, prioritizing shoulder training is an essential component of any fitness program.
Overall, building powerful shoulders requires a well-rounded approach that targets each muscle group individually. Incorporating exercises that focus on the anterior, medial, and posterior deltoids, as well as the rotator cuff muscles and trapezius, can promote mass, definition, and symmetry in your shoulder muscles. Additionally, proper warm-up, form, and technique, along with adequate rest, nutrition, and recovery, will help you to achieve the results you desire. By following the advice outlined in this article, you can build strong, powerful, and aesthetically pleasing shoulders that enhance your overall physique and improve your quality of life. | <urn:uuid:fd2574ce-0916-4523-a0a4-dbd6b67ac029> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://atlasbars.com/blogs/muscle-explained/building-powerful-shoulders-exercises-and-techniques-for-muscle-growth | 2024-03-02T13:22:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.941643 | 2,312 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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Last updated on Mar 18, 2021
The Three-Act Structure: The King of Story Structures
The three-act structure is perhaps the most common technique in the English-speaking world for plotting stories — widely used by screenwriters and novelists. It digs deep into the popular notion that a story must have a beginning, middle, and end and goes even further, defining specific plot events that must take place at each stage.
In this post, we dissect the three acts and each of their plot points — using three-act structure examples from popular culture to illustrate each point.
Let’s begin! In three, two, one...
What is the three-act structure?
The three-act structure is a model used in narrative fiction that divides a story into three parts (or acts), often called the Setup, the Confrontation, and the Resolution. An old dramatic principle, the three-act structure can be traced back to Aristotle’s Poetics, in which he defines it as one of the five key elements of tragedy.
According to Aristotle, each act should be bridged by a beat that sends the narrative in a different direction. His belief was that stories must be a chain of cause-and-effect beats: each scene must lead into what happens next and not be a standalone "episode."
Now that we know the three-act structure, let’s dive into how it works.
Common story beats in the three-act structure
To help us better understand writers might use this structure to construct a story, we’ll need to dig deeper into what makes up each of the acts. Here is what you’ll find in the three-act structure:
- Act 1. Setup: Exposition, Inciting Incident, Plot Point One
- Act 2. Confrontation: Rising Action, Midpoint, Plot Point Two
- Act 3. Resolution: Pre-Climax, Climax, Denouement
To help you see this structure in action, we’ll use 1939’s The Wizard of Oz as an example as we unpack all nine story beats.
Act One: The Setup
Despite being one of three sections in a plot, Act One typically lasts for the first quarter of the story.
The exposition is all about setting the stage. The reader (or audience) should get an idea of:
- who your protagonist is,
- what their everyday life is like,
- and what’s important to them.
Of course, nobody’s life is perfect — so the exposition should give readers a sense of the main character's current desires and the challenges that prevent them from getting what they want in life
Example: Dorothy dreams of somewhere over the rainbow
In The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy’s home life in Kansas forms the bulk of the exposition. We see that her family are hard-working farmers and that she has a dog she cares for called Toto. We learn that Dorothy feels misunderstood and under-appreciated.
This is the catalyst that sets the protagonist’s adventure in motion. The inciting incident is a crucial beat in the three-act story structure: without it, the story in question wouldn’t exist. The inciting incident proposes a journey to the protagonist that could help them change their situation and achieve their goal.
Author and editor Kristen Kieffer suggests asking yourself the following questions to help you craft the inciting incident:
- How is my protagonist dissatisfied with their life?
- What would it take for my protagonist to find satisfaction? (This is their goal).
- What are my protagonist’s biggest fears and character flaws?
- How would the actions that my protagonist needs to take to find satisfaction force them to confront their fears and/or flaws?
The catalyst is often called the “call to adventure” and asks your protagonist to push themselves out of their comfort zone. This is where Luke Skywalker receives a distress call from Princess Leia, where Tony Stark is captured by terrorists at the start of Iron Man.
Will the protagonist rise to the challenge, or will they “resist the call” to adventure? After all, going on this journey will have consequences for themselves and those around them. What’s at stake if they fail?
Depending on the character, and their core fears and flaws, you may need to dedicate a few scenes to raise the stakes so that the character has no choice but to accept.
Not sure what those flaws and fears are yet? Don't worry! Our handy character profile template will help you find out.
Example: A twister takes Dorothy on an adventure
Dorothy runs away from home and encounters a professor who encourages her to go home. Upon her return, a tornado causes Dorothy to be struck in the head by a window. Her home has been whisked off to the Land of Oz when she wakes up.
Plot Point One
It’s full speed ahead now! No more hemming and hawing for your character: the First Plot Point represents the protagonist’s decision to engage with whatever action the inciting incident has created. It’s when Bilbo Baggins decides to join Gandalf and the band of dwarves for an epic adventure in The Hobbit.
In some stories, the Inciting Incident and Plot Point One happen in the same scene. For instance, in The Hunger Games, Katniss Everdeen’s sister is selected as a ‘tribute’ in the titular games (inciting incident), and Katniss immediately volunteers to take her place (plot point one).
Think of the First Plot Point as the springboard that launches your character into Act Two.
Example: Dorothy chooses to ease on down the road
Frightened and confused, Dorothy wants to go home and is told by Glinda the Good Witch that the only way is to follow the Yellow Brick Road to the Emerald City where The Wizard lives. Dorothy decides to follow the road, and it’s established the Wicked Witch will try to stop her.
Act Two: Confrontation
Typically the longest of all three sections: Act Two usually comprises the second and third quarters of the story.
Here’s the part where Dorothy waltzes down the Yellow Brick Road to meet Oz who sends her home without a hitch, right?
Nope. This is where the protagonist’s journey — or the pursuit of their goal — begins to take form and where they first encounter roadblocks. The protagonist learns their new surroundings and starts understanding the challenges that lay before them. This is the part of the story where you should better acquaint readers with the rest of the cast (both friends and foes) and the primary antagonist. You will also elaborate on the story’s overarching conflict (whether it’s a person or a thing).
As the protagonist learns more about the road ahead, they’ll change and adapt to have a better chance of achieving their goal. In this way, the main character is usually more reactionary than proactive in the Rising Action phase.
Example: Dorothy makes friends and discovers roadblocks
Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and Lion. They travel down the Yellow Brick Road, encountering obstacles such as apple-throwing trees and sleep-inducing poppies.
It’s no big surprise that the Midpoint takes place at… drumroll, please… the middle of the story! A significant event should occur here, usually involving something going horribly wrong.
Return to the protagonist’s main goal to establish what this Midpoint event should be. What must happen for them to feel that their goal is being directly threatened? What could make the character even more acutely aware of the stakes at hand?
Example: The Gang meets up with The Wizard
Dorothy finally reaches the Emerald City and meets with The Wizard, who is a big disappointment. He initially refuses to meet with them, and when he eventually does, he declines to help them until they bring him the Wicked Witch’s broomstick.
Free Download: Three-Act Structure Template
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Plot Point Two
Our poor protagonist has fallen on hard times. They thought they were making headway on their goal, and then the Midpoint came and threw them off their rhythm.
Give them some time to reflect on the story’s conflict here. The aftermath of the Midpoint crisis will force the protagonist to pivot from being a “passenger” to a more proactive force to be reckoned with. You might want to plan a sequence where the main character’s resolve is bolstered through productive progress on their journey’s goal. Think of Plot Point Two as the pep talk your character needs to stand up straight and get ready to meet their antagonist head-on. They’ll need this confidence to handle what comes next…
Example: The decision to face the Wicked Witch
Dorothy must decide whether to risk heading to the Wicked Witch’s castle or give up on her chance of going home. She and her companions decide to confront the witch.
Act Three: Resolution
The final act typically takes up a quarter of the story — often less.
Even the strongest knight has weak spots in their armor: their deep-rooted fears and flaws. As the protagonist has been gearing up to meet the antagonist head-on, their main foe has also been getting stronger and is now ready for battle.
Also called “The Dark Night of the Soul,” the pre-climax starts with the final clash between the protagonist and the antagonist. We’ve experienced the entire journey with the main character — but this is where we get our first glimpse of the antagonist’s true strength, which usually catches the main character off guard. Even though most readers know that the protagonist typically wins the day, we should have some doubt here about how the last act will play out and if the main character will be okay.
Example: All seems to be lost
While on the way to the Wicked Witch’s castle, Dorothy is captured. The Witch finds out that the ruby slippers can’t be taken against Dorothy’s will while she’s alive, so she sets an hourglass and threatens that Dorothy will die when it runs out.
The climax signifies the final moments of the story’s overarching conflict. Since the antagonist has just hit the protagonist where it hurts in the previous beat, the protagonist has to lick their wounds. Then they face off again, and the main character finally ends the conflict.
The climax itself is normally contained to a single scene, while the pre-climax typically lasts longer and might stretch over a sequence of events.
Example: “I’m melting!”
Dorothy throws a bucket of water on the Scarecrow, who has been set alight. She ends up accidentally dousing the Witch, who melts into a puddle. The guards hand the Witch’s broom to Dorothy.
Finally, the dust settles. If the protagonist’s goal is not immediately obtained during the Climax, the denouement is where this should be achieved (or redefined, if their goal changed during Act Three). Along with this, the denouement should also:
- Fulfill any promises made to the reader. Check out our post on Chekhov’s Gun to learn more about this,
- Tie up significant loose ends,
- Underscore the theme, and
- Release the tension built up during the climactic sequences of events.
If you want to learn more about nailing your story’s resolution, check out our post on how to end a story.
Example: Everyone gets what they need
The Scarecrow receives a diploma, the Tin Man receives a “heart,” and the Lion receives a medal of valor. The Good Witch explains that Dorothy has always had the power to go home; she just didn’t tell her earlier because she wouldn’t have believed it. Dorothy taps her ruby slippers and heads back to Kansas to greet her family lovingly.
When should you use it?
The three-act structure is just one way to think about a story, so writers shouldn’t feel limited. The benefit of using the three-act structure is that it will help ensure that every scene starts and end with a clear purpose and direction. Even if you don't start outlining your novel with it, if you find yourself struck by pacing issues, it's often useful to fit your story into the three-act structure to see why that might be.
No matter what type of novel you're writing, we've got resources for you! Check out the rest of this guide for more articles breaking down common story structures, and sign up for our ultimate novel writing course for even more tips to get you started. | <urn:uuid:5edc4132-84aa-43d3-89f1-990dda1998eb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.reedsy.com/guide/story-structure/three-act-structure/ | 2024-03-02T12:57:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.95491 | 2,694 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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Understanding the Meaning of Roses
Photo Credits: colorscombo.com by Michael Wilson
To understand roses, their meanings, symbolism and language – we have a section for you! This will explore the importance of roses in different cultures, the symbolism and language of roses, and the role of colors in understanding rose meanings.
The Significance of Roses in Different Cultures
Roses hold a cultural significance that transcends borders and time. They have been adored in various cultures throughout history, representing different symbols, customs, and emotions. The rose culture is deeply embedded in various occasions such as weddings, funerals, birthdays, and religious ceremonies. Indeed, roses are universal symbols of love, passion, respect and friendship.
Different cultures view roses through their cultural lens and attach significance to the flower based on their beliefs. For example, roses play an important role in Islamic traditions where they represent purity. Similarly, Chinese culture considers roses as a symbol of wealth and prosperity.
In addition to their cultural significance, the language of roses has evolved over time around the world which adds further importance to this flower’s symbolism. Each colored rose holds unique meanings such as red roses symbolizing love while yellow represents friendship. Moreover, the artistic arrangement of even-numbered blooms signifies shared happiness while odd numbers signify individuality.
The cultural significance of roses is undeniable but less spoken about aspect; each hue portrays its symbolism across varied regions globally. Roses come in colors like white that signifies innocence & dedication for Christians; blue symbolizes spirituality; orange denotes optimism and enthusiasm; pink dedicates admiration or gratitude towards others. A language interwoven with deep emotion brings millions together worldwide around feelings conveyed by a simple flower.
The cultural significance of roses and their various nuances make them perfect tools for expressing sentiments like appreciation or love gently. The fear remains that without understanding cultural cues about subtextual meaning behind different types of flowers you risk creating more harm than good-find out research before choosing the right gift!
Unleash the power of rose symbolism and learn the secret language of flowers.
The Language of Roses and their Symbolism
The symbolic value of roses transcends geographical and cultural boundaries. The rose symbolism has a language that is peculiar to itself, known as the ‘language of flowers.’ The language of flowers assigns a meaning or emotion to different varieties, colors, and arrangements of flowers. For roses, the language is subtle but complex.
Roses are not just given on Valentine’s day as a romantic gesture; they hold profound meanings beyond their beauty. In the language of flowers, roses have diverse symbolism depending on their color and arrangement. For instance, red roses express romantic love while white ones symbolize purity and innocence.
Each shade of a rose holds its unique connotations of emotion and meaning within the art of flower communication. From the softness and sweetness associated with pink, yellow representing sunshine and warmth in friendship or admiration for someone to red roses expressing passionate love.
Floriography, which means “the language of flowers,” began during Victorian times when individuals used flowers to communicate messages they couldn’t express verbally. Therefore by gifting someone a rose or even a bouquet with carefully chosen shades was seen as intimate moments between two people expressing their emotions without words.
Understanding the significant role roses play in conveying feelings can help you choose appropriate shades precisely based on emotions you want to communicate with your friend or loved one. Don’t miss out on communicating through floriography at your next event by mastering the complexity of this ancient art’s use of colors for roses!
Rose colors are not just for aesthetics; they hold hidden meanings that can impact the message you’re trying to convey.
The Role of Colors in the Meaning of Roses
Colors play a crucial role in conveying the meaning of roses. Each shade of rose color represents different emotions, feelings and messages. The significance of rose colors varies across cultures, but it is generally agreed that they express deep sentiments such as love, friendship, gratitude, and sympathy. Roses have long been associated with various traditions and customs throughout history. Therefore, understanding the hidden meanings of rose colors is important to convey accurate messages.
Rose Color | Meaning |
Red | Passionate love and desire. |
Pink | Feminine beauty or appreciation and admiration for someone. |
Yellow | Friendly relationship, joyfulness or new beginnings. |
Peach | Sincerity, modesty or gratitude |
Orange | Enthusiasm and excitement. |
Although red roses are often associated with romantic love, other colors like pink or yellow are used to share feelings of friendship. For instance, pale pink roses symbolize admiration while peach roses represent sincerity. But why do specific colors mean particular emotional significance? To better comprehend the rationale behind the hidden message linked with rose colors requires studying the individual symbolism related to each color. By doing so one can garner an understanding of why certain shades standouts from others concerning unique qualities expressed by those hues.
Matching different colored roses to match your message easily conveys a particular sentiment or feeling towards someone. However, selecting the perfect rose with the ideal color for someone can be intimidating. Consider the recipient’s personality and relationship before choosing a rose colour to express your message. In addition, you need to avoid confusing messages by not combining two rose colors that convey opposing emotions as this may lead to mixed signals.
Finding the perfect rose color for a friend is like finding the perfect friend – it takes trial and error, but the end result is worth it.
Friendship and Rose Color
Photo Credits: colorscombo.com by Ronald Martinez
Express the importance of friendship in our lives! Friendship plays a vital role in human lives as it improves mental health, adds joy to our lives, reduces stress, and fosters personal growth.
Solve the question of the best roses to give your friends! Check out sub-sections like:
- Rose Color Meanings
- Meaning of Different Rose Colors for Friendship
- Rose Colors for Special Friendships
Discover the ideal rose colors to show appreciation and love for your friends!
The Importance of Friendship in our Lives
The value of friends in our lives is undeniable. Friendship offers a sense of belonging and support that enhances our emotional, mental, and physical well-being. Friends are instrumental in shaping our self-identity and providing a source of enrichment and enjoyment in life. The significance of friendship is apparent across various cultures due to its ability to foster personal growth and strength in adverse times.
Choose the right color, and friendship blooms like a rose.
The Best Roses Color to express Friendship
When looking to convey the sentiment of friendship, selecting roses based on their color symbolism can be valuable. Different rose colors embody varied meanings that can express the depth and nuances of friendship. To choose the best rose color that represents friendship, consider various factors like preference, occasions, and nature of the relationship.
For expressing friendship through roses, one can pick colors like yellow, pink, or white because these hues are traditionally associated with friendly emotions. Here are some practical points to consider while picking roses for expressing friendship with semantic NLP variations:
- The Rose Color that Best Represents Amity: Yellow Roses symbolize joy and affection, making them a fitting emblem for celebrating camaraderie.
- The Symbolic Significance of Pink Roses in Friendship: Pink Roses denote admiration and gratitude towards friends and are ideal for showing heartfelt appreciation.
- Representing Friendliness with White Roses: Alluding to a pure kindheartedness that only true companions can share, White Roses represent eternal loyalty amid pals.
To select the right rose color for friendships accurately, do not forget to incorporate personal preferences and situations into the equation. While yellow roses might be best suited for everyday celebrations such as get-togethers or small wins in life; pink or white may improve profound friendships cemented by years of closeness. Moreover, combining different flower colors can better exhibit intimacy’s complexity shared within close circles.
For those special friendships, the color of a rose can speak volumes without saying a single word.
Different Shades of Roses and their Friendship Associated Meanings
Different Hues and Their Significance for Special Friendships
Roses are a timeless symbol of love, passion and friendship. As previously explored, choosing the right rose color is crucial in conveying the intended message. For special friendships, select colors that align with the bond you share. Some options to consider are yellow, pink and white roses.
- Yellow Roses: While they’re often associated with new beginnings, this shade holds tremendous value for friendship. Yellow roses signify happiness and carefree sentiments that promote jovial experiences between friends.
- Pink Roses: A versatile hue that brims with commonality when it comes to differentiating levels of romance or friendship. Then again, selecting a light pink color represents femininity and grace, while hot pink tends to be associated with love and admiration.
- White Roses represent purity and spiritual love emphasizing faith between two individuals or a higher power creating a true lasting bond in friendship.
In addition to the hues mentioned above, there’s an array of other colors available; consider using multicolored bouquets or exclusive types like lavender or peach roses as it’s an ideal method if attempting to be creative compared to more traditional palettes.
True History: Rose colors for special friendships became popular during medieval times when poets used roses as metaphors in their writings causing people to associate colors with different meanings building off symbolic concepts. The first bloom was red but later breeders created yellow ones first after hearing these symbols until eventually breeding more versions growing into what we have today. From sunny yellow to romantic pink and pure white, these rose colors are the perfect bouquet to show your friendship’s delight.
Popular Friendship Rose Colors
Photo Credits: colorscombo.com by Roger Wilson
To learn the importance of friendship rose colors, you need to know how color affects meaning. As a way to show your friendship, give roses of certain hues. The yellow rose stands for friendship. We’ll explain the connection. You can give a pink rose to express the importance of your relationship. Why? We’ll tell you. The white rose symbolizes pure friendship. We’ll explain its meaning in the relationship.
The Yellow Rose and its Connection to Friendship
The cheerful yellow rose has long been associated with friendship, evoking warmth and happiness. Yellow flowers meaning friendship dates back to ancient Roman times, where yellow was the color of the goddess Iris, symbolizing communication and messages. In Victorian England, giving someone a yellow rose meant that you were simply like-minded friends.
Bright yellow roses for friendship can speak volumes when gifted to a friend on any particular occasion such as birthdays or new job opportunities. They are thought to represent joy, optimism, and good luck. Yellow rose bouquets for friendship often convey positive sentiments to their recipients.
Yellow roses are also known for their unique ability to brighten up a room with their vibrant hues. This is why they are an excellent gift for cheering up a friend who may be feeling down or overwhelmed.
A true story of the significance of yellow roses in friendships involves two longtime friends who had drifted apart over time and found themselves living across the country from each other. One day, one of them received an unexpected package containing a beautiful bouquet of bright yellow roses from her friend as a reminder of their cherished bond.
Give a soft pink rose to your friends, because just like them, it’s delicate yet enduring.
The Pink Rose and its Significance in Friendship
Pink flowers have a significant and complex meaning when it comes to friendship. Soft pink roses are especially popular and represent gentle feelings like appreciation, admiration, and gratitude. Pink rose arrangements for friendship also symbolize warmth, affection, and harmony among friends. The color pink itself is associated with innocence, femininity, and charm – all qualities that make strong bonds between friends. Moreover, pink flowers meaning friendship can also convey emotions like empathy and support. Overall, pink roses are a perfect choice to express intimate sentiments in a subtle way without being overwhelming.
Looking for a pure friendship? A white rose will do the trick.
The White Rose and its Representation in Friendship
White flowers hold various meanings in culture. Among them, white roses are considered a popular choice for expressing friendship. The pureness and innocence of the white flowers meaning friendship convey the virtue of trust and appreciation within the relationship. A bouquet of pure white roses is meant to portray sincerity, loyalty, and respect towards a friend or someone close.
The emblematic representation of a white rose leans on its association with divine love, purity, and simplicity. White flowers always connote purity or innocence because they have no blotches or marks on them. Therefore, choosing pure white roses for friendship would portend a deep devotion to your friendships.
To sum up the above context, white roses are commonly known as part of bouquets given by bridesmaids to the bride during their wedding ceremony. According to an old folklore belief, the flower’s clean petals are associated with an innocent-looking woman who hides her deeper sides but cannot betray those close to her heart.
Pick the right color of rose for your friend, and your friendship will last longer than a bouquet of wilted flowers.
Choosing the Right Rose Color for Friendship
Photo Credits: colorscombo.com by Kyle Jones
Choose the best flowers for your friends. Know what color rose stands for friendship. To help, check the section ‘Choosing the Right Rose Color for Friendship‘. It has sub-sections like:
- ‘Consideration of Personal Preference and Occasions’
- ‘Matching the Right Rose Color to the Nature of Friendship’
- ‘Combining Different Rose Colors to convey Friendship’s Complexity’
This provides you with gift ideas for friends and floral gifts suggestions. Also, ideas for roses for loyal and long-lasting friendship. Learn about special rose gifts for friends and various rose arrangements to express different levels of friendship complexities.
Consideration of Personal Preference and Occasions
The choice of rose color for friendship is not only dependent on the meaning attached to the different colors but also on personal preference and occasions. This factor cannot be overlooked as it plays a significant role in determining the right rose color that suits an individual’s taste and personality.
- Consider the recipient’s favorite color to choose a rose that appeals to them;
- Occasion: Choose a rose color that aligns with the event, depending on whether it’s celebratory or somber;
- Taking into account cultural influences, select a shade that resonates with the beliefs of both parties;
- When celebrating friendship anniversary, gift roses whose color reflects these years such as yellow for a year of happiness and pink for a year of gratitude and admiration;
- Ensure the rose bouquet presentation matches the personality of your friend to impress them.
While choosing roses for friends’ gifts ideas, It is crucial to recognize unique details about their preferences and characteristics. For instance, considering their hobbies, interests, and lifestyle could provide insight into what types of roses suit them best.
Choosing an ideal gift for friends can be overwhelming at times, yet floral gifts stand out as they express care in an elegant manner. Therefore, pay attention to personal preferences and make each occasion stand out by gifting your friends colorful roses that mirror your relationship’s tenor.
Don’t miss out on making moments memorable when expressing friendship through roses by incorporating all these tips when selecting flowers as thoughtful gifts for friends.
Choosing the right rose color for friendship is like choosing the perfect wine to pair with a meal – it’s all about matching the right flavors and complexities to enhance the experience.
Matching the Right Rose Color to the Nature of Friendship
Choosing the Perfect Rose Hue to Suit Your Relationship Dynamics
- To match the bond of a unique friendship, the right rose shade matters
- The hue of the rose speaks volumes about how you feel toward your friend
- Consider brighter shades like yellow for loyal friendship and deep reds for long-lasting ones
- Avoid being generic by matching their personality or favorite colors with hues that you think they’d appreciate
The perfect rose color can solidify your dear friendship or occasion. For instance, roses for loyal friendship could signify brightness and joy – hence, a yellow rose with subtle peach undertones would work perfectly. In contrast, roses for long-lasting friendships should look more refined and deeper- hence a dark red or maroon-colored bouquet would be suitable.
While considering the best color of roses to gift for your friend, avoid incorporating generic tones such as white or pink since they do not express sufficient depth and meaning. Ensure that you choose hues that resonate with their personalities or preference choices. So if they lean more toward vintage shades like dusty pink or mustard yellows, incorporate them into your bouquet.
There was once a story where two best friends exchanged classic sunflowers every year on August 16th. They did this religiously every year because it marked their first day of fifth grade in elementary school. As they’ve gotten older, their tradition remains intact up until today – only now instead of swapping sunflowers, they exchange classic red roses instead. The cardinal hue is significant as it symbolizes their strong bond filled with unconditional love and support for one another.
Friends are like roses, combining different colors for a beautiful and complex bouquet of friendship.
Combining Different Rose Colors to convey Friendship’s Complexity
Combining Different Shades of Roses can create a more in-depth impact on conveying Friendship’s Complexity. Mixing rose colors can boost the message conveyed by adding layers of meaning and depth to the sender’s intent. One should use their knowledge of roses’ significance and symbolism to combine different rose colors to communicate the unique, complex nature of their bond with their friend.
- Using Pink Roses and White Roses conveying truthfulness, love, and unity.
- Mixing Yellow Roses with Orange Rose petals adds brightness to a Friendship’s blooms.
- Add Blue Nepeta for Anxiety Relief combined with White and Pink roses signals carefree friendship.
- Black and Red arranged with Orange roses evoke inspiration and adventure for deep-rooted friendship.
- Pink carnations combined with Lavender-colored roses convey enduring friendships that have stood the test of time.
- A combination of Sunflowers with light-colored roses indicates loyalty, gratitude, and faithfulness.
Unique details not covered earlier include how thoughtful consideration regarding the color selection generates special rose gifts for friends. Also, pre-designed rose arrangements for friendship have become increasingly popular nowadays.
A true story worth sharing involves two friends who shared an unbreakable bond. They kept in touch even when life took separate paths. On a dear friend’s birthday, one gifted them a stunning bouquet of mixed color roses; white, pink, yellow to reflect their bond’s multiple layers. The arrangement was met with gleaming eyes that denoted an acknowledgment of this wonderful friendship remembered through flowers.
Flowers are the ultimate wingmen, and choosing the right ones can make or break a friendship.
Recapitulation of Rose Colors and Friendship Significance
Rose Colors and the Significance of Friendship
The relevance of rose colors in expressing friendship cannot be understated. As highlighted in the article, different roses colors have varying meanings and are associated with unique emotions. Therefore, knowing which color to gift your best friend can express love, harmony, and understanding.
To recapitulate, roses are a timeless symbol of shared love; thus, selecting a color that aligns with friendship is essential to show appreciation for your best friend. This is because each flower hue represents feelings such as devotion (red), passion (pink), purity (white) or warmth (yellow).
Three crucial points to consider when choosing rose colors for a friend include:
- Personal preference and occasion
- Matching the right color with the nature of friendship, or
- Combining different hues
For example, pink roses are perfect for conveying gratitude or admiration while white roses signify new beginnings and innocence.
Importantly, there’s no one-size-fits-all approach when choosing roses as a gift for friendship. One must take into account various factors such as location, culture or even age group. For instance, bright-colored roses may work well amongst young people but not adults.
It’s fascinating how gifting someone with roses could ignite an ongoing connection that keeps two friends glued together despite distance. When Samantha received yellow roses from her closest friend during college graduation’s day, she felt appreciated and touched by her thoughtfulness. Since then they have remained inseparable.
Final Remarks on the Choice of Rose Colors based on Friendship .
The Importance of Color in the Choice of Roses for Friendship
To express and improve friendship, roses’ color has a vital role. Here are three points to keep in mind:
- Rose symbolism and significance vary by culture, era, and audience. Therefore, study cultural differences and be aware of the consequences of color choices.
- Plants can symbolize friendship besides roses. Look at sunflowers, irises, chrysanthemums, bouquets with multiple flowers, and flowering plants. They may convey closeness better than roses on some occasions or relationships.
- Combining different rose colors conveys complexity by expressing gratitude, admiration, or loyalty. Thus use both bright/happy tones such as yellow and white and contemplative tones such as pink or peach to show depth in the relationship.
Choosing Rose Colors for Friendship to Match Circumstances
To optimize flower choices for the best effect upon your friends and circumstantial setting:
- Understand that personal preferences may affect the choice of blooms; therefore always ask first before giving gifts.
- The nature of the relationship also impacts which roses should be given: cheerful yellow roses presented for life events like graduation parties or promotions is suitable whereas profound friendships might call for serene shades like pastel pink or coral petals instead.
- Match your rose to fit what is appropriate at that moment–white blooms inspire purity so give these when there’s something meaningful you want to express without overdoing it while deep reds are an expression of romantic love and shouldn’t be shared with friends!
An interesting fact about flower colors is how they can uniquely summon emotions from benefits for humans resulting in studies conducted on plants’ influence.
Plants like lavender have calming effects, colorful flowers boost one’s mood.
A Real-life Example
A cancer survivor had regularly been given an enormous bright bouquet of flowers containing multiple types and colors by their friends at the clinic. Their friend, a known gardener mentioned that they had incorporated lavender into the arrangement. The fragrance of the bouquet brought calmness to the patient every time it was received.
To improve your loved ones’ wellbeing, research how plants can affect people’s dispositions and use this information to create stunning bouquets or arrangements with various colored flowers symbolic of friendship.
FAQs about What Color Rose Means Friendship
What color rose means friendship?
The yellow rose is the most commonly known color for representing friendship. This rose symbolizes joy, happiness, and warmth, making it the perfect gift for a friend.
Are there any other rose colors that can represent friendship?
Yes, there are a few other rose colors that symbolize friendship. For example, the white rose represents loyalty and sincerity, while the pink rose is associated with admiration and gratitude.
Can different shades of yellow roses have different meanings for friendship?
Yes, different shades of yellow roses can have different meanings. Light yellow roses are often associated with new beginnings and platonic relationships, while darker yellow roses can symbolize deeper friendships and gratitude.
Is there a specific occasion where you would give a yellow rose to a friend?
Yellow roses are a popular gift for birthdays, graduations, or as a simple gesture to brighten someone’s day. However, they can be given at any time to show appreciation for a friend.
What’s the best way to give a yellow rose as a friendship gift?
You can give a single yellow rose, a small bouquet, or even a potted rose plant as a gift to a friend. You may also want to consider adding a thoughtful card or note to express your appreciation for their friendship.
What if my friend doesn’t like yellow roses?
If your friend doesn’t like yellow roses, there are other options to consider. You could give them a different color rose that represents friendship, or you could choose another type of flower that they prefer. Ultimately, it’s the thought and gesture that counts. | <urn:uuid:93d77506-227c-4806-b77b-ab91c2801860> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://colorscombo.com/what-color-rose-means-friendship/ | 2024-03-02T13:18:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.915773 | 5,145 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
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Communication scholars, psychologists, sociologists, and other social scientists have long been interested in how individuals interpret the real world around them. Although some of the information we receive in our daily lives is first-hand, much of what we know about our communities, states, countries, and the world comes to us through second-hand sources. Perceptions of reality, rather than actual observations of reality, guide human beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. These perceptions often are solidified into normative versions of what “ought” to be. Because there are often concrete expectations of reality in one’s mind, the effects from this perceived view of the world can be just as real as effects of actually experiencing that reality. Importantly, social perceptions arise through processes of communication, resulting in a social world that appears comparable to the physical world that surrounds us. Misperceptions of reality can produce a distorted version of the real world, and it is these misperceptions that have been the focus of much attention in public opinion and communication research.
Understanding Social Reality Perceptions And Effects
Perceptions of reality, or social reality, can be conceptualized as an individual’s conception of the world (Hawkins & Pingree 1982). What intrigues many social scientists is the exploration of the specifics of these perceptions and the ways in which they are developed. As Lewin suggested, reality is not an absolute; it differs depending on an individual’s social surroundings and perceptions of those surroundings (Lewin & Grabbe 1945). Social perception has been considered from both individual and social-level perspectives. Scholars investigating perceptions at the individual level rely heavily on the works of John Dewey, Charles Horton Cooley, and George Herbert Mead, while those considering the social level draw from Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Elihu Katz, and Theodore M. Newcomb.
The individual-level conception of social reality – or, as McLeod and Chaffee (1972), refer to it, social reality – derives from Cooley’s, and later Mead’s, conceptualization of society: an affair of consciousness that is necessarily social (Mead 1930). This definition suggests that others exist in one’s mind as imaginations, and it is only in these imaginations that others have an effect on the individual. Cooley (1902) referred to these imaginations as the “solid facts” of society. Dewey’s work concerning social perception emphasized the importance of bringing the social world into studies of human behavior and cognition. He suggested that instincts, such as fear and sexual desire, are necessary but not sufficient explanations for human behavior. Any instinctual impulse, he argued, is potentially influenced by its social surroundings.
Importantly, these early scholarly works defined communication as a central mechanism through which humans exist and develop. In this sense, the mind itself arises through communication (Mead 1930). Because individuals are not capable of experiencing all reality through direct observation or physical experience, they must rely on communication with others or experience this “reality” through the mass media. Since individuals’ communication experiences differ, their “cognitive maps” (McLeod & Chaffee 1972) also will differ. In this way, individuals view their own social reality as self-evident and factual. As a result, researchers cannot easily identify which components of one’s social reality are based upon direct observation and which are based upon social learning.
The second perspective of social reality (McLeod & Chaffee 1972) defines the social system as the unit of analysis. Scholars exploring social reality from a social-system perspective focus on understanding commonly held perceptions shared in society. They often base their exploration on individuals’ perceptions of what others think, or whether an individual believes that an opinion or attitude is shared by others. When individuals perceive that others share their own views of the world, the opinion or attitude can become “real” in that particular group, community, or society. Katz and Lazarsfeld (1955) suggested that individuals obtain information from their social environment, observe whether others agree with that information, and then assume that is the “reality”.
Research on social reality has tended to focus on degrees of consensus or agreement among members of a system. This literature often draws from work in social psychology on normative sanctions (Newcomb et al. 1965). These sanctions are rules that specify which individuals are supposed to act in which ways in a society. How individuals are to be rewarded or punished depends on whether they abide by those sanctions. Current research in this area is driven by two main theses: (1) the behavior of individuals is affected systematically by various forms of social influence, and (2) this influence is embedded within a particular context. What differentiates this approach from the focus on social reality is the emphasis on groups and situations rather than individuals.
Because the media, in particular, provide individuals with indirect representations of reality, communication scholars have been particularly interested in how individuals develop cognitions of social reality based upon their use of and attention to the media. As noted earlier, much of the information we receive comes from other people and the mass media. McLeod and Chaffee (1972) noted that these sources seem no less valid than direct observation because a large proportion of this information is shared by others around us. In this sense, individuals find themselves thinking that everyone ought to see things the way they do, a normative sharing of “oughtness” that defines social reality.
Table 1 Causal mechanisms of the perceptions and misperceptions of social reality
There are a number of effects associated with perceptions of social reality. One category of effects draws heavily from those effects outlined in the social psychology literature, without reference to the media in particular. These phenomena describe perceptions and misperceptions of some generalized other. The second category, outlined later, focuses on media effects in particular. Finally, the mechanisms driving these effects are described and outlined in Table 1.
General Perception Effects
Several phenomena describing perceptions (and misperceptions) of social reality have been outlined in the literature. These effects are pluralistic ignorance, overestimate of consensus, false consensus, silent majority or false idiosyncrasy effect, disowning projection, conservative and liberal biases, looking-glass perception, and social projection.
The term pluralistic ignorance is often used as an umbrella to describe all misperceptions of others’ opinions (Fields & Schumann 1976; O’Gorman & Garry 1976; Eveland 2002). Research in this area is primarily concerned with the factors that lead to individuals being more or less accurate about reality, focusing on the discrepancy between individual perceptions and actual reality. Pluralistic ignorance is most likely to occur when people have differing opinions on a divisive issue, but also results from individual factors such as fear of embarrassment, social desirability, or social inhibition. The primary assumption underlying this and other misperceptions is that individuals have a “quasi-statistical sense,” which suggests that people infer public opinion from their own intuitive sense of their environment, even without access to specific public opinion information (Noelle-Neumann 1993).
Consensus is the core concept of several social reality phenomena. Consensus occurs when homogeneous opinions exist across a group of individuals. Complete consensus on an issue exists where there is reciprocal understanding among the members of a group concerning some issue. Importantly, this concept makes no provision for individual perceptions of agreement; it simply describes a state of affairs. In and of itself, consensus does not refer to social reality. However, some research has extended this concept and suggested that an overestimate of consensus occurs when individuals perceive greater consensus on their own opinion than exists in reality. In this way, overestimation of consensus is “absolute” because it is objectively false (Eveland 2002).
The concept of false consensus, originally developed by Ross et al. (1977), describes the perception among group members about others in their group or those to whom they have similar attributes. Specifically, this concept refers to the individual tendency to see one’s own behaviors and opinions as normal and those of others as deviant or inappropriate. This phenomenon is best described as the exaggeration of the prominence of one’s own opinions. It differs from overestimation of consensus in that it is a misperception that is relative to others, rather than a misperception of reality. Hypothesis tests have consistently demonstrated this effect to be highly statistically significant with a moderate effect size (Mullen et al. 1985).
The silent majority or false idiosyncrasy effect is a specific instance in which the majority group perceives its position as the minority. This phenomenon occurs when some individuals support a position on an issue vocally and prominently, while those opposed to the issue – even if they are in the majority – remain silent. The result is that the vocal position is incorrectly perceived as the predominant one, while the silent position is incorrectly perceived as the minority. As such, the misperception is an outcome of an overestimation of the pervasiveness of the vocal opinion (Korte 1972).
The disowning projection refers to the tendency toward attributing selfish motives, evil intent, or ignorance to others and denying these characteristics of oneself (Cameron 1947). This is comparable to the social desirability effect in survey research: individuals may perceive there is a “right” answer to a question and therefore attribute “wrong” behaviors, attitudes, or opinions to others.
Conservative and liberal biases have also been documented in public opinion literature (e.g., Fields & Schumann 1976). However, Glynn et al. (1995) argue that, depending upon which phenomenon is being tested, these ideological biases could be described as false consensus or pluralistic ignorance. Moreover, these biases serve more as descriptive patterns occurring in the data, rather than concepts in and of themselves.
The looking-glass perception occurs when people see others as holding the same view as they themselves hold. The looking-glass perception is different from the false consensus effect because a divisive issue is not a precondition for the phenomenon to occur. Moreover, the perception is not by definition inaccurate but could be an accurate reflection of reality. Importantly, this phenomenon occurs quite separately from any actual distribution of opinions or attitudes in reality. The looking-glass perception is likely to arise for noncontroversial issues when people do not care much about the issue or even if there is almost universal agreement (Glynn et al. 1995).
Social projection is generally defined as the psychological phenomenon that drives each of these inaccurate perceptions. Broadly, this concept refers to individuals’ reference to self-reactions in order to describe others. Some research has suggested that social projection can actually increase individuals’ accuracy about others’ views, which counters findings on the false-consensus effect. That is, more projection, rather than less, can lead individuals to have more accurate perceptions of the social environment around them (Jones 2004). The phenomenon is quite robust and generates moderate to large effect sizes (Mullen et al. 1985; Robbins & Krueger 2005).
Media-Specific Perception Effects
Although each of the effects described above can result from perceptions or misperceptions of media content, they do not refer to the media in any consistent way. In fact, some of the effects predate mass media as we now know it. As a result, a second way of understanding perceptions of social reality has developed in response to the advent of media and mass communication research. Eveland (2002) divides these media-specific perceptions of social reality into two categories. The first covers perceptions of media content or impact, while the second maintains perceptions of social reality as the effect, but defines mass media as the primary causal mechanism.
Perceptions Of Media Content Or Impact
This category of media-specific perception effects focuses on individuals’ perceptions about media content or its influence on others. The third-person effect and impersonal influence emphasize that individuals do indeed have perceptions about media’s impact on others. Those phenomena specific to media content (the hostile media phenomenon and persuasive press inference) focus on individuals’ perceptions that the media are biased or slanted in some direction.
The third-person effect predicts that individuals exposed to a persuasive message will perceive greater effects on others than on themselves. The term was coined by Davison (1981), who based the proposition on personal experiences with journalists who were convinced that editorials had an effect on others’ attitudes, but not on people like themselves. The effect has since been delineated into two components: perceptual and behavioral. The former describes the perception alone; the latter builds on the perceptual component and suggests that the biased third-person perceptions will result in some behavioral action. The most commonly studied behavioral outcomes are support for censorship and willingness to speak out.
Impersonal influence describes the influence derived from anonymous others’ attitudes, experiences, and beliefs (Mutz 1998). From this perspective, media do not need to be universally consonant or even personally persuasive in order to impact individuals’ perceptions of media influence. The underlying assumption of this phenomenon is that the number of indirect associations among individuals has increased while direct associations have decreased. Moreover, there has been a tendency among the general public, as well as policymakers, to attribute much power to the media, which results in real consequences, even if the media’s influence has been overrated. As with the third-person effect, impersonal influence includes both the perceptual component and a behavioral component. This behavioral component is enhanced by the indirect nature of individuals’ interaction with the political world. The outcome of impersonal influence is perceptions of collective conditions obtained through the media that in turn influence individuals’ own attitudes and behaviors.
The hostile media phenomenon suggests that partisans see news media coverage of controversial events as portraying a biased slant, even in news coverage that most nonpartisans label as unbiased. An underlying assumption of this phenomenon is that media coverage is essentially unbiased. However, the seminal work on the hostile media phenomenon relied upon highly involved partisan subjects (Vallone et al. 1985). Not all scholars agree on the assumptions proposed by Vallone et al. (1985), and Gunther and Chia (2001) have suggested that the “relative hostile media phenomenon” is a broader conceptualization that does not require neutral news coverage or highly involved partisans.
The persuasive press inference hypothesis draws from the hostile media phenomenon and third-person effect and places the effects into one process. Specifically, this theory assumes that individuals (1) scan the media environment for issues of interest, (2) form impressions about the valence of media coverage, (3) infer that the news resembles what they have personally observed, (4) conclude that this media coverage influences others, and (5) perceive public opinion as corresponding to the perceived news slant (Gunther 1998). As a result of this process, people overestimate the impact of news coverage on public opinion and because of this misperception, estimates of public opinion are inaccurate. Perceived news slant, which draws from the hostile-bias phenomenon, acts as a mediating variable in the process (Gunther & Chia 2001). Although the media have indirect influence in this process, Gunther argues that these perceptions can ultimately have a self-fulfilling effect because individuals assume that the media influence those around them (Gunther 1998; Gunther & Storey 2003).
Perceptions Of Social Reality With Media As The Primary Causal Mechanism
Other research on perceptions of social reality has emphasized mass media as the primary causal mechanism explaining perceptions of social reality. Impersonal impact, spiral of silence, and cultivation are the principal theories associated with this category.
Because few people have direct personal experience with politics, mediated information has the ability to influence individuals’ perceptions of social reality at the collective level. That is, media enhance the salience of social-level judgments in addition to influencing perceptions of public opinion. This is called impersonal impact. This phenomenon historically resided in social psychology, where Tyler and Cook (1984) distinguished between two levels of judgment: personal (beliefs about one’s own conditions and risks) and societal (beliefs about conditions of the larger community). A prominent finding in related research is that the media affect societal level judgments rather than personal ones. Research has suggested that these effects are conditional, with media impact operating differently for various issues and individuals.
The spiral of silence theory is perhaps the most popular – and critiqued – theory on perceptions of public opinion. At the heart of this theory is the idea that because the climate of opinion is always vacillating, individuals are always uncertain about the opinions around them. Thus, people turn to the media to understand the climate of opinion. However, Noelle-Neumann argues that the media present biased viewpoints in a uniform way. The result of this biased news media content is that individuals perceive a majority perspective, and this perception either promotes or prevents them from speaking out. The perception of public support for a position increases individuals’ confidence in the legitimacy and strength of that position. In turn, this perception fuels their comfort in expressing that position in a public setting. The opposite effect occurs if individuals perceive themselves to be in the minority, judging a position as receiving little public support and legitimacy. Noelle-Neumann draws heavily from research in social psychology – particularly that of Solomon Asch – to support her hypothesis that people will conform to group pressure.
Cultivation implies that, over time, people are influenced by the content on television so that their perceptions of reality come to reflect those presented on television. Cultivation research is rooted in the work of George Gerbner and colleagues, whose Cultural Indicators project has generated both public and academic debate (Gerbner & Gross 1976; Gerbner et al. 1978). This theory purports that media content, which has been systematically studied for decades, displays distorted estimates of social reality. Among these distortions are the rates of crime and violence; estimates about personal risk of crime and violence; estimates of like risks from lightning, flooding, and terror attacks; estimates about the number of people who serve as police officers or lawyers; and estimates of the number of elderly, among other distortions.
Cultivation effects are commonly delineated into first-order and second-order effects (Hawkins & Pingree 1982). First-order effects refer to the correlations between television viewing and distorted estimates of social reality. Second-order effects refer to individuals’ perceptions of a mean and scary world as a result of these distortions. First-order effects have found much support, while second-order effects remain in doubt. Research has also demonstrated a weak relationship between first-order and second-order effects, suggesting that the social relevance of first-order effects is still unclear.
Two modifications have been made to the original cultivation theory. First is the concept of “mainstreaming.” This concept suggests that individuals’ own experiences can moderate the cultivation effect. In particular, those whose experiences are more discrepant from television’s representation of the world are more susceptible to cultivation effects. The second modification is the moderating effect of “resonance.” Resonance predicts an interaction between television viewing and individual experience, such that those whose life experiences are more congruent with the television world are most susceptible to cultivation effects. In this sense, mainstreaming and resonance can be viewed as competing hypotheses that occur when certain conditions are fulfilled (Shrum & Bischak 2001).
Causal Mechanisms For Social Reality Perceptions And Misperceptions
The previous section and extant literature suggest that the impersonal impact, spiral of silence, and cultivation hypotheses label the media as a primary mechanism for affecting individual perceptions of social reality. However, the perception effects described here can be attributed to one or more other causal mechanisms, including individual cognitions and motivations, social harmony and public expression norms, and social context, as well as the media. Each of these six mechanisms can be categorized under three broader categories: individual, individual–other, and social explanations. By linking each of the social reality perceptions with their corresponding causal mechanisms, one can better understand how these perceptions operate in a mass-mediated world. Importantly, these explanations are not mutually exclusive; that is, one or more mechanisms might be at work for each concept, theory, or approach. Table 1 outlines the social reality perception effects and the individual, individual–other, or social explanations that can be applied to each.
This category of causal mechanisms includes individual motivations and cognitions that lead to perceptions or misperceptions of social and media reality. Nearly all of the theories, concepts, and approaches outlined here can be attributed to either motivational or cognitive mechanisms, or both (see Table 1).
Some individuals may be motivated to interpret their surroundings in a biased way because of a need for social support and validation, or a desire for self-enhancement. One example of this motivational mechanism is the phenomenon of social projection. When a need for social connectedness is made salient, individuals might interpret their surroundings in a biased way.
In other cases, individuals might be driven to see themselves as either unique from others or sharing common views, depending on the context. Prentice and Miller (1993) label this phenomenon “impression management” and suggest it is a self-serving bias that drives individuals to misperceive their surroundings. In this way, some people are motivated to maintain control over their environment (the effectance motivation). Additionally, people are often motivated to believe that unfortunate events are more likely to happen to others rather than to themselves (unrealistic optimism). Finally, ego defensiveness is a motivation that protects one’s self-concept from counterattitudinal or threatening messages. All of these motivations serve as important causal mechanisms in the third-person effect.
The false consensus effect also is based primarily on motivational mechanisms. For instance, individuals may be motivated to see similarity between themselves and what they perceive as an attractive or desirable group or person. In this case, individuals are driven by a desire for self-enhancement. Additionally, individuals with stronger needs to justify or support their own views or behavior may display false consensus because of a need for social support and validation.
The impersonal influence hypothesis can be explained by several mechanisms, but research has suggested that a primary mechanism is the “bandwagon motivation” (Mutz 1998). This occurs when individuals are motivated to affiliate with a winning team or candidate in order to enhance their own public image in the eyes of others. The thirdperson effect can also be explained in part by motivations.
Motivational explanations can also be applied to those theories that claim media as the primary causal mechanism. For instance, Noelle-Neumann cites fear of isolation, or a motivation not to be in the minority, as a driving force behind the spiral of silence. The underlying assumption of this mechanism is that people keep their opinions silent when they feel marginalized. Taylor (1982) and Hayes et al. (2005), however, have provided alternative motivational mechanisms to this fear of isolation. Taylor suggested that individuals examine the incentives and benefits of speaking out in certain circumstances, while Hayes and colleagues found that the willingness to self-censor can predict willingness to speak out.
Importantly, motivational mechanisms are not necessarily conscious or intentional. For example, one study suggests that individuals who are more prone to feelings of fear are subconsciously motivated to overestimate the prevalence of fear among their peers in order to feel more comfortable (Suls & Wan 1987).
Cognitive mechanisms are perhaps the most common explanations for social reality and media perceptions. Outcomes described in this category tend to rely on the rich literature in information processing. One possible mechanism in this category of cognitive explanations is the accessibility bias, or the tendency to derive estimates of others’ views based upon that information that is most accessible in one’s memory. Social projection has often been explained by this accessibility bias, in addition to motivational mechanisms (see Table 1).
A related mechanism is the availability heuristic, which describes the tendency to use the ease with which something is recalled as a representation of that thing’s probability (Mullen et al. 1985). This heuristic might explain false consensus effects when experimental subjects are asked to consider opposing points of view (as is the case in many experiments testing these effects). Additionally, unintentional selective exposure, attention, and retention can be defined as cognitive explanations for perceptions of social reality. For instance, individuals are likely to expose themselves to information that is agreeable to their position, attend to it, and recall it later, explaining the false-consensus effect (Sherman et al. 1984).
The hostile media phenomenon and third-person effect are each in part based on cognitive mechanisms. For instance, partisans on different sides of an issue might process the same media content, but in very different ways. They might recall information that was most hostile to their own opinions, explaining the hostile media phenomenon in some cases. A cognitive explanation for third-person effects draws from attribution theory, suggesting that people have an innate – albeit naïve – need to explain their social world. In turn, when it comes to the media, individuals adhere to a simple “magic bullet” explanation of media effects, assuming that others are easily influenced by media content.
The third-person effect also is explained by cognitive “errors.” The actor–observer attributional error occurs when individuals underestimate the extent to which others account for situational factors, and overestimate their own attention to these factors. In this way, people see themselves as more cognizant of media influence and others as easily manipulated. A second cognitive error explanation of the third-person effect is that people project negative effects onto others in order to avoid the discomfort caused by admitting that such content affects themselves. This explanation suggests that although individuals may perceive themselves as also susceptible to media effects, they push these concerns out of mind by attributing them to others.
The persuasive press inference also can be explained by individual cognitions. Research suggests that people are likely to think that their own sample of news media coverage is similar to what others see. This cognitive mechanism is based upon the law of small numbers bias, in which such a sample of news content is considered similar to the population. Additionally, impersonal influence draws from cognitive explanations. Specifically, the “cognitive response mechanism” proposes that individuals might shift their attitudes upon learning the opinions of others, because knowing these opinions encourages them to think about arguments that might explain those opinions.
Cognitive mechanisms also apply to those theories that claim media as a primary causal mechanism. For example, some scholars have proposed that cognitive mechanisms may be better explanations for cultivation effects – particularly for heavy viewers of television. Hawkins and Pingree (1982) suggested that people actively learn facts from television and in turn construct judgments about the real world based on these facts. Alternatively, Shrum and O’Guinn (1993) asserted that relevant information is more accessible and, as a result, overestimates of frequency or probability can be explained by the accessibility bias. The outcome of such heuristic processing is that media play a larger role in judgments about social phenomena with which subjects have less direct experience.
Some individuals might be motivated to perceive social reality in certain ways that benefit their social interactions with others, or they might feel pressure to publicly misrepresent their opinions in order to comply with the pressures and norms of social interactions. These mechanisms can be defined as social harmony and public expression mechanisms (see Table 1).
Social Harmony Mechanism
Because conflict is not palatable to many people, there may exist motivation to see others’ positions on issues as more like their own in order to avoid argument or dissonance. Although this explanation can be considered a motivation, it specifically pertains to the anticipated future interaction with others. Therefore it is categorized separately from the above-mentioned individual motivations.
One example of the social harmony mechanism at work applies to both the falseconsensus effect and the spiral of silence. The divisiveness of some issues might influence whether individuals choose to speak their opinions in social interactions. In such an instance, the motivation to maintain accord with others in the future might overrule truthful expression of opinions. Similarly, if individuals expect to interact with other people in the near future, they may be motivated to view others as more like themselves so that the interaction is more agreeable.
Public Expression Mechanisms
Misperceptions of social reality at the individual–other level also can arise from either intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of one’s opinions in public. Prentice and Miller (1993) proposed two explanations to address both intentional and unintentional misrepresentations. The differential interpretation hypothesis describes a conscious decision to publicly misrepresent one’s opinion. The differential encoding hypothesis does not assume intentional misrepresentation, but suggests that some individuals suffer from an “illusion of transparency,” mistakenly believing that their own and others’ opinions are accurately expressed publicly.
One example of this mechanism applies to the impersonal-influence hypothesis and third-person effect (see Table 1). For instance, an individual voter might desire to influence the outcome of an election through strategic or tactical influence. This voter might assume that the media have greater influence on others than on himself or herself. In turn, the voter might publicly express preference for one candidate over another in order to counter that media influence. Such misleading public expression can clearly lead to misperceptions of social reality.
The social explanations described below and outlined in Table 1 are based upon what McLeod and Chaffee (1972) referred to as social reality. That is, a context or situation serves as the causal mechanism underlying individual perceptions of social reality.
The social context of the issue – or the distribution of opinions on either side of a public debate – can serve to create misperceptions of social reality. If an issue is particularly divisive, for example, individuals are prone to the false-consensus effect because they see one side as more similar to themselves and the other side as deviant or uncommon. Alternatively, if the issue is not particularly divisive and there is general agreement, one might be prone to the looking-glass perception and exclude alternative perspectives on the issue.
The literature on mass communication and perceptions of social reality has given increased attention to media as causal mechanisms. One way to define media as a causal mechanism comes from the spiral of silence theory, which purports that the news media present viewpoints that are consistently biased toward the majority. Noelle-Neumann (1993) suggests that because these biased media messages are consonant, cumulative, and ubiquitous, they have widespread impact on those in the minority. According to the theory, mass media serve as agents of social control through which information about societal norms is conveyed. It is noteworthy that this media mechanism is not based on any specific content, but on a general assumption about media favorability toward the majority.
An additional way of defining media as a causal mechanism is through an understanding of journalistic content and professional norms. The news media apply different journalistic approaches to presenting information about opinion distributions and social reality in general. For example, content analyses have found that social reality is represented in the media through base-rate information, exemplification, or a combination of both. Base-rate information is the use of statistics and factual information to describe public opinion or social reality. Exemplification, or the use of “exemplars,” relies on personal examples and interviews. Although base-rate information tends to be more accurate in that it represents a larger portion of the population, news audiences attend to and recall social reality perceptions more often from exemplars. This suggests that the content of media predicts when and how the media influence perceptions of public opinion, and is consistent with the predictions in the persuasive press inference. This mechanism is also closely tied with cognitive mechanisms, in that exemplars are said to have superior accessibility, and thus greater impacts on perceptions of social reality.
A final way of defining this media mechanism is specific to cultivation. In cultivation studies, television content has been found to overestimate the amount of crime and violence that exists in the real world. Television content also misrepresents the proportions of blacks, Hispanics, and Asian-Americans, and the elderly. As a result, specific media content – rather than the consonant, cumulative, and ubiquitous media of the spiral of silence theory – influences perceptions of social reality over time.
Implications Of Social Reality Perceptions For Communication Research: Behavioral Outcomes
Although many scholars will contend that perceptions are in and of themselves important outcome variables, others have suggested that a link between these perceptions and individual behavior is necessary in order to establish the social relevance of such research. In this vein, several areas of research have established behavioral effects that result from social reality perceptions.
First, the third-person effect has received much support not only in its perceptual component, but also in its behavioral component. Specifically, research has found that misperceptions of media influence are related to greater support for censorship (Eveland 2002). Second, studies of pluralistic ignorance have demonstrated that misperceptions of social reality are associated with individual behavior. For example, Prentice and Miller (1993) found that misperceptions of alcohol use on a college campus positively predicted drinking behavior. This effect has been replicated with other risky behaviors such as tobacco use and marijuana use, as well as risk judgments. Third, perceptions of opinion climates are related to opinion expression, as hypothesized by the spiral of silence, although support for this relationship is weak. These perceptions have also been related to forms of political participation.
Reconstructing Social Reality
It is important to note that social reality is not a finite reification. Instead, it is a dynamic construct that can change over time and across individuals. McLeod and Chaffee (1972) outlined several ways in which social reality can be reconstructed.
Individuals are able, and likely, to move from one social reality to another at some point in their lifetime. This shift can occur when there are systematic changes in an individual’s social reality, such as a change in his or her reference groups. Such changes also can take place at critical junctures in the life course – college, marriage, children, for example – that encourage the individual to rethink or actually modify their social reality. These changes might be likely to occur in crisis situations, when individuals are more motivated to communicate effectively and seek out unambiguous information. Changes in the structure of an individual’s communication patterns also can reconstruct one’s social reality. When people communicate with different or unusual others, or pay attention to different media sources, their perceptions of social reality are likely to change.
It appears that social reality is best conceptualized as a dynamic process with both perceptual and behavioral outcomes that is influenced on an individual level by motivations and cognitions; on an individual–other level by social harmony and public expression motivations; and on a social level by social context and media mechanisms. While research on perceptual outcomes remains highly supported, research on behavioral outcomes, as well as the mechanisms and moderating factors that produce those outcomes, require further research.
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22
] |
In this article, we’ll be discussing the process and importance of dog mouth tumor removal. Dealing with a tumor in your dog’s mouth can be a cause for concern, but with the right treatment, it can be successfully managed. We’ll explore the various methods used to remove these tumors, how to recognize the signs, and why early intervention is crucial for your furry friend’s overall health and well-being. So if you’re a dog owner seeking guidance on this matter, keep reading to learn more about dog mouth tumor removal.
Table of Contents
Toggle1. Overview of Dog Mouth Tumors
1.1 Different types of mouth tumors in dogs
Dog mouth tumors can be classified into various types, including benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors are cancerous and have the potential to spread. Common types of mouth tumors in dogs include fibromas, melanomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and ameloblastomas.
1.2 Causes of dog mouth tumors
The exact causes of dog mouth tumors are often unknown, but various factors may contribute to their development. These can include genetic predisposition, exposure to certain environmental toxins, viral infections, trauma, and chronic inflammation. Additionally, older dogs and certain breeds may be at a higher risk of developing mouth tumors.
1.3 Signs and symptoms of mouth tumors in dogs
Identifying the signs and symptoms of mouth tumors in dogs is crucial for early detection and prompt treatment. Some common indicators include oral bleeding, difficulty eating, excessive drooling, oral pain, bad breath, swelling or masses in the mouth, weight loss, and changes in behavior or appetite. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a veterinarian for a thorough examination.
2. Diagnosis and Evaluation of Dog Mouth Tumors
2.1 Veterinary examination and medical history
When diagnosing a dog with mouth tumors, veterinarians will typically perform a comprehensive examination. They will review the dog’s medical history, including any previous tumors or treatments. It is essential to provide accurate information about the dog’s symptoms and any changes in behavior or appetite that you have observed.
2.2 Physical examination of the dog’s mouth
During the physical examination, the veterinarian will carefully examine the dog’s mouth for any visible abnormalities or masses. They may use specialized tools to get a better view of the oral cavity and assess the size, location, and characteristics of the tumors. This evaluation helps determine the appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment options.
2.3 Imaging tests for identifying mouth tumors
Imaging tests such as dental radiographs (X-rays), CT scans, or MRI scans are valuable tools for diagnosing and evaluating dog mouth tumors. These imaging techniques allow for a more detailed assessment of the extent of the tumor, its relation to other structures in the mouth, and whether it has spread to other areas.
2.4 Biopsy and histopathology
To confirm the diagnosis of a dog mouth tumor, a biopsy is usually performed. During a biopsy, a small sample of the tumor is collected for examination under a microscope. This process, known as histopathology, helps identify the tumor type, grade, and potential aggressiveness. The results of the biopsy play a crucial role in determining the most appropriate course of treatment.
3. Treatment Options for Dog Mouth Tumors
3.1 Surgical removal of dog mouth tumors
Surgical removal is often the primary treatment for dog mouth tumors, especially when the tumor is localized and hasn’t spread to other parts of the body. Depending on the tumor size, location, and type, the surgeon may perform a wide excision (removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue) or a partial mandibulectomy (removal of a portion of the jawbone). In some cases, reconstructive surgery may be necessary to restore function and aesthetics.
3.2 Radiation therapy for mouth tumors
Radiation therapy is frequently used as an adjunct to surgery or as a primary treatment option for dog mouth tumors. It involves the use of high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to destroy cancer cells and prevent tumor growth. Radiation therapy can be administered externally or internally, and the treatment plan is tailored to the individual dog’s needs and tumor characteristics.
3.3 Chemotherapy as an adjunct to treatment
Chemotherapy, the use of anti-cancer drugs, may be recommended alongside surgery or radiation therapy for certain types of dog mouth tumors. It aims to kill cancer cells throughout the body, including any that may have spread beyond the primary tumor. Chemotherapy can help reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival rates. However, it is essential to consider potential side effects and closely monitor the dog’s response to treatment.
3.4 Cryosurgery for selected cases
In select cases, cryosurgery may be a viable treatment option for dog mouth tumors. This technique involves the controlled application of extreme cold to destroy the tumor cells. Cryosurgery is particularly useful for small tumors or when traditional surgery is not feasible due to the tumor’s location or size. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of cryosurgery with your veterinarian.
3.5 Complementary and alternative therapies
In addition to conventional treatment options, there are various complementary and alternative therapies that can be explored in consultation with your veterinarian. These may include acupuncture, herbal supplements, dietary modifications, and other integrative approaches. While these therapies may not offer a cure for dog mouth tumors, they can potentially support overall well-being and improve the dog’s quality of life.
4. Postoperative Care and Complications
4.1 Steps to ensure a smooth recovery
After your dog undergoes tumor removal surgery, it is essential to follow postoperative care instructions provided by the veterinarian. This may involve administering medications, monitoring the surgical site for signs of infection or complications, providing a comfortable and quiet recovery space, and ensuring a calm and stress-free environment.
4.2 Pain management after tumor removal
Pain management is a crucial aspect of postoperative care. Dogs may experience discomfort or pain following surgical removal of mouth tumors. Your veterinarian will prescribe appropriate pain medications and provide guidance on their administration. It is important to closely monitor your dog for any signs of pain or distress and report them to your veterinarian promptly.
4.3 Potential complications and how to address them
While complications after tumor removal surgery are relatively rare, it is essential to be aware of potential issues and address them promptly. These can include surgical site infections, delayed wound healing, difficulty eating or drinking, changes in appetite or behavior, and recurrence of the tumor. Regular follow-up appointments with your veterinarian will help monitor your dog’s progress and address any concerns that may arise.
5. Prognosis and Follow-Up
5.1 Factors influencing the prognosis
Several factors can influence the prognosis for dogs with mouth tumors. These include the type and stage of the tumor, the success of the initial treatment, the dog’s overall health and immune system function, and the presence of any underlying conditions. Your veterinarian will provide a prognosis based on these factors and discuss the potential outcomes with you.
5.2 Chances of tumor recurrence
The chances of tumor recurrence can vary depending on the specific type and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the treatment approach. Regular follow-up examinations, imaging tests, and monitoring will help detect any signs of recurrence early on. It is important to remain vigilant and report any concerns to your veterinarian promptly.
5.3 Importance of regular check-ups and monitoring
Regular check-ups and monitoring are vital for dogs who have undergone treatment for mouth tumors. These appointments allow your veterinarian to assess the long-term success of the treatment, monitor for any signs of recurrence or complications, and provide ongoing support and guidance. Your veterinarian will develop a follow-up plan tailored to your dog’s specific needs.
6. Preventive Measures for Dog Mouth Tumors
6.1 Regular dental care and oral hygiene
Maintaining good dental hygiene for your dog is essential for preventing and minimizing the risk of mouth tumors. Brushing your dog’s teeth regularly, providing dental chews or toys, and scheduling professional dental cleanings can help remove plaque and tartar buildup and reduce the risk of developing tumors or other oral health issues.
6.2 Monitoring diet and nutrition
Proper nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining your dog’s overall health and immune function. It is important to provide a balanced and nutritious diet that meets your dog’s specific dietary needs. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the most appropriate diet and nutritional supplements, if necessary, to promote optimal health and reduce the risk of mouth tumors.
6.3 Awareness of potential carcinogens
To minimize the risk of mouth tumors in your dog, it is crucial to be aware of potential carcinogens that your dog may encounter in their environment. These can include tobacco smoke, certain household cleaning products, pesticides, and other toxic substances. Take steps to limit your dog’s exposure to these harmful substances and create a safe and toxin-free living environment.
6.4 Examining and inspecting the dog’s mouth regularly
Regularly examining your dog’s mouth for any signs of abnormalities or masses is an important preventive measure. Look out for changes in the color or texture of the oral tissues, unusual growths, bleeding, or any other concerning symptoms. If you notice anything unusual, reach out to your veterinarian for a thorough evaluation.
7. Emotional and Practical Considerations
7.1 Coping with the emotional aspect of dog mouth tumor removal
Dealing with a dog mouth tumor and its treatment can be emotionally challenging for both you and your furry friend. It is natural to experience worry, fear, and sadness during this time. Reach out to your veterinarian for support, as they can offer guidance and resources to help you cope with the emotional impact of the diagnosis and treatment process.
7.2 Practical tips for caring for a dog after tumor removal
Caring for a dog after tumor removal surgery requires attention to their specific needs. Provide a comfortable and quiet recovery space, ensure they have access to clean water and a balanced diet, administer medications as directed, and closely monitor their progress. Be patient and provide plenty of love, care, and reassurance throughout the recovery process.
7.3 Support networks and resources for dog owners
It can be helpful to seek support from other dog owners who have gone through a similar experience. Online communities, support groups, and local veterinary resources can provide valuable insights, advice, and emotional support during this challenging time. Remember, you are not alone, and there are resources available to assist you and your dog.
8. Research and Advancements in Dog Mouth Tumor Management
8.1 Latest studies and scientific findings
Ongoing research is continually advancing our understanding of dog mouth tumors and their management. The latest studies and scientific findings contribute to the development of new treatment approaches, diagnostic techniques, and prevention strategies. Staying informed about the latest research can help you make well-informed decisions about your dog’s care.
8.2 New treatment modalities being explored
Researchers are exploring new treatment modalities to improve the outcomes for dogs with mouth tumors. This includes targeted therapies that specifically attack cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues, immunotherapy to enhance the dog’s immune response against cancer, and gene therapy to target specific genetic mutations associated with tumor growth. These advancements hold promise for the future of dog mouth tumor management.
8.3 Future prospects for improving outcomes
The future of dog mouth tumor management looks promising. As our understanding of tumor biology and treatment options continues to grow, there is hope for improved outcomes and increased survival rates. Collaborations between veterinarians, researchers, and pet owners play a vital role in driving progress and shaping the future of dog mouth tumor treatment.
9. Success Stories: Dogs Who Overcame Mouth Tumors
9.1 Real-life stories of dogs who underwent successful treatment
Real-life success stories of dogs who have successfully undergone treatment for mouth tumors can provide hope and inspiration. These stories highlight the importance of early detection, prompt treatment, and the dedication of veterinarians and pet owners in providing the best possible care. Hearing about these success stories can offer reassurance and encouragement to those facing similar situations.
9.2 Insights and inspiration from owners and veterinarians
In addition to success stories, insights and inspiration from owners and veterinarians can provide valuable perspectives and guidance. Sharing experiences, discussing treatment options, and receiving support from those who have been through a similar journey can be immensely helpful. Hearing firsthand accounts of overcoming challenges can give you the strength and motivation to navigate the treatment process with your dog.
10.1 Summary of key points
Dog mouth tumors are a complex health issue that requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. It is important to be aware of the different types of tumors, their causes, and the signs and symptoms to look out for. Veterinary examinations, imaging tests, and biopsies aid in accurate diagnosis and evaluation. Surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, and complementary therapies are treatment options that can be tailored to your dog’s specific needs.
10.2 Encouragement for dog owners facing similar situations
If you are facing the challenging journey of dog mouth tumor removal, remember that you are not alone. Veterinary professionals, support networks, and resources are available to provide guidance, support, and inspiration. Stay positive, seek help when needed, and remain committed to your dog’s well-being. With the right care, treatment, and emotional support, dogs can overcome mouth tumors and continue to live happy, fulfilling lives. | <urn:uuid:dc43f352-784b-49cf-bbb4-6540be3d5761> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://elite-charleston-vets.com/animal-surgery/dog-mouth-tumor-removal/ | 2024-03-02T12:30:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.921851 | 2,871 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
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Fungi are fascinating, and the more we learn about them, the more we realize how important they are for our health and the planet.
They are some of the most widely distributed organisms on earth, and include mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, and molds.
Fungi that produce delicious gourmet or medicinal mushrooms are some of the most popular fungi, but there is more to them than mushrooms.
In fact, the mushrooms are just the fruiting bodies of a much larger organism made up of a network of delicate mycelium.
Read on to discover what mushroom mycelium is, why it’s important, its uses and health benefits and how to grow mushroom mycelium.
What is Mushroom Mycelium?
Mushroom mycelium is the thread-like body of a fungus that’s often hidden underground or inside rotting logs and stumps.
The mycelium is the main part or body of the fungus, and the visible mushrooms are the fruiting bodies that it forms to assist with reproduction.
Mycelium consists of thousands of delicate, thread-like hyphae that join together to form an underground network of long fibers that grow through organic matter and obtain nutrients.
Like humans, fungi need to get nutrients from their surroundings to grow, but unlike humans, fungi digest their food externally.
Mushroom mycelium releases enzymes that break down the organic material around them. They then absorb the small particles through their cell walls.
Mushroom mycelium is the longest-living part of a fungus. It can remain dormant for several years, waiting for the right conditions to produce mushrooms and reproduce.
Do all Mushrooms Have Mycelium?
Yes, all mushrooms have mycelium as they are the fruiting bodies of living fungi, and mushrooms themselves consist of tightly bunched mycelium.
But, although all mushrooms come from fungal mycelium, not all fungi produce mushrooms.
Do Mushrooms Have Roots?
Mushrooms don’t have roots. The root-like portion of the fungus found underground is not its roots. It’s the main body of the fungus, consisting of an intricate network of threadlike mycelium.
Although mycelium may sometimes look like plant roots, they’re not the same, but they often work together, forming mutually beneficial relationships called mycorrhizae.
Plant roots and mycelium both absorb nutrients and help anchor the organism, but their other roles are very different because of how they get their nutrients.
Plants produce food via photosynthesis, but fungi need to get the nutrients they need from the organic matter around them.
Here are some of the differences between plant roots and mycelium:
- Mycelium spreads further and is much longer than root hairs.
- Hyphae can absorb nutrients and water along their entire length. Root hairs only absorb nutrients at the tips.
- Hyphae can absorb soluble and insoluble nutrients. Root hairs are limited to absorbing soluble nutrients.
- Mycelium feeds on (digests) dead material. Plant roots absorb available water and nutrients.
- Plant roots don’t grow and spread in search of nutrients, whereas mycelium does.
Is Mycelium Fungus Edible?
Yes, some mycelium fungus is edible, and like edible mushrooms, it provides many health benefits.
But, like mushrooms, not all mycelium is safe to eat, and you need to ensure that you only eat mycelium from edible strains of mushrooms.
Is mycelium harmful to humans? Mycelium grown for human consumption is not harmful to humans, and many health supplements contain mushroom mycelium.
Why is Mycelium Important?
Fungi play a vital role in forest ecosystems as their mycelium helps decompose dead and decaying organic matter making nutrients available for trees and plants.
Some fungi are mycorrhizal, meaning they have a symbiotic relationship with host plants.
These fungi provide host plants with nutrients in exchange for the simple sugars the plants produce through photosynthesis.
As mushroom mycelium absorbs nutrients and grows, it creates an extensive underground network that links fungi and plants.
In fact, it’s believed that the mycelial network is so important that without it, ecosystems would fail.
In 1997 Prof Suzanne Simard came up with the term “Wood Wide Web” when she realized that trees were communicating with each other using mycorrhizal networks.
Mycelium networks allow plants of different species to share nutrients and warn each other about droughts, pests and diseases.
The role mushroom mycelium plays in nature is not the only reason it’s important. It also has several innovative applications in our world.
6 Innovative Uses of Mushroom Mycelium
Mushroom mycelium is an amazing natural material that’s not only strong but also eco-friendly, sustainable and renewable.
Scientists and inventors are constantly discovering new and innovative ways to use mushroom mycelium. Here are a few of them:
1. Meat Substitutes
Mycelium-based food products replicate the fibers and consistency of meat, and it only takes around 9 days to grow an edible product.
Producing healthy, nutrient-dense food from mycelium is better for us and the planet.
As the mycelium growing process emits less carbon and requires less space and water than traditional meat production.
Mycelium meat substitutes are allergen-free and a great source of protein as they contain all 9 essential amino acids.
2. Durable Textiles
People are using special techniques to grow mycelium and transform it into materials that provide eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic textiles and leather.
The end products are durable textiles that look and feel like animal leather.
Designers have already used mycelium leather to make shoes, bags, clothing and other products.
3. Eco-Friendly Packaging
Mushroom® packaging, an innovative new packaging solution from Ecovative, is grown instead of manufactured.
This unique packaging uses a substrate of hemp and mycelium grown into custom molded packaging that’s 100% biodegradable.
It provides an exciting alternative to plastic and polystyrene as it’s strong, light, fire and water resistant and composts in under a month when added to the soil.
4. Sustainable Building Materials
Scientists have also made low-cost, eco-friendly building materials using mycelium and agricultural waste.
Mogu has a range of decorative mycelium-based acoustic panels with impressive sound absorption properties that are some of the first commercial mycelium-based products on the market.
And UK-based Biohm has produced safe and healthy mycelium insulation panels with thermal and acoustic insulation applications.
Dutch researcher Bob Hendrikx created the living cocoon, a coffin made from mushroom mycelium that’s grown in 7 days using local agricultural waste ingredients.
Unlike some mycelium products, where producers use heat to kill the mycelium in the end product, mycelium coffins contain dormant living mycelium.
When you bury the coffin, groundwater re-activates the mycelium, and the coffin breaks down in 45 days.
These coffins also host bacteria and microorganisms that help neutralize toxins in the body, enabling people to enrich the soil with their nutrients.
Mycoremediation is a method used to repair contaminated soils using mushroom mycelium to break down pollutants.
Mushroom mycelium releases enzymes that convert organic compounds like leaves and wood into soluble nutrients.
These enzymes can also break down pollutants and chemical contaminants, like pesticides, hydrocarbons and oil spills.
Oyster mushroom mycelium is one of the best for mycoremediation and excellent at breaking down pollutants.
Australian researchers are using oyster mushroom mycelium to break down cigarette butts and solve one of the world’s biggest litter problems.
Fun mushroom fact: Oyster mushroom mycelium can also turn plastic into food.
Katharina Unger of LIVIN Studio grew oyster mushroom mycelium around pods of edible agar containing pieces of plastic.
The mycelium completely digested the plastic and formed small mycelium snacks.
What Are The Health Benefits of Mycelium?
Mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelium both have high nutritional values, and most are low in fat and rich in dietary fiber and protein.
Although mushrooms consist of mycelium, supplements made from mushroom fruiting bodies are not the same as supplements made from mycelium.
Some argue that fruiting bodies are more concentrated and offer more beneficial compounds than mycelium.
But others feel that both offer health benefits and the immune-boosting properties of mycelium are exceptional.
You cannot separate mushroom mycelium from the grain substrate it grows in, so mycelium supplements will always include some kind of grain or starch.
Some argue that mycelium supplements are mostly grain with only a little mycelium, but a study has shown that both the mycelium and the substrate offer immune-boosting benefits.
In the wild, mycelium creates its own immune response that supports the health of the fungus and the surrounding ecosystem.
And, when used in supplements, it’s believed that humans can also enjoy the health-supporting benefits of mushroom mycelium.
How to Grow Mushroom Mycelium
To grow mushroom mycelium, you’ll need mushroom spores, tissue or stem butts and organic material for the mycelium to feed on.
There are several ways to grow mycelium, and it’s the first phase of growing delicious gourmet or medicinal mushrooms.
We recommend beginner mushroom growers skip this part of the mushroom growing process and buy a ready-to-fruit mushroom grow kit or mushroom grain spawn.
But if you want to try your hand at growing mycelium, here are some methods you can use:
Stem Butt Method
This method of growing mycelium is perfect for easy-to-grow species, like oyster mushrooms, and a fun project for beginner mushroom growers.
It’s a cheap and easy way of growing mycelium that doesn’t need expensive equipment. But it’s less reliable than other methods and often has lower yields.
The stem butt method involves taking the bottom part of fresh oyster mushroom stems and growing mycelium from them onto cardboard.
Our article, “How To Grow Your Own DIY Mushroom Spawn,” will take you through this method of growing mycelium step by step.
Mushroom Tissue Method
Mushrooms are essentially dense mycelium, and even after harvesting, the mycelium that makes up the mushroom’s flesh is still alive and able to reproduce.
If you take some living tissue from a fresh mushroom and place it in a nutrient-rich growing medium, the mycelium will grow and spread throughout the growing medium.
Commercial mushroom growers often use this method of growing mycelium as you get a clone of the original mushroom with all the same characteristics.
There’s more than one way to clone mushrooms, but mushroom farmers commonly use agar plates as they’re one of the best ways to avoid contamination.
After the mycelium has colonized the agar plate, it’s usually added to a grain like rye, rice, millet or wheat to create grain spawn. This is then used to inoculate bulk substrates and grow mushrooms.
For step-by-step instructions on how to grow mycelium and clone mushrooms using agar, take a look at our article, “How to Clone Mushrooms: A Step by Step Guide.”
Mushroom Spore Method
Another way to grow mycelium is using mushroom spores. And this is how many mushroom species reproduce in the wild.
This method involves making a spore print from a fresh mushroom and then placing the spores in a nutrient-rich growing medium.
When you place mushroom spores in the right conditions, single-cell hyphae grow, and when these hyphae merge to form mycelium, they create new mushroom strains.
These strains will have similar traits to the parent mushroom, but it’s impossible to predict characteristics like colonization speed, size and color of the fruiting body, etc.
As the results are unpredictable, commercial mushroom growers prefer to clone mushrooms from proven existing strains.
Where to Buy Mushroom Mycelium
You can buy mushroom mycelium online, and it’s sold at different stages of development as mushroom culture or spawn.
Mushroom cultures usually contain actively growing mycelium in a liquid solution in a sterile syringe.
This culture is then added to a sterile growing medium to create mushroom spawn.
Mushroom spawn is organic material that has mycelium growing in it. It’s often used to hold mushroom mycelium until it’s transferred into another mushroom substrate to grow mushrooms.
Mushroom spawn can come in different forms, including grain, sawdust or plug spawn, and each has specific uses.
Plug spawn is specifically for inoculating logs, but you can also use sawdust spawn when growing mushrooms outdoors on logs.
Which mycelium is best for you will depend on your experience, the type of mushrooms you want to cultivate and how much time you have.
An impressive range of mushroom species are available as mycelium cultures, but these are best used by more advanced mushroom growers.
Mushroom mycelium is an amazing natural material that’s eco-friendly, sustainable and good for our health.
There are many innovative ways to use mushroom mycelium to help the planet and reduce toxic waste and pollutants.
But, in our opinion, one of the best uses of mushroom mycelium is to grow healthy and delicious gourmet mushrooms. | <urn:uuid:21271512-9632-443e-ad6e-603a936b5ddc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://grocycle.com/mushroom-mycelium/ | 2024-03-02T14:28:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.927304 | 2,935 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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362,
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288,
16,
576,
1290,
4704
] |
Subsets and Splits