text
stringlengths 1.43k
646k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 16
954
| date
stringlengths 20
20
| file_path
stringlengths 125
126
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 1.34k
133k
| score
float64 2.52
4.97
| int_score
int64 3
5
| token_ids
sequencelengths 2.05k
2.05k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Complete Guide to Online Privacy
The Internet provides a convenient way for governments and corporations to monitor – and control – everything everyone is doing online. There are big money and power in your private data. Governments use it to manipulate public opinion; corporations use it to serve you ads. Data is the new currency that beats gold and oil. It comes as no surprise then that no entity is motivated to protect your privacy.
If you want to have privacy online, you’re going to have to claim it, and here’s how.
Privacy and encryption go hand in hand because encryption is an effective, accessible, and increasingly mainstream privacy tool.
Its efficiency has made encryption a prime target for the NSA and the likes of it. While governments forge laws that compel tech companies to create backdoors in their encrypted products, the Snowden files reveal spy agencies are actively working on decryption technologies.
The NSA is sifting through data of all US and non-US citizens. Whereas the data it deems uninteresting is discarded, encrypted data is stored permanently until the agency can decrypt it. They want a master key for all things encrypted, but until quantum computers help them build it, they break encryption protocols one at a time. That’s why not all encryption is made equal.
128-bit and 256-bit are the two most frequently used encryption keys. In terms of the key strength, the longer the key, the longer it takes to brute-force a cipher. Brute-forcing involves trying out every possible combination until attackers find the correct one. Humans don’t do this manually – computers do.
But how long does it take for a computer to break encryption keys? In 2016, NUDT Tianhe-2 supercomputer in China was known to need a third of a billion years to crack a 128-bit AES key and 13.5 billion years or so to break a 256-bit cipher.
Before 2013, cryptographers used to predict it would take NSA another 100 years to develop a crack to 128-bit cipher. But the Snowden files have revealed the scale of resources the NSA and allies are investing in the endeavor, shaking up everyone’s optimism and estimates.
What we know for sure is that when quantum computers are here, current encryption ciphers will become useless. But until then, use them to remain secure and protect your privacy.
NSA and NIST
The US government is known to use 256-bit AES encryption for sensitive and 128-bit for routine needs. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the entity that develops and/or certifies these and other encryption ciphers and standards. For companies seeking government contracts, compliance with NIST standards is a must.
As a result, the standards have become ubiquitous throughout mainstream products implementing encryption for consumers and businesses. Because who doesn’t want a “military-grade” encryption endorsed and used by spy agencies?
The problem here is NIST works closely with the NSA in developing the ciphers and standards. In the past few years, some of the NIST-certified algorithms have been found to bundle NSA-developed backdoors.
Perfect Forward Secrecy
Despite the apparent conflict of interests behind the NIST standards, legislators are not interested in fixing the problem.
Thankfully, security experts have come up with a solution that circumvents NSA efforts to compromise encryption keys – Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) for SSL/TSL connections.
PFS, also known as an ephemeral key exchange, is a system that creates new and unique private encryption keys for each session. With PFS, the keys are refreshed during connections, which means brute-forcing them is so resource- and time-consuming it’s virtually impossible even for the NSA.
Without PFS, if one private encryption key is compromised, the attacker gains access to all encrypted data.
OpenVPN is the current golden standard for Virtual Private Network providers because it allows for granular control over the connection and the use of Perfect Forward Secrecy. OpenVPN connections without PFS are vulnerable to brute-force attacks.
End-to-end encryption means your data is encrypted:
- On your device
- In transit, as it travels to and from your device to its destination (i.e., cloud storage, email, chat)
- In the cloud (email, chat or collaboration platform)
Without end-to-end encryption, your provider encrypts your data only when it reaches its platform and holds the encryption keys. Such is the case with Microsoft’s OneDrive. The company holds your encryption keys and can access your emails and contents of your cloud storage when it deems necessary.
Without end-to-end encryption, your data is also vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks.
In an industry where trust is an issue, some privacy tools providers build their solutions on a zero-knowledge principle, whereby only you have the encryption keys, not the service provider.
The weakness here is if you lose your keys, your data is as good as lost. The advantage is your service provider, be it a VPN, cloud storage or encrypted email service, can’t access your encoded data or hand it over to an adversary.
Always check the icon in the left corner of your browser’s address bar. A locked padlock stands for HTTP Secure, or HTTP over SSL/TLS. Sites have been using HTTPS for end-to-end encryption for decades now. Otherwise, online shopping and banking would have been compromised for millions of users worldwide.
Without HTTP, your data is unencrypted, and anyone interested can see what you’re up to while visiting a website, and steal your data, including your financial information.
With HTTPS, it’s possible to track which websites you visit, but not the internal pages you view or the data you transfer.
The concept of metadata is easy to grasp. Imagine the contents of your communication as all the books in the Library of Congress. That’s a lot of information to process even for the NSA.
But metadata is the index of all those books. It tells everything about who you talk to, how often, from where, who’s in your friends’ contact list, where and when your photos have been taken, using which camera make and model, who’s in the picture, and more.
Metadata is, therefore, more valuable to spy agencies and data brokers than the contents of your traffic and communication.
Important: even though WhatsApp is encrypted, Facebook still knows who you’re talking to, and how often. Facebook stores your metadata and shares it liberally. And with WhatsApp being a closed-source app, no independent audit is allowed to check the app for backdoors.
How do you hide your metadata then? VPNs and Tor can help you hide not only your browsing activity but also your metadata from your ISP. Also, don’t forget to purge metadata from files you share online. Tip: you can remove metadata from your photos by using free, open-source image editors like XNView. Just convert your images to PNG, which automatically strips metadata.
When possible, choose open-source software rather than proprietary solutions. The terrifying scale of state intrusion trying to embed backdoors into every mainstream technology suggests closed-source solutions might not be as secure as advertised. If there’s a state-sponsored backdoor in technology, it can be discovered and abused by hackers.
Open-source solutions may lack polish and sleek looks sometimes, but they are open for independent audits. If it’s a popular open-source project, security experts take the time to review, test it and submit reports of security holes and flaws to the developers.
Open-source solutions have the transparency and accountability closed-source projects don’t. That’s why security holes often get patched quicker in open-source software than in proprietary apps, which can go on for ages with unpatched vulnerabilities.
There’s a chance NSA agents might infiltrate some open-source development teams. But for now, open-source remains more reliable and tamper-proof than closed-source apps.
Some encryption programs allow you to hide files, partitions, and entire operating systems. Here’s how it works – first you create an encrypted folder visible to the system and easy to find. That’s the one you’d give up if ever compelled.
At the same time, you create a hidden encrypted volume. You can only access it when you know where to look. It can be a simple 15 Kb TXT file, but you can hide Gigabytes of encrypted data behind it.
Should you ever be compelled to hand over your data, you can deny a hidden encrypted volume exists in the first place – plausible deniability.
Summing up, when choosing data encryption tools and using the Internet, look for the following features:
- 256-bit AES encryption
- Perfect Forward Secrecy
- End-to-end encryption
- Zero-knowledge providers
- HTTPS (when using websites)
- OpenVPN (for VPN connections)
- Open-source software
- Mind your metadata
Things You Can – and Should – Encrypt
The bad news is no one comprehensive app can encrypt your everything. The good news is encryption tools and services have become mainstream and easy-to-use. Some are free and open-source, others are paid but offer zero-knowledge solutions.
Encrypt Your Traffic
Virtual Private Networks, or VPNs, are the most popular tools among modern denizens looking for privacy online.
Benefits of Using a VPN:
- Hide your online activity from your ISP, state, copyright trolls, and hackers
- Bypass local, state, school, or employer-imposed censorship
- Circumvent geo-blocks when accessing sites and services
- Torrent safely
- Protect your device when browsing from public WiFi
- Protect your identity from the sites you visit
How to Choose a Reliable VPN Provider:
- Choose a company that’s not under the Five Eyes umbrella
- Providers that respect user privacy don’t require your real name and address at sign-up
- Some VPNs now accept Bitcoin, gift cards, and cash to anonymize payments
- A robust VPN implements OpenVPN, 265-bit encryption, and PFS
- Beware of sponsored review sites – there’s unhealthy competition in the VPN industry
Encrypt Your Email
There is one caveat about email encryption that can undermine all your efforts to secure your private communications – reciprocity.
You can enjoy the benefits of the encrypted email only if your contacts do the same. Unless your recipient uses email encryption, your email communication is not all that private. If the majority of your contacts use Gmail, expect Google to scan your emails even if you aren’t a Gmail user yourself.
Not helping is the fact that Google hands over its users data to the NSA, and so do most mainstream tech services.
There are three ways you can encrypt your email:
- PGP – although Pretty Good Privacy is one of the most secure ways to protect your email, it’s not user-friendly. As a result, it’s mostly used by tech-savvy geeks. Once open-source, PGP is now the property of Symantec. Besides, PGP doesn’t encrypt the email header, recipient, and other important metadata. Tip: perhaps, the easiest way to use PGP is with the Mailvelope browser extension that allows you to deploy end-to-end PGP encryption with your Gmail or Hotmail.
- GPG – GNU Privacy Guard is a free, open-source PGP alternative available for Windows, Linux, and OSX. It comes as a basic command-line UI or more sophisticated programs, as well as add-on functionality embedded in some email clients, such as Thunderbird, SeaMonkey or K-9 Mail for Android and iPGMail for iOS.
Encrypt Your VoIP Conversations and Chats
Many free and paid Voice over the Internet Protocol apps allow you to make voice and video calls, group calls, and send instant messages. Some implement end-to-end encryption, and that’s what you need to protect your privacy.
Skype is not an option if you want privacy because Microsoft shares your data with the NSA and a bunch of other state entities. Likewise, WhatsApp isn’t private because it’s a Facebook service that retains your metadata.
Tip: encrypted voice and video calls may lag because encryption consumes time and bandwidth, while text messages get delivered faster. Some apps go as far as offering self-destructing messages.
Encrypt Your Cloud Storage
To be a functional human being these days, you need cloud storage. The problem is mainstream providers have persistently refused to make your cloud-stored files truly private. Pretty much all major cloud storage providers are in bed with the NSA – take some time to read your provider’s privacy policies.
Here’s how you can make your cloud-stored files and folders private:
- Encrypt them locally before uploading to the cloud – programs like VeraCrypt, BestCrypt or PeaZip let you encrypt your files locally and decrypt them on a different device, including smartphones.
- Use an encrypted cloud storage service – SpiderOak, TeamDrive, and Tresorit are end-to-end encrypted cloud storage services. SpiderOak is particularly popular because it’s zero-knowledge and robust with 256-bit AES encryption.
Tip: if you don’t want to use any third-party provider, try Synchting. It’s a peer-to-peer file synchronization program that lets you share a file or folder with your devices on your local network or over the Internet. It’s encrypted, cross-platform and intuitive. And it eliminates the middleman from the equation.
Encrypt Your Data Locally
Encrypting your files – or drives – is an essential step toward ensuring your digital privacy. Your best bet would be to encrypt your files locally and encrypt them before attaching to emails or uploading to the cloud.
VeraCrypt is an heir to TrueCrypt, one of the most popular encryption programs that helped promote encryption among non-tech-savvy consumers. VeraCrypt is open-source and lets you encrypt files, folders and full disks, as well as hide an entire drive or operating system, providing you with the advantage of plausible deniability.
Encrypt Your Mobile Device
The recent iOS and some Android devices ship with full-disk encryption by default. If your device is not encrypted, you can do so manually by going to Settings → Security → Encrypt device → and following prompts.
Android Privacy Tips:
- Use a strong passcode or password, add extra digits to your PIN.
- Be wary of fingerprint locks – they are hackable, and some states can legally compel you to unlock a fingerprint-locked device. And if you are ever assaulted, unlocking your device is much simpler than brute-forcing a password.
- Disable backup to your Google account to keep your photos, contacts, and calendar events locally, if you don’t want Google snooping on you.
- Disable location tracking.
- Only enable GPS when you specifically need it (to use Uber, for instance).
- Disable or uninstall stock bloatware you don’t use.
- Review your Google account settings – search history, location history, etc. Disable.
- Use firewall such as NoRoot Firewall to block apps from accessing the Internet without your authorization.
iOS Privacy Tips:
- Use a six-digit passcode rather than the regular four-digit one.
- Disable location tracking in Settings → Privacy → Location services → System services → Frequent locations → Off. Just in case, tap the Clear History button, too.
- To revoke permission to upload your data online for specific apps, go to Settings → Privacy → choose an app you wish to ban from uploading your data online → Off. You can grant it permission at a later point if necessary.
- Set the expiration date for your iMessages.
- Change your default WiFi hotspot password to an alphanumeric one.
- Use two-factor authentication for your iCloud
Encrypt Your Passwords Database
The importance of strong passwords clashes with the mind-numbing task of creating and memorizing them. You could try a memory training technique, or you could use a password manager that bundles a password generator and encrypts your password database.
KeePass, for instance, is free, open-source, and cross-platform. A multitude of its optional plugins allows you to expand its functionality – integrate it with your browser, use a different cipher other than the default AES, and more.
There are many excellent password managers, including Dashlane, LastPass, Keeper, LogMeOnce, Encryptr, Password Boss, Sticky Password, and more. Finding the one that meets your needs shouldn’t be a problem.
Chances are your browser knows things your parents don’t know about you. But guess what – Google knows what your browser knows. So do ad agencies, data brokers, Facebook, and your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
If you want to beef up your browser privacy, use alternative browsers, privacy-protecting browser extensions, and search engines that respect your privacy.
Tor, free and open-source, is one of the most popular and efficient anonymity tools. The browser comes with privacy embedded by design and by default, which means some features are intentionally disabled (i.e., Flash, Quicktime, RealPlayer) to avoid compromising your identity.
- Your connection routes through volunteer-powered random nodes across the world.
- Your data is encrypted each time it passes through a different node.
- Each node only knows the IP address of one node behind it and one node after it, but never the IP addresses of all the nodes in your connection.
- Even if one of the nodes were compromised, the adversary would only know the two IP addresses of the preceding and succeeding nodes and not the entire path between your computer and your destination site.
Tips for Using Tor
- Don’t torrent over Tor because P2P apps ignore Tor’s proxy settings and disclose your real IP.
- Don’t install browser plugins in Tor to bypass its limitations. There’s a reason why Flash and Quicktime are disabled – they can reveal your IP address.
- Only use HTTPS versions of sites.
- Close all other browsers before launching Tor.
- When downloading files through Tor, don’t open them while Tor is still running, especially the .docx and .pdf. They can contain Internet sources, and the program you use to open them can reveal your real IP address.
- You can use Tor and VPN together for improved privacy and security. Some VPNs go as far as embedding the Tor-through-VPN configuration in their clients.
How to Avoid Getting Tagged for Using Tor
Tor is an efficient tool for censorship and surveillance evasion, although at some point news broke that the very use of Tor flags users for NSA scrutiny. Even though Tor prevents your ISP from tracking which sites you visit, your ISP still knows you’re using Tor.
Tip: use Bridge Relay to reduce the risk of getting flagged by your ISP for using Tor.
Alternative Browsers That Don’t Track You
Instead of mainstream Firefox, Opera, and Chrome, try the following builds that strip things like telemetry and tracking:
Search Engines That Don’t Track You
Google, Bing, Yahoo, and other mainstream search engines track and store:
- Your IP address
- Your query search terms, time, and date
- Cookie ID, which identifies your computer and lets a search engine trace your query back to your computer
Google transmits this information to:
- The requested site you visit from the search engine results page (SERP)
- Advertisers whose banners are placed on the sites you visit from the SERP
- Law enforcement and spy agencies, when legally compelled
Based on this data, sites and advertisers build a profile of you. They use it to display ads and content relevant to what they think interests you.
In response to the highly invasive practices, private search engines are becoming increasingly popular. These include:
- DuckDuckGo makes each query anonymous. The search engine doesn’t track you or create a profile of you. Unfortunately, its search results aren’t as good as Google’s.
- StartPage is a Dutch project that anonymizes your queries and sends them to Google. As a result, you get Google search results without compromising your privacy.
- Ixquick comes from the StartPage developers, but instead of Google, Ixquick queries other search engines and anonymizes your queries.
- WolframAlpha makes dynamic calculations based on sophisticated algorithms to deliver expert-level answers on queries about such topics as people, mathematics, music, movies, medicines, health, finances, and more.
- Yacy is a P2P-based decentralized search engine you have to install. Although it hasn’t gained enough traction so far, it has immense potential and is worth a look.
- Disconnect queries Google and other major search engines but doesn’t track your searches, activities, or IP address. It also lets you search by location and get results relevant to the location of your choice rather than your current location.
Browser Privacy Tips
- When possible, use Private Browsing or Incognito mode to block cookies and erase your browsing history after the session ends.
- Clear cached DNS. DNS Flusher is a great addon that does the trick for you on Firefox and Waterfox. To flush DNS manually:
- Windows: open the command prompt → type ipconfig /flushdns → enter.
- OSX: open Terminal → type dscacheutil -flushcache → enter.
- Purge Flash cookies:
- Windows: C:UserAppDataLocalMacromediaFlash Player #SharedObjects
- OSX: /Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player/macromedia.com/support/flashplayer/sys/
- Enable a Do Not Track option in your browser settings.
- Discover the perks of a free utility Revo Uninstaller (Windows, Android). Its Tools tab lets you purge cookies, temporary files, Index.dat files, address bar history, and visited sites history for all your browsers at once, or selectively.
- Steer clear of utilities like CCleaner unless you understand what it does and how. The utility is only mildly useful but bundles a wealth of tools that, when used by inexperienced folks, can break things rather than help your computer run like new.
- Have a look at PrivacyTools.io’s list of Firefox tweaks in about:config.
Browser Extensions for Privacy
First of all, go easy on extensions. Too many will hog your browser instead of boosting it.
Also, be mindful of browser fingerprinting – a tracking technology that recognizes your browser from a myriad of others based on many factors, including the set of extensions installed. The more addons you use, the more unique is your browser.
The following list is a selection of privacy-focused extensions, some of which do the same thing. You don’t need to install all of them. Your best bet would be to choose the ones that are compatible with your browser and easy to use:
- Terms of Service Didn’t Read It – adds a nifty button in the right corner of your URL bar. Click it to get a quick insight into the current site’s ToS and privacy policies.
- HTTPS Everywhere by EFF – ensures you always use the HTTPS connection, whenever available.
- Privacy Badger by EFF, AdBlocker Plus, uBlock Origin and Ghostery – block ads and trackers.
- Decentraleyes – blocks third-party trackers by preventing a lot of requests from reaching Google Hosted Libraries without breaking how sites are displayed.
- NoScript – great for the tech-savvy because it lets you tweak which scripts can run on your browser. It can break some sites, too, so caution is advised.
- Self-Destructing Cookies purges cookies that are not currently in use. You can whitelists sites you want to recognize you when you return. It also protects your browser from Flash cookies and ETags.
Mobile Browser Privacy
Mobile browsers need even more protection than your desktop browsers because significantly fewer privacy extensions work on mobile.
- Fix some of your mobile browsing privacy leaks following these simple steps:
- Use Firefox Focus, Waterfox or Brave for private browsing
- Use Private Browsing in Chrome, Firefox or Opera
- Enable Do Not Track in your mobile browsers
- Install compatible addons:
- uBlock Origin
- Self-destructing Cookies
- HTTPS Everywhere
Understanding Tracking Technologies
Had tech giants and data brokers invested the money they throw at web-tracking technologies into space exploration instead, we’d be terraforming Mars by now. But web tracking gets more sophisticated by the day while space exploration has stalled since men landed on Moon.
Here’s a quick overview of web tracking technologies and what they do:
- Browser fingerprinting identifies you with a high degree of accuracy based on your browser and OS configuration. Ironically, the more tweaks you implement to protect your browser, the more unique it looks to the trackers.
- Audio beacons in TV and YouTube commercials trigger specific apps and games (cheers Angry Birds lovers) on your smartphones and computers to ping back to advertisers’ servers to identify a user and devices used in a household.
- HTML5 web storage, aka Document Object Model or DOM, is data storage embedded in your browser that’s much more persistent than cookies and has larger storage capacity. You can disable it in various browsers via about:config settings.
- Etag, or an entity tag, is an HTTP header your browser uses to validate Web cache and process requests for resources from sites. Etags use persistent identification elements, PIE, that tag your browser, and help cookies respawn after you delete them. There’s no easy way of circumventing the plague. Either you clear cache between each and every site you visit, or you disable cache altogether. Both methods make web browsing a pain.
- History snooping technology allows sites you visit to access your past browsing history. Facebook, for instance, combines your social profile with your browsing history. As a mildly effective remedy, you can go to Digital Advertising Alliance and opt out of all browser tracking campaigns from participating companies. Alternatively, use a Private Mode at all times, or use it to access your Facebook account.
With a little research and learning, you can pay for many digital goods and services without exposing your identity. Paying anonymously helps you steer clear of mass surveillance and corporate profiling, as well as prevent identity theft since hackers try to intercept your credentials at checkout or by hacking databases of online stores.
Fortunately, many services now accept anonymous payments, including cash and Bitcoin. Let’s see how you can pay anonymously online.
Abine.com’s Blur masked cards allow you to buy digital goods legally by using a fictitious name. Simply sign up for Blur online and add your credit card to mask, then choose your fake identity, and use your alias and masked card for online purchases.
- A masked card can’t be charged automatically without your approval
- It masks your identity and address
- It masks how your transactions are shown to your credit card provider
- It’s legal
- It leaves no traces of your credit card in online databases
- You can’t spend more than $500 with one masked card
- You can’t use them for recurring payments
You can get a prepaid card pretty much anywhere from supermarkets to toy stores – it’s basically a gift card you buy for cash. You can get one online, but in this case, you’d have to submit your personal information at checkout, which beats the purpose of getting it anonymously.
- Untraceable if you buy it with
cash - Available in many stores
- Great for one-time anonymous payment
- Has a minimum limit of $20
Bitcoin is a decentralized virtual currency that relies on peer-to-peer technology and eliminates state- or corporation-controlled middleman from your transactions. That’s why governments and banks are so eager to regulate or ban it. For a detailed look at the benefits and caveats of Bitcoin, read my Bitcoin Basics guide.
Just as you use any currency, you can use Bitcoin to shop online if a company accepts Bitcoin payments. It’s not ubiquitous just yet, but many privacy-focused service providers (VPNs, encryption suites) now accept Bitcoin or are planning to support it soon.
Bitcoin is designed with transparency in mind, so it’s not anonymous per se, but there are tips and tricks you can use to make your Bitcoin payments anonymous:
- Use anonymous disposable emails
- Never disclose your real identity, address, or phone number during a purchase
- Create a new Bitcoin wallet for each purchase
- Clean your Bitcoins with a mixer service
If you buy Bitcoin from a local Bitcoin exchange, such as CoinBase, you have to submit your real credentials. A mixer service such as Blockchain.info lets you share-send your Bitcoins for a 0.5% fee. In layman’s terms, the platform mixes your coins with those of other users, making it highly improbable for anyone to untangle the chain back to you. This is not to say it’s impossible, but it’s rather time- and resource-consuming.
Tips: You can use prepaid cards to buy Bitcoin online anonymously. You can also find local Bitcoin sellers in your area via LocalBitcoins.com and buy your coins with cash.
- Fairly anonymous when done properly
- Well-accepted by many online retailers
- May get highly technical
- Steep learning curve for beginners
- Anonymity comes at a price since local sellers and mixer services charge extra
- Most providers don’t provide refunds for payments made with Bitcoins
Not many online services accept cash, which makes those that do stand out from the crowd. Mullvad, for example, is a VPN service provider that accepts cash payments you send by mail. Just put the money and a note with your user code in an envelope, and use the service anonymously.
- 100% anonymous
- Few online service providers bother to accept cash
Miscellaneous Privacy Tips
Companies developing commercial software and major operating systems can’t be trusted not to be in bed with the NSA.
Ditch Win 10
Windows OS, especially 10, is known to send extensive logs on user activity to Microsoft servers even if you disable telemetry. Each new update chops off of your freedom to disable features you deem invasive. After the Anniversary Update, for instance, you can no longer disable the ever-listening Cortana.
Apple’s populist fight for encryption created more media buzz than advancement on the privacy front. After the infamous celebrity iCloud hack, the company needed something to patch its reputation – business as usual.
Use Alternative Operating Systems
Alternative operating systems give you a better chance of protecting your privacy than any of the mainstream OS’.
Linux is free and open-source, although some builds of it are closed-source. Experts assure Linux is less likely to be compromised than Win or Mac OS.
TAILS, endorsed by Edward Snowden, is a popular Linux distro that bundles a fully-featured suite of apps complete with Tor-powered IceWeasel secure browser and a private chat app Pidgin. All connections are forced through the Tor network, while encryption of files, emails, and chats is implemented by default.
- You can run it from a Live CD or a flash drive
- Secure and private
- Leaves no traces in your computer once unmounted
- Free, open-source
- Setup is somewhat technical
- Not apt to completely replace Win or MacOS for productivity
More Linux Flavors for privacy Wonks:
- Ubuntu – uber-popular, easy-to-use, and has a buzzing community, so you can always ask for help.
- Mint is more Windows-like than its siblings, and therefore makes for a great starting point as you begin exploring Linux.
- Debian is more advanced than Mint but also requires more tech skills to manage.
- Trisquel – a free open-source distro of the GNU OS with the Linux-libre kernel ready for home and office use. It has many programs, accessibility features, and plenty of manuals.
- KNOPPIX – a bootable Live system you can run from CD, DVD or USB flash drive on pretty much any computer. It’s apt for productivity, education, and software demos because the Live CD can have up to 2 GB of executable software installed.
- Puppy Linux – lightweight, easy to use, and fast. You can recover lost data from destroyed PCs and remove malware from Windows with its help. It even boots on a PC with a broken hard drive.
- Qubes OS is based on Xen, the X Window System, and Linux. Dubbed as “reasonably secure OS,” Qubes is free, open-source, and implements security by compartmentalization. It means you can compartmentalize various parts of your digital life into isolated “qubes,” some of which can be disposable.
- Whonix is a Debian GNU/Linux distro that consists of two virtual machines. One is a Tor gateway, and the other is a workstation. Both are completely isolated from your host OS. Whonix provides a high level of security and anonymity, where DNS leaks are impossible.
Set Up a Virtual Machine
If you can’t ditch Windows, consider setting up a virtual machine (VirtualBox, VMWare Player). A VM lets you install a secondary OS inside your host OS. It can be Linux, Windows, or Android, but Mac OS is finicky with VMs.
- All the files and folders in your VM are isolated from your host OS
- Even if your VM gets compromised, your host system is not affected
- Works great to set up secure P2P
- You can encrypt and hide it using VeraCrypt
- VMs are resource-hungry and can clog your computer’s memory and processing power
- Setup is technical
Pro Tips for Protecting Privacy when Using Commercial OS
- Set a password for your BIOS to prevent intruders from starting up and modifying your BIOS settings.
- Prevent boot from devices other than your hard drive.
- Disable Flash in your browsers or at least set it to “Ask to Activate” as it’s highly insecure and use it from a browser you don’t use for private dealings.
- Change DNS – by default all your queries go through your ISP’s DNS servers to ensure the provider knows every step you make online. You can change your DNS servers to use the free OpenDNS and Comodo Secure DNS or your VPN provider’s DNS servers to circumvent your ISP snooping.
- When using a VPN, always check for DNS leaks before performing sensitive tasks through VPN.
- Purge your Google history and disable its tracking for all Google products by logging into your Google account → My Activity → Delete → All time. In Activity Controls, you can disable history tracking for each Google product separately.
- Steer clear of security services and apps from the Five Eyes countries (the US, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada surveillance alliance). This includes VPNs, secure email platforms, and encryption suites. Be wary of security suites coming from the Fourteen Eyes countries.
Online Privacy Issues
The major online privacy issue is there is no privacy online. To claim it, you must equip your devices with privacy tools, ditch Google, Facebook, Windows, GPS navigators, IoT devices, and smartphones.
But you need them to be a functional human. As a result, you end up paying with your data for supposedly free services. Ironically, paid services have the audacity to double-charge you by collecting and selling your information, too.
From surveillance agencies to ISPs, tech giants, and hackers, the digital realm is infested with parasites feeding off of your private data.
Did you know Google and Facebook account for more than 80% of online ads? They know how to serve you relevant ads because they know what makes you tick. On their servers is a detailed and comprehensive profile of your digital identity. They analyze it, sell it, and share it with spy agencies.
Tech monopolies have an enormous concentration of power and money. No smaller provider can challenge them, let alone consumers.
When you use Google, Facebook, and Twitter, you probably think you have the full picture on a topic in all its multiplicity and variety. Wrong.
Mainstream search engines, social networks, and Big Data analytical centers profile you based on your search queries and liked content. When you search for a topic, they return results that agree with your point of view or can lead your opinion in the direction they need. Some take it a step further – a recent study reveals some news organizations go as far as doxxing their commenters.
You don’t get an unbiased look at alternative viewpoints because your search engine and social networks downgrade, troll, and ridicule them. You are locked in a matrix that filters the information you consume and manipulates your opinions.
With no laws to penalize Internet providers for blocking sites they disagree with, corporate-imposed censorship becomes the norm. Not only the government but also private companies censor all kinds of information, stifling innovation and making fair competition impossible.
The Five Eyes and the Fourteen Eyes alliances allow their member states to share intelligence evading domestic laws that prohibit them from spying on their own citizens. Hence, most security experts advise against using privacy tools from the companies based in the Fourteen Eyes countries.
It’s unfair because the bad fame of the spy alliances hampers US companies. But there’s no way of knowing which companies are NSA honeypots, and which are honest and transparent.
Suggested visual content: Infographic on the Five Eyes
The biggest threat to online privacy is, ironically, the user. According to the Association for Computer Machinery, online shoppers fail to live up to their self-reported online privacy concerns and routinely disclose their personal information.
Remember the Cambridge Analytica scandal? Marketing experts say, “Users will forget, and then it will be business as usual.”
When online privacy makes the headlines, consumers worry about it. But when it’s no longer news, users move on without changing their digital habits. Snowden made the headlines in 2013, Equifax in 2017, Facebook and Cambridge Analytica in 2018. But all the progress to protect online privacy on the legal front has stalled because public backlash has been consistently insignificant.
Identity Theft, Hacking, and Defamation
A grave privacy issue is data trading on the Dark Web, where hacking is a commodity just about anyone can buy. Opportunist hackers routinely trade ID and SSN databases stolen from sites that collect personally identifiable information but never bother to protect it adequately.
At the same time, identity theft, revenge porn, doxxing, and phishing proliferate. It’s become possible to destroy someone’s career, credit score, and reputation through targeted social engineering and MITM attacks.
Online Gaming Privacy Issues
Any online activity has the potential to compromise your privacy, especially gaming because it’s a highly competitive field where players focus on anything but privacy.
As you climb the leaderboards, coordinate teamwork and chat with your buddies, you run the risk of becoming a target of:
- Unethical rivals
- Hackers looking to steal your identity
- Mentally unstable users
In many cases, your IP address is all an adversary needs to launch a fully-fledged attack against you.
Gaming chat rooms aren’t secure at all. If your IP address isn’t protected, cheat-happy rivals can discover it and forge a DDoS attack on you during a match. A DDoS attack clogs your connection, and you get locked out of the game during the most crucial moments.
Some obsessive players go the extra mile and call your local police department to report gunfire in your house. Your PD is then obliged to dispatch a SWAT team to your place.
Swatting is highly damaging not only to your property but also reputation. As you scramble through broken furniture trying to persuade law enforcement of your innocence, your neighbors may turn their back on you.
With your IP address exposed, your enemies can identify your physical address, full name, and your social networking accounts. Beyond that, there are public records of voter registration and property ownership, and massive databases of financial records amassed by credit-rating agencies.
Doxxing is when someone puts these pieces together and publishes online a comprehensive dossier on you. What follows can be embarrassing, infuriating, or downright dangerous.
Phishing, Spyware, and Malware
If you expose your email and IP address in gaming communities, social engineering-savvy hackers can forge a pretty convincing phishing attack. And if you indulge in gaming cheats, you run the risk of installing ransomware at some point.
With your IP address exposed, mentally unstable gamers can hack your webcam. What can ensue is blackmail or revenge porn. If you haven’t plastered non-transparent duct tape over your webcam yet, it’s about time you followed Zuck’s best privacy practices.
Online Dating Privacy Issues
With your IP address exposed, mentally unstable gamers can hack your webcam. What can ensue is blackmail or revenge porn. If you haven’t plastered non-transparent duct tape over your webcam yet, it’s about time you followed Zuck’s best privacy practices.
The architecture of dating services forces users to disclose sensitive information. Tinder requires your Facebook account name, while OKCupid wants your photo if you’re going to see other users’ pics. You end up disclosing your:
- First name (sometimes your last name, too)
- Sexual history or preferences
- Political opinions
- Sensitive photos
Considering at least 15% of Americans and nearly 300 million people worldwide use online dating, there’s a lot of privacy for hackers, stalkers, and employers to see.
Dating Sites and Apps Are Hackable
Online dating sites get hacked regularly. In 2017, Kaspersky Lab found significant security holes in Tinder, Bumble, Badoo, Mamba, Happn, WeChat. Paktor and OKCupid. The flaws exposed usernames, locations, message histories, and login information.
Due to security flaws in these apps, hackers can identify:
- Who you are on social media.
- Where you are – most dating apps indicate the distance between you and your potential date. By moving around and logging the distance, it’s easy to determine your exact location.
- Your private messages – some dating apps don’t encrypt your app data transfers, so it’s possible to not only intercept but also modify it (and request money from your date).
- Your photos, videos, GPS data, device info – many dating apps upload your media files and transfer your device info and location unencrypted.
Most dating apps are highly vulnerable to MITM attacks and can facilitate your Facebook account hijacking.
A cybersecurity company Checkmarx identified two more security issues with Tinder and other dating apps, which let hackers see what photos users are looking at and how they swipe in response.
In the Ashley Madison, PositiveSingles, and HZone hacks, dozens of millions of users had their last names, usernames, passwords, emails, addresses, phone numbers, and credit card transactions exposed. Worse yet, association with those sites revealed that users:
- Had considered an affair
- Had an STD
- Had HIV
Data breaches and users sharing information and screenshots usually contribute to unanticipated disclosure. A recent survey revealed that 81% of users saw dating profiles of someone they knew offline, while 33% had seen a coworker’s profile.
People presenting themselves as someone else, or catfishing, proliferates in online dating more than anywhere else.
To make sure you’re not talking to a scammer, you could have a meaningful conversation with them, which could reveal your sensitive information prematurely. But meeting a stranger just to make sure you’re not being scammed is a serious safety risk.
All sorts of creepy people hang around on dating sites. When they get angry, it takes very little for them to find the information they can use to stalk or blackmail you. Finding your Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube videos, and blogs is not rocket science when they have your dating profile.
For example, when an iMessage was sent from a user’s email instead of phone number, a stalker used it to find her Twitter account, which lead him to her personal blog. So even if you take reasonable privacy precautions in your dating app, other apps may leak the data you wish to keep private.
Employment and Business
Employers can use information from your dating profile to make an employment decision. How you appear on your dating profile may have very little to do with your work ethic, but you have no control over how employers feel about it.
Also, most users report negative impressions of coworkers, public workers, and businesses after viewing their dating profiles. Something about human nature suggests that private things should remain private and well away from coworkers’ eyes.
Online Shopping Privacy Issues
Online shopping is one of the most convenient things modern technology has given us. No queues, no fuss, and with mobile payments you can shop from pretty much anywhere, anytime.
While you enjoy picking the best deals online, your financial information could be compromised. With a myriad of online shops, it’s increasingly hard to tell a legitimate merchant from fraud. Ideally, you should be securing your credit card information, but it’s not the only privacy issue with online shopping.
Lack of control
When you shop online:
- Does the merchant explain what personal information it collects?
- Do you have a say in how it’s used?
- Can you verify if this information is accurate?
- Is your information secured?
- Is the merchant liable for not securing your data or failing to disclose its privacy policies?
- Does the merchant honor its privacy policies?
Unfortunately, for most consumers the answer is “No” on every account as they feel powerless about how companies collect and share their data. According to recent researches, shoppers are increasingly concerned about their privacy, while lack of trust and control over how their data is handled keeps them from shopping online.
Information Online Merchants Access and Collect:
- Your web activity, browser information, search terms, viewed products, and online forms data.
- The time you spend on the site, your clicks, and purchases through tracking cookies.
- Your feedback – all your information from your reviews, comments, and chat with retailer’s support.
- Mobile usage and apps – when buying from a smartphone, be aware that many retailers track your WiFi signal in real time. They know which departments you visit, how much time you spend there, and what mobile apps you use.
- Health and fitness apps data – Apple, for example, monitors your Health App to know your lifestyle and pitch relevant products.
- Payment information – retailers make use of your debit or credit card info to analyze where else you shop, and what you buy from competitors.
- Your social media accounts – your likes and shares give retailers a better idea of how they can sell you more goods.
- The location of your smartphone and its unique identifier when your WiFi, GPS or Bluetooth are enabled.
Behavior tracking through browser cookies and history stealing allow stores to track you without your consent secretly. The extent of behavioral targeting is a well-kept secret in the industry since disclosing it can lead to a major consumer backlash.
Facebook’s facial recognition algorithm is one of the best in the industry. When your online retailer has your Facebook account, they know your demographic.
The moment you share your data through a loyalty program, it gets shared with dozens of other companies.
Plenti, for example, is a loyalty program with dozens of participating retailers, such as Macy’s, RiteAid, Exxon-Mobil, AT&T, and others. Each participant gets access to the shared pool of consumer data. Do they bother to protect the data on their end?
Suggested visual content: this infographic is old, but something similar and up-to-date would add value
Bogus Online Surveys and Freebies
Hackers often fake online surveys to make them look like they’re coming from your retailers to steal your personal information for identity theft.
Fake freebie offers requiring your credit card information often lead to recurring charges you can’t kill or, again, identity theft. Offers of free mobile apps and entertainment content – if coming from malicious parties – can be used to hack your device.
Phishing is one of the most widespread forms of fooling consumers into feeding their private information to cyber crooks.
Popup links, emails requesting to clarify personal details, or links asking you to confirm a recent transaction are definite phishing scams.
Google Online Privacy Issues
According to Princeton, 76% of websites contain Google trackers. And despite the alleged transparency, the tech giant doesn’t want you to know the full extent of its data collection.
Google’s Bread and Butter
There’s big money in your data. Otherwise, Google’s parent company Alphabet wouldn’t have a market cap of $712 billion. In 2017 alone, the company’s revenue was $95.38 billion.
Seven of Google products have at least 1 billion users each, while the company holds an estimated 15 exabytes of data.
Google Analytics places a super-cookie that respawns in your computer every time you delete it. It identifies you to all Google products you use and Google trackers on the sites you visit. This allows Google to track your every move.
Things Google Knows About You
- Maps – with location services enabled in your smartphone, Google knows where you’ve been, how long it took you to get there, and how long you spent there. It also stores every location you’ve ever searched for or clicked on.
- Browser history – Google knows your browsing path and every news or term you’ve ever searched for or read.
- Deleted items – Google keeps everything you’ve erased from your Google products across your devices, Google Drive included.
- Advertisement profile – your age, gender, career, relationship status, hobbies, weight, allergies, phobias, interests, and income. Google also stores every ad you’ve ever viewed and clicked on.
- Apps activity – apps you search for, install and uninstall, and how often, where, and when you use them. It also knows with whom you interact with their help, and where they are.
- YouTube history – and everything it can tell about you. That’s probably your political opinions, religion, health issues, or whether you have pets or kids.
- Events you attend – depending on how much you rely on Google Calendar to schedule events and store their details and locations, Google knows what you’ve been up to, where, with whom, and when, or if you’ve missed some scheduled events.
- Health – using Google Fit? Then Google knows your workout routine.
- Photos – years of pics including metadata about the location where each photo was taken, date and time, and device make and model.
- Emails – including deleted em
ails and spam. - Voice – every voice search you’ve ever made, even if you’ve deleted them.
Note: you can request your Google profile.
Imagine someone gaining access to your Google account with the entire timeline of your digital life – the whole kit and caboodle. I’ll leave it to you to figure out how damaging this information can be in the wrong hands.
In fact, it is in the wrong hands, as Google handles your data the way it sees fit, selling and sharing it with spy agencies.
Google, NSA, and CIA
The NSA refuses to confirm – or deny – its ties with Google, saying the disclosure would put the US Government IT systems at risk.
In the meantime, the CIA funds Google and its hi-tech acquisitions like Keyhole and Recorded Future through In-Q-Tel.
Privacy Issues in Online Business
The past few years have been ripe with business data breaches. The consumers’ outcry sent a clear message – organizations must be held accountable for failing to protect their data.
The European Union stepped up to protect its residents’ privacy with GDPR, making companies liable for a fine of up to 4% of their global turnover.
In the meantime, the US consumers are increasingly wary of dealing with online businesses out of fear their information might be stolen.
Not helping is the poor fame that follows the American tech companies after the Snowden revelations. The thought of a digital product that comes with the NSA-embedded backdoors haunts consumers.
As cybersecurity experts advise against using any US-made digital products, the world – especially Europe – increasingly prefers products and services developed locally. Users now care where their software is designed and where their merchant stores their data.
With the Congress allowing ISPs to gather and sell sensitive customer information, online businesses need to think carefully about how they handle online privacy.
Customers Care About Online Privacy
With the risks of identity theft growing, consumers are becoming increasingly reluctant to share their data with online businesses. According to a recent survey, 95% of Americans aren’t okay with companies collecting and selling their information without permission.
When your customers use your apps, browse your site, and buy goods or services from you, they take their time to research how your protect their data.
Brand Reputation Depends on How You Handle Online Privacy Issues
Most businesses, especially in e-commerce, work with numerous third parties – email marketing services, webstore developers, and affiliates. Your partners may have different ways of dealing with your customers’ information. The more third parties have access to your customers’ data, the more it’s exposed to unnecessary risks.
Your brand reputation depends on online privacy you afford your customers. A breach can cause significant, if not devastating damage, especially to SMBs.
According to Deloitte, customers’ privacy is not just your typical risk management issue. It’s a potential competitive edge and a cornerstone of your corporate reputation. Protecting your user privacy will gain you more customers while mishandling it can ruin you.
Privacy and Security of Your Business Data
Hackers eagerly go after poorly protected corporate data. Phishing scams and other social engineering techniques, poor cybersecurity practices, and lack of employee awareness regularly land businesses in trouble.Protecting corporate information and personal information of your employees is also a privacy issue for online businesses.
Online businesses track and store a lot of sensitive user information – buying history, what users look at and for how long, their referring sites, browser history, time and date of their visits, their IP, and physical address, and more.PWC found that 77% of respondents said that disclosure of personal information was a barrier to online shopping. 48% don’t shop online because they don’t trust online retailers. Consumers voted with their feet and lawmakers had to respond. As a result, online businesses now have a slew of laws that make them liable for breaching the online privacy of their consumers, such as the FTC Act, COPPA, ECPA, and GDPR for any company dealing with the data of EU residents.
Privacy issues in online education
According to a study by EdTech Strategies, state and local education websites lack essential security and privacy protections for both students, and educators.
- Most education sites don’t support secure browsing.
- Virtually every online education site has partnered with online advertising companies. They deploy sophisticated user tracking and surveillance and don’t disclose the fact.
- Students don’t have a way of opting out of the extensive data collection and sharing.
- Online education services that disclose these practices often do it in misleading ways and make false statements.
Online Education – Not Even Close to Private
Google Analytics tracking is pervasive across online education sites. The study identified well over 40 unique tracking services, with Facebook and Twitter being the most widespread after Google Analytics.More troubling is the fact that very few providers were found “to be approaching compliance” with Google Terms of Service, which require disclosure of privacy-related practices. In fact, 90% of sites violated Google’s ToS.In other words, the vast majority of education agency websites do a poor job of protecting the online privacy of students.
Online education risks
In online education, the risks of identity theft, data manipulation, breach of confidentiality and hacking are high. Both students and educators run the risk of becoming a target of:
- MITM attacks
- IP spoofing
- Brute-force attacks
- Cross-site scripting (XSS)
- SQL injections
- Session hijacking and session predictions
There’s no way online education users and providers can ensure online privacy without deploying cybersecurity best practices:
- Implementing security management
- Improving authentication and confidentiality
- Ensuring transparency and accountability
- Using end-to-end data encryption and digital right management
Training security professionals
Unfortunately, the industry isn’t moving in the right direction, and its leaders are the first to violate students online privacy.
Case Study: Summit Basecamp
Facebook and its for-profit LLC Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) develop and oversee an online education platform Summit Basecamp. Online education benefits aside, the provider downright ignores privacy issues and numerous requests for clarification from concerned families.
The online education platform unilaterally claimed the right to access, data-mine and re-disclose students’ personal data:
- Students’ full names, addresses, usernames and passwords, and emails
- Students’ demographic data (race, ethnicity, economic status)
- Coursework video, audio, images, and text files
- Course progress, scores, test results, and grades
- Everything students write, including their communication with teachers
- Student attendance, teacher curriculums, notes, and feedback
- Outcomes (college acceptance, employment, etc.)
Never mind that Summit violates a good deal of state and federal laws. The fact that CZI has launched a massive PR campaign to expand the Summit program and the lack of the provider’s accountability suggests privacy issues in online education are going to get bigger and scarier.
Privacy Issues in Social Media
A recent Princeton study found that 24% of sites contained hidden Facebook trackers and 76% Google trackers. Facebook monitors you not only when you use it, but when you visit other sites. There’s more– Facebook also tracks non-users who’ve never granted it consent to do so.
Tip: if you’re wondering what personal information Facebook stores on you, you can download your profile and see it for yourself.
- Your login locations, times, dates, and devices
- Posts, shares, likes, stickers, polls, and games
- PMs sent and received
- All the contacts in your phone
- Audio messages
- Topics of interest discussed with your friends
- All apps connected to your Facebook account (Tinder, anyone?), as well as when you use them, and what for
- Your location
- You date of birth
Moreover, Facebook can access your webcam and mic at any time, as well as your:
- Social circles
- Call history
- Downloaded files
- Photos, videos, games, music
- Search and browsing history
- Radio stations
- Closed groups (AAA, STD)
Both Facebook and Twitter also keep all the unpublished drafts you’ve deleted, so forget about self-censorship – you’re busted anyway.
63% of online ads are served by Google and Facebook – the unethical duopoly that’s amassed terrifying volumes of individual data profiles.Ads aside, the duo uses your data to build sophisticated AI algorithms that put you in a filter bubble. It controls what you see online based on what their AI thinks you’re most likely to click on. They create echo chambers that distort users’ reality, increasing societal polarization.
The Cambridge Analytica (CA) precedent provides a glimpse at Facebook’s data sharing and selling activity the company keeps under wraps. That’s only one disclosed case, but it reveals 87 million Facebook users’ data was sold to CA. The company used it to build psychological profiles of US voters and, allegedly, interfere with the 2016 elections (again, through filter bubbles and targeted ads).
Things you share with WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, Google+, YouTube, Snapchat, and a myriad of other social networks are sold and resold. And you have no control over it.
Lack of Meaningful Protection
Employers, insurance companies, and ID thieves can easily find highly sensitive information on you. For example, Facebook’s closed groups for people with health issues and addictions are supposed to keep users anonymous. But a recent investigation by Sky News revealed:
- Groups are easily searchable
- Membership lists are accessible
- No one is anonymized on Facebook
How you treat your privacy on social networks is one thing. But how your friends and their friends treat it is something else entirely. Again, you have little to no control over it.
Hacking, Stalking and Blackmailing
Now imagine someone hacking your social networking accounts. The goldmine of data an adversary obtains makes everything possible from identity theft to impersonation, stalking, blackmailing and even compelling you to spy on your employer.
Social networks do what they ought to do to stay wealthy and powerful. But your worst enemy that discloses your personal data and compromises your online privacy is you.Oversharing on social networks should be classified as an addiction some day. It can damage your personal life, put your children’s safety at risk, and hamper your career.
Privacy Issues in Online Marketing
Tracking cookies, user profiling, browser history stealing, beacons, canvas fingerprinting and other online marketing techniques border on privacy invasion. The fact didn’t escape consumers.
Privacy Concerns Urge Consumers to Employ Ad Blockers
Users often switch devices, so keeping track of all the touch points is getting increasingly challenging. As a result, marketing tools are becoming more and more sophisticated, leveraging Big Data, IoT, and AI. And even more privacy issues arise. Users react to invasive technologies by installing ad blockers and opting out of tracking whenever they can. According to a PaigeFair report, 11% of internet users employ ad blockers. That’s 600 million web-enabled devices.
Users Would Rather Abandon a Site Than Disable Their Ad Blocker
To counter ad blockers, some sites use walls that disallow ad block-powered browsers from accessing their content. Ironically, the request to disable their ad blocker urges 74% of users to abandon the site rather than disable the addon. People hate online ads that much.
Profiling Doesn’t Make User Experience Better
63% of respondents in a recent poll believe deep data mining and user profiling doesn’t lead to a better, more personalized online experience. At all.
Consumer perceptions of online ads are echoed by companies like P&G. The giant went ahead and cut $100 million in online advertising in one quarter, and discovered it had no impact on sales.
It’s not that profiling doesn’t help target your audience. It’s that Facebook and Google algorithms drive traffic to sensationalist clickbait sites away from quality publishers, says Bob Hoffman, a former ad executive at McDonald’s, Toyota, and PepsiCo among others.
But consumers keep developing strong animus against tracking and profiling technology, and that’s something marketers need to address.
Privacy Issues and Lack of Trust Slow Down Sales
Lack of trust, fear of identity theft, malware, and tracking hamper online marketing campaigns and slow down sales by up to 17 weeks.
While scary headlines of privacy breaches add to the hype, the immediate response is that only 3% of users trust Facebook and 4% trust Google. The two companies suddenly landed among the companies we trust the least. And it inevitably affects how consumers view online marketing.
Some Marketers Believe People Will Forget about Privacy
Despite the apparent concern, people still do very little to protect their data online, especially if doing so involves compromising on convenience and time. Most download apps without reading their ToS and keep an app that tracks their location in the background.
Some marketing experts say, “Americans complain about intrusive ads until they see the next ‘Star Wars’ trailer.”
Privacy Issues and legal consequences
The above statement is overly optimistic. As Facebook is forced to respond to Cambridge Analytica scandal, algorithms driving ad buys will change. Privacy protection will change; legislators will have to step up. Europe now has GDPR, and digital marketing will have to take privacy into account sooner or later.
Effective Marketing or Privacy Intrusion?
Targeted marketing can be ethical if it’s transparent and empowers the consumer with knowledge about:
- What types of data you collect
- How you store and share it
- The process of reviewing/rectifying their data
- Your disclosure policies, and whether you share their data with law enforcement
- Your location
When users have an opportunity to opt out of certain data collection and sharing practices, they are more likely to develop trust in your brand. In fact, people are willing to pay up for services from providers they consider privacy-protective.
Privacy Issues in Online Banking
Online banking is pretty secure. Otherwise, no one would use it. Let’s say it’s secure enough to use it, but it’s not without issues. Here are some things that might have been bothering you about online banking.
Banks Keep You in the Dark
Banks don’t like to disclose data breaches. Hacks can severely damage the reputation of any financial institution, so banks keep their sore spots under wraps.
Europe is addressing that with GDPR, which can penalize banks for failing to notify their customers of a data breach. The US is trailing behind, leaving millions of consumers vulnerable to identity theft just because banks aren’t legally compelled to let them know their data could be compromised.
Online Banking Apps Aren’t as Secure as They Should Be
Security flaws and privacy-invasive features in online banking apps and smartphones, combined, cause significant concerns. Reverse-engineering mobile apps allows hackers to insert malicious code into legitimate apps and re-upload them to the app stores. At the same time, a banking app can be secure, but other apps can compromise its data or intercept traffic.
Banking Sites Flanked Security Tests
The non-profit Online Trust Alliance (OTA) recently audited more than 1,000 banking and federal sites for their privacy practices, site, and email security. The results are disheartening – many banking sites drop the ball when it comes to responsible privacy handling and security. The country’s largest banks and the government had the worst grades among all studied categories.
Only 27% of the US 100 largest banks scored high due to increased breaches, low privacy scores, and poor email security.
In 2017, each e-banking system audited in 2017 had, on average, seven vulnerabilities. Only a third of online banking systems didn’t have critical vulnerabilities. 75% of sites had cross-site scripting flaws, 69% didn’t properly protect from data interception, 63% had poor authorization protection, 50% were vulnerable to sensitive data disclosure. Many were susceptible to brute-force attacks.
Users Do a Great Job of Compromising Their Data, too
Reused credentials and weak passwords are still a problem affecting many industries; online banking is not an exception.
Top that off with doing online banking from public WiFi without a VPN, and you don’t need banks to mess up user privacy – users can handle the task on their own.
And if you don’t use any credit monitoring service – paid or free – you have no way of identifying a possible identity theft or a credit card fraud in your name before it’s too late.
Privacy Issues and Remote Workers
According to Strategic Analytics, the global mobile workforce will reach 1.75 billion by 2020, accounting for 42% of all workforce. And according to Citrix, 61% of workers already work outside the office at least part of the time.
But privacy issues and remote work go hand in hand,
affecting both remote workers and employers.
Is Your Privacy at Risk When Working Remotely?
Yes. By design, remote work suggests that most of your activities happen online and rely on cloud services. You have a big digital footprint that combines your work and personal life.
Understanding where your privacy risks are coming from (or connecting via a secure remote access point) helps you prevent – or minimize – them.
Using Public WiFi
Irrespective of whether you take one day a week to work outside the office, or you’re a digital nomad, you probably use public WiFi quite often. But while home connections are relatively secure, public WiFi is a security nightmare.
Opportunist hackers tend to launch MITM attacks and set up honeypots on unprotected public networks to intercept users data.
This is not to say you should never use public WiFi. But you definitely shouldn’t use it without a reliable VPN.
Failing to Keep Your Work and Private Data Separate
When working remotely, your work computer and smartphone are probably your personal devices. That means you check personal and work email, use personal and work social media accounts, and do your personal and work research from the same devices.
Keeping your work and private life separate takes a lot of discipline and focus. And when you post a Facebook update after a long workday, your attention may drift. Disclosing details of your private life on company social accounts, and vice versa, posting work-related information on your personal timeline is a serious blunder.
As a remote worker, you must treat your company data from the perspective of “don’t share it unless explicitly specified otherwise.”
At the same time, using corporate email or cloud storage for personal photos and files means your employer can access them at any time.
The sheer number of work and personal accounts a remote worker uses makes using complex passwords a mind-numbing endeavor. Unfortunately, users willingly compromise security when following its best practices hampers usability and convenience. Reused credentials and poor passwords leave your data and your company information vulnerable.
Also, keep in mind that your employer’s IT admins can view your password for corporate systems. Using the same password for your personal social media accounts and email is inviting trouble.
This information can be used to forge a sophisticated social engineering attack, such as phishing, to trick you into disclosing sensitive company data or make payments your company never authorized.
Over-zealous time tracking is not only privacy-invasive but can also hamper productivity as workers get so self-conscious they struggle to focus. Screenshots of workers’ desktops may contain highly sensitive information on the one hand, and may not always provide a fair insight into the time and effort your remote employees are investing in work.
Carefully vet time-tracking software to ensure it comes from a reputable provider with transparent and strict privacy-protection policies.
Online Privacy Tools
Encrypted VoIP/Video Messaging:
Hard Drive and Folders Encryption:
- Terms of Service Didn’t Read It
- Privacy Badger
- HTTPS Everywhere
- AdBlocker Plus
- uBlock Origin
- NoScript Security Suite
Online Privacy Laws
There’s no single, comprehensive federal law regulating the collection and use of personal data in the US. Instead, there’s a complex patchwork of state and federal laws that sometimes overlap, dovetail or even contradict one another. Also, there are industry-specific guidelines complete with accountability and enforcement components developed by governmental agencies and industry regulators.
Some of the most prominent federal privacy laws are:
The Federal Trade Commission Act:
A consumer protection law prohibits deceptive or unfair practices in online privacy and security policies. The FTC regularly penalizes companies in violation of their own privacy policies. The FTC Act, however, doesn’t give consumers the right of legal action against sites in violation of their privacy policies.
It applies to online marketing agencies, too, and can punish them big time for deceptive ads and misleading marketing messages.
The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA):
Applies to sites targeting or collecting data from children under 12 years. Such sites must post privacy policies describing what data it collects, and how it handles it. The site must also get a “verifiable parental consent” before collecting or disclosing information about a minor.
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA):
Prohibits sites from intercepting or disclosing electronic communications. ECPA applies to email service providers, chat rooms, and forums. At the same time, it allows the government to access, with a subpoena, emails, texts, GPS tracking data, and cloud storage of US citizens. No warrant is required. ECPA was previously used in a class-action complaint against ISPs intercepting customers data through deep packet inspection.Since then, net neutrality regulation (the FCC Privacy Rule) has been repealed, granting ISPs the right to collect and sell customers data without customer consent.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA):
Makes it a crime to access and share protected information.
Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA):
Regulates how companies should share information on potential cyber threats with the federal government. EFF criticized the act for “inadequate privacy protections” considering broad cyber threat definitions.
Prohibits companies from using misleading information in email headers, subject lines, as well as obliges them to tag ads as ads, disclose their location, provide consumers with opt-outs from future emails, and monitor activities of any third parties that do email marketing on their behalf.
The Judicial Redress Act:
Gives citizens of EU member states the right to seek redress in US courts for privacy violations. It applies to cases when their personal information is shared with US law enforcement agencies. | <urn:uuid:e1b21a14-b4dc-4900-9485-4548b2cbd4e0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bestvpn.org/the-complete-guide-to-online-privacy/ | 2024-02-21T11:09:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.917478 | 15,663 | 2.765625 | 3 | [
39,
311,
700,
359,
7193,
292,
7212,
9085,
1495,
203,
1461,
4868,
1956,
261,
8039,
898,
331,
4961,
291,
11913,
292,
2591,
796,
291,
1357,
796,
3423,
3244,
316,
2776,
2049,
18,
994,
356,
2104,
2232,
291,
1056,
288,
424,
3397,
863,
18,
4019,
652,
666,
362,
292,
6219,
2417,
1376,
6514,
31,
11913,
666,
362,
292,
3705,
337,
478,
87,
18,
3655,
316,
268,
733,
7691,
336,
327,
1378,
3906,
291,
2396,
18,
553,
1974,
352,
688,
9668,
1023,
336,
688,
10564,
316,
9959,
292,
2000,
424,
5624,
18,
203,
6164,
337,
1333,
292,
437,
5624,
2049,
16,
337,
372,
267,
2118,
292,
437,
292,
2952,
362,
16,
291,
1671,
372,
87,
667,
18,
203,
52,
86,
406,
1495,
291,
9816,
679,
1129,
288,
1129,
971,
9816,
316,
363,
1783,
16,
4881,
16,
291,
4361,
11611,
5624,
1438,
18,
203,
45,
340,
3055,
528,
1146,
9816,
261,
10229,
2886,
331,
268,
465,
4763,
291,
268,
609,
1151,
289,
362,
18,
1508,
4961,
331,
369,
3467,
336,
494,
306,
8077,
2499,
292,
1408,
1103,
72,
5178,
288,
444,
6982,
691,
1786,
16,
268,
343,
619,
3322,
5241,
7901,
440,
93,
6127,
356,
6315,
1795,
341,
766,
1080,
2530,
3041,
18,
203,
1461,
465,
4763,
316,
269,
373,
542,
734,
863,
289,
516,
2065,
291,
1677,
17,
8020,
4341,
18,
5145,
301,
268,
863,
362,
386,
3330,
543,
5675,
443,
281,
316,
896,
8604,
16,
6982,
691,
863,
316,
5290,
5200,
1402,
2035,
268,
6959,
375,
766,
1080,
3918,
362,
18,
900,
1333,
261,
4296,
1558,
331,
516,
1612,
6982,
691,
16,
566,
2035,
6977,
5578,
617,
622,
2115,
362,
16,
502,
2603,
9816,
8443,
597,
430,
261,
669,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
1768,
462,
516,
9816,
316,
1146,
4458,
18,
203,
3011,
28,
17,
2079,
291,
3457,
26,
17,
2079,
356,
268,
881,
710,
3983,
724,
9816,
9515,
18,
450,
2560,
289,
268,
1558,
2166,
16,
268,
2473,
268,
1558,
16,
268,
2473,
362,
2844,
292,
741,
1490,
17,
3440,
261,
273,
517,
2562,
18,
2439,
1490,
17,
1346,
5712,
2675,
3738,
628,
953,
1522,
3878,
2035,
3223,
332,
1255,
268,
3045,
597,
18,
3783,
504,
1373,
372,
88,
565,
456,
532,
1141,
796,
5578,
565,
18,
203,
11207,
667,
917,
1082,
362,
1071,
331,
261,
2496,
292,
2603,
9816,
9515,
35,
450,
5066,
16,
465,
57,
40,
56,
307,
779,
781,
17,
22,
2643,
7588,
1916,
288,
3070,
454,
1261,
292,
648,
261,
3472,
289,
261,
4123,
935,
292,
9407,
261,
2211,
28,
17,
2079,
330,
3214,
1558,
291,
3284,
18,
25,
4123,
935,
361,
576,
292,
2603,
261,
3457,
26,
17,
2079,
273,
517,
2562,
18,
203,
10746,
852,
5961,
16,
9429,
3298,
332,
724,
292,
7180,
362,
830,
1071,
465,
4763,
1515,
2881,
935,
292,
709,
261,
9407,
292,
2211,
28,
17,
2079,
273,
517,
2562,
18,
1163,
268,
343,
619,
3322,
5241,
437,
6351,
268,
3664,
289,
1793,
268,
465,
4763,
291,
516,
423,
356,
7922,
288,
268,
9860,
2839,
16,
422,
1634,
644,
3244,
372,
87,
2516,
997,
291,
7840,
18,
203,
4688,
445,
698,
331,
1850,
316,
336,
649,
6977,
5578,
356,
1671,
16,
1619,
9816,
273,
7082,
332,
513,
1343,
407,
3592,
18,
1163,
2035,
1023,
16,
666,
622,
292,
3406,
3447,
291,
2000,
424,
5624,
18,
203,
50,
4763,
291,
465,
3476,
56,
203,
1461,
2065,
1654,
316,
1261,
292,
666,
3457,
26,
17,
2079,
330,
3214,
9816,
331,
4476,
291,
2211,
28,
17,
2079,
331,
4485,
1470,
18,
365,
2065,
2113,
3767,
289,
11188,
291,
4666,
421,
50,
3476,
56,
13,
316,
268,
10564,
336,
8538,
291,
19,
283,
1322,
2940,
423,
629,
291,
586,
9816,
273,
7082,
332,
291,
3319,
18,
906,
2499,
4840,
1654,
9200,
16,
7009,
360,
465,
3476,
56,
3319,
316,
261,
1204,
18,
203,
5190,
261,
1636,
16,
268,
3319,
437,
1343,
448,
70,
1102,
3384,
310,
2309,
11611,
1786,
5932,
9816,
331,
5059,
291,
3231,
18,
3428,
650,
2752,
372,
88,
1333,
261,
538,
81,
309,
2883,
17,
7608,
537,
9816,
1199,
753,
286,
291,
724,
419,
440,
93,
6127,
35,
203,
1461,
1676,
1671,
316,
465,
3476,
56,
1854,
5181,
360,
268,
465,
4763,
288,
2528,
268,
273,
7082,
332,
291,
3319,
18,
450,
268,
2323,
1374,
935,
16,
579,
289,
268,
465,
3476,
56,
17,
1000,
5309,
5262,
437,
712,
986,
292,
803,
275,
298,
465,
4763,
17,
11232,
286,
1103,
72,
5178,
18,
203,
52,
265,
2905,
906,
1032,
2706,
267,
2405,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
268,
6876,
4734,
289,
5015,
2976,
268,
465,
3476,
56,
3319,
16,
8156,
1721,
356,
462,
4622,
288,
3648,
281,
268,
1676,
18,
203,
2422,
1574,
2367,
16,
2141,
3962,
437,
1631,
644,
360,
261,
2966,
336,
4559,
90,
546,
465,
4763,
3107,
292,
11624,
9816,
9515,
796,
2955,
2905,
906,
1032,
2706,
267,
2405,
421,
52,
11958,
13,
331,
9190,
48,
19,
7767,
48,
5035,
18,
203,
52,
11958,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
363,
303,
902,
539,
2004,
1558,
5002,
16,
316,
261,
892,
336,
4944,
733,
291,
2070,
3397,
9816,
9515,
331,
1011,
6999,
18,
1440,
382,
11958,
16,
268,
9515,
356,
1210,
2704,
286,
995,
5035,
16,
518,
1486,
741,
1490,
17,
1346,
5712,
622,
316,
576,
3895,
17,
291,
669,
17,
6039,
7374,
362,
372,
87,
9874,
6037,
919,
331,
268,
465,
4763,
18,
203,
59,
349,
491,
382,
11958,
16,
717,
597,
3397,
9816,
1558,
316,
6322,
1754,
16,
268,
3223,
265,
10589,
1310,
292,
516,
6982,
691,
863,
18,
203,
51,
84,
270,
58,
9083,
316,
268,
1619,
10809,
2786,
331,
10716,
9085,
381,
7607,
5683,
971,
362,
2089,
331,
10345,
705,
1357,
658,
268,
3583,
291,
268,
666,
289,
2955,
2905,
906,
1032,
2706,
267,
2405,
18,
5815,
58,
9083,
5035,
1298,
382,
11958,
356,
5437,
292,
741,
1490,
17,
3440,
4349,
18,
203,
41,
275,
17,
278,
17,
593,
9816,
1486,
424,
863,
316,
6982,
691,
30,
203,
17,
1245,
424,
3123,
203,
17,
450,
817,
297,
16,
352,
362,
2868,
87,
292,
291,
427,
424,
3123,
292,
606,
8911,
421,
77,
18,
73,
1941,
4732,
3578,
16,
4006,
16,
8276,
13,
203,
17,
450,
268,
4732,
421,
539,
726,
16,
8276,
361,
4917,
4412,
13,
203,
59,
349,
491,
1199,
17,
278,
17,
593,
9816,
16,
424,
5503,
6982,
340,
424,
863,
794,
649,
362,
8849,
606,
4412,
291,
5738,
268,
9816,
9515,
18,
5448,
316,
268,
1731,
360,
8585,
372,
87,
1507,
40,
86,
464,
18,
365,
2152,
5738,
424,
9816,
9515,
291,
375,
1310,
424,
11982,
291,
9672,
289,
424,
4732,
3578,
649,
362,
386,
3330,
1990,
18,
203,
59,
349,
491,
1199,
17,
278,
17,
593,
9816,
16,
424,
863,
316,
525,
5437,
292,
2176,
17,
263,
17,
1381,
17,
49,
2950,
421,
49,
4393,
49,
13,
4349,
18,
203,
2983,
363,
1997,
853,
3847,
316,
363,
2682,
16,
579,
5624,
2133,
5683,
2115,
444,
2931,
341,
261,
6270,
17,
2788,
1584,
5725,
16,
853,
2330,
794,
337,
437,
268,
9816,
9515,
16,
462,
268,
2468,
5503,
18,
203,
1461,
6953,
1671,
316,
717,
337,
4987,
424,
9515,
16,
424,
863,
316,
352,
1060,
352,
3673,
18,
365,
4174,
316,
424,
2468,
5503,
16,
327,
362,
261,
11389,
16,
4732,
3578,
361,
6982,
691,
4006,
2468,
16,
375,
372,
88,
1310,
424,
1593,
10567,
863,
361,
1129,
362,
658,
292,
363,
10613,
556,
18,
203,
8804,
1443,
2373,
268,
6353,
266,
288,
268,
2294,
9070,
289,
424,
9913,
372,
87,
1750,
2404,
18,
330,
7679,
286,
279,
354,
11642,
5435,
331,
8522,
8343,
2706,
469,
16,
361,
8522,
8343,
658,
9190,
48,
19,
56,
9231,
18,
343,
2154,
437,
712,
1001,
8522,
56,
4441,
331,
1199,
17,
278,
17,
593,
9816,
331,
4295,
1315,
18,
3117,
3644,
16,
2049,
9787,
291,
10871,
830,
437,
712,
6322,
1754,
331,
5551,
289,
2718,
4861,
18,
203,
59,
349,
491,
8522,
8343,
16,
424,
863,
316,
543,
810,
11057,
691,
16,
291,
4421,
4622,
375,
901,
768,
337,
372,
267,
644,
292,
1020,
9086,
261,
3110,
16,
291,
1058,
280,
424,
863,
16,
1118,
424,
2153,
1009,
18,
203,
59,
349,
8522,
56,
4441,
16,
362,
372,
87,
1522,
292,
3719,
518,
6345,
337,
3487,
16,
566,
462,
268,
4180,
5938,
337,
1889,
361,
268,
863,
337,
3807,
18,
203,
1461,
3313,
289,
1757,
354,
776,
316,
2289,
292,
10264,
18,
11080,
268,
9672,
289,
424,
2413,
352,
516,
268,
3310,
288,
268,
7798,
289,
5998,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
261,
1774,
289,
1009,
292,
833,
919,
331,
268,
465,
4763,
18,
203,
11207,
1757,
354,
776,
316,
268,
6603,
289,
516,
1014,
3310,
18,
553,
6797,
3423,
608,
650,
337,
3357,
292,
16,
667,
970,
16,
427,
853,
16,
650,
372,
87,
288,
424,
3295,
372,
2624,
2455,
16,
853,
291,
649,
424,
7965,
437,
712,
2459,
16,
1001,
518,
6477,
804,
291,
2083,
16,
650,
372,
87,
288,
268,
4378,
16,
291,
512,
18,
203,
49,
364,
354,
776,
316,
16,
3281,
16,
512,
3435,
292,
440,
93,
6127,
291,
863,
1841,
8008,
687,
268,
9672,
289,
424,
4407,
291,
2413,
18,
203,
45,
755,
442,
438,
30,
919,
1417,
1021,
87,
37,
398,
316,
6982,
691,
16,
8479,
1356,
7342,
650,
337,
372,
267,
5750,
292,
16,
291,
667,
970,
18,
8479,
7242,
424,
1757,
354,
776,
291,
8832,
362,
7185,
523,
18,
1256,
360,
1021,
87,
37,
398,
1018,
261,
6212,
17,
87,
1445,
558,
16,
688,
4729,
2664,
297,
316,
4034,
292,
2373,
268,
558,
331,
1103,
72,
5178,
18,
203,
6724,
565,
337,
10281,
424,
1757,
354,
776,
1023,
35,
11389,
87,
291,
6648,
375,
617,
337,
10281,
462,
794,
424,
7098,
281,
2067,
566,
525,
424,
1757,
354,
776,
427,
424,
5703,
52,
18,
3337,
16,
1373,
372,
88,
6556,
292,
1249,
369,
1757,
354,
776,
427,
5241,
337,
2538,
2049,
18,
307,
517,
30,
337,
375,
3556,
1757,
354,
776,
427,
424,
7965,
419,
1001,
1776,
16,
1591,
17,
87,
1445,
2925,
937,
3759,
730,
2928,
50,
58,
1092,
18,
4500,
8354,
424,
3394,
292,
382,
50,
43,
16,
518,
7013,
637,
2444,
1757,
354,
776,
18,
203,
7508,
1522,
16,
2869,
1591,
17,
87,
1445,
2436,
2359,
687,
2933,
634,
7681,
2931,
18,
365,
7736,
5005,
3664,
289,
1247,
4746,
2037,
3738,
292,
8413,
1103,
72,
5178,
636,
953,
11611,
1428,
4299,
6212,
17,
87,
1445,
2931,
1276,
462,
327,
352,
3447,
352,
6677,
1754,
18,
829,
686,
372,
87,
261,
1247,
17,
2685,
625,
2723,
1103,
72,
1572,
288,
1428,
16,
362,
375,
327,
4266,
291,
459,
3950,
419,
8686,
332,
18,
203,
51,
84,
270,
17,
87,
1445,
2931,
602,
2850,
867,
557,
291,
10537,
6892,
5092,
2903,
16,
566,
502,
356,
1591,
331,
4729,
2664,
764,
18,
829,
362,
372,
87,
261,
2029,
1591,
17,
87,
1445,
1707,
16,
2141,
3962,
1071,
268,
669,
292,
2911,
16,
1265,
362,
291,
10240,
4524,
289,
2141,
7157,
291,
949,
7069,
292,
268,
6267,
18,
203,
51,
84,
270,
17,
87,
1445,
2931,
437,
268,
8800,
291,
11277,
6212,
17,
87,
1445,
2830,
1373,
372,
88,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
1768,
2141,
7157,
970,
886,
929,
7713,
2025,
265,
288,
1591,
17,
87,
1445,
2436,
687,
288,
2933,
634,
7681,
6478,
16,
518,
375,
679,
341,
331,
5685,
360,
8175,
1421,
286,
10487,
18,
203,
6695,
372,
87,
261,
3961,
465,
4763,
7515,
1276,
582,
309,
8121,
579,
1591,
17,
87,
1445,
1208,
5751,
18,
1163,
331,
1315,
16,
1591,
17,
87,
1445,
3341,
512,
4715,
291,
225,
88,
348,
468,
17,
9738,
687,
6212,
17,
87,
1445,
6478,
18,
203,
55,
436,
9816,
2583,
1059,
337,
292,
10281,
5241,
16,
9952,
508,
16,
291,
2414,
4579,
1422,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
667,
362,
1854,
796,
855,
337,
1408,
363,
6982,
691,
958,
1120,
5455,
292,
268,
892,
291,
2289,
292,
1255,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
268,
597,
337,
372,
72,
1888,
644,
717,
2577,
494,
5834,
18,
203,
11238,
268,
1162,
669,
16,
337,
1408,
261,
7010,
6982,
691,
4765,
18,
990,
375,
794,
1310,
362,
649,
337,
698,
853,
292,
1500,
18,
553,
375,
327,
261,
2208,
2063,
696,
70,
307,
60,
56,
3941,
16,
566,
337,
375,
10281,
461,
333,
397,
93,
3350,
289,
6982,
691,
863,
2976,
362,
18,
203,
9351,
487,
337,
2577,
327,
494,
5834,
292,
1129,
658,
424,
863,
16
] |
Unintentional modification of data values can cause arbitrarily bad system behavior, even if only one bit is modified. Therefore, safety critical systems should take measures to prevent or detect such corruptions, consistent with the estimated risk of hardware-induced data corruption and anticipated software quality. Note that even best practices may not prevent corruption due to software concurrency defects.
- When hardware data corruption may occur and automatic error correction is desired, use a hardware single error correction/multiple error detection circuitry (SECMED) form of Error Detection and Correction circuitry (EDAC), sometimes just called Error Correcting Code circuitry (ECC) for all bytes of RAM. This would protect against hardware memory corruption, including hardware corruption of operating system variables. However, it does not protect against software memory corruption.
- Use a software approach such as a cyclic redundancy code CRC (preferred), or checksum to detect a corrupted program image, and test for corruption at least when the system is booted.
- Use a software approach such as keeping redundant copies to detect software data corruption of RAM values.
- Use fault injection to test data corruption detection and correction mechanisms.
- Perform memory tests to ensure there are no hard faults.
critical systems must protect against data corruption to avoid small changes in
data which can render the system unsafe. Even a single bit in memory changing
in the wrong way could cause a system to change from being safe to unsafe. To
guard against this, various schemes for memory corruption detection and
prevention are used.
Effect of a bit flip (Source: http://dependablesystem.blogspot.com/2012/05/flip-happens.html)
Hardware and Software Are Both Corruption Sources
memory corruption occurs when a radiation event, voltage fluctuation, source of
electrical noise, or other cause makes one or more bits flip from one value to
another. In non-volatile memory such as flash memory, wearout, low programming voltage, or electrical
charge leakage over time can also cause bits in memory to have an incorrect
value. Mitigation techniques for these types of memory errors include the use
of hardware error detection/correction codes (sometimes called “EDAC”) for RAM,
and typically the use of a “checksum” for flash memory to ensure that all the
bytes, when “added up,” give the same total as they did when the program image
was stored in flash.
hardware memory error detection support is not available, RAM can also be
protected with some sort of redundant storage. A common practice is to store
two copies of a value in two different places in RAM, often with one copy
inverted or otherwise manipulated. It's
important to avoid storing the two copies next to each other to avoid
problems of errors that corrupt adjacent bits in memory. Rather, there
should be two entirely different sections of memory for mirrored
variables, with each section having only one copy of each mirrored
variable. That way, if a small chunk
of memory is arbitrarily corrupted, it can at most affect one of the
two copies of any mirrored variable. Error detection codes such as checksums can also be used, and provide a
tradeoff of increased computation time when a change is made vs. requiring less
storage space for error detection information as compared to simple replication
memory corruption occurs when one part of a program mistakenly writes data to a
place that should only be written to by another part of the program due to a
software defect. This can happen as a result of a defect that produces an
incorrect pointer into memory, due to a buffer overflow (e.g., trying to put 17
bytes of data into a 16 byte storage area), due to a stack overflow, or due to
a concurrency defect, among other
error detection does not help in detecting software memory corruption, because
the hardware will ordinarily assume that software has permission to make any
change it likes. (There may be exceptions if hardware has a way to “lock”
portions of memory from modifications, which is not the case here.) Software
error detection may help if the corruption is random, but may not help if the
corruption is a result of defective software following authorized RAM modification
procedures that just happen to point to the wrong place when modifications are
made. While various approaches to reduce the chance of accidental data
corruption can be envisioned, acceptable practice for safety critical systems in
the absence of redundant computing hardware calls for, at a minimum, storing
redundant copies of data. There must also be a recovery plan such as system
reboot or restoration to defaults if a corruption is detected.
A common approach to providing data corruption protection is to use a data mirroring approach in which a second copy of a variable having a
one’s complement value is stored in addition to the ordinary variable value. A one’s complement representation of a number is
computed by inverting all the bits in a number. So this means one copy of the
number is stored normally, and the second copy of that same number is stored
with all the bits inverted (“complemented”). As an example, if the original
number is binary “0000” the one’s complement mirror copy would be “1111.” When
the number is read, both the “0000” and the “1111” are read and compared to
make sure they are exact complements of each other. Among other things, this
approach gives protection against a software defect or hardware corruption that
sets a number of RAM locations to all be the same value. That sort of corruption
can be detected regardless of the constant corruption value put into RAM,
because two mirrored copies can’t have the same value unless at least one of
the pair has been corrupted (e.g., if all zeros are written to RAM, both copies
in a mirrored pair will have the value “0000,” indicating a data corruption has
Mirroring can also help detect hardware bit
flip corruptions. A bit flip is when a binary value (a 0 or 1), is corrupted to
have the opposite value (changing to a 1 or 0 respectively), which in turn
corrupts the value of the number stored at the memory location suffering one or
more bit flips. So long as only one of two mirror values suffers a bit flip,
that corruption will be detectable because the two copies won’t match properly as
exact complements of each other.
good practice is to ensure that the mirrored values are not adjacent to each
other so that an erroneous multi-byte variable update is less likely to modify
both the original and mirrored copy. Such mirrored copies are vulnerable to a
pair of independent bit flips that just happen to correspond to the same
position within each of a pair of complemented stored values. Therefore, for
highly critical systems a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) or other more advanced
error detection method is recommended.
It is important to realize that all memory values that can conceivably cause a system hazard need to be protected by mirroring, not just a portion of memory. For example a safety-critical Real Time Operating System will have values in memory that control task scheduling. Corruption of these variables can lead to task death or other problems if the RTOS doesn't protect data integrity, even if the application software does use mirroring. Note that there are multiple ways for an RTOS to protect its data integrity from software and hardware defects beyond this, such as via using hardware access protection. But, if the only mechanism being used in a system to prevent memory corruption is mirroring, the RTOS has to use it too or you have a vulnerability.
electronics designers knew as early as 1982 that data corruption could be
expected in automotive electronics. Seeger writes: “Due to the electrically
hostile environment that awaits a microprocessor based system in an automobile,
it is necessary to use extra care in the design of software for those systems
to ensure that the system is fault tolerant. Common faults that can occur
include program counter faults, altered
RAM locations, or erratic sensor inputs.” (Seeger 1982, abstract, emphasis
added). Automotive designers generally accepted the fact that RAM location
disruptions would happen in automotive electronics (due to electromagnetic
interference (EMI), radiation events, or other disturbances), and had to ensure
that any such disruption would not result in an unsafe system.
in a paper on real time operating systems that features a discussion of OSEK
(the trade name of an automotive-specific real time operating system), states
with regard to avoiding corruption of data: “One technique is the redundant
storage of critical variables, and comparison prior to being used. Another is
the grouping of critical variables together and keeping a CRC over each group.”
(Stepner 1999, pg. 155).
says “We’ve all heard stories of bit flips that were caused by cosmic rays or
EMI” and goes on to describe a two-out-of-three voting scheme to recover from
variable corruption. (Brown 1998 pp. 48-49). A variation of keeping only two
copies permits detection but not correction of corruption. Brown also
acknowledges that designers must account for software data corruption, saying
“Another, and perhaps more common, cause of memory corruption is a rogue
pointer, which can run wild through memory leaving a trail of corrupted
variables in its wake. Regardless of the cause, the designer of safety-critical
software must consider the threat that sometime, somewhere, a variable will be
corrupted.” (id., p. 48).
says: “When all of an application’s threads share the same memory space, any
thread could—intentionally or unintentionally— corrupt the code, data, or stack
of another thread. A misbehaved thread could even corrupt the kernel’s own code
or internal data structures. It’s easy to see how a single errant pointer in
one thread could easily bring down the entire system, or at least cause it to
behave unexpectedly.” (Kleidermacher 2001, pg. 23). Kleidermacher advocates
hardware memory protection, but in the absence of a hardware mechanism,
software mechanisms are required to mitigate memory corruption faults.
injection is a way to test systems to see how they respond to faults in memory
or elsewhere (see also an upcoming post on that topic).
Fault injection can be performed in hardware (e.g., by exposing a hardware
circuit to a radiation source or by using hardware test features to modify bit
values), or injected via software means (e.g., slightly modifying software to
permit flipping bits in memory to simulate a hardware fault). In a research
paper, Vinter used a hybrid hardware/software fault injection technique to
corrupt bits in a computer running an automotive-style engine control
application. The conclusions of this paper start by saying: “We have
demonstrated that bit-flips inside a central processing unit executing an
engine control program can cause critical failures, such as permanently locking
the engine’s throttle at full speed.” (Vinter 2001). Fault injection remains a
preferred technique for determining whether there are data corruption
vulnerabilities that can result in unsafe system behavior.
- Brown, D., “Solving the software safety paradox,” Embedded System Programming, December 1998, pp. 44-52.
- Kleidermacher, D. & Griglock, M., Safety-Critical Operating Systems, Embedded Systems Programming, Sept. 2001, pp. 22-36.
- Seeger, M., Fault-Tolerant Software Techniques, SAE Report 820106, International Congress & Exposition, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1982, pp. 119-125.
- Stepner, D., Nagarajan, R., & Hui, D., Embedded application design using a real-time OS, Design Automation Conference, 1999, pp. 151-156.
- Vinter, J., Aidemark, J., Folkesson, P. & Karlsson, J., Reducing critical failures for control algorithms using executable assertions and best effort recovery, International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2001, pp. 347-356. | <urn:uuid:364fcc7e-4611-437b-b931-c0b1bcac1170> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://betterembsw.blogspot.com/2014/05/mitigating-data-corruption.html | 2024-02-21T10:53:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.910708 | 2,609 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
10015,
263,
506,
1556,
874,
2843,
289,
863,
3119,
375,
1342,
598,
11788,
2873,
3276,
892,
2197,
16,
919,
717,
794,
597,
3263,
316,
8672,
18,
3481,
16,
2030,
2421,
1422,
788,
1071,
2877,
292,
1463,
361,
4375,
659,
1109,
2666,
508,
16,
4788,
360,
268,
5058,
1238,
289,
6528,
17,
263,
534,
286,
863,
1109,
9496,
291,
7785,
488,
2436,
1630,
18,
6754,
336,
919,
1274,
2364,
602,
462,
1463,
1109,
9496,
1504,
292,
2436,
2812,
324,
4949,
10273,
18,
203,
17,
1097,
6528,
863,
1109,
9496,
602,
1595,
291,
10505,
6059,
2571,
1095,
316,
5554,
16,
666,
261,
6528,
2324,
6059,
2571,
1095,
19,
81,
346,
287,
700,
6059,
5637,
5844,
1080,
421,
55,
4665,
49,
3740,
13,
926,
289,
7564,
3389,
9958,
982,
291,
4286,
267,
1095,
5844,
1080,
421,
3740,
3897,
989,
2903,
1039,
1478,
7564,
3389,
4286,
3356,
542,
8428,
5844,
1080,
421,
4665,
39,
13,
331,
516,
419,
3350,
289,
434,
4940,
18,
540,
830,
2000,
1573,
6528,
3354,
1109,
9496,
16,
1118,
6528,
1109,
9496,
289,
4579,
892,
7302,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
1082,
462,
2000,
1573,
2436,
3354,
1109,
9496,
18,
203,
17,
2932,
261,
2436,
1563,
659,
352,
261,
1735,
71,
1074,
2243,
1096,
3015,
3230,
351,
7126,
421,
5408,
529,
1007,
989,
361,
10691,
408,
292,
4375,
261,
1109,
2666,
691,
1192,
2925,
16,
291,
1265,
331,
1109,
9496,
430,
2144,
649,
268,
892,
316,
1337,
7560,
18,
203,
17,
2932,
261,
2436,
1563,
659,
352,
4172,
2243,
1096,
438,
11392,
292,
4375,
2436,
863,
1109,
9496,
289,
434,
4940,
3119,
18,
203,
17,
2932,
11520,
9684,
292,
1265,
863,
1109,
9496,
5637,
291,
2571,
1095,
5576,
18,
203,
17,
2955,
840,
3354,
3265,
292,
1530,
686,
356,
688,
1656,
3208,
1339,
18,
203,
71,
634,
962,
1422,
1204,
2000,
1573,
863,
1109,
9496,
292,
1833,
1139,
1703,
288,
203,
72,
776,
518,
375,
7549,
265,
268,
892,
4000,
9124,
18,
3142,
261,
2324,
3263,
288,
3354,
3934,
203,
263,
268,
4358,
898,
911,
1342,
261,
892,
292,
1317,
427,
1018,
1995,
292,
4000,
9124,
18,
1122,
203,
6815,
1573,
456,
16,
1320,
944,
11089,
331,
3354,
1109,
9496,
5637,
291,
203,
5408,
2193,
356,
724,
18,
203,
41,
457,
493,
289,
261,
3263,
949,
517,
421,
55,
1445,
30,
6873,
2908,
72,
2427,
2813,
3022,
18,
640,
446,
2685,
376,
18,
1896,
19,
1388,
3011,
19,
11968,
19,
3381,
517,
17,
76,
2188,
614,
18,
11051,
80,
13,
203,
44,
485,
3270,
291,
10742,
2987,
4449,
4286,
9496,
343,
1202,
203,
81,
539,
961,
1109,
9496,
3606,
649,
261,
5021,
2282,
16,
5955,
8904,
318,
16,
2088,
289,
203,
10216,
322,
466,
5340,
16,
361,
586,
1342,
1892,
597,
361,
512,
285,
764,
949,
517,
427,
597,
2003,
292,
203,
282,
1099,
18,
450,
1677,
17,
6922,
271,
621,
3354,
659,
352,
8056,
3354,
16,
4110,
491,
16,
1488,
5328,
5955,
16,
361,
3924,
203,
6667,
8972,
495,
658,
669,
375,
525,
1342,
285,
764,
288,
3354,
292,
437,
363,
10813,
203,
3477,
610,
18,
383,
4367,
318,
2377,
331,
629,
1640,
289,
3354,
6249,
1226,
268,
666,
203,
2012,
6528,
6059,
5637,
19,
71,
283,
267,
1095,
8638,
421,
11926,
2184,
1478,
538,
3740,
3897,
11774,
331,
434,
4940,
16,
203,
481,
2437,
268,
666,
289,
261,
538,
355,
312,
530,
408,
537,
331,
8056,
3354,
292,
1530,
336,
516,
268,
203,
2330,
3350,
16,
649,
538,
354,
3531,
644,
1272,
1888,
268,
1162,
2972,
352,
502,
1535,
649,
268,
1192,
2925,
203,
91,
301,
5290,
288,
8056,
18,
203,
76,
485,
3270,
3354,
6059,
5637,
1105,
316,
462,
1608,
16,
434,
4940,
375,
525,
327,
203,
3012,
88,
1113,
360,
579,
5256,
289,
2243,
1096,
438,
3578,
18,
330,
1112,
2060,
316,
292,
3996,
203,
544,
83,
11392,
289,
261,
2003,
288,
881,
865,
3508,
288,
434,
4940,
16,
970,
360,
597,
6989,
203,
263,
357,
691,
361,
5654,
6219,
3025,
18,
553,
743,
203,
344,
2120,
438,
292,
1833,
10992,
268,
881,
11392,
2033,
292,
1011,
586,
292,
1833,
203,
3012,
665,
507,
289,
6249,
336,
1109,
9038,
11860,
285,
764,
288,
3354,
18,
9574,
16,
686,
203,
2683,
487,
327,
881,
6023,
865,
7058,
289,
3354,
331,
6050,
299,
1007,
203,
90,
6359,
2813,
16,
360,
1011,
3396,
2054,
794,
597,
6989,
289,
1011,
6050,
299,
1007,
203,
90,
294,
2627,
18,
2015,
898,
16,
717,
261,
1139,
392,
5668,
203,
2012,
3354,
316,
598,
11788,
2873,
1109,
2666,
691,
16,
362,
375,
430,
710,
2242,
597,
289,
268,
203,
544,
83,
11392,
289,
723,
6050,
299,
1007,
7181,
18,
7564,
3389,
5637,
8638,
659,
352,
10691,
4037,
375,
525,
327,
724,
16,
291,
1153,
261,
203,
322,
783,
4710,
289,
2161,
4342,
318,
669,
649,
261,
1317,
316,
1146,
6138,
18,
8152,
1165,
203,
87,
441,
495,
1846,
331,
6059,
5637,
1009,
352,
2973,
292,
2208,
2227,
1457,
203,
81,
539,
961,
1109,
9496,
3606,
649,
597,
923,
289,
261,
1192,
6367,
1651,
325,
9627,
863,
292,
261,
203,
3977,
336,
788,
794,
327,
3245,
292,
419,
1515,
923,
289,
268,
1192,
1504,
292,
261,
203,
510,
2273,
1175,
493,
18,
540,
375,
4106,
352,
261,
1636,
289,
261,
1175,
493,
336,
5948,
363,
203,
1329,
9475,
279,
826,
345,
636,
3354,
16,
1504,
292,
261,
9568,
265,
658,
4681,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
3738,
292,
1927,
2493,
203,
2330,
3350,
289,
863,
636,
261,
2648,
419,
359,
3578,
1494,
989,
1504,
292,
261,
471,
583,
658,
4681,
16,
361,
1504,
292,
203,
69,
2812,
324,
4949,
1175,
493,
16,
1694,
586,
203,
265,
3389,
5637,
1082,
462,
617,
288,
4375,
281,
2436,
3354,
1109,
9496,
16,
971,
203,
1381,
6528,
513,
4999,
263,
2873,
8471,
336,
2436,
528,
9434,
292,
804,
723,
203,
9373,
362,
609,
1151,
18,
421,
6695,
602,
327,
377,
6795,
717,
6528,
528,
261,
898,
292,
538,
11642,
537,
203,
1796,
508,
289,
3354,
427,
11538,
16,
518,
316,
462,
268,
1731,
1671,
3731,
10742,
203,
265,
3389,
5637,
602,
617,
717,
268,
1109,
9496,
316,
6178,
16,
566,
602,
462,
617,
717,
268,
203,
71,
283,
9496,
316,
261,
1636,
289,
1175,
1216,
2436,
1685,
2036,
963,
434,
4940,
874,
2843,
203,
3012,
1553,
889,
336,
1039,
4106,
292,
1813,
292,
268,
4358,
1349,
649,
11538,
356,
203,
7363,
18,
1508,
1320,
4693,
292,
1590,
268,
3961,
289,
765,
323,
1130,
863,
203,
71,
283,
9496,
375,
327,
403,
90,
1446,
286,
16,
10105,
2060,
331,
2030,
2421,
1422,
288,
203,
1381,
7777,
289,
2243,
1096,
438,
6160,
6528,
6022,
331,
16,
430,
261,
5642,
16,
10992,
203,
1007,
1096,
438,
11392,
289,
863,
18,
994,
1204,
525,
327,
261,
4209,
1200,
659,
352,
892,
203,
267,
70,
2019,
361,
8369,
292,
1175,
69,
1339,
717,
261,
1109,
9496,
316,
8221,
18,
203,
37,
1112,
1563,
292,
2352,
863,
1109,
9496,
2759,
316,
292,
666,
261,
863,
6050,
86,
2974,
1563,
288,
518,
261,
1901,
6989,
289,
261,
7181,
2054,
261,
203,
590,
372,
87,
8361,
2003,
316,
5290,
288,
1879,
292,
268,
9187,
7181,
2003,
18,
330,
597,
372,
87,
8361,
7106,
289,
261,
1289,
316,
203,
7588,
2576,
419,
9937,
542,
516,
268,
285,
764,
288,
261,
1289,
18,
1426,
456,
1486,
597,
6989,
289,
268,
203,
82,
6175,
316,
5290,
6342,
16,
291,
268,
1901,
6989,
289,
336,
1162,
1289,
316,
5290,
203,
7204,
516,
268,
285,
764,
9937,
691,
10982,
1896,
700,
9263,
537,
802,
760,
363,
1214,
16,
717,
268,
3388,
203,
82,
6175,
316,
285,
2749,
538,
587,
587,
537,
268,
597,
372,
87,
8361,
11136,
6989,
830,
327,
538,
3667,
3667,
1053,
1097,
203,
1381,
1289,
316,
1078,
16,
1079,
268,
538,
587,
587,
537,
291,
268,
538,
3667,
3667,
537,
356,
1078,
291,
2973,
292,
203,
81,
1387,
1850,
502,
356,
3427,
1034,
652,
289,
1011,
586,
18,
6705,
586,
1612,
16,
456,
203,
2188,
299,
492,
3581,
2759,
1573,
261,
2436,
1175,
493,
361,
6528,
1109,
9496,
336,
203,
401,
340,
261,
1289,
289,
434,
4940,
5686,
292,
516,
327,
268,
1162,
2003,
18,
2015,
5256,
289,
1109,
9496,
203,
5270,
327,
8221,
6779,
289,
268,
3453,
1109,
9496,
2003,
1927,
636,
434,
4940,
16,
203,
9477,
699,
881,
6050,
299,
1007,
11392,
375,
372,
88,
437,
268,
1162,
2003,
6774,
430,
2144,
597,
289,
203,
1381,
7083,
528,
712,
1109,
2666,
691,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
717,
516,
2174,
265,
335,
356,
3245,
292,
434,
4940,
16,
1079,
11392,
203,
263,
261,
6050,
299,
1007,
7083,
513,
437,
268,
2003,
538,
587,
587,
1272,
10353,
261,
863,
1109,
9496,
528,
203,
49,
338,
86,
2974,
375,
525,
617,
4375,
6528,
3263,
203,
3381,
517,
1109,
2666,
508,
18,
330,
3263,
949,
517,
316,
649,
261,
285,
2749,
2003,
421,
69,
2699,
361,
433,
989,
316,
1109,
2666,
691,
292,
203,
76,
1284,
268,
6896,
2003,
421,
355,
4099,
292,
261,
433,
361,
2699,
8860,
989,
518,
288,
1867,
203,
71,
283,
2666,
340,
268,
2003,
289,
268,
1289,
5290,
430,
268,
3354,
3336,
5315,
597,
361,
203,
3443,
3263,
949,
2444,
18,
1426,
917,
352,
794,
597,
289,
881,
11136,
3119,
2549,
332,
261,
3263,
949,
517,
16,
203,
8891,
1109,
9496,
513,
327,
2169,
312,
1576,
971,
268,
881,
11392,
3768,
372,
88,
4285,
3624,
352,
203,
1389,
613,
1034,
652,
289,
1011,
586,
18,
203,
75,
509,
2060,
316,
292,
1530,
336,
268,
6050,
299,
1007,
3119,
356,
462,
11860,
292,
1011,
203,
1099,
576,
336,
363,
1827,
86,
590,
499,
1726,
17,
2330,
359,
7181,
9289,
316,
1165,
1792,
292,
11605,
203,
70,
763,
268,
3388,
291,
6050,
299,
1007,
6989,
18,
5448,
6050,
299,
1007,
11392,
356,
5437,
292,
261,
203,
84,
1244,
289,
4729,
3263,
949,
2444,
336,
1039,
4106,
292,
11415,
292,
268,
1162,
203,
9467,
1291,
1011,
289,
261,
7083,
289,
8361,
286,
5290,
3119,
18,
3481,
16,
331,
203,
11294,
325,
2421,
1422,
261,
6029,
71,
1074,
3292,
1096,
3015,
5146,
421,
39,
7126,
13,
361,
586,
512,
3599,
203,
265,
3389,
5637,
1336,
316,
3505,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
851,
292,
7296,
336,
516,
3354,
3119,
336,
375,
8865,
406,
2090,
1342,
261,
892,
6649,
648,
292,
327,
5075,
419,
6050,
86,
2974,
16,
462,
1039,
261,
5779,
289,
3354,
18,
906,
1214,
261,
2030,
17,
71,
634,
962,
8683,
5894,
7788,
673,
4731,
513,
437,
3119,
288,
3354,
336,
1357,
3718,
9641,
281,
18,
4286,
9496,
289,
629,
7302,
375,
912,
292,
3718,
2145,
361,
586,
1626,
717,
268,
434,
56,
4537,
2752,
2091,
2000,
863,
6751,
16,
919,
717,
268,
2889,
2436,
1082,
666,
6050,
86,
2974,
18,
6754,
336,
686,
356,
2563,
1714,
331,
363,
434,
56,
4537,
292,
2000,
606,
863,
6751,
427,
2436,
291,
6528,
10273,
3183,
456,
16,
659,
352,
3785,
1001,
6528,
1310,
2759,
18,
1163,
16,
717,
268,
794,
6004,
1018,
724,
288,
261,
892,
292,
1463,
3354,
1109,
9496,
316,
6050,
86,
2974,
16,
268,
434,
56,
4537,
528,
292,
666,
362,
1232,
361,
337,
437,
261,
10944,
18,
203,
10216,
322,
5475,
8420,
6964,
352,
1568,
352,
3361,
22,
336,
863,
1109,
9496,
911,
327,
203,
8545,
288,
11668,
9381,
18,
4493,
1132,
9627,
30,
538,
40,
610,
292,
268,
2098,
1030,
203,
76,
335,
5302,
1072,
336,
1239,
69,
764,
261,
2039,
849,
299,
555,
283,
1585,
892,
288,
363,
2625,
8695,
16,
203,
297,
316,
1990,
292,
666,
3485,
1066,
288,
268,
1019,
289,
2436,
331,
1014,
1422,
203,
278,
1530,
336,
268,
892,
316,
11520,
5542,
438,
18,
4717,
3208,
1339,
336,
375,
1595,
203,
1329,
10259,
1192,
4459,
3208,
1339,
16,
11137,
203,
54,
4940,
5686,
16,
361,
1827,
86,
1531,
7161,
11335,
1053,
421,
55,
1512,
1132,
3361,
22,
16,
10103,
16,
7747,
203,
354,
3531,
802,
9315,
9514,
8420,
2918,
6784,
268,
1975,
336,
434,
4940,
3336,
203,
9837,
2666,
508,
830,
4106,
288,
11668,
9381,
421,
72,
610,
292,
11084,
9965,
203,
5675,
3701,
421,
4333,
45,
989,
5021,
2616,
16,
361,
586,
9297,
1427,
989,
291,
850,
292,
1530,
203,
8891,
723,
659,
4571,
328,
830,
462,
1636,
288,
363,
4000,
9124,
892,
18,
203,
263,
261,
2237,
341,
1409,
669,
4579,
1422,
336,
2630,
261,
5122,
289,
480,
7225,
47,
203,
12,
1381,
3631,
1932,
289,
363
] |
Modern satellites employ a variety of computing systems to ensure that both individual sub-systems and overall operations are coordinated effectively, and that the data produced are processed efficiently. Space grade FPGA systems can play an important role in these processes.
In this article we take a look at processing systems based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology.
We first provide a brief introduction to the technology before giving an overview of commercially available products from suppliers around the world, for both FPGA-based on-board computers (OBCs) and payload processors.
What is FPGA and why is it used in space?
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is essentially a semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) comprised of an array of logic blocks that can be configured (or programmed) during use by the end-user (i.e. in the field).
The difference between an FPGA and a microcontroller or microprocessor is in the programming approach.
While using a processor, the user functionality is to be adapted to the available instruction set of the processor. Moreover, simultaneous processing of multiple tasks requires multiple CPU cores or multiple threads inside the processor.
Therefore, programming a processor or microcontroller built around a processor needs a software-based approach, operating under the constraints of the instruction set and the processor architecture, and has inherent processing delays.
On the other hand, programming an FPGA is more hardware-based as an FPGA is essentially an IC with input/output ports and configurable digital circuitry.
The basic architecture of an FPGA is depicted in the image below.
An FPGA comprises of programmable logic blocks (also known as configurable logic blocks, or CLBs), programmable interconnects, and programmable input/output (IO) blocks.
Each logic block is comprised of look-up tables, multiplexers, and storage elements, and can perform data storage and arithmetic operations. The input/output blocks provide off-chip connections.
The programmable interconnect matrix forms the connections between the logic blocks and the input/output blocks, so as to realize the user-defined functionality.
The user program on the FPGA is basically a stream of 1s and 0s which is loaded into the memory cells. This decides the functionality of the individual CLBs (i.e. whether to perform data storage or an arithmetic operation) and the interconnects between the CLBs, resulting in a custom optimal digital design for the particular functionality.
There are several well-known manufacturers of FPGA chips such as Xilinx, Actel (now Microsemi), Altera, and Atmel.
Though the basic architecture of FPGA is similar across all these chips, there are still a number of differences between them. The most important distinction is the FPGA architecture implementation technology.
There are four main categories of FPGA technology:
The first category is SRAM-based FPGA technology in which the configuration data of the logic cells is stored in static memory SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory). SRAM-based FPGAs need to be configured (programmed) every time following power-on, as the SRAM memory that stores its configuration is volatile.
Upon power-on, the SRAM-based FPGA is either configured from the data stored on an off-chip external flash chip or configured through an external device such as a processor, through a JTAG interface. SRAM-based FPGAs are the most commonly used form of the technology and popular examples include Virtex and Spartan families from Xilinx.
SRAM-based FPGAs with internal flash
The second category is SRAM-based FPGAs that contain internal flash memory blocks, so that the configuration data can be stored on the FPGA chip itself, without having to be stored on an external off-chip flash memory. The Spartan-3AN family FPGA of Xilinx is one example of this category.
The third category consists of true flash-based FPGAs. In these systems the memory cells on the FPGA are flash memory and the configuration data is stored in these non-volatile flash memory cells. Microsemi’s ProASIC3 is one example of a flash-based FPGA.
The fourth category is antifuse-based FPGAs which are programmed by creating permanent conductive paths between logic blocks and input/output ports of the FPGA. However, they can only be programmed once, unlike the other three kinds.
The advantages the systems in this category offer are that they are absolutely non-volatile, with the smallest routing delays, and robust against radiation effects. This makes them an ideal choice for space grade FPGA applications that require low power and zero configuration time, but have no requirement for reconfiguration.
The Axcelerator family of FPGAs from Microsemi are one popular example of antifuse FPGAs.
Space grade FPGAs for in-orbit applications
For space applications, flash-based FPGAs have several advantages. The biggest benefit is that flash memory is inherently not affected by alpha or neutron radiation, making the flash-based FPGA drastically less prone to failures induced by single event upsets (SEU).
Another advantage is their low power. Each SRAM memory cell in an SRAM-based FPGA comprises of six transistors (more in the case of radiation-hardened FPGAs; the Xilinx Virtex-5QV family has 12 transistor SRAM cells for example) whereas in flash-based FPGAs the configuration cells use a single transistor.
This results in much lower leakage current per cell, which translates into exponentially lower leakage current across the entire space grade FPGA chip, and results in a flash-based FPGA consuming much lesser power compared to an SRAM-based FPGA.
Traditionally, flash memories had a larger hardware footprint than SRAM memories, which resulted in SRAM-based FPGAs being much denser than flash-based FPGAs and thereby higher performance.
But flash memory cells have become smaller, resulting in flash- based FPGAs matching SRAM-based FPGAs in performance, while maintaining their edge in the consumption of less power.
In addition, the hardware footprint of flash-based FPGAs is also smaller, as the overall hardware footprint of individual flash memory cells has become comparable to SRAM memory cells.
Another advantage of flash-based FPGAs in space applications is their ability to be configured almost instantly, as the configuration data is present on the FPGA itself. This is not the case with their SRAM counterparts, which take several milliseconds to configure from the memory present off-chip.
FPGA-based System-on-Chip (SoC) in space instrumentation
FPGA-based SoCs enable the designers of a computing platform to develop the system in both hardware and firmware.
FPGA-based SoC designs have several advantages over microcontroller or digital signal processor (DSP) based designs for space exploration missions.
Given their unique mission goals, and thereby computational needs, computing platforms for deep space missions have different requirements in terms of speed, peak power consumption per operation, floating point arithmetic, and peripherals for internal communication.
FPGA-based designs provide the flexibility to tailor all these features, peripherals, and controllers that may not be possible using a microcontroller or DSP-based design.
Re-programmability and IP reuse are further reasons to favor FPGAs over ASICs, though ASIC-based SoC designs offer better performance in terms of chip delays, power consumption, and speed.
Current generation FPGAs, with high logic density and increased performance, now allow the development of complex systems consisting of processing elements, peripheral interfaces, on-chip bus structures, and analog sensors, to be embedded onto a single System-on-Chip.
The Xilinx Virtex-5QV and Microsemi RTG4 are some of the popular space grade FPGAs on the market. The NX RH FPGA is another space grade FPGA introduced by the French company NanoXplore.
Space grade FPGA based OBCs and payload processors on the global marketplace
In this section you can find a range of FPGA-based systems that can act as on-board computers (OBCs), payload processors, or perform both functions as needed.
These listings will be amended when new products are added to the global marketplace, or existing systems are upgraded, so please check back for more, or sign up for our mailing list for all the updates.
We have also published an overview of OBCs available on the global market as well as an article on how to choose the right OBC for your mission.
Get more information on all products listed at the click of a button
We can help you access quotes, lead times, or any other information from all of the suppliers listed below (and more) with our simple, free tender system. Just share your details with us and wait for the responses to arrive in your inbox.
Radiation-tolerant EDGE payload processors provide on-board processing power ranging from 300 GFLOPS to >1 TFLOPS. Available in 1U and 3U form factors, and featuring 4 ARM cores with up to 2 GHz clock speed and 256 GPU cores with up to xyz clock speed.
The EXA ICEPS is an all-in-one, configurable spacecraft system core, designed to be the central operational heart for CubeSats. ICEPS compresses the functions of many cards into a single, 25mm-thick system, using modularity for fully customizable hardware that can range from being simply an EPS or including a range of features.
The Micro Satellite Processor Unit (MICROSATPRO) is an OBC compatible with microsatellite platforms. It is a control unit that has high fault tolerance and processing power specifications for difficult space conditions.
The Nano-Satellite Processor Unit (NANOSATPRO) is an OBC compatible with nanosatellite platforms for advanced space missions. It has an operating system running on an FPGA (soft processor-based) and supports the most common interfaces (UART, RS485, CAN, SPI, I2C, etc.).
The Unibap SpaceCloud iX5-106 is designed for space applications. The iX5 family is Unibap’s most power-efficient and reliable computer solution for large and small spacecraft. It combines radiation tolerance and flight heritage, boasting a proven TRL 9 maturity. The iX5-106 model features an AMD Steppe Eagle Quad-core x86-64 CPU and AMD Radeon GPU paired with SATA SSD storage, a Microsemi SmartFusion2 FPGA, and an Intel Movidius Myriad X Vision Processing Unit.
A 32g (with RJ45 connector) system, with typical power of 1W, based on a hybrid environment of CPUs and reprogrammable logic. The Q7 is a flight-proven processor board based on the Xilinx Zynq-7020, including ARM dual-core Cortex-A9 MPCore processors supported by programmable logic resources.
A 24g (without RJ45 connector) system, with typical power of 1W. The Q7S consists of a Q7 card equipped with space-ready software and firmware based on a hybrid environment of CPUs and reprogrammable logic. The library of logic and software functions is augmented by onboard analog and digital I/O.
Daughterboard for Xiphos’ Q7 hybrid processor card, enabling the Q7 to be inserted into existing systems with high-bandwidth video or imagery streams. Featuring 2x Camera Link (2x Base, or 1x Medium, or 1x Full) interfaces, 4x SpaceWire interfaces, and 4x USB 2.0 Master ports, serial and GPIOs.
A 64g (with power barrel & RJ45) system based on a hybrid environment of multi-core CPUs and reprogrammable logic. The Q8 includes a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) Processing FPGA & memory resources such as LPDDR4 RAM (with EDAC), 2x QSPI Flash (NOR), and 2x eMMC.
A 56g (without power barrel & RJ45) system with > 25 krad radiation tolerance. The Q8S consists of a Q8 card equipped with space-ready software and firmware based on a hybrid environment of CPUs and reprogrammable logic. The library of logic and software functions is augmented by onboard digital I/O.
The Q8J extends the capability of the Xiphos Q8 processor, adding support for high speed JESD204B interfaces and access to external DDR3 or DDR4 memory. Suitable for SDR applications, the Q8J is delivered with a detachable PIM with standard interfaces, debug LEDs & other lab development features.
The Q8JS extends the capability of the Xiphos Q8 card with support for high speed JESD204B interfaces and access to external DDR3 or DDR4 memory. Suitable for SDR applications, the Q8JS consists of a Q8J card equipped with space-ready software and firmware plus a library of logic functions.
The Q8 SDR (Software-Defined Radio) Dock is a daughterboard for Xiphos’ Q8 hybrid processor card enabling integration of a GOMspace NanoCom TR-600 SDR module, based on Analog Devices’ AD9361 wideband transceiver RF System on a Chip (RFSoC). Featuring PPS, CANBUS, serial, UART, & USB interfaces.
A 130g OBC with 10 kRAD radiation tolerance and RTEMS real-time operating system that runs on a 50 MHz LEON3FT fault-tolerant soft processor, compliant to IEEE 1754 SPARC v8. The system has a power rating of 1.3 W & fault tolerance secured via triple-modular redundancy on FPGA and memory scrubbing.
Designed for satellite constellations in LEO and deep space exploration missions, the 130g Sirius OBC LEON3FT is based on a 50 MHz LEON3FT fault-tolerant soft processor with the RTEMS real-time operating system (RTOS), compliant to IEEE 1754 SPARCv8. The system features 1.3 W power consumption.
The RAD5545™ SpaceVPX single-board computer (SBC) integrates a version 1.2 RAD5545 system-on-chip (SoC) processor, with volatile & non-volatile memory, on a 6U-220 format module, compliant to the ANSI/VITA 78.00 SpaceVPX standard. Can operate as payload or system controller in a SpaceVPX backplane.
A LEON-3FT (Dual Core) processor with interfaces to connect the AOCS, payload sub-system, and power sub-system, including SpaceWire and CAN. Featuring FPGA capability for customization, along with full-redundant architecture with 2 CPU boards, 2 IO boards and 2 power boards in Europe-Card format.
An OBC with a general-purpose hardware platform, suited for a range of satellite and CubeSat missions. It features a MSP430 (EP series) microcontroller and a Spartan-3E FPGA, organized in independent but cooperative cores, designed to provide hardware redundancy and common mode fault tolerance.
A reconfigurable processing platform for nanosatellites that can be used as an OBC or as a payload processor. The system features a integrated Cortex M3 processor that can be programmed similar to a conventional microprocessor and custom FPGA configuration is available.
A reconfigurable processing platform for nanosatellites that can be used as an OBC or as a payload processor. The FPGA-based architecture enables reconfiguring of communication interfaces and GPIOs based on system requirements, and avoids hardware obsolescence due to changing engineering demands.
Designed to offer a versatile, general-purpose processor solution for smallsats and nanosatellites. The system features a Xilinx Zynq System-on-Chip (SoC) device with an integrated ARM Cortex-A9 dual-core processor and can be provided with FPGA fabric for customer use.
CHAMPS is provided with CubeSat-compatible SWaP, with an 82 mm x 82 mm enclosure and dynamically configurable performance with power ranging from ~0.6 W up to ~12 W. The system features a Xilinx MPSoC device with an ARM Cortex-A53 quad-core APU at up to 1 GHz.
Innoflight’s Trillion FLoating-point Operations Per second (TFLOP) computer is designed for LEO operations and includes an ARM Cortex-A15 (up to 2.32 GHz) processor and a Xilinx Ultrascale+ FPGA system. It also features a scalable number of GPU hardware accelerators.
The KP Labs Antelope can work as an On-Board Computer (OBC) with an optional Data Processing Unit (DPU) or as a data processing unit (DPU). OBC is the powerful heart of the satellite, responsible for satellite control and basic task performance such as communication handling, monitoring the satellite’s subsystems, handling the classic Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) mechanism, and performing planned tasks.
A CubeSat standard-compliant Data Processing Unit (DPU) designed for the application of AI solutions in space. Leopard uses Deep Neural Networks to process data on-board and features FPGA to implement deep learning algorithms. The system has a throughput of up to 3 Tera Operations per second.
Developed with the support of the Canadian Space Agency, the Magellan FPGA-RPP is designed for highly elliptical and geostationary orbits, Lagrange points, and deep space interplanetary missions. Its architecture allows for the correction of radiation-induced single event upsets (SEU).
A 60g (without heat sink) compute platform for single- and double-precision operations, compatible with nanosatellites. Featuring < 1 TFLOPs processor performance, the system is based on Xilinx Ultrascale+ MPSoCs with dual-core ARM cortex A53 and R5 64-bit processing cores, and LPDDR4 memory.
A 60g (without heat sink) compute platform for single- and double-precision operations, compatible with nanosatellites. Featuring 1 to 5 TFLOPS processor performance, the system is based on Xilinx Ultrascale+ MPSoCs with dual-core ARM cortex A53 and R5 64-bit processing cores, and LPDDR4 memory.
An 80g (without heat sink) compute platform for single- and double-precision operations, compatible with nanosatellites. Featuring 3 to 15 TFLOPS processor performance, the system is based on Xilinx Ultrascale+ MPSoCs with dual-core ARM cortex A53 and R5 64-bit processing cores, and LPDDR4 memory.
The fifth generation of SEAKR's ReConfigurable Computer (RCC®). Designed for space payload processing applications, it features 3x Virtex-5 FX-130T FPGAs, high speed SERDES I/O, and power consumption that is a function of the FPGA code utilization.
A derivative of SEAKR's 5th generation ReConfigurable Computer (RCC®). Designed for space payload processing applications, it has an extended 6U cPCI module with PCI, GPIO, and SERDES interconnects. It also features 3x Virtex-5 FX-130T FPGAs, 3 GB DDR-II SDRAM, and is conduction-cooled.
Designed for the radiation environment of NASA’s Multiscale Magnetospheric Mission, the ZIN Technologies Single Board Computer (SBC) is based on a Leon3FT processor and is capable of 30 DMIPS and 4MFLOPS. Includes Actel RTAX FPGAs and can be customized with additional interfaces and memory. | <urn:uuid:081292b3-692f-4405-8a83-fe0697a2b5ed> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.satsearch.co/2021-05-05-space-grade-fpga-based-obcs-and-payload-processors | 2024-02-21T13:02:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.909274 | 4,250 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
49,
370,
1605,
11677,
1798,
261,
2233,
289,
6160,
1422,
292,
1530,
336,
1079,
1769,
979,
17,
87,
4148,
291,
2114,
3670,
356,
4667,
4231,
2992,
16,
291,
336,
268,
863,
3141,
356,
6654,
6106,
18,
5531,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
37,
1422,
375,
1152,
363,
851,
1476,
288,
629,
2618,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
1989,
445,
1071,
261,
1500,
430,
3764,
1422,
1585,
341,
2092,
1192,
81,
541,
9177,
7376,
421,
42,
52,
43,
37,
13,
1428,
18,
203,
3464,
855,
1153,
261,
5715,
5705,
292,
268,
1428,
1134,
3851,
363,
8341,
289,
3782,
1467,
1608,
1786,
427,
11339,
1149,
268,
887,
16,
331,
1079,
418,
52,
43,
37,
17,
2127,
341,
17,
4401,
5578,
421,
51,
6715,
87,
13,
291,
2032,
3400,
833,
753,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
418,
52,
43,
37,
291,
1768,
316,
362,
724,
288,
1846,
35,
203,
37,
2092,
1192,
81,
541,
9177,
7376,
421,
42,
52,
43,
37,
13,
316,
7841,
261,
447,
4063,
266,
534,
441,
6252,
5844,
421,
4033,
13,
7953,
286,
289,
363,
7376,
289,
8782,
6416,
336,
375,
327,
1275,
2833,
72,
421,
283,
1192,
4424,
13,
995,
666,
419,
268,
1199,
17,
310,
265,
421,
77,
18,
73,
18,
288,
268,
2092,
802,
203,
1461,
2921,
858,
363,
418,
52,
43,
37,
291,
261,
2778,
6570,
2250,
265,
361,
2039,
849,
299,
555,
283,
316,
288,
268,
5328,
1563,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
1001,
261,
833,
283,
16,
268,
2849,
8212,
316,
292,
327,
8495,
292,
268,
1608,
6908,
1075,
289,
268,
833,
283,
18,
4553,
16,
7768,
499,
3764,
289,
2563,
3331,
2559,
2563,
11230,
742,
379,
361,
2563,
8149,
87,
3004,
268,
833,
283,
18,
203,
6695,
852,
16,
5328,
261,
833,
283,
361,
2778,
6570,
2250,
265,
2825,
1149,
261,
833,
283,
1470,
261,
2436,
17,
2127,
1563,
16,
4579,
1064,
268,
10931,
289,
268,
6908,
1075,
291,
268,
833,
283,
5438,
16,
291,
528,
11118,
3764,
1404,
638,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
5328,
363,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
512,
6528,
17,
2127,
352,
363,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
7841,
363,
7675,
360,
5202,
19,
491,
2820,
279,
1316,
291,
7812,
11944,
2256,
5844,
1080,
18,
203,
1461,
2900,
5438,
289,
363,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
7644,
691,
288,
268,
2925,
2321,
18,
203,
7353,
418,
52,
43,
37,
7953,
274,
289,
1192,
81,
541,
8782,
6416,
421,
11379,
1261,
352,
7812,
11944,
8782,
6416,
16,
361,
351,
48,
38,
87,
989,
1192,
81,
541,
9368,
798,
16,
291,
1192,
81,
541,
5202,
19,
491,
2820,
421,
45,
51,
13,
6416,
18,
203,
41,
492,
8782,
2834,
316,
7953,
286,
289,
1500,
17,
987,
8332,
16,
2563,
92,
332,
16,
291,
3578,
2880,
16,
291,
375,
1324,
863,
3578,
291,
598,
349,
11660,
3670,
18,
365,
5202,
19,
491,
2820,
6416,
1153,
1070,
17,
355,
517,
5035,
18,
203,
1461,
1192,
81,
541,
9368,
493,
3732,
9513,
2779,
268,
5035,
858,
268,
8782,
6416,
291,
268,
5202,
19,
491,
2820,
6416,
16,
576,
352,
292,
7296,
268,
2849,
17,
7720,
1451,
8212,
18,
203,
1461,
2849,
1192,
341,
268,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
9647,
261,
4045,
289,
433,
87,
291,
2699,
87,
518,
316,
3687,
286,
636,
268,
3354,
1828,
18,
540,
766,
1701,
268,
8212,
289,
268,
1769,
351,
48,
38,
87,
421,
77,
18,
73,
18,
2026,
292,
1324,
863,
3578,
361,
363,
598,
349,
11660,
4531,
13,
291,
268,
9368,
798,
858,
268,
351,
48,
38,
87,
16,
3932,
288,
261,
2944,
5023,
2256,
1019,
331,
268,
1510,
8212,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
1520,
767,
17,
4091,
6419,
289,
418,
52,
43,
37,
11087,
659,
352,
2928,
309,
263,
92,
16,
3715,
306,
421,
619,
5698,
401,
6214,
989,
996,
345,
69,
16,
291,
1545,
81,
306,
18,
203,
2422,
713,
268,
2900,
5438,
289,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
1979,
1745,
516,
629,
11087,
16,
686,
356,
1356,
261,
1289,
289,
3692,
858,
622,
18,
365,
710,
851,
10980,
316,
268,
418,
52,
43,
37,
5438,
5359,
1428,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
1958,
939,
6707,
289,
418,
52,
43,
37,
1428,
30,
203,
1461,
855,
7252,
316,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
1428,
288,
518,
268,
10376,
863,
289,
268,
8782,
1828,
316,
5290,
288,
11170,
3354,
343,
54,
4940,
421,
11644,
1531,
434,
5532,
17,
37,
71,
555,
6119,
961,
802,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
648,
292,
327,
1275,
2833,
72,
421,
3012,
1055,
4424,
13,
953,
669,
1685,
1056,
17,
266,
16,
352,
268,
343,
54,
4940,
3354,
336,
7242,
606,
10376,
316,
11351,
621,
18,
203,
57,
84,
266,
1056,
17,
266,
16,
268,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
2447,
1275,
2833,
72,
427,
268,
863,
5290,
341,
363,
1070,
17,
355,
517,
4515,
8056,
11270,
361,
1275,
2833,
72,
734,
363,
4515,
3123,
659,
352,
261,
833,
283,
16,
734,
261,
596,
56,
37,
43,
7439,
18,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
356,
268,
710,
3224,
724,
926,
289,
268,
1428,
291,
2029,
3324,
1226,
4208,
9430,
291,
1384,
531,
282,
3286,
427,
2928,
309,
263,
92,
18,
203,
55,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
360,
4180,
8056,
203,
1461,
1901,
7252,
316,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
336,
1462,
4180,
8056,
3354,
6416,
16,
576,
336,
268,
10376,
863,
375,
327,
5290,
341,
268,
418,
52,
43,
37,
11270,
2635,
16,
1298,
2054,
292,
327,
5290,
341,
363,
4515,
1070,
17,
355,
517,
8056,
3354,
18,
365,
1384,
531,
282,
17,
23,
3940,
1588,
418,
52,
43,
37,
289,
2928,
309,
263,
92,
316,
597,
1214,
289,
456,
7252,
18,
203,
1461,
3472,
7252,
5347,
289,
2915,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
18,
450,
629,
1422,
268,
3354,
1828,
341,
268,
418,
52,
43,
37,
356,
8056,
3354,
291,
268,
10376,
863,
316,
5290,
288,
629,
1677,
17,
6922,
271,
621,
8056,
3354,
1828,
18,
5698,
401,
6214,
372,
87,
960,
2815,
4033,
23,
316,
597,
1214,
289,
261,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
18,
203,
1461,
8713,
7252,
316,
1743,
74,
2013,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
518,
356,
1192,
4424,
419,
2435,
6273,
2290,
656,
10495,
858,
8782,
6416,
291,
5202,
19,
491,
2820,
279,
1316,
289,
268,
418,
52,
43,
37,
18,
1121,
16,
502,
375,
794,
327,
1192,
4424,
2340,
16,
9410,
268,
586,
1391,
5255,
18,
203,
1461,
4576,
268,
1422,
288,
456,
7252,
1529,
356,
336,
502,
356,
10220,
1677,
17,
6922,
271,
621,
16,
360,
268,
1139,
443,
2963,
281,
1404,
638,
16,
291,
6338,
1573,
5021,
1814,
18,
540,
1892,
622,
363,
3890,
3185,
331,
1846,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
37,
2391,
336,
1131,
1488,
1056,
291,
6270,
10376,
669,
16,
566,
437,
688,
8244,
331,
10725,
74,
333,
6386,
18,
203,
1461,
330,
92,
4704,
265,
1622,
1588,
289,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
427,
5698,
401,
6214,
356,
597,
2029,
1214,
289,
1743,
74,
2013,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
18,
203,
11552,
570,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
331,
288,
17,
283,
2079,
2391,
203,
8679,
1846,
2391,
16,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
437,
1520,
4576,
18,
365,
6113,
3145,
316,
336,
8056,
3354,
316,
5185,
1402,
462,
3328,
419,
9035,
69,
361,
5746,
266,
5021,
16,
1355,
268,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
11593,
523,
1165,
8096,
292,
11587,
7416,
286,
419,
2324,
2282,
644,
401,
340,
421,
7225,
57,
802,
203,
7353,
1099,
4174,
316,
444,
1488,
1056,
18,
3431,
343,
54,
4940,
3354,
1259,
288,
363,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
7953,
274,
289,
2984,
817,
277,
909,
421,
3443,
288,
268,
1731,
289,
5021,
17,
76,
485,
2539,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
31,
268,
2928,
309,
263,
92,
4208,
9430,
17,
25,
53,
58,
1588,
528,
2211,
817,
8976,
343,
54,
4940,
1828,
331,
1214,
13,
6792,
288,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
268,
10376,
1828,
666,
261,
2324,
817,
8976,
18,
203,
4326,
1826,
288,
1111,
1898,
8972,
495,
1619,
574,
1259,
16,
518,
4713,
692,
636,
771,
266,
3019,
1898,
8972,
495,
1619,
1745,
268,
2414,
1846,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
37,
11270,
16,
291,
1826,
288,
261,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
7687,
1111,
1165,
265,
1056,
2973,
292,
363,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
37,
18,
203,
56,
8478,
2479,
16,
8056,
9162,
850,
261,
3080,
6528,
8131,
687,
343,
54,
4940,
9162,
16,
518,
7270,
288,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
1018,
1111,
5191,
265,
687,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
291,
7628,
1797,
2156,
18,
203,
11207,
8056,
3354,
1828,
437,
1343,
3513,
16,
3932,
288,
8056,
17,
1585,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
4285,
281,
343,
54,
4940,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
288,
2156,
16,
1020,
3539,
444,
5975,
288,
268,
3318,
289,
1165,
1056,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
16,
268,
6528,
8131,
289,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
316,
525,
3513,
16,
352,
268,
2114,
6528,
8131,
289,
1769,
8056,
3354,
1828,
528,
1343,
4313,
541,
292,
343,
54,
4940,
3354,
1828,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
4174,
289,
8056,
17,
2127,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
288,
1846,
2391,
316,
444,
1882,
292,
327,
1275,
2833,
72,
2764,
8015,
325,
16,
352,
268,
10376,
863,
316,
1487,
341,
268,
418,
52,
43,
37,
2635,
18,
540,
316,
462,
268,
1731,
360,
444,
343,
54,
4940,
4459,
10818,
16,
518,
1071,
1520,
3637,
277,
312,
3502,
292,
1275,
2833,
427,
268,
3354,
1487,
1070,
17,
355,
517,
18,
203,
42,
52,
43,
37,
17,
2127,
4731,
17,
266,
17,
39,
1028,
421,
55,
83,
39,
13,
288,
1846,
5039,
318,
203,
42,
52,
43,
37,
17,
2127,
1426,
39,
87,
4660,
268,
8420,
289,
261,
6160,
4412,
292,
709,
268,
892,
288,
1079,
6528,
291,
5464,
3270,
18,
203,
42,
52,
43,
37,
17,
2127,
1426,
39,
5403,
437,
1520,
4576,
658,
2778,
6570,
2250,
265,
361,
2256,
4819,
833,
283,
421,
7368,
52,
13,
1585,
5403,
331,
1846,
6061,
10919,
18,
203,
43,
1527,
444,
2070,
4536,
3002,
16,
291,
7628,
4342,
778,
1470,
16,
6160,
4997,
331,
2295,
1846,
10919,
437,
865,
3091,
288,
2560,
289,
2999,
16,
7143,
1056,
3318,
574,
4531,
16,
8243,
673,
1813,
598,
349,
11660,
16,
291,
574,
517,
2562,
645,
331,
4180,
2413,
18,
203,
42,
52,
43,
37,
17,
2127,
5403,
1153,
268,
5960,
292,
4329,
283,
516,
629,
2630,
16,
574,
517,
2562,
645,
16,
291,
3458,
332,
336,
602,
462,
327,
1522,
1001,
261,
2778,
6570,
2250,
265,
361,
413,
55,
52,
17,
2127,
1019,
18,
203,
8594,
17,
3012,
1055,
81,
1303,
291,
5011,
304,
2013,
356,
1902,
3218,
292,
4128,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
658,
9262,
4033,
87,
16,
1417,
9262,
4033,
17,
2127,
1426,
39,
5403,
1529,
1326,
2156,
288,
2560,
289,
11270,
1404,
638,
16,
1056,
3318,
16,
291,
2999,
18,
203,
39,
324,
1423,
4015,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
16,
360,
695,
8782,
6321,
291,
2161,
2156,
16,
1315,
1059,
268,
1208,
289,
1874,
1422,
11164,
289,
3764,
2880,
16,
574,
7082,
2004,
630,
4853,
16,
341,
17,
355,
517,
1253,
3702,
16,
291,
10102,
6000,
16,
292,
327,
9993,
5051,
261,
2324,
4731,
17,
266,
17,
39,
1028,
18,
203,
1461,
2928,
309,
263,
92,
4208,
9430,
17,
25,
53,
58,
291,
5698,
401,
6214,
434,
56,
43,
24,
356,
579,
289,
268,
2029,
1846,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
5190,
341,
268,
1877,
18,
365,
465,
60,
434,
44,
418,
52,
43,
37,
316,
1515,
1846,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
37,
4519,
419,
268,
3770,
2152,
465,
8336,
60,
476,
404,
18,
203,
11552,
570,
5467,
418,
52,
43,
37,
1585,
480,
6715,
87,
291,
2032,
3400,
833,
753,
341,
268,
2106,
1877,
3977,
203,
2983,
456,
3396,
337,
375,
1255,
261,
1749,
289,
418,
52,
43,
37,
17,
2127,
1422,
336,
375,
3241,
352,
341,
17,
4401,
5578,
421,
51,
6715,
87,
989,
2032,
3400,
833,
753,
16,
361,
1324,
1079,
3632,
352,
2224,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
308,
2529,
87,
513,
327,
792,
5614,
649,
733,
1786,
356,
3211,
292,
268,
2106,
1877,
3977,
16
] |
Source: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859), accessed from project Gutenberg: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1228/1228-h/1228-h.htm
When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species, or when analogous views are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history. Systematists will be able to pursue their labours as at present; but they will not be incessantly haunted by the shadowy doubt whether this or that form be in essence a species. This I feel sure, and I speak after experience, will be no slight relief. The endless disputes whether or not some fifty species of British brambles are true species will cease. Systematists will have only to decide (not that this will be easy) whether any form be sufficiently constant and distinct from other forms, to be capable of definition; and if definable, whether the differences be sufficiently important to deserve a specific name. This latter point will become a far more essential consideration than it is at present; for differences, however slight, between any two forms, if not blended by intermediate gradations, are looked at by most naturalists as sufficient to raise both forms to the rank of species. Hereafter we shall be compelled to acknowledge that the only distinction between species and well-marked varieties is, that the latter are known, or believed, to be connected at the present day by intermediate gradations, whereas species were formerly thus connected. Hence, without quite rejecting the consideration of the present existence of intermediate gradations between any two forms, we shall be led to weigh more carefully and to value higher the actual amount of difference between them. It is quite possible that forms now generally acknowledged to be merely varieties may hereafter be thought worthy of specific names, as with the primrose and cowslip; and in this case scientific and common language will come into accordance. In short, we shall have to treat species in the same manner as those naturalists treat genera, who admit that genera are merely artificial combinations made for convenience. This may not be a cheering prospect; but we shall at least be freed from the vain search for the undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term species.
The other and more general departments of natural history will rise greatly in interest. The terms used by naturalists of affinity, relationship, community of type, paternity, morphology, adaptive characters, rudimentary and aborted organs, etc., will cease to be metaphorical, and will have a plain signification. When we no longer look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension; when we regard every production of nature as one which has had a history; when we contemplate every complex structure and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances, each useful to the possessor, nearly in the same way as when we look at any great mechanical invention as the summing up of the labour, the experience, the reason, and even the blunders of numerous workmen; when we thus view each organic being, how far more interesting, I speak from experience, will the study of natural history become!
A grand and almost untrodden field of inquiry will be opened, on the causes and laws of variation, on correlation of growth, on the effects of use and disuse, on the direct action of external conditions, and so forth. The study of domestic productions will rise immensely in value. A new variety raised by man will be a far more important and interesting subject for study than one more species added to the infinitude of already recorded species. Our classifications will come to be, as far as they can be so made, genealogies; and will then truly give what may be called the plan of creation. The rules for classifying will no doubt become simpler when we have a definite object in view. We possess no pedigrees or armorial bearings; and we have to discover and trace the many diverging lines of descent in our natural genealogies, by characters of any kind which have long been inherited. Rudimentary organs will speak infallibly with respect to the nature of long-lost structures. Species and groups of species, which are called aberrant, and which may fancifully be called living fossils, will aid us in forming a picture of the ancient forms of life. Embryology will reveal to us the structure, in some degree obscured, of the prototypes of each great class.
When we can feel assured that all the individuals of the same species, and all the closely allied species of most genera, have within a not very remote period descended from one parent, and have migrated from some one birthplace; and when we better know the many means of migration, then, by the light which geology now throws, and will continue to throw, on former changes of climate and of the level of the land, we shall surely be enabled to trace in an admirable manner the former migrations of the inhabitants of the whole world. Even at present, by comparing the differences of the inhabitants of the sea on the opposite sides of a continent, and the nature of the various inhabitants of that continent in relation to their apparent means of immigration, some light can be thrown on ancient geography.
The noble science of Geology loses glory from the extreme imperfection of the record. The crust of the earth with its embedded remains must not be looked at as a well-filled museum, but as a poor collection made at hazard and at rare intervals. The accumulation of each great fossiliferous formation will be recognised as having depended on an unusual concurrence of circumstances, and the blank intervals between the successive stages as having been of vast duration. But we shall be able to gauge with some security the duration of these intervals by a comparison of the preceding and succeeding organic forms. We must be cautious in attempting to correlate as strictly contemporaneous two formations, which include few identical species, by the general succession of their forms of life. As species are produced and exterminated by slowly acting and still existing causes, and not by miraculous acts of creation and by catastrophes; and as the most important of all causes of organic change is one which is almost independent of altered and perhaps suddenly altered physical conditions, namely, the mutual relation of organism to organism,—the improvement of one being entailing the improvement or the extermination of others; it follows, that the amount of organic change in the fossils of consecutive formations probably serves as a fair measure of the lapse of actual time. A number of species, however, keeping in a body might remain for a long period unchanged, whilst within this same period, several of these species, by migrating into new countries and coming into competition with foreign associates, might become modified; so that we must not overrate the accuracy of organic change as a measure of time. During early periods of the earth’s history, when the forms of life were probably fewer and simpler, the rate of change was probably slower; and at the first dawn of life, when very few forms of the simplest structure existed, the rate of change may have been slow in an extreme degree. The whole history of the world, as at present known, although of a length quite incomprehensible by us, will hereafter be recognised as a mere fragment of time, compared with the ages which have elapsed since the first creature, the progenitor of innumerable extinct and living descendants, was created.
In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.
Authors of the highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied with the view that each species has been independently created. To my mind it accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the Creator, that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabitants of the world should have been due to secondary causes, like those determining the birth and death of the individual. When I view all beings not as special creations, but as the lineal descendants of some few beings which lived long before the first bed of the Silurian system was deposited, they seem to me to become ennobled. Judging from the past, we may safely infer that not one living species will transmit its unaltered likeness to a distant futurity. And of the species now living very few will transmit progeny of any kind to a far distant futurity; for the manner in which all organic beings are grouped, shows that the greater number of species of each genus, and all the species of many genera, have left no descendants, but have become utterly extinct. We can so far take a prophetic glance into futurity as to foretel that it will be the common and widely-spread species, belonging to the larger and dominant groups, which will ultimately prevail and procreate new and dominant species. As all the living forms of life are the lineal descendants of those which lived long before the Silurian epoch, we may feel certain that the ordinary succession by generation has never once been broken, and that no cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence we may look with some confidence to a secure future of equally inappreciable length. And as natural selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection.
It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the external conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. | <urn:uuid:f9079c0f-62e8-4fda-bec3-7dc7f5a41712> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/afewwords/chapter/concluding-remarks/ | 2024-02-21T10:44:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.96434 | 2,308 | 3.171875 | 3 | [
55,
1445,
30,
7603,
9322,
6962,
16,
1245,
268,
11023,
289,
3990,
423,
16,
421,
48,
4970,
30,
3379,
11406,
6802,
16,
996,
70,
539,
294,
298,
7986,
16,
9135,
29,
989,
1310,
286,
427,
1707,
461,
8463,
6830,
30,
3993,
2908,
4442,
18,
75,
8463,
6830,
18,
3206,
19,
74,
4760,
19,
3011,
6757,
19,
3011,
6757,
17,
76,
19,
3011,
6757,
17,
76,
18,
11051,
203,
7508,
268,
5937,
2989,
10038,
288,
456,
4765,
341,
268,
3143,
289,
1678,
16,
361,
649,
10102,
499,
5937,
356,
2918,
478,
4463,
16,
445,
375,
5216,
325,
2876,
1512,
336,
686,
513,
327,
261,
8411,
4076,
288,
1493,
1550,
18,
4731,
271,
978,
513,
327,
1542,
292,
9109,
444,
2550,
1913,
352,
430,
1487,
31,
566,
502,
513,
462,
327,
490,
368,
438,
325,
393,
374,
691,
419,
268,
8433,
329,
93,
7246,
2026,
456,
361,
336,
926,
327,
288,
8561,
261,
1678,
18,
540,
334,
1350,
1850,
16,
291,
334,
3534,
1003,
1432,
16,
513,
327,
688,
4416,
5869,
18,
365,
1199,
1465,
4016,
1985,
2026,
361,
462,
579,
6711,
562,
1678,
289,
3247,
741,
348,
3865,
356,
2915,
1678,
513,
2410,
575,
18,
4731,
271,
978,
513,
437,
794,
292,
5841,
421,
1960,
336,
456,
513,
327,
2289,
13,
2026,
723,
926,
327,
5138,
325,
3453,
291,
5292,
427,
586,
2779,
16,
292,
327,
5401,
289,
5399,
31,
291,
717,
3259,
541,
16,
2026,
268,
3692,
327,
5138,
325,
851,
292,
697,
2331,
261,
1430,
1932,
18,
540,
7364,
1813,
513,
1343,
261,
1904,
512,
1505,
6748,
687,
362,
316,
430,
1487,
31,
331,
3692,
16,
2281,
4416,
16,
858,
723,
881,
2779,
16,
717,
462,
725,
5614,
419,
10217,
381,
3000,
500,
16,
356,
6403,
430,
419,
710,
1493,
978,
352,
5138,
292,
5151,
1079,
2779,
292,
268,
10203,
289,
1678,
18,
2011,
11145,
445,
4035,
327,
494,
5834,
292,
9821,
336,
268,
794,
10980,
858,
1678,
291,
767,
17,
5569,
286,
6756,
316,
16,
336,
268,
7364,
356,
1261,
16,
361,
4254,
16,
292,
327,
3947,
430,
268,
1487,
1196,
419,
10217,
381,
3000,
500,
16,
6792,
1678,
664,
4685,
325,
3416,
3947,
18,
8315,
16,
1298,
3293,
304,
1013,
281,
268,
6748,
289,
268,
1487,
5682,
289,
10217,
381,
3000,
500,
858,
723,
881,
2779,
16,
445,
4035,
327,
2791,
292,
7305,
512,
5104,
291,
292,
2003,
1797,
268,
4741,
1944,
289,
2921,
858,
622,
18,
553,
316,
3293,
1522,
336,
2779,
1315,
2918,
8083,
2292,
292,
327,
8209,
6756,
602,
1671,
11145,
327,
2693,
3760,
93,
289,
1430,
4600,
16,
352,
360,
268,
1849,
299,
401,
291,
273,
2739,
80,
517,
31,
291,
288,
456,
1731,
3181,
291,
1112,
1719,
513,
1631,
636,
11756,
18,
450,
1912,
16,
445,
4035,
437,
292,
977,
1678,
288,
268,
1162,
4901,
352,
1014,
1493,
978,
977,
947,
69,
16,
650,
478,
2167,
336,
947,
69,
356,
8209,
4577,
1666,
5049,
1146,
331,
10841,
18,
540,
602,
462,
327,
261,
4086,
1489,
10680,
493,
31,
566,
445,
4035,
430,
2144,
327,
1562,
286,
427,
268,
385,
412,
3093,
331,
268,
641,
3219,
1090,
286,
291,
641,
3219,
1090,
541,
8561,
289,
268,
2085,
1678,
18,
203,
1461,
586,
291,
512,
2177,
11116,
289,
1493,
1550,
513,
3573,
5822,
288,
1669,
18,
365,
2560,
724,
419,
1493,
978,
289,
1140,
7294,
16,
2051,
16,
1686,
289,
1517,
16,
279,
524,
82,
380,
16,
11497,
880,
16,
2508,
656,
5258,
16,
384,
1327,
5284,
556,
291,
459,
442,
286,
6509,
16,
2801,
1941,
513,
2410,
575,
292,
327,
10316,
283,
466,
16,
291,
513,
437,
261,
8626,
1170,
318,
18,
1097,
445,
688,
2473,
1500,
430,
363,
3891,
1018,
352,
261,
4226,
495,
5092,
430,
261,
5708,
16,
352,
430,
1890,
342,
320,
325,
3183,
615,
10655,
31,
649,
445,
2521,
953,
1815,
289,
2075,
352,
597,
518,
528,
850,
261,
1550,
31,
649,
445,
2345,
81,
9236,
953,
1874,
2214,
291,
1603,
263,
999,
352,
268,
2205,
2280,
644,
289,
772,
2020,
406,
1427,
16,
1011,
3209,
292,
268,
1148,
3320,
16,
3999,
288,
268,
1162,
898,
352,
649,
445,
1500,
430,
723,
1312,
6167,
10262,
352,
268,
2205,
2280,
644,
289,
268,
8366,
16,
268,
1432,
16,
268,
2190,
16,
291,
919,
268,
10590,
275,
332,
289,
3682,
716,
4320,
31,
649,
445,
3416,
1889,
1011,
3891,
1018,
16,
667,
1904,
512,
4149,
16,
334,
3534,
427,
1432,
16,
513,
268,
1147,
289,
1493,
1550,
1343,
5,
203,
37,
6206,
291,
2764,
543,
3135,
72,
3322,
2092,
289,
288,
10760,
513,
327,
6768,
16,
341,
268,
2384,
291,
3467,
289,
8812,
16,
341,
11716,
289,
1668,
16,
341,
268,
1814,
289,
666,
291,
460,
2013,
16,
341,
268,
1938,
2433,
289,
4515,
1533,
16,
291,
576,
8141,
18,
365,
1147,
289,
5143,
759,
508,
513,
3573,
1299,
614,
601,
288,
2003,
18,
330,
733,
2233,
5546,
419,
532,
513,
327,
261,
1904,
512,
851,
291,
4149,
2783,
331,
1147,
687,
597,
512,
1678,
3211,
292,
268,
582,
263,
5194,
289,
2226,
5613,
1678,
18,
2658,
1280,
6643,
513,
1631,
292,
327,
16,
352,
1904,
352,
502,
375,
327,
576,
1146,
16,
2261,
280,
446,
423,
31,
291,
513,
1023,
5562,
1888,
768,
602,
327,
1478,
268,
1200,
289,
4314,
18,
365,
3566,
331,
1280,
5005,
513,
688,
7246,
1343,
4857,
265,
649,
445,
437,
261,
3259,
674,
3904,
288,
1889,
18,
924,
5929,
688,
6650,
333,
3916,
361,
3299,
283,
439,
6245,
762,
31,
291,
445,
437,
292,
2677,
291,
8828,
268,
772,
11053,
1893,
3629,
289,
697,
1243,
288,
662,
1493,
2261,
280,
446,
423,
16,
419,
5258,
289,
723,
2066,
518,
437,
917,
712,
5185,
1006,
18,
434,
1327,
5284,
556,
6509,
513,
3534,
582,
453,
3749,
360,
3856,
292,
268,
2075,
289,
917,
17,
80,
511,
3702,
18,
3990,
423,
291,
2303,
289,
1678,
16,
518,
356,
1478,
459,
265,
11115,
16,
291,
518,
602,
284,
797,
373,
346,
325,
327,
1478,
2299,
5116,
1727,
16,
513,
4282,
407,
288,
7833,
261,
4378,
289,
268,
3315,
2779,
289,
943,
18,
11342,
93,
880,
513,
7901,
292,
407,
268,
2214,
16,
288,
579,
3791,
1823,
71,
4581,
16,
289,
268,
8037,
811,
274,
289,
1011,
1312,
1280,
18,
203,
7508,
445,
375,
1350,
780,
4581,
336,
516,
268,
1578,
289,
268,
1162,
1678,
16,
291,
516,
268,
5181,
516,
870,
1678,
289,
710,
947,
69,
16,
437,
1291,
261,
462,
1040,
5609,
1604,
697,
71,
5614,
427,
597,
5463,
16,
291,
437,
3908,
488,
427,
579,
597,
3475,
3977,
31,
291,
649,
445,
1326,
698,
268,
772,
1486,
289,
8222,
16,
1023,
16,
419,
268,
1360,
518,
1965,
880,
1315,
264,
4405,
16,
291,
513,
2609,
292,
10560,
16,
341,
4685,
1703,
289,
1907,
291,
289,
268,
966,
289,
268,
1283,
16,
445,
4035,
1850,
325,
327,
10258,
292,
8828,
288,
363,
8158,
9587,
4901,
268,
4685,
3908,
500,
289,
268,
10932,
289,
268,
2399,
887,
18,
3142,
430,
1487,
16,
419,
10439,
268,
3692,
289,
268,
10932,
289,
268,
3542,
341,
268,
6896,
6063,
289,
261,
10311,
16,
291,
268,
2075,
289,
268,
1320,
10932,
289,
336,
10311,
288,
7692,
292,
444,
6876,
1486,
289,
6227,
318,
16,
579,
1360,
375,
327,
264,
2795,
341,
3315,
1965,
4052,
18,
203,
1461,
688,
665,
2186,
289,
2899,
880,
308,
3814,
1062,
961,
427,
268,
4657,
5857,
74,
982,
289,
268,
2847,
18,
365,
793,
599,
289,
268,
3239,
360,
606,
9993,
3341,
1204,
462,
327,
6403,
430,
352,
261,
767,
17,
74,
2579,
7800,
16,
566,
352,
261,
2890,
3792,
1146,
430,
6649,
291,
430,
3679,
630,
11634,
18,
365,
11359,
289,
1011,
1312,
5839,
373,
2241,
5017,
513,
327,
1920,
1754,
352,
2054,
2354,
286,
341,
363,
7926,
2812,
324,
6973,
289,
5523,
16,
291,
268,
11412,
630,
11634,
858,
268,
1577,
464,
5046,
352,
2054,
712,
289,
4597,
7377,
18,
1163,
445,
4035,
327,
1542,
292,
10610,
369,
360,
579,
2141,
268,
7377,
289,
629,
630,
11634,
419,
261,
6890,
289,
268,
9757,
281,
291,
1435,
11109,
3891,
2779,
18,
924,
1204,
327,
273,
3697,
499,
288,
11679,
292,
8260,
381,
352,
7020,
325,
2345,
3661,
10473,
881,
926,
500,
16,
518,
1226,
1374,
10794,
1678,
16,
419,
268,
2177,
1577,
305,
289,
444,
2779,
289,
943,
18,
760,
1678,
356,
3141,
291,
377,
950,
4231,
419,
6104,
8980,
291,
1356,
3614,
2384,
16,
291,
462,
419,
6050,
313,
9976,
5676,
289,
4314,
291,
419,
11892,
4170,
31,
291,
352,
268,
710,
851,
289,
516,
2384,
289,
3891,
1317,
316,
597,
518,
316,
2764,
4729,
289,
11137,
291,
4810,
9859,
11137,
1646,
1533,
16,
11708,
16,
268,
10389,
7692,
289,
11211,
292,
11211,
16,
1447,
1381,
5336,
289,
597,
1018,
1543,
726,
281,
268,
5336,
361,
268,
377,
950,
1277,
289,
1548,
31,
362,
5691,
16,
336,
268,
1944,
289,
3891,
1317,
288,
268,
5116,
1727,
289,
573,
10305,
926,
500,
3591,
5155,
352,
261,
3819,
2074,
289,
268,
308,
7585,
289,
4741,
669,
18,
330,
1289,
289,
1678,
16,
2281,
16,
4172,
288,
261,
1073,
1276,
3406,
331,
261,
917,
1604,
543,
355,
6862,
16,
11240,
1291,
456,
1162,
1604,
16,
1520,
289,
629,
1678,
16,
419,
3908,
673,
636,
733,
1933,
291,
4028,
636,
6332,
360,
4562,
1653,
692,
16,
1276,
1343,
8672,
31,
576,
336,
445,
1204,
462,
658,
86,
381,
268,
5078,
289,
3891,
1317,
352,
261,
2074,
289,
669,
18,
2942,
1568,
4676,
289,
268,
3239,
372,
87,
1550,
16,
649,
268,
2779,
289,
943,
664,
3591,
6132,
291,
4857,
265,
16,
268,
2288,
289,
1317,
454,
3591,
11661,
31,
291,
430,
268,
855,
295,
9801,
289,
943,
16,
649,
1040,
1374,
2779,
289,
268,
4857,
443,
2214,
10544,
16,
268,
2288,
289,
1317,
602,
437,
712,
2634,
288,
363,
4657,
3791,
18,
365,
2399,
1550,
289,
268,
887,
16,
352,
430,
1487,
1261,
16,
3781,
289,
261,
3510,
3293,
490,
1416,
2617,
614,
801,
419,
407,
16,
513,
1671,
11145,
327,
1920,
1754,
352,
261,
10267,
6634,
367,
289,
669,
16,
2973,
360,
268,
5685,
518,
437,
1628,
1881,
286,
1812,
268,
855,
1308,
469,
16,
268,
347,
1822,
1808,
289,
8151,
9887,
541,
8579,
999,
291,
2299,
11678,
862,
16,
454,
2370,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
10450,
1571,
334,
901,
1591,
4161,
331,
1904,
512,
851,
922,
274,
18,
5940,
880,
513,
327,
1585,
341,
261,
733,
4762,
16,
336,
289,
268,
1990,
9620,
367,
289,
1011,
1993,
1056,
291,
3493,
419,
3000,
318,
18,
7029,
513,
327,
264,
2795,
341,
268,
3143,
289,
532,
291,
615,
1550,
18,
203,
37,
2719,
753,
289,
268,
4406,
639,
263,
514,
3003,
292,
327,
3590,
4735,
870,
360,
268,
1889,
336,
1011,
1678,
528,
712,
9800,
2370,
18,
1122,
1290,
1710,
362,
765,
3615,
1326,
360,
768,
445,
698,
289,
268,
3467,
498,
5142,
341,
2667,
419,
268,
5378,
283,
16,
336,
268,
1815,
291,
11641,
289,
268,
2323,
291,
1487,
10932,
289,
268,
887,
788,
437,
712,
1504,
292,
5900,
2384,
16,
730,
1014,
7078,
268,
3475,
291,
2145,
289,
268,
1769,
18,
1097,
334,
1889,
516,
7689,
462,
352,
1755,
847,
500,
16,
566,
352,
268,
2137,
280,
11678,
862,
289,
579,
1374,
7689,
518,
5361,
917,
1134,
268,
855,
3885,
289,
268,
7213,
324,
779,
892,
454,
6492,
1006,
16,
502,
3003,
292,
479,
292,
1343,
403,
7263,
6992,
18,
7320,
1893,
427,
268,
2323,
16,
445,
602,
6614,
8216,
336,
462,
597,
2299,
1678,
513,
8061,
606,
543,
280,
4518,
1611,
7563,
292,
261,
10450,
284,
371,
1597,
18,
1256,
289,
268,
1678,
1315,
2299,
1040,
1374,
513,
8061,
347,
1822,
93,
289,
723,
2066,
292,
261,
1904,
10450,
284,
371,
1597,
31,
331,
268,
4901,
288,
518,
516,
3891,
7689,
356,
1730,
286,
16,
2746,
336,
268,
2796,
1289,
289,
1678,
289,
1011,
2451,
310,
16,
291,
516,
268,
1678,
289,
772,
947,
69,
16,
437,
2294,
688,
11678,
862,
16,
566,
437,
1343,
8917,
345,
325,
8579,
999,
18,
924,
375,
576,
1904,
1071,
261,
2933,
781,
410,
1062,
515,
636,
284,
371,
1597,
352,
292,
2382,
88,
306,
336,
362,
513,
327,
268,
1112,
291,
4004,
17,
2685,
1189,
1678,
16,
10144,
292,
268,
3080,
291,
9128,
2303,
16,
518,
513,
5406,
1035,
726,
291,
347,
71,
267,
381,
733,
291,
9128,
1678,
18,
760,
516,
268,
2299,
2779,
289,
943,
356
] |
In the fascinating world of Finite Element Analysis (FEA), understanding the concept of boundary conditions is crucial.
Boundary conditions in FEA analysis define how a structure interacts with its surroundings. They include fixed supports, applied loads, displacements, and constraints. Boundary conditions ensure realistic simulation by simulating real-world conditions and capturing the behaviour of the structure accurately.
Whether it’s specifying a fixed support to mimic a clamp or applying a pressure load to simulate real-world conditions, these boundary conditions serve as grounding principles for our models.
In this article, I will delve deeper into the various types of boundary conditions, explaining how to choose the appropriate ones and their significance. Drawing from my personal experiences, I will share the reasons why I believe that boundary conditions are the most important aspect of an FEA simulation.
What Are Boundary Conditions In An FEA Analysis?
Boundary conditions in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are essentially the set of constraints or conditions that you impose on your model for the simulation. These conditions provide detailed instructions on how the model should interact with its surrounding environment during the analysis.
Each type of boundary condition can significantly influence the outcome of the simulation, guiding how the model behaves under certain conditions.
Examples include specifying if a particular point is fixed or free to move or if a certain force is applied to a specific part of the structure.
Selecting the appropriate boundary conditions is a crucial step in the FEA process, as it ensures the accuracy and reliability of the simulation results.
What Is An Example Of A Boundary Condition?
An excellent example of a boundary condition in FEA is the application of a fixed support. Fixed supports, being one of the simplest types of boundary conditions, are commonly used in structural analysis. They involve constraining certain nodes or parts of a structure to remain static while the analysis is taking place.
Let’s imagine you’re analyzing a bridge; the ends of the bridge where it connects to the ground could be considered fixed supports. This means that those points are restrained from moving in any direction, simulating the bridge’s behaviour in real life.
By imposing this boundary condition, we can accurately predict how the bridge will react under various stresses and strains.
How Do I Know What Boundary Conditions To Apply?
Determining the appropriate boundary conditions to apply in an FEA analysis largely depends on the physical scenario being simulated. You must consider the nature of the structure, how it interacts with its environment, and what you’re trying to achieve with the simulation.
Start with a clear understanding of the physical problem, including any constraints or loads that may exist. For example, if you’re analyzing a car suspension system, the constraints might be where the suspension connects to the car body and wheel.
Forces could include the car’s weight and any additional loads it might carry.
In cases of uncertainty, it can be helpful to run multiple simulations with different boundary conditions to understand their impact on your results.
Personally, I always recommend discussing boundary conditions with your colleagues if you have any. If your boundary conditions do not stand up to peer scrutiny, then your simulation is questionable.
Remember, the accuracy of your simulation is heavily dependent on the boundary conditions applied, making their selection a crucial step in the FEA process.
Why Are Boundary Conditions Important?
Boundary conditions are indispensable in Finite Element Analysis, primarily because they allow for a more accurate and realistic representation of the physical world within the simulation. By defining how a structure interacts with its surroundings, such as the forces exerted on it, or the constraints it operates under, boundary conditions help to mimic real-world scenarios.
Consequently, this enhances the reliability of the simulation, making the findings more credible and applicable.
Furthermore, boundary conditions can significantly influence the outcome of the simulation, effectively making or breaking the model’s accuracy. For instance, an incorrect or inappropriate boundary condition might lead to incorrect stress or strain distributions, which in turn could lead to flawed design decisions.
In essence, the careful selection and application of boundary conditions are vital for the success of any FEA simulation.
How Do Boundary Conditions And Symmetry Work?
Symmetry in FEA offers a powerful tool for reducing problem size and computational time. By exploiting the symmetrical properties of a model, we can analyze a fraction of the model instead of the entire structure.
However, the correct application of symmetry boundary conditions is essential to ensure accurate results.
In a symmetric model, the boundary conditions ensure that the model behaves as if it were a part of the whole. They restrain displacements perpendicular to the plane of symmetry while enabling free movement along the plane.
For instance, in a bridge scenario, if we are modelling only half the bridge due to symmetry, we need to ensure that the nodes along the symmetry line are constrained in the direction perpendicular to the line. This ensures that the model behaves as though it’s still connected to the unmodelled half, preserving the integrity of the simulation.
Thus, boundary conditions and symmetry work hand in hand in FEA, driving efficiency without compromising on accuracy.
Examples Of Types Of Boundary Conditions
1. Fixed Support Boundary Condition
This is one of the simplest and most commonly used types of boundary conditions. In a fixed support condition, certain nodes or parts of the structure are constrained to remain static during the simulation. This is typically used when analyzing structures like bridges where the ends of the bridge (connecting it to the ground) are considered fixed supports.
2. Pinned or Hinge Support Boundary Condition
A pinned support or hinge support boundary condition allows rotation but does not allow translation along any axis. This type of boundary condition is commonly applied in scenarios where certain components are connected via a hinged connection, such as in truss structures.
3. Roller Support Boundary Condition
Roller supports are free to move in one direction, typically the direction along the surface on which they are resting. These types of supports are common in structures like conveyor belts or any structure that includes components designed to move along a certain path under load.
4. Free Boundary Condition
A free boundary condition is where no restraints are applied to the nodes of a structure or component. This condition is generally applied to nodes that do not interact with other components or support structures.
5. Force Boundary Condition
In this type of boundary condition, certain forces or loads are applied to specific nodes or areas of the structure. The precise nature of these forces can vary significantly based on the specifics of the simulation, including factors like the type and distribution of the load, its duration, and its direction.
6. Displacement Boundary Condition
Displacement boundary conditions specify a certain displacement value for a particular node or set of nodes. This displacement can either be a specific movement along certain axes or a rotation about certain axes.
Each of these boundary conditions can significantly influence the outcome of an FEA analysis and bring us closer to understanding the real-world behaviour of the structures we are analyzing. The choice of the right boundary condition often depends on the specifics of the model and the behaviour we are trying to simulate.
Loads Versus Constraints
When we talk about boundary conditions in FEA, we are not just talking about how a model is constrained. Loads applied to the model are also classified as boundary conditions.
In reality, boundary conditions must represent everything about the system that you have not modelled, for example, how a part is constrained and what loads are applied to it.
Below is a list of examples of the types of loads that can be applied to a simulation.
Types Of Loads In FEA Simulation
- Point Load: This load is applied at a single point of the structure. It’s common in structures like bridge supports, where the load is concentrated on specific points.
- Distributed Load: This load is spread across a surface or line. It’s often used when modelling weight distribution in structures like beams and floors.
- Moment Load: This load tries to rotate the object around a point or line. It’s crucial for simulating structures subjected to torsion, like shafts and axles.
- Temperature Load: This factor is in the expansion or contraction of materials due to temperature changes. It’s important in simulations dealing with thermal stresses.
- Pressure Load: This load is applied over an area, typically over the entire surface of the object, like in hydraulic or pneumatic systems.
- Gravity Load: This accounts for the force of gravity acting downward on all elements of the model. It’s important in virtually all structural simulations.
Understanding and correctly applying these loads in simulations is crucial in accurately predicting real-world behaviour and, in turn, designing more effective, safe, and efficient structures.
Types of Constraints in FEA Simulation
Below is a list of examples of the types of constraints that can be applied to a simulation.
- Fixed Constraint: This type of constraint prevents any form of movement or rotation. It’s equivalent to securing the object in place.
- Displacement Constraint: This puts a limit on the movement of the object in one or more directions. The displacement can be zero (a common scenario) or a specific value.
- Rotation Constraint: This restricts the rotation of the object about one or more axes. Like displacement constraint, the rotation can either be zero or a specific value.
- Frictional Constraint: This simulates the resistance to motion due to friction when an object is in contact with another. It plays a significant role in simulations involving gears, wheels, or any moving parts in contact.
- Symmetry Constraint: This confines the movement of the object based on the symmetry of the model. It’s crucial for efficient computation in symmetric models, as discussed earlier.
- Periodic Constraint: This constraint ensures the same boundary condition for two or more points in the model. It’s commonly used in repeating structures like heat sinks and building floors.
The correct application of these constraints is key to creating a successful simulation, and they must be chosen carefully to represent real-world conditions accurately.
The application of appropriate boundary conditions in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a fundamental aspect of achieving reliable and accurate results.
Understanding the different types of loads and constraints, along with the conditions under which they are applied, can greatly enhance the precision of your simulations.
It’s important to remember that while FEA is an incredibly powerful tool, its accuracy is heavily dependent on the user’s understanding and correct application of these conditions.
Always ensure to account for all the real-world conditions that your model may be subjected to for an effective, safe, and efficient design. | <urn:uuid:466a14ad-a414-4133-902a-6e02d5db7a24> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://engineeryoursound.com/what-are-boundary-conditions-in-an-fea-analysis/ | 2024-02-21T13:00:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.92116 | 2,239 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
2983,
268,
6326,
887,
289,
2768,
674,
416,
1484,
7848,
421,
42,
10043,
989,
1616,
268,
3313,
289,
11836,
1533,
316,
1821,
18,
203,
38,
655,
556,
1533,
288,
418,
10043,
2286,
6594,
667,
261,
2214,
630,
2149,
360,
606,
9292,
18,
900,
1226,
6169,
5333,
16,
3848,
11144,
16,
2870,
570,
652,
16,
291,
10931,
18,
391,
655,
556,
1533,
1530,
8529,
10713,
419,
933,
3939,
1409,
17,
7340,
1533,
291,
1081,
9519,
268,
5441,
289,
268,
2214,
6857,
18,
203,
59,
781,
411,
362,
372,
87,
722,
5005,
261,
6169,
1105,
292,
9928,
300,
261,
551,
1705,
361,
7062,
261,
1987,
3687,
292,
933,
2417,
1409,
17,
7340,
1533,
16,
629,
11836,
1533,
3705,
352,
2107,
281,
3995,
331,
662,
3159,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
1989,
16,
334,
513,
7315,
5037,
636,
268,
1320,
1640,
289,
11836,
1533,
16,
11837,
667,
292,
2869,
268,
2922,
3001,
291,
444,
4489,
18,
10682,
281,
427,
1290,
1845,
2891,
16,
334,
513,
2538,
268,
3218,
1768,
334,
2979,
336,
11836,
1533,
356,
268,
710,
851,
4437,
289,
363,
418,
10043,
10713,
18,
203,
4688,
2987,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
1158,
450,
854,
418,
10043,
7848,
35,
203,
38,
655,
556,
1533,
288,
2768,
674,
416,
1484,
7848,
421,
42,
10043,
13,
356,
7841,
268,
1075,
289,
10931,
361,
1533,
336,
337,
498,
595,
341,
424,
2083,
331,
268,
10713,
18,
948,
1533,
1153,
4796,
5424,
341,
667,
268,
2083,
788,
5828,
360,
606,
4539,
1072,
995,
268,
2286,
18,
203,
41,
492,
1517,
289,
11836,
2057,
375,
3105,
3033,
268,
6811,
289,
268,
10713,
16,
2426,
281,
667,
268,
2083,
1546,
274,
1064,
1575,
1533,
18,
203,
9079,
348,
1524,
1226,
722,
5005,
717,
261,
1510,
1813,
316,
6169,
361,
1776,
292,
1454,
361,
717,
261,
1575,
3160,
316,
3848,
292,
261,
1430,
923,
289,
268,
2214,
18,
203,
55,
10216,
542,
268,
2922,
11836,
1533,
316,
261,
1821,
2483,
288,
268,
418,
10043,
833,
16,
352,
362,
4698,
268,
5078,
291,
8331,
289,
268,
10713,
1826,
18,
203,
4688,
1358,
854,
10055,
2721,
330,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
35,
203,
7353,
4139,
1214,
289,
261,
11836,
2057,
288,
418,
10043,
316,
268,
2889,
289,
261,
6169,
1105,
18,
418,
1156,
286,
5333,
16,
1018,
597,
289,
268,
4857,
443,
1640,
289,
11836,
1533,
16,
356,
3224,
724,
288,
6534,
2286,
18,
900,
3820,
7813,
1441,
1575,
9267,
361,
2287,
289,
261,
2214,
292,
3406,
11170,
1020,
268,
2286,
316,
2265,
1349,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
7806,
337,
372,
267,
7956,
261,
6632,
31,
268,
6933,
289,
268,
6632,
853,
362,
11845,
292,
268,
2107,
911,
327,
2221,
6169,
5333,
18,
540,
1486,
336,
1014,
3097,
356,
474,
322,
1953,
427,
3931,
288,
723,
4210,
16,
933,
3939,
268,
6632,
372,
87,
5441,
288,
1409,
943,
18,
203,
10646,
498,
2485,
456,
11836,
2057,
16,
445,
375,
6857,
7180,
667,
268,
6632,
513,
9230,
1064,
1320,
1751,
274,
291,
10689,
18,
203,
6724,
2094,
334,
4656,
1021,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
1158,
1122,
2537,
325,
35,
203,
40,
73,
950,
2165,
268,
2922,
11836,
1533,
292,
3769,
288,
363,
418,
10043,
2286,
5706,
4465,
341,
268,
1646,
8055,
1018,
933,
3025,
18,
990,
1204,
1119,
268,
2075,
289,
268,
2214,
16,
667,
362,
630,
2149,
360,
606,
1072,
16,
291,
768,
337,
372,
267,
3738,
292,
2446,
360,
268,
10713,
18,
203,
11644,
531,
360,
261,
1763,
1616,
289,
268,
1646,
1676,
16,
1118,
723,
10931,
361,
11144,
336,
602,
3953,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
337,
372,
267,
7956,
261,
877,
4115,
3828,
892,
16,
268,
10931,
1276,
327,
853,
268,
4115,
3828,
11845,
292,
268,
877,
1073,
291,
7387,
18,
203,
8679,
607,
911,
1226,
268,
877,
372,
87,
2146,
291,
723,
2827,
11144,
362,
1276,
3375,
18,
203,
2983,
1934,
289,
10134,
16,
362,
375,
327,
4374,
292,
1673,
2563,
933,
2158,
360,
865,
11836,
1533,
292,
992,
444,
1393,
341,
424,
1826,
18,
203,
52,
3301,
523,
16,
334,
1775,
1921,
10122,
11836,
1533,
360,
424,
7140,
717,
337,
437,
723,
18,
829,
424,
11836,
1533,
565,
462,
1323,
644,
292,
8549,
3280,
371,
8273,
16,
1023,
424,
10713,
316,
2302,
541,
18,
203,
54,
539,
1871,
16,
268,
5078,
289,
424,
10713,
316,
7318,
7575,
341,
268,
11836,
1533,
3848,
16,
1355,
444,
5782,
261,
1821,
2483,
288,
268,
418,
10043,
833,
18,
203,
59,
2626,
2987,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
1158,
10630,
35,
203,
38,
655,
556,
1533,
356,
612,
10304,
614,
541,
288,
2768,
674,
416,
1484,
7848,
16,
4604,
971,
502,
1059,
331,
261,
512,
3879,
291,
8529,
7106,
289,
268,
1646,
887,
1291,
268,
10713,
18,
1285,
11369,
667,
261,
2214,
630,
2149,
360,
606,
9292,
16,
659,
352,
268,
4157,
377,
9359,
341,
362,
16,
361,
268,
10931,
362,
10912,
1064,
16,
11836,
1533,
617,
292,
9928,
300,
1409,
17,
7340,
7610,
18,
203,
39,
266,
2314,
1402,
16,
456,
7803,
268,
8331,
289,
268,
10713,
16,
1355,
268,
4224,
512,
2977,
801,
291,
10511,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
11836,
1533,
375,
3105,
3033,
268,
6811,
289,
268,
10713,
16,
2992,
1355,
361,
7652,
268,
2083,
372,
87,
5078,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
363,
10813,
361,
288,
11327,
11836,
2057,
1276,
912,
292,
10813,
1751,
361,
6910,
2831,
2128,
16,
518,
288,
1867,
911,
912,
292,
949,
738,
286,
1019,
3073,
18,
203,
2983,
8561,
16,
268,
6220,
5782,
291,
2889,
289,
11836,
1533,
356,
3226,
331,
268,
1577,
289,
723,
418,
10043,
10713,
18,
203,
6724,
2094,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
1158,
1256,
343,
2835,
1475,
891,
4776,
35,
203,
55,
2835,
1475,
891,
288,
418,
10043,
2767,
261,
3184,
1438,
331,
2860,
1676,
2155,
291,
4342,
778,
669,
18,
1285,
6323,
1842,
268,
928,
81,
1475,
322,
466,
3227,
289,
261,
2083,
16,
445,
375,
5590,
261,
11820,
289,
268,
2083,
3087,
289,
268,
2414,
2214,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
268,
3045,
2889,
289,
928,
81,
1475,
891,
11836,
1533,
316,
1505,
292,
1530,
3879,
1826,
18,
203,
2983,
261,
928,
81,
1475,
1145,
2083,
16,
268,
11836,
1533,
1530,
336,
268,
2083,
1546,
274,
352,
717,
362,
664,
261,
923,
289,
268,
2399,
18,
900,
474,
322,
412,
2870,
570,
652,
574,
84,
593,
300,
705,
292,
268,
9006,
289,
928,
81,
1475,
891,
1020,
6079,
1776,
2710,
1910,
268,
9006,
18,
203,
8679,
3569,
16,
288,
261,
6632,
8055,
16,
717,
445,
356,
874,
2515,
794,
2947,
268,
6632,
1504,
292,
928,
81,
1475,
891,
16,
445,
648,
292,
1530,
336,
268,
9267,
1910,
268,
928,
81,
1475,
891,
2137,
356,
7813,
1953,
288,
268,
4210,
574,
84,
593,
300,
705,
292,
268,
2137,
18,
540,
4698,
336,
268,
2083,
1546,
274,
352,
1417,
362,
372,
87,
1356,
3947,
292,
268,
543,
9831,
5834,
2947,
16,
9344,
268,
6751,
289,
268,
10713,
18,
203,
2422,
310,
16,
11836,
1533,
291,
928,
81,
1475,
891,
716,
1129,
288,
1129,
288,
418,
10043,
16,
4462,
3055,
1298,
6322,
2252,
341,
5078,
18,
203,
9079,
348,
1524,
2721,
7308,
2721,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
1158,
203,
21,
18,
418,
1156,
286,
6475,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
203,
4326,
316,
597,
289,
268,
4857,
443,
291,
710,
3224,
724,
1640,
289,
11836,
1533,
18,
450,
261,
6169,
1105,
2057,
16,
1575,
9267,
361,
2287,
289,
268,
2214,
356,
7813,
1953,
292,
3406,
11170,
995,
268,
10713,
18,
540,
316,
2437,
724,
649,
7956,
3702,
730,
11554,
853,
268,
6933,
289,
268,
6632,
421,
7525,
7109,
362,
292,
268,
2107,
13,
356,
2221,
6169,
5333,
18,
203,
22,
18,
382,
263,
2093,
361,
402,
281,
73,
6475,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
203,
37,
6692,
2093,
1105,
361,
296,
281,
73,
1105,
11836,
2057,
2089,
10926,
566,
1082,
462,
1059,
8303,
1910,
723,
11437,
18,
540,
1517,
289,
11836,
2057,
316,
3224,
3848,
288,
7610,
853,
1575,
3008,
356,
3947,
3785,
261,
296,
281,
286,
3583,
16,
659,
352,
288,
432,
1270,
3702,
18,
203,
23,
18,
434,
320,
2546,
6475,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
203,
54,
320,
2546,
5333,
356,
1776,
292,
1454,
288,
597,
4210,
16,
2437,
268,
4210,
1910,
268,
2248,
341,
518,
502,
356,
474,
542,
18,
948,
1640,
289,
5333,
356,
1112,
288,
3702,
730,
7495,
283,
1004,
340,
361,
723,
2214,
336,
2356,
3008,
2298,
292,
1454,
1910,
261,
1575,
2363,
1064,
3687,
18,
203,
24,
18,
6656,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
203,
37,
1776,
11836,
2057,
316,
853,
688,
474,
322,
6339,
356,
3848,
292,
268,
9267,
289,
261,
2214,
361,
4391,
18,
540,
2057,
316,
2918,
3848,
292,
9267,
336,
565,
462,
5828,
360,
586,
3008,
361,
1105,
3702,
18,
203,
25,
18,
10074,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
203,
2983,
456,
1517,
289,
11836,
2057,
16,
1575,
4157,
361,
11144,
356,
3848,
292,
1430,
9267,
361,
1511,
289,
268,
2214,
18,
365,
6357,
2075,
289,
629,
4157,
375,
3360,
3105,
1585,
341,
268,
1430,
87,
289,
268,
10713,
16,
1118,
1802,
730,
268,
1517,
291,
4385,
289,
268,
3687,
16,
606,
7377,
16,
291,
606,
4210,
18,
203,
26,
18,
2080,
3977,
367,
391,
655,
556,
9224,
564,
203,
40,
277,
3977,
367,
11836,
1533,
722,
3049,
261,
1575,
2870,
570,
367,
2003,
331,
261,
1510,
11639,
361,
1075,
289,
9267,
18,
540,
2870,
570,
367,
375,
2447,
327,
261,
1430,
2710,
1910,
1575,
6553,
274,
361,
261,
10926,
608,
1575,
6553,
274,
18,
203,
41,
492,
289,
629,
11836,
1533,
375,
3105,
3033,
268,
6811,
289,
363,
418,
10043,
2286,
291,
2477,
407,
5941,
292,
1616,
268,
1409,
17,
7340,
5441,
289,
268,
3702,
445,
356,
7956,
18,
365,
3185,
289,
268,
1328,
11836,
2057,
970,
4465,
341,
268,
1430,
87,
289,
268,
2083,
291,
268,
5441,
445,
356,
3738,
292,
933,
2417,
18,
203,
48,
1862,
87,
720,
332,
310,
1895,
322,
6339,
203,
7508,
445,
3357,
608,
11836,
1533,
288,
418,
10043,
16,
445,
356,
462,
1039,
5750,
608,
667,
261,
2083,
316,
7813,
1953,
18,
458,
1862,
87,
3848,
292,
268,
2083,
356,
525,
8391,
352,
11836,
1533,
18,
203,
2983,
3881,
16,
11836,
1533,
1204,
2151,
3423,
608,
268,
892,
336,
337,
437,
462,
874,
5834,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
667,
261,
923,
316,
7813,
1953,
291,
768,
11144,
356,
3848,
292,
362,
18,
203,
38,
306,
329,
316,
261,
2455,
289,
3324,
289,
268,
1640,
289,
11144,
336,
375,
327,
3848,
292,
261,
10713,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
274,
2721,
458,
1862,
87,
450,
418,
10043,
3323,
1218,
203,
17,
11299,
458,
1862,
30,
540,
3687,
316,
3848,
430,
261,
2324,
1813,
289,
268,
2214,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1112,
288,
3702,
730,
6632,
5333,
16,
853,
268,
3687,
316,
11190,
341,
1430,
3097,
18,
203,
17,
2080,
1101,
2576,
458,
1862,
30,
540,
3687,
316,
2458,
1745,
261,
2248,
361,
2137,
18,
553,
372,
87,
970,
724,
649,
874,
2515,
2146,
4385,
288,
3702,
730,
327,
2817,
291,
949,
5178,
18,
203,
17,
383,
311,
302,
458,
1862,
30,
540,
3687,
432,
423,
292,
4171,
381,
268,
3904,
1149,
261,
1813,
361,
2137,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1821,
331,
933,
3939,
3702,
2783,
286,
292,
4862,
87,
305,
16,
730,
422,
1621,
340,
291,
6553,
736,
18,
203,
17,
5397,
10937,
458,
1862,
30,
540,
3488,
316,
288,
268,
6819,
361,
2020,
1733,
289,
1811,
1504,
292,
2263,
1703,
18,
553,
372,
87,
851,
288,
933,
2158,
6485,
360,
6709,
1751,
274,
18,
203,
17,
5625,
469,
458,
1862,
30,
540,
3687,
316,
3848,
658,
363,
1494,
16,
2437,
658,
268,
2414,
2248,
289,
268,
3904,
16,
730,
288,
3027,
11964,
361,
10503,
1531,
1422,
18,
203,
17,
2409,
5823,
458,
1862,
30,
540,
5483,
331,
268,
3160,
289,
9257,
8980,
1190,
1032,
341,
516,
2880,
289,
268,
2083,
18,
553,
372,
87,
851,
288,
9874,
516,
6534,
933,
2158,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
291,
6248,
7062,
629,
11144,
288,
933,
2158,
316,
1821,
288,
6857,
4003,
542,
1409,
17,
7340,
5441,
291,
16,
288,
1867,
16,
8397,
512,
1783,
16,
1995,
16,
291,
2632,
3702,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
274,
289,
1895,
322,
6339,
288,
418,
10043,
3323,
1218,
203,
38,
306,
329,
316,
261,
2455,
289,
3324,
289,
268,
1640,
289,
10931,
336,
375,
327,
3848,
292,
261,
10713,
18,
203,
17
] |
About this sample
About this sample
Words: 3485 |
18 min read
Published: Dec 5, 2018
Words: 3485|Pages: 8|18 min read
A social issue is a problem that influences a large number of the people within society. It is often a conflicting opinion on the grounds of what is perceived as a morally right. Social issues are affecting the world as we get on with our everyday lives. Photography is a key element within documenting these social issues, for example, poverty, homelessness or even starvation. I have chosen specifically to look at homelessness in today's society and explore how social documentary photography has helped impact viewers of this horrific happening and whether it has created awareness. Before this, I will firstly look at where social documentary photography originated and where it has taken us through history to now. It is a form of documentary photography, with the aim to draw the public's attention to ongoing social issues sometimes in a specific time period. It may also refer to a socially critical genre of photography dedicated to showing the life of underprivileged or disadvantaged people - (2). Social documentary photography has been and still is an act of producing awareness by documenting the unprivileged and shocking those who go by their everyday lives without a look down or a thought to those lesser of than themselves within society. But how much has social documentary photography impacted on society.
Social documentary photography has originated in the 20th Century (although documenting in photographic form all started back in the 19th Century) with the work of the photographic practice of the Farm Security Administration (FSA) in the USA. The FSA hired photographers and writers to report and document the lives as well as document the dangerous and difficult work of poor, disadvantaged farmers. The photographers documented the horrifying situation of these farmers, whose finical existence was under threat due to the ongoing issues in which America had in the American Depression stage. The FSA was ""attempting to restore faith in American society"" (10). The reality is that Americans were victimized by disasters such as dust bowls which all are beyond their control during The Great Depression period in America. (10) This all created a new style of photography of the documentation of social problems.
Social documentary photography has passed throughout the years to documenting poverty within the wars as well as the suffering of certain races and religions. Nowadays, we have started to resolve these social issues and now are focusing on what is happening now. Poverty is still a massive issue which affects millions of people in the UK let alone other countries whose figures are higher. Poverty can be homelessness as well as nit being able to afford the everyday essentials of water and food. This can be caused by low income, high costs of everyday essentials, low levels of education as well as discrimination and weak relationships (6). Social Documentary photographers are raising awareness by documenting the daily lives of those less fortunate or taking horrifying images to shock viewers, therefore, creating a great impact which forces through awareness. Photographer Lee Jefferies is doing exactly that. Firstly, getting to know the people on the streets by sleeping rough with them and hearing their stories then explaining about him wanting to raise awareness through photography. The images taken are creepy and shocking but have done the job. With all images sold, some of the money goes towards the homeless people who allowed their photo to be taken and the rest of homeless charities (7,8,9).
Social documentary photography is an act of producing awareness by documenting the unprivileged and shocking those who go by their everyday lives without a look down or a thought to those lesser of than themselves within society.
This documenting all started back in the 19th Century. The 20th Century was where photographers were hired by the FSA (Farm Security Administration) to document the dangerous and difficult work of the poor farmers. During The Great Depression period in America. This all created a new form of documentary photography by documenting social problems. Arthur Rothstein - Social Documentary Photographer - picture of a farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County, 1936. ""All the days were about alike then. For a three-year-old kid, you just go outside and play, dust blows and sand blows, and you don't know any different. One evening a black duster come in here from the north. We had kerosene lamps. And it got so dark you couldn't see with kerosene lamps. —Darrel Coble. (the boy at right in the photograph, recalling the Dust Bowl days as an adult)"" - (6)
FSA photographs created sympathy for the farming citizens through the wide distribution in newspapers and magazines during the time. As intended, these photographs also proved how necessary the government's assistance programs were to the survival of those hit hardest by the depression and dust bowl disasters. - (6) The combined effects of the Great Depression and the dust bowl drought devastated the country physically, financially, and emotionally in the 1930s. The Great Depression started with a severe economic downturn in 1929 and lasted more than a decade. Frenzied speculation in the stock market, particularly by investors who borrowed money to buy stock, drove the market to unreasonably high levels. When stocks began to fall in value, panic seized investors. The huge sell-off that followed plunged the country into years of high unemployment and bank closures. In a terrible coincidence, the dust bowl disaster began at approximately the same time as the Great Depression. Extreme weather patterns brought drought and high winds to the southern Plains. This affected mainly Texas and Oklahoma as well as western Kansas, and eastern areas of Colorado and New Mexico. Lands were already damaged from hard rooted soils due to drying out and other bits of land were over-farmed. The drought in conjunction with fierce winds exhausted the soil further which created fearsome dust storms - (6).
My perception/views... This image shows me the awful everyday life of a farmer in America during the Great Depression period and the dust bowls which happened at near enough the same time. This was a horrible time for the American and they all held the American dream in their heads as reality was far from the dream. Their home is an old shed-like building which seams worn and broken telling me the high amounts of poverty in this horrendous time. As a viewer, I feel this has impacted me in a way in which I feel more grateful for the home I live in and the conditions which I live in. Seeing this image, the impact upon society should have been huge at the time with the feeling of want to change, change to the need for change. The image shows how isolated people were in those times, suggesting not only the conditions being bad but it being quite a sad and lonely life. This is why people during the time period has many kids.
Further images during this period included Dorothea Lange's photograph ""Migrant Mother"" which was taken in 1936, which was the middle of the Great Depression. The viewer can see the sad and unhopeful look on the mother's appearance, making the viewer wonder what she is worried about. Is she concerned about her family? Does she wonder how she's going to set food on her table for that day? Will her kids be alright for just one more day?
Social documentary photography continued throughout the year, documenting social events, issues and problems. These included wars and battles, protesting and poverty. Here is a famous image by John Florea who was a war photographer who spent time in concentration camps documenting in photographic form the reality and truth of the camps and conditions within. John Florea (1916 – 2000) (1) had photography ranging dramatically from Comedic images alike the “Columnist Sidney and Bob Hope, Hollywood, 1943” all the way to looking at concentration camps. These brutal images during the war are horrific to view and therefore creates social awareness if shared with the media and newspapers. John Florea - The Bodies of 3000 of the Nazi’s slave labourers in preparation for burial, Nrdhausen, Germany, 1945.
My perception of this image shows the true horrific impact of the Nazi’s towards slaves of the war which included the Jewish community and the captured. Once they’re useless as slaves they are then gassed or shot. Most died from starvation or diseases for they had little food and next to no hygiene or even health care. The way in which they are lined up in rows makes them seem like criminals as if because of their religion or the fact that they’re from a different country (foreign). As well as this, what they believe in, they are wrong and going against Hitler, therefore deserve to be punished. Moreover, the row created, even though they’re all different people, the Jews are put on the same level because of what they believe in therefore treated as criminals. Furthermore, the Nazis’ there look down on them as if they have done greater good for their country by getting rid of those who are known to be successful and wealthy being a “treat” in Hitler’s’ eyes. Anyone who goes against Hitler’s beliefs and rules is considered a threat. As well as this, the place seems like a rubbish dump for the Nazis’, where they pile them up (the Jews) ready to be mass buried or burnt alike what we do with rubbish that cannot be reused. Moreover, the soldiers are walking away as if its the end of their working day, this being their everyday normal lives.
The image has a one-point perspective look to it with the never-ending rows of dead bodies leading at the end to this dark silhouette; this giving the image a hellish look as if the bodies are being sucked into the end of their lives ready to be burned into the depths of non-existence. Overall, the image disturbs me with the idea of death and the thought that one person’s opinion managed to end the lives of countless innocent people. As well as this, it makes me feel useless as a viewer for its in the past and nothing that I can do can bring these Jews back. Had I been at the time (1945) seeing this image, I would be horrified and with any power I could I would want to take action to stop this madness.
“Sometimes they got the picture nobody had asked for,” LIFE’s editors wrote in a Nov. 5, 1945. - (2)
“Some people, like Robert Capa, knew before what war was. Not John Florea,” Feyeux says. “You can feel it in the photos. It was a terrible shock to him.” - (2)
“Have you ever really gotten hit in the gut hard and lose your breath and fall to your knees? You know how that hurts,” Florea told fellow LIFE photographer John Loengard in 1993, reflecting on his time as a war correspondent. “I felt someone had hit me so hard—I actually cried.” - (2)
These statements inform me that the images that these (social) documentary photographers captured created a huge impact at the time of the war as they were horrifying and shocking. Almost all of the people viewing them can do nothing about the war but cry and be heartbroken, at most they can protest. This is the horrifying reality of social documentary photography, you can look but not always respond to make change, but the impact within opinions were there. In actual fact, these dead were the victims of the US terror attack on Nordhausen on 4 April 1945. Although World War two was almost to be over, German cities continued to be bombed.
In Consequence, the city of Nordhausen was bombed, almost totally destroyed the whole city. The 4th April was 2 days before the evacuation of the camp to Bergen-Belsen causing tragic, un-needed deaths because of the destroying the Boelke barracks in which the inmates were being housed. ‘The bodies of almost 3,000 slave labourers being buried by US soldiers. - (2)
John Florea - Prisoner in the barracks of a Nordhausen concentration camp, Germany, 1945. This is another image by John Florea showing the conditions in which prisoners of wars had to live in, the shadow which drapes across the mans eyes are deep and dark leading to the desperate look as he stares into the camera. Moreover, the shadow also shows the definitions of bones within his face, he is underweight, most probably starved. The way in which he is sat suggests he’s weak with his arm lifting his body just to sit up. Light pours into the image but the light has been guided around wires and barricades, its like there’s no way out.
Social Documentary photography is something that has continually been approached by many photographers throughout the decades, most commonly documenting protests and poverty nowadays. A photographer who has taken social documentary photography into his own hands is Lee Jefferies who captures intimate photos of the homeless to create awareness for the people who get ignored on the streets.
Lee Jefferies is an Accountant and Amateur Sports Photographer. He takes intimate portraits of the homeless which are taken with horrific detail which can be perceived as “uncomfortable” with “every grain of dirt and, every scar laid bare” (1). It all started with Jefferies in London before he was to run the marathon he went round taking photos. He noticed amongst the crowds that there was a young homeless girl in a doorway to a shop in Leicester Square who was walked past and un-noticed by the colossal amounts of tourists. Jefferies decided to take pictures of her, but he stood a way off. Noticing him, “she kicked up a right fuss” - Jefferies (1). Jefferies talked to the girl to find out her story and since that moment his project arisen to capture intimate shots of the homeless in order to raise awareness and money for the homeless. He pays his “subjects” for the photos he takes and continues to help them after when their photos make money. Some of the homeless are not as keen as some others to let Jefferies take the photo and this project has had its risks where Jefferies has even had a gun pointed to his head and been demanded for money, even though he pays everyone anyway. This is self funded. Jefferies choose his “subjects” through selection of weather he can “see something in their eyes” and feel the emotion otherwise the image “won’t work” and therefore will lack in impact. - (1). Jefferies initially shoots everything naturally, with natural lighting and capturing in camera black and white. Then he edits the photos to give them this grainy edge to create impact and emotion within his images. He claims that it makes his photographs look more “artistic” - (1).
This image steals my heart as a viewer making me feel helpless in providing for this little girl. Her eyes are the first to pop out for me with them watering and telling her story, just by a sad look. Though we can not find out the story of this little girl you can make suggestions to what she might have been through. This could be anything from abandonment to her parents living with her on the streets because they couldn’t afford a home or even the little girl running away from home. The way she is looking up creates dark shadows not just below but above her eyes too; she is tired and weak. The bags underneath her eyes is a suggestion of lack of sleep, this could be due to the conditions on the street where she might be too scared or cold to sleep. Moreover, her face seems slightly screwed up as if she is trying to withhold all her emotions and bottle up her feelings; she is on the verge of tears. Not only this, but her clothes are dirty suggesting she doesn’t have anything else. Looking closer, it seems the clothes are some sort of uniform for school, does she attend school and get the education she deserves as a child with the right to learn and have as equal chance in life as everybody else. In addition, her hair blows across her face in clumps, this suggests to me as a viewer that she doesn’t have a place to clean herself and shower as grease causes you hair to matt and clump together. Overall, the sad, desperate look the little girl expresses within this imager in which Lee Jefferies has captured is heart-breaking and definitely will create an impact wider spread to think about the forgotten on the streets. With the grainy editing that Jefferies uses in his imagery, he is able to climax the impact further pulling out all the tiny details in the faces of the homeless for us as viewers to interpret the horrifying reality of the story of whom the homeless girl is.
This image is another of Lee Jefferies, here I am now showing that the homeless can range through all ages and genders and as you can imagine, Lee Jefferies has met a large variety of people in his time doing this homeless project, all with different stories. With this man, he seems really old and tired with all the wrinkles which cover his face. Not only this, his face is screwed up but this time it is not sadness, it is more anger and aggression. This could suggest to the viewer that this man has turned to drugs and alcohol to take away from the sadness and sorrow. Looking deeper, I can see someone who has maybe taken risks, and with the anger, this could suggest that he might have been quite successful in life before becoming homeless. One eye is closed, this opens up questions for the viewer, intriguing them into the photo, therefore creating impact, which is what Jefferies set out to do. Finally, his hair is grown out and matted (un - neat) which suggests to me that he has been homeless for a few months, maybe even years. Overall, the range of people Jefferies meets allows his photos as a combination viewed together to create a larger impact on the people viewing them as it shows the variety of emotions running through the homeless and the variety of ages and genders bringing together to create one huge impact within society within social documentary photography today. Jefferies as a photographer, has succeeded in creating awareness within the use of intimate up close photography and this is within then element of social documentary photography.
Overall, social documentary photography has taken us throughout history and allowed us to create proof for the happenings around the world as well as some truth within the reality of events. From The American Depression and Dust bowls all the way through the World Wars and then to now with a high proportion of social documentary photography documenting poverty. I feel that I have proved that social documentary photography has created an impact throughout history and allowed viewers of the photographs at the time to grieve and feel sorrow, although not much was done to help the farmers and nothing could be done to change back time to revive who died in the war bombing. Today, things can be done due to changes in technology as now social media allows us as a society to come together as a community; all around the world we are connected so we can put forward more of an opinion to create a larger impact which consequently allows implementation to stop the suffering. With my project I had the idea of creating an impact myself at creating scary person types to shock viewers to not trust anyone. There is a huge stereotype in what a murderer should look like which I wanted to break. This was in combination with the idea that anyone has the potential to be a murderer through my research into real life murders and the fact they are unsuspected. I asked people who viewed my piece and had read the artist statement what they had thought of my project. The response was that the image is unforgettable and therefore, they are scared, allowing them to be more aware. You should be aware of your surroundings, you never know, who you think you know might not be the person you see on the outside. As a consequence of social documentary photography, we as a society have gained awareness and therefore I conclude it creates impact.
Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled | <urn:uuid:beeedcff-286b-4980-98a1-ad9e956edb2e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/social-documentary-photography/ | 2024-02-21T12:57:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.98002 | 4,112 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
37,
70,
491,
456,
4829,
203,
37,
70,
491,
456,
4829,
203,
59,
3615,
30,
777,
8504,
25,
869,
203,
3202,
1029,
1078,
203,
52,
914,
1341,
30,
2968,
1016,
16,
4827,
203,
59,
3615,
30,
777,
8504,
25,
96,
52,
1172,
30,
1570,
96,
3202,
1029,
1078,
203,
37,
1234,
2682,
316,
261,
1676,
336,
7796,
261,
1452,
1289,
289,
268,
689,
1291,
2429,
18,
553,
316,
970,
261,
3524,
542,
6514,
341,
268,
9078,
289,
768,
316,
8605,
352,
261,
2727,
523,
1328,
18,
4081,
1659,
356,
6467,
268,
887,
352,
445,
886,
341,
360,
662,
5667,
2136,
18,
6527,
3298,
93,
316,
261,
1558,
4156,
1291,
3190,
281,
629,
1234,
1659,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
5758,
16,
5440,
3592,
822,
361,
919,
2975,
11803,
18,
334,
437,
6196,
4479,
292,
1500,
430,
5440,
3592,
822,
288,
1853,
743,
2429,
291,
2408,
667,
1234,
3190,
556,
10343,
528,
4822,
1393,
1889,
332,
289,
456,
3228,
86,
708,
7200,
291,
2026,
362,
528,
2370,
3717,
18,
4386,
456,
16,
334,
513,
855,
325,
1500,
430,
853,
1234,
3190,
556,
10343,
11029,
291,
853,
362,
528,
2459,
407,
734,
1550,
292,
1315,
18,
553,
316,
261,
926,
289,
3190,
556,
10343,
16,
360,
268,
2517,
292,
2395,
268,
1376,
743,
2383,
292,
5123,
1234,
1659,
2903,
288,
261,
1430,
669,
1604,
18,
553,
602,
525,
2006,
292,
261,
1234,
325,
2421,
2451,
267,
289,
10343,
5312,
292,
5526,
268,
943,
289,
1064,
2044,
406,
621,
2292,
361,
7772,
2292,
689,
425,
421,
22,
802,
4081,
3190,
556,
10343,
528,
712,
291,
1356,
316,
363,
3241,
289,
5519,
3717,
419,
3190,
281,
268,
543,
2044,
406,
621,
2292,
291,
422,
6523,
1014,
650,
679,
419,
444,
5667,
2136,
1298,
261,
1500,
1190,
361,
261,
2693,
292,
1014,
1165,
265,
289,
687,
2315,
1291,
2429,
18,
1163,
667,
1111,
528,
1234,
3190,
556,
10343,
9607,
341,
2429,
18,
203,
55,
10637,
3190,
556,
10343,
528,
11029,
288,
268,
731,
262,
2126,
1366,
421,
581,
713,
3190,
281,
288,
4444,
300,
926,
516,
3120,
1103,
288,
268,
789,
262,
2126,
1366,
13,
360,
268,
716,
289,
268,
4444,
300,
2060,
289,
268,
10073,
6111,
8436,
421,
42,
4763,
13,
288,
268,
7581,
18,
365,
418,
4763,
296,
2160,
4444,
332,
291,
8218,
292,
1627,
291,
3190,
268,
2136,
352,
767,
352,
3190,
268,
4233,
291,
2203,
716,
289,
2890,
16,
7772,
2292,
4545,
18,
365,
4444,
332,
10522,
268,
3228,
86,
5005,
3118,
289,
629,
4545,
16,
4060,
951,
466,
5682,
454,
1064,
2456,
1504,
292,
268,
5123,
1659,
288,
518,
2792,
850,
288,
268,
1781,
10866,
3282,
18,
365,
418,
4763,
454,
991,
6,
271,
3088,
542,
292,
7819,
4780,
288,
1781,
2429,
6,
6,
421,
2316,
802,
365,
3881,
316,
336,
4104,
664,
4882,
963,
419,
10212,
659,
352,
5993,
5167,
3205,
518,
516,
356,
3183,
444,
1357,
995,
365,
4369,
10866,
1604,
288,
2792,
18,
421,
2316,
13,
540,
516,
2370,
261,
733,
3836,
289,
10343,
289,
268,
9728,
289,
1234,
1626,
18,
203,
55,
10637,
3190,
556,
10343,
528,
4645,
2309,
268,
935,
292,
3190,
281,
5758,
1291,
268,
10615,
352,
767,
352,
268,
5315,
289,
1575,
384,
1632,
291,
2646,
806,
18,
3014,
11729,
16,
445,
437,
3120,
292,
9310,
629,
1234,
1659,
291,
1315,
356,
6496,
341,
768,
316,
7200,
1315,
18,
382,
5291,
316,
1356,
261,
5836,
2682,
518,
4238,
5551,
289,
689,
288,
268,
3825,
2053,
3773,
586,
1933,
4060,
6239,
356,
1797,
18,
382,
5291,
375,
327,
5440,
3592,
822,
352,
767,
352,
5259,
1018,
1542,
292,
5025,
268,
5667,
1182,
10294,
289,
770,
291,
934,
18,
540,
375,
327,
2494,
419,
1488,
3871,
16,
695,
2762,
289,
5667,
1182,
10294,
16,
1488,
1506,
289,
1637,
352,
767,
352,
6772,
291,
3344,
3559,
421,
26,
802,
4081,
6380,
1799,
556,
4444,
332,
356,
8011,
3717,
419,
3190,
281,
268,
2438,
2136,
289,
1014,
1165,
331,
4602,
381,
361,
2265,
3228,
86,
5005,
3394,
292,
8133,
1889,
332,
16,
3281,
16,
2435,
261,
1312,
1393,
518,
4157,
734,
3717,
18,
6527,
3298,
265,
10692,
10558,
5236,
316,
2776,
4743,
336,
18,
3029,
325,
16,
2657,
292,
698,
268,
689,
341,
268,
9212,
419,
8287,
5602,
360,
622,
291,
4356,
444,
3817,
1023,
11837,
608,
1547,
1333,
281,
292,
5151,
3717,
734,
10343,
18,
365,
3394,
2459,
356,
847,
559,
93,
291,
422,
6523,
566,
437,
2217,
268,
3065,
18,
1440,
516,
3394,
3826,
16,
579,
289,
268,
2232,
3677,
2547,
268,
5440,
3592,
689,
650,
4034,
444,
2498,
292,
327,
2459,
291,
268,
3061,
289,
5440,
3592,
1160,
647,
421,
27,
16,
28,
16,
29,
802,
203,
55,
10637,
3190,
556,
10343,
316,
363,
3241,
289,
5519,
3717,
419,
3190,
281,
268,
543,
2044,
406,
621,
2292,
291,
422,
6523,
1014,
650,
679,
419,
444,
5667,
2136,
1298,
261,
1500,
1190,
361,
261,
2693,
292,
1014,
1165,
265,
289,
687,
2315,
1291,
2429,
18,
203,
4326,
3190,
281,
516,
3120,
1103,
288,
268,
789,
262,
2126,
1366,
18,
365,
731,
262,
2126,
1366,
454,
853,
4444,
332,
664,
296,
2160,
419,
268,
418,
4763,
421,
42,
930,
6111,
8436,
13,
292,
3190,
268,
4233,
291,
2203,
716,
289,
268,
2890,
4545,
18,
2942,
365,
4369,
10866,
1604,
288,
2792,
18,
540,
516,
2370,
261,
733,
926,
289,
3190,
556,
10343,
419,
3190,
281,
1234,
1626,
18,
1155,
262,
324,
434,
763,
4975,
263,
425,
4081,
6380,
1799,
556,
6527,
3298,
265,
425,
4378,
289,
261,
1904,
815,
291,
615,
881,
269,
625,
995,
261,
5993,
7362,
288,
351,
344,
294,
1554,
5391,
16,
5512,
26,
18,
991,
6,
37,
660,
268,
1962,
664,
608,
8423,
1023,
18,
906,
261,
1391,
17,
4103,
17,
1063,
4056,
16,
337,
1039,
679,
2856,
291,
1152,
16,
5993,
7459,
87,
291,
4670,
7459,
87,
16,
291,
337,
1373,
2091,
698,
723,
865,
18,
1507,
9356,
261,
2541,
295,
8117,
1631,
288,
1671,
427,
268,
4651,
18,
924,
850,
520,
265,
335,
745,
308,
6021,
18,
1256,
362,
3864,
576,
3334,
337,
10367,
2091,
901,
360,
520,
265,
335,
745,
308,
6021,
18,
1691,
40,
294,
2230,
2959,
665,
18,
421,
1381,
8816,
430,
1328,
288,
268,
4444,
16,
10430,
281,
268,
413,
599,
391,
329,
80,
1962,
352,
363,
4769,
13,
6,
6,
425,
421,
26,
13,
203,
42,
4763,
10357,
2370,
1472,
4426,
331,
268,
5919,
4341,
734,
268,
2816,
4385,
288,
7776,
5033,
291,
3262,
1600,
967,
995,
268,
669,
18,
760,
4990,
16,
629,
10357,
525,
9105,
667,
1990,
268,
1654,
743,
5192,
2583,
664,
292,
268,
5421,
289,
1014,
5230,
1656,
443,
419,
268,
3663,
291,
5993,
5167,
80,
10212,
18,
425,
421,
26,
13,
365,
5158,
1814,
289,
268,
4369,
10866,
291,
268,
5993,
5167,
80,
8103,
8607,
488,
268,
1777,
7519,
16,
951,
797,
1467,
16,
291,
7500,
523,
288,
268,
10687,
87,
18,
365,
4369,
10866,
3120,
360,
261,
3103,
2268,
1190,
1305,
288,
789,
7064,
291,
1887,
286,
512,
687,
261,
6652,
18,
418,
591,
94,
870,
722,
1218,
288,
268,
5657,
1877,
16,
2467,
419,
7431,
650,
10602,
286,
2232,
292,
3992,
5657,
16,
5346,
317,
268,
1877,
292,
543,
267,
1431,
2090,
695,
1506,
18,
1097,
11883,
3035,
292,
2341,
288,
2003,
16,
11173,
447,
963,
7431,
18,
365,
4305,
6114,
17,
4710,
336,
4138,
452,
374,
2292,
268,
1777,
636,
935,
289,
695,
10612,
8764,
291,
4850,
3044,
889,
18,
450,
261,
7736,
801,
742,
1329,
1690,
16,
268,
5993,
5167,
80,
7645,
3035,
430,
4745,
268,
1162,
669,
352,
268,
4369,
10866,
18,
1206,
1069,
1475,
3266,
3092,
3835,
8103,
291,
695,
10497,
292,
268,
6255,
1549,
1437,
18,
540,
3328,
4870,
6195,
291,
480,
9776,
1469,
4365,
352,
767,
352,
6891,
696,
11444,
16,
291,
8379,
1511,
289,
10111,
291,
1525,
6017,
18,
458,
1863,
664,
2226,
6005,
427,
1656,
3382,
286,
9482,
1504,
292,
11244,
628,
291,
586,
285,
764,
289,
1283,
664,
658,
17,
74,
930,
286,
18,
365,
8103,
288,
7944,
4268,
360,
284,
1242,
339,
10497,
7535,
691,
268,
1976,
1902,
518,
2370,
11282,
436,
5993,
11656,
425,
421,
26,
802,
203,
49,
93,
7361,
19,
2614,
87,
3547,
540,
2925,
2746,
479,
268,
1239,
703,
5667,
943,
289,
261,
1904,
815,
288,
2792,
995,
268,
4369,
10866,
1604,
291,
268,
5993,
5167,
3205,
518,
6090,
430,
1834,
1982,
268,
1162,
669,
18,
540,
454,
261,
3228,
86,
801,
669,
331,
268,
1781,
291,
502,
516,
3647,
268,
1781,
5369,
288,
444,
8542,
352,
3881,
454,
1904,
427,
268,
5369,
18,
3367,
1311,
316,
363,
1662,
7379,
17,
2656,
1649,
518,
447,
2817,
9603,
291,
6246,
9445,
479,
268,
695,
4175,
289,
5758,
288,
456,
3228,
267,
275,
499,
669,
18,
760,
261,
1889,
265,
16,
334,
1350,
456,
528,
9607,
479,
288,
261,
898,
288,
518,
334,
1350,
512,
785,
381,
703,
331,
268,
1311,
334,
2180,
288,
291,
268,
1533,
518,
334,
2180,
288,
18,
4493,
281,
456,
2925,
16,
268,
1393,
2807,
2429,
788,
437,
712,
4305,
430,
268,
669,
360,
268,
3900,
289,
1333,
292,
1317,
16,
1317,
292,
268,
648,
331,
1317,
18,
365,
2925,
2746,
667,
8829,
689,
664,
288,
1014,
1708,
16,
10696,
462,
794,
268,
1533,
1018,
3276,
566,
362,
1018,
3293,
261,
8644,
291,
7151,
601,
943,
18,
540,
316,
1768,
689,
995,
268,
669,
1604,
528,
772,
2896,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3394,
995,
456,
1604,
3380,
413,
283,
763,
73,
69,
458,
807,
743,
4444,
991,
6,
49,
2492,
438,
383,
1099,
6,
6,
518,
454,
2459,
288,
5512,
26,
16,
518,
454,
268,
4067,
289,
268,
4369,
10866,
18,
365,
1889,
265,
375,
901,
268,
8644,
291,
543,
76,
1838,
703,
1500,
341,
268,
3974,
743,
4643,
16,
1355,
268,
1889,
265,
5144,
768,
1353,
316,
451,
2543,
608,
18,
1358,
1353,
5790,
608,
954,
1588,
35,
5156,
1353,
5144,
667,
1353,
743,
2118,
292,
1075,
934,
341,
954,
3438,
331,
336,
1196,
35,
3716,
954,
2896,
327,
366,
8429,
331,
1039,
597,
512,
1196,
35,
203,
55,
10637,
3190,
556,
10343,
4336,
2309,
268,
715,
16,
3190,
281,
1234,
2616,
16,
1659,
291,
1626,
18,
948,
3380,
10615,
291,
3867,
4347,
16,
10472,
281,
291,
5758,
18,
2011,
316,
261,
4572,
2925,
419,
3379,
2970,
404,
69,
650,
454,
261,
1718,
4444,
265,
650,
5382,
669,
288,
5365,
11555,
3190,
281,
288,
4444,
300,
926,
268,
3881,
291,
4755,
289,
268,
11555,
291,
1533,
1291,
18,
3379,
2970,
404,
69,
421,
1689,
3801,
796,
6431,
13,
421,
21,
13,
850,
10343,
7660,
10395,
427,
3448,
286,
300,
3394,
8423,
268,
538,
39,
320,
5179,
588,
343,
323,
2022,
291,
391,
875,
402,
1838,
16,
4057,
325,
5774,
16,
3805,
23,
537,
516,
268,
898,
292,
2639,
430,
5365,
11555,
18,
948,
741,
371,
280,
3394,
995,
268,
1718,
356,
3228,
86,
708,
292,
1889,
291,
3281,
4944,
1234,
3717,
717,
4244,
360,
268,
2612,
291,
7776,
5033,
18,
3379,
2970,
404,
69,
425,
365,
391,
3162,
289,
777,
1347,
289,
268,
9052,
77,
372,
87,
10114,
8366,
332,
288,
6468,
331,
2837,
439,
16,
465,
9060,
76,
571,
270,
16,
4845,
16,
3805,
25,
18,
203,
49,
93,
7361,
289,
456,
2925,
2746,
268,
2915,
3228,
86,
708,
1393,
289,
268,
9052,
77,
372,
87,
2547,
10172,
289,
268,
1718,
518,
3380,
268,
5086,
1686,
291,
268,
8030,
18,
3126,
502,
372,
267,
407,
3592,
352,
10172,
502,
356,
1023,
319,
594,
286,
361,
7538,
18,
2620,
4719,
427,
2975,
11803,
361,
2604,
331,
502,
850,
1936,
934,
291,
2033,
292,
688,
6453,
361,
919,
661,
1066,
18,
365,
898,
288,
518,
502,
356,
308,
1451,
644,
288,
6940,
87,
1892,
622,
3003,
730,
793,
2567,
645,
352,
717,
971,
289,
444,
5617,
361,
268,
1975,
336,
502,
372,
267,
427,
261,
865,
1777,
421,
852,
533,
802,
760,
767,
352,
456,
16,
768,
502,
2979,
288,
16,
502,
356,
4358,
291,
2118,
1573,
11727,
2546,
16,
3281,
697,
2331,
292,
327,
6483,
1341,
18,
4553,
16,
268,
6940,
2370,
16,
919,
1417,
502,
372,
267,
516,
865,
689,
16,
268,
6524,
356,
1927,
341,
268,
1162,
966,
971,
289,
768,
502,
2979,
288,
3281,
4257,
352,
793,
2567,
645,
18,
4343,
16,
268,
9052,
277,
372,
686,
1500,
1190,
341,
622,
352,
717,
502,
437,
2217,
2796
] |
October 14, 2021
What Is in the Flu Shot?
Flu season is here, and many people are wondering what is actually in the flu shot and if the flu shot is safe.
Magdalena Chavez, PA-C, a physician assistant with Healthcare Associates of Texas explains, “some of my patients may be hesitant to get the flu vaccine because they aren’t sure if it is safe. First of all, I would reassure them that the flu vaccine is safe, in fact safe enough that I make sure my own family gets it every year. If they have any specific concerns, we can talk about those in detail. I hope that my patients, especially those I’ve worked with for a long time, know that I have their best interests in mind, and I would never recommend anything that I thought could hurt them.”
Read on to learn about what ingredients are in the flu shot, the effects they have on humans, and why it matters.
What Ingredients Are in the Flu Shot?
The flu shot is effective and safe, but what’s in the flu vaccine? The flu shot contains many ingredients that don’t directly create an immune response. Instead, they help support, augment, and stabilize the vaccination process. Here is a breakdown of what is in the flu vaccine.
Dead Flu Viruses
When you elect to get a flu shot, you can usually choose between several different options. All forms of the injectable flu shot have inactivated flu viruses. Scientists call these viruses hemagglutinin glycoproteins. Hemagglutinins teach your body how to build antibodies to a particular virus, which is the goal of any flu vaccine. The viruses are inactivated (dead). This means they cannot cause influenza illness, and you cannot get the flu from the flu shot. Research shows that hemagglutinin-based vaccines are safe and well-tolerated.
Egg Protein (Ovalbumin)
One way to make flu vaccines is by growing flu viruses inside fertilized chicken eggs. Flu viruses that grow in chicken eggs have small amounts of egg protein (ovalbumin). The amount is usually less than one microgram per dose. Egg protein generally does not affect a person when injected. Yet, some people wonder whether people with severe egg allergies should receive an egg-based flu vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that people with severe egg allergies receive egg-based vaccines while being supervised by a medical professional. People with egg allergies who are not comfortable with an egg-based shot can also receive an egg-free version.
Aluminum salts are sometimes added to vaccines to boost a vaccinated individual’s immune response. It may sound strange to learn that aluminum is in a shot. But, aluminum is also in the food we eat, the water we drink, infant formulas, and health products such as antacids. Experts report that we eat 7 to 9 milligrams of aluminum every day. Vaccine makers have used aluminum salts (like aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate) for more than 60 years. Aluminum is not in the Alfuria vaccine, which is the brand name for the one of the top flu shots for 2021-2022. If a manufacturer does use an aluminum salt in their flu shot, it is less than a single milligram.
A preservative known as thimerosal is sometimes used in flu vaccines to prevent contamination. Thimerosal has been used in this capacity for 90 years, according to the CDC. Thimerosal is an ethylmercury derivative, and it does contribute a small amount of mercury when injected. But, this form of mercury does not linger in the body or cause illness. In fact, ethylmercury is different from the other kind of mercury you may hear about that is in fish. This type of mercury does linger in the body or cause illness. In the Afluria quadrivalent vaccine, there is up to 24.5 mcg of ethylmercury present. But, experts note that this is quickly metabolized by the body.
Formaldehyde is a compound that inactivates the viruses in flu vaccines. It is found naturally in the environment and is also produced by your own cells. It is also found in industrial products, like pressed wood and glue, and is used as a preservative. In large amounts, formaldehyde has been linked to a risk of developing cancer. However, the FDA notes that the amount of formaldehyde in a vaccine (between 0.005 to 0.1 milligrams) is generally 50 to 70 times less than the amount of formaldehyde that is naturally produced by a newborn baby. No evidence has connected the small amounts of formaldehyde in vaccines to sinister outcomes like cancer.
“Formaldehyde sound like a scary word, but like many preservatives, we need to keep in mind that we’re ingesting some amount of these chemicals, including formaldehyde every day in our food and water. In fact, we make much larger amounts of aldehyde within the body any time we drink a cocktail or beer or wine. Just like with alcohol, some of these compounds may be harmful if taken in large amounts but the amount of formaldehyde in the flu shot is miniscule compared to the amount in some foods we eat regularly,” Chavez adds.
When you read the ingredient list of a flu vaccine, you may see the name of many different chemicals. These chemicals, such as sodium chloride, help to stabilize a vaccine so that it does not become altered during the storage process. If you are wondering if an ingredient such as sodium chloride is safe for injection, you may be familiar with its other name, which is table salt. The amounts of sodium chloride and other stabilizers (like monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, sucrose, and calcium chloride) that are in a flu shot are very small. These small amounts are safe for humans. The Afluria shot has 4.1 milligrams of sodium chloride, compared to the daily salt intake recommendation of 2300 milligrams. The Afluria shot also contains less than 10 micrograms of sucrose (sugar), which is less than a single grain of sugar.
The flu shot has a small amount of antibiotic medications. These prevent bacterial growth and contamination. In the Afluria shot, an antibiotic known as Neomycin sulfate is present at about 82 nanograms. This is much smaller than the milligram- and gram-sized doses of Neomycin used in other medical settings. A second antibiotic, known as Polymyxin B, is present in the Afluria flu shot at about 14 nanograms. This antibiotic medication is safely used in a much larger milligram form, too. This means a nanogram dose is especially small and insignificant.
“The bottom line is that the flu virus itself is far more dangerous that any part of the flu vaccine. You may experience some injection site reaction or some fatigue or aches after the shot, but it is so minimal compared to what the infection causes in the body,” Chavez emphasizes.
Is the Flu Shot FDA-Approved?
If you are wondering if the flu shot is FDA approved, the answer is yes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) meets every year to choose which strains or variants of the influenza virus to include in the flu shot. They base their decision on data about which strains appear to be circulating widely in that year and thus causing the most infections.
For the 2021-2022 flu season, the FDA chose four viruses that will go in each type of flu shot (egg-based and non-egg). The shots are approved by the FDA. Each shot has a specific safety profile and effectiveness level.
Let’s use the example of the Afluria quadrivalent (four-virus) shot, which was purchased in the biggest quantity this season. Afluria is 60% effective in protecting against lab-confirmed infection with influenza in people ages 18 to 64. The FDA reviewed trial data to approve the shot. The data shows that people who received the shot most commonly felt muscle aches (experienced by 25% of people ages 18 to 64, and 12% of people older than age 65). There were no deaths that occurred within 180 days of people receiving the vaccine that were caused by the vaccine.
“I always recommend the flu shot for anyone who is able to get it, which is basically anyone over 6 months of age that hasn’t had a history of severe allergic reaction to the shot. It’s safe and effective. And while there is the possibility of breakthrough infection as with any vaccine, patients who are vaccinated tend to have a much shorter and milder course of illness and less risk of severe complication such as pneumonia or respiratory distress,” Chavez explains.
Is the Flu Shot Safe?
After learning about what does the flu shot contain, you may still have a lingering question about is the flu shot safe.
Chavez says, “The flu shot is absolutely safe! It has been FDA approved for decades now and has been very successful in reducing the numbers of sick patients and even death from the influenza virus.”
The CDC monitors the safety of all flu vaccines and notes that flu vaccines have established a good safety record over the past 50 years.
Yet, just because they have a high safety profile does not mean rare complications cannot occur from flu shots. Rarely, conditions such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, do occur. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a neurologic disorder that can lead to fatal paralysis of the muscles that help a person breathe. It has been reported in 1 to 2 people per million doses of flu vaccine administered. While it is a small and unwanted risk of the flu shot, the CDC notes that most people with Guillain-Barre syndrome fully recover after a few weeks.
The information featured in this site is general in nature. The site provides health information designed to complement your personal health management. It does not provide medical advice or health services and is not meant to replace professional advice or imply coverage of specific clinical services or products. The inclusion of links to other web sites does not imply any endorsement of the material on such websites.
Ready to become your healthiest self?
Get tips delivered to your e-mail inbox every month. Let’s get happier and healthier together! | <urn:uuid:d7656e54-8169-4f4d-8ccc-272f90efbf55> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://healthcareassociates.com/what-is-in-the-flu-shot/ | 2024-02-21T10:36:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.962081 | 2,179 | 3.1875 | 3 | [
51,
71,
4744,
2967,
16,
4523,
203,
4688,
1358,
288,
268,
10378,
1395,
376,
35,
203,
42,
519,
3243,
316,
1671,
16,
291,
772,
689,
356,
3630,
1489,
768,
316,
2545,
288,
268,
2327,
7538,
291,
717,
268,
2327,
7538,
316,
1995,
18,
203,
49,
484,
72,
280,
6930,
654,
1284,
94,
16,
382,
37,
17,
39,
16,
261,
8346,
10650,
360,
11657,
4131,
692,
289,
6195,
5528,
16,
538,
11926,
289,
1290,
1945,
602,
327,
11217,
297,
438,
292,
886,
268,
2327,
4709,
971,
502,
4817,
372,
88,
1850,
717,
362,
316,
1995,
18,
3029,
289,
516,
16,
334,
830,
304,
594,
469,
622,
336,
268,
2327,
4709,
316,
1995,
16,
288,
1975,
1995,
1982,
336,
334,
804,
1850,
1290,
1044,
1588,
4354,
362,
953,
715,
18,
829,
502,
437,
723,
1430,
3529,
16,
445,
375,
3357,
608,
1014,
288,
5470,
18,
334,
3571,
336,
1290,
1945,
16,
1803,
1014,
334,
372,
317,
4513,
360,
331,
261,
917,
669,
16,
698,
336,
334,
437,
444,
1274,
5015,
288,
1710,
16,
291,
334,
830,
2270,
1921,
3784,
336,
334,
2693,
911,
9839,
622,
1053,
203,
8594,
354,
341,
292,
1213,
608,
768,
5266,
356,
288,
268,
2327,
7538,
16,
268,
1814,
502,
437,
341,
2943,
16,
291,
1768,
362,
6753,
18,
203,
4688,
450,
75,
1007,
1203,
2987,
288,
268,
10378,
1395,
376,
35,
203,
1461,
2327,
7538,
316,
1783,
291,
1995,
16,
566,
768,
372,
87,
288,
268,
2327,
4709,
35,
365,
2327,
7538,
3387,
772,
5266,
336,
1373,
372,
88,
2978,
1408,
363,
3182,
2629,
18,
4507,
16,
502,
617,
1105,
16,
938,
4509,
16,
291,
8884,
918,
268,
9275,
833,
18,
2011,
316,
261,
10669,
289,
768,
316,
288,
268,
2327,
4709,
18,
203,
40,
73,
354,
10378,
4208,
6559,
203,
7508,
337,
9511,
292,
886,
261,
2327,
7538,
16,
337,
375,
1840,
2869,
858,
1520,
865,
2772,
18,
1771,
2779,
289,
268,
2059,
312,
1576,
2327,
7538,
437,
288,
313,
729,
488,
2327,
6688,
18,
8680,
1117,
629,
6688,
7663,
484,
4794,
371,
263,
263,
9147,
4482,
4398,
1054,
18,
11562,
484,
4794,
371,
263,
1054,
1292,
424,
1073,
667,
292,
2115,
10065,
292,
261,
1510,
2897,
16,
518,
316,
268,
3114,
289,
723,
2327,
4709,
18,
365,
6688,
356,
288,
313,
729,
488,
421,
864,
354,
802,
540,
1486,
502,
2362,
1342,
1852,
10843,
3545,
16,
291,
337,
2362,
886,
268,
2327,
427,
268,
2327,
7538,
18,
2374,
2746,
336,
7663,
484,
4794,
371,
263,
263,
17,
2127,
6881,
356,
1995,
291,
767,
17,
278,
2546,
488,
18,
203,
41,
9123,
960,
6388,
421,
51,
3477,
70,
4759,
13,
203,
11375,
898,
292,
804,
2327,
6881,
316,
419,
2574,
2327,
6688,
3004,
3734,
963,
7870,
4334,
18,
10378,
6688,
336,
932,
288,
7870,
4334,
437,
1139,
4175,
289,
6546,
3106,
421,
878,
280,
70,
4759,
802,
365,
1944,
316,
1840,
1165,
687,
597,
2778,
1055,
574,
7543,
18,
4166,
75,
3106,
2918,
1082,
462,
2242,
261,
959,
649,
288,
8703,
18,
5942,
16,
579,
689,
5144,
2026,
689,
360,
3103,
6546,
7470,
788,
3273,
363,
6546,
17,
2127,
2327,
4709,
18,
365,
522,
18,
55,
18,
11526,
331,
6328,
5372,
291,
7602,
421,
39,
5944,
13,
10734,
336,
689,
360,
3103,
6546,
7470,
3273,
6546,
17,
2127,
6881,
1020,
1018,
8747,
1754,
419,
261,
1804,
2497,
18,
3395,
360,
6546,
7470,
650,
356,
462,
5177,
360,
363,
6546,
17,
2127,
7538,
375,
525,
3273,
363,
6546,
17,
4677,
4408,
18,
203,
8804,
4759,
408,
2016,
340,
356,
2903,
3211,
292,
6881,
292,
4663,
261,
2687,
4231,
1769,
372,
87,
3182,
2629,
18,
553,
602,
2162,
11102,
292,
1213,
336,
9242,
316,
288,
261,
7538,
18,
1163,
16,
9242,
316,
525,
288,
268,
934,
445,
2564,
16,
268,
770,
445,
4946,
16,
10730,
926,
346,
301,
16,
291,
661,
1786,
659,
352,
363,
6886,
1406,
18,
5003,
340,
1627,
336,
445,
2564,
1499,
292,
1717,
3637,
2492,
2817,
289,
9242,
953,
1196,
18,
720,
1942,
475,
527,
8008,
437,
724,
9242,
2016,
340,
421,
2656,
9242,
6624,
5855,
291,
9242,
7700,
381,
13,
331,
512,
687,
4306,
935,
18,
996,
4759,
408,
316,
462,
288,
268,
996,
74,
324,
563,
4709,
16,
518,
316,
268,
5753,
1932,
331,
268,
597,
289,
268,
1479,
2327,
422,
1618,
331,
4523,
17,
1388,
5062,
18,
829,
261,
8359,
1082,
666,
363,
9242,
5353,
288,
444,
2327,
7538,
16,
362,
316,
1165,
687,
261,
2324,
3637,
2492,
348,
18,
203,
37,
5349,
774,
1261,
352,
264,
344,
265,
335,
280,
316,
2903,
724,
288,
2327,
6881,
292,
1463,
8777,
18,
321,
344,
265,
335,
280,
528,
712,
724,
288,
456,
3493,
331,
5354,
935,
16,
2310,
292,
268,
10298,
18,
321,
344,
265,
335,
280,
316,
363,
2784,
2713,
815,
71,
1366,
4164,
406,
774,
16,
291,
362,
1082,
2885,
261,
1139,
1944,
289,
8461,
1366,
649,
288,
8703,
18,
1163,
16,
456,
926,
289,
8461,
1366,
1082,
462,
308,
4898,
288,
268,
1073,
361,
1342,
3545,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
2784,
2713,
815,
71,
1366,
316,
865,
427,
268,
586,
2066,
289,
8461,
1366,
337,
602,
4055,
608,
336,
316,
288,
2034,
18,
540,
1517,
289,
8461,
1366,
1082,
308,
4898,
288,
268,
1073,
361,
1342,
3545,
18,
450,
268,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
626,
354,
86,
2681,
302,
4709,
16,
686,
316,
644,
292,
3730,
18,
25,
293,
71,
75,
289,
2784,
2713,
815,
71,
1366,
1487,
18,
1163,
16,
3962,
3251,
336,
456,
316,
2640,
6510,
963,
419,
268,
1073,
18,
203,
42,
2229,
864,
2626,
864,
316,
261,
7389,
336,
288,
313,
729,
692,
268,
6688,
288,
2327,
6881,
18,
553,
316,
986,
5001,
288,
268,
1072,
291,
316,
525,
3141,
419,
424,
1044,
1828,
18,
553,
316,
525,
986,
288,
3854,
1786,
16,
730,
1579,
286,
2782,
291,
319,
2633,
16,
291,
316,
724,
352,
261,
5349,
774,
18,
450,
1452,
4175,
16,
5979,
864,
2626,
864,
528,
712,
4331,
292,
261,
1238,
289,
2528,
1928,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
9822,
4686,
336,
268,
1944,
289,
5979,
864,
2626,
864,
288,
261,
4709,
421,
70,
364,
7402,
2699,
18,
587,
25,
292,
2699,
18,
21,
3637,
2492,
2817,
13,
316,
2918,
3039,
292,
5434,
1708,
1165,
687,
268,
1944,
289,
5979,
864,
2626,
864,
336,
316,
5001,
3141,
419,
261,
733,
6734,
3518,
18,
2491,
2495,
528,
3947,
268,
1139,
4175,
289,
5979,
864,
2626,
864,
288,
6881,
292,
5788,
2518,
4041,
730,
1928,
18,
203,
6069,
42,
2229,
864,
2626,
864,
2162,
730,
261,
646,
556,
2594,
16,
566,
730,
772,
5349,
2513,
16,
445,
648,
292,
1288,
288,
1710,
336,
445,
372,
267,
3267,
443,
281,
579,
1944,
289,
629,
4278,
16,
1118,
5979,
864,
2626,
864,
953,
1196,
288,
662,
934,
291,
770,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
445,
804,
1111,
3080,
4175,
289,
366,
864,
2626,
864,
1291,
268,
1073,
723,
669,
445,
4946,
261,
11434,
5991,
361,
11439,
361,
7391,
18,
4500,
730,
360,
3449,
16,
579,
289,
629,
5927,
602,
327,
4121,
717,
2459,
288,
1452,
4175,
566,
268,
1944,
289,
5979,
864,
2626,
864,
288,
268,
2327,
7538,
316,
1029,
3219,
1984,
2973,
292,
268,
1944,
288,
579,
2334,
445,
2564,
3963,
1272,
654,
1284,
94,
6459,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
1078,
268,
9717,
2455,
289,
261,
2327,
4709,
16,
337,
602,
901,
268,
1932,
289,
772,
865,
4278,
18,
948,
4278,
16,
659,
352,
8572,
7497,
496,
16,
617,
292,
8884,
918,
261,
4709,
576,
336,
362,
1082,
462,
1343,
11137,
995,
268,
3578,
833,
18,
829,
337,
356,
3630,
1489,
717,
363,
9717,
659,
352,
8572,
7497,
496,
316,
1995,
331,
9684,
16,
337,
602,
327,
4973,
360,
606,
586,
1932,
16,
518,
316,
3438,
5353,
18,
365,
4175,
289,
8572,
7497,
496,
291,
586,
8884,
7740,
421,
2656,
1025,
875,
301,
300,
8572,
7700,
381,
16,
295,
449,
301,
300,
8572,
7700,
381,
16,
1025,
875,
301,
300,
9061,
7700,
381,
16,
9061,
7497,
496,
16,
1435,
299,
401,
16,
291,
5833,
7497,
496,
13,
336,
356,
288,
261,
2327,
7538,
356,
1040,
1139,
18,
948,
1139,
4175,
356,
1995,
331,
2943,
18,
365,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
7538,
528,
988,
18,
21,
3637,
2492,
2817,
289,
8572,
7497,
496,
16,
2973,
292,
268,
2438,
5353,
4905,
1921,
318,
289,
5450,
587,
3637,
2492,
2817,
18,
365,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
7538,
525,
3387,
1165,
687,
1474,
2778,
1055,
87,
289,
1435,
299,
401,
421,
87,
1010,
294,
989,
518,
316,
1165,
687,
261,
2324,
8144,
289,
2980,
18,
203,
1461,
2327,
7538,
528,
261,
1139,
1944,
289,
11243,
4167,
18,
948,
1463,
7674,
1668,
291,
8777,
18,
450,
268,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
7538,
16,
363,
11243,
1261,
352,
2138,
311,
93,
9150,
9481,
381,
316,
1487,
430,
608,
1570,
22,
6755,
446,
86,
2817,
18,
540,
316,
1111,
3513,
687,
268,
3637,
2492,
348,
17,
291,
785,
348,
17,
10644,
9755,
289,
2138,
311,
93,
9150,
724,
288,
586,
1804,
4894,
18,
330,
1901,
11243,
16,
1261,
352,
2668,
2835,
93,
92,
263,
391,
16,
316,
1487,
288,
268,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
2327,
7538,
430,
608,
2967,
6755,
446,
86,
2817,
18,
540,
11243,
4525,
316,
6614,
724,
288,
261,
1111,
3080,
3637,
2492,
348,
926,
16,
1232,
18,
540,
1486,
261,
6755,
446,
8444,
7543,
316,
1803,
1139,
291,
685,
533,
708,
438,
18,
203,
6069,
1461,
4689,
2137,
316,
336,
268,
2327,
2897,
2635,
316,
1904,
512,
4233,
336,
723,
923,
289,
268,
2327,
4709,
18,
990,
602,
1432,
579,
9684,
2663,
4866,
361,
579,
6670,
361,
1700,
274,
1003,
268,
7538,
16,
566,
362,
316,
576,
7324,
2973,
292,
768,
268,
2937,
2384,
288,
268,
1073,
1272,
654,
1284,
94,
10393,
18,
203,
7896,
268,
10378,
1395,
376,
9822,
17,
37,
398,
299,
1027,
35,
203,
6164,
337,
356,
3630,
1489,
717,
268,
2327,
7538,
316,
9822,
7409,
16,
268,
3257,
316,
10412,
18,
365,
522,
18,
55,
18,
4010,
291,
10700,
8436,
421,
42,
4530,
13,
9295,
953,
715,
292,
2869,
518,
10689,
361,
832,
9314,
289,
268,
1852,
10843,
2897,
292,
1226,
288,
268,
2327,
7538,
18,
900,
3486,
444,
2802,
341,
863,
608,
518,
10689,
1951,
292,
327,
1918,
3939,
4004,
288,
336,
715,
291,
3416,
3736,
268,
710,
3786,
18,
203,
8679,
268,
4523,
17,
1388,
5062,
2327,
3243,
16,
268,
9822,
10481,
1958,
6688,
336,
513,
679,
288,
1011,
1517,
289,
2327,
7538,
421,
73,
9123,
17,
2127,
291,
1677,
17,
73,
9123,
802,
365,
422,
1618,
356,
7409,
419,
268,
9822,
18,
3431,
7538,
528,
261,
1430,
2030,
8339,
291,
5377,
966,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
666,
268,
1214,
289,
268,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
626,
354,
86,
2681,
302,
421,
74,
455,
17,
90,
5173,
13,
7538,
16,
518,
454,
9894,
288,
268,
6113,
7900,
456,
3243,
18,
1986,
80,
324,
563,
316,
4306,
9,
1783,
288,
5953,
1573,
2550,
17,
11383,
2841,
286,
2937,
360,
1852,
10843,
288,
689,
5685,
1398,
292,
1278,
24,
18,
365,
9822,
11537,
3997,
863,
292,
1228,
317,
268,
7538,
18,
365,
863,
2746,
336,
689,
650,
3893,
268,
7538,
710,
3224,
5714,
3504,
1700,
274,
421,
1389,
468,
77,
2585,
419,
3457,
9,
289,
689,
5685,
1398,
292,
1278,
24,
16,
291,
2211,
9,
289,
689,
3684,
687,
1722,
8581,
802,
994,
664,
688,
6068,
336,
6226,
1291,
10098,
1962,
289,
689,
6722,
268,
4709,
336,
664,
2494,
419,
268,
4709,
18,
203,
6069,
45,
1775,
1921,
268,
2327,
7538,
331,
4421,
650,
316,
1542,
292,
886,
362,
16,
518,
316,
9647,
4421,
658,
1278,
2489,
289,
1722,
336,
528,
82,
372,
88,
850,
261,
1550,
289,
3103,
8699,
4866,
292,
268,
7538,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1995,
291,
1783,
18,
1256,
1020,
686,
316,
268,
6145,
289,
11943,
2937,
352,
360,
723,
4709,
16,
1945,
650,
356,
2687,
4231,
3020,
292,
437,
261,
1111,
8272,
291,
5497,
265,
1911,
289,
3545,
291,
1165,
1238,
289,
3103,
2411,
1457,
659,
352,
10503,
7235,
361,
5768,
9782,
1272,
654,
1284,
94,
5528,
18,
203,
7896,
268,
10378,
1395,
376,
10830,
35,
203,
37,
837,
1217,
608,
768,
1082,
268,
2327,
7538,
1462,
16,
337,
602,
1356,
437,
261,
8070,
1489,
2302,
608,
316,
268,
2327,
7538,
1995,
18,
203,
5139,
1284,
94,
1977,
16,
538,
1461,
2327,
7538,
316,
10220,
1995,
5,
553,
528
] |
Encouraging the development of soft skills through play
Practitioner Research： Vol 6, No 2 - October 2019
In early childhood education, soft skills are known as learning dispositions (Claxton, Costa & Kallick, 2016; Laureta, 2018). In New Zealand, dispositions are embedded in the early childhood curriculum - Te Whāriki: He Whāriki Mātauranga mō ngā Mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early Childhood Curriculum(Te Whāriki), (Ministry of Education [MoE], 2017). The learning dispositions identified in the first curriculum in 1996 were courage and curiosity, trust and playfulness, perseverance, confidence and responsibility (MoE, 1996). A few more learning dispositions have been added recently in the revised 2017 Te Whāriki - reciprocity, creativity, imagination and resilience (MoE, 2017). In this article I use the terms soft skills or dispositions interchangeably to discuss how teachers can support the development of soft skills in children through play with reference to self control and creativity.
Supporting soft skills or learning dispositions through play
Soft skills or learning dispositions are best learned when children play. In the early childhood education (ECE) setting, while children are at play, they also learn to share and be responsible for the toys and resources they use. When children wait for their turn to use the bike, when they sit and listen and are quiet at story time, they are learning self control in real situations that occur every day. The learning of skills, knowledge, attitude and behaviour in this context is meaningful because it is relevant to them and is a part of their daily experiences. A good example of dispositional learning relevant to childrens dailiy experiences is in book 14 of Kei Tua o te Pae, in the learning story The Logging Industry: Connor Shares his Knowledge (MoE, 2007). Connor attends a kindergarten and his play experiences are documented using a series of photos. The pictorial learning story links Connor’s keen interest in the different machinery that his father uses for work, to his play interests in the kindergarten. For example, in his artwork Connor draws logs loaded onto a logging truck. In other pictures in the learning story Connor is seen working with other children on a Stop sign which he laters hammers into a plank of wood. In the book, you see teachers provide the environment and support Connor to be creative with art,through making a crane out of rope to lift objects, changing the eye bolts of the swing,and coordinating with others to create signs and a climbing net. Children grow in confidence when they feel supported and they are encouraged in their creativity in play.
A desirable soft skill that we want children to develop in the early childhood setting is creativity. In practice this means having open ended materials and resources that children can play with and where they can create their original works of art. Materials can be playdough, sand, blocks, paper and paint, or any of the hundreds of natural or synthetic loose parts. The teacher’s intentional role is to prepare and guide their learning experiences and document their learning afterwards. Epstein (2001) acknowledges that children do create meaning in their lives when they produce their own work, however, she also says that with art, they can also discover meaning when it is created by others and in nature. She had this to say about early childhood art:
…thinking in art is the traditional approach…: planning and doing art activities. Thinking about art…is art appreciation: reflecting on artists, artwork, and their meaning in our lives. While we engage children in creating art, we should also connect them to the world of art beyond their own actions (p. 38).
This implies that teachers should not fear the study of art but instead intentionally introduce it to children since it expands their world when teachers talk about composition, colour or technique. There is value in providing blank sheets for children to draw or paint or make a collage to create artwork for self-expression. There is also value in showing them great works of art to look at, admire and learn different painting techniques.
I was recently reminded of this when I watched a video of the marshmallow test. Over the years I have watched a number of videos on the marshmallow test and I am always amused at children and their myriad of strategies to pass the waiting time which must seem like an eternity, as they have a strong desire for instant gratification to eat the yummy treat in front of them. I have seen versions where children turn their back to the treat, sing songs, close their eyes or make funny faces at it, or pretend to eat it and then take it out of their mouths. The ability to delay gratification is the test here, and if they wait successfully, children will get more of the marshmallow or sweet treat than just the one piece. Success at this test was claimed to have better outcomes later in life. Though I do agree that waiting is an important skill to learn, it is best learned while young, and in natural situations, for example, when children are at play. Waiting for a turn to ride the bike or to roll the dice in a board game or to use a popular toy, refines self-control and when children gain self-control, then they are making progress in self-regulation. Self-regulation is facet of emotional intelligence and in turn is a soft skill.
The marshmallow test has now been debunked since a recent study replicated and then scaled it, with results vastly different from the original study conducted in the 1960s to the 70s. The new study tested more than 900 children, (the original 90), and, the children were diverse in terms of race, ethnicity and parental education, in comparison to the white, middle class children enrolled in the preschool within the Stanford University campus of the original study. In testing more and diverse children, the recent study found that class or the social and economic background of the children had more influence on the ability to delay gratification, and that success with the marshmallow test does not really lead to better outcomes later in life. I was disheartened to read such a disappointing result. As an educator, do I stop teaching the skill of waiting for delayed gratification just because it does not make a difference in our lives? It didn’t take me long to reflect; of course not. Delaying gratification is a valuable skill to learn in childhood, and it’s not a skill learned in isolation. Other important skills such as motivation, persistence, impulse control, mood regulation, empathy and hope can be learned alongside the ability to wait. Daniel Goleman (1996) termed this range of abilities as emotional intelligence. The World Economic Forum in their Future of Jobs Report predicts that in 2020, in order for people to thrive, emotional intelligence is one of the ten top skills needed. On a broader scale, it is also part and parcel of a combination of other skills such as people skills, interpersonal skills and communication skills that make up soft skills (Rao, 2012).
Children do get frustrated and angry when at play, for example, when they have to give up the bike because their time is up but they still want to ride it, or when they waited for their turn to play with a toy and they cannot because it’s morning tea time. This means that managing anger by tolerating frustration and controlling their impulse is important, because these are socially acceptable behaviours and a sign of emotional intelligence.
Forrester and Albrecht (2014), in their book Social and Emotional Tools for Life, recommend that the role of the teacher is to be intentional with teaching social emotional skills. They provided an example of self-control where they said that to support children to learn the skill, teachers need to know that it develops along a continuum, first, from external adult control, then to adult-assisted self-control, and finally to independent self-control. Progress happens when “children become more independent, needing less and less direct adult support to make good choices, stay safe, and play successfully” (p. 114). Though they do stress that to maintain self-control, children need adult support at all points of the continuum, and this is particularly important during the toddler and young children stages. The support at each progression is the intentionality in teaching and this technique that starts with being teacher directed and over time becomes child directed, can be used to successfully teach other dispositions.
Forrester and Albrecht (2014) suggest a range of specific teaching strategies to support self-control (2014) to enhance emotional intelligence. The first is to use physical proximity and touch where the teachers stay close to the child to help control impulses during play. The teacher uses non-verbal cues such as nodding or smiling and verbal cues such as providing suggestions of practices that may work. They also suggest using physical proximity such as a hand on the shoulder and this might work for children who may act without thinking by giving them a moment to think of what they are about to do. Their second suggestion is to help children notice when they are beginning to lose control by verbalising what is happening or verbalising the offer of support. The teacher can help by saying “I can help you figure this out; your hands are in tight fists—looks like you are feeling angry; if you need my help, I can help you; this looks very hard. How are you feeling?” (p. 261). These reminders can help children control their impulses during play and reflect before they act in ways that are not acceptable while playing. The third is to scaffold emerging control by giving children the choice of complying on their own or with the teacher’s help. For example, “You wanted more time on the swings, and it is time for lunch. We will have more outdoor time later. Would you like to hold my hand, or walk to the door on your own?” (p. 263). The fourth is to validate children’s feelings of frustration. When children hear words like “I see that you are frustrated with your sipper. Would you like my help?” or “It is hard to want to do it and not be able to do it” (p. 264), they may cope with a frustrating situation when they hear adults’ validation. The last is to help children build skills to tolerate frustration. This is where teachers help children to wonder about why things did not work and explore options for success, and, celebrate with them when they persevere to complete the task.
The Center for the Developing Child (2007) recommends that teachers should teach soft skills or dispositions not with the intention of preparing children for the future but because it provides on-going benefits in the present. They also stated that these skills establish a healthy brain architecture that will create strong foundation on which higher level skills can be built. Soft skills or dispositions are desirable for young children to learn and use so that they will play well with other children and behave in socially acceptable ways in the early childhood setting. They will develop other important skills which will “expand the children’s competence and confidence and, over time, enable them to direct their own lives” (MoE, 2017, p. 18) which does not only mean for the far future, but, for the present.
- Center for the Developing Child. (2007) The Science of Early Childhood Development. Retrieved from https://developingchild.harvard.edu/
- Claxton, G., Costa, A., & Kallick, B. (2016). Hard thinking about soft skills. Educational Leadership, 73(6), 60-64.
- Epstein, A. (May 2001). Thinking about art: Encouraging art appreciation in early childhood settings. Young Children,56 (3), 38-43.
- Forrester, M., & Albrecht, K.M. (2014). Social emotional tools for life. An early childhood teacher’s guide to supporting strong emotional foundations and successful social relationships. Texas: Innovations in ECE Press.
- Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Laureta, B. (2018). Soft skills and early childhood education: Strange bedfellows or an ideal match? He Kupu, 5(3), 28-34.
- Ministry of Education. (1996). Te whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early childhood curriculum. Wellington, New Zealand: Learning Media.
- Ministry of Education. (2007). Kei tua o te pae: Assessment for learning: Early childhood exemplars. Wellington, New Zealand: Learning Media.
- Ministry of Education. (2017). Te whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early childhood curriculum. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
- National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2007). The science of early childhood development: Closing the gap between what we know and what we do. Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu.
- Rao, M. (2012). Myths and truths about soft skills.Talent Development, 66(5), 48-51.
- World Economic Forum. (2016). The future of jobs: Employment, skills and workforce strategy for the fourth industrial revolution. Author.
How to cite this article
Laureta, B. (2019). Encouraging the development of soft skills through play. He Kupu, 6 (2), 26-29. | <urn:uuid:26ed6921-0a56-4a49-9930-89cbdb713e0e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hekupu.ac.nz/article/encouraging-development-soft-skills-through-play | 2024-02-21T11:50:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.955279 | 2,844 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
9453,
6842,
1516,
268,
1208,
289,
4775,
1607,
734,
1152,
203,
52,
7464,
5274,
265,
2374,
176,
125,
253,
6035,
1278,
16,
2491,
497,
425,
4958,
4586,
203,
2983,
1568,
6161,
1637,
16,
4775,
1607,
356,
1261,
352,
1217,
460,
2027,
1158,
421,
39,
6814,
1098,
266,
16,
11095,
358,
1884,
696,
453,
868,
16,
5066,
31,
5342,
469,
358,
16,
4827,
802,
450,
1525,
8960,
16,
460,
2027,
1158,
356,
9993,
288,
268,
1568,
6161,
4985,
425,
2595,
547,
7284,
634,
8249,
30,
915,
547,
7284,
634,
8249,
383,
7284,
8098,
620,
69,
293,
134,
240,
314,
75,
7284,
383,
3421,
389,
8820,
272,
330,
1623,
294,
10004,
30,
5976,
3188,
2700,
4039,
4360,
12,
56,
73,
547,
7284,
634,
8249,
989,
421,
49,
263,
3530,
289,
3725,
2378,
49,
83,
41,
65,
16,
5030,
802,
365,
1217,
460,
2027,
1158,
4090,
288,
268,
855,
4985,
288,
2464,
26,
664,
10446,
291,
10146,
16,
3847,
291,
1152,
5539,
16,
824,
827,
515,
16,
5124,
291,
4593,
421,
49,
83,
41,
16,
2464,
26,
802,
330,
1374,
512,
1217,
460,
2027,
1158,
437,
712,
3211,
4101,
288,
268,
1658,
1754,
5030,
2595,
547,
7284,
634,
8249,
425,
5234,
8125,
380,
16,
5692,
16,
8962,
291,
5752,
421,
49,
83,
41,
16,
5030,
802,
450,
456,
1989,
334,
666,
268,
2560,
4775,
1607,
361,
460,
2027,
1158,
630,
9373,
2090,
292,
1868,
667,
3067,
375,
1105,
268,
1208,
289,
4775,
1607,
288,
1024,
734,
1152,
360,
5137,
292,
1817,
1357,
291,
5692,
18,
203,
55,
89,
398,
442,
281,
4775,
1607,
361,
1217,
460,
2027,
1158,
734,
1152,
203,
55,
83,
1188,
1607,
361,
1217,
460,
2027,
1158,
356,
1274,
4574,
649,
1024,
1152,
18,
450,
268,
1568,
6161,
1637,
421,
4665,
41,
13,
2652,
16,
1020,
1024,
356,
430,
1152,
16,
502,
525,
1213,
292,
2538,
291,
327,
3024,
331,
268,
7888,
291,
1793,
502,
666,
18,
1097,
1024,
6833,
331,
444,
1867,
292,
666,
268,
9460,
16,
649,
502,
1407,
291,
3757,
291,
356,
8342,
430,
2247,
669,
16,
502,
356,
1217,
1817,
1357,
288,
1409,
3887,
336,
1595,
953,
1196,
18,
365,
1217,
289,
1607,
16,
1772,
16,
8815,
291,
5441,
288,
456,
3558,
316,
6664,
971,
362,
316,
3888,
292,
622,
291,
316,
261,
923,
289,
444,
2438,
2891,
18,
330,
1060,
1214,
289,
460,
2027,
1301,
1217,
3888,
292,
1024,
87,
295,
726,
77,
93,
2891,
316,
288,
2077,
2967,
289,
2598,
77,
307,
7698,
272,
568,
382,
2471,
16,
288,
268,
1217,
2247,
365,
10008,
1893,
11114,
30,
6384,
283,
1395,
4044,
615,
11083,
421,
49,
83,
41,
16,
7634,
802,
6384,
283,
7577,
727,
261,
2066,
11632,
291,
615,
1152,
2891,
356,
10522,
1001,
261,
3338,
289,
7965,
18,
365,
2832,
6358,
1217,
2247,
5672,
6384,
283,
372,
87,
839,
270,
1669,
288,
268,
865,
9663,
336,
615,
4818,
2600,
331,
716,
16,
292,
615,
1152,
5015,
288,
268,
2066,
11632,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
288,
615,
10173,
2904,
6384,
283,
2395,
87,
2866,
87,
3687,
286,
5051,
261,
2866,
1893,
11977,
18,
450,
586,
6777,
288,
268,
1217,
2247,
6384,
283,
316,
2279,
1795,
360,
586,
1024,
341,
261,
343,
3744,
823,
518,
431,
3771,
332,
296,
1724,
332,
636,
261,
1200,
79,
289,
2782,
18,
450,
268,
2077,
16,
337,
901,
3067,
1153,
268,
1072,
291,
1105,
6384,
283,
292,
327,
4575,
360,
1699,
16,
8220,
1355,
261,
793,
1805,
628,
289,
633,
3564,
292,
10593,
3582,
16,
3934,
268,
2592,
285,
320,
340,
289,
268,
1370,
281,
16,
481,
4667,
4564,
360,
1548,
292,
1408,
3085,
291,
261,
4851,
4461,
1647,
18,
4109,
932,
288,
5124,
649,
502,
1350,
5287,
291,
502,
356,
7440,
288,
444,
5692,
288,
1152,
18,
203,
37,
697,
9587,
4775,
4736,
336,
445,
1333,
1024,
292,
709,
288,
268,
1568,
6161,
2652,
316,
5692,
18,
450,
2060,
456,
1486,
2054,
1591,
8223,
1811,
291,
1793,
336,
1024,
375,
1152,
360,
291,
853,
502,
375,
1408,
444,
3388,
1854,
289,
1699,
18,
10628,
375,
327,
1152,
72,
713,
16,
4670,
16,
6416,
16,
2237,
291,
7046,
16,
361,
723,
289,
268,
5971,
289,
1493,
361,
8311,
9346,
2287,
18,
365,
3898,
372,
87,
4737,
1556,
1476,
316,
292,
5060,
291,
3233,
444,
1217,
2891,
291,
3190,
444,
1217,
1003,
1905,
18,
416,
782,
6388,
421,
4598,
21,
13,
8083,
940,
336,
1024,
565,
1408,
2442,
288,
444,
2136,
649,
502,
2346,
444,
1044,
716,
16,
2281,
16,
1353,
525,
1977,
336,
360,
1699,
16,
502,
375,
525,
2677,
2442,
649,
362,
316,
2370,
419,
1548,
291,
288,
2075,
18,
2623,
850,
456,
292,
1856,
608,
1568,
6161,
1699,
30,
203,
2865,
262,
1914,
288,
1699,
316,
268,
2338,
1563,
2865,
30,
3434,
291,
2776,
1699,
1740,
18,
321,
1914,
608,
1699,
2865,
277,
1699,
9769,
30,
11391,
341,
5875,
16,
10173,
2904,
16,
291,
444,
2442,
288,
662,
2136,
18,
1508,
445,
4151,
1024,
288,
2435,
1699,
16,
445,
788,
525,
3728,
622,
292,
268,
887,
289,
1699,
3183,
444,
1044,
3441,
421,
84,
18,
10514,
802,
203,
4326,
11098,
336,
3067,
788,
462,
3541,
268,
1147,
289,
1699,
566,
3087,
8700,
523,
7206,
362,
292,
1024,
1812,
362,
771,
1863,
444,
887,
649,
3067,
3357,
608,
5964,
16,
6242,
361,
3925,
18,
994,
316,
2003,
288,
2352,
11412,
9933,
331,
1024,
292,
2395,
361,
7046,
361,
804,
261,
2042,
495,
292,
1408,
10173,
2904,
331,
1817,
17,
5580,
1610,
18,
994,
316,
525,
2003,
288,
5526,
622,
1312,
1854,
289,
1699,
292,
1500,
430,
16,
8158,
569,
291,
1213,
865,
4855,
2377,
18,
203,
45,
454,
4101,
7167,
286,
289,
456,
649,
334,
3668,
286,
261,
3191,
289,
268,
293,
5567,
81,
6976,
1265,
18,
2730,
268,
935,
334,
437,
3668,
286,
261,
1289,
289,
6566,
341,
268,
293,
5567,
81,
6976,
1265,
291,
334,
792,
1775,
792,
3950,
430,
1024,
291,
444,
1290,
634,
354,
289,
2737,
292,
1464,
268,
8289,
669,
518,
1204,
3003,
730,
363,
303,
843,
380,
16,
352,
502,
437,
261,
1806,
6318,
331,
8015,
10167,
2843,
292,
2564,
268,
326,
408,
4617,
977,
288,
3775,
289,
622,
18,
334,
437,
2279,
8370,
853,
1024,
1867,
444,
1103,
292,
268,
977,
16,
1973,
8896,
16,
2828,
444,
3229,
361,
804,
1083,
6130,
8102,
430,
362,
16,
361,
561,
1425,
292,
2564,
362,
291,
1023,
1071,
362,
628,
289,
444,
3552,
87,
18,
365,
1882,
292,
9396,
10167,
2843,
316,
268,
1265,
1671,
16,
291,
717,
502,
6833,
5655,
16,
1024,
513,
886,
512,
289,
268,
293,
5567,
81,
6976,
361,
5260,
977,
687,
1039,
268,
597,
4032,
18,
10726,
430,
456,
1265,
454,
9179,
292,
437,
1326,
4041,
2135,
288,
943,
18,
6008,
334,
565,
3419,
336,
8289,
316,
363,
851,
4736,
292,
1213,
16,
362,
316,
1274,
4574,
1020,
2129,
16,
291,
288,
1493,
3887,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
649,
1024,
356,
430,
1152,
18,
388,
69,
1842,
331,
261,
1867,
292,
10213,
268,
9460,
361,
292,
4995,
268,
295,
690,
288,
261,
4302,
2800,
361,
292,
666,
261,
2029,
292,
93,
16,
1210,
967,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
291,
649,
1024,
3277,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
16,
1023,
502,
356,
1355,
2674,
288,
1817,
17,
2829,
1218,
18,
7616,
17,
2829,
1218,
316,
873,
364,
289,
3167,
3803,
291,
288,
1867,
316,
261,
4775,
4736,
18,
203,
1461,
293,
5567,
81,
6976,
1265,
528,
1315,
712,
2914,
5668,
286,
1812,
261,
2650,
1147,
2227,
3153,
291,
1023,
646,
3975,
362,
16,
360,
1826,
4597,
325,
865,
427,
268,
3388,
1147,
4404,
288,
268,
8002,
87,
292,
268,
5434,
87,
18,
365,
733,
1147,
5635,
512,
687,
1717,
587,
1024,
16,
421,
1381,
3388,
5354,
989,
291,
16,
268,
1024,
664,
3596,
288,
2560,
289,
5201,
16,
6928,
380,
291,
1878,
1178,
1637,
16,
288,
6890,
292,
268,
2398,
16,
4067,
1280,
1024,
403,
8502,
288,
268,
10476,
1291,
268,
11063,
5154,
1832,
10961,
289,
268,
3388,
1147,
18,
450,
2872,
512,
291,
3596,
1024,
16,
268,
2650,
1147,
986,
336,
1280,
361,
268,
1234,
291,
2268,
4247,
289,
268,
1024,
850,
512,
3033,
341,
268,
1882,
292,
9396,
10167,
2843,
16,
291,
336,
1577,
360,
268,
293,
5567,
81,
6976,
1265,
1082,
462,
2402,
912,
292,
1326,
4041,
2135,
288,
943,
18,
334,
454,
7878,
521,
506,
286,
292,
1078,
659,
261,
6146,
10869,
1636,
18,
760,
363,
1168,
1622,
16,
565,
334,
3399,
3254,
268,
4736,
289,
8289,
331,
1404,
6224,
10167,
2843,
1039,
971,
362,
1082,
462,
804,
261,
2921,
288,
662,
2136,
35,
553,
4529,
372,
88,
1071,
479,
917,
292,
5295,
31,
289,
1911,
462,
18,
5376,
5233,
10167,
2843,
316,
261,
3435,
4736,
292,
1213,
288,
6161,
16,
291,
362,
372,
87,
462,
261,
4736,
4574,
288,
8654,
18,
3117,
851,
1607,
659,
352,
7615,
16,
824,
4535,
16,
498,
346,
401,
1357,
16,
5215,
6743,
16,
8288,
291,
3571,
375,
327,
4574,
7752,
268,
1882,
292,
6833,
18,
11617,
461,
2748,
1820,
421,
10969,
26,
13,
2085,
286,
456,
1749,
289,
5384,
352,
3167,
3803,
18,
365,
2461,
8786,
906,
408,
288,
444,
7529,
289,
596,
4020,
7373,
4003,
340,
336,
288,
3822,
16,
288,
1544,
331,
689,
292,
6103,
16,
3167,
3803,
316,
597,
289,
268,
2725,
1479,
1607,
2224,
18,
1245,
261,
7442,
3664,
16,
362,
316,
525,
923,
291,
677,
4704,
289,
261,
3878,
289,
586,
1607,
659,
352,
689,
1607,
16,
3365,
6263,
1607,
291,
2413,
1607,
336,
804,
644,
4775,
1607,
421,
54,
9443,
16,
6056,
802,
203,
5139,
585,
591,
565,
886,
8180,
488,
291,
363,
8112,
649,
430,
1152,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
649,
502,
437,
292,
1888,
644,
268,
9460,
971,
444,
669,
316,
644,
566,
502,
1356,
1333,
292,
10213,
362,
16,
361,
649,
502,
3430,
1006,
331,
444,
1867,
292,
1152,
360,
261,
292,
93,
291,
502,
2362,
971,
362,
372,
87,
5283,
5451,
669,
18,
540,
1486,
336,
4641,
8733,
419,
5542,
673,
8180,
318,
291,
7987,
444,
498,
346,
401,
316,
851,
16,
971,
629,
356,
1234,
325,
10105,
3026,
1913,
291,
261,
823,
289,
3167,
3803,
18,
203,
8679,
379,
345,
291,
996,
3225,
355,
88,
421,
1388,
4022,
989,
288,
444,
2077,
4081,
291,
11870,
11857,
331,
5223,
16,
1921,
336,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
3898,
316,
292,
327,
4737,
1556,
360,
3254,
1234,
3167,
1607,
18,
900,
2756,
363,
1214,
289,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
853,
502,
1211,
336,
292,
1105,
1024,
292,
1213,
268,
4736,
16,
3067,
648,
292,
698,
336,
362,
8538,
1910,
261,
2269,
408,
16,
855,
16,
427,
4515,
4769,
1357,
16,
1023,
292,
4769,
17,
594,
7232,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
16,
291,
5880,
292,
4729,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
18,
960,
2103,
4301,
649,
538,
11239,
591,
1343,
512,
4729,
16,
648,
281,
1165,
291,
1165,
1938,
4769,
1105,
292,
804,
1060,
4548,
16,
2503,
1995,
16,
291,
1152,
5655,
537,
421,
84,
18,
2912,
24,
802,
6008,
502,
565,
1751,
336,
292,
1638,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
16,
1024,
648,
4769,
1105,
430,
516,
3097,
289,
268,
2269,
408,
16,
291,
456,
316,
2467,
851,
995,
268,
11091,
2546,
291,
2129,
1024,
5046,
18,
365,
1105,
430,
1011,
9398,
316,
268,
8700,
941,
288,
3254,
291,
456,
3925,
336,
5398,
360,
1018,
3898,
9180,
291,
658,
669,
3125,
739,
9180,
16,
375,
327,
724,
292,
5655,
1292,
586,
460,
2027,
1158,
18,
203,
8679,
379,
345,
291,
996,
3225,
355,
88,
421,
1388,
4022,
13,
2954,
261,
1749,
289,
1430,
3254,
2737,
292,
1105,
1817,
17,
6570,
1123,
421,
1388,
4022,
13,
292,
3017,
3167,
3803,
18,
365,
855,
316,
292,
666,
1646,
347,
2200,
380,
291,
3727,
853,
268,
3067,
2503,
2828,
292,
268,
739,
292,
617,
1357,
498,
346,
3956,
995,
1152,
18,
365,
3898,
2600,
1677,
17,
357,
3639,
273,
893,
659,
352,
314,
370,
526,
361,
835,
4454,
291,
11863,
273,
893,
659,
352,
2352,
9850,
289,
2364,
336,
602,
716,
18,
900,
525,
2954,
1001,
1646,
347,
2200,
380,
659,
352,
261,
1129,
341,
268,
9321,
291,
456,
1276,
716,
331,
1024,
650,
602,
3241,
1298,
3140,
419,
3851,
622,
261,
3841,
292,
1779,
289,
768,
502,
356,
608,
292,
565,
18,
3367,
1901,
3445,
328,
316,
292,
617,
1024,
4204,
649,
502,
356,
3484,
292,
4987,
1357,
419,
11863,
2252,
768,
316,
7200,
361
] |
Web projects present similar types of management issues as other types of projects. The same set of variables, which range from the look and feel of an application to schedule, cost, budget, and resources, are involved. Some of the most referenced texts on Web project management are those by England and Finney. In their books, Web project management is described as having four phases: preliminary, production, final sign-off, and archiving. Other models have described the phases in other ways, such as in terms of concept development, preproduction, production, testing, and archiving. However, irrespective of the number of phases, or the labels used, what is important is that the phases of management span the stages of Web development cycle; after all, Web project management is simply the management of the various activities of a Web production as well as the associated resources. For the purpose of discussion, the stages of Web development cycle are defined in this text as initiation, preproduction, production, and postproduction, and the management phases are matched to these stages accordingly, as illustrated in Figure 27.8.
1. Initiation Phase
The initiation phase of a Web project typically comprises the definition of the scope of the project, the production and tendering of the final version of the proposal, and the production and signing of the contract. It is the phase in which the initial important decisions are made, including whether or not a project should go ahead, if there had not been any preliminary process. It is where agreements and promises are made that give a project its goal. Although it is not where most of the hard work is done, it is a very important phase, in that getting it wrong can cause problems later in a project. Because of its pivotal position, all the key people in a project are usually present at the start of the phase, if not all through it. Usually everyone who will be using the system is involved at some point during the phase, if situation permits. It is particularly important to urge that end users are involved, as this can often give them the sense of co-ownership, thereby improving their willingness to cooperate.
1.1. Project Definition Process
The determination of a project’s scope (also known as scoping) is the first main activity in the initiation phase and its overall goal is to gather enough information to facilitate the success of a project through researching the client, target audience, relevant content, and the marketing of the finished product, where applicable. Typical agenda includes determining the project’s aims and objectives, determining the risks and possible difficulties, and laying down a road map for the project. As a Web project manager, your role in completing this agenda is very significant. You are responsible, for example, for identifying tasks, breaking them down, estimating the number of hours each task will take, determining staff and assets necessary for each task, and putting a cost to them. You can achieve all these usually through using different tools and techniques, such as meetings, discussions, and brainstorming sessions, including the techniques discussed in Chapter 26 that are used for evaluation, such as questionnaires. Combinations of techniques usually produce the most complete result, since different techniques have their pros and cons.
The scoping process should seek to extract as much information as possible to fulfill the project’s objectives. Questions should be crafted to provide answers that can be used to determine the resources, cost, time, scope, and quality variables. They should seek to extract, for example, the problem you are trying to solve, business objectives (if any), target audience and its technological awareness, how much of each media object type needs to be used, whether there are existing contents and/or system, delivery platform, expected completion time, type of maintenance required, budget, and, where applicable, the contact details of the important people, such as those responsible for giving the go-aheads and sign-offs.
Of all scoping tasks, the costing of a project in the absence of all facts is often most difficult. It is often a guess, even if educated; therefore, the chances of under-costing are just as high as over-costing, depending on experience. It is usually prudent to work on the basis that a little more would be required of everything than has been calculated. If cost then turns out to be less, it would certainly be a pleasant surprise, especially for the client, where there is one.
To help structure and ease the process of costing, there are tools available to do the calculations. However, the tools cannot make decisions on how many hours a task will take, or the cost per hour. In theory, the more structured the scoping process, the more easily and more accurately tasks can be identified and a project appraised. Breaking down activities into smaller task units usually makes the allocation of resources, scheduling, and costing easier and more accurate, just as the use of charts and diagrams, such as described earlier in this chapter, can help present who is responsible for completing which tasks more clearly. A properly structured scoping process also ensures a structured output, which is essential for the production of a proposal.
1.2. Proposal Process
A project proposal brings together all the information gathered during the scoping process into a single cohesive document that communicates the goal of a project, without being too specific on the details of development, particularly as it can be difficult to be certain of everything at the initiation phase. The overall success of the document at communicating the intended message effectively depends on its content and the presentation of that content. The presentation component is the least challenging to attain and the principles that guide its success are not much different from those for producing readable content on the screen. Basic things such as visual hierarchy (using fonts appropriately) and leaving enough space at the margins to enable clients to write comments while reading a proposal can go a long way toward making a proposal inviting, and easy to read and work with, and so can the inclusion of visuals (such as graphs and charts) and good quality print.
Style of writing is also very important for easy understanding. A proposal should not be long when it can be short and sharp. Even when it has to be long, it should not be rambling, but direct to the point that is relevant. It should also be in formal and “politically correct” language that most people understand. For example, colloquial expressions or slangs should be avoided, as they are likely to be understood only locally or by a group of people. The use of “he” or “her” alone, too, should be avoided, because the person reading the proposal might be of the opposite gender and might feel alienated. The same goes for technological jargons. If they must be used, then they should be explained, for example, via footnotes or appendix. Above all, a proposal is a proposal, not a set of instructions, so it should be advisory rather than prescriptive. This helps ensure that clients get the sense that whatever decision they make is their own and you have not told them to do anything. To help further give clients the sense of having an option, it is usually useful to suggest more than one way of addressing their needs. Although this might require a little more work, it can add to the building of trust, in that it gives the impression that you are not trying to push any particular treatment(s) for your benefit.
A proposal can be of any size, ranging from just a few to hundreds of pages, depending on various factors, such as size, type of project, and whether you are competing with others for the same job and therefore need to include a lot of information to gain an edge. However, irrespective of its size or the type of information contained in it, it should normally convey clearly the following messages:
- The problem the proposed project will solve and/or the needs it will fulfill.
- Why you are qualified to do the project.
- What you are proposing to do to solve the identified problem or satisfy the clients’ needs, including proposed timetable and costs.
Usually, these messages are most clearly communicated by breaking down a proposal into smaller, distinct, and appropriately headed sections. Figure 27.9 shows an example that covers many of the topics typically included in a Web proposal. If nothing else, it provides a possible starting point. What goes under each topic depends on various factors, such as size and type of project. The cover letter is not part of the proposal and is usually very short and seldom does more than simply drawing attention to the delivery of the proposal.
1.2.1 Introduction Section
The introduction section provides items that introduce the content of the proposal and its purpose. The title page ideally carries information such as name and address of developer, project title, date, the name and job title of the person for whom the proposal is prepared, the name and job title of the person that prepared it, the description of the project, and project number, if applicable. For easy scanning, the table of content should be divided into sections or parts that reflect the structure of the proposal. A non-disclosure agreement is included to prevent a client from disclosing the information contained in the proposal to other companies.
1.2.2. Summary Section
The summary section is the most-read section of a proposal because it gives a quick brief account of what a project is about. The executive summary describes, in simple language, the essence of a project and cost summary gives the cost totals, typically in the form of costs per group, followed by the project’s total cost. It is common practice to include a disclaimer, at the end, to indicate that the costs are only estimates and not final.
1.2.3 Needs Section
The needs section is used to show the clients that you understand their needs and/or problems and know how to address them. It typically includes the understanding of how the client operates, as well as the description of its background, market, target audience’s characteristics, competition, strengths, and weaknesses. In the case of the target audience’s characteristics, for example, description might include size, demographics, why the audience is the target, and also how the proposed solution will be targeting it. The inclusion of some kind of justification for any proposed solution is also important to bring the client along. This might include, for example, how the proposed solution can give the client an edge over competitors, help the client survive possible adverse industry trends, and/or help productivity and profitability.
1.2.4. Goals and Objective Section
The goals and objectives section provides the objectives of the proposed project and how their achievement will be measured. Typically, the features and benefits that will be offered by the proposed system and how they will be achieved are described. The dates and description of milestones, including the start and acceptance dates of the project, and what will be delivered, are described, possibly also using diagrams, which may or may not be placed in the appendices. Any possible disruptions the implementation of the project will cause in the client’s operations, and how these will be limited, are also useful additions. In all cases, it is important not to promise what is not certain you can deliver.
1.2.5. Methodology Section
In the methodology section, the phases of the proposed project are detailed. For example, the production processes that will be used to achieve the objectives of the project are described, including process model stages, details of human and other resources, marketing plan, legal matters, and constraints and their effects on the project, as well as how they will be managed. The conditions on which the content of the proposal is valid are also commonly stated. These may be, for example, that the proposal is accepted by a certain date, the clients play their parts (such as providing information and existing content on time), and external factors remain roughly the same all through the project (such as costs of sub-contracting). A list of identified risks may also be provided that describes the risks involved, what will be done to minimize them, and the contingency plan to address them, should they materialize. If this information is included, then it is useful for legal reasons to also include a caveat that makes clear that there are no guarantees that all risks have been identified, or that those identified are completely accurate.
The testing plan can include various testing information, including the types of tests that will be conducted, when during the development process they will be conducted, the tools that will be used, how any problems found will be reported, tracked, and resolved, and how re-testing will be carried out. The maintenance plan provides maintenance details, which can include the components that will require maintenance, how often the maintenance will be, estimate of the cost, and who will be responsible for providing it. Even if maintenance will be provided by the same company that develops a site, entering into a separate agreement is usually required.
Any other information relating to the processes and deliverables for a project are also provided in this section or, in some cases, the appendix, including the following:
- Description of how the existing content and any that is created will be used.
- Clear description of treatments proposed to match users’ needs, along with the reasons behind choosing them; avoiding any attempts to impress.
- If applicable, an outline of unusual technical requirements needed for the delivery of size.
- If applicable, information relating to security, data management, regulations, permits, licenses, training plan, installation schedule, data recovery plan, and backup plan.
- If applicable, a list of the project team members, giving the names, roles, and responsibilities.
1.2.6. Evaluation Section
The evaluation section outlines the details of evaluation and describes how, when, where, and by whom the success of the project will be measured, including whether evaluation will be done all at once, or in stages, for example, in line with the project’s milestones. Also included are the criteria against which the project will be evaluated, which are essentially the requirements on which the project has been based in the first place, such as functional requirements, contractual requirements, system requirements, document and training requirements, user-interface requirements, and performance requirements. Explanations about how deliverables will be assessed against these requirements and necessary contracts and agreements are provided. All stages of evaluation and their purpose are explained, including how data will be collected and analyzed, and how the results obtained will be reported.
1.2.7. Budget Section
Details of the cost summary presented in the executive summary section are provided here. Essentially, everything that is to be paid for by the client is itemized in this section, along with a simple justification, if possible. For example, the rationale for charging $100 for something might be that it is the standard cost. Providing such justification ensures transparency in costing, which in turn can translate into clients’ trust. Importantly, a line should be included for hidden costs, such as costs of phone calls, postage of documents, report writing, consumables, and transport, which may easily accumulate during the course of a project. The same applies for contingencies to cover unforeseen circumstances that may call for more time and/or resources. As a rule of thumb, an amount of about 10%-15% is typically added for contingencies. If applicable, a detailed cost-benefit analysis may also be provided that gives some years’ projection. This may show, for example, total costs, benefits in money and return of investment (i.e., “benefits in money” minus “total cost”).
The payment schedule page provides mainly dates, amounts, and the criteria for payment. Staged payment is favored, for many reasons. For example, you might need the money to help progress the project. It is also an insurance against the possible event of the client ceasing trading before a project is finished, which might leave you with no payment for all the work that has been done, if this has not already been settled. Indeed, some companies might just refuse to pay. It is common for payments to be in thirds: one-third at the start of project (i.e., with the signing of the contract), another third at delivery, such as during alpha or beta testing, and the last third on final sign-off.
The supplied materials item specifies the materials to be provided by the client and can be in the form of a list of descriptions of the materials and their due dates, noting that it is the client’s responsibility to provide them on time to avoid delays. The other materials item describes any equipment, materials, hardware, or software required for the project, stating which will be provided by the client and which will be provided by you, and also whether they are to be purchased or leased. If any materials will be cleared (licensed) for use on behalf of the client, this is indicated, and the cost included in the budget section. A contract and terms page is also typically included in this section if a separate contract is not presented elsewhere.
1.2.8. Qualifications Section
This section is used generally to describe why you think you are best qualified to achieve the objectives of the proposed project. This may be in the form of listing the client’s needs outlined in the needs section and describing how you are qualified to satisfy each of them. The amount of information provided depends on different factors, such as scale of project. For example, for large projects, such as government projects, a lot of information is usually required, given that there usually are several companies bidding for the same project. The general aim is to communicate why you are unique for the project in question. In large and/or mission- critical projects, it may also be necessary to include description of any quality control measures in place to ensure that the project does not go wrong, stating if such measures comply with any recognized standards. Further information may be provided in the form of track record or history that provides evidence of your suitability for the project, including the description of past, similar, and successful projects, along with testimonies from past clients, references the client can contact, and even resumes of project team members, if known. In essence, any information that will instill confidence in the client about your capabilities is included.
Any information that can help the client further understand the proposal, but cannot be included in the body of the proposal, is placed here. The information might include charts, testimonials, references, solicitor-checked warrantees and disclaimers, glossary, forms, lists of definitions, acronyms, illustrations, and short nontechnical description of relevant Web technologies. Again, the amount of information included depends on factors like the size and complexity of a project. The information is also usually referred to from the body of the proposal, and relevant proposal page numbers may be used with relevant information for better cross- referencing. Like the rest of the proposal, the content of appendix needs to be structured and formatted properly, using sectioning, spacing, and styling appropriately, to make it easy to scan.
1.3. Contract Process
A contract is a binding agreement between persons or parties, and can take many forms. It can be simple, complex, oral, or written. However, in formal business dealing, such as a Web project, it is usually written, for many reasons, some of which are to prevent any party denying, forgetting, or getting confused about their contractual rights or obligations. In a Web project, reaching the contract stage implies that the client has agreed with the content of the proposal. If there is a suitable template contract that contains regular clauses applicable to Web projects, then you need only to ensure that aspects relating to the present project are added, as well as seek the advice of a media lawyer for unusual circumstances that have not been encountered before.
During the process of drawing up a Web project contract, one of the first things to decide is whether the necessary contract terms and clauses will be included with the proposal, or put on a separate document and negotiated separately after the acceptance of the proposal. This is important, as the decision might influence the phrasing of the terms and clauses. If the contract will be included in the proposal, standard legal terms and clauses can simply be spelt out on a separate page and attached to the proposal, while also inserting at various relevant points in the proposal, appropriate terms and conditions. For example, on the Payment Schedule page, terms and conditions may be stated relating to the consequences of failure to comply with the payment schedule. If the contract is separate from the proposal, again, standard legal terms and clauses may be spelt out in a separate document, except that, in this case, project-specific clauses that reference various aspects of the proposal are also added. For example, a clause may be included in relation to, again, the Payment Schedule, stating the consequences of failure to comply.
A contract must be signed for it to be binding. In many cases where the contract and the proposal are separate documents, both are signed, but not always; all depend on factors such as the way the contents of the documents are phrased. This is one reason that the use of a lawyer is often well advised. Like with a proposal, there is no single correct way of structuring a Web contract, nor is there one correct set of information that is concluded. The following are some of the typical sections found in Web production contracts.
- Recitals: This is the typical preamble at the start of most contracts. It describes the intentions of the parties involved. For example, it says what services a developer provides and what service a client wants.
- Definitions: These are the definitions of the terms used in the contract.
- Development, delivery of deliverables, and payment: In this section, the details of the project are given. Examples include the description of the project in no more than two short sentences; statements that the developer or approved contractors will work and deliver deliverables according to specification, production schedule, and confidentiality agreements; statement that the client will pay according to the payment schedule; and statements relating to the maintenance and change policy. Naturally, there will be changes, particularly in large and/or complex projects, so it is common to devise ways of managing them than try to prevent them altogether. The relevant clause could state, for example, that when changes are required, their feasibility, cost, and effects on project schedule will be assessed. If the project will be delivered and/or signed off in stages, then a statement can be included to state the need to agree on who will be responsible, from both sides, for doing the signing- offs. The agreed names can be added to the proposal, where they can be changed during the duration of a project, if necessary.
- Testing and acceptance: This section presents clauses on the types of testing or evaluation that will be carried out and the responsibilities of the developer and the client, as applicable. Clauses may also cover policy regarding the reporting of errors that are found after the delivery of website. If applicable, there may be a statement on how long testing will go on after the delivery of the system before the final sign-off. The details of the testing plan would have been provided in the proposal.
- Copyrights: What all the parties concerned are entitled to, or not entitled to, is clearly outlined here. Examples include who owns the media produced and/or the generated codes, you or the client, and whether or not the clients may use the media produced for other purposes. In a small project, all that is usually required is a release form clearing you from any claims or demands resulting from the use of the media created. A release form for a photograph or a video, for example, can be as simple as shown in Figure 27.10.
- Confidentiality: In this section, terms are stated regarding what information can and cannot be shown to third parties. It is similar to the non-disclosure agreement that may be included in the proposal. The difference lies mainly in when either is signed. A non-disclosure agreement is signed with the tendering of a proposal and typically refers to the content of the proposal, whereas confidentiality agreement is signed after the proposal has been seen, and accepted, and therefore generally refers to what is disclosed during the project. Again, there is no one correct approach; a nondisclosure agreement signed when the proposal is tendered can be made to cover the entire project.
- Warranties, Covenants, and Indemnification: This section states the terms under which the developer and the client can enter an agreement, including the damages and costs, each party is secured against. Also, there are usually statements to say that the use, performance, and distribution of the product delivered by the developer will not violate the rights of any third parties, and that it is the clients’ responsibility to properly license the content they provide. If the clients want to use other people’s work in their content, then they must secure the rights for such usage and indicate in writing to you that they have done so. This indemnifies you from possible secondary copyright infringement. If you are licensing any content on behalf of the client, this responsibility is stated clearly also, along with how any incurred cost will be paid, if not included in the proposal under Project Budget and Cost Summary. For obvious reasons, some contracts may also include a clause freeing the developer from any responsibility regarding deficiency in performance due to influences that are not theirs, such as defective hardware or inadequate computer system setup.
- Termination: The circumstances under which a project will be terminated are described in this section, along with the subsequent actions to be taken, such as whether compensations will be made by one party to another and what will happen to the media assets already produced.
- Miscellaneous: Other clauses are included here. These include standard clauses, also known as boilerplate clauses, such as Force Majeure, to indemnify the parties involved. Other non-specific issues about a project can also be addressed.
Because a Web project can involve dealing with freelancers to complete parts of a project, such as video production, instructional design, and music production, it is sometimes necessary to also draw up contracts for these parties. Any formal agreements with such parties naturally happen after the main contract has been signed with clients, and it is clear the project is going ahead. Once all agreements are firmed, the project is moved on to the planning and designing phase.
2. Preproduction Phase
This phase is where the project team is determined (if applicable) and the elements necessary for achieving the objectives of a project designed and/or gathered. The managerial tasks are to ensure that the right people are selected and the design of both media components and website satisfy the requirements that have been set out during the initiation phase. The sets of tasks include building the team, gathering content and getting clearances, designing the system, designing the media elements, selecting the production and development tools, and selecting types of testing, all of which are discussed next.
2.1. Project Team Selection
The first task required in putting together a team for a project is identifying the skills needed to fulfill the requirements of the project. Doing this requires you to have a clear vision of what a project entails, as well as a good understanding of the skills used in the various fields involved. This knowledge would also have been applied during the initiation phase to produce the estimates (e.g., schedule and cost) presented in the proposal. The mix of skills required would depend on many factors, some of which are content, media object types that will be used, best-suited integration tool, and project size. The challenge at this point is to match the skills required to personnel selection. How this is done, again, depends on various factors, such as your size, and whether or not you have dedicated staff with the skills required. For example, if you are a freelance developer with multiple skills, you may not need to put a team together, or might only need to contract out only a small part of the work. In contrast, a multi-staffed developer company may have full-time staff from which to assemble a core team (i.e., people that provide the core skills needed) and only need to bring in other people from outside, as required, to form an extended team.
For obvious reasons, core skills are usually matched with in-house personnel, where possible, before considering people from outside. For example, it tends to cost less. Recruiting outside personnel can be made especially easier if there is already a list of freelance developers that can be brought in, instead of using advertising or recruitment agencies, which often adds extra cost to the process. Typical core roles include Web designer/programmer and graphic designer. Extended roles include video personnel (e.g., director/producer, editor, and journalist), sound personnel (e.g., sound editor), animator, instructional designer, actor/actress (e.g., voice-over artist), proofreader, tester, and many more, depending on type of project.
2.2. Content Gathering and Clearance Process
The completion of the core team selection, if applicable, means that the crucial manpower is in place to start the development part of a project, which is started by first gathering and analyzing relevant existing assets. The task here is to ensure that the assets are provided in time by the person who would have been identified during the initiation phase. It is also to ensure that the assets are evaluated against project requirements, which may involve checking quality and whether or not any clearance (creator’s permission to use asset) is needed, and has been acquired by the client, if applicable. The outcome of this process will largely influence the decision about which components need to be designed. For example, if the quality of an asset is not good enough, or it cannot be cleared for use in all the required territories, it means it has to be created or bought from royalty-free stock. For noncommercial projects, such as personal sites, there are many sites that offer free media as long as certain terms are followed, which is typically that a link is provided back to their sites.
Even if the client is responsible for clearing existing assets, it is your responsibility to ensure that they have been cleared properly, because rights clearance can be complicated. For example, clearances normally cover specific markets and territories; that is, they are cleared for specific purposes, audience types, length of time, and countries. For instance, clearance is usually for the whole world, since the Web is global. Most importantly, the clearance process should start as early as possible so as to prevent any delay. For example, sometimes, clearance may take long, either because the author of a media cannot be ascertained or found, or a publisher’s licensing process is complex and lengthy. This can delay a project. Also, requests for clearances can sometimes be refused. If this is not realized as early as possible and fixed, it can disrupt a project. If it is realized early, necessary decisions can be made to drop the media concerned and clear another, or design a substitute, without any delay.
2.3. Website Design Process
Whether or not any significant designing has been undertaken before the preproduction phase of a project depends on the negotiating situation. If, for some reasons, it has been necessary to show some sort of prototype to the client before proceeding with the signing of the contract, then some designing activities would have been undertaken during the initiation phase. However, in most cases, the design phase is where serious designing work happens. The task is to ensure that an appropriate design concept is established that matches requirements and this should be done from the start, as problems are better and more easily solved at the early stage than later when they can cause serious disruptions, including termination of project.
It is important that the right design tools, such as wireframing and flowcharting (discussed in Chapter 26), are used and every design detail documented, following a predetermined format, in order to foster effective and consistent communication of design ideas within the project team, if there is one. Doing this also ensures that if any team member drops out, another person can easily pick up from where they left without serious disruption.
For a freelance developer, although the urge may be strong to skip the design phase and/or the use of visual techniques like storyboarding and move on to production, it is always advisable to suppress it, because not only does visualizing a design first on paper help spot any design shortsightedness that might prove costly later in development, but also outputs from such processes are part of the documents archived at the end of the project for future reference. The importance of archiving is discussed later in this chapter.
2.4. Media Objects Design Process
Designing the media objects needed for a website typically entails a variety of task sets, such as designing graphics, producing animation and video storyboards, determining the types of sounds required, and designing the content. The task here is to make sure that every component is designed to meet the project’s specification. For example, in the case of sound, is it in mono or stereo, is resolution in 8, 16, or 24 bits, and is it CD quality? In the case of graphics, what resolution should be used? Similarly, for video, is it full-, half-, or quarter-screen in size; is color resolution in 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits?
The management of media components’ quality is particularly important, as poor media quality can make an application appear unprofessional. Of course, good project management also includes knowing that high-quality media is used only when necessary. For example, images used for icons need not be of high quality, whereas images used for content must be of good-enough quality to communicate intended message effectively. The design of some media components may also require choosing between professional and non-professional production. For example, if a project requires an original piece of music, this would require professional-standard production, probably in a professional studio or a similarly equipped environment. Similarly, if a high- quality video is required, professional production may be considered.
Good management would also ensure that appropriate and consistent file formats and file-naming conventions are used to store files to facilitate the exchange of files between software tools. For example, a file could be named according to “screen number + whether an image is a button + if it is a button, the state it represents, and so on,” representing each parameter with a number or letter(s), as appropriate; so that the image of a button that is depressed and on screen 2 might be coded as 2BD, where “B” stands for button and “D” for depressed. Something like this can prove very useful for troubleshooting and the effective management of changes during subsequent phases.
2.5. Media Production Tools Selection
Whether the selection of media production tools should come before or after the designing of media elements is debatable. One way of thinking is that knowing what is going to be created helps in the choice of the right tool to do it. The choice of these tools will usually be influenced by the operating systems running on the computers to be used for production. For example, there are some tools that are available on Microsoft’s Windows but not available on Apple Macintosh or Linux, and vice versa.
However, most tools are increasingly available across main operating systems, and for tools that are not available on other operating systems, there are equivalent tools that offer similar functions.
3. Production Phase
The translation of the design to an actual system occurs in this phase, although it is not unusual for some minor adjustments to be made to some designs. In general, project management in this phase revolves mainly around managing content creation, content processing, and the creation of the designed website. Content creation and content processing (i.e., editing and adding effects to media) tend to happen together when content is newly created, whereas for existing content, only processing is usually needed. In either case, all outputs need to be checked against project specification. Where a team is involved, typically, the individual team members responsible for creating or processing any media component would be capable of doing this, but the project manager may be involved, or at least be aware of the outcome, either immediately or periodically. One way a project manager usually manages the outputs from the various media production activities is through using a database, not necessarily to store the media components, but to store their details, so that a search for the name of a file, for example, would provide all necessary information about it.
In comparison to other phases, more problems are likely to occur or surface during this phase, because translating designs to reality is often more difficult than generating them. Even though design would have been assessed for feasibility, unforeseen problems commonly surface, some of which can be so difficult to overcome. This means that the chances of a project starting to fall behind are greater during this phase and good management is needed to minimize them.
4. Postproduction Phase
Assuming website implementation is complete and the client still wants it because it has not gone ridiculously over deadline, the next set of tasks are final evaluation, delivery, final sign-off, clean-up, and archiving, all of which constitute the postproduction phase, which should not be confused with the same phase in media production, which comprises, for example, the cleaning up of media, editing, and addition of effects, which fall under the production phase here.
4.1. Final Evaluation
The evaluation plan outlined during the initiation phase would have been reviewed and refined before this point. You would also have ensured that the iterative evaluation of prototypes were carried out all through the development process, so that the final evaluation will just be about testing to see whether or not the site meets the overall project requirements. The evaluation is comprehensive. For example, testing is done on different systems and browsers (particularly major ones), different browser configurations, different Internet connection speeds, and different devices. All bugs, problems, and data from users are recorded and reported consistently, using the method that would have been specified under the evaluation plan in the proposal. This ensures that necessary corrections and changes are made in an organized way that is easy to monitor. After the initial corrections and changes, further tests may be done to find more functional problems, and this is repeated until there are no more obvious ones, at which point, the system is formally delivered and any subsequent problems are dealt with under the maintenance plan negotiated in the proposal.
4.2. Delivery and Final Sign-Off
For delivery, a domain account with adequate specifications is acquired, as discussed in Chapter 26. Delivery is also accompanied with well-written documentation that contains, for example, information on how to solve possible problems. Issues relating to the copyright of the media produced during the project are also dealt with. The types of rights issues that commonly arise in a Web project are discussed in Chapter 28.
The final sign-off is the formal indication that all the objectives of the project have been delivered, evaluated, and found by the client to be acceptable. The final payment will also usually occur at this point, if applicable. If a project is large, then there would have been prior intermittent sign-offs and they would also have been tied to payments. The maintenance plan is also implemented at this final stage. Where maintenance will be provided by a different company, necessary maintenance materials are transferred to them. If you will be taking on maintenance, a separate contract would usually have been signed. Irrespective of who provides maintenance, the contract does not usually start until after a grace period, during which any missed problems are fixed for free by the developer company, provided no other company has tampered with the product in the intervening time.
An orderly closure (i.e., cleanup and archiving) is important after a project has been completed, so that aspects of the project can be referenced quickly and easily in the future. This may be necessary for various reasons. For example, a completed project may be opened again in the future, either because a client is commissioning additional work or for maintenance purposes. It may also be because the elements used in the project need to be applied to a new project for someone else.
The orderly closure of a project involves various tasks, such as backing up all relevant files (more than once, if possible) in an orderly fashion and according to the predefined plan set out in the proposal, after which the originals are usually removed from the immediate work environment to make room for new projects. For extra security, backups are sometimes stored at different locations. To wrap up a project in a meaningful way, a project review or retrospective analysis may be done to consolidate the lessons learnt from the project and how they could be applied to future projects. If a team is involved, then this would be in the form of a final project meeting.
Source: Sklar David (2016), HTML: A Gentle Introduction to the Web’s Most Popular Language, O’Reilly Media; 1st edition. | <urn:uuid:97948338-09c4-4f16-87db-20470d400482> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hktsoft.net/web-project-management-phases/ | 2024-02-21T10:41:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.95608 | 8,436 | 2.90625 | 3 | [
3464,
70,
2830,
1487,
1979,
1640,
289,
1794,
1659,
352,
586,
1640,
289,
2830,
18,
365,
1162,
1075,
289,
7302,
16,
518,
1749,
427,
268,
1500,
291,
1350,
289,
363,
2889,
292,
5806,
16,
1923,
16,
5344,
16,
291,
1793,
16,
356,
2729,
18,
1399,
289,
268,
710,
2006,
2585,
7448,
341,
5482,
1707,
1794,
356,
1014,
419,
4516,
291,
2768,
2022,
18,
450,
444,
3310,
16,
5482,
1707,
1794,
316,
4168,
352,
2054,
1958,
10865,
30,
561,
80,
2567,
556,
16,
1815,
16,
3657,
823,
17,
4710,
16,
291,
2300,
1159,
18,
3117,
3159,
437,
4168,
268,
10865,
288,
586,
1714,
16,
659,
352,
288,
2560,
289,
3313,
1208,
16,
2790,
7103,
16,
1815,
16,
2872,
16,
291,
2300,
1159,
18,
1121,
16,
2715,
379,
9640,
289,
268,
1289,
289,
10865,
16,
361,
268,
9942,
724,
16,
768,
316,
851,
316,
336,
268,
10865,
289,
1794,
8635,
268,
5046,
289,
5482,
1208,
3853,
31,
1003,
516,
16,
5482,
1707,
1794,
316,
2842,
268,
1794,
289,
268,
1320,
1740,
289,
261,
5482,
1815,
352,
767,
352,
268,
2062,
1793,
18,
906,
268,
3094,
289,
5122,
16,
268,
5046,
289,
5482,
1208,
3853,
356,
4486,
288,
456,
2631,
352,
2101,
318,
16,
2790,
7103,
16,
1815,
16,
291,
2215,
84,
7103,
16,
291,
268,
1794,
10865,
356,
4285,
286,
292,
629,
5046,
9571,
16,
352,
4346,
488,
288,
6679,
5778,
18,
28,
18,
203,
21,
18,
7436,
318,
1629,
575,
203,
1461,
2101,
318,
4503,
289,
261,
5482,
1707,
2437,
7953,
274,
268,
5399,
289,
268,
7598,
289,
268,
1707,
16,
268,
1815,
291,
11467,
281,
289,
268,
3657,
4408,
289,
268,
11009,
16,
291,
268,
1815,
291,
823,
281,
289,
268,
6519,
18,
553,
316,
268,
4503,
288,
518,
268,
4388,
851,
3073,
356,
1146,
16,
1118,
2026,
361,
462,
261,
1707,
788,
679,
5916,
16,
717,
686,
850,
462,
712,
723,
561,
80,
2567,
556,
833,
18,
553,
316,
853,
10342,
291,
1415,
2329,
356,
1146,
336,
1888,
261,
1707,
606,
3114,
18,
2696,
362,
316,
462,
853,
710,
289,
268,
1656,
716,
316,
2217,
16,
362,
316,
261,
1040,
851,
4503,
16,
288,
336,
2657,
362,
4358,
375,
1342,
1626,
2135,
288,
261,
1707,
18,
3428,
289,
606,
8440,
2669,
16,
516,
268,
1558,
689,
288,
261,
1707,
356,
1840,
1487,
430,
268,
1236,
289,
268,
4503,
16,
717,
462,
516,
734,
362,
18,
10676,
3244,
650,
513,
327,
1001,
268,
892,
316,
2729,
430,
579,
1813,
995,
268,
4503,
16,
717,
3118,
8074,
764,
18,
553,
316,
2467,
851,
292,
2112,
369,
336,
1199,
2718,
356,
2729,
16,
352,
456,
375,
970,
1888,
622,
268,
2266,
289,
742,
17,
8918,
1028,
16,
7628,
3949,
444,
6464,
822,
292,
5400,
4280,
18,
203,
21,
18,
21,
18,
5564,
11492,
564,
6899,
203,
1461,
10908,
289,
261,
1707,
372,
87,
7598,
421,
11379,
1261,
352,
646,
389,
281,
13,
316,
268,
855,
939,
2067,
288,
268,
2101,
318,
4503,
291,
606,
2114,
3114,
316,
292,
4201,
1982,
1009,
292,
6840,
268,
1577,
289,
261,
1707,
734,
922,
281,
268,
6806,
16,
2886,
5195,
16,
3888,
2064,
16,
291,
268,
6350,
289,
268,
8021,
2430,
16,
853,
10511,
18,
3652,
466,
737,
10270,
2356,
7078,
268,
1707,
372,
87,
5317,
291,
6233,
16,
7078,
268,
2894,
291,
1522,
6644,
16,
291,
2131,
281,
1190,
261,
3063,
4517,
331,
268,
1707,
18,
760,
261,
5482,
1707,
8101,
16,
424,
1476,
288,
10614,
456,
737,
10270,
316,
1040,
1297,
18,
990,
356,
3024,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
331,
5678,
3331,
16,
7652,
622,
1190,
16,
2929,
673,
268,
1289,
289,
2575,
1011,
3718,
513,
1071,
16,
7078,
3889,
291,
5508,
1990,
331,
1011,
3718,
16,
291,
6576,
261,
1923,
292,
622,
18,
990,
375,
2446,
516,
629,
1840,
734,
1001,
865,
2133,
291,
2377,
16,
659,
352,
9244,
16,
7557,
16,
291,
8147,
441,
2280,
6575,
16,
1118,
268,
2377,
5709,
288,
8619,
5866,
336,
356,
724,
331,
5987,
16,
659,
352,
2302,
3862,
1773,
18,
10427,
5049,
289,
2377,
1840,
2346,
268,
710,
2821,
1636,
16,
1812,
865,
2377,
437,
444,
4381,
291,
573,
18,
203,
1461,
646,
389,
281,
833,
788,
3772,
292,
8470,
352,
1111,
1009,
352,
1522,
292,
10176,
268,
1707,
372,
87,
6233,
18,
7751,
788,
327,
6983,
691,
292,
1153,
6141,
336,
375,
327,
724,
292,
2747,
268,
1793,
16,
1923,
16,
669,
16,
7598,
16,
291,
1630,
7302,
18,
900,
788,
3772,
292,
8470,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
268,
1676,
337,
356,
3738,
292,
5422,
16,
1433,
6233,
421,
373,
723,
989,
2886,
5195,
291,
606,
5973,
3717,
16,
667,
1111,
289,
1011,
2612,
3904,
1517,
1470,
292,
327,
724,
16,
2026,
686,
356,
3614,
9672,
291,
19,
283,
892,
16,
5605,
4412,
16,
3650,
10605,
669,
16,
1517,
289,
3809,
2207,
16,
5344,
16,
291,
16,
853,
10511,
16,
268,
2624,
3834,
289,
268,
851,
689,
16,
659,
352,
1014,
3024,
331,
3851,
268,
679,
17,
69,
3429,
87,
291,
823,
17,
4710,
87,
18,
203,
51,
74,
516,
646,
389,
281,
3331,
16,
268,
1923,
281,
289,
261,
1707,
288,
268,
7777,
289,
516,
5265,
316,
970,
710,
2203,
18,
553,
316,
970,
261,
9465,
16,
919,
717,
11573,
31,
3281,
16,
268,
6094,
289,
1064,
17,
71,
511,
281,
356,
1039,
352,
695,
352,
658,
17,
71,
511,
281,
16,
3509,
341,
1432,
18,
553,
316,
1840,
549,
1327,
302,
292,
716,
341,
268,
3762,
336,
261,
1936,
512,
830,
327,
2207,
289,
3423,
687,
528,
712,
8856,
18,
829,
1923,
1023,
6805,
628,
292,
327,
1165,
16,
362,
830,
5707,
327,
261,
3034,
7780,
9668,
16,
1803,
331,
268,
6806,
16,
853,
686,
316,
597,
18,
203,
10702,
617,
2214,
291,
6545,
268,
833,
289,
1923,
281,
16,
686,
356,
2133,
1608,
292,
565,
268,
10442,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
2133,
2362,
804,
3073,
341,
667,
772,
2575,
261,
3718,
513,
1071,
16,
361,
268,
1923,
574,
5305,
18,
450,
3580,
16,
268,
512,
9157,
268,
646,
389,
281,
833,
16,
268,
512,
2619,
291,
512,
6857,
3331,
375,
327,
4090,
291,
261,
1707,
558,
1209,
1754,
18,
4773,
1634,
1190,
1740,
636,
3513,
3718,
5117,
1840,
1892,
268,
516,
6604,
289,
1793,
16,
9641,
281,
16,
291,
1923,
281,
3402,
291,
512,
3879,
16,
1039,
352,
268,
666,
289,
11951,
291,
7966,
2817,
16,
659,
352,
4168,
4235,
288,
456,
6600,
16,
375,
617,
1487,
650,
316,
3024,
331,
10614,
518,
3331,
512,
4859,
18,
330,
3624,
9157,
646,
389,
281,
833,
525,
4698,
261,
9157,
4781,
16,
518,
316,
1505,
331,
268,
1815,
289,
261,
11009,
18,
203,
21,
18,
22,
18,
9919,
335,
280,
6899,
203,
37,
1707,
11009,
6044,
1875,
516,
268,
1009,
9736,
995,
268,
646,
389,
281,
833,
636,
261,
2324,
742,
4170,
464,
3190,
336,
903,
300,
692,
268,
3114,
289,
261,
1707,
16,
1298,
1018,
1232,
1430,
341,
268,
3834,
289,
1208,
16,
2467,
352,
362,
375,
327,
2203,
292,
327,
1575,
289,
3423,
430,
268,
2101,
318,
4503,
18,
365,
2114,
1577,
289,
268,
3190,
430,
903,
7902,
268,
4990,
4718,
2992,
4465,
341,
606,
2064,
291,
268,
7388,
289,
336,
2064,
18,
365,
7388,
4391,
316,
268,
2144,
4079,
292,
430,
572,
291,
268,
3995,
336,
3233,
606,
1577,
356,
462,
1111,
865,
427,
1014,
331,
5519,
1078,
541,
2064,
341,
268,
4420,
18,
11929,
1612,
659,
352,
3101,
9703,
8642,
421,
7090,
284,
266,
340,
11693,
13,
291,
5413,
1982,
1846,
430,
268,
8309,
1054,
292,
4660,
6535,
292,
3562,
8099,
1020,
2568,
261,
11009,
375,
679,
261,
917,
898,
4094,
1355,
261,
11009,
787,
1842,
16,
291,
2289,
292,
1078,
291,
716,
360,
16,
291,
576,
375,
268,
8834,
289,
1094,
1429,
421,
7203,
352,
4134,
87,
291,
11951,
13,
291,
1060,
1630,
6598,
18,
203,
55,
562,
298,
289,
2445,
316,
525,
1040,
851,
331,
2289,
1616,
18,
330,
11009,
788,
462,
327,
917,
649,
362,
375,
327,
1912,
291,
6368,
18,
3142,
649,
362,
528,
292,
327,
917,
16,
362,
788,
462,
327,
384,
348,
4722,
16,
566,
1938,
292,
268,
1813,
336,
316,
3888,
18,
553,
788,
525,
327,
288,
5979,
291,
538,
84,
6278,
7503,
3045,
537,
1719,
336,
710,
689,
992,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
2042,
83,
395,
439,
10185,
361,
1580,
620,
87,
788,
327,
10208,
16,
352,
502,
356,
1792,
292,
327,
6209,
794,
11016,
361,
419,
261,
1730,
289,
689,
18,
365,
666,
289,
538,
781,
537,
361,
538,
2562,
537,
3773,
16,
1232,
16,
788,
327,
10208,
16,
971,
268,
959,
2568,
268,
11009,
1276,
327,
289,
268,
6896,
4146,
291,
1276,
1350,
366,
7646,
488,
18,
365,
1162,
3677,
331,
5973,
577,
294,
75,
625,
18,
829,
502,
1204,
327,
724,
16,
1023,
502,
788,
327,
5892,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
3785,
3130,
1960,
274,
361,
558,
593,
1156,
18,
2605,
1057,
516,
16,
261,
11009,
316,
261,
11009,
16,
462,
261,
1075,
289,
5424,
16,
576,
362,
788,
327,
7031,
961,
2359,
687,
882,
2322,
656,
18,
540,
1780,
1530,
336,
6535,
886,
268,
2266,
336,
7358,
2802,
502,
804,
316,
444,
1044,
291,
337,
437,
462,
4225,
622,
292,
565,
3784,
18,
1122,
617,
1902,
1888,
6535,
268,
2266,
289,
2054,
363,
3465,
16,
362,
316,
1840,
3209,
292,
2954,
512,
687,
597,
898,
289,
5693,
444,
1470,
18,
2696,
456,
1276,
1131,
261,
1936,
512,
716,
16,
362,
375,
769,
292,
268,
1649,
289,
3847,
16,
288,
336,
362,
3581,
268,
11514,
336,
337,
356,
462,
3738,
292,
4017,
723,
1510,
1412,
12,
87,
13,
331,
424,
3145,
18,
203,
37,
11009,
375,
327,
289,
723,
2155,
16,
7660,
427,
1039,
261,
1374,
292,
5971,
289,
5938,
16,
3509,
341,
1320,
1802,
16,
659,
352,
2155,
16,
1517,
289,
1707,
16,
291,
2026,
337,
356,
6173,
281,
360,
1548,
331,
268,
1162,
3065,
291,
3281,
648,
292,
1226,
261,
1774,
289,
1009,
292,
3277,
363,
5975,
18,
1121,
16,
2715,
379,
9640,
289,
606,
2155,
361,
268,
1517,
289,
1009,
7905,
288,
362,
16,
362,
788,
6342,
7495,
4859,
268,
1685,
6506,
30,
203,
17,
365,
1676,
268,
5684,
1707,
513,
5422,
291,
19,
283,
268,
1470,
362,
513,
10176,
18,
203,
17,
2995,
337,
356,
9189,
292,
565,
268,
1707,
18,
203,
17,
1021,
337,
356,
11576,
281,
292,
565,
292,
5422,
268,
4090,
1676,
361,
4735,
93,
268,
6535,
372,
1470,
16,
1118,
5684,
669,
1576,
291,
2762,
18,
203,
57,
87,
1141,
16,
629,
6506,
356,
710,
4859,
903,
3153,
419,
7652,
1190,
261,
11009,
636,
3513,
16,
5292,
16,
291,
11693,
1747,
286,
7058,
18,
6679,
5778,
18,
29,
2746,
363,
1214,
336,
6420,
772,
289,
268,
4702,
2437,
3380,
288,
261,
5482,
11009,
18,
829,
4220,
3722,
16,
362,
1956,
261,
1522,
4089,
1813,
18,
1021,
3677,
1064,
1011,
3800,
4465,
341,
1320,
1802,
16,
659,
352,
2155,
291,
1517,
289,
1707,
18,
365,
1955,
5131,
316,
462,
923,
289,
268,
11009,
291,
316,
1840,
1040,
1912,
291,
269,
306,
2934,
1082,
512,
687,
2842,
5891,
2383,
292,
268,
5605,
289,
268,
11009,
18,
203,
21,
18,
22,
18,
21,
10279,
8920,
203,
1461,
5705,
3396,
1956,
3689,
336,
7206,
268,
2064,
289,
268,
11009,
291,
606,
3094,
18,
365,
6663,
3492,
1306,
523,
9911,
1009,
659,
352,
1932,
291,
1750,
289,
709,
265,
16,
1707,
6663,
16,
3933,
16,
268,
1932,
291,
3065,
6663,
289,
268,
959,
331,
6098,
268,
11009,
316,
4647,
16,
268,
1932,
291,
3065,
6663,
289,
268,
959,
336,
4647,
362,
16,
268,
7510,
289,
268,
1707,
16,
291,
1707,
1289,
16,
717,
10511,
18,
906,
2289,
6040,
668,
16,
268,
3438,
289,
2064,
788,
327,
5883,
636,
7058,
361,
2287,
336,
5295,
268,
2214,
289,
268,
11009,
18,
330,
1677,
17,
9837,
1215,
2777,
5687,
316,
3380,
292,
1463,
261,
6806,
427,
10132,
2485,
268,
1009,
7905,
288,
268,
11009,
292,
586,
2499,
18,
203,
21,
18,
22,
18,
22,
18,
6140,
5959,
8920,
203,
1461,
7648,
3396,
316,
268,
710,
17,
1189,
3396,
289,
261,
11009,
971,
362,
3581,
261,
2025,
5715,
3060,
289,
768,
261,
1707,
316,
608,
18,
365,
9139,
7648,
6579,
16,
288,
2208,
1719,
16,
268,
8561,
289,
261,
1707,
291,
1923,
7648,
3581,
268,
1923,
9432,
645,
16,
2437,
288,
268,
926,
289,
2762,
574,
1730,
16,
4138
] |
Wondering about what conservatorship is? When someone is unable to manage their financial, legal, or medical affairs, a conservatorship is established for him or her. Read more to familiarize yourself with how one can get conservatorship and how it works.
Conservatorship is a legal status in which a court appoints someone to handle a minor’s or incompetent person’s financial and personal affairs. A conservator can also act as a guardian, establishing and supervising the individual’s physical care as well as controlling their living circumstances. The appointment of a conservatorship by a court to oversee the financial and personal affairs of an incapacitated or incompetent individual, minor, or older adult with limited competence is known as conservatorship.
A conservator is a person who is appointed by the court. The conservator is in charge of a person who is incapable of a minor’s financial and personal affairs. The court has the power to investigate conservators. They must, for example, frequently document their financial management of the conservatee.
Conservatorship and guardianship are two distinct terms that might be filled by the same person. The appointment of a person to oversee the physical and medical care of a person with limited capacity is known as guardianship.
Conservatorships can be general or limited. A conservatee, the individual who is the subject of the conservatorship, usually has little to no decision-making authority under a general conservatorship. With the exception of what the court requires the conservator to oversee, a limited conservatorship permits the conservatee to retain the majority of control over their financial and personal matters.
Different jurisdictions use different nomenclature for conservatorships. A conservatorship is sometimes referred to as guardianship in some jurisdictions and states, and conservators are sometimes referred to as trustees. Both roles are referred to as conservatorship in California, with the guardian role being referred to as conservator of the person and the financial role being referred to as conservator of the estate.
Types of conservatorships
Depending on the needs of the conservatee, the following are the types of conservatorships:
The laws of California Probate code are used to create these conservatorships. Conservatorships of this category are the most common. Conservatorships in probate can be:
Adults who are unable to care for themselves or their finances are placed under conservatorship. These conservatives are typically old, but they can also be younger people who have been gravely injured, such as in a car accident.
Adults with developmental disabilities who are unable to care for themselves or their finances are placed under limited conservatorships. Conservatees under restricted conservatorships do not require the same level of attention or assistance as those in general conservatorships.
When an immediate conservatorship is required, the court may designate a temporary conservator until a permanent conservator is designated. The request must be made as part of a general conservatorship case, and it can be made at the same time as or shortly after the case is filed with the court. A temporary conservator’s principal responsibilities include providing for the conservatee’s temporary care, protection, and support, as well as safeguarding the conservatee’s income and property.
Lanterman-Petris-Short (LPS) Conservatorships
Adults with serious mental diseases that require particular care are placed under LPS conservatorships. These conservatorships are typically used for people who require very restrictive living arrangements such as being locked up and substantial mental health treatment like very powerful drugs to control behavior. Conservatees in LPS conservatorships are unable or unwilling to agree on their own to the particular living arrangements or treatment. A local government agency must initiate an LPS conservatorship. It is recommended to contact your country’s public guardian or public conservative if you believe this is the type of assistance the adult needs. This online self-help center’s content does not apply to LPS conservatorships.
Types of conservators
There are two types of probate conservators depending on whether the conservatorship is for an individual or a corporation.
A conservatorship is established by court order for a minor or a person with a physical or intellectual disability. Individuals needing conservatorship may include those who are victims of dementia or intellectual deficiencies that render the person unable to make legal, financial, and medical decisions on their own behalf.
Elderly people, particularly those with Alzheimer’s or dementia, are among those who may be placed under conservatorship. Mental capacity must be determined by a psychiatrist, psychologist, or physician with substantial knowledge and training in diagnosing disorders such as dementia for conservatorships of individuals. Before a conservatorship over an individual can be ordered, every diagnosis or determination must be documented and substantiated.
In some situations, the person who is the subject of the conservatorship might sue to have it lifted later if they decide it is no longer needed. The conservatorship of pop diva Britney Spears is a high-profile example. She requested a court in June 2021 to lift a 13-year conservatorship managed by her father and a lawyer, which had been imposed after she had a series of highly publicized mental breakdowns. Britney Spears lost control of her finances and many personal decisions when she was in conservatorship. The conservatorship is concluded in November 2021, according to a judge’s decision.
A conservatorship is established for an organization or a company by a statutory or regulatory body. Conservatorship entails temporary authority in the case of government control of private organizations or enterprises.
An example is the conservatorship of Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mac. For these two agencies, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) serves as a conservator. The conservatorships, which were established after the 2008 financial crisis, authorized the government to intervene in the operation of the agencies in response to financial difficulties caused by the housing market’s decline. Steps have been taken in recent years to get Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac out of conservatorship.
Being designated conservator of a person does not imply that they are also conservators of the estate. If someone wants to be a conservator of both the person and the corporation, they must file a petition for both. If a conservator of a person later believes that he or she needs to be appointed as conservator of the corporation, he or she can submit a new conservatorship petition and ask to be designated as conservator of the corporation.
Responsibilities of a conservator
The following are the responsibilities of a person’s conservator:
- Make arrangements for the conservatee’s care and safety.
- Choose a location for the conservatee to live.
- Prepare meals, healthcare, clothing, personal care, housekeeping, transportation, shelter, recreation, and well-being for the conservatees.
- Obtain judicial approval for specific decisions regarding the conservatee’s health care and living arrangements.
- The present status of the conservatee should be reported to the court.
A conservator of the corporation’s responsibilities include:
- Organize the finances of the conservatee.
- All assets must be located and taken control of.
- Collect the income of the conservatee.
- Make a budget to demonstrate to the conservatee what he or she can afford.
- Pay the bills of the conservatee.
- Invest the conservatee’s money responsibly.
- Protect the assets of the conservatee.
- Account for the conservatee’s assets management to the court and the conservatee.
What is the difference between conservatorship and guardianship?
When a loved one becomes unable to care for themselves, there is a lot of dread. Whether it’s a physical or mental issue, the worry and anxiety it causes will not go away on its own. Physically and financially, your loved one must be cared for and protected. That is why conservatorships and guardianships are so vital; they create a structure that allows you to handle the affairs of someone who is unable to manage their own affairs.
A conservatorship is a court order that designates someone to handle a minor’s or incompetent person’s financial affairs.
A guardianship is when someone is appointed to handle the medical and physical care of a person with limited capacity or a juvenile. Both responsibilities can be undertaken by the same person.
Conservatorships are for those who, for whatever reason, are unable to manage their financial holdings. You can be designated as their conservator if your loved one is unable to manage their own finances. As a conservator, you’ll be awarded trustee status, which means you’ll be able to manage their finances without their permission. While you will have no control over personal care decisions, you will be able to redistribute assets, invest in stocks, and even buy real estate in order to protect the specified individual’s financial situation. This sort of conservatorship can be highly beneficial for persons with mental disabilities or Alzheimer’s disease.
Guardianships, on the other hand, are entirely different. While you are simply accountable for an individual’s financial concerns in a conservatorship, guardianships are for those who are entirely disabled. In other words, individuals not only require financial management but also cannot be accountable for their own overall health and well-being.
How to get conservatorship?
The conservatorship process begins with the filing of papers with the Probate Court and the distribution of copies to the putative conservatee and close relatives. Obviously, for the conservatee, who is compelled to give up rights to manage his or her finances, make his or her own medical decisions, and so on, this can be a difficult procedure. Nonetheless, a conservatorship is occasionally unavoidable.
An investigator from the court must speak with the putative conservatee and others who may have knowledge of the matter. A hearing date is set, and the judge will decide whether or not a conservator will be appointed, and if so, who that conservator will be. Unless the prospective conservatee is unable to attend due to illness, the proposed conservatee should attend the hearing because the judge will frequently interrogate them. Someone else, generally a family member, has the right to oppose the proceeding or suggest a new conservatory.
The conservator must make a report with the court outlining the assets owned by the conservatee within 90 days of the date the judge signs the order appointing probate conservator. The conservator creates an inventory and appraisal form in particular. The conservator must provide the inventory and appraisal to the probate referee, who is appointed by the court if there are assets other than cash. The probate referee will appraise the non-cash assets, fill in the value of those items on the inventory and appraisal, and return it to the conservator, who will submit it with the court. The form is normally returned in four to six weeks by the probate referee.
The appraiser charges the estate a fee, which is usually a tenth of one percent of the total value of the conservatee’s estate, with a maximum fee of $10,000. In addition, the probate referee may be eligible to recover expenditures such as mileage. Following the establishment of a conservatorship, the court conducts periodic investigations to ensure that the conservatorship is still needed and that the conservatee is being treated properly.
Bonds and periodic accounting are two types of accounting. If the conservator is in charge of the conservatee’s money, which is usually the case, he or she must post a bond and submit full reports to the court on a regular basis, detailing all income and expenditures. The size of the bond is determined by the conservatee’s assets and annual income, as well as whether the bond is provided by a professional bonding business rather than relatives or friends.
Companies that provide bonds. Most bonding agencies will not provide a bond unless the conservatorship proceedings are being handled by an attorney.
Reports on the conservatee’s status frequently, the conservator is required to write periodic status reports outlining how the conservatee is doing and what the conservator is doing in terms of his or her responsibilities.
How much does a conservator get paid?
The conservatorship is usually paid for out of the conservatee’s income or other assets.
In general, the conservator is entitled to repayment for reasonable expenses incurred on behalf of the conservatee, such as costs associated with establishing the conservatorship and money spent supporting the conservatee prior to the conservatorship.
The conservator must get court approval before obtaining reimbursements from the conservatee’s estate, with the exception of court filing fees and bond premiums. All receipts and records of all expenses must be kept by the conservator (and reimbursements). The conservator may hire assistance as needed, such as an accountant, as long as the cost is acceptable in contrast to the size of the conservatee’s inheritance.
In most cases, the conservator will not be reimbursed for mail, photocopying, transportation, or court fee. It is critical for a conservator who intends to be paid for his or her to keep a full written record of the time spent on the conservatorship, including the date, amount of time spent, and work completed on a case-by-case basis. Courts normally only allow a family member to be compensated for time spent handling the estate’s finances, not for time spent acting as a family member (such as visiting the conservatee) or acting as the person’s conservator.
Courts may refuse to provide time compensation if the conservator has spent little time on financial problems or has failed to follow court rules, such as filing accounts on time.
Some courts have schedules that specify how much a conservator may be paid for his or her work, which is usually a percentage of the conservatee’s inheritance. The conservator may only ask for compensation for time spent after the latter of the following two events has occurred
- When the inventory and appraisal are filed.
- 90 days after the letters of conservatorship were issued.
For the past 13 years, Britney Spears’ financial and personal life has been under the jurisdiction of her father and others through a type of legal guardianship known as conservatorship.
After her divorce from Kevin Federline was finalized in 2007, and she lost custody of their two children, the singer began acting erratically.
A series of public outbursts aroused concerns about her mental health, with the actress shaving her head and slamming an umbrella into a photographer’s car. She was twice hospitalized in 2008 under a temporary psychiatric assessment order, including following an incident in which she allegedly refused to surrender her sons in a police standoff.
Around this time, a temporary conservatorship was established, which was later made permanent later that year. Her father Jamie’s lawyers argued the conservatorship was essential to protect Britney in every meaning of the term in recent court files. The conservatorship over Spears was divided into two parts: one for her estate and financial issues, and the other for her as a person. Jamie Spears was in charge of both portions, but in 2019 he stepped down as his daughter’s personal conservator, citing health reasons, and was replaced by a court-appointed care professional.
In September 2021, Mr. Spears was removed as conservator of Britney’s financial estate and replaced by an accountant chosen by Britney and her counsel. Spears released three albums, had a successful Las Vegas residency and made numerous television appearances during her time as a conservator. Her finances and professional decisions are within the conservatorship’s control, as are significant personal considerations like her visits with her teenage sons and whether she can remarry.
The singer’s phone and bedroom were allegedly monitored by security staff working for her father, according to a documentary.
Pros and cons of conservatorship
The requirement of court monitoring and control over the conservatory is an advantage of court-appointed conservatorships. This supervision forbids the conservator from making any critical decisions without the approval of the court. If a conservator needs to decide whether or not to withhold life-saving medical treatment, he or she must file a petition with the court and acquire written authority. This inspection ensures the conservatee’s safety as well as the peace of mind of the family.
Another benefit of judicial oversight is that it protects against breaches of fiduciary duty or financial mismanagement. In California, the conservator is required to file an inventory with the court listing all of the conservatee’s assets. The conservator must thereafter continue to present accountancy to the court detailing any transactions involving the conservatee’s assets.
Furthermore, because a conservator is appointed by the court, the conservator will be given a level of authority that will be valuable when dealing with third parties on the estate.
The cost of the conservatorship process is a significant disadvantage. The fees might be significant because the court is still involved in the process after the conservatorship has been formed. The fact that the conservatorship proceedings are open to the public is also a drawback. This means that the conservatee’s assets, as well as the nature of his or her incapacity, will be made public, perhaps causing hesitation.
The most major downside is that a conservator’s appointment effectively removes the conservatee’s power to make decisions about most of their affairs. This can be extremely humiliating for most people. However, there are several less restrictive options to explore. Advance healthcare directives, durable powers of attorney for finances and healthcare, and revocable living trusts are examples of these documents. The appointment of a conservator may not be necessary if sufficient previous planning is done.
A conservator can make the appropriate judgments when a person is no longer capable of handling his or her own affairs and is unable to assign this responsibility to someone else. Due to court control of the conservatee, a conservatorship provides a better level of protection for the conservatee than other options. While court supervision makes a conservatorship more expensive and time-consuming than other management systems, it provides the conservatee with more protection than other management mechanisms. The conservator is required to file an inventory of the conservatee’s property as well as accountancy with the court that details any transactions involving the conservatee’s assets. | <urn:uuid:28e3c03f-d95d-4b73-ae49-30093dccbf3c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hustlersdigest.com/what-is-a-conservatorship/ | 2024-02-21T12:27:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.961128 | 3,928 | 2.765625 | 3 | [
59,
799,
1489,
608,
768,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
35,
1097,
2711,
316,
6320,
292,
3102,
444,
2153,
16,
2953,
16,
361,
1804,
11854,
16,
261,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
3413,
331,
1547,
361,
954,
18,
3177,
512,
292,
4973,
918,
2757,
360,
667,
597,
375,
886,
7921,
1721,
1028,
291,
667,
362,
1854,
18,
203,
39,
625,
678,
1721,
1028,
316,
261,
2953,
3985,
288,
518,
261,
4766,
558,
2372,
2711,
292,
4739,
261,
4872,
372,
87,
361,
490,
1416,
364,
302,
959,
372,
87,
2153,
291,
1845,
11854,
18,
330,
7921,
1622,
375,
525,
3241,
352,
261,
7412,
779,
16,
8213,
291,
8747,
2252,
268,
1769,
372,
87,
1646,
1066,
352,
767,
352,
7987,
444,
2299,
5523,
18,
365,
8778,
289,
261,
7921,
1721,
1028,
419,
261,
4766,
292,
6290,
1512,
268,
2153,
291,
1845,
11854,
289,
363,
490,
429,
313,
297,
488,
361,
490,
1416,
364,
302,
1769,
16,
4872,
16,
361,
3684,
4769,
360,
3064,
6173,
514,
316,
1261,
352,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
203,
37,
7921,
1622,
316,
261,
959,
650,
316,
10745,
419,
268,
4766,
18,
365,
7921,
1622,
316,
288,
4873,
289,
261,
959,
650,
316,
490,
429,
541,
289,
261,
4872,
372,
87,
2153,
291,
1845,
11854,
18,
365,
4766,
528,
268,
1056,
292,
8535,
7921,
1721,
18,
900,
1204,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
3983,
3190,
444,
2153,
1794,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
18,
203,
39,
625,
678,
1721,
1028,
291,
7412,
1825,
1028,
356,
881,
5292,
2560,
336,
1276,
327,
6043,
419,
268,
1162,
959,
18,
365,
8778,
289,
261,
959,
292,
6290,
1512,
268,
1646,
291,
1804,
1066,
289,
261,
959,
360,
3064,
3493,
316,
1261,
352,
7412,
1825,
1028,
18,
203,
39,
625,
678,
1721,
4823,
375,
327,
2177,
361,
3064,
18,
330,
7921,
381,
73,
16,
268,
1769,
650,
316,
268,
2783,
289,
268,
7921,
1721,
1028,
16,
1840,
528,
1936,
292,
688,
2802,
17,
4757,
5442,
1064,
261,
2177,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
1440,
268,
8238,
289,
768,
268,
4766,
2559,
268,
7921,
1622,
292,
6290,
1512,
16,
261,
3064,
7921,
1721,
1028,
8074,
764,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
292,
6449,
268,
4176,
289,
1357,
658,
444,
2153,
291,
1845,
6753,
18,
203,
40,
373,
529,
302,
10385,
300,
508,
666,
865,
9561,
810,
80,
920,
331,
7921,
1721,
4823,
18,
330,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
2903,
4612,
292,
352,
7412,
1825,
1028,
288,
579,
10385,
300,
508,
291,
2588,
16,
291,
7921,
1721,
356,
2903,
4612,
292,
352,
11204,
9704,
18,
4449,
5535,
356,
4612,
292,
352,
7921,
1721,
1028,
288,
4002,
16,
360,
268,
7412,
779,
1476,
1018,
4612,
292,
352,
7921,
1622,
289,
268,
959,
291,
268,
2153,
1476,
1018,
4612,
292,
352,
7921,
1622,
289,
268,
8636,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
274,
289,
7921,
1721,
4823,
203,
40,
559,
1753,
341,
268,
1470,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
16,
268,
1685,
356,
268,
1640,
289,
7921,
1721,
4823,
30,
203,
1461,
3467,
289,
4002,
960,
70,
381,
3230,
356,
724,
292,
1408,
629,
7921,
1721,
4823,
18,
1895,
678,
1721,
4823,
289,
456,
7252,
356,
268,
710,
1112,
18,
1895,
678,
1721,
4823,
288,
2570,
381,
375,
327,
30,
203,
37,
72,
1339,
650,
356,
6320,
292,
1066,
331,
2315,
361,
444,
951,
1427,
356,
4087,
1064,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
948,
7921,
2513,
356,
2437,
1662,
16,
566,
502,
375,
525,
327,
6702,
689,
650,
437,
712,
785,
69,
1720,
10117,
16,
659,
352,
288,
261,
877,
7139,
18,
203,
37,
72,
1339,
360,
9598,
6954,
650,
356,
6320,
292,
1066,
331,
2315,
361,
444,
951,
1427,
356,
4087,
1064,
3064,
7921,
1721,
4823,
18,
1895,
678,
381,
274,
1064,
10067,
7921,
1721,
4823,
565,
462,
1131,
268,
1162,
966,
289,
2383,
361,
5192,
352,
1014,
288,
2177,
7921,
1721,
4823,
18,
203,
7508,
363,
5572,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
2207,
16,
268,
4766,
602,
1019,
381,
261,
7724,
7921,
1622,
2035,
261,
6273,
7921,
1622,
316,
9384,
18,
365,
5453,
1204,
327,
1146,
352,
923,
289,
261,
2177,
7921,
1721,
1028,
1731,
16,
291,
362,
375,
327,
1146,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
352,
361,
1912,
325,
1003,
268,
1731,
316,
1741,
286,
360,
268,
4766,
18,
330,
7724,
7921,
1622,
372,
87,
9075,
7710,
1226,
2352,
331,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
372,
87,
7724,
1066,
16,
2759,
16,
291,
1105,
16,
352,
767,
352,
8087,
281,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
372,
87,
3871,
291,
3278,
18,
203,
48,
282,
950,
282,
17,
52,
73,
322,
277,
17,
9351,
442,
421,
48,
4441,
13,
1895,
678,
1721,
4823,
203,
37,
72,
1339,
360,
2804,
1993,
2604,
336,
1131,
1510,
1066,
356,
4087,
1064,
458,
4441,
7921,
1721,
4823,
18,
948,
7921,
1721,
4823,
356,
2437,
724,
331,
689,
650,
1131,
1040,
4038,
656,
2299,
6730,
652,
659,
352,
1018,
7679,
286,
644,
291,
7060,
1993,
661,
1412,
730,
1040,
3184,
3843,
292,
1357,
2197,
18,
1895,
678,
381,
274,
288,
458,
4441,
7921,
1721,
4823,
356,
6320,
361,
6752,
3287,
292,
3419,
341,
444,
1044,
292,
268,
1510,
2299,
6730,
652,
361,
1412,
18,
330,
1683,
1654,
6959,
1204,
2101,
381,
363,
458,
4441,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
553,
316,
3505,
292,
2624,
424,
1777,
372,
87,
1376,
7412,
779,
361,
1376,
7921,
774,
717,
337,
2979,
456,
316,
268,
1517,
289,
5192,
268,
4769,
1470,
18,
540,
2049,
1817,
17,
8219,
84,
3795,
372,
87,
2064,
1082,
462,
3769,
292,
458,
4441,
7921,
1721,
4823,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
274,
289,
7921,
1721,
203,
6695,
356,
881,
1640,
289,
2570,
381,
7921,
1721,
3509,
341,
2026,
268,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
331,
363,
1769,
361,
261,
5396,
318,
18,
203,
37,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
3413,
419,
4766,
1544,
331,
261,
4872,
361,
261,
959,
360,
261,
1646,
361,
7405,
7656,
18,
10380,
648,
281,
7921,
1721,
1028,
602,
1226,
1014,
650,
356,
7514,
289,
8172,
361,
7405,
4630,
9989,
336,
7549,
265,
268,
959,
6320,
292,
804,
2953,
16,
2153,
16,
291,
1804,
3073,
341,
444,
1044,
1180,
2380,
18,
203,
41,
414,
265,
325,
689,
16,
2467,
1014,
360,
7757,
372,
87,
361,
8172,
16,
356,
1694,
1014,
650,
602,
327,
4087,
1064,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
7484,
3493,
1204,
327,
5108,
419,
261,
10657,
3437,
16,
2532,
4728,
16,
361,
8346,
360,
7060,
1772,
291,
2041,
288,
2307,
2485,
3741,
659,
352,
8172,
331,
7921,
1721,
4823,
289,
1578,
18,
4386,
261,
7921,
1721,
1028,
658,
363,
1769,
375,
327,
9886,
16,
953,
4291,
361,
10908,
1204,
327,
10522,
291,
5557,
488,
18,
203,
2983,
579,
3887,
16,
268,
959,
650,
316,
268,
2783,
289,
268,
7921,
1721,
1028,
1276,
390,
73,
292,
437,
362,
2339,
691,
2135,
717,
502,
5841,
362,
316,
688,
2473,
2224,
18,
365,
7921,
1721,
1028,
289,
1125,
3436,
69,
2512,
2022,
1384,
8746,
316,
261,
695,
17,
3012,
74,
621,
1214,
18,
2623,
5453,
286,
261,
4766,
288,
4453,
4523,
292,
10593,
261,
3284,
17,
4103,
7921,
1721,
1028,
5922,
419,
954,
4818,
291,
261,
1536,
8914,
16,
518,
850,
712,
498,
1485,
1003,
1353,
850,
261,
3338,
289,
2871,
1376,
963,
1993,
10669,
87,
18,
2512,
2022,
1384,
8746,
3673,
1357,
289,
954,
951,
1427,
291,
772,
1845,
3073,
649,
1353,
454,
288,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
365,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
9217,
288,
5196,
4523,
16,
2310,
292,
261,
8328,
372,
87,
2802,
18,
203,
37,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
3413,
331,
363,
3272,
361,
261,
2152,
419,
261,
2291,
89,
861,
361,
7327,
1073,
18,
1895,
678,
1721,
1028,
1543,
4933,
7724,
5442,
288,
268,
1731,
289,
1654,
1357,
289,
3397,
3187,
361,
2989,
4423,
274,
18,
203,
7353,
1214,
316,
268,
7921,
1721,
1028,
289,
418,
2586,
545,
383,
2471,
421,
42,
50,
8583,
13,
291,
11812,
72,
545,
5990,
18,
906,
629,
881,
6127,
16,
268,
7096,
11608,
281,
2768,
515,
8126,
421,
42,
44,
10924,
13,
5155,
352,
261,
7921,
1622,
18,
365,
7921,
1721,
4823,
16,
518,
664,
3413,
1003,
268,
6867,
2153,
4742,
16,
2036,
963,
268,
1654,
292,
630,
592,
73,
288,
268,
4531,
289,
268,
6127,
288,
2629,
292,
2153,
6644,
2494,
419,
268,
6012,
1877,
372,
87,
5807,
18,
2760,
782,
437,
712,
2459,
288,
2650,
935,
292,
886,
418,
2586,
545,
383,
2471,
291,
11812,
72,
545,
5990,
628,
289,
7921,
1721,
1028,
18,
203,
10746,
281,
9384,
7921,
1622,
289,
261,
959,
1082,
462,
498,
325,
336,
502,
356,
525,
7921,
1721,
289,
268,
8636,
18,
829,
2711,
6204,
292,
327,
261,
7921,
1622,
289,
1079,
268,
959,
291,
268,
5396,
318,
16,
502,
1204,
3941,
261,
600,
5274,
331,
1079,
18,
829,
261,
7921,
1622,
289,
261,
959,
2135,
9173,
336,
431,
361,
1353,
1470,
292,
327,
10745,
352,
7921,
1622,
289,
268,
5396,
318,
16,
431,
361,
1353,
375,
10240,
261,
733,
7921,
1721,
1028,
600,
5274,
291,
2379,
292,
327,
9384,
352,
7921,
1622,
289,
268,
5396,
318,
18,
203,
11872,
84,
625,
4370,
289,
261,
7921,
1622,
203,
1461,
1685,
356,
268,
7710,
289,
261,
959,
372,
87,
7921,
1622,
30,
203,
17,
4007,
6730,
652,
331,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
372,
87,
1066,
291,
2030,
18,
203,
17,
7853,
261,
3336,
331,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
292,
2180,
18,
203,
17,
11940,
470,
6072,
16,
2689,
16,
6099,
16,
1845,
1066,
16,
2189,
394,
8363,
16,
4902,
16,
9459,
16,
8358,
318,
16,
291,
767,
17,
2722,
331,
268,
7921,
381,
274,
18,
203,
17,
5905,
572,
3680,
300,
439,
10293,
331,
1430,
3073,
4353,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
372,
87,
661,
1066,
291,
2299,
6730,
652,
18,
203,
17,
365,
1487,
3985,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
788,
327,
3446,
292,
268,
4766,
18,
203,
37,
7921,
1622,
289,
268,
5396,
318,
372,
87,
7710,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
4259,
918,
268,
951,
1427,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
18,
203,
17,
1771,
5508,
1204,
327,
3586,
291,
2459,
1357,
289,
18,
203,
17,
1810,
6390,
268,
3871,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
18,
203,
17,
4007,
261,
5344,
292,
6425,
292,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
768,
431,
361,
1353,
375,
5025,
18,
203,
17,
9110,
268,
9013,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
18,
203,
17,
9528,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
372,
87,
2232,
1650,
3749,
18,
203,
17,
5099,
493,
268,
5508,
289,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
18,
203,
17,
2109,
1252,
331,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
372,
87,
5508,
1794,
292,
268,
4766,
291,
268,
7921,
381,
73,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
268,
2921,
858,
7921,
1721,
1028,
291,
7412,
1825,
1028,
35,
203,
7508,
261,
5741,
597,
3125,
6320,
292,
1066,
331,
2315,
16,
686,
316,
261,
1774,
289,
295,
1189,
18,
4283,
362,
372,
87,
261,
1646,
361,
1993,
2682,
16,
268,
5958,
291,
3083,
362,
2384,
513,
462,
679,
2014,
341,
606,
1044,
18,
4623,
1030,
291,
951,
797,
1467,
16,
424,
5741,
597,
1204,
327,
1066,
72,
331,
291,
5075,
18,
2015,
316,
1768,
7921,
1721,
4823,
291,
7412,
1825,
4823,
356,
576,
3226,
31,
502,
1408,
261,
2214,
336,
2089,
337,
292,
4739,
268,
11854,
289,
2711,
650,
316,
6320,
292,
3102,
444,
1044,
11854,
18,
203,
37,
7921,
1721,
1028,
316,
261,
4766,
1544,
336,
1019,
692,
2711,
292,
4739,
261,
4872,
372,
87,
361,
490,
1416,
364,
302,
959,
372,
87,
2153,
11854,
18,
203,
37,
7412,
1825,
1028,
316,
649,
2711,
316,
10745,
292,
4739,
268,
1804,
291,
1646,
1066,
289,
261,
959,
360,
3064,
3493,
361,
261,
5777,
592,
621,
18,
4449,
7710,
375,
327,
1064,
358,
1651,
419,
268,
1162,
959,
18,
203,
39,
625,
678,
1721,
4823,
356,
331,
1014,
650,
16,
331,
7358,
2190,
16,
356,
6320,
292,
3102,
444,
2153,
6655,
87,
18,
990,
375,
327,
9384,
352,
444,
7921,
1622,
717,
424,
5741,
597,
316,
6320,
292,
3102,
444,
1044,
951,
1427,
18,
760,
261,
7921,
1622,
16,
337,
372,
660,
327,
11205,
11204,
3972,
3985,
16,
518,
1486,
337,
372,
660,
327,
1542,
292,
3102,
444,
951,
1427,
1298,
444,
9434,
18,
1508,
337,
513,
437,
688,
1357,
658,
1845,
1066,
3073,
16,
337,
513,
327,
1542,
292,
2243,
277,
1101,
1490,
5508,
16,
2301,
288,
11883,
16,
291,
919,
3992,
1409,
8636,
288,
1544,
292,
2000,
268,
9332,
1769,
372,
87,
2153,
3118,
18,
540,
5256,
289,
7921,
1721,
1028,
375,
327,
2871
] |
The complex world of schizophrenia, mental health, and bipolar disorder are distinct conditions that are often misinterpreted due to the common symptoms.
Understanding their distinct characteristics is essential for a correct diagnosis and efficient treatment. We explore an easy comparison that reveals the major differences between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as well as shedding light on the distinct effects they have and their treatments.
What is Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is an extremely severe and persistent mental health condition that profoundly alters the way people think, feel, and behave. It is characterized by a variety of symptoms which may include delusions, hallucinations poor thinking, and impairment in occupational or social functioning.
Individuals with schizophrenia may suffer from a change in their sense of reality resulting in difficulty in discerning between reality and what’s not. The symptoms typically start in the early years of adulthood and may significantly affect the way we live our lives which requires continuous treatment and care.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder can be described as a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme changes in mood, energy, and levels of activity. Bipolar patients suffer from episodes of mania or hypomania that are marked by increased and expansive moods.
These are often coupled with an increase in energy and less need for sleep. Manic episodes can be accompanied by periods of depression in which individuals experience intensely low mood, tired, and can struggle to focus or find satisfaction in their things.
The fluctuation between these states of mind is able to significantly affect your daily routine and relationships. There are many types of bipolar disorder each one characterized by different levels of severity and patterns of mood-related episodes. Treatment generally consists of a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications.
Comparison Table of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Absolutely, here’s a comparison table highlighting key differences between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder:
Aspect | Schizophrenia | Bipolar Disorder |
Primary Symptoms | Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking | Extreme mood swings (mania and depression) |
Nature of Episodes | Persistent symptoms; fewer distinct mood episodes | Distinct episodes of mania/hypomania and depression |
Mood vs. Psychosis | Emphasizes psychosis (hallucinations, delusions) | Emphasizes mood fluctuations |
Typical Onset Age | Late adolescence to early adulthood | Typically manifests in late adolescence to early adulthood |
Frequency of Episodes | Less cyclical; symptoms tend to persist | Cyclical; distinct episodes with periods of normalcy |
Duration of Episodes | Symptoms are chronic and ongoing | Manic and depressive episodes may vary in duration |
Impact on Functioning | Profound impact on cognitive and social functioning | Disrupts daily life due to mood swings and energy changes |
Treatment Emphasis | Focus on antipsychotic medications, therapy, and support | Combination of mood stabilizers, therapy, and support |
Prognosis | Varies, but long-term management is often necessary | With treatment, many individuals can manage symptoms |
Risk of Suicide | Increased risk due to symptoms and associated challenges | Higher risk during depressive episodes |
This table provides a snapshot of the differing characteristics between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, emphasizing the primary symptoms, patterns of episodes, impact on daily life, treatment approaches, and other crucial aspects that distinguish these mental health conditions.
The Main Causes of Schizophrenia and its Factors
Research continues to shed light on what triggers schizophrenia; indications include genetic, neurological, and environmental variables playing roles.Schizophrenia is an Inherited Condition. Being related to someone with schizophrenia increases your chance of it. Researchers believe schizophrenia could be caused by multiple genes contributing individually and each carrying some small risk for it.
Environmental factors have long been suspected as contributors to schizophrenia risk. Maternal stress, prenatal infections, and complications during birth all increase its chances, while childhood trauma as well as substance use such as marijuana or LSD heighten its dangers further.
People living with schizophrenia exhibit abnormalities in brain structure and function. Dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitters that regulate mood, motivation, and perception may play a part in its manifestation.
Other Factors Living in urban settings, social isolation, and immigration all increase the risk for schizophrenia; yet their correlation remains complex and poorly understood.
Note that schizophrenia does not arise solely from genetic causes; rather it appears to result from environmental and neurological influences interacting together and leading to its manifestation.
The actual Causes of Bipolar Disorder and factors
Bipolar disorder remains poorly understood; studies indicate that genetic, neurological, and environmental influences all may play a part:
- Genetic Factors: Bipolar disorder often runs in families. Studies have identified multiple genes which could contribute to its development; no single one seems to be solely at fault; rather multiple genetic influences likely combine to produce this condition.
- Environmental Factors: Stress, trauma, substance abuse, and sleeping patterns disturbance have all been associated with increased rates of bipolar disorder; child neglect or abuse also poses an elevated risk.
- Bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder patients can display abnormalities in both brain structures and functions. Neurotransmitters Such as Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin may Contribute to its Formation – as these Regulate mood, energy levels, and Motivation Respectively.
- Other Risk Factors: Hormonal imbalances and medical conditions have also been implicated as potential triggers for bipolar disorder; their link to its development remains complex and poorly understood.
Bipolar disorder cannot be traced directly back to any single factor; rather, researchers believe its origin lies somewhere within an interplay of genetic, neurological, and environmental components which work together in concert and contribute towards its formation.
Schizophrenia Vs Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are serious mental illnesses that can severely alter daily life, though there may be similarities. Each condition also brings its own distinct set of challenges; those familiar with either illness should recognize these differences when trying to comprehend both conditions. Hallucinations and delusions are key characteristics of schizophrenia; bipolar disorder includes periods of hypomania or mania that alternate with periods of depression.
- 1. Duration of symptoms: Schizophrenia Symptoms tend to persist over a longer period, while Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Fluctuate and Become Episodic over time, often Beginning in late adolescence or early Adulthood.
- 2. Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors: Both Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia share similar genetic and Environmental risk factors; However, their Susceptibilities to certain risk factors vary; Schizophrenia is Particularly Predisposed by its genetic Makeup than Bipolar Disorder.
- 3. Treatment of schizophrenia: Treatment of schizophrenia often includes antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy sessions, and social support; bipolar disorder should be managed using mood stabilizing agents like lithium in combination with therapy sessions and possibly medication prescription.
- 4. Prognosis: Long-term prognosis for schizophrenia tends to be worse than for bipolar disorders; more likely than bipolar disorders to result in permanent disability due to schizophrenia symptoms; yet often producing periods of respite or improved results overall.
- 5. Summary: Although schizophrenia and bipolar disorders share similar features, each condition presents its own set of symptoms, risks, and treatment methods which vary significantly. Anyone exhibiting signs or symptoms associated with either disorder should immediately seek professional diagnosis and therapy services for diagnosis and therapy assistance.
What are the Treatment options available for Schizophrenia patients?
Treatment for schizophrenia generally requires a combination of medications as well as therapy and support services.
Here are a few of the most common treatment options for people who suffer from schizophrenia:
- Antipsychotic Drugs: These drugs are the foundation of treatment for schizophrenia. They are used to treat symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, as well as troubled thinking. They are available in first-generation (typical) as well as second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics, both having different adverse effects and effectiveness profiles. The process of finding the right drug often requires a trial-and-error procedure under the supervision of a physician.
- Therapy: psychosocial therapies, like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as family therapy, and even supportive therapy, are helpful in reducing symptoms, enhancing resilience, and increasing social functioning.
- Helping Services: Programmes offering vocational training, assistance with housing as well and assistance with everyday living activities can greatly enhance the quality of life for those suffering from schizophrenia.
- HospitalizationWhen the situation is severe or in acute episodes, hospitalization might be required to ensure stability, safety, and the appropriate treatment adjustments.
- Coordinated Care: Collaboration in care with psychiatrists, therapists, and social work professionals, as well as other health professionals to ensure complete care and support.
- Lifestyle Changes: Promoting a steady schedule, healthy eating habits as well as regular exercise, and reducing stress are all good options to complement the use of medication and therapy to manage symptoms.
Treatment plans are usually customized based on the severity of the symptoms the person’s reaction to medications, and their individual needs. Regular treatment and ongoing support are usually required for the effective treatment of schizophrenia.
What are the Treatment Options for Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder treatment generally includes a mixture of medication treatment, therapy, lifestyle changes as well and support.
These are the main treatment options for people suffering from bipolar disorder:
- Mood Stabilizers: Lithium and anticonvulsants (such as carbamazepine, and valproate) and a variety of Atypical antipsychotics are often employed to stabilize mood. They can help control mood swings and can prevent depressive and manic symptoms.
- Antidepressants (with beware): In certain cases of bipolar disorder antidepressants can be prescribed to treat depressive symptoms. However, they’re typically employed with caution and with mood stabilizers to avoid the onset of manic episodes.
- Psychotherapy therapy: In various forms, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, and social-rhythm therapy (IPSRT) or family-focused therapies, are able to aid individuals in managing the symptoms, managing anxiety, and sticking to regular routines.
- Educational and Support Groups: Joining support groups or education programs can give valuable insight into strategies, tips, and support for family members and individuals dealing with bipolar disorder.
- Lifestyle Changes: Maintaining stability in your routine, getting enough sleep, a balanced diet, regular exercise, and minimizing stress play an important role in managing symptoms of bipolar and decreasing the severity and frequency of mood fluctuations.
- Hospitalization: In the case of severe illness or if there’s a chance of self-harm or injury to others. Hospitalization could be necessary to ensure security stabilization, as well as changes to treatment.
- Integrative Health CareCollaboration between psychiatrists as well as therapists and other health professionals helps to provide comprehensive treatment and continuous support.
- Medication AdherenceRegular use of prescribed medications as well as regular check-ups with healthcare professionals are essential to manage bipolar disorder successfully.
Treatment programs for people with bipolar disorder are extremely specific and require changes in time, based on the patient’s reaction to treatment, the severity of episodes, as well as particular requirements. Regularly monitored and a supportive setting are vital to the treatment of bipolar disorder.
What impacts it will have on Schizophrenia’s daily life activity?
Schizophrenia has a significant impact on many aspects of life and can affect an individual’s ability to perform socially, professionally as well and personally.
The most significant effects are:
- Social Functioning: People with schizophrenia may have difficulties with social interactions because of symptoms like disorganized thinking and emotional expression issues or social withdrawal. Making friends, maintaining relationships, and participating in social occasions can be difficult.
- Work-related Challenges: The symptoms of schizophrenia, such as cognitive limitations and varying abilities, could make it difficult to keep and secure employment. People may have difficulty concentrating and following directions or following an established work schedule.
- Self-care and daily activities: Managing daily routines and self-care routines can be difficult. Things like personal hygiene as well as managing finances, and scheduling daily activities can become difficult during times of active symptoms.
- Cognitive Functioning: Schizophrenia may affect cognition capabilities, such as memory, attention, as well as the ability to think critically. This could affect academic performance, the ability to learn new abilities, and the ability to perform complicated tasks.
- Independent Living: A lot of people with schizophrenia may have difficulty living in an independent manner. Assistance with handling tasks associated with finances, housing, and medication adherence could be required.
- Stigma and Discrimination: It’s true that there’s a certain stigmatization associated with schizophrenia. This can lead to social stigma and isolation. This could further impact the self-esteem of individuals and their overall level of living.
It’s crucial to remember that the impact and severity of these difficulties can vary greatly among individuals. However, when properly treated, supported, and understood, many sufferers of schizophrenia can manage their symptoms and live a life that is full of happiness.
A comprehensive treatment strategy that addresses the underlying issues offers assistance, and encourages vocational and social rehabilitation is vital to lessening the negative effects and helping to promote recovery.
Impact of Bipolar Disorder on daily life
Bipolar disorder can seriously impact various aspects of everyday life because of the frequent phases of hypomania or mania and depression.
Here are some of the effects it may cause:
- Work and productivity: During manic episodes, individuals may be motivated and creative, which can lead to a higher level of productivity. However, this may quickly shift during depressive episodes making it difficult to concentrate on, focus, and sustain steady work performance. The fluctuating levels of energy and mood swings can impact work stability and progression.
- Interpersonal Relations: Mood fluctuations during bipolar disorder may strain relationships. During manic periods, individuals might exhibit impulsivity or anger which can lead to conflicts. Depressive episodes could cause social isolation and difficulties in maintaining relationships.
- Daily Routine and Self-care: Both depressive and manic events can alter routines. In mania, sleep can be diminished, causing tiredness, and impulsive behaviors could influence the decision-making process. When you are depressed, your energy levels can hamper basic self-care tasks like eating a regular diet and keeping your personal hygiene in check.
- Economic Impact: Spending on impulse during periods of depression can result in financial stress. Furthermore, the inability to perform consistently during depressive phases can affect the stability of your finances.
- Physical Health: Insomniac sleep habits changes in appetite and the inability to take care of yourself in times of mood fluctuations can affect the physical condition of a person. In addition, certain medications that are used to treat bipolar disorder could have side impacts on physical health.
- Education and learning: Bipolar disorders can impact cognitive functioning, making it difficult to focus and learn during the episodes. This could affect academic performance and the ability to learn new abilities.
- Stigma and self-esteem: Like with schizophrenia There is usually a stigma that is associated with bipolar disorder. This can impact self-esteem and willingness to seek out help or even openly discuss the illness.
managing bipolar disorder means developing strategies for dealing when moods are unstable, adhering to treatment regimens and having a supportive network established.
If you are treated properly and have the right assistance, many people can control their symptoms and live a full life, even though it requires continual monitoring and care.
Bipolar and schizophrenia are complicated mental health disorders that profoundly impact different aspects of life. Schizophrenia is primarily characterized by changes in perception and thinking while bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood changes.
Knowing the distinctions between these disorders is essential for a proper diagnosis and customized treatments. Both of these conditions pose difficulties in relationships with others, stability in work, and self-care.
But, with the right support a complete treatment program, and a supportive setting those who suffer from these disorders are able to manage their symptoms and live life that is full of happiness. | <urn:uuid:83f765e8-86d6-4794-b5c5-37032cb0e6fb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://keydifference.in/schizophrenia-and-bipolar-disorder/ | 2024-02-21T11:49:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.945487 | 3,335 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
1461,
1874,
887,
289,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
16,
1993,
661,
16,
291,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
356,
5292,
1533,
336,
356,
970,
2305,
5675,
5408,
691,
1504,
292,
268,
1112,
1614,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
444,
5292,
3869,
316,
1505,
331,
261,
3045,
4291,
291,
2632,
1412,
18,
924,
2408,
363,
2289,
6890,
336,
9392,
268,
1670,
3692,
858,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
291,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
352,
767,
352,
7379,
526,
1360,
341,
268,
5292,
1814,
502,
437,
291,
444,
3919,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
35,
203,
55,
355,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
316,
363,
4179,
3103,
291,
9148,
1993,
661,
2057,
336,
6234,
325,
366,
1736,
268,
898,
689,
1779,
16,
1350,
16,
291,
1180,
1284,
18,
553,
316,
6360,
419,
261,
2233,
289,
1614,
518,
602,
1226,
1404,
310,
806,
16,
8924,
405,
5049,
2890,
3140,
16,
291,
8426,
367,
288,
4240,
778,
361,
1234,
6407,
18,
203,
11402,
927,
1429,
360,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
602,
5071,
427,
261,
1317,
288,
444,
2266,
289,
3881,
3932,
288,
5478,
288,
896,
265,
668,
858,
3881,
291,
768,
372,
87,
462,
18,
365,
1614,
2437,
1236,
288,
268,
1568,
935,
289,
11558,
10677,
291,
602,
3105,
2242,
268,
898,
445,
2180,
662,
2136,
518,
2559,
5674,
1412,
291,
1066,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
35,
203,
38,
517,
7142,
3706,
375,
327,
4168,
352,
261,
5215,
3706,
336,
316,
6360,
419,
4657,
1703,
288,
5215,
16,
1138,
16,
291,
1506,
289,
2067,
18,
391,
517,
7142,
1945,
5071,
427,
7326,
3839,
289,
532,
563,
361,
3973,
2524,
563,
336,
356,
6447,
419,
2161,
291,
6051,
464,
5215,
87,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
356,
970,
3813,
9340,
360,
363,
1643,
288,
1138,
291,
1165,
648,
331,
1954,
18,
2176,
300,
7326,
3839,
375,
327,
8923,
419,
4676,
289,
3663,
288,
518,
1578,
1432,
4431,
601,
1488,
5215,
16,
10350,
16,
291,
375,
5380,
292,
1459,
361,
1255,
8768,
288,
444,
1612,
18,
203,
1461,
8904,
318,
858,
629,
2588,
289,
1710,
316,
1542,
292,
3105,
2242,
424,
2438,
4485,
291,
3559,
18,
994,
356,
772,
1640,
289,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
1011,
597,
6360,
419,
865,
1506,
289,
7365,
291,
3092,
289,
5215,
17,
3621,
7326,
3839,
18,
6109,
2918,
5347,
289,
261,
3878,
289,
2734,
16,
4525,
16,
291,
4185,
11538,
18,
203,
39,
1416,
294,
2613,
6942,
289,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
291,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
203,
37,
825,
320,
8510,
16,
1671,
372,
87,
261,
6890,
3438,
10975,
1558,
3692,
858,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
291,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
30,
203,
37,
2685,
493,
869,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
869,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
869,
203,
52,
4951,
556,
6915,
869,
9127,
405,
5049,
16,
1404,
310,
806,
16,
460,
5928,
963,
3140,
869,
1206,
1069,
1475,
5215,
1370,
762,
421,
1820,
563,
291,
3663,
13,
869,
203,
50,
920,
289,
8248,
277,
3839,
869,
6284,
6153,
1614,
31,
6132,
5292,
5215,
7326,
3839,
869,
413,
588,
263,
999,
7326,
3839,
289,
532,
563,
19,
76,
1250,
2524,
563,
291,
3663,
869,
203,
49,
509,
6138,
18,
5940,
2213,
869,
5308,
76,
301,
2692,
2532,
2213,
421,
76,
453,
405,
5049,
16,
1404,
310,
806,
13,
869,
5308,
76,
301,
2692,
5215,
8904,
500,
869,
203,
56,
1250,
466,
1245,
3516,
7251,
869,
458,
381,
9022,
514,
292,
1568,
11558,
10677,
869,
10640,
6421,
1704,
288,
3329,
9022,
514,
292,
1568,
11558,
10677,
869,
203,
42,
11182,
1150,
289,
8248,
277,
3839,
869,
7832,
10534,
466,
31,
1614,
3020,
292,
824,
588,
869,
6029,
1215,
466,
31,
5292,
7326,
3839,
360,
4676,
289,
2910,
2405,
869,
203,
40,
6386,
289,
8248,
277,
3839,
869,
6915,
356,
3776,
291,
5123,
869,
2176,
300,
291,
975,
6105,
7326,
3839,
602,
3360,
288,
7377,
869,
203,
45,
755,
613,
341,
11112,
281,
869,
3641,
655,
1393,
341,
4085,
291,
1234,
6407,
869,
2080,
2666,
340,
2438,
943,
1504,
292,
5215,
1370,
762,
291,
1138,
1703,
869,
203,
56,
554,
367,
5308,
76,
11659,
869,
10014,
341,
1743,
9466,
355,
6070,
4167,
16,
2734,
16,
291,
1105,
869,
10427,
1277,
289,
5215,
8884,
7740,
16,
2734,
16,
291,
1105,
869,
203,
10651,
2686,
2213,
869,
720,
2659,
16,
566,
917,
17,
950,
1794,
316,
970,
1990,
869,
1440,
1412,
16,
772,
1578,
375,
3102,
1614,
869,
203,
54,
6131,
289,
2607,
7243,
869,
10272,
1238,
1504,
292,
1614,
291,
2062,
2219,
869,
3194,
265,
1238,
995,
975,
6105,
7326,
3839,
869,
203,
4326,
3438,
1956,
261,
3007,
1881,
76,
376,
289,
268,
728,
281,
3869,
858,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
291,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
16,
3572,
1790,
268,
2818,
1614,
16,
3092,
289,
7326,
3839,
16,
1393,
341,
2438,
943,
16,
1412,
4693,
16,
291,
586,
1821,
3378,
336,
9765,
629,
1993,
661,
1533,
18,
203,
1461,
4550,
10346,
289,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
291,
606,
9778,
203,
11872,
2124,
4027,
292,
7379,
1360,
341,
768,
8969,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
31,
612,
1917,
1226,
3347,
16,
11027,
16,
291,
2100,
7302,
4512,
5535,
18,
55,
355,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
316,
363,
450,
2562,
1006,
9224,
564,
18,
6860,
2336,
292,
2711,
360,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
3675,
424,
3961,
289,
362,
18,
7120,
2979,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
911,
327,
2494,
419,
2563,
5796,
6126,
1045,
1141,
291,
1011,
7633,
579,
1139,
1238,
331,
362,
18,
203,
9453,
957,
280,
1802,
437,
917,
712,
4115,
1113,
352,
1567,
89,
909,
292,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
1238,
18,
383,
10741,
1751,
16,
561,
82,
9403,
3786,
16,
291,
5921,
995,
3475,
516,
1643,
606,
6094,
16,
1020,
6161,
6280,
352,
767,
352,
5148,
666,
659,
352,
1491,
5294,
11547,
361,
458,
5197,
4733,
270,
606,
9421,
1902,
18,
203,
52,
73,
653,
2299,
360,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
7918,
6920,
647,
288,
1860,
2214,
291,
1596,
18,
413,
389,
7199,
291,
1062,
371,
348,
381,
6448,
7765,
2167,
1736,
336,
7075,
5215,
16,
7615,
16,
291,
7361,
602,
1152,
261,
923,
288,
606,
8438,
318,
18,
203,
51,
411,
9778,
10491,
288,
4013,
4894,
16,
1234,
8654,
16,
291,
6227,
318,
516,
1643,
268,
1238,
331,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
31,
2770,
444,
11716,
3341,
1874,
291,
11765,
6209,
18,
203,
50,
1623,
336,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
1082,
462,
7534,
9294,
427,
3347,
2384,
31,
2359,
362,
4826,
292,
1636,
427,
2100,
291,
11027,
7796,
630,
4252,
1875,
291,
2469,
292,
606,
8438,
318,
18,
203,
1461,
4741,
10346,
289,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
291,
1802,
203,
38,
517,
7142,
3706,
3341,
11765,
6209,
31,
2194,
4938,
336,
3347,
16,
11027,
16,
291,
2100,
7796,
516,
602,
1152,
261,
923,
30,
203,
17,
7562,
410,
9778,
30,
391,
517,
7142,
3706,
970,
7282,
288,
3286,
18,
5608,
437,
4090,
2563,
5796,
518,
911,
2885,
292,
606,
1208,
31,
688,
2324,
597,
3959,
292,
327,
9294,
430,
11520,
31,
2359,
2563,
3347,
7796,
1792,
8979,
292,
2346,
456,
2057,
18,
203,
17,
5516,
9778,
30,
8685,
16,
6280,
16,
5148,
5150,
16,
291,
8287,
3092,
9297,
515,
437,
516,
712,
2062,
360,
2161,
3345,
289,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
31,
739,
2017,
6390,
361,
5150,
525,
10685,
363,
9541,
1238,
18,
203,
17,
391,
517,
7142,
3706,
30,
391,
517,
7142,
3706,
1945,
375,
3857,
6920,
647,
288,
1079,
1860,
3702,
291,
3632,
18,
2138,
8913,
7765,
2167,
1736,
5448,
352,
413,
389,
7199,
16,
465,
404,
84,
475,
902,
86,
475,
16,
291,
8107,
376,
9503,
602,
1161,
1101,
1490,
292,
606,
6445,
318,
796,
352,
629,
2480,
2417,
5215,
16,
1138,
1506,
16,
291,
3551,
729,
318,
1401,
1084,
4049,
18,
203,
17,
3117,
8449,
9778,
30,
402,
536,
5650,
8937,
1427,
291,
1804,
1533,
437,
525,
712,
3098,
3153,
352,
1439,
8969,
331,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
31,
444,
2654,
292,
606,
1208,
3341,
1874,
291,
11765,
6209,
18,
203,
38,
517,
7142,
3706,
2362,
327,
432,
2276,
2978,
1103,
292,
723,
2324,
3488,
31,
2359,
16,
2360,
2979,
606,
3143,
5904,
11059,
1291,
363,
630,
8632,
289,
3347,
16,
11027,
16,
291,
2100,
3008,
518,
716,
1875,
288,
1836,
88,
291,
2885,
2547,
606,
5017,
18,
203,
55,
355,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
720,
87,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
203,
55,
355,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
291,
285,
517,
7142,
3741,
356,
2804,
1993,
7591,
336,
375,
11713,
7580,
2438,
943,
16,
1417,
686,
602,
327,
1979,
647,
18,
3431,
2057,
525,
6044,
606,
1044,
5292,
1075,
289,
2219,
31,
1014,
4973,
360,
2447,
3545,
788,
4726,
629,
3692,
649,
3738,
292,
2923,
593,
1079,
1533,
18,
9127,
405,
5049,
291,
1404,
310,
806,
356,
1558,
3869,
289,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
31,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
2356,
4676,
289,
3973,
2524,
563,
361,
532,
563,
336,
2726,
381,
360,
4676,
289,
3663,
18,
203,
17,
433,
18,
413,
6386,
289,
1614,
30,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
6915,
3020,
292,
824,
588,
658,
261,
2473,
1604,
16,
1020,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
6915,
2970,
8587,
381,
291,
3213,
436,
8248,
277,
370,
300,
658,
669,
16,
970,
10130,
668,
288,
3329,
9022,
514,
361,
1568,
1167,
346,
10677,
18,
203,
17,
497,
18,
7562,
410,
291,
5516,
8449,
9778,
30,
4449,
391,
517,
7142,
3706,
291,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
2538,
1979,
3347,
291,
5516,
1238,
1802,
31,
1121,
16,
444,
5057,
969,
11630,
1569,
292,
1575,
1238,
1802,
3360,
31,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
316,
2441,
410,
705,
325,
382,
1007,
10304,
1485,
419,
606,
3347,
4007,
987,
687,
391,
517,
7142,
2080,
4714,
18,
203,
17,
777,
18,
6109,
289,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
30,
6109,
289,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
970,
2356,
1743,
9466,
355,
6070,
4525,
16,
2532,
7424,
6575,
16,
291,
1234,
1105,
31,
285,
517,
7142,
3706,
788,
327,
5922,
1001,
5215,
8884,
1790,
7515,
730,
11056,
288,
3878,
360,
2734,
6575,
291,
6761,
4525,
9559,
18,
203,
17,
988,
18,
960,
2686,
2213,
30,
5801,
17,
950,
347,
2686,
2213,
331,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
8814,
292,
327,
5950,
687,
331,
285,
517,
7142,
3741,
31,
512,
1792,
687,
285,
517,
7142,
3741,
292,
1636,
288,
6273,
7656,
1504,
292,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
1614,
31,
2770,
970,
5519,
4676,
289,
888,
674,
361,
3808,
1826,
2114,
18,
203,
17,
1016,
18,
6140,
5959,
30,
2696,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
291,
285,
517,
7142,
3741,
2538,
1979,
2630,
16,
1011,
2057,
6887,
606,
1044,
1075,
289,
1614,
16,
2894,
16,
291,
1412,
2222,
518,
3360,
3105,
18,
5007,
590,
4192,
1842,
3085,
361,
1614,
2062,
360,
2447,
3706,
788,
4248,
3772,
2497,
4291,
291,
2734,
1915,
331,
4291,
291,
2734,
5192,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
6109,
2772,
1608,
331,
2096,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
1945,
35,
203,
56,
554,
367,
331,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
2918,
2559,
261,
3878,
289,
4167,
352,
767,
352,
2734,
291,
1105,
1915,
18,
203,
44,
387,
356,
261,
1374,
289,
268,
710,
1112,
1412,
2772,
331,
689,
650,
5071,
427,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
30,
203,
17,
6440,
9466,
355,
6070,
1698,
7904,
30,
948,
3843,
356,
268,
4762,
289,
1412,
331,
944,
482,
2005,
591,
563,
18,
900,
356,
724,
292,
977,
1614,
659,
352,
8924,
405,
5049,
16,
1404,
310,
806,
16,
352,
767,
352,
5022,
6992,
3140,
18,
900,
356,
1608,
288,
855,
17,
6934,
318,
421,
811,
466,
13,
352,
767,
352,
1901,
17,
6934,
318,
421,
271,
1250,
466,
13,
1743,
9466,
9764,
1187,
16,
1079,
2054,
865,
7781,
1814,
291,
5377,
1174,
4760,
18,
365,
833,
289,
2697,
268,
1328,
2325,
970,
2559,
261,
3997,
17,
481,
17,
265,
3389,
4445,
1064,
268,
8747,
1446,
289,
261,
8346,
18,
203,
17,
8573,
30,
2532,
335,
10637,
8558,
16,
730,
4085,
17,
1330,
6354,
1104,
280,
2734,
421,
39,
7101,
13,
352,
767,
352,
1588,
2734,
16,
291,
919,
8830,
2734,
16,
356,
4374,
288,
2860,
1614,
16,
6411,
5752,
16,
291,
2204,
1234,
6407,
18,
203,
17,
4470,
5028,
7077,
30,
4230,
6674,
4542,
6091,
778,
2041,
16,
5192,
360,
6012,
352,
767,
291,
5192,
360
] |
The Ultimate power of Judiciary to review and determine validity of a law or an
order may be described as the power of "Judicial Review. Judicial review is the
power of the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative,
executive, and administrative arms of the government and to determine whether
such actions are consistent with the constitution. Actions judged inconsistent
are declared unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void.
plays a very important role as a protector of the constitutional values that the
founding fathers have given us. They try to undo the harm that is being done by
the legislature and the executive and also they try to provide every citizen
what has been promised by the Constitution under the Directive Principles of
All this is possible because of the power of judicial review.
The principle of judicial review became an essential feature of written
Constitutions of many countries. SEERVIE in his book Constitutional Law of
India noted that the principle of judicial review is a familiar feature of the
Constitutions of Canada, Australia and India, though the doctrine of Separation
of Powers has no place in strict sense in Indian Constitution, but the functions
of different organs of the Government have been sufficiently differentiated, so
that one organ of the Government could not usurp the functions of another.
Judicial review plays an important role as a protector when the executive,
judiciary and legislature harm the Constitutional values and deny the rights.
The judicial assessment is considered as an indispensable feature in the
country. In India, there is parliamentary form of democracy where every section
of people is involved in decision making and policy making process. It is true
that the primary duty of the court to apply rule of law and is the groundwork of
social equality. By exercising new powers of Parliament, rule of law which is to
be applied by the court cannot be modified.
All those here, who are doing public
duty, are accountable. They have to work within the democratic provisions of the
Constitution of India. The concept of separation of power and rule of law is
judicial review. The influence of judicial assessment has been so long under
Articles 226 and 227 in case of High Court and Articles 32 and 136 of the
Constitution of India for the review.
Judicial Review can be understood as a
form of court proceeding, usually in the Administrative Court where the
lawfulness of a decision or action is reviewed by the judge. Where there is no
effective means of challenge, judicial review is available. The concern behind
Judicial Review is that whether the law has been correctly applied with and
right procedures have been followed.
History of Judicial Review
Constitutional judicial review is usually considered to have begun with the
assertion by John Marshall ,fourth chief justice of the United
Marbury v. Madison (1803) that the Supreme Court of the
United States had the power to invalidate legislation enacted by Congress. There
was, however, no express warrant for Marshall's assertion of the power of
judicial review in the actual text of the Constitution of the United States; its
success rested ultimately on the Supreme Court's own ruling, plus the absence of
effective political challenge to it.
Constitutional judicial review exists in several forms. In countries that follow
U.S. practice (e.g., Kenya and New Zealand), judicial review can be exercised
only in concrete cases or controversies and only after the fact-i.e., only laws
that are in effect or actions that have already occurred can be found to be
unconstitutional, and then only when they involve a specific dispute between
In France judicial review must take place in the abstract (i.e., in
the absence of an actual case or controversy) and before promulgation (i.e.,
before a challenged law has taken effect). In other countries (e.g., Austria,
Germany, South Korea, and Spain) courts can exercise judicial review only after
a law has taken effect, though they can do so either in the abstract or in
concrete cases. Systems of constitutional judicial review also differ in the
extent to which they allow courts to exercise it.
For example, in the United
States all courts have the power to entertain claims of unconstitutionality, but
in some countries (e.g., France, Germany, New Zealand, and South Africa) only
specialized constitutional courts can hear such claims.
A number of the constitutions drafted in Europe and Asia after World War
II incorporated judicial review in various forms. For example, in France, where
the Cour de Cassation (the highest court of criminal and civil appeal) has no
power of judicial review, a constitutional council (Conseil Constitutionnel) of
mixed judicial-legislative character was established; Germany, Italy, and South
Korea created special constitutional courts; and India, Japan, and Pakistan set
up supreme courts to exercise judicial review in the manner generally used in
the United States and in the British Commonwealth.
After World War II many countries felt strong pressure to adopt judicial review,
a result of the influence of U.S. constitutional ideas-particularly the idea
that a system of constitutional checks and balances is an essential element
of democratic government. Some observers concluded that the concentration of
government power in the executive, substantially unchecked by other agencies of
government, contributed to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany and Japan
in the era between World War I and World War II.
Although judicial review had
been relatively uncommon before World War II, by the early 21st century more
than 100 countries had specifically incorporated judicial review into their
constitutions. (This number does not include the United States, whose
constitution still includes no mention of the practice.)
History of Judicial Review in India
In India we are following the rule of Law it means that the constitution is the
Supreme law of the land and any law in consistent there with is void. The term
The power of a court to inquire whether a law executive order or
other official action conflicts with the written constitution and if the court
concludes that it does, to declare it unconstitutional and void.
In India the power of judicial review was exercised by the courts prior to the
commencement of the Constitution of India.
The matter of Judicial Review of
India was discussed for the first time in
Emperor v. Burah where the
Calcutta High Court, as well as the Privy Council, adopted the view that the
Indian courts had power of Judicial Review subject to certain limitations. The
British Parliament introduced Federal System in India by enacting the Government
of India Act 1935. Under this act both the Central and State legislatures were
given plenary powers in their respective spheres.
They were supreme in their
allotted subjects like British Parliament. The Act of 1935 established the
Federal Court so as to function as an arbiter in central and state relationship.
The Federal Court was also empowered to scrutinize the violation of the
constitutional directions regarding the distribution of powers on introduction
of federalism in India.
The power of judicial review was not specifically
provided in the constitution but the constitution being federal, the Federal
court was entrusted impliedly with the function of interpreting the constitution
and determines the constitutionality of legislative acts. Mauriee Gwyer, Chief
Justice of Federal Court of India in
Bhola Prasad v The King Emperor AIR 1942 F.C.R 17 P20, observed that:
We must again refer to the fundamental
proposition enumerated in 1878 3 AC 889 (
Reg v Borah) that Indian legislatures
within their own spheres have plenary powers of legislation as large and of the
same nature as those of the parliament itself, if that was true in 1878, it
cannot be less true in 1942.
The Supreme Court of India as a successor of Federal Court of India after the
commencement of constitution of India inherited the great traditions built by
the Federal Court. The constitution of India envisages a very healthy system of
judicial review and it depends upon the India judges to act in a way as to
maintain the spirit of democracy.
In the present democratic setup in India, the
court cannot adopt a passive attitude and ask the aggrieved party to wait for
public opinion against legislative tyranny, but the constitution has empowered
it to play an active role and to declare legislation void, if it violates the
constitution. The constitutional thinkers of India before the Indian Republic
was established were of the view that in the constitution of free India there
must be provisions for Supreme Court with the power of judicial review.
Colonel K.N.Hasker and K.M. Pannikkar in their book Federal India, said that"
the supreme judicial authority should be invested with the power to declare
ultra vires measures which go against constitution."
Constitutional Provisions for Judicial Review in India:
The Indian Constitution adopted the Judicial Review on lines of U.S.
Constitution. Parliament is not supreme under the Constitution of India. Its
powers are limited in a manner that the power is divided between centre and
states. Moreover the Supreme Court enjoys a position which entrusts it with the
power of reviewing the legislative enactments both of Parliament and the State
This grants the court a powerful instrument of judicial review
under the constitution. Both the political theory and text of the Constitution
has granted the judiciary the power of judicial review of legislation. The
Constitutional Provisions which guarantee judicial review of legislation are
Articles 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 226, 145, 246, 251, 254 and 372.
Article 372 (1) establishes the judicial review of the pre-constitution
Article 13 declares that any law which contravenes any of the provisions of the
part of Fundamental Rights shall be void.
Articles 32 and 226 entrusts the roles of the protector and guarantor of
fundamental rights to the Supreme and High Courts.
Article 251 and 254 states that in case of inconsistency between union and
state laws, the state law shall be void.
Article 246 (3) ensures the state legislature's exclusive powers on matters
pertaining to the State List.
Article 245 states that the powers of both Parliament and State legislatures are
subject to the provisions of the constitution. The legitimacy of any legislation
can be challenged in the court of law on the grounds that the legislature is not
competent enough to pass a law on that particular subject matter; the law is
repugnant to the provisions of the constitutions; or the law infringes one of
the fundamental rights.
Articles 131-136 entrusts the court with the power to adjudicate disputes
between individuals, between individuals and the state, between the states and
the union; but the court may be required to interpret the provisions of the
constitution and the interpretation given by the Supreme Court becomes the law
honoured by all courts of the land. It must be remember that there is no express
provision in our constitution empowering the courts to invalidate laws, but the
constitution has imposed definite limitations upon each of the organs, the
transgression of which would make the law void. The court is entrusted with the
task of deciding whether any of the constitutional limitations has been
transgressed or not.
Mechanisms of Judicial Review
In India, three aspects are covered by judicial review that is as follows:
- Judicial review of legislative action
- Judicial review for judicial decision.
- Judicial review of administrative action
These facets of judicial review were pronounced by the Supreme Court of India in
case of Chandra Kumar v. Union of India, stating that the judges of higher
court have to interpret legislation up to this end that the Constitutional
values are not to be interrupted. To achieve this end, the judges have to keep
in mind that the equilibrium of control, specified in the Constitution is not
Features of Judicial Review in India:
- Judicial Review Power is used by both the Supreme Court and High
Both the Supreme Court and High Courts exercise the power of Judicial Review.
But the final power to determine the constitutional validity of any law is in
the hands of the Supreme Court of India.
- Judicial Review of both Central and State Laws:
Judicial Review can be conducted in respect of all Central and State laws, the
orders and ordinances of the executives and constitutional amendments.
Judicial Review cannot be conducted in respect of the laws incorporated in the
9th Schedule of the Constitution.
- It covers laws and not political issues:
Judicial Review applies only to the questions of law. It cannot be exercised in
respect of political issues.
- Judicial Review is not automatic:
The Supreme Court does not use the power of judicial review of its own. It can
use it only when any law or rule is specifically challenged before it or when
during the course of hearing a case the validity of any law is challenged before
- Decisions' in Judicial Review Cases:
The Supreme Court can decide:
- The law is constitutionally valid. In this case the law continues to
operate as before, or
- The law is constitutionally invalid. In this case the law ceases to
operate with effect from the date of the judgment.
- Only some parts or a part of the law is invalid.
In this case only invalid parts or part becomes non-operative and other parts
continue to remain in operation. However, if the invalidated parts/part is so
vital to the law that other parts cannot operate without it, then the whole of
the law gets rejected.
- Judicial Review Decision gets implemented from the date of Judgement:
When a law gets rejected as unconstitutional it ceases to operate from the date
of the judgment. All activities performed on the basis of the law before the
date of the judgment declaring it invalid, continue to remain valid.
- Principle of Procedure established by Law:
Judicial Review in India is governed by the principle: 'Procedure Established by
Law'. Under it the court conducts one test, i.e., whether the law has been made
in accordance with the powers granted by the Constitution to the law-making body
and follows the prescribed procedure or not. It gets rejected when it is held to
be violating of procedure established by law.
- Clarification of Provisions which a rejected law violates:
While declaring a law unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has to cite the
provisions of the constitution which it violates. The court has to clearly
establish the invalidity of the concerned law or any of its part.
Indian Judiciary and Judicial Review
In the case of
Golaknath v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643, the Court held
that the Parliament could not amend the Constitution to take away the rights
provided in Part III of the Constitution. This resulted in the 24th amendment
(1971) of the Constitution which declared that the amendment powers of the
Parliament are not restricted.
The controversy was rested in the case of
Kesavanand Bharati v. State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC 1461 where the court though
agreeing that the Parliament is not restricted to amend the Constitution, but
also put a caveat of the doctrine of basic structure.
The Court observed that
the constitutional amendments are to be done keeping in mind the basic structure
of the Constitution. In
Minerva Mills v. Union of India AIR 1980 SC 1789
case the Court further observed that the tool of the amendment of the
Constitution cannot be used to destroy the constitution itself.
The Supreme Court of India has used the power of judicial review from time to
time to uphold the values incorporated in our Constitution.
- Judicial Review of Administrative action:
In Union of India v. G. Ganayutham, AIR 1997 SC 3387 the Supreme Court after
referring to two famous cases namely Wednesbury case and CCSU case held
as follows:- " to test the validity of executive action or of administrative
action taken in exercise of statutory powers, the Courts and tribunals in our
country can only go into the matter, as a secondary reviewing Court to find out
if the executive or the administrator in their primary roles have arrived at a
reasonable decision on the material before them in the light of Wednesbury and
CCSU tests. The choice of the options available is for the authority; the
court/tribunal cannot substitute its view as to what is reasonable."
Judicial review lies against a decision making process and not against the
decision itself (Gohil Hanubhai v. State of Gujarat, (2017) 13 SCC 621).
- Judicial Review of Policy Decisions
In Monarch Infrastructure (P) Ltd. v. Commissioner, Ulhasnagar Municipal
Corporation, AIR 2000 SC 2272, it was held by the Supreme Court:
stated, the Courts would not interfere with the matter of administrative action
or changes made therein, unless the Government's action is arbitrary or
discriminatory or the policy adopted has no nexus with the object it seeks to
achieve or is mala fide.
It is settled legal proposition that the policy
decision taken by the State or its authorities/instrumentalities is beyond the
purview of judicial review unless the same is found to be arbitrary,
unreasonable or in contravention of the statutory provisions or violates the
rights of individuals guaranteed under the statute. The policy decision cannot
be in contravention of the statutory provisions for the reason that if
Legislature in its wisdom provides for a particular right/ guarantee/benefit
etc., the authority taking a policy decision cannot nullify the same.
- Judicial Review of the Economic Policy:
Courts have consistently refrained from interfering with the economic decisions
and that wisdom and advisability of economic policies are not amenable to
judicial review. (Vide: Arun Kumar Agrawal v. Union of India, AIR 2013 SC 3127;
GAIL (India) Limited v. Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Limited, (2014) 1 SCC 329; In Re: Natural Resources, (2012) 10 SCC 1) Matters relating to economic
issues, have always an element of trial and error, so long as a trial and error
are bona fide and with best intentions, such decisions cannot be questioned as
arbitrary, capricious or illegal. (Vide: BALCO Employees Union (Regd.) v. Union
of India, AIR 2002 SC 350).
- Judicial Review of Price Fixation
Price fixation is not within the provisions of the Courts. Judicial function in
respect of such matters is exhausted when there is found to be a rational basis
for the conclusions reached by the concerned authority. (Vide: Shri Sita Ram
Sugar Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1277).
- Judicial Review of decisions based on Expert Opinion
When technical questions arise and experts in the field have expressed various
views and all those aspects have been taken into consideration by the Government
in deciding the matter, the Court should restrain from interfering with the
same. (Federation of Railway Officers Association v. Union of India (2003) 4 SCC 289.)
- Judicial Review of Sub-Ordinate Legislation
In Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India &
Ors., (1985)1 SCC 641, the Court said that a piece of subordinate
legislation does not carry the same degree of immunity which is enjoyed by a
statute passed by a competent legislature. A subordinate legislation may be
questioned under Article 14 on the ground that it is unreasonable;
unreasonable not in the sense of not being reasonable, but in the sense that
it is manifestly arbitrary. Subordinate legislation must be so arbitrary
that it could not be said to be in conformity with the statute or that it
offends Article 14 of the Constitution".
- Judicial Review in Contractual Cases
In Sterling Computers Ltd. v. M & N Publications Ltd., AIR 1996 SC 51, the
Supreme Court observed as follows:
While exercising the power of judicial
review, in respect of contracts entered into on behalf of the State, the Court
is concerned primarily as to whether there has been any infirmity in the
"decision making process�..By way of judicial review the Court cannot examine
the details of the terms of the contract which have been entered into by the
public bodies or the State. Courts have inherent limitations on the scope of any
- Judicial Review of L.P.G
In K. Vinod Kumar v. S. Palanisamy, AIR 2003 SC 3171, the apex Court considered
the issue of grant of LPG distributorship and held that the proceedings of the
Dealer Selection Board must satisfy the requirements of a bona fide
administrative decision arrived at in a fair manner. Unless there are no mala
fides alleged against the Dealer Selection Board or the President or any Member
thereof, on specific plea rose impugning the manner of marking, the issue should
not be entertained.
- SUO MOTU Judicial Review
Where the Court comes to the conclusion that certain orders have been passed
illegally and in arbitrary manner, the Court can Suo Motu exercise the power of
judicial review. (Vide: Chairman and Managing Director B.P.L. Ltd. v. S.P.
Gururaja, AIR 2003 SC 4536).
Vinay Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 2001 SC 1739, the Court held
that Even in cases filed in public interest, the court can exercise the writ
jurisdiction at the instance of a third party only when it is shown that the
legal wrong or legal injury or illegal burden is threatened and such person or
determined class of person is by reason of poverty, helplessness or disability
or socially or economically disadvantaged position, unable to approach the court
Thus, from the above it is evident that under ordinary
circumstances, a third person, having no concern with the case at hand, cannot
claim to have any locus standi to raise any grievance whatsoever. However, in
the exceptional circumstances as referred to above, if the actual persons
aggrieved, because of ignorance, illiteracy, in articulation or poverty, are
unable to approach the court, and a person, who has no personal agenda, or
object, in relation to which, he can grind his own axe, approaches the court,
then the court may 16 | P a g e examine the issue and in exceptional
circumstances, even if his bona fides are doubted, but the issue raised by him,
in the opinion of the court, requires consideration, the court may proceed suo
motu, in such respect.
Raju Ramsingh Vasave v. Mahesh Deorao Bhiavapurkar, (2008) 9 SCC 54, the
Court held: "We must now deal with the question of locus standi. A special leave
petition ordinarily would not have been entertained at the instance of the
Appellant. Validity of appointment or otherwise on the basis of a caste
certificate granted by a committee is ordinarily a matter between the employer
and the employee.
Supreme Court, however, when a question is raised, can take cognisance of a matter of such grave importance suo motu. It may not treat the
special leave petition as public interest litigation, but, as a public law
litigation. It is, in a proceeding of that nature, permissible for the court to
make a detailed enquiry with regard to the broader aspects of the matter
although it was initiated at the instance of a person having a private interest.
A deeper scrutiny can be made so as to enable the court to find out as to
whether a party to a list is guilty of commission of fraud on the Constitution.
If such an enquiry sub serves the greater public interest and has a far-reaching
effect on the society, in our opinion, Supreme Court will not shirk its
responsibilities from doing so."
Limitation of Judicial Review
Judiciary has Limitations on exercising its power of judicial review. In case
the judiciary crosses its threshold by interfering in the executive's mandate,
it leads to judicial activism, and can further lead to judicial overreach. The
functioning of the government is limited by Judicial Review. In
Madison Case, chief justice Marshall held that Court should not take
jurisdiction if it should not: but it is equally true, that it must take
jurisdiction if it should.
it is required the extent should be only to see if the procedure in reaching the
decision has been correctly followed but not the decision itself. Opinions
provided by the judges in any judicial case become the standard for ruling other
Judicial review is part of the Supreme Court and the High Courts and these
rights are not conferred to the lower courts. The faith of the people in the
integrity, quality, and efficiency of the government can be diminished by the
court by repeated interventions
The political questions and policy matters should not be interfered by the
Judicial review unless necessary.
In case the judgments are influenced by personal or selfish motives, then it can
lead to harming the public at large. Legislative power set to be exercised by
the constitution is violated by the judicial review when it overrides any
existing law. A separation of functions is followed in India instead of the
separation of powers.
Though the concept of separation of powers is not adhered to strictly, however
it is required to have a system of checks and balances that the judiciary has
the power to strike down only unconstitutional laws passed by the legislature.
The court cannot award the contracts and perform the interface in the
administrative process unless the process is malefic, bias or Arbitrariness to
the extent of perversity.
The Judicial review in the administrative process is only restricted to the
procedure established by the law. That means judicial review over the
administrative process which is not following under Jurisdictional Error,
Irrationality, Procedural Impropriety, Proportionality, and Legitimate
Expectation leads to the judicial overreach. In the case of
Council of Civil
Service Union v. Minister of Civil Service it was concluded that though
these grounds of judicial review are not exhaustive, yet these provide an apt
base for the courts to exercise their jurisdiction.
It is clear from the Doctrine of
Strict Necessity that Court has to decide
constitutional issues only if strict necessity compels it to do so. Thus,
constitutional questions will not be decided in broader terms than are required
by the precise state of facts to which the ruling is to be applied, nor if the
record presents some other ground upon which to decide the case, nor at the
instance of one who has availed himself of the benefit of a statute or who fails
to show case that the injury is due to its operation, nor if a construction of
the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be fairly avoided.
In one of such case on PIL filed where a policy decision, by the Telangana
government's on proposal to demolish existing Secretariat building and construct
a new one, was not against any law, hence one cannot say it was arbitrary and
The judicial review through the PIL should clearly demark the petition as public
interest or Private interest through the Doctrine of
Strict Necessity. The PIL
are now days being the tool for the Private interest can be missing used to
delay the public good administrative actions or legislative laws.
In case of any flaw in the legislative action, the judicial review is limited to
the The Doctrine of Clear Mistake. Any judicial review on the legislative laws
beyond the Art.13 and not being testified with the Doctrine of
Necessity or The Doctrine of Clear Mistake is judicial overreach on the subject
All the constitutional interpretation by the court through judicial review has
to test the Exclusion of Extra-Constitutional Tests.-where judicial review is
restricted to the constitutional validity of the law and not with its motives,
policy, or wisdom, or with its concurrence with natural justice, fundamental
principles of government, or the spirit of the Constitution.
There are certain practical limitations on what courts in fact can do. They
arise out of the nature of the judicial process, rather than constitutional
prohibitions. Where a court cannot adequately protect or give effect to all the
interests involved in a case before it or where the judicial machinery is
unsuited for rendering justice as the facts require, judges should refrain from
hearing the case.
According to the presumption theory, which is in favour of constitutionality,
and a law will riot be declared tin constitutional unless the case is so clear
as to be free from doubt; and the onus to prove that its unconstitutional lies
upon the person who challenges it
In case of the judicial review on the validity of a stature is questioned and
there are two interpretations, one of which would make the law valid, and the
other void, the former must be preferred and the validity of the law will be
- The court judicial review should not be deciding constitutional questions if a
case is capable of being decided on other grounds.
- The court judicial review should not decide a larger constitutional question
than is required by the case before it.
- The court judicial review should not hear an objection as to the
constitutionality of a law by a person whose rights are not affected by it.
- The court judicial review can be done only laws which are in force and courts
should not pronounce on the validity of an Act or Part of an Act which has not
been brought into force.
The scope of judicial review is limited both in its availability and function:
the role of the court is not to re-make the decision being challenged, or to
inquire into the merits of that decision, but to conduct a review of the process
by which the decision was reached in order to assess whether that decision was
flawed and should be revoked.
Judicial review has led to a debate in finding out the demarcation between the
Judicial Activism and Judicial Self Restraint. Judicial Review in its meaning
is the power of the courts to consider the constitutionality of acts of organs
of Government and to declare it unconstitutional or null and void if it violates
or is inconsistent with the basic principles of Grundnorm i.e. Constitution.
The judicial review in recent times has evolved in three dimensions as firstly,
to ensure fairness in administrative action. The second dimension is to protect
the constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights of citizens and third
dimension is to rule on questions of legislative competence between the centre
and the states.
Judicial Activism does not mean judicial adventurism. Judges should never be
activist as sometimes judicial activism is a useful adjunct to democracy.
The judiciary must play a vital and important role not only in preventing the
remedying abuse and misuse of power but also in eliminating exploitation and
Going forward, there should be clear debate on the judicial activism and
appropriate use of the PIL so that these are not being missing used for the
political gain. Judiciary should find out the main intention of the filing the
PILs or the writs where the constitutional remedy are asked.
The recent CAA or
the abrogation of the Article 370 were challenged in the Supreme court for the
gain of the political agenda and being used for the publicizing the ill effect
than the profits we would be making out of the cases. Such of the cases when
reaching the Judiciary for the review, it should be first checked if suc2 cases
are for the political gain or any part raising the issue is purposefully doing
so to bring bad to the common good of the people.
Currently the tools of the judicial review by many society people, NGOs are the
puppet mouth of the political parties or the agenda which are being supported by
the International countries or communities who have ill wishes for the
sovereignty of our country. It is time for the Court to look through the
transparent glass and the parties behind these causes, looking for the judicial
review and their real motive behind the same.
The another controversial interpretation of the Constitution with regards to the
selection of the CJI is that the Supreme Court took away the constitutionally
conferred power of the President of India to appoint judges to the hands of the
Chief Justice and his consultation. This lead to the power in the Chief Justice
of India and a collegium of four judges for the selection process, where-in such
provision is in no Constitution in the world to select and appoint judges
conferred on the judges themselves. This process has to be looked through.
last visited October 18, 2019
- Article by Gurram Ramachandra Rao: last visited 10 April, 2003.
- H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, N.M.
Tripathi Private Ltd. Bombay, 1983, p. 237
- Marbury v. Madison (1803)
last visited October 18, 2019
- Emperor v. Burah, ILR, Calcutta, 63 (1877).
- Bhola Prasad v The King Emperor AIR 1942 F.C.R 17 P20
- Federal India, at P 147
- Judicial Review In India an Analysis by Dr. Ashutosh Kumar Srivastava
Date Written: December 17, 2014
- (1997) 3 SCC 261.
- Golaknath v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643
- Kesavanand Bharati v. State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC 1461
- Minerva Mills v. Union of India AIR 1980 SC 1789
- Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Corpn.,(1947) 2
All ER 680,
- Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service,
(1984) 3 All ER 935
- In Union of India v. G. Ganayutham, AIR 1997 SC 3387
- Gohil Hanubhai v. State of Gujarat, (2017) 13 SCC 621
- In Monarch Infrastructure (P) Ltd. v. Commissioner, Ulhasnagar Municipal
Corporation, AIR 2000 SC 2272,
- In Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India
& Ors., (1985)1 SCC 641
- In Sterling Computers Ltd. v. M & N Publications Ltd., AIR 1996 SC 51
- In K. Vinod Kumar v. S. Palanisamy, AIR 2003 SC 3171
- Chairman and Managing Director B.P.L. Ltd. v. S.P. Gururaja, AIR 2003 SC
- In Vinay Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 2001 SC 1739
- Raju Ramsingh Vasave v. Mahesh Deorao Bhiavapurkar, (2008) 9 SCC 54
last visited on June 6, 2021
- Council of Civil Service Union v. Minister of Civil Service (1984)
Written By: Adv. Afshana Bashir,
Masters in Criminal Law
Amity Law School, Amity University Haryana.
[email protected]Suggested Articles:
Judicial Review In India
Limitation Of Judicial Review
Doctrine of Judicial Review
Limits of Judicial Review in India
Judicial Review And Its Scope In India
Presidential Pardon and Judicial Review
Judicial Review On Arbital Awards In India
Judicial Review Of Administrative Actions In India
Judicial Review of Presidential Proclamation Under Article 322
The Lockerbie Incident Cases: Judicial Review By The ICJ | <urn:uuid:406f9ccb-c33c-48f7-8004-b497d7bf17d0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-7522-doctrine-of-judicial-review-in-india-an-appraisal.html | 2024-02-21T11:09:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.941128 | 7,561 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
1461,
6505,
6669,
1056,
289,
7320,
300,
77,
556,
292,
2911,
291,
2747,
1033,
4451,
289,
261,
1536,
361,
363,
203,
4714,
602,
327,
4168,
352,
268,
1056,
289,
991,
46,
1327,
300,
439,
7183,
18,
7320,
300,
439,
2911,
316,
268,
203,
5821,
289,
268,
9364,
289,
261,
1777,
292,
6422,
268,
3441,
289,
268,
8156,
774,
16,
203,
1389,
10305,
16,
291,
10116,
6640,
289,
268,
1654,
291,
292,
2747,
2026,
203,
7203,
3441,
356,
4788,
360,
268,
11124,
18,
2058,
508,
3680,
2292,
490,
625,
6153,
203,
470,
8450,
11666,
1483,
1556,
291,
16,
3281,
16,
314,
1369,
291,
385,
1246,
18,
203,
476,
638,
261,
1040,
851,
1476,
352,
261,
1142,
5093,
289,
268,
8205,
1556,
3119,
336,
268,
203,
10928,
281,
284,
7427,
437,
2050,
407,
18,
900,
2644,
292,
641,
83,
268,
2150,
336,
316,
1018,
2217,
419,
203,
1381,
8156,
920,
291,
268,
9139,
291,
525,
502,
2644,
292,
1153,
953,
10435,
203,
6554,
528,
712,
1415,
1754,
419,
268,
7753,
1064,
268,
6511,
656,
9618,
3466,
289,
203,
37,
660,
456,
316,
1522,
971,
289,
268,
1056,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
18,
203,
1461,
5725,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
2457,
363,
1505,
3810,
289,
3245,
203,
39,
625,
1483,
508,
289,
772,
1933,
18,
343,
41,
2798,
58,
45,
41,
288,
615,
2077,
1895,
1483,
1556,
4392,
289,
203,
11402,
563,
5411,
336,
268,
5725,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
316,
261,
4973,
3810,
289,
268,
203,
39,
625,
1483,
508,
289,
3938,
16,
4344,
291,
2510,
16,
1417,
268,
11505,
475,
289,
3984,
294,
318,
203,
2012,
382,
9766,
528,
688,
1349,
288,
7020,
2266,
288,
3479,
7753,
16,
566,
268,
3632,
203,
2012,
865,
6509,
289,
268,
5206,
437,
712,
5138,
325,
7790,
488,
16,
576,
203,
8891,
597,
1087,
289,
268,
5206,
911,
462,
407,
324,
84,
268,
3632,
289,
1515,
18,
225,
203,
46,
1327,
300,
439,
2911,
3806,
363,
851,
1476,
352,
261,
1142,
5093,
649,
268,
9139,
16,
203,
10330,
300,
77,
556,
291,
8156,
920,
2150,
268,
1895,
1483,
1556,
3119,
291,
4327,
93,
268,
2535,
18,
203,
1461,
3680,
300,
439,
4152,
316,
2221,
352,
363,
612,
10304,
614,
541,
3810,
288,
268,
203,
10609,
891,
18,
450,
2510,
16,
686,
316,
677,
7258,
556,
926,
289,
8578,
853,
953,
3396,
203,
2012,
689,
316,
2729,
288,
2802,
1355,
291,
3079,
1355,
833,
18,
553,
316,
2915,
203,
8891,
268,
2818,
8709,
289,
268,
4766,
292,
3769,
4129,
289,
1536,
291,
316,
268,
2107,
1450,
289,
203,
87,
10637,
7962,
18,
1285,
1969,
2252,
733,
7290,
289,
10199,
16,
4129,
289,
1536,
518,
316,
292,
203,
1330,
3848,
419,
268,
4766,
2362,
327,
8672,
18,
203,
37,
660,
1014,
1671,
16,
650,
356,
2776,
1376,
203,
72,
3459,
16,
356,
4481,
1576,
18,
900,
437,
292,
716,
1291,
268,
10100,
11274,
289,
268,
203,
39,
625,
4830,
289,
2510,
18,
365,
3313,
289,
9389,
289,
1056,
291,
4129,
289,
1536,
316,
203,
10330,
300,
439,
2911,
18,
365,
3033,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
4152,
528,
712,
576,
917,
1064,
203,
8239,
9209,
5188,
26,
291,
5188,
27,
288,
1731,
289,
3194,
5679,
291,
1155,
9209,
9146,
291,
3284,
26,
289,
268,
203,
39,
625,
4830,
289,
2510,
331,
268,
2911,
18,
203,
46,
1327,
300,
439,
7183,
375,
327,
6209,
352,
261,
203,
840,
289,
4766,
347,
11109,
16,
1840,
288,
268,
7299,
774,
5679,
853,
268,
203,
80,
738,
5539,
289,
261,
2802,
361,
2433,
316,
11537,
419,
268,
8328,
18,
5145,
686,
316,
688,
203,
7816,
1486,
289,
3659,
16,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
316,
1608,
18,
365,
4621,
2976,
203,
46,
1327,
300,
439,
7183,
316,
336,
2026,
268,
1536,
528,
712,
6248,
3848,
360,
291,
203,
8429,
4632,
437,
712,
4138,
18,
203,
44,
277,
861,
289,
7320,
300,
439,
7183,
203,
39,
625,
1483,
1556,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
316,
1840,
2221,
292,
437,
10584,
360,
268,
203,
594,
265,
328,
419,
3379,
383,
5567,
453,
3942,
74,
455,
262,
7437,
5285,
289,
268,
1855,
203,
49,
294,
70,
1366,
385,
18,
7688,
2613,
421,
3202,
20,
23,
13,
336,
268,
8973,
5679,
289,
268,
203,
10015,
1006,
2023,
850,
268,
1056,
292,
787,
280,
323,
381,
7279,
403,
4473,
419,
5998,
18,
994,
203,
91,
301,
16,
2281,
16,
688,
2917,
1718,
11115,
331,
383,
5567,
453,
743,
780,
265,
328,
289,
268,
1056,
289,
203,
10330,
300,
439,
2911,
288,
268,
4741,
2631,
289,
268,
7753,
289,
268,
1855,
2023,
31,
606,
203,
87,
8533,
474,
691,
5406,
341,
268,
8973,
5679,
743,
1044,
5487,
281,
16,
8422,
268,
7777,
289,
203,
7816,
2589,
3659,
292,
362,
18,
203,
39,
625,
1483,
1556,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
7280,
288,
1520,
2779,
18,
450,
1933,
336,
1089,
203,
57,
18,
55,
18,
2060,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
6660,
5368,
291,
1525,
8960,
989,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
375,
327,
1969,
1754,
203,
266,
325,
288,
5462,
1934,
361,
7978,
423,
291,
794,
1003,
268,
1975,
17,
77,
18,
73,
1941,
794,
3467,
203,
8891,
356,
288,
2365,
361,
3441,
336,
437,
2226,
6226,
375,
327,
986,
292,
327,
203,
4942,
625,
1483,
1556,
16,
291,
1023,
794,
649,
502,
3820,
261,
1430,
4016,
1490,
858,
203,
2983,
5088,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
1204,
1071,
1349,
288,
268,
10103,
421,
77,
18,
73,
1941,
288,
203,
1381,
7777,
289,
363,
4741,
1731,
361,
7978,
93,
13,
291,
1134,
1415,
346,
75,
318,
421,
77,
18,
73,
1941,
203,
1330,
852,
261,
1403,
2292,
1536,
528,
2459,
2365,
802,
450,
586,
1933,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
2901,
563,
16,
203,
43,
1348,
1100,
16,
2705,
8793,
16,
291,
7770,
13,
9364,
375,
2671,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
794,
1003,
203,
69,
1536,
528,
2459,
2365,
16,
1417,
502,
375,
565,
576,
2447,
288,
268,
10103,
361,
288,
203,
1037,
71,
4325,
1934,
18,
7843,
289,
8205,
1556,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
525,
728,
288,
268,
203,
73,
1098,
302,
292,
518,
502,
1059,
9364,
292,
2671,
362,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
288,
268,
1855,
203,
11644,
692,
516,
9364,
437,
268,
1056,
292,
2989,
572,
6045,
289,
11666,
4830,
941,
16,
566,
203,
263,
579,
1933,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
5088,
16,
4845,
16,
1525,
8960,
16,
291,
2705,
3575,
13,
794,
203,
6909,
439,
963,
8205,
1556,
9364,
375,
4055,
659,
6045,
18,
203,
37,
1289,
289,
268,
8205,
508,
704,
1621,
691,
288,
1994,
291,
5257,
1003,
2461,
2661,
203,
6034,
9793,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
288,
1320,
2779,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
288,
5088,
16,
853,
203,
1381,
4284,
386,
351,
594,
318,
421,
1381,
4406,
4766,
289,
7220,
291,
3390,
8182,
13,
528,
688,
203,
5821,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
16,
261,
8205,
1556,
894,
4093,
421,
39,
266,
401,
309,
7753,
5537,
13,
289,
203,
81,
1156,
286,
3680,
300,
439,
17,
6309,
277,
80,
774,
1876,
454,
3413,
31,
4845,
16,
7553,
16,
291,
2705,
203,
47,
404,
69,
2370,
1755,
8205,
1556,
9364,
31,
291,
2510,
16,
3116,
16,
291,
7769,
1075,
203,
987,
390,
5408,
1475,
9364,
292,
2671,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
288,
268,
4901,
2918,
724,
288,
203,
1381,
1855,
2023,
291,
288,
268,
3247,
4717,
2878,
581,
18,
203,
37,
837,
2461,
2661,
3595,
772,
1933,
5714,
1806,
1987,
292,
8580,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
16,
203,
69,
1636,
289,
268,
3033,
289,
522,
18,
55,
18,
8205,
1556,
2854,
17,
1541,
410,
705,
325,
268,
2505,
203,
8891,
261,
892,
289,
8205,
1556,
10691,
291,
1978,
1427,
316,
363,
1505,
4156,
203,
2012,
10100,
1654,
18,
1399,
2428,
332,
9217,
336,
268,
5365,
289,
203,
75,
3553,
367,
1056,
288,
268,
9139,
16,
5557,
523,
543,
355,
1663,
286,
419,
586,
6127,
289,
203,
75,
3553,
367,
16,
7839,
292,
268,
3573,
289,
2972,
8007,
735,
4927,
288,
4845,
291,
3116,
203,
263,
268,
5253,
858,
2461,
2661,
334,
291,
2461,
2661,
3595,
18,
203,
8804,
1858,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
850,
203,
70,
820,
4097,
4288,
9904,
1134,
2461,
2661,
3595,
16,
419,
268,
1568,
4440,
503,
2254,
512,
203,
262,
282,
2881,
1933,
850,
4479,
9793,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
636,
444,
203,
6039,
1483,
508,
18,
421,
4326,
1289,
1082,
462,
1226,
268,
1855,
2023,
16,
4060,
203,
6039,
4830,
1356,
2356,
688,
3540,
289,
268,
2060,
3731,
225,
203,
44,
277,
861,
289,
7320,
300,
439,
7183,
288,
2510,
203,
2983,
2510,
445,
356,
1685,
268,
4129,
289,
4392,
362,
1486,
336,
268,
11124,
316,
268,
203,
55,
987,
267,
1475,
1536,
289,
268,
1283,
291,
723,
1536,
288,
4788,
686,
360,
316,
385,
1246,
18,
365,
2085,
203,
1461,
1056,
289,
261,
4766,
292,
288,
395,
569,
2026,
261,
1536,
9139,
1544,
361,
203,
1099,
3710,
2433,
7961,
360,
268,
3245,
11124,
291,
717,
268,
4766,
203,
1037,
71,
519,
4696,
336,
362,
1082,
16,
292,
3874,
470,
362,
11666,
1483,
1556,
291,
385,
1246,
18,
203,
2983,
2510,
268,
1056,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
454,
1969,
1754,
419,
268,
9364,
2676,
292,
268,
203,
71,
998,
514,
367,
289,
268,
7753,
289,
2510,
18,
203,
1461,
2667,
289,
7320,
300,
439,
7183,
289,
203,
11402,
563,
454,
5709,
331,
268,
855,
669,
288,
203,
41,
81,
9225,
385,
18,
7231,
1469,
225,
853,
268,
203,
39,
280,
9478,
358,
3194,
5679,
16,
352,
767,
352,
268,
9085,
93,
5357,
16,
6382,
268,
1889,
336,
268,
203,
11402,
779,
9364,
850,
1056,
289,
7320,
300,
439,
7183,
2783,
292,
1575,
6610,
18,
365,
203,
38,
907,
557,
10199,
4519,
7096,
4731,
288,
2510,
419,
403,
4252,
268,
5206,
203,
2012,
2510,
3715,
5512,
25,
18,
6125,
456,
3241,
1079,
268,
5631,
291,
3156,
8156,
1758,
664,
203,
75,
1527,
452,
270,
556,
7290,
288,
444,
10960,
440,
2562,
274,
18,
203,
10968,
664,
390,
5408,
1475,
288,
444,
203,
453,
376,
691,
5469,
730,
3247,
10199,
18,
365,
3715,
289,
5512,
25,
3413,
268,
203,
42,
3242,
5679,
576,
352,
292,
1596,
352,
363,
598,
2079,
265,
288,
3327,
291,
1247,
2051,
18,
203,
1461,
7096,
5679,
454,
525,
5887,
286,
292,
3280,
371,
263,
918,
268,
2946,
318,
289,
268,
203,
6039,
1483,
1556,
8994,
4353,
268,
4385,
289,
7290,
341,
5705,
203,
2012,
4173,
997,
288,
2510,
18,
203,
1461,
1056,
289,
3680,
300,
439,
2911,
454,
462,
4479,
203,
3012,
90,
3761,
288,
268,
11124,
566,
268,
11124,
1018,
4173,
16,
268,
7096,
203,
6842,
88,
454,
8516,
599,
286,
3098,
870,
325,
360,
268,
1596,
289,
7267,
542,
268,
11124,
203,
481,
10461,
268,
11124,
941,
289,
8156,
774,
5676,
18,
4954,
324,
545,
73,
461,
91,
8914,
16,
10906,
203,
46,
3859,
289,
7096,
5679,
289,
2510,
288,
203,
38,
76,
7127,
1706,
301,
354,
385,
365,
3432,
2733,
9225,
1766,
54,
3805,
22,
418,
18,
39,
18,
54,
2493,
382,
1388,
16,
4626,
336,
30,
203,
3464,
1204,
1221,
2006,
292,
268,
4615,
203,
84,
849,
3511,
403,
9887,
488,
288,
1398,
9329,
777,
5460,
1570,
11779,
421,
203,
8594,
75,
385,
391,
283,
1469,
13,
336,
3479,
8156,
1758,
203,
7204,
263,
444,
1044,
440,
2562,
274,
437,
452,
270,
556,
7290,
289,
7279,
352,
1452,
291,
289,
268,
203,
87,
624,
2075,
352,
1014,
289,
268,
677,
7258,
2635,
16,
717,
336,
454,
2915,
288,
1398,
9329,
16,
362,
203,
5270,
1960,
327,
1165,
2915,
288,
3805,
22,
18,
203,
1461,
8973,
5679,
289,
2510,
352,
261,
1577,
283,
289,
7096,
5679,
289,
2510,
1003,
268,
203,
71,
998,
514,
367,
289,
11124,
289,
2510,
5185,
1006,
268,
1312,
6215,
2825,
419,
203,
1381,
7096,
5679,
18,
365,
11124,
289,
2510,
403,
6684,
1172,
261,
1040,
1702,
892,
289,
203,
10330,
300,
439,
2911,
291,
362,
4465,
2807,
268,
2510,
3680,
940,
292,
3241,
288,
261,
898,
352,
292,
203,
81,
412,
572,
268,
3358,
289,
8578,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
1487,
10100,
1075,
987,
288,
2510,
16,
268,
203,
6842,
88,
2362,
8580,
261,
11344,
8815,
291,
2379,
268,
737,
671,
2691,
4982,
292,
6833,
331,
203,
84,
3172,
6514,
1573,
8156,
774,
10900,
86,
2586,
93,
16,
566,
268,
11124,
528,
5887,
286,
203,
297,
292,
1152,
363,
3009,
1476,
291,
292,
3874,
470
] |
Generative AI, Gen AI: at this point, we’re sure you are familiar with these terms. In case you’d like to reinforce its meaning, we’ve long been studying and displaying its positive potential impact on medical advancement, patient cases, and caregivers' workload. From streamlining administrative processes, improving treatment outcomes, and reducing costs to empowering patients with knowledge and personal health data, Generative AI can be powerful while creating a balanced mix of human caregivers and their technical backgrounds and expertise.
This article aims to address this new technology from an under-explored perspective: its philosophical implications, the ethical and moral implications, and how it’s expected to evolve in the short term.
The Creation Phase of Generative AI
From a metaphor outlook, we can draw parallels between generative AI and the act of creation in art. Just as an artist confronts a blank canvas, the AI begins with raw data, employing a palette of algorithms to compose personalized interventions, much like an artist selecting colors for emotional impact. The data-driven composition, refined through iterative processes, mirrors the artistic refinement of a masterpiece.
Envision a future where the generative AI maestro conducts a transformative display for individual well-being; this metaphor highlights the potential for technology to harmonize with the canvas of health and wellness, orchestrating a new era of precision and personalization in healthcare.
From a more technical point of view, AI algorithms can 'create' solutions and insights in healthcare. Moreover, through its use in clinical decision support, GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) models can help medical staff formulate recommendations for better decision-making that will enhance patient outcomes and the standard of care provided.
LLMs (Large Language Models) are a type of AI that can achieve general-purpose language understanding and generation. This area of Generative AI can develop patient-centered care. They can be able to comprehend complex medical texts, gather relevant data, and create educational materials for medical professionals and patients. When given the right guidance and supervision, they enhance user experiences, increasing process efficiency and, of course, reducing expenses.
A Technological Creative Healer
Generative AI has demonstrated creative problem-solving abilities in medical research and diagnostics, significantly advancing the field. One notable application is in medical image analysis, where AI-driven algorithms excel in detecting patterns and anomalies that might escape the human eye.
For instance, in radiology, generative AI has been employed to enhance the accuracy of tumor detection in medical imaging, such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. The ability to swiftly analyze large amounts of data accelerates diagnosis and contributes to early detection and improved patient outcomes. This is key because experts talk about the future of healthcare being a preventive field, not a “reactive” one.
Moreover, generative AI has shown promise in drug discovery by efficiently navigating the complex field of molecular interactions. It accelerates the identification of potential drug candidates by predicting how different compounds might interact with biological targets, significantly reducing the time and resources required for drug development. This creative problem-solving approach can potentially revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry and accelerate the release of new treatments.
In personalized medicine, generative AI leverages patient data to tailor treatment plans based on individual genetic profiles, lifestyle factors, and medical history. This personalized approach enhances the effectiveness of interventions, showcasing the AI's ability to synthesize diverse sources of information for precise healthcare solutions. As generative AI continues to evolve, its impact on creative problem-solving in medical research and diagnostics may reshape healthcare, guiding a new era of efficiency, accuracy, and more personalized care.
The Ethics while Applying Generative AI in Healthcare
Now, let’s explore the moral considerations, in other words, the ethical factors surrounding generative AI in healthcare.
The ethical implementation of generative AI in healthcare needs to carefully examine moral considerations, focusing on issues such as patient privacy, consent, and the accountability of AI in decision-making processes.
When integrating generative AI into healthcare, maintaining the utmost respect for patient privacy is critical. Rigorous measures must be in place to ensure that sensitive medical data remains confidential, HIPAA-compliant, and accessed only for legitimate, authorized purposes.
Moreover, the ethical framework should prioritize obtaining informed consent from patients regarding using their data in AI applications, emphasizing transparency and empowering individuals to make informed choices about how their healthcare information will be handled.
The responsibility of AI in decision-making introduces a complex ethical dimension. Striking a balance between the efficiency of AI-driven decisions and maintaining human oversight is key. Ethical guidelines should delineate the boundaries of AI decision-making, clarifying when human intervention is required.
Ensuring that the AI aligns with established medical standards and respects the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence is essential. This ethical compass guides the responsible integration of generative AI in healthcare, promoting a thoughtful and considerate approach to the transformative potential of AI technologies in the medical field.
How to Address the Moral Dilemma
The accelerated evolution of technology demands a continuous process of reflection and adaptation.
Establishing robust ethical frameworks also requires a keen awareness of the various challenges, as ethical considerations may shift with technological advancements. The need for ongoing examination and adjustment is evident, recognizing that what is ethical today may require reassessment tomorrow. This reflection highlights the importance of being aware of the ethical implications of AI applications. This is to ensure that guidelines remain responsive to the complexities of the evolving IT field. In essence, the journey through the moral labyrinth involves a commitment to ongoing ethical scrutiny, encouraging a resilient framework that aligns with the ethical imperatives of the moment.
When used ethically, AI and Generative AI may augment human intelligence and compassion, leading to a more holistic approach to healthcare. Generative AI can collaborate with healthcare professionals, enhancing their capabilities rather than replacing them. It’s interesting to present this as a symbiotic connection.
Clinician burnout is real and continues to grow. Multiple keynote speakers at hlth conference, (Healthcare’s biggest global event) addressed it. So, here’s a big opportunity for collaboration. Delving into the ethical application of AI in healthcare reveals its potential to enhance human capacity and compassion, encouraging a more holistic approach to medical practices.
When managed ethically, AI is a supportive tool, supplementing human capabilities rather than replacing them. By efficiently processing vast datasets, AI enables healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions, improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. This "augmentation of intelligence" allows practitioners to focus on nuanced aspects of patient care, emphasizing empathy and interpersonal skills.
Moreover, AI contributes to the compassionate dimension of healthcare by streamlining administrative tasks, granting healthcare providers more time for direct patient interaction. A more patient and caregiver-centered practice can emerge from human-AI collaboration in healthcare.
Automated processes can handle routine and time-consuming activities, freeing healthcare professionals to engage more meaningfully with patients, understand their unique needs, and develop personalized care plans.
The symbiotic relationship between AI-driven efficiency and human compassion establishes a foundation for a comprehensive and empathetic healthcare approach. In essence, the ethical integration of AI augments the human touch in healthcare, providing a synergy that prioritizes both intellectual precision and compassionate care.
The Shadows of Uncertainty in AI, Generative AI and New Technologies
In examining AI from a philosophical standpoint, it is important to recognize and embrace uncertainty as an inherent aspect of the journey. This involves a continuous commitment to research, learning, and adaptation. By acknowledging AI's dynamic and evolving nature, we can better navigate its complexities and contribute to a more informed and thoughtful understanding of its implications in the broader philosophical discourse.
In conclusion, analyzing the symbiosis of generative AI and healthcare through a philosophical lens untangles the complex relationship between technology and humanity. The philosophical exploration shows an interplay where the potential of generative AI aligns with the intricate dynamics of healthcare.
As we dive deep, it becomes apparent that challenges are inherent, from ethical and privacy considerations to the delicate balance between automation and human touch. Yet, within this complexity lies the potential for positive transformation.
Harmony emerges when generative AI is harnessed purposefully, serving as a tool to amplify human intelligence and compassion rather than overshadowing them. The ability of AI to navigate intricate datasets and streamline processes complements the understanding and facilitates more empathetic care for healthcare professionals. It is a dance where technology and human insight merge, creating a synergy that has the power to revolutionize healthcare.
Acknowledging the challenges while embracing the potential, the intersection of generative AI and healthcare invites us to reflect on the philosophical implications of this transformative partnership. We can build a future where generative AI catalyzes positive change in healthcare through thoughtful consideration, ethical integration, and a commitment to preserving the human element.
A deep call to technologists and caregivers comes to place. The transformative potential of this technology demands a collective commitment to responsible and ethical use. As we stand at the intersection of innovation and responsibility, it becomes crucial for us all, from policymakers to healthcare professionals and technologists, to steer the course of generative AI in healthcare with a shared sense of responsibility.
Let this not only be a technological advancement but a light guiding us toward a future where the power of AI is harnessed not just for efficiency but, more importantly, for the betterment of humanity in the pursuit of a healthier and more compassionate world. | <urn:uuid:02ac1f47-1843-4319-9e86-e36e68684211> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lightit.io/blog/exploring-generative-ai-in-healthcare-through-philosophical-lens/ | 2024-02-21T12:59:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.916041 | 1,955 | 2.84375 | 3 | [
43,
814,
774,
1766,
16,
6497,
1766,
30,
430,
456,
1813,
16,
445,
372,
267,
1850,
337,
356,
4973,
360,
629,
2560,
18,
450,
1731,
337,
372,
72,
730,
292,
11259,
606,
2442,
16,
445,
372,
317,
917,
712,
5732,
291,
3857,
281,
606,
2262,
1439,
1393,
341,
1804,
10729,
16,
2474,
1934,
16,
291,
11868,
11,
716,
3400,
18,
2519,
4045,
80,
2165,
10116,
2618,
16,
3949,
1412,
4041,
16,
291,
2860,
2762,
292,
5887,
281,
1945,
360,
1772,
291,
1845,
661,
863,
16,
3304,
774,
1766,
375,
327,
3184,
1020,
2435,
261,
5218,
2698,
289,
1195,
11868,
291,
444,
4419,
10545,
291,
5689,
18,
203,
4326,
1989,
5317,
292,
1750,
456,
733,
1428,
427,
363,
1064,
17,
1389,
476,
2723,
4785,
30,
606,
4534,
466,
5926,
16,
268,
5321,
291,
6334,
5926,
16,
291,
667,
362,
372,
87,
3650,
292,
9055,
288,
268,
1912,
2085,
18,
203,
1461,
5701,
318,
1629,
575,
289,
3304,
774,
1766,
203,
42,
409,
261,
10316,
283,
5417,
838,
16,
445,
375,
2395,
7352,
3205,
858,
947,
774,
1766,
291,
268,
3241,
289,
4314,
288,
1699,
18,
4500,
352,
363,
7392,
1275,
1554,
340,
261,
11412,
375,
11822,
16,
268,
1766,
5118,
360,
5300,
863,
16,
1798,
281,
261,
4659,
8045,
289,
5262,
292,
494,
595,
7070,
6532,
16,
1111,
730,
363,
7392,
8259,
4330,
331,
3167,
1393,
18,
365,
863,
17,
8452,
5964,
16,
1210,
1451,
734,
362,
265,
774,
2618,
16,
6050,
5089,
268,
7879,
1210,
475,
367,
289,
261,
4296,
11386,
18,
203,
9453,
90,
1446,
261,
1571,
853,
268,
947,
774,
1766,
527,
443,
299,
2290,
340,
261,
11458,
3857,
331,
1769,
767,
17,
2722,
31,
456,
10316,
283,
7739,
268,
1439,
331,
1428,
292,
10469,
918,
360,
268,
375,
11822,
289,
661,
291,
8983,
16,
361,
1957,
322,
673,
261,
733,
5253,
289,
6884,
291,
1845,
1260,
288,
2689,
18,
203,
42,
409,
261,
512,
4419,
1813,
289,
1889,
16,
1766,
5262,
375,
3036,
71,
267,
381,
11,
2931,
291,
4102,
288,
2689,
18,
4553,
16,
734,
606,
666,
288,
4159,
2802,
1105,
16,
461,
5183,
421,
43,
814,
774,
2412,
17,
322,
1953,
3526,
840,
265,
13,
3159,
375,
617,
1804,
3889,
926,
2417,
5903,
331,
1326,
2802,
17,
4757,
336,
513,
3017,
2474,
4041,
291,
268,
2786,
289,
1066,
2756,
18,
203,
11602,
49,
87,
421,
48,
294,
369,
6898,
3536,
1137,
13,
356,
261,
1517,
289,
1766,
336,
375,
2446,
2177,
17,
11478,
2536,
1719,
1616,
291,
4015,
18,
540,
1494,
289,
3304,
774,
1766,
375,
709,
2474,
17,
1243,
2142,
1066,
18,
900,
375,
327,
1542,
292,
2923,
593,
1874,
1804,
7448,
16,
4201,
3888,
863,
16,
291,
1408,
3409,
1811,
331,
1804,
3789,
291,
1945,
18,
1097,
2050,
268,
1328,
4587,
291,
8747,
1446,
16,
502,
3017,
2849,
2891,
16,
2204,
833,
3055,
291,
16,
289,
1911,
16,
2860,
7275,
18,
203,
37,
3127,
1496,
5378,
464,
915,
280,
265,
203,
43,
814,
774,
1766,
528,
7219,
4575,
1676,
17,
8234,
5384,
288,
1804,
922,
291,
2307,
335,
1187,
16,
3105,
965,
3113,
268,
2092,
18,
1507,
8728,
2889,
316,
288,
1804,
2925,
2286,
16,
853,
1766,
17,
8452,
5262,
1870,
306,
288,
4375,
281,
3092,
291,
363,
9313,
423,
336,
1276,
7640,
268,
1195,
2592,
18,
203,
8679,
3569,
16,
288,
9163,
880,
16,
947,
774,
1766,
528,
712,
6745,
292,
3017,
268,
5078,
289,
8864,
5637,
288,
1804,
7475,
16,
659,
352,
2928,
17,
11229,
16,
383,
5645,
87,
16,
291,
9637,
646,
504,
18,
365,
1882,
292,
1370,
2996,
325,
5590,
1452,
4175,
289,
863,
8399,
692,
4291,
291,
6831,
292,
1568,
5637,
291,
3808,
2474,
4041,
18,
540,
316,
1558,
971,
3962,
3357,
608,
268,
1571,
289,
2689,
1018,
261,
10233,
2092,
16,
462,
261,
538,
267,
2636,
537,
597,
18,
203,
49,
404,
1090,
16,
947,
774,
1766,
528,
2853,
8247,
288,
2325,
5906,
419,
6106,
3920,
673,
268,
1874,
2092,
289,
8256,
5119,
18,
553,
8399,
692,
268,
7458,
289,
1439,
2325,
9608,
419,
4003,
542,
667,
865,
5927,
1276,
5828,
360,
5504,
6854,
16,
3105,
2860,
268,
669,
291,
1793,
2207,
331,
2325,
1208,
18,
540,
4575,
1676,
17,
8234,
1563,
375,
4113,
4076,
918,
268,
10485,
10782,
1997,
291,
5459,
4280,
268,
4133,
289,
733,
3919,
18,
203,
2983,
7070,
4014,
16,
947,
774,
1766,
9406,
1172,
2474,
863,
292,
4329,
283,
1412,
3855,
1585,
341,
1769,
3347,
1174,
4760,
16,
4185,
1802,
16,
291,
1804,
1550,
18,
540,
7070,
1563,
7803,
268,
5377,
289,
6532,
16,
7273,
1625,
268,
1766,
743,
1882,
292,
3048,
6863,
918,
3596,
2419,
289,
1009,
331,
6357,
2689,
2931,
18,
760,
947,
774,
1766,
4027,
292,
9055,
16,
606,
1393,
341,
4575,
1676,
17,
8234,
288,
1804,
922,
291,
2307,
335,
1187,
602,
474,
76,
1523,
2689,
16,
2426,
281,
261,
733,
5253,
289,
3055,
16,
5078,
16,
291,
512,
7070,
1066,
18,
203,
1461,
5618,
1067,
1020,
2537,
2173,
3304,
774,
1766,
288,
11657,
203,
50,
329,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
2408,
268,
6334,
7651,
16,
288,
586,
2117,
16,
268,
5321,
1802,
4539,
947,
774,
1766,
288,
2689,
18,
203,
1461,
5321,
5359,
289,
947,
774,
1766,
288,
2689,
1470,
292,
5104,
6422,
6334,
7651,
16,
6496,
341,
1659,
659,
352,
2474,
5624,
16,
8926,
16,
291,
268,
11277,
289,
1766,
288,
2802,
17,
4757,
2618,
18,
203,
7508,
11396,
947,
774,
1766,
636,
2689,
16,
3539,
268,
8917,
2240,
3856,
331,
2474,
5624,
316,
2421,
18,
434,
333,
6821,
2877,
1204,
327,
288,
1349,
292,
1530,
336,
4476,
1804,
863,
3341,
11922,
16,
402,
45,
3638,
37,
17,
1896,
476,
4471,
16,
291,
1310,
286,
794,
331,
11867,
16,
2036,
963,
4309,
18,
203,
49,
404,
1090,
16,
268,
5321,
5018,
788,
8253,
3456,
281,
4443,
8926,
427,
1945,
4353,
1001,
444,
863,
288,
1766,
2391,
16,
3572,
1790,
8800,
291,
5887,
281,
1578,
292,
804,
4443,
4548,
608,
667,
444,
2689,
1009,
513,
327,
1129,
1041,
18,
203,
1461,
4593,
289,
1766,
288,
2802,
17,
4757,
2561,
274,
261,
1874,
5321,
11672,
18,
3455,
5805,
261,
2909,
858,
268,
3055,
289,
1766,
17,
8452,
3073,
291,
3539,
1195,
6290,
486,
316,
1558,
18,
5618,
466,
4640,
788,
1404,
475,
381,
268,
6165,
289,
1766,
2802,
17,
4757,
16,
5949,
5005,
649,
1195,
5496,
316,
2207,
18,
203,
41,
1950,
714,
336,
268,
1766,
4394,
87,
360,
3413,
1804,
3319,
291,
888,
798,
268,
3995,
289,
1143,
744,
514,
291,
1677,
17,
81,
1224,
744,
514,
316,
1505,
18,
540,
5321,
494,
594,
10129,
268,
3024,
5791,
289,
947,
774,
1766,
288,
2689,
16,
4636,
261,
2693,
703,
291,
1119,
381,
1563,
292,
268,
11458,
1439,
289,
1766,
3041,
288,
268,
1804,
2092,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
2076,
550,
268,
5345,
280,
413,
621,
81,
2647,
203,
1461,
8399,
488,
4414,
289,
1428,
6395,
261,
5674,
833,
289,
8898,
291,
9041,
18,
203,
41,
87,
1466,
2793,
6338,
5321,
11247,
525,
2559,
261,
839,
270,
3717,
289,
268,
1320,
2219,
16,
352,
5321,
7651,
602,
5327,
360,
5973,
6718,
18,
365,
648,
331,
5123,
6801,
291,
3886,
367,
316,
9149,
16,
9845,
336,
768,
316,
5321,
1853,
602,
1131,
304,
594,
368,
367,
10128,
10719,
18,
540,
8898,
7739,
268,
2557,
289,
1018,
2337,
289,
268,
5321,
5926,
289,
1766,
2391,
18,
540,
316,
292,
1530,
336,
4640,
3406,
1650,
464,
292,
268,
1874,
647,
289,
268,
8613,
6563,
2092,
18,
450,
8561,
16,
268,
3405,
734,
268,
6334,
2550,
3148,
11770,
2675,
261,
5520,
292,
5123,
5321,
3280,
371,
8273,
16,
7705,
261,
9865,
5018,
336,
4394,
87,
360,
268,
5321,
5857,
2513,
289,
268,
3841,
18,
203,
7508,
724,
2784,
1030,
16,
1766,
291,
3304,
774,
1766,
602,
938,
4509,
1195,
3803,
291,
8761,
16,
2469,
292,
261,
512,
8494,
1563,
292,
2689,
18,
3304,
774,
1766,
375,
11446,
360,
2689,
3789,
16,
6411,
444,
5225,
2359,
687,
10418,
622,
18,
553,
372,
87,
4149,
292,
1487,
456,
352,
261,
928,
1880,
6665,
3583,
18,
203,
39,
5067,
300,
779,
4107,
491,
316,
1409,
291,
4027,
292,
932,
18,
8319,
700,
1558,
82,
1623,
10091,
430,
296,
80,
262,
9632,
16,
421,
8472,
581,
2178,
372,
87,
6113,
2106,
2282,
13,
7513,
362,
18,
1426,
16,
1671,
372,
87,
261,
2104,
3249,
331,
4917,
18,
5376,
1005,
636,
268,
5321,
2889,
289,
1766,
288,
2689,
9392,
606,
1439,
292,
3017,
1195,
3493,
291,
8761,
16,
7705,
261,
512,
8494,
1563,
292,
1804,
2364,
18,
203,
7508,
5922,
2784,
1030,
16,
1766,
316,
261,
8830,
1438,
16,
5297,
281,
1195,
5225,
2359,
687,
10418,
622,
18,
1285,
6106,
3764,
4597,
3563,
575,
340,
16,
1766,
5212,
2689,
3789,
292,
804,
512,
4443,
3073,
16,
3949,
8674,
5078,
291,
1412,
3434,
18,
540,
991,
69,
1010,
8193,
289,
3803,
6,
2089,
10359,
292,
1459,
341,
8722,
1872,
3378,
289,
2474,
1066,
16,
3572,
1790,
8288,
291,
3365,
6263,
1607,
18,
203,
49,
404,
1090,
16,
1766,
6831,
292,
268,
8761,
381,
11672,
289,
2689,
419,
4045,
80,
2165,
10116,
3331,
16,
8198,
281,
2689,
5683,
512,
669,
331,
1938,
2474,
5584,
18,
330,
512,
2474,
291,
9228,
1657,
17,
1243,
2142,
2060,
375,
10042,
427,
1195,
17,
6435,
4917,
288,
2689,
18,
203,
37,
89,
1049,
488,
2618,
375,
4739,
4485,
291,
669,
17,
6039,
7374,
1740,
16,
1776,
281,
2689,
3789,
292,
4151,
512,
2442,
2367,
360,
1945,
16,
992,
444,
2070,
1470,
16,
291,
709,
7070,
1066,
3855,
18,
203,
1461,
928,
1880,
6665,
2051,
858,
1766,
17,
8452,
3055,
291,
1195,
8761,
3577,
274,
261,
4762,
331,
261,
3724,
291,
2593,
749,
6462,
2689,
1563,
18,
450,
8561,
16,
268,
5321,
5791,
289,
1766,
938,
9854,
268,
1195,
3727,
288,
2689,
16,
2352,
261,
3048,
983,
336,
5996,
274,
1079,
7405,
6884,
291,
8761,
381,
1066,
18,
203,
1461,
1395,
354,
2739,
289,
860,
5910,
562,
288,
1766,
16,
3304,
774,
1766,
291,
1525,
3127,
2542,
203,
2983,
10549,
1766,
427,
261,
4534,
466,
1323,
6714,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
4726,
291,
8437,
10134,
352,
363,
11118,
4437,
289,
268,
3405,
18,
540,
2675,
261,
5674,
5520,
292,
922,
16,
1217,
16,
291,
9041,
18,
1285,
8083,
1893,
1766,
743,
5694,
291,
8613,
2075,
16,
445,
375,
1326,
5881,
606,
1874,
647,
291,
2885,
292,
261,
512,
4443,
291,
2693,
703,
1616,
289,
606,
5926,
288,
268,
7442,
4534,
466,
8485,
401,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
7956,
268,
928,
1880,
77,
2213,
289,
947,
774,
1766,
291,
2689,
734,
261,
4534,
466,
7631,
543,
6701,
736,
268,
1874,
2051,
858,
1428,
291,
7835,
18,
365,
4534,
466,
6061,
2746,
363,
630,
8632,
853,
268,
1439,
289,
947,
774,
1766,
4394,
87,
360,
268,
7166,
7829,
289,
2689,
18,
203,
5190,
445,
8938,
2295,
16,
362,
3125,
6876,
336,
2219,
356,
11118,
16,
427,
5321,
291,
5624,
7651,
292,
268,
8919,
2909,
858,
8553,
291,
1195,
3727,
18,
5942,
16,
1291,
456,
7116,
5904,
268,
1439,
331,
2262,
7486,
18,
203,
44,
930,
4005,
2351,
274,
649,
947,
774,
1766,
316,
8696,
286,
3094,
2367,
16,
6914,
352,
261,
1438,
292,
7731,
3049,
1195,
3803,
291,
8761,
2359,
687,
6290,
76,
354,
9847,
622,
18,
365,
1882,
289,
1766,
292,
5881,
7166,
3563,
575,
340,
291,
4045,
1279,
2618,
1034,
652,
268,
1616,
291,
4191,
692,
512,
2593,
749,
6462,
1066,
331,
2689,
3789,
18,
553,
316,
261,
7295,
853,
1428,
291,
1195,
6818,
4446,
369,
16,
2435,
261,
3048,
983,
336,
528,
268,
1056,
292,
4076,
918,
2689,
18,
203,
37,
1919,
619,
1041,
1893,
268,
2219,
1020,
10671,
268,
1439,
16,
268,
7822,
982,
289,
947,
774,
1766,
291,
2689,
787,
2154,
407,
292,
5295,
341,
268,
4534,
466,
5926,
289,
456,
11458,
8773,
18,
924,
375,
2115,
261,
1571,
853,
947,
774,
1766,
2313,
3852,
94,
274,
2262,
1317,
288,
2689,
734,
2693,
703,
6748,
16,
5321,
5791,
16,
291,
261,
5520,
292,
9344,
268,
1195,
4156,
18,
203,
37,
2295,
1117,
292,
821,
5020,
291,
11868,
1974,
292,
1349,
18,
365,
11458,
1439,
289,
456,
1428,
6395,
261,
7401,
5520,
292,
3024,
291,
5321,
666,
18,
760,
445,
1323,
430,
268,
7822,
982,
289,
4664,
291,
4593,
16,
362,
3125,
1821,
331,
407,
516,
16,
427,
1972,
2835,
5989,
292,
2689,
3789,
291,
821,
5020,
16,
292
] |
Protect Your Thyroid & Have More Energy
If you know anything about body composition and fat loss, you are aware that hormones play a pivotal role. A lot of people just focus on carbs, calories, or exercise when trying to lose body fat, but to get lasting results, you need to take a wider view and account for hormones.
One of the most important group of hormones when it comes to body composition is those produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, influence energy levels, and impact a cascade of other hormones that play a critical role in health and function.
What Is The Thyroid?
The Thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck. It is best known for regulating metabolic rate by affecting enzyme activity, body temperature and energy levels. The thyroid is also involved in growth, development, heart function, and central nervous system activation.
How It Works: Thyroid hormone balance is a complicated process whereby the hypothalamus in the brain puts out Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) telling the pituitary gland to release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, and T4, the inactive form of thyroid hormone. T4 is turned into T3 by the liver and kidneys. This interrelationship between T3 and T4 is one example of how changes in hormone levels affect each other in a cascade-like fashion.
The thyroid works on a negative feedback loop and as T3 and T4 go up, they send a message to the hypothalamus and pituitary to reduce TRH and TSH, allowing thyroid activity to slow. Vice versa as T3 and T4 drop, TRH and TSH go up, allowing for a stronger message to the thyroid to release T3 and T4.
There are two ways that thyroid function can be compromised:
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid is overactive and too much thyroid hormone is released, increasing heart rate, raising body temperature, and triggering appetite. People with hyperthyroidism have a hard time sustaining body weight, which might sound favorable in a fat-loss obsessed nation, but it drastically reduces quality of life, often leading to insomnia, irritability and muscle wasting.
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid activity is reduced and too little thyroid hormone is produced. It is associated with decreased body temperature, lower metabolic rate, increased body fat, and chronic fatigue.
How Do Thyroid Hormones Influence Body Composition?
Thyroid hormone plays an integral role in regulating body composition by influencing the number of calories the body burns daily. For our ancestors, when food was scarce, one of the main jobs of the thyroid was to respond to a decrease in energy intake and slow metabolic rate to prevent the loss of lean tissue.
In modern times, when most people have excess body fat and ample food available, the thyroid still responds in the same way. When people diet, lowering calorie intake, thyroid activity will slow and thyroid hormone will go down. Body temperature drops so that the body burns fewer calories, leading to a plateau in fat loss.
What Else Causes Hypothyroidism?
Dieting isn’t the only thing to lead to decrease in thyroid hormone. Because thyroid hormones are intricately related to balance of other hormones, including cortisol, insulin, leptin, and androgens, many lifestyle and nutritional factors can impact thyroid function. Therefore, it’s important to take a holistic approach to solving thyroid issues and look at the big picture of hormone balance.
This is critical because in some cases, the thyroid is more of a bystander and not the root cause. Generally, when this is the case, thyroid function will be low and symptoms will be present but lab tests will appear normal. The medical term for this scenario is subclinical thyroid condition. The gland is working, but thyroid hormone is not able to exert its positive effect on target tissues, leading to symptoms and a poor quality of life. What follows is a list of five of the most common thyroid disruptors with solutions.
#1: Excess Stress & High Cortisol
When you suffer stress, the adrenal glands pump out the stress hormone cortisol, raising blood sugar so that you have the necessary energy to get you through the stressful situation. High cortisol output places an excessive burden on the pituitary gland, blunting the messages of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and leading to lower release of T3 and T4. Cortisol also inhibits conversion of inactive T4 to active T3 by the liver.
Fix It: Take note that when stress causes hypothyroid symptoms, it’s not a problem with the thyroid gland itself. The thyroid is still capable of producing thyroid hormone, but it is not responding effectively to the hormonal cascade telling it to do so due to an excessive stress response. Therefore, the solution is to develop a stress management plan to reset the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and lower cortisol, restoring the thyroid hormone cascade. Actions like regular exercise, adequate sleep, deep breathing and meditation, and a healthy diet will all help balance cortisol and restore thyroid function.
#2: Blood Sugar Irregularities
For most people, dealing with their stress is hard. After all, you probably have little control over the length of your commute, anxiety about your job, or your never-ending to-do list. The good news is that diet is one area you can control and it has a powerful impact on lowering stress and improving thyroid function.
The body tries to regulate blood sugar levels in a specific range because when blood sugar drops too low, you can experience seizures, coma, or even death. The body does this via insulin, the hormone responsible for storing blood sugar and maintaining glucose at healthy levels. However, when you combine a carbohydrate-rich processed food diet with lack of physical activity, cells become resistant to insulin, which leads the body to pump out more insulin than is necessary, triggering peaks and valleys in blood sugar.
When blood sugar is irregular, cortisol levels increase as the body attempts to maintain energy levels, inhibiting proper release of TSH and conversion of T3.
Fix It: Ideally, you want your fasting blood sugar (your blood sugar level when you haven’t eaten for 8 hours) to be between 75 and 95 mg/dl. To achieve this, you need a combination of exercise and healthy diet: Strength training, intervals, and aerobic training all have a profoundly beneficial effect on blood sugar, automatically sensitizing cells to insulin and adding new insulin receptor sites. Try to do some form of exercise daily, while being as active as possible throughout the day.
A higher protein, lower carb diet that prioritizes whole foods is your best bet for restoring insulin sensitivity and balancing blood sugar. Plan meals around high-quality protein (meat, eggs, dairy, fish, or beans), a leafy green vegetable, and healthy fat (nuts, avocado, or the fat naturally occurring in your protein source). Include starchy vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, depending on body composition and activity levels.
Ask a mainstream health practitioner the solution to obesity and they will very likely tell you to “eat less and move more.” Unfortunately, this approach ignores how hormones function in obesity.
It all starts with the hormone leptin. Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by body fat, giving the brain a message that you’re “full” and don’t need to eat as much. Lower food intake slows your metabolism, which signals your hypothalamus to make TRH, triggering TSH release from pituitary, which tells the thyroid to make thyroid hormone.
In obesity, this message stops functioning. The brain becomes resistant to leptin’s message and you experience chronic hunger. Leptin resistance makes the hypothalamus believe that you don’t have adequate calories coming in even if you have abundant body fat and are eating to excess. Because your brain “thinks” you’re in “starvation mode” with inadequate calorie intake, it slows down thyroid hormone production—TSH goes down, as do T3 and T4. Appetite increases, fat breakdown slows, and insulin resistance increases.
Fix It: Your overall goal to combat obesity is to create an energy deficit by making better nutrition choices and training properly.
Solving leptin resistance should start with regularly planned high-protein, vegetable filled meals that focus on mindful eating and listening to your body’s hunger cues. Shifting away from processed foods and carbohydrate-centric meals is necessary to allow blood sugar to stabilize, and insulin and cortisol to go down.
Second, adopt a regular workout program to improve lean mass and increase the body’s ability to burn body fat. Be sure to do the little things that promote fat loss such as getting adequate sleep, being active throughout the day, and minimizing stress.
Obesity and unbalanced hormones have one thing in common: Inflammation. Anytime you have fat gain, elevated cortisol, insulin resistance, or thyroid dysfunction the body releases inflammatory compounds that cause chronic inflammation, damaging tissue and further dysregulating hormones.
Interestingly, when balanced, thyroid hormones have a protective role against oxidative stress and inflammation. However, poor diet, obesity—especially the accumulation of belly fat—chemical exposure, and a sedentary lifestyle can all increase inflammation. In this environment, something called “tissue hypothyroidism” occurs in which T4 is not effectively converted to T3.
Known as Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome (NTIS), TSH levels will be in normal range, which can lead doctors to miss it as thyroid dysfunction. Normally, T4 is converted to T3 by deiodinase enzymes. Inflammation can reduce deiodinases, causing low T3, which in turn leads to more oxidative stress and inflammation. NTIS is considered “an adaptive response” to high levels of inflammation rather than true hypothyroidism. It’s also hard to diagnose: TSH and T4 will be normal, but T3, which mainstream doctors often won’t test for, will be low.
Fix It: Just like all of our other solutions, lowering inflammation starts with diet, fitness, and lifestyle. Strength training lowers markers of systemic inflammation, while improving the body’s ability to counter oxidative stress. Lifestyle actions such as mediation, lowering chemical toxin exposure, and getting adequate sleep also decrease inflammation.
Most important: Lowering refined carbs and processed foods in favor of antioxidant-rich foods (berries, leafy greens, beans, nuts, seeds, and almost all vegetables) will help the body eradicate inflammation. Additionally, dark chocolate, seafood, coffee, tea, and probiotic foods like sauerkraut and fermented dairy will provide nutrients that help to counter oxidative processes in the body.
#5: Unhealthy Gut
If you know anything about gut function, it’s probably that there are a gazillion bacteria living in the GI tract. Some of these bacteria are beneficial and some are harmful. One little known role of the gut bacteria is to assist with conversion of inactive T4 into the active T3 thyroid hormone. The gut bacteria release an enzyme called intestinal sulfatase that allows for T4 to be converted to T3 in the GI tract. This is one reason why people with poor gut function may have thyroid symptoms but normal lab results.
Inflammation in the GI tract also raises cortisol, which you already know inhibits release of thyroid hormone and impedes the T4 to T3 conversion.
There are other ways unhealthy gut bacteria can impact thyroid function: They can cause constipation, which impairs clearance of estrogen from the body. Excess estrogen raises thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), a hormone that binds to thyroid hormone, decreasing its availability to target tissues in the body. Conversely, low thyroid function, reduces transit time in the gut, causing constipation, inflammation, and reducing absorption of nutrients.
Fix It: Healing your gut starts with what you put in it: Instead of processed foods and refined carbs, favor fiber-rich fruits and vegetables. Avoid foods that you are intolerant too—these will be individual but common food intolerances are dairy, eggs, gluten, and other grains.
Get adequate protein to ensure complete detoxification. Take a high-powered probiotic that is guaranteed through the date of expiration. Try supplementing with resistant starch to promote proliferation of healthy gut bacteria. Consider taking glutamine and glycine to health the intestinal cellular lining.
Final Words: Hopefully you noticed that these five conditions that affect thyroid function aren’t originating with your thyroid. Something is going wrong in another part of your body and it is negatively impacting thyroid function. In most cases, thyroid medication isn’t necessary. Solving the problem at its source will allow your thyroid to come back into balance. | <urn:uuid:fab96bc1-0f40-4363-a073-6d6202c96e85> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://poliquinperformance.com/blogs/blog/protect-your-thyroid-five-solutions-to-low-thyroid-function | 2024-02-21T12:23:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.918075 | 2,668 | 3.125 | 3 | [
52,
9049,
493,
2073,
321,
6365,
1884,
5370,
2376,
4673,
203,
6164,
337,
698,
3784,
608,
1073,
5964,
291,
2272,
1866,
16,
337,
356,
2337,
336,
7129,
1152,
261,
8440,
1476,
18,
330,
1774,
289,
689,
1039,
1459,
341,
877,
825,
16,
6618,
16,
361,
2671,
649,
3738,
292,
4987,
1073,
2272,
16,
566,
292,
886,
8196,
1826,
16,
337,
648,
292,
1071,
261,
7418,
1889,
291,
3060,
331,
7129,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
710,
851,
1730,
289,
7129,
649,
362,
1974,
292,
1073,
5964,
316,
1014,
3141,
419,
268,
8373,
11315,
18,
321,
6365,
7129,
7075,
9100,
2288,
16,
3033,
1138,
1506,
16,
291,
1393,
261,
273,
2397,
783,
289,
586,
7129,
336,
1152,
261,
2421,
1476,
288,
661,
291,
1596,
18,
203,
4688,
1358,
365,
321,
6365,
35,
203,
1461,
321,
6365,
316,
261,
1139,
6417,
9866,
17,
9000,
11315,
288,
268,
3775,
289,
268,
6058,
18,
553,
316,
1274,
1261,
331,
11912,
9100,
2288,
419,
6467,
10624,
2067,
16,
1073,
2263,
291,
1138,
1506,
18,
365,
8373,
316,
525,
2729,
288,
1668,
16,
1208,
16,
1759,
1596,
16,
291,
3327,
6593,
892,
1088,
318,
18,
203,
6724,
553,
7411,
30,
321,
6365,
6494,
2909,
316,
261,
7017,
833,
853,
2330,
268,
6121,
280,
348,
310,
288,
268,
1860,
9680,
628,
321,
6365,
942,
298,
1625,
402,
536,
590,
421,
56,
54,
44,
13,
9445,
268,
9207,
1946,
556,
11315,
292,
4133,
321,
6365,
343,
473,
3939,
402,
536,
590,
421,
7767,
44,
802,
307,
55,
44,
6760,
692,
268,
8373,
11315,
292,
4133,
307,
23,
16,
268,
3009,
926,
289,
8373,
6494,
16,
291,
307,
24,
16,
268,
288,
2636,
926,
289,
8373,
6494,
18,
307,
24,
316,
5322,
636,
307,
23,
419,
268,
4865,
291,
11064,
18,
540,
630,
2230,
500,
1028,
858,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
316,
597,
1214,
289,
667,
1703,
288,
6494,
1506,
2242,
1011,
586,
288,
261,
273,
2397,
783,
17,
2656,
5604,
18,
203,
1461,
8373,
1854,
341,
261,
3047,
4964,
10530,
291,
352,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
679,
644,
16,
502,
4671,
261,
4718,
292,
268,
6121,
280,
348,
310,
291,
9207,
1946,
556,
292,
1590,
307,
54,
44,
291,
307,
55,
44,
16,
3240,
8373,
2067,
292,
2634,
18,
720,
690,
2277,
69,
352,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
5639,
16,
307,
54,
44,
291,
307,
55,
44,
679,
644,
16,
3240,
331,
261,
6551,
4718,
292,
268,
8373,
292,
4133,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
881,
1714,
336,
8373,
1596,
375,
327,
6322,
1754,
30,
203,
44,
93,
468,
262,
6365,
997,
3606,
649,
268,
8373,
316,
658,
2636,
291,
1232,
1111,
8373,
6494,
316,
4795,
16,
2204,
1759,
2288,
16,
8011,
1073,
2263,
16,
291,
5048,
281,
9399,
18,
3395,
360,
5063,
262,
6365,
997,
437,
261,
1656,
669,
1844,
281,
1073,
2146,
16,
518,
1276,
2162,
4128,
541,
288,
261,
2272,
17,
80,
1181,
1823,
368,
286,
3501,
16,
566,
362,
11593,
523,
4993,
1630,
289,
943,
16,
970,
2469,
292,
685,
311,
8726,
16,
5722,
1303,
291,
3504,
454,
542,
18,
203,
44,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
3606,
649,
268,
8373,
2067,
316,
3544,
291,
1232,
1936,
8373,
6494,
316,
3141,
18,
553,
316,
2062,
360,
7419,
1073,
2263,
16,
1898,
9100,
2288,
16,
2161,
1073,
2272,
16,
291,
3776,
6670,
18,
203,
6724,
2094,
321,
6365,
402,
536,
1661,
4582,
519,
514,
10189,
2132,
3511,
35,
203,
2422,
6365,
6494,
3806,
363,
7825,
1476,
288,
11912,
1073,
5964,
419,
1852,
3535,
268,
1289,
289,
6618,
268,
1073,
4107,
87,
2438,
18,
906,
662,
10648,
16,
649,
934,
454,
6607,
339,
16,
597,
289,
268,
939,
4849,
289,
268,
8373,
454,
292,
3780,
292,
261,
5032,
288,
1138,
4905,
291,
2634,
9100,
2288,
292,
1463,
268,
1866,
289,
9283,
3923,
18,
203,
2983,
2332,
1708,
16,
649,
710,
689,
437,
3321,
1073,
2272,
291,
792,
700,
934,
1608,
16,
268,
8373,
1356,
2381,
727,
288,
268,
1162,
898,
18,
1097,
689,
1859,
16,
1898,
281,
1534,
10561,
4905,
16,
8373,
2067,
513,
2634,
291,
8373,
6494,
513,
679,
1190,
18,
10189,
2263,
9721,
576,
336,
268,
1073,
4107,
87,
6132,
6618,
16,
2469,
292,
261,
6222,
1183,
288,
2272,
1866,
18,
203,
4688,
3618,
401,
10346,
402,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
35,
203,
40,
775,
281,
3422,
372,
88,
268,
794,
2810,
292,
912,
292,
5032,
288,
8373,
6494,
18,
3428,
8373,
7129,
356,
5863,
1300,
2336,
292,
2909,
289,
586,
7129,
16,
1118,
273,
442,
277,
320,
16,
6486,
16,
417,
84,
2432,
16,
291,
291,
8835,
614,
16,
772,
4185,
291,
6596,
1802,
375,
1393,
8373,
1596,
18,
3481,
16,
362,
372,
87,
851,
292,
1071,
261,
8494,
1563,
292,
8491,
8373,
1659,
291,
1500,
430,
268,
2104,
4378,
289,
6494,
2909,
18,
203,
4326,
316,
2421,
971,
288,
579,
1934,
16,
268,
8373,
316,
512,
289,
261,
419,
6261,
265,
291,
462,
268,
3382,
1342,
18,
8992,
16,
649,
456,
316,
268,
1731,
16,
8373,
1596,
513,
327,
1488,
291,
1614,
513,
327,
1487,
566,
2550,
3265,
513,
1951,
2910,
18,
365,
1804,
2085,
331,
456,
8055,
316,
979,
1215,
263,
466,
8373,
2057,
18,
365,
11315,
316,
1795,
16,
566,
8373,
6494,
316,
462,
1542,
292,
377,
3289,
606,
2262,
2365,
341,
2886,
6272,
16,
2469,
292,
1614,
291,
261,
2890,
1630,
289,
943,
18,
1021,
5691,
316,
261,
2455,
289,
2584,
289,
268,
710,
1112,
8373,
4571,
909,
360,
2931,
18,
203,
7,
21,
30,
1206,
555,
8685,
1884,
3194,
351,
442,
277,
320,
203,
7508,
337,
5071,
1751,
16,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
4863,
628,
268,
1751,
6494,
273,
442,
277,
320,
16,
8011,
1364,
2980,
576,
336,
337,
437,
268,
1990,
1138,
292,
886,
337,
734,
268,
1751,
703,
3118,
18,
3194,
273,
442,
277,
320,
4781,
3508,
363,
5221,
8724,
341,
268,
9207,
1946,
556,
11315,
16,
725,
9241,
268,
6506,
289,
321,
6365,
343,
473,
3939,
402,
536,
590,
291,
2469,
292,
1898,
4133,
289,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
18,
351,
442,
277,
320,
525,
6868,
764,
9095,
289,
288,
2636,
307,
24,
292,
3009,
307,
23,
419,
268,
4865,
18,
203,
42,
1156,
553,
30,
4786,
3251,
336,
649,
1751,
2384,
6121,
6365,
1614,
16,
362,
372,
87,
462,
261,
1676,
360,
268,
8373,
11315,
2635,
18,
365,
8373,
316,
1356,
5401,
289,
5519,
8373,
6494,
16,
566,
362,
316,
462,
2381,
526,
2992,
292,
268,
11851,
273,
2397,
783,
9445,
362,
292,
565,
576,
1504,
292,
363,
5221,
1751,
2629,
18,
3481,
16,
268,
2966,
316,
292,
709,
261,
1751,
1794,
1200,
292,
474,
364,
268,
6121,
280,
3312,
17,
84,
297,
1946,
556,
11437,
291,
1898,
273,
442,
277,
320,
16,
5997,
281,
268,
8373,
6494,
273,
2397,
783,
18,
2058,
508,
730,
1998,
2671,
16,
5901,
1954,
16,
2295,
4887,
291,
7149,
16,
291,
261,
1702,
1859,
513,
516,
617,
2909,
273,
442,
277,
320,
291,
7819,
8373,
1596,
18,
203,
7,
22,
30,
8146,
10022,
294,
4428,
9118,
647,
203,
8679,
710,
689,
16,
6485,
360,
444,
1751,
316,
1656,
18,
2122,
516,
16,
337,
3591,
437,
1936,
1357,
658,
268,
3510,
289,
424,
580,
1490,
16,
3083,
608,
424,
3065,
16,
361,
424,
2270,
17,
1753,
292,
17,
7511,
2455,
18,
365,
1060,
3359,
316,
336,
1859,
316,
597,
1494,
337,
375,
1357,
291,
362,
528,
261,
3184,
1393,
341,
1898,
281,
1751,
291,
3949,
8373,
1596,
18,
203,
1461,
1073,
432,
423,
292,
7075,
1364,
2980,
1506,
288,
261,
1430,
1749,
971,
649,
1364,
2980,
9721,
1232,
1488,
16,
337,
375,
1432,
9744,
889,
16,
378,
69,
16,
361,
919,
2145,
18,
365,
1073,
1082,
456,
3785,
6486,
16,
268,
6494,
3024,
331,
10992,
1364,
2980,
291,
3539,
6719,
430,
1702,
1506,
18,
1121,
16,
649,
337,
8979,
261,
7366,
381,
17,
4432,
6654,
934,
1859,
360,
2850,
289,
1646,
2067,
16,
1828,
1343,
8451,
292,
6486,
16,
518,
4198,
268,
1073,
292,
4863,
628,
512,
6486,
687,
316,
1990,
16,
5048,
281,
600,
3377,
291,
1033,
298,
483,
288,
1364,
2980,
18,
203,
7508,
1364,
2980,
316,
10039,
16,
273,
442,
277,
320,
1506,
1643,
352,
268,
1073,
7949,
292,
1638,
1138,
1506,
16,
6868,
1842,
1225,
4133,
289,
307,
55,
44,
291,
9095,
289,
307,
23,
18,
203,
42,
1156,
553,
30,
8900,
523,
16,
337,
1333,
424,
284,
3261,
1364,
2980,
421,
93,
455,
1364,
2980,
966,
649,
337,
8771,
372,
88,
10460,
331,
1570,
2575,
13,
292,
327,
858,
7911,
291,
10664,
9377,
19,
72,
80,
18,
1122,
2446,
456,
16,
337,
648,
261,
3878,
289,
2671,
291,
1702,
1859,
30,
908,
2056,
2041,
16,
630,
11634,
16,
291,
5622,
9649,
2041,
516,
437,
261,
6234,
325,
4070,
2365,
341,
1364,
2980,
16,
7013,
1672,
2348,
281,
1828,
292,
6486,
291,
4654,
733,
6486,
7460,
441,
3922,
18,
6512,
292,
565,
579,
926,
289,
2671,
2438,
16,
1020,
1018,
352,
3009,
352,
1522,
2309,
268,
1196,
18,
203,
37,
1797,
3106,
16,
1898,
5985,
1859,
336,
5996,
274,
2399,
2334,
316,
424,
1274,
11651,
331,
5997,
281,
6486,
6965,
291,
1978,
3113,
1364,
2980,
18,
4521,
6072,
1149,
695,
17,
5279,
3106,
421,
1475,
271,
16,
4334,
16,
7830,
16,
2034,
16,
361,
7766,
989,
261,
5658,
93,
2278,
8334,
16,
291,
1702,
2272,
421,
82,
1557,
16,
972,
415,
5845,
16,
361,
268,
2272,
5001,
8160,
288,
424,
3106,
2088,
802,
2965,
10259,
471,
8642,
4059,
16,
3714,
16,
291,
2399,
7266,
16,
3509,
341,
1073,
5964,
291,
2067,
1506,
18,
203,
5190,
79,
261,
11611,
661,
7971,
265,
268,
2966,
292,
6712,
291,
502,
513,
1040,
1792,
2565,
337,
292,
538,
3611,
1165,
291,
1454,
512,
1053,
6555,
16,
456,
1563,
4592,
1538,
667,
7129,
1596,
288,
6712,
18,
203,
4077,
516,
5398,
360,
268,
6494,
417,
84,
2432,
18,
458,
559,
2432,
316,
261,
6494,
336,
316,
7764,
691,
419,
1073,
2272,
16,
3851,
268,
1860,
261,
4718,
336,
337,
372,
267,
538,
703,
80,
537,
291,
1373,
372,
88,
648,
292,
2564,
352,
1111,
18,
10773,
934,
4905,
2634,
87,
424,
8014,
16,
518,
5518,
424,
6121,
280,
348,
310,
292,
804,
307,
54,
44,
16,
5048,
281,
307,
55,
44,
4133,
427,
9207,
1946,
556,
16,
518,
6797,
268,
8373,
292,
804,
8373,
6494,
18,
203,
2983,
6712,
16,
456,
4718,
11094,
6407,
18,
365,
1860,
3125,
8451,
292,
417,
84,
2432,
372,
87,
4718,
291,
337,
1432,
3776,
10573,
18,
458,
559,
2432,
3696,
1892,
268,
6121,
280,
348,
310,
2979,
336,
337,
1373,
372,
88,
437,
5901,
6618,
4028,
288,
919,
717,
337,
437,
9343,
1073,
2272,
291,
356,
3104,
292,
3321,
18,
3428,
424,
1860,
538,
262,
3274,
537,
337,
372,
267,
288,
538,
503,
294,
11803,
6796,
537,
360,
11704,
1534,
10561,
4905,
16,
362,
2634,
87,
1190,
8373,
6494,
1815,
1447,
7767,
44,
3677,
1190,
16,
352,
565,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
18,
2537,
2400,
359,
3675,
16,
2272,
10669,
2634,
87,
16,
291,
6486,
3696,
3675,
18,
203,
42,
1156,
553,
30,
2073,
2114,
3114,
292,
6537,
6712,
316,
292,
1408,
363,
1138,
4630,
297,
419,
1355,
1326,
4920,
4548,
291,
2041,
3624,
18,
203,
55,
6156,
417,
84,
2432,
3696,
788,
1236,
360,
3963,
7963,
695,
17,
3012,
6388,
16,
8334,
6043,
6072,
336,
1459,
341,
9869,
3104,
291,
6489,
292,
424,
1073,
372,
87,
10573,
273,
893,
18,
1395,
373,
542,
2014,
427,
6654,
2334,
291,
7366,
381,
17,
1243,
1179,
6072,
316,
1990,
292,
1059,
1364,
2980,
292,
8884,
918,
16,
291,
6486,
291,
273,
442,
277,
320,
292,
679,
1190,
18,
203,
55,
312,
799,
16,
8580,
261,
1998,
716,
491,
1192,
292,
1434,
9283,
2390,
291,
1643,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
4107,
1073,
2272,
18,
1367,
1850,
292,
565,
268,
1936,
1612,
336,
3290,
2272,
1866,
659,
352,
2657,
5901,
1954,
16,
1018,
3009,
2309,
268,
1196,
16,
291,
9895,
1751,
18,
203,
51,
4359,
380,
291,
543,
3639,
1872,
7129,
437,
597,
2810,
288,
1112,
30,
450,
6916,
318,
18,
5007,
2130,
337,
437,
2272,
3277,
16,
9541,
273,
442,
277,
320,
16,
6486,
3696,
16,
361,
8373,
6279,
8790,
268,
1073,
11330,
10023,
5927,
336,
1342,
3776,
4095,
16,
10177,
3923,
291,
1902,
6279,
2829,
3939,
7129,
18,
203,
2983,
345,
443,
5052,
16
] |
Today, the quality of the power supplied to sensitive electronic equipment is an important issue. Various non-linear loads can be found in Industrial, commercial and residential sectors. This study presents harmonic analysis of electric drives such as induction machine and switched reluctance machine and experimental results taken during the operation. The results show that the distortion in the voltage and current are more than the specified values of international standards. The key issue covered under this study is the purpose of suppressing the harmonics. Finally some of the important methodologies to reduce the harmonics are also discussed in this study which may utilize for specific problems.
PDF Abstract XML References Citation
How to cite this article
Power quality surveys are very much important to find the quality of the power available at a particular point of location. Power quality of the low voltage network is an important challenge for the industry of today. Advances in the Power technologies will estimate that about more than 80% of the electric power is flowing through some kind of non-linear loads and the percentage is growing. These loads distort the supply current as well as supply voltage from its pure sinusoidal form and the quality of the supply is degraded heavily.
Harmonics is one of the main problems to cause the distorted current waveform. Harmonics refers to all sinusoidal voltages and currents that are integral multiples of the fundamental power system frequency. Non-linear loads are the sources of harmonic current and they inject the harmonic currents into the power system. The voltage distortion is the result of distorted current passing through the impedance of power delivery system (Sankaran, 2001; Roger, 1996; Koval, 1997)
The main sources of harmonics are high speed electronic switching devices and controls in industrial and commercial applications, switched mode power supplies and computers, electronic ballasts, dimmer switches, UPS, battery chargers and adjustable speed drives. The main problems due to the presence of harmonics are increase in losses and temperature in machines, overheating in cables and additional stressing of cable insulation, higher capacitor stresses, higher earth fault currents, tripping of circuit breakers, over stressing of power factor correction capacitors.
This study emphasis a comprehensive power quality survey mainly on Drive side. Andrews et al. (1996) presents the analytical technique used to correct power factor in a modern steel manufacturing facility. The study included field measurements, harmonic analysis, and filter design work to reduce the amount of harmonic distortion in the plant. Shipp (1996) discusses the power quality problems of variable speed drives with recent technology in power electronics. Edward Reid (1996) outlines the significant factors associated with power quality by summarizing the key considerations, the relevant standards, the areas where standards are being developed and useful application guidelines. This study emphasis the analysis for the adjustable speed drives and induction and switched reluctance machines are taken for the same.
International standards for power quality: To limit the distortion due to different types of non-linear loads, internationally some standards are available. Some of the standards available for the voltage variations are described in Edward Reid (1996),
• | ANSI Standard C 84.1 - Service voltage is within +/- 5% |
• | NEMA Standard MG-1 - Voltage unbalance does not exceed 1% |
• | ANSI Standard C 84.1 -Maximum voltage unbalance within 3% at electric - utility revenue meter under no-load conditions |
• | IEEE 519 - Voltage variations due to flicker is within 5- 6% that may vary from 10 s-1 to 1 h-1 |
• | ANSI Standard C 84.1-Temporary fundamental frequency should not less than 88.3% |
Some of the standards available for the Harmonic distortion are,
• | ANSI/IEEE standard C 57.12.00 and C 57.12.01- Current distortion in transformers within 5% |
• | ANSI Standard C 82.1-High frequency ballast should have maximum I (THD) of 32% |
• | IEEE/ANSI 519, IEEE recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems (Table 1 and 2). |
Analysis of electrical drives: In Industrial environments, power quality is important one to maintain the product output. When the equipment runs under poor power quality conditions, there will be loss of production as well as the product quality may also be affected. Therefore, it is necessary to operate the machine under in good power quality conditions.
Adjustable speed drives are one of the main reasons for the generation of harmonics, notching etc., When an adjustable speed drive that is not functioning properly means, the drive has some problem with the incoming power source, the signal and power wiring technique, the programming, or perhaps the drive has not been specified properly for the application.
ASDs are having the advantages such as higher efficiency, reduced energy consumption by 30-50%, minimizing wear and tear. ASDs are extensively used in pumps, compressor, fans and blower and air conditioning units (Shipp, 1996). Due to the improvement in the semiconductor technology and the controllers, the ASDs are more common in the low cost drives. Most of the ASDs have no input power factor correction circuits. This results in harmonic pollution of the utility supply, which could be avoided (Andrews et al., 1996).
Nowadays, there is an tremendous increase in the use of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) which uses power electric devices. The voltages and currents emanating from a VFD inject harmonic frequency components into the motor. The magnetic field is produced in the motor core, due to the application of the voltage, which leads to the iron losses in the magnetic frame of the motor. The hysteresis and eddy current losses are part of iron losses that are produced in the core due to the alternating magnetic field. The Hysteresis losses and eddy current losses are depends on frequency. Hysteresis losses are proportional to frequency and eddy current losses vary as the square of the frequency.
Table 1: | Voltage distortion limits |
Table 2: | Current distortion limits(<69 kV) |
Table 3: | Comparison of voltage, current and power for various load conditions |
Fig. 1: | Current and voltage waveforms |
The higher order harmonics, which has higher frequency voltage components produce additional losses in the core of AC motors, which in turn, increase the operating temperature of the core and the windings surrounding in the core. Application of non-sinusoidal voltages to motors results in harmonic current circulation in the windings of motors (Sankaran, 2001; Dugan, 1996). The net rms current is where the subscripts 1, 2, 3, etc. represent the respective harmonic currents.
Fig. 2: | Current harmonics at 100% loading |
Fig. 3: | Input supply voltage and current for a DC link voltage of 84 V |
The heating losses in the motor windings vary as the square of the rms current. Due to skin effect, actual losses would be slightly higher than calculated values. Stray motor losses, which include winding eddy current losses, high frequency rotor and stator surface losses, and tooth pulsation losses, also increase due to harmonic voltages and currents.
The torque produced in AC motors is due to the interaction between the air gap magnetic field and the rotor-induced currents. When a motor is supplied non-sinusoidal voltages and currents, the air gap magnetic fields and the rotor currents contain harmonic frequency components. Due to the harmonics in AC motors, the torsional oscillation of the motor shaft occurs.
Table 4: | Current harmonics for various load conditions |
Table 5: | Current harmonics magnitudes for various DC link voltages |
The harmonics are grouped into positive (+) sequence component, negative (-) sequence component and zero (0) sequence components. The positive sequence harmonics (harmonic numbers 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, etc.) produce magnetic fields and currents rotating in the same direction as the fundamental frequency harmonic. Negative sequence harmonics (harmonic numbers 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, etc.) develop magnetic fields and currents that rotate in a direction opposite to the positive frequency set. Zero sequence harmonics (harmonic numbers 3, 9, 15, 21, etc.) do not develop usable torque, but produce additional losses in the machine. The interaction between the positive and negative sequence magnetic fields and currents produces torsional oscillations of the motor shaft. These oscillations result in shaft vibrations.
Fig. 4: | Input current harmonic spectrum waveform for a DC link voltage of 84 V |
If the frequency of oscillations coincides with the natural mechanical frequency of the shaft, the vibrations are amplified and severe damage to the motor shaft may occur. It is important that for large VFD motor installations, harmonic analyses be performed to determine the levels of harmonic distortions and assess their impact on the motor. From the above facts, it is necessary to make an survey which will help to access how much harmonics are present in the drives. For that an induction motor and Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) were taken for the analysis.
Induction motor drives: In this harmonic analysis a 37 kW, 3 phase, 415 V squirrel cage induction motor is taken for the analysis. The readings are taken in the input side of induction motor. Table 3 shows the voltage, current, power, power factor and frequency for every phases at 25, 50 , 75, 100 and 106% of loading, respectively.
Table 4 gives the current harmonics for the induction motor at different loads 25, 50, 75, 100 and 106%, respectively. It gives the details about the odd harmonics only. The even harmonics of the system is very less as compared to the odd harmonics. The voltage and current waveforms are as like in the Fig. 1 and the current harmonics for the induction motor at 100% loading is shown in the Fig. 2.
Switched reluctance motors: Switched Reluctance motors are normally preferred for high-speed applications. It consists of rectifier, DC link capacitance and converter circuit. The main disadvantages of the switched reluctance motor drive are requirements of a large DC link capacitor and power converter. The harmonics generated in the input side of the SRM exceeds the limits given in the IEEE standards. SRM requires some form of Input Power factor correction circuits. In this power quality survey, the harmonics of switched reluctance machine in its input terminals are taken. Figure 3 shows details regarding the voltage, current waveforms for a DC link voltage of 84 V and the Fig. 4 shows the details of the input current harmonic spectrum. Table 5 gives the different harmonics ranging from fundamental to 11th harmonics and its associated magnitude.
Table 5 indicates that the current harmonics are more than the internationally specified values.
Methods to improve power quality: The conventional methods to reduce the harmonic distortion are over sizing neutral conductors, using separate neutral conductors, transformer connections, true RMS operating circuit breakers, capacitor banks, EMI/RFI filters for telephone interference.
The conventional methods to reduce the harmonic currents in loads are by increasing number of steps in the waveform of a inverter, changing the step magnitude, suitably switching the inverters, changing the size and moving of the capacitors.
The conventional methods to reduce grounding problems are to use separate wires for disturbance generating loads and sensitive loads, power conductors and control conductors should not run in the same conduit, neutral conductor must be connected to ground in only one location, for computer and electronic systems use isolation transformers, isolated ground can be used to reduce the noise problems
The newer methodology to reduce the harmonics in the system is to use filtering techniques. Passive filters and Active filters are the two types of filtering methods available. In Active filtering method, boost cell type, switched capacitor filter type, inverter type methods are used to reduce the harmonics in the system. The suitable method to be used by considering the cost of the scheme and size of the circuit to be implemented.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The power quality analysis of induction and Switched reluctance motor drives has been done. In Induction motors, Table 3 and 4 gives the details regarding the various parameters like voltage, current, power, power factor and current harmonics for various loaded conditions. Figure 1 and 2 shows the current and voltage waveform and the current harmonics at 100% loading. The current waveform of the induction motor was severely distorted. From the analysis, it is understood that, in many cases the total harmonic distortion as well as the individual harmonics are more than the IEEE specified values.
In switched reluctance motor, Fig. 3 shows the current waveforms are highly distorted and Fig. 4 gives details regarding the input harmonics for a DC link voltage of 84 V. Table 5 shows the odd harmonics for different values of DC link voltages which are more compared with the even harmonics. In SRM also the harmonics present are more than the IEEE standards.
From this analysis, it is understood that there may be some methodology will be adopted to reduce the harmonics in the system. Various methods to improve power quality of the system also described. By employing suitable methods the quality of the supply will be improved.
This study emphasis the need for the analysis of the power quality for Induction machine and switched reluctance machines. This analysis gives the details about various parameters like current, voltage, power, power factor and current harmonics of both induction machines and switched reluctance machines. The analysis is focused that the harmonics in the highlighted systems in this study are more compared to the IEEE standards. To reduce the harmonics, researchers may adopt the methods mentioned in this study and utilize them for their specific problems.
- Andrews, D., M.T. Bishop and J.F. Witte, 1996. Harmonic measurements, analysis and power factor correction in a modern steel manufacturing facility. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 32: 617-624.
- Reid, W.E., 1996. Power quality issues standards and guidelines. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 32: 625-632.
- Koval, D.O., J.C. Chang and J. Leonard, 1992. Rural power quality. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 28: 761-766.
- Shipp, D.D. and W.S. Vilcheck., 1996. Power quality and line considerations for variable speed AC drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 32: 403-410. | <urn:uuid:bd3167c2-4639-4e58-936c-f7dd8389cbd2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jas.2006.2126.2130 | 2024-02-21T12:00:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.904892 | 2,994 | 2.75 | 3 | [
56,
370,
350,
16,
268,
1630,
289,
268,
1056,
3970,
870,
292,
4476,
5229,
2857,
316,
363,
851,
2682,
18,
11530,
1677,
17,
1279,
294,
11144,
375,
327,
986,
288,
10397,
16,
4082,
291,
8526,
7313,
18,
540,
1147,
6887,
2150,
2761,
2286,
289,
2297,
9548,
659,
352,
7416,
328,
3032,
291,
4956,
286,
711,
9451,
515,
3032,
291,
8947,
1826,
2459,
995,
268,
4531,
18,
365,
1826,
1171,
336,
268,
10498,
328,
288,
268,
5955,
291,
1619,
356,
512,
687,
268,
9332,
3119,
289,
3006,
3319,
18,
365,
1558,
2682,
4738,
1064,
456,
1147,
316,
268,
3094,
289,
752,
7197,
268,
2150,
5475,
18,
4943,
579,
289,
268,
851,
1336,
2542,
292,
1590,
268,
2150,
5475,
356,
525,
5709,
288,
456,
1147,
518,
602,
7759,
331,
1430,
1626,
18,
203,
52,
7079,
10429,
6073,
2928,
7702,
942,
10755,
351,
2470,
203,
6724,
292,
273,
674,
456,
1989,
203,
52,
746,
1630,
10184,
356,
1040,
1111,
851,
292,
1255,
268,
1630,
289,
268,
1056,
1608,
430,
261,
1510,
1813,
289,
3336,
18,
5012,
1630,
289,
268,
1488,
5955,
2465,
316,
363,
851,
3659,
331,
268,
1997,
289,
1853,
18,
3986,
1427,
288,
268,
5012,
3041,
513,
7782,
336,
608,
512,
687,
4988,
9,
289,
268,
2297,
1056,
316,
11761,
734,
579,
2066,
289,
1677,
17,
1279,
294,
11144,
291,
268,
6729,
316,
2574,
18,
948,
11144,
10498,
88,
268,
2744,
1619,
352,
767,
352,
2744,
5955,
427,
606,
6391,
5788,
310,
1246,
280,
926,
291,
268,
1630,
289,
268,
2744,
316,
8275,
286,
7318,
18,
203,
44,
930,
5475,
316,
597,
289,
268,
939,
1626,
292,
1342,
268,
10498,
691,
1619,
6159,
840,
18,
402,
930,
5475,
4080,
292,
516,
5788,
310,
1246,
280,
1873,
9702,
291,
1065,
11503,
336,
356,
7825,
1726,
1524,
289,
268,
4615,
1056,
892,
4876,
18,
7332,
17,
1279,
294,
11144,
356,
268,
2419,
289,
2150,
2761,
1619,
291,
502,
288,
1013,
268,
2150,
2761,
1065,
11503,
636,
268,
1056,
892,
18,
365,
5955,
10498,
328,
316,
268,
1636,
289,
10498,
691,
1619,
7561,
734,
268,
498,
286,
515,
289,
1056,
5605,
892,
421,
55,
1574,
4628,
16,
9462,
31,
434,
446,
265,
16,
2464,
26,
31,
696,
878,
280,
16,
11903,
13,
203,
1461,
939,
2419,
289,
2150,
5475,
356,
695,
2999,
5229,
4956,
281,
2450,
291,
6693,
288,
3854,
291,
4082,
2391,
16,
4956,
286,
6796,
1056,
6454,
291,
5578,
16,
5229,
3654,
3720,
16,
5216,
815,
1370,
10125,
16,
522,
4441,
16,
3905,
1160,
4270,
291,
2787,
310,
1576,
2999,
9548,
18,
365,
939,
1626,
1504,
292,
268,
3550,
289,
2150,
5475,
356,
1643,
288,
7426,
291,
2263,
288,
4978,
16,
658,
781,
673,
288,
11074,
291,
2827,
1751,
281,
289,
8803,
8364,
16,
1797,
3069,
1808,
1751,
274,
16,
1797,
3239,
11520,
1065,
11503,
16,
432,
5566,
289,
5844,
2603,
332,
16,
658,
1751,
281,
289,
1056,
3488,
2571,
1095,
3069,
3759,
18,
203,
4326,
1147,
7747,
261,
3724,
1056,
1630,
4838,
4870,
341,
1698,
464,
2031,
18,
11430,
87,
2007,
366,
18,
421,
10969,
26,
13,
6887,
268,
2533,
962,
3925,
724,
292,
3045,
1056,
3488,
288,
261,
2332,
4625,
3964,
6923,
18,
365,
1147,
3380,
2092,
7108,
16,
2150,
2761,
2286,
16,
291,
6171,
1019,
716,
292,
1590,
268,
1944,
289,
2150,
2761,
10498,
328,
288,
268,
1380,
18,
1395,
2099,
421,
10969,
26,
13,
1868,
274,
268,
1056,
1630,
1626,
289,
7181,
2999,
9548,
360,
2650,
1428,
288,
1056,
9381,
18,
11082,
942,
323,
421,
10969,
26,
13,
5417,
967,
268,
1297,
1802,
2062,
360,
1056,
1630,
419,
9345,
1790,
268,
1558,
7651,
16,
268,
3888,
3319,
16,
268,
1511,
853,
3319,
356,
1018,
2317,
291,
3209,
2889,
4640,
18,
540,
1147,
7747,
268,
2286,
331,
268,
2787,
310,
1576,
2999,
9548,
291,
7416,
328,
291,
4956,
286,
711,
9451,
515,
4978,
356,
2459,
331,
268,
1162,
18,
203,
2983,
843,
778,
3319,
331,
1056,
1630,
30,
1122,
3355,
268,
10498,
328,
1504,
292,
865,
1640,
289,
1677,
17,
1279,
294,
11144,
16,
1602,
11448,
579,
3319,
356,
1608,
18,
1399,
289,
268,
3319,
1608,
331,
268,
5955,
7371,
356,
4168,
288,
11082,
942,
323,
421,
10969,
26,
989,
203,
315,
100,
869,
6376,
55,
45,
9226,
351,
1570,
24,
18,
21,
425,
5727,
5955,
316,
1291,
5799,
19,
17,
1016,
9,
869,
203,
315,
100,
869,
465,
4333,
37,
9226,
383,
43,
17,
21,
425,
6035,
3056,
543,
3639,
515,
1082,
462,
10044,
433,
9,
869,
203,
315,
100,
869,
6376,
55,
45,
9226,
351,
1570,
24,
18,
21,
425,
49,
1894,
344,
408,
5955,
543,
3639,
515,
1291,
777,
9,
430,
2297,
425,
8666,
7472,
10946,
1064,
688,
17,
3400,
1533,
869,
203,
315,
100,
869,
334,
9188,
41,
1016,
1689,
425,
6035,
3056,
7371,
1504,
292,
949,
868,
265,
316,
1291,
1016,
17,
1278,
9,
336,
602,
3360,
427,
1474,
269,
17,
21,
292,
433,
296,
17,
21,
869,
203,
315,
100,
869,
6376,
55,
45,
9226,
351,
1570,
24,
18,
21,
17,
56,
539,
1796,
556,
4615,
4876,
788,
462,
1165,
687,
1570,
28,
18,
23,
9,
869,
203,
55,
436,
289,
268,
3319,
1608,
331,
268,
402,
930,
2761,
10498,
328,
356,
16,
203,
315,
100,
869,
6376,
55,
45,
19,
45,
9188,
41,
2786,
351,
1016,
27,
18,
3011,
18,
587,
291,
351,
1016,
27,
18,
3011,
18,
20,
21,
17,
6838,
10498,
328,
288,
2948,
332,
1291,
1016,
9,
869,
203,
315,
100,
869,
6376,
55,
45,
9226,
351,
1570,
22,
18,
21,
17,
44,
396,
4876,
3654,
603,
788,
437,
5213,
334,
421,
56,
6507,
13,
289,
9146,
9,
869,
203,
315,
100,
869,
334,
9188,
41,
19,
3940,
55,
45,
1016,
1689,
16,
334,
9188,
41,
3505,
2364,
291,
3091,
331,
2150,
2761,
1357,
288,
3924,
1056,
1422,
421,
56,
541,
433,
291,
497,
802,
869,
203,
37,
2590,
1883,
289,
3924,
9548,
30,
450,
10397,
4218,
16,
1056,
1630,
316,
851,
597,
292,
1638,
268,
2430,
4781,
18,
1097,
268,
2857,
7282,
1064,
2890,
1056,
1630,
1533,
16,
686,
513,
327,
1866,
289,
1815,
352,
767,
352,
268,
2430,
1630,
602,
525,
327,
3328,
18,
3481,
16,
362,
316,
1990,
292,
5733,
268,
3032,
1064,
288,
1060,
1056,
1630,
1533,
18,
203,
37,
72,
78,
310,
1576,
2999,
9548,
356,
597,
289,
268,
939,
3218,
331,
268,
4015,
289,
2150,
5475,
16,
462,
4904,
2801,
1941,
1097,
363,
2787,
310,
1576,
2999,
4048,
336,
316,
462,
6407,
3624,
1486,
16,
268,
4048,
528,
579,
1676,
360,
268,
490,
2982,
1056,
2088,
16,
268,
4819,
291,
1056,
276,
3407,
3925,
16,
268,
5328,
16,
361,
4810,
268,
4048,
528,
462,
712,
9332,
3624,
331,
268,
2889,
18,
203,
2815,
40,
87,
356,
2054,
268,
4576,
659,
352,
1797,
3055,
16,
3544,
1138,
3318,
419,
2553,
17,
2520,
9594,
9895,
4110,
291,
10175,
18,
330,
5197,
87,
356,
3619,
2084,
724,
288,
10037,
16,
9827,
283,
16,
11143,
291,
7459,
265,
291,
1294,
11594,
5117,
421,
9351,
2099,
16,
2464,
26,
802,
6642,
292,
268,
5336,
288,
268,
447,
4063,
266,
534,
441,
1428,
291,
268,
3458,
332,
16,
268,
330,
5197,
87,
356,
512,
1112,
288,
268,
1488,
1923,
9548,
18,
2620,
289,
268,
330,
5197,
87,
437,
688,
5202,
1056,
3488,
2571,
1095,
11147,
18,
540,
1826,
288,
2150,
2761,
4100,
289,
268,
8666,
2744,
16,
518,
911,
327,
10208,
421,
10562,
4390,
87,
2007,
366,
1941,
2464,
26,
802,
203,
50,
329,
11729,
16,
686,
316,
363,
11266,
499,
1643,
288,
268,
666,
289,
7184,
2627,
8283,
1150,
1698,
1022,
421,
58,
42,
40,
87,
13,
518,
2600,
1056,
2297,
2450,
18,
365,
1873,
9702,
291,
1065,
11503,
639,
282,
673,
427,
261,
720,
42,
40,
288,
1013,
2150,
2761,
4876,
3008,
636,
268,
4213,
18,
365,
6561,
2092,
316,
3141,
288,
268,
4213,
4144,
16,
1504,
292,
268,
2889,
289,
268,
5955,
16,
518,
4198,
292,
268,
4202,
7426,
288,
268,
6561,
3279,
289,
268,
4213,
18,
365,
296,
483,
345,
3774,
291,
937,
9772,
1619,
7426,
356,
923,
289,
4202,
7426,
336,
356,
3141,
288,
268,
4144,
1504,
292,
268,
2726,
673,
6561,
2092,
18,
365,
402,
483,
345,
3774,
7426,
291,
937,
9772,
1619,
7426,
356,
4465,
341,
4876,
18,
402,
483,
345,
3774,
7426,
356,
6189,
1556,
292,
4876,
291,
937,
9772,
1619,
7426,
3360,
352,
268,
5757,
289,
268,
4876,
18,
203,
56,
541,
433,
30,
869,
6035,
3056,
10498,
328,
6078,
869,
203,
56,
541,
497,
30,
869,
6838,
10498,
328,
6078,
12,
32,
26,
29,
520,
58,
13,
869,
203,
56,
541,
777,
30,
869,
2132,
294,
2613,
289,
5955,
16,
1619,
291,
1056,
331,
1320,
3687,
1533,
869,
203,
42,
333,
18,
433,
30,
869,
6838,
291,
5955,
6159,
3858,
869,
203,
1461,
1797,
1544,
2150,
5475,
16,
518,
528,
1797,
4876,
5955,
3008,
2346,
2827,
7426,
288,
268,
4144,
289,
5460,
683,
909,
16,
518,
288,
1867,
16,
1643,
268,
4579,
2263,
289,
268,
4144,
291,
268,
2293,
526,
87,
4539,
288,
268,
4144,
18,
7723,
318,
289,
1677,
17,
87,
263,
310,
1246,
280,
1873,
9702,
292,
683,
909,
1826,
288,
2150,
2761,
1619,
7745,
288,
268,
2293,
526,
87,
289,
683,
909,
421,
55,
1574,
4628,
16,
9462,
31,
8206,
842,
16,
2464,
26,
802,
365,
1647,
384,
507,
1619,
316,
853,
268,
3062,
2322,
340,
433,
16,
497,
16,
777,
16,
2801,
18,
2151,
268,
10960,
2150,
2761,
1065,
11503,
18,
203,
42,
333,
18,
497,
30,
869,
6838,
2150,
5475,
430,
2881,
9,
3687,
281,
869,
203,
42,
333,
18,
777,
30,
869,
450,
2820,
2744,
5955,
291,
1619,
331,
261,
8824,
2654,
5955,
289,
1570,
24,
720,
869,
203,
1461,
5810,
7426,
288,
268,
4213,
2293,
526,
87,
3360,
352,
268,
5757,
289,
268,
384,
507,
1619,
18,
6642,
292,
1903,
2365,
16,
4741,
7426,
830,
327,
5332,
1797,
687,
8856,
3119,
18,
3455,
350,
4213,
7426,
16,
518,
1226,
2293,
526,
937,
9772,
1619,
7426,
16,
695,
4876,
633,
441,
291,
471,
1622,
2248,
7426,
16,
291,
3309,
4491,
87,
318,
7426,
16,
525,
1643,
1504,
292,
2150,
2761,
1873,
9702,
291,
1065,
11503,
18,
203,
1461,
4862,
3610,
3141,
288,
5460,
683,
909,
316,
1504,
292,
268,
5584,
858,
268,
1294,
6216,
6561,
2092,
291,
268,
633,
441,
17,
263,
534,
286,
1065,
11503,
18,
1097,
261,
4213,
316,
3970,
870,
1677,
17,
87,
263,
310,
1246,
280,
1873,
9702,
291,
1065,
11503,
16,
268,
1294,
6216,
6561,
4161,
291,
268,
633,
441,
1065,
11503,
1462,
2150,
2761,
4876,
3008,
18,
6642,
292,
268,
2150,
5475,
288,
5460,
683,
909,
16,
268,
4862,
87,
305,
280,
272,
1999,
399,
318,
289,
268,
4213,
422,
3258,
3606,
18,
203,
56,
541,
988,
30,
869,
6838,
2150,
5475,
331,
1320,
3687,
1533,
869,
203,
56,
541,
1016,
30,
869,
6838,
2150,
5475,
4275,
297,
1327,
274,
331,
1320,
8824,
2654,
1873,
9702,
869,
203,
1461,
2150,
5475,
356,
1730,
286,
636,
2262,
421,
15,
13,
7335,
4391,
16,
3047,
421,
17,
13,
7335,
4391,
291,
6270,
421,
20,
13,
7335,
3008,
18,
365,
2262,
7335,
2150,
5475,
421,
76,
930,
2761,
3210,
433,
16,
988,
16,
1499,
16,
1474,
16,
3284,
16,
2801,
3731,
2346,
6561,
4161,
291,
1065,
11503,
4171,
673,
288,
268,
1162,
4210,
352,
268,
4615,
4876,
2150,
2761,
18,
11033,
774,
7335,
2150,
5475,
421,
76,
930,
2761,
3210,
497,
16,
1016,
16,
1570,
16,
2912,
16,
2967,
16,
2801,
3731,
709,
6561,
4161,
291,
1065,
11503,
336,
4171,
381,
288,
261,
4210,
6896,
292,
268,
2262,
4876,
1075,
18,
1929,
4071,
7335,
2150,
5475,
421,
76,
930,
2761,
3210,
777,
16,
1717,
16,
2063,
16,
4440,
16,
2801,
3731,
565,
462,
709,
407,
541,
4862,
3610,
16,
566,
2346,
2827,
7426,
288,
268,
3032,
18,
365,
5584,
858,
268,
2262,
291,
3047,
7335,
6561,
4161,
291,
1065,
11503,
5948,
4862,
87,
305,
280,
272,
1999,
399,
500,
289,
268,
4213,
422,
3258,
18,
948,
272,
1999,
399,
500,
1636,
288,
422,
3258,
4969,
500,
18,
203,
42,
333,
18,
988,
30,
869,
450,
2820,
1619,
2150,
2761,
7201,
6159,
840,
331,
261,
8824,
2654,
5955,
289,
1570,
24,
720,
869,
203,
6164,
268,
4876,
289,
272,
1999,
399,
500,
742,
1329,
1701,
360,
268,
1493,
6167,
4876,
289,
268,
422,
3258,
16,
268,
4969,
500,
356,
7731
] |
The Future of AI: Transforming Industries and Daily Life
Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a transformative force, transcending the boundaries of traditional technological advancements.
Beyond the controlled environment of tech labs, AI dynamically infiltrates industries and permeates daily life, embodying a true paradigm shift.
Navigating the complex terrain of AI reveals an intricate landscape where human ingenuity intertwines with machine intelligence, sculpting a future beyond imagination.
In this era of unprecedented change, AI catalyzes profound transformations across diverse sectors. Industries witness a renaissance, as automated processes streamline manufacturing, revolutionize healthcare diagnostics, and optimize financial decision-making.
Simultaneously, the influence of AI extends into the fabric of daily existence. Virtual assistants orchestrate our routines, smart homes adapt to preferences, and recommendation algorithms redefine how we consume information and entertainment.
As we traverse this transformative journey, the fusion of human creativity and AI augurs a future defined by unprecedented possibilities.
The impact of AI goes beyond mere technological evolution; it symbolizes a convergence that reshapes not only industries but also the very essence of how we live, work, and envision the world.
Unveiling the Power of AI
The once fantastical concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transcended the confines of science fiction, becoming an undeniable force that intricately shapes our lives and work.
No longer relegated to the speculative realms, AI manifests as a tangible and transformative power, redefining the very fabric of our existence.
In industries, AI operates as a catalyst for enhanced efficiency and innovation. Its applications span from optimizing manufacturing processes to reimagining healthcare solutions, demonstrating its prowess in revolutionizing established norms.
Beyond industrial domains, AI permeates our daily routines, introducing unprecedented conveniences and adaptations.
The extraordinary capabilities of AI unfold as it seamlessly integrates into our lives.
Virtual assistants anticipate and fulfill our needs, smart technologies create intuitive living spaces, and recommendation algorithms personalize our digital experiences.
This palpable influence underscores AI’s capacity to reshape not only industries but also the minutiae of our day-to-day activities.
In this evolving landscape, AI stands as a testament to human ingenuity and technological progress.
Its transformative impact echoes far beyond the realms of fiction, positioning itself as a palpable force that continually shapes and refines the way we navigate the world.
Industries Embracing Change
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into diverse sectors is heralding transformative shifts across industries.
In manufacturing, the advent of intelligent automation is streamlining processes, fostering increased efficiency, and paving the way for a new era of production.
This not only enhances productivity but also opens avenues for innovation in the creation and delivery of goods.
Healthcare, too, is undergoing a profound revolution fueled by AI. Breakthroughs in diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, and data-driven insights are becoming increasingly commonplace, ushering in an era of precision medicine.
AI’s analytical capabilities are unraveling complex medical data, offering healthcare professionals valuable insights for more accurate diagnoses and targeted interventions.
In the financial landscape, AI-driven algorithms are at the forefront of transformative changes. These algorithms are adept at analyzing vast datasets, identifying patterns, and optimizing decision-making processes in real-time.
This not only enhances the efficiency of financial operations but also contributes to more informed and strategic choices in dynamic markets.
The common thread across these sectors is the unprecedented impact of AI in augmenting human capabilities, driving efficiency, and fostering innovation.
As industries embrace and integrate AI technologies, they unlock new possibilities and redefine the standards of operation, signaling a future where human-machine collaboration propels us toward uncharted territories of progress and excellence.
Daily Life: A Tapestry Woven with AI Threads
Venturing beyond the confines of boardrooms and laboratories, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seamlessly woven itself into the very fabric of our daily lives.
The integration of AI technologies has become pervasive, manifesting in various aspects that enhance convenience, efficiency, and personalization.
Virtual assistants, powered by AI, have emerged as indispensable aids in managing our schedules and daily tasks. These digital companions offer a seamless interaction, responding to voice commands and learning from user behaviors to anticipate needs and preferences.
The result is a more streamlined and personalized approach to organizing and optimizing our routines.
In the realm of smart homes, AI takes center stage by adapting to user preferences. Automated systems equipped with AI algorithms learn and adjust lighting, temperature, and other environmental factors to align with individual habits.
This not only enhances comfort but also contributes to energy efficiency, marking a paradigm shift in how we interact with our living spaces.
Moreover, AI-driven recommendation engines have become integral to our entertainment and shopping experiences.
Algorithms analyze vast datasets to understand user preferences and provide tailored suggestions, whether it’s suggesting movies, music, or products.
This infusion of intelligence elevates the user experience, making content consumption and shopping more personalized and enjoyable.
As AI continues to evolve and integrate further into our daily lives, its influence on enhancing convenience, personalization, and efficiency will likely become even more pronounced, solidifying its role as a transformative force in shaping the future of our interconnected world.
Navigating the Ethical Landscape
In the dazzling promises of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a complex web of ethical considerations unfolds, demanding careful scrutiny as we navigate the intricacies of this transformative technology.
Amidst the awe-inspiring capabilities of AI, concerns related to privacy, algorithmic biases, and the potential impact on employment emerge as critical facets that require thoughtful exploration and ethical deliberation.
Privacy stands at the forefront of these considerations, as the extensive data collection and analysis integral to AI systems raise questions about the protection of individuals’ personal information.
Striking a delicate balance between harnessing the power of data for innovation and safeguarding individuals’ privacy becomes an ethical imperative.
Algorithmic biases, another ethical quandary, highlight the potential for AI systems to perpetuate and amplify existing prejudices present in the data they are trained on.
Addressing these biases demands a commitment to fairness and equity in AI development, ensuring that technology promotes inclusivity rather than inadvertently reinforcing societal disparities.
Furthermore, the impact of AI on employment introduces ethical dimensions related to job displacement and the need for reskilling in the workforce.
As automation reshapes industries, ethical responsibility entails proactive measures to mitigate negative consequences, such as providing avenues for upskilling and supporting those affected by technological shifts.
In this era of rapid technological advancement, the ethical considerations surrounding AI require a nuanced and principled approach.
Balancing the drive for innovation with a commitment to ethical responsibility is essential to harnessing the full potential of AI while safeguarding the values and rights that underpin a just and equitable society.
The Road Ahead: Opportunities and Challenges
Navigating the future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires a nuanced understanding of the dualities it presents — a landscape teeming with both opportunities and challenges.
The limitless potential of AI necessitates a commitment to responsible development and ethical deployment, ensuring that its transformative power is harnessed for the greater good.
In this journey towards a future intertwined with AI, collaboration emerges as a key theme. The synergy between industries, governments, and academia becomes instrumental in shaping an AI landscape that benefits humanity on a broad scale.
Through collaborative efforts, diverse perspectives can be leveraged to establish ethical frameworks, guidelines, and policies that steer AI development in a direction aligned with societal values.
Opportunities abound as AI continues to evolve and permeate various facets of our lives. Enhanced efficiency, innovative solutions, and breakthrough discoveries in fields like healthcare and finance are within reach.
However, alongside these opportunities, challenges loom — from ethical considerations to the potential impact on employment and privacy concerns.
Striking a balance between embracing AI’s potential and addressing its challenges requires a collective commitment to responsible innovation.
This entails ongoing dialogues, transparent practices, and an unwavering dedication to the ethical principles that safeguard individuals, communities, and the global ecosystem.
As we stand at the precipice of an AI-infused future, the choices we make today will shape the trajectory of this transformative technology.
By fostering collaboration, embracing responsible development, and upholding ethical standards, we can embark on a journey where AI becomes a force for positive change, contributing to the betterment of humanity and the world we inhabit.
In conclusion, the future of AI is an unfolding narrative of transformation and adaptation.
It’s a journey where human creativity and technological prowess intersect, opening doors to unprecedented possibilities. As we embrace the evolving landscape of AI, one thing remains certain — the future is now.
What industries are most impacted by AI?
AI has a significant impact on various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, finance, and entertainment.
How does AI affect daily life?
AI influences daily life through virtual assistants, smart home technology, and personalized recommendations.
What ethical considerations come with AI?
Ethical concerns include privacy issues, algorithmic biases, and the potential impact on employment.
What opportunities does AI present?
AI presents opportunities for improved efficiency, innovation, and advancements in various fields.
How can society ensure responsible AI development?
Responsible AI development requires collaboration between industries, governments, and academia to establish ethical guidelines and standards. | <urn:uuid:3122cbed-1257-4691-bfd6-7997822ab22b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://techwires.co/the-future-of-ai-transforming-industries-and-daily-life/ | 2024-02-21T12:26:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.902549 | 1,925 | 2.71875 | 3 | [
1461,
7529,
289,
1766,
30,
3526,
11324,
8731,
423,
291,
11435,
5223,
203,
8239,
3649,
8805,
421,
6435,
13,
2351,
274,
352,
261,
11458,
3160,
16,
817,
71,
1753,
268,
6165,
289,
2338,
5973,
6718,
18,
203,
10746,
2763,
268,
5254,
1072,
289,
8077,
2550,
87,
16,
1766,
3587,
348,
1030,
582,
309,
322,
692,
4287,
291,
574,
1475,
692,
2438,
943,
16,
3612,
946,
281,
261,
2915,
8882,
333,
81,
5327,
18,
203,
50,
548,
333,
673,
268,
1874,
1589,
4841,
289,
1766,
9392,
363,
7166,
4122,
853,
1195,
3267,
270,
9971,
630,
544,
967,
360,
3032,
3803,
16,
8826,
542,
261,
1571,
3183,
8962,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
5253,
289,
11457,
1317,
16,
1766,
2313,
3852,
94,
274,
6234,
2948,
500,
1745,
3596,
7313,
18,
8731,
423,
5814,
261,
304,
3862,
10407,
16,
352,
9137,
2618,
4045,
1279,
3964,
16,
4076,
918,
2689,
2307,
335,
1187,
16,
291,
8052,
2153,
2802,
17,
4757,
18,
203,
55,
344,
7348,
3343,
16,
268,
3033,
289,
1766,
9199,
636,
268,
5621,
289,
2438,
5682,
18,
10716,
3690,
862,
361,
1957,
8121,
662,
11346,
16,
3827,
3872,
4136,
292,
6813,
16,
291,
1921,
318,
5262,
304,
7720,
475,
667,
445,
5793,
1009,
291,
9252,
18,
203,
5190,
445,
8651,
4508,
456,
11458,
3405,
16,
268,
11586,
289,
1195,
5692,
291,
1766,
938,
75,
2319,
261,
1571,
4486,
419,
11457,
6957,
18,
203,
1461,
1393,
289,
1766,
3677,
3183,
10267,
5973,
4414,
31,
362,
2864,
2692,
261,
4753,
75,
514,
336,
474,
76,
5762,
462,
794,
4287,
566,
525,
268,
1040,
8561,
289,
667,
445,
2180,
16,
716,
16,
291,
403,
90,
1446,
268,
887,
18,
203,
10015,
317,
4454,
268,
5012,
289,
1766,
203,
1461,
2340,
9270,
301,
962,
3313,
289,
9131,
8805,
421,
6435,
13,
528,
817,
71,
5614,
268,
1275,
967,
289,
2186,
10876,
16,
3832,
363,
641,
270,
2627,
3160,
336,
5863,
1300,
6133,
662,
2136,
291,
716,
18,
203,
50,
83,
2473,
1752,
75,
488,
292,
268,
722,
346,
774,
1409,
507,
16,
1766,
6421,
1704,
352,
261,
9140,
801,
291,
11458,
1056,
16,
304,
7720,
2165,
268,
1040,
5621,
289,
662,
5682,
18,
203,
2983,
4287,
16,
1766,
10912,
352,
261,
8562,
4725,
331,
7360,
3055,
291,
4664,
18,
3837,
2391,
8635,
427,
2516,
1790,
3964,
2618,
292,
304,
344,
484,
2165,
2689,
2931,
16,
2988,
673,
606,
347,
91,
368,
288,
4076,
1790,
3413,
9613,
18,
203,
10746,
2763,
3854,
3115,
1437,
16,
1766,
574,
1475,
692,
662,
2438,
11346,
16,
9698,
11457,
3450,
4376,
291,
4136,
500,
18,
203,
1461,
10627,
5225,
289,
1766,
4372,
1063,
352,
362,
7677,
7811,
2134,
692,
636,
662,
2136,
18,
203,
58,
338,
1924,
3690,
862,
7785,
381,
291,
10176,
662,
1470,
16,
3827,
3041,
1408,
9972,
1257,
2299,
5004,
16,
291,
1921,
318,
5262,
1845,
918,
662,
2256,
2891,
18,
203,
4326,
4659,
84,
541,
3033,
4277,
71,
1538,
1766,
372,
87,
3493,
292,
474,
76,
1523,
462,
794,
4287,
566,
525,
268,
1029,
89,
287,
2471,
289,
662,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
1740,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
8613,
4122,
16,
1766,
5435,
352,
261,
11483,
292,
1195,
3267,
270,
9971,
291,
5973,
2674,
18,
203,
45,
340,
11458,
1393,
303,
355,
3144,
1904,
3183,
268,
1409,
507,
289,
10876,
16,
2669,
281,
2635,
352,
261,
4659,
84,
541,
3160,
336,
1205,
1141,
6133,
291,
1210,
967,
268,
898,
445,
5881,
268,
887,
18,
203,
11402,
1254,
423,
11342,
3052,
7085,
203,
1461,
5791,
289,
9131,
8805,
421,
6435,
13,
636,
3596,
7313,
316,
954,
280,
526,
11458,
11043,
1745,
4287,
18,
203,
2983,
3964,
16,
268,
6657,
289,
8857,
8553,
316,
4045,
80,
2165,
2618,
16,
7002,
2161,
3055,
16,
291,
279,
2366,
268,
898,
331,
261,
733,
5253,
289,
1815,
18,
203,
4326,
462,
794,
7803,
5543,
566,
525,
9841,
261,
11067,
331,
4664,
288,
268,
4314,
291,
5605,
289,
4472,
18,
203,
8472,
581,
2178,
16,
1232,
16,
316,
7876,
281,
261,
6234,
4076,
3307,
286,
419,
1766,
18,
4773,
761,
8220,
87,
288,
2307,
335,
1187,
16,
7070,
1412,
3855,
16,
291,
863,
17,
8452,
4102,
356,
3832,
4361,
1112,
3977,
16,
407,
76,
1489,
288,
363,
5253,
289,
6884,
4014,
18,
203,
6435,
372,
87,
2533,
962,
5225,
356,
543,
1209,
489,
281,
1874,
1804,
863,
16,
4542,
2689,
3789,
3435,
4102,
331,
512,
3879,
2307,
3814,
291,
7059,
6532,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
2153,
4122,
16,
1766,
17,
8452,
5262,
356,
430,
268,
2382,
9276,
289,
11458,
1703,
18,
948,
5262,
356,
478,
559,
88,
430,
7956,
4597,
3563,
575,
340,
16,
5678,
3092,
16,
291,
2516,
1790,
2802,
17,
4757,
2618,
288,
1409,
17,
2130,
18,
203,
4326,
462,
794,
7803,
268,
3055,
289,
2153,
3670,
566,
525,
6831,
292,
512,
4443,
291,
6630,
4548,
288,
5694,
6137,
18,
203,
1461,
1112,
8149,
1745,
629,
7313,
316,
268,
11457,
1393,
289,
1766,
288,
938,
4509,
281,
1195,
5225,
16,
4462,
3055,
16,
291,
7002,
4664,
18,
203,
5190,
4287,
8437,
291,
9760,
1766,
3041,
16,
502,
5731,
1362,
733,
6957,
291,
304,
7720,
475,
268,
3319,
289,
4531,
16,
823,
2253,
261,
1571,
853,
1195,
17,
81,
492,
475,
4917,
2933,
1137,
407,
4094,
543,
355,
531,
286,
11470,
289,
2674,
291,
3753,
514,
18,
203,
40,
2271,
5223,
30,
330,
307,
5762,
891,
388,
9818,
360,
1766,
321,
1189,
87,
203,
58,
302,
714,
3183,
268,
1275,
967,
289,
4302,
8404,
291,
3333,
11418,
16,
9131,
8805,
421,
6435,
13,
528,
7677,
7811,
276,
9818,
2635,
636,
268,
1040,
5621,
289,
662,
2438,
2136,
18,
203,
1461,
5791,
289,
1766,
3041,
528,
1343,
574,
11180,
16,
8438,
281,
288,
1320,
3378,
336,
3017,
10841,
16,
3055,
16,
291,
1845,
1260,
18,
203,
58,
338,
1924,
3690,
862,
16,
10714,
419,
1766,
16,
437,
7496,
352,
612,
10304,
614,
541,
7891,
288,
4641,
662,
4069,
2125,
291,
2438,
3331,
18,
948,
2256,
11828,
1529,
261,
7677,
1465,
5584,
16,
2381,
526,
292,
4922,
10403,
291,
1217,
427,
2849,
4871,
292,
7785,
381,
1470,
291,
6813,
18,
203,
1461,
1636,
316,
261,
512,
4045,
80,
1451,
291,
7070,
1563,
292,
1087,
1790,
291,
2516,
1790,
662,
11346,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
7897,
289,
3827,
3872,
16,
1766,
2844,
3795,
3282,
419,
2508,
542,
292,
2849,
6813,
18,
9315,
488,
1422,
7601,
360,
1766,
5262,
1213,
291,
3886,
6243,
16,
2263,
16,
291,
586,
2100,
1802,
292,
4394,
360,
1769,
4585,
18,
203,
4326,
462,
794,
7803,
5829,
566,
525,
6831,
292,
1138,
3055,
16,
10025,
261,
8882,
333,
81,
5327,
288,
667,
445,
5828,
360,
662,
2299,
5004,
18,
203,
49,
404,
1090,
16,
1766,
17,
8452,
1921,
318,
7935,
437,
1343,
7825,
292,
662,
9252,
291,
9787,
2891,
18,
203,
8804,
75,
3693,
507,
5590,
4597,
3563,
575,
340,
292,
992,
2849,
6813,
291,
1153,
8254,
9850,
16,
2026,
362,
372,
87,
10696,
11445,
16,
2403,
16,
361,
1786,
18,
203,
4326,
582,
2037,
289,
3803,
5210,
692,
268,
2849,
1432,
16,
1355,
2064,
3318,
291,
9787,
512,
7070,
291,
10592,
18,
203,
5190,
1766,
4027,
292,
9055,
291,
9760,
1902,
636,
662,
2438,
2136,
16,
606,
3033,
341,
6411,
10841,
16,
1845,
1260,
16,
291,
3055,
513,
1792,
1343,
919,
512,
6874,
5819,
16,
4236,
5005,
606,
1476,
352,
261,
11458,
3160,
288,
7919,
268,
1571,
289,
662,
11022,
887,
18,
203,
50,
548,
333,
673,
268,
5618,
466,
458,
1863,
71,
1523,
203,
2983,
268,
295,
10187,
1667,
1415,
2329,
289,
9131,
8805,
421,
6435,
989,
261,
1874,
3236,
289,
5321,
7651,
4372,
5013,
16,
11687,
6220,
3280,
371,
8273,
352,
445,
5881,
268,
5863,
8933,
289,
456,
11458,
1428,
18,
203,
37,
81,
323,
503,
268,
1239,
73,
17,
1054,
84,
3407,
5225,
289,
1766,
16,
3529,
2336,
292,
5624,
16,
3866,
4063,
1738,
936,
16,
291,
268,
1439,
1393,
341,
6205,
10042,
352,
2421,
2425,
340,
336,
1131,
2693,
703,
6061,
291,
5321,
10582,
318,
18,
203,
52,
86,
406,
1495,
5435,
430,
268,
2382,
9276,
289,
629,
7651,
16,
352,
268,
5443,
863,
3792,
291,
2286,
7825,
292,
1766,
1422,
5151,
2212,
608,
268,
2759,
289,
1578,
372,
1845,
1009,
18,
203,
55,
322,
5805,
261,
8919,
2909,
858,
8696,
281,
268,
1056,
289,
863,
331,
4664,
291,
8087,
281,
1578,
372,
5624,
3125,
363,
5321,
11212,
18,
203,
8804,
75,
3693,
4063,
1738,
936,
16,
1515,
5321,
626,
481,
556,
16,
4596,
268,
1439,
331,
1766,
1422,
292,
574,
8481,
5742,
291,
7731,
3049,
3614,
561,
10330,
974,
1487,
288,
268,
863,
502,
356,
5759,
341,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
7197,
629,
1738,
936,
6395,
261,
5520,
292,
3819,
822,
291,
9050,
288,
1766,
1208,
16,
3171,
336,
1428,
6900,
4047,
310,
4066,
2359,
687,
288,
354,
3711,
1402,
9452,
5712,
8949,
10064,
647,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
268,
1393,
289,
1766,
341,
6205,
2561,
274,
5321,
8988,
2336,
292,
3065,
2870,
570,
367,
291,
268,
648,
331,
474,
79,
3287,
288,
268,
9713,
18,
203,
5190,
8553,
474,
76,
5762,
4287,
16,
5321,
4593,
1543,
4933,
9323,
2877,
292,
7696,
3047,
4162,
16,
659,
352,
2352,
261,
11067,
331,
644,
87,
79,
3287,
291,
4918,
1014,
3328,
419,
5973,
11043,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
5253,
289,
3306,
5973,
10729,
16,
268,
5321,
7651,
4539,
1766,
1131,
261,
8722,
1872,
291,
2509,
3830,
286,
1563,
18,
203,
38,
280,
3113,
268,
4048,
331,
4664,
360,
261,
5520,
292,
5321,
4593,
316,
1505,
292,
8696,
281,
268,
2052,
1439,
289,
1766,
1020,
8087,
281,
268,
3119,
291,
2535,
336,
1064,
84,
263,
261,
1039,
291,
1222,
2855,
2429,
18,
203,
1461,
8610,
330,
3429,
30,
10848,
1482,
647,
291,
10413,
203,
50,
548,
333,
673,
268,
1571,
289,
9131,
8805,
421,
6435,
13,
2559,
261,
8722,
1872,
1616,
289,
268,
11640,
647,
362,
6887,
1691,
261,
4122,
568,
539,
281,
360,
1079,
2824,
291,
2219,
18,
203,
1461,
3355,
1465,
1439,
289,
1766,
1639,
297,
692,
261,
5520,
292,
3024,
1208,
291,
5321,
11843,
16,
3171,
336,
606,
11458,
1056,
316,
8696,
286,
331,
268,
2796,
1060,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
3405,
2547,
261,
1571,
630,
544,
1451,
360,
1766,
16,
4917,
2351,
274,
352,
261,
1558,
7606,
18,
365,
3048,
983,
858,
4287,
16,
4961,
16,
291,
3417,
7492,
3125,
5039,
280,
288,
7919,
363,
1766,
4122,
336,
1716,
7835,
341,
261,
3121,
3664,
18,
203,
2422,
672,
8739,
3107,
16,
3596,
7255,
375,
327,
9406,
2009,
292,
3577,
5321,
11247,
16,
4640,
16,
291,
3838,
336,
1058,
265,
1766,
1208,
288,
261,
4210,
4394,
286,
360,
8949,
3119,
18,
203,
51,
398,
1482,
647,
459,
655,
352,
1766,
4027,
292,
9055,
291,
574,
1475,
381,
1320,
2425,
340,
289,
662,
2136,
18,
8540,
1872,
3055,
16,
5120,
2931,
16,
291,
11943,
11195,
288,
4161,
730,
2689,
291,
7056,
356,
1291,
1943,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
7752,
629,
2824,
16,
2219,
2709,
311,
1691,
427,
5321,
7651,
292,
268,
1439,
1393,
341,
6205,
291,
5624,
3529,
18,
203,
55,
322,
5805,
261,
2909,
858,
10671,
1766,
372,
87,
1439,
291,
5693,
606,
2219,
2559,
261,
7401,
5520,
292,
3024,
4664,
18,
203,
4326,
1543,
4933,
5123,
5395,
446,
893,
16,
9342,
2364,
16,
291,
363,
6752,
9758,
281,
11428,
292,
268,
5321,
3995,
336,
8087,
1578,
16,
2552,
16,
291,
268,
2106,
5735,
18,
203,
5190,
445,
1323,
430,
268,
10572,
690,
289,
363,
1766,
17,
8645,
3950,
1571,
16,
268,
4548,
445,
804,
1853,
513,
3234,
268,
1498,
78,
312,
861,
289,
456,
11458,
1428,
18,
203,
10646,
7002,
4917,
16,
10671,
3024,
1208,
16,
291,
644,
76,
8543,
5321,
3319,
16,
445,
375,
11628,
341,
261,
3405,
853,
1766,
3125,
261,
3160,
331,
2262,
1317,
16,
6126,
292,
268,
1326,
367,
289,
7835,
291,
268,
887,
445,
8780,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
268,
1571,
289,
1766,
316,
363,
4372,
8543,
7132,
289,
7486,
291,
9041,
18,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
261,
3405,
853,
1195,
5692,
291,
5973,
347,
91,
368,
7822,
493,
16,
6191,
8291,
292,
11457,
6957,
18,
760,
445,
8437,
268,
8613,
4122,
289,
1766,
16,
597,
2810,
3341,
1575,
1691,
268,
1571,
316,
1315,
18,
203,
4688,
4287,
356,
710,
9607,
419,
1766,
35,
203,
6435,
528,
261,
1297,
1393,
341,
1320,
4287,
16,
1118,
2689,
16,
3964,
16,
7056,
16,
291,
9252,
18
] |
Invasive alien species are considered one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. However, this is not a threat that came from outer space. Alien species, if they are indeed alien to nature in a particular region, are certainly not so to humans, who bear full responsibility for their appearance in a new place. The presence of these species, after all, is due to their transfer by humans outside their natural range, whether this was intentional or not.
Foreign species well known to us
The most alien to nature are domesticated species, that is, species whose evolutionary process has been influenced by humans, adapting them to their needs. Examples include the most commonly kept pets, namely dogs and cats, as well as livestock, such as pigs and cattle. None of them occur naturally in nature, as they do not inherit the ranges of their ancestors. This means that man is particularly responsible for them. The same is true of many exotic species that humans take into their care to keep as companion, ornamental or breeding animals. A whole range of reptiles, amphibians, fish and aquatic invertebrates can be distinguished.
Alien species are, of course, also found among plants. One can venture to say that most of the plants known to the average person are just foreign species. Just look at gardens, parks, fields or orchards, where not only a variety of domesticated plants are grown, but also ornamental exotics. There is nothing wrong with that, as long as one takes responsibility for one’s actions.
Where do alien species come from?
Unfortunately, in many cases a person runs away from this responsibility, abandoning his charges. The same is true of plants, which are not only sometimes dumped into the natural environment, but also “escape” themselves from crops and home gardens. Of course, the ways of introducing alien species stand out a lot more, but at the root of most of them is simple carelessness and lack of responsibility for the consequences of one’s own actions.
It is difficult to blame alien species observed in the environment for trying to find their way in an unfamiliar world or simply surviving in it, but sometimes they pose a threat (e.g., by competing with native species) and thus become invasive. Therefore, it makes sense to use terms such as alien species or invasive alien species as they are intended. Each of these terms clearly indicates human responsibility, both for their presence in a given ecosystem and for their possible invasiveness. After all, it only applies to alien species, that is, introduced by humans.
Among the most common causes of pet abandonment is buying under the influence of the moment, that is, without substantive preparation, and therefore without knowing how to care for the species and what its needs are. Many animal caretakers have no idea what species they are breeding. One reason is that they are offered under inaccurate trade names. As an example, here is the name “aquatic turtle,” under which at least several different species of these animals can be hidden. However, it is worth noting that these names are a kind of response to customer needs, indicating that the species name and knowledge of the animal’s needs is simply irrelevant.
The pet market is struggling with a number of problems. There is a reason why in some stores you can still buy species that should not be there. These will include not only animals on lists of invasive alien species posing a threat to Poland and the Union (e.g., Louisiana crayfish), but also genetically modified fish (e.g., danio fluo) and even fish artificially colored by subcutaneous injection. The presence of such species in stores is the result of loopholes, as well as limited control and still meager public interest. With “top-down permission,” it is difficult to make changes when the availability of such animals continues to attract numerous customers uninterested in the biology and needs of their future charges.
“Freedom” of alien species
It is believed that only a fraction of the abandoned animals associated with aquatic environments end up in the environment. Most, due to their small size, are flushed alive in the toilet. In both cases, the “caretakers” try to justify themselves by calling the abandonments “letting loose” or “giving a second life.” The latter is often an attempt to get away with treating animals with health problems. Of course, it is not the animal that gains freedom, which should be understood here as providing proper care and living conditions, but the caregiver trying to free himself from his duty. Without seeing the death of their charge, they do not feel responsible for it.
Most animals abandoned in the environment die in the first hours and days, mainly from hypothermia and injuries. Some exotic species can survive for up to several months if abandoned during the summer. Only a few manage to survive the winter, and perhaps reproduce. Under current regulations, they would have to be treated as stray animals, and thus should be trapped. Local governments decide whether animals observed in the environment actually have no home. If it is suspected that the animal in question has never had a keeper, trapping is not undertaken.
The runaway success of local governments in carrying out their tasks is aided by the approach of local communities. In many cases, abandoned animals, especially exotic ones, are turned into local attractions, which only contributes to further abandonments. A classic example would be ornamental turtles. Those bought, as a rule, are the size of a five-dollar coin, and quickly reach sizes that surpass not so much the terrarium as the expectations of the unprepared keeper.
Of course, this does not apply to all species, but only to those that are not considered a potential threat by the average person. The situation is different, for example, in the case of snakes or piranha fish, whose presence in the environment is eagerly publicized by the media. For example, in every province in Poland there has been at least one article about some angler having caught a piranha paku. A “wow, what else can be caught in Polish rivers?” effect is created. Much less attention is paid to the animal itself, to the fact that it was abandoned.
The same can be written about dogs and cats. Only the latter have the acquiescence of at least some of the public to run freely without supervision. The so-called outdoor cats here are one example of a caregiver running away from his duties, yet he is responsible for his charges, including their safety and any danger posed to nature. The problem is so widespread that BirdLife’s latest reports, based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN, say the cat is an invasive alien species that is dangerous to endangered bird species. Next on the list is the dog. Only a few positions further down the list is the American vison (American mink) or raccoon. It should be emphasized here that this is not and never has been the fault of these animals, but of their irresponsible caretakers.
Foreign species a tourist attraction
Currently, several cases worthy of attention can be observed in Poland. The first is the still sparse population of collar alexandrette. This “ornithological sensation” is covered by the media every year, and the public marvels at these parrots, which have been treated as a local attraction instead of being trapped. The authorities may not be reacting because the failure to catch the first parrots, which could still be considered homeless under the Animal Welfare Act, has contributed to their proliferation, as well as the possible release of more individuals. Thus, as non-domesticated animals, but living in conditions independent of humans, they began to meet the statutory definition of wild animals, and these are treated as a national asset and should be provided with a free existence.
At a far more advanced stage are already the “local mascots” of several cities in different regions of the country, namely nutria. By their example, one can observe the subsequent fate of such animals, which, due to their uncontrolled population growth and posing a threat to biodiversity and related ecosystem services (e.g., destruction of riverbanks), have been placed on the list of invasive alien species – in this case – posing a threat to the Union. It leads to a situation where nutrias can count on no other solution than trapping and putting to sleep. And yet this could have been remedied before the population grew.
A local asylum could be created and possible media exposure could be used to promote a solution that respects the welfare of these animals and the responsibility for them. Unfortunately, while there is no shortage of voices opposing the elimination of nutria, no one is making an attempt to create an asylum for them, although the problem has been known for years.
From this it is not far to copy such sites in other regions, with the associated abandonment of more animals, future invasive alien species. All this is happening despite the conflicts that are occurring, which, because of the failure to take top-down action, are being resolved through self-judgment: poisoning, maiming and killing. However, even this does not discourage owners from “unleashing” their pets.
Destructive human activity
However, the escape from responsibility does not end there. When the situation is out of control, and at the same time the need for action is already apparent, as the problem has begun to affect people, the military metaphor emerges. Previously awe-inspiring animals are beginning to be called pests. Although they are not a party to the conflict, they are called “invaders.” These terms, as opposed to alien species or invasive alien species, shift the blame from humans to the animal, because that is what is meant by calling them a pest or enemy. Meanwhile, it is man who is responsible for the presence of alien species in the environment and it is he who, through these species, poses a threat to biodiversity.
The loosely tossed “the most invasive is man” is meant to discourage countermeasures, consisting of, among other things. on the harvesting of non-native species from the environment, and at the same time indicates that the person throwing this slogan is not very familiar with the subject matter, using the terms incorrectly. Juxtaposing species whose choice was never to find themselves in an unfamiliar world, no matter how often called their “new home,” with a human who can choose for them is just plain wrong. Man is unquestionably the most destructive species in the world, but certainly not alien or invasive, as invasiveness only applies to alien species, often abandoned.
Taking an animal into our care, we are responsible for it. However, despite the best intentions, there are times when it is not possible to continue caring for him. In such a situation, we are obliged to find our charge a new guardian and the best living conditions. Abandonment in the environment is never a good solution.
In the article, I used, among other things. From the works:
Bellard C., Cassey P., Blackburn T. M. 2016. Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. Biology letters, 12: p.20150623.
Bláha M., Weiperth A., Patoka J., Szajbert B., Balogh E. R., Staszny Á., Ferincz Á., Lente V., Maciaszek R., Kouba A. 2022. The pet trade as a source of non-native decapods: the case of crayfish and shrimps in a thermal waterbody in Hungary. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194, 795.
Diagne C., Leroy B., Vaissière A. C., Gozlan R. E., Roiz D., Jarić I., Salles J. M., Bradshaw C. J., Courchamp F., 2021. High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Nature, 592: 571-576.
Harrower C. A., Scalera R., Pagad S., Schonrogge K., Roy H. E. 2018. Guidance for interpretation of CBD categories on introduction pathways.
Lees A. C., Haskell L., Allinson T., Bezeng S. B., Burfield I. J., Renjifo L. M., Rosenberg K. V., Viswanathan A., Butchart S. H. 2022. State of the world’s birds. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47, 231-260.
General Directorate for Environmental Protection website dedicated to invasive alien species: http://projekty.gdos.gov.pl/igo-o-projekcie
Site of the Database of Alien Species in Poland maintained by the Institute of Nature Conservation of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow: https://www.iop.krakow.pl/ias
Alien Hunter Project website: https://lowcaobcych.pl
Law of August 21, 1997. on the protection of animals
Law of April 16, 2004. on nature protection
Law of August 11, 2021. about alien species | <urn:uuid:da95155b-ab8b-4800-a33b-147c5459a31c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wodnesprawy.pl/en/alien-species-invasions-that-inspire-awe/ | 2024-02-21T12:07:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.960573 | 2,727 | 3.625 | 4 | [
2983,
11180,
366,
7646,
1678,
356,
2221,
597,
289,
268,
6188,
5141,
292,
2106,
6548,
18,
1121,
16,
456,
316,
462,
261,
2456,
336,
2913,
427,
7814,
1846,
18,
996,
7646,
1678,
16,
717,
502,
356,
7195,
366,
7646,
292,
2075,
288,
261,
1510,
2225,
16,
356,
5707,
462,
576,
292,
2943,
16,
650,
6245,
2052,
4593,
331,
444,
4643,
288,
261,
733,
1349,
18,
365,
3550,
289,
629,
1678,
16,
1003,
516,
16,
316,
1504,
292,
444,
3807,
419,
2943,
2856,
444,
1493,
1749,
16,
2026,
456,
454,
4737,
1556,
361,
462,
18,
203,
42,
404,
533,
1678,
767,
1261,
292,
407,
203,
1461,
710,
366,
7646,
292,
2075,
356,
5143,
488,
1678,
16,
336,
316,
16,
1678,
4060,
11291,
833,
528,
712,
6291,
419,
2943,
16,
2508,
542,
622,
292,
444,
1470,
18,
7063,
1226,
268,
710,
3224,
5189,
6633,
16,
11708,
3335,
291,
4492,
16,
352,
767,
352,
9306,
16,
659,
352,
11726,
291,
9400,
18,
11241,
289,
622,
1595,
5001,
288,
2075,
16,
352,
502,
565,
462,
5185,
297,
268,
9339,
289,
444,
10648,
18,
540,
1486,
336,
532,
316,
2467,
3024,
331,
622,
18,
365,
1162,
316,
2915,
289,
772,
377,
6070,
1678,
336,
2943,
1071,
636,
444,
1066,
292,
1288,
352,
11506,
16,
11801,
4098,
361,
6828,
2312,
18,
330,
2399,
1749,
289,
751,
9530,
16,
9961,
2481,
1825,
16,
2034,
291,
10050,
9937,
8912,
692,
375,
327,
6115,
1341,
18,
203,
37,
4921,
270,
1678,
356,
16,
289,
1911,
16,
525,
986,
1694,
1648,
18,
1507,
375,
6995,
469,
292,
1856,
336,
710,
289,
268,
1648,
1261,
292,
268,
2964,
959,
356,
1039,
4562,
1678,
18,
4500,
1500,
430,
7988,
16,
9969,
16,
4161,
361,
361,
355,
1519,
16,
853,
462,
794,
261,
2233,
289,
5143,
488,
1648,
356,
5303,
16,
566,
525,
11801,
4098,
377,
83,
1187,
18,
994,
316,
4220,
4358,
360,
336,
16,
352,
917,
352,
597,
2844,
4593,
331,
597,
372,
87,
3441,
18,
203,
2895,
387,
565,
366,
7646,
1678,
1631,
427,
35,
203,
10015,
74,
4495,
16,
288,
772,
1934,
261,
959,
7282,
2014,
427,
456,
4593,
16,
8304,
281,
615,
10548,
18,
365,
1162,
316,
2915,
289,
1648,
16,
518,
356,
462,
794,
2903,
295,
2047,
286,
636,
268,
1493,
1072,
16,
566,
525,
538,
274,
71,
1523,
537,
2315,
427,
5136,
291,
1311,
7988,
18,
2721,
1911,
16,
268,
1714,
289,
9698,
366,
7646,
1678,
1323,
628,
261,
1774,
512,
16,
566,
430,
268,
3382,
289,
710,
289,
622,
316,
2208,
1066,
1465,
822,
291,
2850,
289,
4593,
331,
268,
4162,
289,
597,
372,
87,
1044,
3441,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
2203,
292,
725,
624,
366,
7646,
1678,
4626,
288,
268,
1072,
331,
3738,
292,
1255,
444,
898,
288,
363,
4372,
7881,
3499,
887,
361,
2842,
2720,
1159,
288,
362,
16,
566,
2903,
502,
7539,
261,
2456,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
419,
6173,
281,
360,
4289,
1678,
13,
291,
3416,
1343,
8922,
18,
3481,
16,
362,
1892,
2266,
292,
666,
2560,
659,
352,
366,
7646,
1678,
361,
8922,
366,
7646,
1678,
352,
502,
356,
4990,
18,
3431,
289,
629,
2560,
4859,
6271,
1195,
4593,
16,
1079,
331,
444,
3550,
288,
261,
2050,
5735,
291,
331,
444,
1522,
787,
301,
9237,
18,
2122,
516,
16,
362,
794,
9296,
292,
366,
7646,
1678,
16,
336,
316,
16,
4519,
419,
2943,
18,
203,
37,
81,
535,
268,
710,
1112,
2384,
289,
3561,
8304,
367,
316,
7838,
1064,
268,
3033,
289,
268,
3841,
16,
336,
316,
16,
1298,
2506,
282,
656,
6468,
16,
291,
3281,
1298,
6700,
667,
292,
1066,
331,
268,
1678,
291,
768,
606,
1470,
356,
18,
2255,
2990,
1066,
358,
8008,
437,
688,
2505,
768,
1678,
502,
356,
6828,
18,
1507,
2190,
316,
336,
502,
356,
5251,
1064,
288,
1942,
324,
381,
3631,
4600,
18,
760,
363,
1214,
16,
1671,
316,
268,
1932,
538,
69,
395,
1531,
2882,
1093,
1272,
1064,
518,
430,
2144,
1520,
865,
1678,
289,
629,
2312,
375,
327,
7010,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
3760,
462,
281,
336,
629,
4600,
356,
261,
2066,
289,
2629,
292,
4790,
1470,
16,
10353,
336,
268,
1678,
1932,
291,
1772,
289,
268,
2990,
372,
87,
1470,
316,
2842,
10581,
3907,
438,
18,
203,
1461,
3561,
1877,
316,
8060,
360,
261,
1289,
289,
1626,
18,
994,
316,
261,
2190,
1768,
288,
579,
7242,
337,
375,
1356,
3992,
1678,
336,
788,
462,
327,
686,
18,
948,
513,
1226,
462,
794,
2312,
341,
9655,
289,
8922,
366,
7646,
1678,
754,
281,
261,
2456,
292,
2668,
481,
291,
268,
4890,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
7750,
9786,
793,
350,
6139,
989,
566,
525,
3347,
523,
8672,
2034,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
295,
282,
981,
2327,
83,
13,
291,
919,
2034,
598,
3404,
1467,
11381,
419,
979,
9478,
10473,
9684,
18,
365,
3550,
289,
659,
1678,
288,
7242,
316,
268,
1636,
289,
2709,
2005,
2969,
16,
352,
767,
352,
3064,
1357,
291,
1356,
479,
4411,
1376,
1669,
18,
1440,
538,
3744,
17,
4756,
9434,
1272,
362,
316,
2203,
292,
804,
1703,
649,
268,
6550,
289,
659,
2312,
4027,
292,
7842,
3682,
4620,
543,
5675,
7293,
288,
268,
7892,
291,
1470,
289,
444,
1571,
10548,
18,
203,
6069,
42,
267,
3927,
537,
289,
366,
7646,
1678,
203,
4077,
316,
4254,
336,
794,
261,
11820,
289,
268,
11451,
2312,
2062,
360,
10050,
4218,
1199,
644,
288,
268,
1072,
18,
2620,
16,
1504,
292,
444,
1139,
2155,
16,
356,
949,
11834,
9002,
288,
268,
11106,
18,
450,
1079,
1934,
16,
268,
538,
2178,
358,
8008,
537,
2644,
292,
7874,
8329,
2315,
419,
8855,
268,
8304,
652,
538,
2642,
542,
9346,
537,
361,
538,
75,
1159,
261,
1901,
943,
1053,
365,
7364,
316,
970,
363,
5661,
292,
886,
2014,
360,
6307,
2312,
360,
661,
1626,
18,
2721,
1911,
16,
362,
316,
462,
268,
2990,
336,
10589,
4494,
16,
518,
788,
327,
6209,
1671,
352,
2352,
1225,
1066,
291,
2299,
1533,
16,
566,
268,
9228,
1657,
3738,
292,
1776,
4605,
427,
615,
8709,
18,
6482,
6124,
268,
2145,
289,
444,
4873,
16,
502,
565,
462,
1350,
3024,
331,
362,
18,
203,
49,
511,
2312,
11451,
288,
268,
1072,
3787,
288,
268,
855,
2575,
291,
1962,
16,
4870,
427,
3973,
1099,
7729,
291,
4691,
18,
1399,
377,
6070,
1678,
375,
5879,
331,
644,
292,
1520,
2489,
717,
11451,
995,
268,
3672,
18,
6266,
261,
1374,
3102,
292,
5879,
268,
3645,
16,
291,
4810,
751,
5858,
18,
6125,
1619,
4311,
16,
502,
830,
437,
292,
327,
4257,
352,
637,
350,
2312,
16,
291,
3416,
788,
327,
1498,
3742,
18,
9032,
4961,
5841,
2026,
2312,
4626,
288,
268,
1072,
2545,
437,
688,
1311,
18,
829,
362,
316,
4115,
1113,
336,
268,
2990,
288,
2302,
528,
2270,
850,
261,
839,
4438,
16,
1498,
3752,
316,
462,
1064,
358,
1651,
18,
203,
1461,
1673,
738,
350,
1577,
289,
1683,
4961,
288,
7633,
628,
444,
3331,
316,
261,
3761,
419,
268,
1563,
289,
1683,
2552,
18,
450,
772,
1934,
16,
11451,
2312,
16,
1803,
377,
6070,
3001,
16,
356,
5322,
636,
1683,
3339,
2244,
16,
518,
794,
6831,
292,
1902,
8304,
652,
18,
330,
8557,
1214,
830,
327,
11801,
4098,
2882,
4347,
18,
5611,
11088,
16,
352,
261,
4129,
16,
356,
268,
2155,
289,
261,
2584,
17,
72,
3086,
294,
11826,
16,
291,
2640,
1943,
6567,
336,
828,
9175,
462,
576,
1111,
268,
7736,
7469,
352,
268,
6680,
289,
268,
8175,
4528,
1287,
839,
4438,
18,
203,
51,
74,
1911,
16,
456,
1082,
462,
3769,
292,
516,
1678,
16,
566,
794,
292,
1014,
336,
356,
462,
2221,
261,
1439,
2456,
419,
268,
2964,
959,
18,
365,
3118,
316,
865,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
288,
268,
1731,
289,
10936,
361,
279,
338,
282,
4799,
2034,
16,
4060,
3550,
288,
268,
1072,
316,
303,
4411,
325,
1376,
963,
419,
268,
2612,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
288,
953,
10391,
288,
2668,
481,
686,
528,
712,
430,
2144,
597,
1989,
608,
579,
4217,
2546,
2054,
8394,
261,
279,
338,
282,
4799,
279,
761,
89,
18,
330,
538,
91,
329,
16,
768,
3722,
375,
327,
8394,
288,
2668,
557,
7359,
5643,
2365,
316,
2370,
18,
9411,
1165,
2383,
316,
5826,
292,
268,
2990,
2635,
16,
292,
268,
1975,
336,
362,
454,
11451,
18,
203,
1461,
1162,
375,
327,
3245,
608,
3335,
291,
4492,
18,
6266,
268,
7364,
437,
268,
3928,
423,
71,
514,
289,
430,
2144,
579,
289,
268,
1376,
292,
1673,
10201,
1298,
8747,
1446,
18,
365,
576,
17,
7714,
6502,
4492,
1671,
356,
597,
1214,
289,
261,
9228,
1657,
3876,
2014,
427,
615,
10135,
16,
2770,
431,
316,
3024,
331,
615,
10548,
16,
1118,
444,
2030,
291,
723,
6877,
754,
286,
292,
2075,
18,
365,
1676,
316,
576,
6394,
336,
391,
2415,
48,
812,
372,
87,
4842,
4524,
16,
1585,
341,
863,
427,
268,
3765,
4890,
331,
8408,
289,
6304,
334,
57,
39,
50,
16,
1856,
268,
2313,
316,
363,
8922,
366,
7646,
1678,
336,
316,
4233,
292,
10153,
4468,
1678,
18,
6952,
341,
268,
2455,
316,
268,
1762,
18,
6266,
261,
1374,
6823,
1902,
1190,
268,
2455,
316,
268,
1781,
1094,
266,
421,
10405,
293,
964,
13,
361,
384,
1942,
4642,
18,
553,
788,
327,
3572,
963,
1671,
336,
456,
316,
462,
291,
2270,
528,
712,
268,
11520,
289,
629,
2312,
16,
566,
289,
444,
2715,
4418,
625,
801,
1066,
358,
8008,
18,
203,
42,
404,
533,
1678,
261,
4402,
588,
3339,
1733,
203,
39,
324,
1423,
325,
16,
1520,
1934,
3760,
93,
289,
2383,
375,
327,
4626,
288,
2668,
481,
18,
365,
855,
316,
268,
1356,
440,
294,
401,
2196,
289,
2042,
294,
261,
2385,
481,
1963,
359,
18,
540,
538,
1620,
349,
1496,
11623,
537,
316,
4738,
419,
268,
2612,
953,
715,
16,
291,
268,
1376,
1491,
489,
87,
430,
629,
677,
10012,
16,
518,
437,
712,
4257,
352,
261,
1683,
3339,
1733,
3087,
289,
1018,
1498,
3742,
18,
365,
5970,
602,
462,
327,
304,
4252,
971,
268,
4396,
292,
5277,
268,
855,
677,
10012,
16,
518,
911,
1356,
327,
2221,
5440,
3592,
1064,
268,
10800,
388,
7793,
3715,
16,
528,
7839,
292,
444,
10244,
373,
3371,
16,
352,
767,
352,
268,
1522,
4133,
289,
512,
1578,
18,
4387,
16,
352,
1677,
17,
72,
4697,
488,
2312,
16,
566,
2299,
288,
1533,
4729,
289,
2943,
16,
502,
3035,
292,
2148,
268,
2291,
89,
861,
5399,
289,
2587,
2312,
16,
291,
629,
356,
4257,
352,
261,
2511,
8261,
291,
788,
327,
2756,
360,
261,
1776,
5682,
18,
203,
11238,
261,
1904,
512,
3599,
3282,
356,
2226,
268,
538,
80,
4409,
293,
2397,
1618,
537,
289,
1520,
4083,
288,
865,
3921,
289,
268,
1777,
16,
11708,
1787,
563,
18,
1285,
444,
1214,
16,
597,
375,
6969,
268,
7597,
284,
381,
289,
659,
2312,
16,
518,
16,
1504,
292,
444,
543,
6570,
8502,
2196,
1668,
291,
754,
281,
261,
2456,
292,
6548,
291,
2336,
5735,
1915,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
7621,
289,
4815,
2902,
530,
989,
437,
712,
4087,
341,
268,
2455,
289,
8922,
366,
7646,
1678,
796,
288,
456,
1731,
796,
754,
281,
261,
2456,
292,
268,
4890,
18,
553,
4198,
292,
261,
3118,
853,
1787,
4843,
375,
5306,
341,
688,
586,
2966,
687,
1498,
3752,
291,
6576,
292,
1954,
18,
1256,
2770,
456,
911,
437,
712,
6883,
870,
1134,
268,
2196,
7655,
18,
203,
37,
1683,
352,
2713,
408,
911,
327,
2370,
291,
1522,
2612,
3285,
911,
327,
724,
292,
3290,
261,
2966,
336,
888,
798,
268,
8758,
289,
629,
2312,
291,
268,
4593,
331,
622,
18,
6555,
16,
1020,
686,
316,
688,
5653,
3056,
289,
10701,
1365,
2485,
268,
1628,
10308,
289,
1787,
563,
16,
688,
597,
316,
1355,
363,
5661,
292,
1408,
363,
352,
2713,
408,
331,
622,
16,
3781,
268,
1676,
528,
712,
1261,
331,
935,
18,
203,
42,
409,
456,
362,
316,
462,
1904,
292,
6989,
659,
3922,
288,
586,
3921,
16,
360,
268,
2062,
8304,
367,
289,
512,
2312,
16,
1571,
8922,
366,
7646,
1678,
18,
1771,
456,
316,
7200,
5126,
268,
7961,
336,
356,
8160,
16,
518,
16,
971,
289,
268,
4396,
292,
1071,
1479,
17,
4756,
2433,
16,
356,
1018,
5492,
1027,
734,
1817,
17,
10330,
4509,
30,
11625,
16,
527,
344,
281,
291,
9556,
18,
1121,
16,
919,
456,
1082,
462,
8485,
495,
3896,
427,
538,
374,
298,
3930,
537,
444,
6633,
18,
203,
40,
274,
8885,
1195,
2067,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
268,
7640,
427,
4593,
1082,
462,
1199,
686
] |
When the dead refuse to be buried they come back as gods to claim their kingdom. Then, raised up as martyrs, their shadow looms larger than life. This is the lesson of With Secrecy and Despatch, an exhibition of Australian and Canadian contemporary Indigenous art at the Campbelltown Arts Centre. It dutifully commemorates (from Latin commemorare “bring to remembrance”) what had long been unspoken. In this case, the repressed object is a massacre committed 200 years ago in the nearby Appin Gorge. Under orders of Governor Macquarie, British soldiers and their dogs drove a camp of men, women and children over the sandstone cliffs. Of the fourteen victims found, eleven were quickly and secretly buried on the spot and the other three hung in trees on the highest point, their black bodies swinging silently in the breeze as a warning.
One of those strung up was the Gandangara leader Cannabayagal. His lifeless body had been hauled up the cliff with great effort to make its macabre message. The Gandangara, who lived beyond the frontier, had been fighting a protracted and wily campaign on the southwest fringes of settlement and Macquarie was determined to pacify them. After being taken down, Cannabayagal’s corpse was not attended by saints and nor did it later ascend to heaven. Rather, its head was amputated and despatched to the Anatomy Department at the University of Edinburgh. With Secrecy and Despatch is Cannabayagal’s apotheosis. But the exhibition is much more than a memorial (from Latin memoria “memory, remembrance, faculty of remembering”) to Cannabayagal, the Appin Massacre or colonial massacres generally. What is most striking about this exhibition is not the massacre narrative as such, but the beauty with which it is articulated. The elegance of the install is immediately apparent, creating an enduring mood that joins the individual efforts of each artist into a collective effort greater than its parts. This fulsome grace is necessary for the redemption the exhibition seeks.
Art is the most exalted form of memorialisation: it is where the gods were first pictured and made immortal. The success of this exhibition lies as much in its curation as its art: in commemorating an ugly incident in such lofty terms, the viewer is left with a clear and moving impression, even a sense of elevated reverence for these hunted victims of colonisation. Their sacrifice, the exhibition proclaims, has not been in vain. As political as these issues and indeed some of the artworks are, the curators – Tess Allas and David Garneau – seek different territory; not apolitical territory but something more than politics. Not long ago such an exhibition would have only been staged in a social history museum, where it could be relegated safely to the past. The elegance of an art gallery would have seemed inappropriate for such vexed subject matter.
The concern of the curators was not the complex frontier micro-histories of black–white and multiple Indigenous clan relations and allegiances in the area around 1816 that culminated in the massacre, but the symbolic resonances of the massacre narrative today. The truths sought here reach beyond empirical facts to an existential aching borne from intense trauma. The massacre narrative is not just about murder and brutality but also the erasure of sovereignty and identity. Only art can trace the depths of its sharp psychological cuts, which is why fine art’s most valued genre, history painting, is in the tragic mode. The massacre narrative is a significant genre of Indigenous contemporary art, and one achievement of this exhibition is a summary glimpse of its history. The genre was firmly established in the 1990s; but Fiona Foley’s Annihilation of the Blacks (1986), which is prominently displayed in the centre of the exhibition space, suggests the theme was present from the beginnings of the urban Indigenous art movement.
The massacre narrative draws on reports of actual events. While references to frontier violence rarely appeared in official histories – what W. E. H. Stanner famously called “the great Australian silence” – they are ubiquitous in frontier journals, as Julie Gough shows in Hunting Ground (2016). As well, frontier violence featured in nineteenth-century moralistic tracts that condemned colonialism’s worst excesses and popular tales of colonial romance, and were passed down in Indigenous and non-Indigenous oral histories. Traditional Indigenous storytelling also incorporated frontier violence into existing Dreaming sagas – for which their tragic form was well suited – as recently occurred in East Kimberley massacre paintings. These esoteric abstract compositions quickly became iconic exemplars of the contemporary Indigenous massacre narrative. With Secrecy and Despatch includes four such works completed between 1990 and 1997 (by Rover Thomas, Queenie McKenzie and Freddie Timms). Like Foley’s sculpture, they too are fittingly displayed at the centre of the exhibition space.
The Indigenous massacre narrative is also a subset of the Western massacre narrative, for which the modern benchmark is Picasso’s Guernica (1937). This modern massacre narrative originated in responses to the First World War and owes much to Nietzsche’s influential search for a modernism that would ground contemporary subjectivity in the existential origins of being, as Nietzsche believed the tragedies of classic myths did. The similarities between Western classical myths and Indigenous Dreaming stories have often been commented on. They are evident in contemporary East Kimberley massacre paintings, which gained wide public visibility after the Blood on the Spinifex exhibition at the Ian Potter Museum of Art in 2002. The exhibition had an enviable aura, in part due to the personal experiences of the artists and the tragic history of the place. This, along with the perceived authenticity of their art and a narrative mode that embedded these terrible events in an abiding presentness – a feature of classical tragedy – earned for these works a revered place in the contemporary Indigenous massacre narrative.
The increasing prominence of the Indigenous massacre genre suggests a growing struggle to wrest national identity from the myth of white Australia that first found voice in the ANZAC memorialisation after the First World War. Whose blood will found the Australian nation: the colonisers or the colonised? This question came to a head during the 1988 bicentenary, and nowhere more so in aesthetic terms than in The Aboriginal Memorial (1988). Its 200 mortuary poles commemorate the Aboriginal dead, one for each year since the invasion. Its “conceptual producer”, Djon Mundine, meant to subvert the official discourse commemorating those who died in Australia’s numerous wars – a discourse that forgets the first war that founded this nation. Thus The Aboriginal Memorial is a founding work of the contemporary Indigenous massacre narrative.
The battle for appropriate memorials to the national psyche boiled over in Australia’s “history wars” at the turn of the twenty-first century with all the psychological force of a taboo transgressed. Coincident with the Blood on the Spinifex exhibition, the history wars contributed significantly to the exhibition’s success. The wars were a reaction against the considerable scholarly research of the 1980s that had unearthed the colonial massacres occluded in official histories – Bruce Elder’s Blood on the Wattle, first published in 1988 and reprinted numerous times since, being the most significant.
This research informed Gordon Bennett’s massacre paintings, which he began while still a student. Significantly, he graduated in the bicentenary year, when The Aboriginal Memorial stole the limelight at the Sydney Biennale. With Secrecy and Despatch includes The Shooting Gallery (1989), completed at this time. While not helped by the dark exhibition space, the painting lacks the concentrated angst of works from a few years later such as the 1991 Bounty Hunters series, which by their sheer force effectively established the massacre genre in Indigenous contemporary art.
Like Dada and Surrealist protests against the atrocities of the First World War that first shaped the modern massacre narrative, Bennett’s paintings are a rebuke to the repressive language of civilization and the silence it produces. As such the rebuke was as much about the trauma of language. Bennett sought to unsettle not just “the great Australian silence” but also the structural silencing of colonial discourse – of its metaphors and modes of representation. Bennett’s unstitching of this language, as well as the direct uninhibited freedom with which he increasingly painted, gave his work an unrivalled influence. Massacre narratives generally have a moral intensity that is impossible to dodge, because their stories of hapless victims and evil perpetrators humanise colonialism’s inhuman forces. Depicted as acts of particular men (in which the victims were often women and children), a specific massacre story – where we can point to the place, the documents, the victims and their descendants – has great emotional affect.
The danger of this humanist narrative is the illusion that things could have been different if only (in this case) Governor Macquarie had been a “nice man”. In fact, he is remembered as an enlightened, progressive and liberal governor, but there cannot be conquest without terrorism. The “civilizing mission” of nice colonialism, in which Macquarie believed, was a fantasy of British colonialism from beginning to end across its empire. Colonialism was never going to be a pleasant “picnic with the natives”. Macquarie’s civilising beliefs underline the tragic fate of colonial endeavour. This is Bennett’s point. His paintings are drenched in an unforgiving blood that, as Macbeth lamented, cannot be washed away. There may have been nice colonists but colonialism is never nice. Better to glorify its massacres in a discourse of conquest and nation building, as happened 100 years later on the fields of Turkey and France, than to indulge the fantasy of nice colonialism.
Nice colonialism is a repressive discourse, its main feature being the production of a taboo that silences its crimes. While the Indigenous massacre narrative lifts the lid on this silence, its main aim is to break the taboo. Thus its brief is not to settle what is essentially a dispute between academics and their political patrons over empirical facts – to make a body count – but to take the pulse of those who survived. To doubt the details of conquest in the face of its ongoing trauma is a type of Holocaust denial. To stand at the Appin cataract and not see the dead is to close your mind to the Dreaming of this place. After seeing With Secrecy and Despatch you will not be any the wiser about the actual details of the Appin massacre but you will feel how place and history shape being, especially for the ever-restless heirs of colonialism’s taboo histories.
Unlike the history wars, With Secrecy and Despatch is primarily prognostic, not diagnostic, which was the point of commissioning a large number of works to commemorate the massacre. These commissions tend to be reflective, as if the artists who met together on the massacre site did not want to disturb its ghosts. One treads carefully in cemeteries. One of the most powerful works in this respect is Adrian Stimson’s As Above So Below (2016), a silent film on two large screens that rise from the floor. Composed of aerial shots that pan over the Appin Gorge and the site of the Cypress Hill massacre of 1873 in Stimson’s native Canada, what prevails is the abiding presentness of earth’s natural life-worlds calling the viewer to respectful silence. The cross-cultural matrix, explicit in Stimson’s video but implicit in the other Canadian work and the overall curatorial project, alludes to the universal nature of Indigenous experiences of colonialism and trauma in the modern age. Finding fellow sufferers is the first step to a cure.
With Secrecy and Despatch does not propose a cure. At best trauma is managed, and here the management is by aesthetic means, as if contemporary art is medicine for a recovery of sorts. But it is a tricky potion, for aesthetics and the beauty it seeks is a pharmakon – both poison and cure. Here, it generally comprises an ethnocidal instrument of colonialism – the tropes and technologies of Western art – to avert ethnocide. Cheryl L’Hirondelle makes this double negative her subject. Her jump-cut editing of a journey filmed on the road to the Appin Gorge from the Tharawal Local Aboriginal Land Council (appin nikamowin (singing Appin), 2016), and interactive projection in which images of viewers appear ghost-like at the Appin Massacre memorial plaque (nipawiwin Dharawal ohci (standing up for the Dharawal), 2016), proffer an Indigenous sense of temporality and insist on the limits of redemption after colonialism’s triumph.
Contemporary art has lost modernism’s hunger for utopia. Now there is no right way but many ways. In this respect, With Secrecy and Despatch is a typical contemporary art exhibition that mixes paintings, new media and installation, and in which different paradigms jostle against the other without any clear rhyme except that which the curators provide for this moment – a carnival of retro styles crafted with curatorial finesse. There are examples of avant-garde offence (Vernon Ah Kee), melancholic introspection (Genevieve Grieves, Dianne Jones) that at times finds lyrical expression (Judy Watson, Marianne Nicolson, Rover Thomas), elegiac revelation (Adrian Stimson), conceptual didacticism (Jordon Bennett, Fiona Foley, Julie Gough) and post-conceptual appropriation (Gordon Bennett, Tony Albert).
This raft of antinomies is not just because there are 21 exhibiting artists. Rather, it reflects a characteristic of contemporary art: the desirability of abiding in difference leavened by the chance affinities of aesthetic relations. Works are juxtaposed for their decorative fit rather than any didactic or instrumental narrative, such as chronology, geography, ideology or theme, thus giving the exhibition a sure feeling but not a sure argument. This feeling takes shape atmospherically: the dark rooms, low lighting, minimal signage and particular emotions of each room comprising a carefully orchestrated ambience of real beauty.
The highly aestheticised sensibility of the exhibition is also apparent in each work. Even those that miss the mark do so because of aesthetic overreach (trying too hard to be art). Indeed, this seems to be the point of Tony Albert’s three works commissioned for the exhibition. Like Gordon Bennett’s work they mix the banal and the grotesque, but with a twist of Warhol’s effete pop. This twist produces a feigned shock that masquerades as an antidote to real horror. Aesthetics – the politics of beauty that orchestrates the domain of feeling – thus triumphs over other concerns even when, as with Ah Kee, the artist’s unaffectedness is not in doubt. His angry jabs of text (taken from James Baldwin’s The Fire Next Time: “this is the crime of which I accuse my country and my countrymen for which neither nor time nor history will ever forgive them …" ) and paint (from his Brutalities series) have never looked so beautiful, and powerful than in the darkened spaces of these galleries.
All that seems left for contemporary art is this politics of beauty, as if it is a categorical imperative or transcendental condition of art. This, however, speaks of a longing for some higher order beyond history – here beyond that history which betrayed Indigenous people. This longing doesn’t contradict the trauma and anger that transparently drives the art in With Secrecy and Despatch. To the contrary, the longing is symptomatic of the exhibition’s commitment: its aesthetic dimension does not lull the audience into passive contemplation but calls viewers to action. Here aesthetics is made relational, and the call is primarily to a healing ceremony rather than a land rights rally. Thus it is difficult to remain a mere onlooker. Whatever one’s ancestry, whatever side one’s ancestors were on – and for some it was both – we are caught in the same storm.
This is the central theme of another “massacre” exhibition showing concurrently at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, When Silence Falls, curated by AGNSW’s Indigenous curator Cara Pinchbeck but to very different effect. It, too, draws on international artists, but from a wide number of places and events, not solely Indigenous related. This reflects its major conceptual difference with With Secrecy and Despatch. When Silence Falls includes an almost equal number of non-Indigenous and Indigenous artists; With Secrecy and Despatch is exclusively Indigenous. Together these two exhibitions, 50 km apart, speak to different strategies of conciliation in the aftermath of trauma, each of which has its place.
Pinchbeck’s catalogue essay for When Silence Falls begins with a discussion of the silences in official colonial discourse but the focus of the exhibition is how the aftermath of violence creates a restive silence in us all – a haunting of the disappeared. On the other hand, With Secrecy and Despatch silences non-Indigenous voices. This pointed silencing underlines the exhibition’s focus on the trauma of the colonised and the politics of voice. While these are concerns of Gordon Bennett’s art, had he been alive I doubt that he would have consented for his work to be shown in this context. He was always reluctant to be in Indigenous-only exhibitions, as they reiterated the exclusionary structure of colonial discourse and ignored the cross-cultural imperatives of contemporary art. Further, his art is particularly addressed to non-Indigenous viewers: it calls them out.
Non-Indigenous viewers do have a place in With Secrecy and Despatch. In the exhibition’s opening symposium, the Metis co-curator, David Garneau, aptly suggested the S&M nature of With Secrecy and Despatch, cheekily acknowledging the white audience patiently waiting at their whipping posts. More seriously, Garneau suggested that art (and presumably the art gallery) was a third space in which opposing discourses can engage in a type of productive diplomacy. Where, then, is the diplomacy in such a one-sided exhibition? If white audiences are steered like self-flagellating monks to the periphery of the healing ceremony, kept away from the limelight, this is because they have a very specific and delimited role: to listen attentively.
The first step on the long and difficult road of “reconciliation” – a buzzword in trauma studies – is for the traumatised to speak to the perpetrator. This national project of “reconciliation” cannot be another paternalistic white gesture: if it comes at all, it must come from the victims not the perpetrators, and it must come in their time and to their tune. With Secrecy and Despatch, more elegantly curated than When Silence Falls and also more directly political in conception, suggests that the current Indigenous generation has taken on the burden of mourning for their ancestors for whom relentless oppression left no space for grieving. Until this process is complete, do not expect forgiveness let alone conciliation. If, like Adorno after the Holocaust, it is your turn for silence, from it will come new ways to speak.
- ^ Grace Karskens, ‘Appin Massacre’, Dictionary of Sydney: http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/appin_massacre
- ^ W. E. H. Stanner, After the Dreaming, Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1969.
- ^ See Djon’s Mundine’s essay in Badlands: Art & War, Artlink 35:2, pp. 24–31: https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/4277/the-aboriginal-memorial-to-australiaE28099s-forgotten-w/.
- ^ Bruce Elder, Blood on the Wattle: Massacres and Maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians Since 1788, Sydney: New Holland Publishers, 2003.
- ^ "Picnic with the natives" was a telling colonial euphemism for massacre. | <urn:uuid:af5823a7-daeb-4cb4-a275-5c6dce51fb76> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/4452/with-secrecy-and-despatch/ | 2024-02-21T11:32:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.948709 | 4,202 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
7508,
268,
3751,
1210,
2013,
292,
327,
9885,
502,
1631,
1103,
352,
10364,
292,
2952,
444,
9096,
18,
3574,
16,
5546,
644,
352,
293,
531,
3148,
87,
16,
444,
8433,
329,
2709,
9544,
3080,
687,
943,
18,
540,
316,
268,
5511,
289,
1440,
2706,
267,
2405,
291,
2284,
84,
1421,
16,
363,
11345,
289,
6917,
291,
7177,
7033,
7125,
1699,
430,
268,
7786,
11130,
9068,
10160,
8093,
18,
553,
5767,
287,
2367,
580,
9742,
692,
421,
10207,
6402,
580,
9742,
470,
538,
1048,
281,
292,
818,
539,
1048,
515,
11774,
768,
850,
917,
712,
543,
2685,
83,
1651,
18,
450,
456,
1731,
16,
268,
751,
5142,
3904,
316,
261,
2390,
313,
267,
6463,
1645,
935,
3656,
288,
268,
6911,
2537,
263,
461,
5288,
18,
6125,
9195,
289,
4019,
283,
5990,
395,
294,
545,
16,
3247,
6937,
291,
444,
3335,
5346,
317,
261,
3134,
289,
1473,
16,
1565,
291,
1024,
658,
268,
4670,
8509,
551,
6003,
87,
18,
2721,
268,
1958,
4644,
7514,
986,
16,
1939,
592,
664,
2640,
291,
6849,
325,
9885,
341,
268,
4337,
291,
268,
586,
1391,
296,
2846,
288,
2998,
341,
268,
4406,
1813,
16,
444,
2541,
3910,
1370,
281,
281,
3124,
1402,
288,
268,
285,
675,
2879,
352,
261,
6344,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
1014,
637,
2846,
644,
454,
268,
461,
481,
620,
4351,
5666,
1680,
6948,
350,
484,
280,
18,
1869,
2339,
3592,
1073,
850,
712,
393,
346,
286,
644,
268,
551,
6003,
360,
1312,
3620,
292,
804,
606,
6456,
397,
267,
4718,
18,
365,
461,
481,
620,
4351,
16,
650,
5361,
3183,
268,
10513,
10966,
16,
850,
712,
7110,
261,
347,
322,
4473,
291,
276,
883,
4750,
341,
268,
4706,
6996,
968,
281,
274,
289,
9492,
291,
5990,
395,
294,
545,
454,
5108,
292,
279,
313,
3049,
622,
18,
2122,
1018,
2459,
1190,
16,
1680,
6948,
350,
484,
280,
372,
87,
1109,
84,
401,
454,
462,
430,
2741,
419,
269,
6339,
291,
3112,
1535,
362,
2135,
352,
7981,
292,
10913,
18,
9574,
16,
606,
1747,
454,
9961,
371,
488,
291,
697,
84,
1421,
286,
292,
268,
854,
7264,
93,
3968,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
3469,
263,
8264,
472,
18,
1440,
2706,
267,
2405,
291,
2284,
84,
1421,
316,
1680,
6948,
350,
484,
280,
372,
87,
3158,
763,
73,
2213,
18,
1163,
268,
11345,
316,
1111,
512,
687,
261,
7260,
439,
421,
10207,
6402,
7260,
563,
538,
81,
539,
961,
16,
818,
539,
1048,
515,
16,
10804,
289,
3283,
281,
11774,
292,
1680,
6948,
350,
484,
280,
16,
268,
2537,
263,
6565,
313,
267,
361,
8251,
2390,
313,
379,
2918,
18,
1021,
316,
710,
9502,
608,
456,
11345,
316,
462,
268,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
352,
659,
16,
566,
268,
5115,
360,
518,
362,
316,
1644,
3025,
18,
365,
1939,
75,
515,
289,
268,
2774,
316,
4248,
6876,
16,
2435,
363,
11796,
5215,
336,
3743,
87,
268,
1769,
3107,
289,
1011,
7392,
636,
261,
7401,
3620,
2796,
687,
606,
2287,
18,
540,
2703,
11926,
10224,
316,
1990,
331,
268,
2243,
539,
2530,
268,
11345,
10887,
18,
203,
8239,
88,
316,
268,
710,
377,
280,
691,
926,
289,
7260,
439,
3944,
30,
362,
316,
853,
268,
10364,
664,
855,
4378,
72,
291,
1146,
1299,
442,
280,
18,
365,
1577,
289,
456,
11345,
5904,
352,
1111,
288,
606,
1065,
318,
352,
606,
1699,
30,
288,
580,
9742,
673,
363,
448,
75,
325,
8627,
288,
659,
308,
2012,
562,
2560,
16,
268,
1889,
265,
316,
2294,
360,
261,
1763,
291,
3931,
11514,
16,
919,
261,
2266,
289,
9541,
11491,
514,
331,
629,
3527,
691,
7514,
289,
3391,
3944,
18,
3367,
11824,
16,
268,
11345,
347,
10824,
87,
16,
528,
462,
712,
288,
385,
412,
18,
760,
2589,
352,
629,
1659,
291,
7195,
579,
289,
268,
10173,
283,
530,
356,
16,
268,
1065,
1721,
796,
307,
368,
1771,
301,
291,
5899,
8586,
707,
1183,
796,
3772,
865,
7211,
31,
462,
3158,
6278,
962,
7211,
566,
1890,
512,
687,
7241,
18,
3217,
917,
3656,
659,
363,
11345,
830,
437,
794,
712,
1173,
2292,
288,
261,
1234,
1550,
7800,
16,
853,
362,
911,
327,
1752,
75,
488,
6614,
292,
268,
2323,
18,
365,
1939,
75,
515,
289,
363,
1699,
6460,
2504,
830,
437,
9107,
288,
11327,
331,
659,
1271,
92,
286,
2783,
2667,
18,
203,
1461,
4621,
289,
268,
1065,
1721,
454,
462,
268,
1874,
10513,
10966,
2778,
17,
76,
277,
6913,
289,
2541,
2453,
1624,
674,
291,
2563,
7125,
551,
282,
1851,
291,
366,
6309,
7985,
288,
268,
1494,
1149,
1398,
3801,
336,
1582,
2048,
488,
288,
268,
2390,
313,
267,
16,
566,
268,
11592,
8317,
1427,
289,
268,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
1853,
18,
365,
4755,
87,
7463,
1671,
1943,
3183,
2593,
338,
466,
5265,
292,
363,
377,
2071,
5164,
1700,
281,
6803,
707,
427,
6611,
6280,
18,
365,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
316,
462,
1039,
608,
9369,
291,
741,
371,
941,
566,
525,
268,
1827,
5886,
289,
10829,
562,
291,
4328,
18,
6266,
1699,
375,
8828,
268,
4893,
87,
289,
606,
6368,
5468,
9520,
16,
518,
316,
1768,
4787,
1699,
372,
87,
710,
11378,
2451,
267,
16,
1550,
4855,
16,
316,
288,
268,
432,
11901,
6796,
18,
365,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
316,
261,
1297,
2451,
267,
289,
7125,
7033,
1699,
16,
291,
597,
8698,
289,
456,
11345,
316,
261,
7648,
1062,
8539,
401,
289,
606,
1550,
18,
365,
2451,
267,
454,
5464,
325,
3413,
288,
268,
7240,
87,
31,
566,
418,
305,
69,
418,
83,
2702,
372,
87,
8350,
7898,
309,
318,
289,
268,
1964,
1968,
421,
1689,
11804,
989,
518,
316,
1415,
263,
1402,
9599,
288,
268,
7807,
289,
268,
11345,
1846,
16,
4299,
268,
7606,
454,
1487,
427,
268,
3484,
87,
289,
268,
4013,
7125,
1699,
2710,
18,
203,
1461,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
2395,
87,
341,
4524,
289,
4741,
2616,
18,
1508,
9997,
292,
10513,
10966,
4662,
8170,
6845,
288,
3710,
2328,
423,
796,
768,
388,
18,
416,
18,
402,
18,
11063,
1331,
1077,
3343,
1478,
538,
1381,
1312,
6917,
3124,
514,
537,
796,
502,
356,
448,
70,
1102,
3384,
310,
288,
10513,
10966,
2218,
82,
645,
16,
352,
9540,
545,
461,
713,
2746,
288,
402,
9241,
461,
756,
421,
1388,
3801,
802,
760,
767,
16,
10513,
10966,
4662,
11248,
288,
5897,
7314,
17,
9664,
6334,
1784,
432,
2149,
336,
1042,
539,
2093,
8251,
997,
372,
87,
8592,
3321,
274,
291,
2029,
1971,
274,
289,
8251,
10832,
515,
16,
291,
664,
4645,
1190,
288,
7125,
291,
1677,
17,
11402,
4551,
4118,
2328,
423,
18,
9674,
7125,
11720,
525,
9793,
10513,
10966,
4662,
636,
3614,
413,
2072,
281,
269,
484,
301,
796,
331,
518,
444,
432,
11901,
926,
454,
767,
11076,
796,
352,
4101,
6226,
288,
4675,
696,
344,
657,
2702,
2390,
313,
267,
9597,
18,
948,
921,
83,
345,
300,
10103,
8448,
1158,
2640,
2457,
10911,
9347,
476,
1267,
289,
268,
7033,
7125,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
18,
1440,
2706,
267,
2405,
291,
2284,
84,
1421,
2356,
1958,
659,
1854,
5199,
858,
7240,
291,
11903,
421,
2330,
434,
1090,
6938,
16,
9302,
545,
4852,
47,
270,
94,
545,
291,
11812,
72,
545,
8299,
507,
802,
4467,
418,
83,
2702,
372,
87,
8826,
718,
16,
502,
1232,
356,
3082,
542,
325,
9599,
430,
268,
7807,
289,
268,
11345,
1846,
18,
203,
1461,
7125,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
316,
525,
261,
3062,
364,
289,
268,
4925,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
16,
331,
518,
268,
2332,
7074,
355,
5569,
316,
9659,
301,
510,
372,
87,
2750,
1605,
5663,
421,
1689,
8977,
802,
540,
2332,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
11029,
288,
5729,
292,
268,
3029,
2461,
2661,
291,
9260,
274,
1111,
292,
465,
775,
94,
87,
10756,
372,
87,
10812,
3093,
331,
261,
2332,
997,
336,
830,
2107,
7033,
979,
78,
8469,
288,
268,
377,
2071,
5164,
8118,
289,
1018,
16,
352,
465,
775,
94,
87,
10756,
4254,
268,
432,
2009,
423,
289,
8557,
5620,
87,
1535,
18,
365,
1979,
647,
858,
4925,
9057,
5620,
87,
291,
7125,
413,
2072,
281,
3817,
437,
970,
712,
6547,
286,
341,
18,
900,
356,
9149,
288,
7033,
4675,
696,
344,
657,
2702,
2390,
313,
267,
9597,
16,
518,
6504,
2816,
1376,
11882,
1003,
268,
8146,
341,
268,
1384,
263,
812,
92,
11345,
430,
268,
334,
282,
6972,
345,
5745,
289,
5130,
288,
9708,
18,
365,
11345,
850,
363,
403,
90,
2627,
261,
7907,
16,
288,
923,
1504,
292,
268,
1845,
2891,
289,
268,
5875,
291,
268,
432,
11901,
1550,
289,
268,
1349,
18,
540,
16,
1910,
360,
268,
8605,
5700,
380,
289,
444,
1699,
291,
261,
7132,
6796,
336,
9993,
629,
7736,
801,
2616,
288,
363,
459,
3642,
1487,
822,
796,
261,
3810,
289,
9057,
432,
2009,
93,
796,
10995,
331,
629,
1854,
261,
11491,
286,
1349,
288,
268,
7033,
7125,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
18,
203,
1461,
2204,
1415,
263,
514,
289,
268,
7125,
2390,
313,
267,
2451,
267,
4299,
261,
2574,
5380,
292,
276,
6666,
2511,
4328,
427,
268,
5620,
289,
2398,
4344,
336,
855,
986,
4922,
288,
268,
6376,
62,
3897,
7260,
439,
3944,
1003,
268,
3029,
2461,
2661,
18,
547,
595,
1364,
513,
986,
268,
6917,
3501,
30,
268,
3391,
277,
332,
361,
268,
3391,
1754,
35,
540,
2302,
2913,
292,
261,
1747,
995,
268,
3361,
28,
285,
300,
302,
270,
556,
16,
291,
1315,
6817,
512,
576,
288,
9223,
2560,
687,
288,
365,
2605,
10506,
1420,
6119,
283,
439,
421,
1689,
10225,
802,
3837,
1645,
2727,
11805,
867,
274,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
2605,
10506,
1420,
3751,
16,
597,
331,
1011,
715,
1812,
268,
11222,
18,
3837,
538,
1037,
969,
1924,
759,
265,
4290,
413,
78,
266,
383,
1096,
475,
16,
5680,
292,
979,
3711,
268,
3710,
8485,
401,
580,
9742,
673,
1014,
650,
4719,
288,
4344,
372,
87,
3682,
10615,
796,
261,
8485,
401,
336,
331,
5087,
268,
855,
1718,
336,
7596,
456,
3501,
18,
4387,
365,
2605,
10506,
1420,
6119,
283,
439,
316,
261,
986,
281,
716,
289,
268,
7033,
7125,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
18,
203,
1461,
5533,
331,
2922,
7260,
8392,
292,
268,
2511,
2532,
73,
1337,
3108,
658,
288,
4344,
372,
87,
538,
76,
277,
861,
10615,
537,
430,
268,
1867,
289,
268,
8531,
17,
74,
773,
2254,
360,
516,
268,
5468,
3160,
289,
261,
10833,
616,
817,
2103,
286,
18,
351,
826,
71,
1900,
360,
268,
8146,
341,
268,
1384,
263,
812,
92,
11345,
16,
268,
1550,
10615,
7839,
3105,
292,
268,
11345,
372,
87,
1577,
18,
365,
10615,
664,
261,
4866,
1573,
268,
8411,
10923,
325,
922,
289,
268,
7844,
87,
336,
850,
543,
521,
262,
286,
268,
8251,
2390,
313,
379,
1233,
11314,
288,
3710,
2328,
423,
796,
2439,
1036,
416,
414,
265,
372,
87,
8146,
341,
268,
388,
271,
1093,
16,
855,
2808,
288,
3361,
28,
291,
751,
11831,
691,
3682,
1708,
1812,
16,
1018,
268,
710,
1297,
18,
203,
4326,
922,
4443,
461,
791,
266,
391,
3021,
11540,
372,
87,
2390,
313,
267,
9597,
16,
518,
431,
3035,
1020,
1356,
261,
2443,
18,
5205,
708,
438,
325,
16,
431,
10724,
488,
288,
268,
285,
300,
302,
270,
556,
715,
16,
649,
365,
2605,
10506,
1420,
6119,
283,
439,
1227,
298,
268,
1481,
306,
486,
430,
268,
3537,
72,
2022,
4546,
3021,
1224,
18,
1440,
2706,
267,
2405,
291,
2284,
84,
1421,
2356,
365,
1395,
8757,
11154,
2504,
421,
1689,
11779,
989,
5199,
430,
456,
669,
18,
1508,
462,
4822,
419,
268,
3334,
11345,
1846,
16,
268,
4855,
308,
1968,
268,
11190,
4217,
503,
289,
1854,
427,
261,
1374,
935,
2135,
659,
352,
268,
2464,
21,
391,
552,
562,
402,
374,
1736,
3338,
16,
518,
419,
444,
1353,
265,
3160,
2992,
3413,
268,
2390,
313,
267,
2451,
267,
288,
7125,
7033,
1699,
18,
203,
48,
1514,
413,
7253,
291,
3911,
10706,
588,
1142,
1704,
1573,
268,
430,
8125,
647,
289,
268,
3029,
2461,
2661,
336,
855,
7957,
268,
2332,
2390,
313,
267,
7132,
16,
391,
3021,
11540,
372,
87,
9597,
356,
261,
304,
5242,
394,
292,
268,
751,
6105,
1719,
289,
10731,
291,
268,
3124,
514,
362,
5948,
18,
760,
659,
268,
304,
5242,
394,
454,
352,
1111,
608,
268,
6280,
289,
1719,
18,
391,
3021,
11540,
7463,
292,
543,
3516,
1093,
462,
1039,
538,
1381,
1312,
6917,
3124,
514,
537,
566,
525,
268,
6534,
3124,
3535,
289,
8251,
8485,
401,
796,
289,
606,
10316,
753,
291,
874,
274,
289,
7106,
18,
391,
3021,
11540,
372,
87,
4000,
4199,
4904,
289,
456,
1719,
16,
352,
767
] |
In today’s fast-paced and sedentary work culture, finding ways to incorporate fitness into our daily routine has become more crucial than ever. Regular exercise not only improves physical health but also has a positive impact on mental well-being. It is a well-known fact that employees who prioritize their fitness are more productive and experience fewer health-related issues. So, why not encourage your work team to engage in alternative fitness activities that can boost their energy levels and promote a healthy lifestyle? Here are ten alternative fitness activities that work teams can explore together to improve their overall fitness and well-being.
Understanding the Importance of Fitness in the Workplace
Before delving into the alternative fitness activities suitable for work teams, it is important to understand why fitness is crucial in the workplace. The impact of physical activity on productivity cannot be underestimated. Engaging in regular exercise releases endorphins, which are known as “feel-good hormones.” These hormones help to reduce stress, boost mood, and improve cognitive function. By incorporating fitness into the work routine, teams can enhance their performance and overall job satisfaction.
But what exactly is the impact of physical activity on productivity? Numerous studies have shown that regular exercise has a direct and positive effect on productivity levels. When employees engage in physical activity, it helps improve their concentration, memory, and problem-solving skills. This is because exercise increases blood flow to the brain, delivering the necessary nutrients and oxygen for optimal cognitive function. By incorporating fitness activities into their daily routine, work teams can increase their focus, creativity, and efficiency, leading to better overall performance.
Aside from productivity, regular exercise offers numerous health benefits for employees. It is well-known that physical activity reduces the risk of chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. By engaging in fitness activities, employees can maintain a healthy weight, lower their blood pressure, and improve their overall cardiovascular health. Additionally, regular exercise strengthens the immune system, making individuals less susceptible to illnesses and infections. This means that work teams who participate in fitness activities are likely to experience fewer sick days, resulting in improved productivity and a healthier work environment.
Moreover, regular exercise has been found to have a positive impact on mental health. Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins, which are natural mood enhancers. These “feel-good hormones” help to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting a positive and balanced mental state. By incorporating fitness into the workplace, teams can create a supportive and uplifting environment, where employees feel motivated and happy to come to work.
Furthermore, regular exercise can significantly improve sleep quality. Studies have shown that individuals who engage in physical activity experience deeper and more restful sleep. This is because exercise helps regulate the body’s internal clock, promoting a healthy sleep-wake cycle. By encouraging fitness in the workplace, employers can contribute to their employees’ overall well-being, ensuring they get the rest they need to perform at their best.
In conclusion, the importance of fitness in the workplace cannot be overstated. Regular exercise not only enhances productivity but also offers a wide range of health benefits for employees. By incorporating fitness activities into the work routine, teams can create a positive and supportive environment, where individuals can thrive both professionally and personally. So, let’s prioritize fitness in the workplace and reap the rewards of a healthier and more productive workforce.
Exploring Different Types of Fitness Activities
When it comes to fitness activities, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Different types of activities suit different personalities and preferences. It is essential to consider individual team members’ interests and goals when selecting alternative fitness activities. Let’s explore some popular options that offer unique advantages for work teams.
Indoor vs Outdoor Fitness Activities
Whether your team prefers the comfort of an indoor setting or the fresh air of the outdoors, there are fitness activities available to suit both preferences. Indoor activities like yoga and pilates provide a controlled environment and can be easily modified to accommodate participants of all fitness levels. These activities not only help improve physical strength and flexibility but also promote mental well-being through focused breathing and mindfulness.
On the other hand, outdoor activities such as hiking and cycling offer the added benefit of connecting with nature and enjoying the beauty of the surroundings while getting fit. Hiking, in particular, provides an excellent opportunity to explore scenic trails, breathe in fresh air, and challenge oneself physically. Cycling, on the other hand, allows team members to explore their local area, discover new routes, and enjoy the freedom of movement.
High Intensity vs Low Intensity Workouts
Another factor to consider when selecting fitness activities is the intensity level. High-intensity workouts like CrossFit and dance classes provide a challenge that pushes participants out of their comfort zones. These activities promote cardiovascular endurance and strength building, helping team members develop a sense of accomplishment and resilience. Additionally, the group dynamics and energetic atmosphere of these classes can foster a sense of camaraderie and motivation among team members.
On the other hand, low-intensity workouts like yoga and pilates focus on flexibility, balance, and relaxation, making them ideal for stress relief and mindfulness. These activities allow team members to slow down, stretch their muscles, and find inner peace amidst the demands of work. The gentle movements and controlled breathing techniques of yoga and pilates not only improve physical well-being but also contribute to mental clarity and emotional stability.
By offering a variety of fitness activities that cater to different preferences and intensity levels, work teams can create a well-rounded wellness program that appeals to a diverse range of individuals. Remember, the key is to encourage participation and make fitness enjoyable for everyone, as a healthy and active team leads to increased productivity and overall well-being.
The Top 10 Alternative Fitness Activities
Now that we’ve covered the importance of fitness in the workplace and explored different types of fitness activities, let’s dive into ten alternative fitness activities that work teams can enjoy together:
1. Yoga for Stress Relief
Yoga is a mind-body practice that combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation. It helps to reduce stress, improve flexibility, and enhance mental clarity. Yoga classes can be easily conducted in the workplace during breaks or after work hours, making it a perfect fitness option for work teams seeking relaxation and mental wellness.
2. Dance Classes for Team Building
Dance classes offer the perfect combination of fitness and team-building. Whether it’s salsa, hip-hop, or ballroom, dancing encourages coordination, rhythm, and teamwork. It provides an enjoyable way to build relationships, improve communication, and boost creativity within the work team.
3. Hiking for Adventure and Fitness
Hiking is an excellent way to combine adventure and fitness. Exploring nature trails, climbing hills, and soaking in the beautiful scenery can elevate the spirit and improve cardiovascular endurance. Work teams can plan weekend hikes or organize team-building retreats in nature to reap the full benefits of this enjoyable fitness activity.
4. Martial Arts for Self-Defense and Fitness
Martial arts offer a holistic approach to fitness, focusing on self-defense techniques, discipline, and mental resilience. Activities such as karate, taekwondo, and judo provide strength training, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness. Engaging in martial arts as a work team can foster a sense of empowerment, build confidence, and encourage mutual support and respect.
5. Cycling for Cardiovascular Health
Cycling is a low-impact activity that offers tremendous cardiovascular benefits. Whether it’s road cycling or indoor cycling classes, this activity helps improve endurance, leg strength, and overall fitness. Work teams can plan group cycling sessions during lunch breaks or schedule weekend rides to explore scenic routes together.
6. Stand-Up Paddleboarding for Balance and Strength
Stand-up paddleboarding (SUP) is a fun water activity that engages the entire body, focusing on core strength, balance, and stability. It offers a unique fitness experience while enjoying the tranquility of lakes or coastal waters. Organizing a team paddleboarding session can foster teamwork, relaxation, and a sense of adventure.
7. Rock Climbing for Full-Body Workout
Rock climbing is an exhilarating activity that challenges both the mind and body. It builds strength, endurance, and problem-solving skills. Indoor rock climbing gyms provide a safe environment for beginners to learn the ropes, while outdoor rock climbing offers a thrilling experience amidst nature. Working together as a team to conquer climbing routes builds trust, communication, and camaraderie.
8. Parkour for Agility and Speed
Parkour is a discipline that focuses on moving quickly and efficiently through obstacles in the urban environment. It involves jumping, climbing, and acrobatic movements to improve agility, coordination, and body control. Practicing parkour as a work team fosters creativity, resilience, and a sense of adventure while improving fitness levels.
9. Pilates for Core Strength
Pilates is a low-impact exercise method that focuses on core strength, flexibility, and muscular balance. It uses controlled movements and mindful breathing to engage deep core muscles, improve posture, and enhance overall body awareness. Pilates sessions can be conducted in the workplace, benefiting work teams by promoting physical well-being, reducing back pain, and enhancing concentration.
10. CrossFit for High-Intensity Interval Training
CrossFit is a high-intensity fitness program that incorporates elements of weightlifting, cardio, and functional movements. It aims to improve strength, endurance, and overall physical fitness. Participating in CrossFit workouts as a work team fosters a sense of camaraderie, healthy competition, and motivation to push beyond personal limits.
By exploring these ten alternative fitness activities, work teams can discover enjoyable ways to improve their fitness, bond with their colleagues, and enhance productivity. Incorporating regular exercise into the work routine not only benefits the individuals but also creates a positive and supportive work environment. So, start your fitness journey today and witness the positive impact it can have on your work team! | <urn:uuid:8ca1646f-aa0e-46e3-8989-3577592318be> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.betteryou.ai/10-alternative-fitness-activities-for-work-teams/ | 2024-02-21T12:01:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.935439 | 2,065 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
2983,
1853,
372,
87,
3498,
17,
84,
2276,
291,
6031,
302,
556,
716,
2484,
16,
2697,
1714,
292,
7099,
7188,
636,
662,
2438,
4485,
528,
1343,
512,
1821,
687,
2577,
18,
5129,
2671,
462,
794,
7304,
1646,
661,
566,
525,
528,
261,
2262,
1393,
341,
1993,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
553,
316,
261,
767,
17,
4091,
1975,
336,
4043,
650,
8253,
444,
7188,
356,
512,
8456,
291,
1432,
6132,
661,
17,
3621,
1659,
18,
1426,
16,
1768,
462,
4078,
424,
716,
1675,
292,
4151,
288,
3833,
7188,
1740,
336,
375,
4663,
444,
1138,
1506,
291,
3290,
261,
1702,
4185,
35,
2011,
356,
2725,
3833,
7188,
1740,
336,
716,
5751,
375,
2408,
1875,
292,
1434,
444,
2114,
7188,
291,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
268,
9054,
289,
418,
4991,
288,
268,
4776,
3977,
203,
10746,
852,
1404,
1005,
636,
268,
3833,
7188,
1740,
4021,
331,
716,
5751,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
992,
1768,
7188,
316,
1821,
288,
268,
6404,
18,
365,
1393,
289,
1646,
2067,
341,
5543,
2362,
327,
1064,
274,
473,
488,
18,
1581,
1516,
288,
1998,
2671,
11330,
1199,
8187,
1054,
16,
518,
356,
1261,
352,
538,
9892,
306,
17,
75,
509,
7129,
1053,
948,
7129,
617,
292,
1590,
1751,
16,
4663,
5215,
16,
291,
1434,
4085,
1596,
18,
1285,
6855,
7188,
636,
268,
716,
4485,
16,
5751,
375,
3017,
444,
2156,
291,
2114,
3065,
8768,
18,
203,
11207,
768,
4743,
316,
268,
1393,
289,
1646,
2067,
341,
5543,
35,
465,
408,
2241,
2194,
437,
2853,
336,
1998,
2671,
528,
261,
1938,
291,
2262,
2365,
341,
5543,
1506,
18,
1097,
4043,
4151,
288,
1646,
2067,
16,
362,
1780,
1434,
444,
5365,
16,
3354,
16,
291,
1676,
17,
8234,
1607,
18,
540,
316,
971,
2671,
3675,
1364,
1617,
292,
268,
1860,
16,
10068,
268,
1990,
3600,
291,
3971,
331,
5023,
4085,
1596,
18,
1285,
6855,
7188,
1740,
636,
444,
2438,
4485,
16,
716,
5751,
375,
1643,
444,
1459,
16,
5692,
16,
291,
3055,
16,
2469,
292,
1326,
2114,
2156,
18,
203,
37,
5084,
427,
5543,
16,
1998,
2671,
2767,
3682,
661,
1716,
331,
4043,
18,
553,
316,
767,
17,
4091,
336,
1646,
2067,
4993,
268,
1238,
289,
3776,
1533,
659,
352,
1759,
1413,
16,
3370,
16,
291,
6712,
18,
1285,
4797,
288,
7188,
1740,
16,
4043,
375,
1638,
261,
1702,
2146,
16,
1898,
444,
1364,
1987,
16,
291,
1434,
444,
2114,
6568,
661,
18,
2848,
16,
1998,
2671,
2166,
614,
268,
3182,
892,
16,
1355,
1578,
1165,
7977,
292,
7591,
291,
3786,
18,
540,
1486,
336,
716,
5751,
650,
5824,
288,
7188,
1740,
356,
1792,
292,
1432,
6132,
5670,
1962,
16,
3932,
288,
3808,
5543,
291,
261,
6361,
716,
1072,
18,
203,
49,
404,
1090,
16,
1998,
2671,
528,
712,
986,
292,
437,
261,
2262,
1393,
341,
1993,
661,
18,
7145,
2067,
6760,
692,
268,
4133,
289,
1199,
8187,
1054,
16,
518,
356,
1493,
5215,
1949,
797,
332,
18,
948,
538,
9892,
306,
17,
75,
509,
7129,
537,
617,
292,
1590,
1751,
16,
3083,
16,
291,
3663,
16,
4636,
261,
2262,
291,
5218,
1993,
1247,
18,
1285,
6855,
7188,
636,
268,
6404,
16,
5751,
375,
1408,
261,
8830,
291,
10106,
373,
542,
1072,
16,
853,
4043,
1350,
9959,
291,
5474,
292,
1631,
292,
716,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
1998,
2671,
375,
3105,
1434,
1954,
1630,
18,
5608,
437,
2853,
336,
1578,
650,
4151,
288,
1646,
2067,
1432,
5037,
291,
512,
3061,
703,
1954,
18,
540,
316,
971,
2671,
1780,
7075,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
4180,
9011,
16,
4636,
261,
1702,
1954,
17,
91,
1387,
3853,
18,
1285,
7705,
7188,
288,
268,
6404,
16,
9545,
375,
2885,
292,
444,
4043,
372,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
16,
3171,
502,
886,
268,
3061,
502,
648,
292,
1324,
430,
444,
1274,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
268,
2557,
289,
7188,
288,
268,
6404,
2362,
327,
6290,
88,
488,
18,
5129,
2671,
462,
794,
7803,
5543,
566,
525,
2767,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
661,
1716,
331,
4043,
18,
1285,
6855,
7188,
1740,
636,
268,
716,
4485,
16,
5751,
375,
1408,
261,
2262,
291,
8830,
1072,
16,
853,
1578,
375,
6103,
1079,
1742,
523,
291,
959,
523,
18,
1426,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
8253,
7188,
288,
268,
6404,
291,
304,
429,
268,
11254,
289,
261,
6361,
291,
512,
8456,
9713,
18,
203,
9079,
476,
2974,
7107,
7308,
289,
418,
4991,
9700,
647,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
7188,
1740,
16,
686,
316,
688,
597,
17,
87,
918,
17,
5226,
17,
453,
1563,
18,
7107,
1640,
289,
1740,
7954,
865,
1845,
647,
291,
6813,
18,
553,
316,
1505,
292,
1119,
1769,
1675,
2420,
372,
5015,
291,
3002,
649,
8259,
3833,
7188,
1740,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
2408,
579,
2029,
2772,
336,
1529,
2070,
4576,
331,
716,
5751,
18,
203,
11402,
1572,
6138,
5579,
72,
1572,
418,
4991,
9700,
647,
203,
59,
781,
411,
424,
1675,
561,
7695,
268,
5829,
289,
363,
6905,
2652,
361,
268,
3525,
1294,
289,
268,
9428,
16,
686,
356,
7188,
1740,
1608,
292,
7954,
1079,
6813,
18,
1154,
1572,
1740,
730,
8318,
291,
5963,
692,
1153,
261,
5254,
1072,
291,
375,
327,
2619,
8672,
292,
11019,
4298,
289,
516,
7188,
1506,
18,
948,
1740,
462,
794,
617,
1434,
1646,
2166,
291,
5960,
566,
525,
3290,
1993,
767,
17,
2722,
734,
4474,
4887,
291,
8591,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
6502,
1740,
659,
352,
296,
5805,
291,
11423,
1529,
268,
3211,
3145,
289,
8550,
360,
2075,
291,
2622,
281,
268,
5115,
289,
268,
9292,
1020,
2657,
3082,
18,
402,
5805,
16,
288,
1510,
16,
1956,
363,
4139,
3249,
292,
2408,
4062,
300,
432,
4933,
16,
10231,
288,
3525,
1294,
16,
291,
3659,
3001,
884,
7519,
18,
6029,
4163,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
2089,
1675,
2420,
292,
2408,
444,
1683,
1494,
16,
2677,
733,
9836,
16,
291,
2622,
268,
4494,
289,
2710,
18,
203,
44,
396,
450,
1642,
380,
6138,
6638,
450,
1642,
380,
4776,
6816,
203,
7353,
1099,
3488,
292,
1119,
649,
8259,
7188,
1740,
316,
268,
7122,
966,
18,
3194,
17,
11749,
380,
716,
6816,
730,
8652,
42,
297,
291,
7295,
4754,
1153,
261,
3659,
336,
4017,
274,
4298,
628,
289,
444,
5829,
9278,
18,
948,
1740,
3290,
6568,
1199,
3549,
291,
2166,
1649,
16,
3763,
1675,
2420,
709,
261,
2266,
289,
5556,
6530,
291,
5752,
18,
2848,
16,
268,
1730,
7829,
291,
403,
7022,
410,
4828,
289,
629,
4754,
375,
4322,
261,
2266,
289,
3570,
294,
354,
265,
545,
291,
7615,
1694,
1675,
2420,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
1488,
17,
11749,
380,
716,
6816,
730,
8318,
291,
5963,
692,
1459,
341,
5960,
16,
2909,
16,
291,
8844,
16,
1355,
622,
3890,
331,
1751,
5869,
291,
8591,
18,
948,
1740,
1059,
1675,
2420,
292,
2634,
1190,
16,
9494,
444,
4177,
16,
291,
1255,
5817,
3915,
792,
323,
503,
268,
6395,
289,
716,
18,
365,
8575,
4793,
291,
5254,
4887,
2377,
289,
8318,
291,
5963,
692,
462,
794,
1434,
1646,
767,
17,
2722,
566,
525,
2885,
292,
1993,
9371,
291,
3167,
5348,
18,
203,
10646,
4542,
261,
2233,
289,
7188,
1740,
336,
8910,
292,
865,
6813,
291,
7122,
1506,
16,
716,
5751,
375,
1408,
261,
767,
17,
756,
286,
8983,
1192,
336,
3712,
645,
292,
261,
3596,
1749,
289,
1578,
18,
4897,
16,
268,
1558,
316,
292,
4078,
6571,
291,
804,
7188,
10592,
331,
3244,
16,
352,
261,
1702,
291,
3009,
1675,
4198,
292,
2161,
5543,
291,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
1461,
6615,
1474,
8541,
774,
418,
4991,
9700,
647,
203,
50,
329,
336,
445,
372,
317,
4738,
268,
2557,
289,
7188,
288,
268,
6404,
291,
9529,
865,
1640,
289,
7188,
1740,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
8938,
636,
2725,
3833,
7188,
1740,
336,
716,
5751,
375,
2622,
1875,
30,
203,
21,
18,
663,
5988,
331,
8685,
4273,
1711,
203,
61,
5988,
316,
261,
1710,
17,
5784,
2060,
336,
11138,
1646,
754,
1601,
16,
4887,
4941,
16,
291,
7149,
18,
553,
1780,
292,
1590,
1751,
16,
1434,
5960,
16,
291,
3017,
1993,
9371,
18,
663,
5988,
4754,
375,
327,
2619,
4404,
288,
268,
6404,
995,
7649,
361,
1003,
716,
2575,
16,
1355,
362,
261,
3385,
7188,
3465,
331,
716,
5751,
4840,
8844,
291,
1993,
8983,
18,
203,
22,
18,
413,
515,
4889,
274,
331,
11218,
6473,
203,
40,
515,
4754,
1529,
268,
3385,
3878,
289,
7188,
291,
1675,
17,
10318,
18,
4283,
362,
372,
87,
269,
645,
69,
16,
9646,
17,
76,
389,
16,
361,
3654,
2275,
16,
295,
3113,
7265,
8611,
16,
9724,
16,
291,
1675,
1450,
18,
553,
1956,
363,
10592,
898,
292,
2115,
3559,
16,
1434,
2413,
16,
291,
4663,
5692,
1291,
268,
716,
1675,
18,
203,
23,
18,
402,
5805,
331,
3986,
302,
469,
291,
418,
4991,
203,
44,
5805,
316,
363,
4139,
898,
292,
8979,
11978,
291,
7188,
18,
4316,
2974,
2075,
432,
4933,
16,
4851,
4461,
296,
1240,
16,
291,
576,
1634,
288,
268,
4532,
646,
814,
93,
375,
5210,
381,
268,
3358,
291,
1434,
6568,
1199,
3549,
18,
4776,
5751,
375,
1200,
2569,
593,
296,
8568,
361,
10620,
1675,
17,
10318,
304,
956,
87,
288,
2075,
292,
304,
429,
268,
2052,
1716,
289,
456,
10592,
7188,
2067,
18,
203,
24,
18,
2406,
5164,
10160,
331,
7616,
17,
40,
4727,
1455,
291,
418,
4991,
203,
49,
294,
5164,
7309,
1529,
261,
8494,
1563,
292,
7188,
16,
6496,
341,
1817,
17,
7720,
1455,
2377,
16,
8862,
16,
291,
1993,
5752,
18,
9700,
647,
659,
352,
520,
294,
381,
16,
605,
6892,
91,
799,
83,
16,
291,
3680,
83,
1153,
2166,
2041,
16,
5960,
16,
291,
6568,
7188,
18,
1581,
1516,
288,
1491,
5164,
7309,
352,
261,
716,
1675,
375,
4322,
261,
2266,
289,
5887,
367,
16,
2115,
5124,
16,
291,
4078,
10389,
1105,
291,
3856,
18,
203,
25,
18,
6029,
4163,
331,
8208,
77,
5999,
1988,
203,
39,
93,
4163,
316,
261,
1488,
17,
8539,
613,
2067,
336,
2767,
11266,
499,
6568,
1716,
18,
4283,
362,
372,
87,
3063,
11423,
361,
6905,
11423,
4754,
16,
456,
2067,
1780,
1434,
1199,
3549,
16,
1418,
2166,
16,
291,
2114,
7188,
18,
4776,
5751,
375,
1200,
1730,
11423,
6575,
995,
11840,
7649,
361,
5806,
2569,
593,
384,
1701,
292,
2408,
4062,
300,
9836,
1875,
18,
203,
26,
18,
5524,
17,
57,
84,
382,
6348,
298,
4401,
281,
331,
5362,
515,
291,
908,
2056,
203,
55,
682,
17,
987,
279,
6348,
298,
4401,
281,
421,
55,
57,
52,
13,
316,
261,
1083,
770,
2067,
336,
1201,
1172,
268,
2414,
1073,
16,
6496,
341,
4144,
2166,
16,
2909,
16,
291,
5348,
18,
553,
2767,
261,
2070,
7188,
1432,
1020,
2622,
281,
268,
432,
282,
395,
706,
289,
10099,
361,
7636,
5719,
18,
4259,
1790,
261,
1675,
279,
6348,
298,
4401,
281,
6999,
375,
4322,
1675,
1450,
16,
8844,
16,
291,
261,
2266,
289,
11978,
18,
203,
27,
18,
9059,
1559,
344,
4461,
331,
10563,
17,
38,
946,
4776,
491,
203,
54,
1362,
4851,
4461,
316,
363,
6221,
1679,
673,
2067,
336,
2219,
1079,
268,
1710,
291,
1073,
18,
553,
10826,
2166,
16,
1199,
3549,
16,
291,
1676,
17,
8234,
1607,
18,
1154,
1572,
4216,
4851,
4461,
319,
93,
507,
1153,
261,
1995,
1072,
331,
1980,
2350,
292,
1213,
268,
633,
10369,
16,
1020,
6502,
4216,
4851,
4461,
2767,
261,
3442,
3287,
1432,
792,
323,
503,
2075,
18,
8951,
1875,
352,
261,
1675,
292,
9227,
265,
4851,
4461,
9836,
10826,
3847,
16,
2413,
16,
291,
3570,
294,
354,
265,
545,
18,
203,
28,
18,
4050,
455,
331,
3215,
706,
291,
1384,
2621,
203,
52,
844,
455,
316,
261,
8862,
336,
5835,
341,
3931,
2640,
291,
6106,
734,
9563,
288,
268,
4013,
1072,
18,
553,
2675,
7117,
281,
16,
4851,
4461,
16,
291,
426,
299,
70,
1531,
4793,
292,
1434,
737,
706,
16,
8611,
16,
291,
1073,
1357,
18,
5024,
410,
281,
5862,
455,
352,
261,
716,
1675,
11627,
5692,
16,
5752,
16,
291,
261,
2266,
289,
11978,
1020,
3949,
7188,
1506,
18,
203,
29,
18,
382,
309,
692,
331,
351,
404,
908,
2056,
203,
52,
309,
692,
316,
261,
1488,
17,
8539,
613,
2671,
1336,
336,
5835,
341,
4144,
2166,
16,
5960,
16,
291,
1197,
10079,
2909,
18,
553,
2600,
5254,
4793,
291,
9869,
4887,
292,
4151,
2295,
4144,
4177,
16,
1434,
9774,
16,
291,
3017,
2114,
1073,
3717,
18,
382,
309,
692,
6575,
375,
327,
4404,
288,
268,
6404,
16,
1335,
1842,
716,
5751,
419,
4636,
1646,
767
] |
By the spring semester of his sophomore year, I was worried that Steven, one of my students at San Francisco's Balboa High School, was at risk of dropping out. He had a lot of support at school, but Steven's mom worked nights, and he seemed easily influenced by his friends who had already dropped out.
As the school year passed, Steven became increasingly absent from class, and when he did appear, he seemed tired and inattentive. My bag of tricks for engaging students such as Steven was coming up short.
But when we started an oral history project for which I asked my students to record, transcribe, and publish interviews with people they knew who'd moved to California, Steven came alive. Steven chose to interview his mom, who had escaped from Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime, and he said that in their hour-and-a-half conversation, she told him stories she'd never revealed to him before. When volunteers came to class to help make the stories publishable, Steven concentrated on telling his mother's story through proper paragraph structure and grammar, and he was careful to represent her respectfully. I'd never seen Steven so focused on anything.
Steven presented his mother's history in her own words: "I wanted to get out of that horrible place. I knew if I stayed there any longer, nobody would survive. Not many of us survived, but we managed to escape -- I was one of the lucky ones."
A similar magic occurred every time I assigned oral histories to my sophomore English classes. Collecting oral histories, or documenting the experiences of people who have lived through a particular aspect of history, allows students to see themselves as storytellers and historians. The process taught my students skills from across the standards spectrum, and it made them conduits between history and a person's life -- an experience that stayed with them well beyond the assignment.
Though oral history projects are typically assigned to secondary school students in subjects such as English or history, they can work well in a variety of classes. "I think they're appropriate from the earliest levels all the way up through college," says William Scott, a former middle school teacher who taught oral histories in his Los Angeles and San Francisco classrooms.
Scott, now an assistant professor of social studies education and history at the University of Delaware, points to a middle school math teacher who asked his students to interview adults about the ways math comes up in their everyday lives. Scott adds that he has also seen simplified oral history assignments work for younger students. One assignment popular with a number of elementary school instructors helps teach children about their neighborhood by assigning them to interview people who live near them.
Pick the Right Topic
Eunice Nuval, who teaches at a San Francisco continuation high school, says choosing a topic that's relevant to her students' lives keeps them engaged with the project. Last year, for example, her students conducted interviews on racism. "The students immediately knew people who had something to say about the topic," explains Nuval, whose class consists entirely of students of color. "It was an issue that they cared about."
I've found that underrepresented histories or perspectives often make rich subjects for oral history projects. I frequently nudged students to interview people they knew whose stories were rarely told, such as victims of hate crimes and domestic violence or undocumented workers. By reaching out to nonprofit organizations, neighbors, and communities for senior citizens, teachers can help students connect with everyday people who have fascinating stories.
Carefully chosen oral history topics can also help create links between various academic subjects. When he taught at Berkeley High school, in Berkeley, California, Rick Ayers, author of Studs Terkel's Working: A Teaching Guide, used oral histories to bridge his history and literature lessons. For a segment on the Vietnam War, while his students were reading The Things They Carried, a fictionalized memoir written by a U.S. Army veteran, Ayers asked his students to interview people who had some kind of connection to the war.
Finding Interview Subjects
Teachers who use oral histories in their classrooms agree: Just about anyone can be a great interview subject. Says the University of Delaware's William Scott, "You want someone with expertise, which, when it comes down to it, is everyone."
That being said, Scott recommends that students interview someone they know well and with whom they'll feel comfortable. Teacher Eunice Nuval notes that peer interviews work well because students are familiar with one another, which has the added benefit of eliciting more candid responses. "When they interview each other, they're so honest," she notes.
But pushing students out of their comfort zones can also yield exciting results. In Nuval's class, she reports that some of the most interesting oral histories emerged from students who spoke to people of a different race. Meanwhile, Ayers has asked small groups of students to interview day laborers, which his students initially found intimidating because they'd had limited interaction with these men. "It's about putting them in the community for a reality check," he says. "The students were always amazed at how normal these guys are."
Examples for Every Classroom
Here are some straightforward strategies for integrating oral histories into any lesson plan:
Provide the interview subjects. Invite a guest speaker to the classroom with experience relevant to the curriculum. Instead of having the guest give a lecture, ask the students to interview him or her.
Prepare for the speaker's visit by teaching students the difference between closed questions and open questions. Help students create a list of questions they will ask in an agreed-on order, and direct them to take notes on the speaker's responses. Afterward, ask the students to discuss how their initial expectations of the activity compared with the actual interview, and talk about any differences between textbook accounts of the topic and the speaker's experiences. Students could also use the interview as a jumping-off point for journal entries. Be sure to have students write thank-you letters to the speaker at the end of the segment.
A variation on the assignment is to invite three or four people to the classroom with different perspectives on a single topic. Ask students to prepare questions for each interview subject, then give them ten minutes to conduct interviews with each guest in small groups. Students can share their findings in jigsaw fashion.
Have students interview and compare. Help the class identify a few good interview subjects. Students will then conduct interviews and write down the responses as homework. They can also record the interviews and create full transcripts. After they've completed the interviews, students can share the most compelling or confusing responses in small groups during class time. Then, in groups, they can create summaries of each interview and discuss what the interviews taught them about the subject.
Extend the project. To deepen oral history projects and to make them even more meaningful for your students, follow these steps:
- Invite a guest to the classroom who has experience relevant to the curriculum and model how to conduct an interview. Before the event, type out the questions you plan to ask, and share them with the students. Carry out the interview naturally, skipping questions that the subject answered unprompted and adding follow-up questions that come to mind. Afterward, ask the students to analyze the interview. This step will help students see their prepared questions as a guide, not a script.
- After choosing an appropriate subject, the students conduct the interview using a recording device. (I wrote several grants for tape recorders; try contacting small local foundations or corporations for assistance.)
- After transcribing the interview transcript, students can look over the text and identify topics that need follow-up. They can then conduct and transcribe a second interview. Teacher Eunice Nuval says she initially thought transcribing would elicit groans from her students, but it's turned out to be a hit. "I think it was having to really listen, and also hearing themselves and knowing it was the story of someone they were concerned about," she explains.
- Students edit their transcripts and craft narratives by selecting the most compelling vignettes and editing them. (Volunteers are often helpful in this time-consuming process.)
- Through surveys or letters to their peers, ask students to reflect on their oral histories. These written responses can be illuminating for both teachers and students. They can also help refine future oral history projects.
- Celebrate the end of the project by publishing the oral histories. On occasion, I've done so by securing grants from local education funds to copy and bind the narratives into a book. I've also saved reams of paper on which to make copies of the narratives and then instructed students to put the books together assembly-line style. One year, through a partnership with a local educational nonprofit organization, we published the stories in an actual book titled I Might Get Somewhere.
Other strategies for sharing the oral histories with a larger audience include dedicating class or homework time to reading other students' oral histories, sending copies of the narratives to local schools and libraries, or creating classroom or campus exhibits based on the project.
There are a number of innovative ways to transform the oral histories into new projects. William Scott's eighth-grade students, for example, recorded oral histories about violence and subsequently created a play based on them. By combining photography, text transcripts, and streaming audio of the interviews, Nuval's students will make multimedia presentations of their oral histories this school year.
Tips for Success
- Be prepared to spend time providing context and supporting students through difficult or challenging topics.
- Consider safety: If students are interviewing strangers, instruct them to conduct the interview in pairs and/or in a public place.
- Remember that most of the learning takes place during the process of capturing oral histories. "Don't feel you have to control the product to make it perfect," Ayers says. "Let the students do the best job they can."
Lisa Morehouse taught secondary English for twelve years in San Francisco and rural Georgia. She is now a public-radio journalist and an education consultant.
Voices of Experience: Oral History Resources
Visit the websites listed here for oral history materials:
The American Memory: American Life Histories page from the Library of Congress offers nearly 3,000 life histories the Works Progress Administration compiled between 1936 and 1940.
Drama for Students study guide for Anna Deavere Smith's Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992
Foxfire presents a collection of books featuring stories of southern Appalachian culture collected by high school students since the 1960s as well as information about its student-centered teaching methods.
Keeping the Struggle Alive: Studying Desegregation in Our Town, A Guide to Doing Oral History
Library of Congress: The Learning Page, Using Oral History offers lessons related to oral histories.
The Neighborhood Story Project, in New Orleans, works with students to document their neighborhoods, including those destroyed by Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath.
PBS offers a list of multimedia resources concerning the Works Progress Administration's Slave Narratives project.
Through StoryCorps, tens of thousands of friends and family members from across the country have interviewed each other since 2003. Their stories are archived in the Library of Congress, and you can hear them on the project website. StoryCorps has also issued a book and CD called Listening Is an Act of Love.
Voice of Witness offers a series of oral history books that illuminate human rights crises worldwide. The site offers curricula for two of the books. | <urn:uuid:4296d6ab-ed15-408f-897a-ff0e8ffd2ed7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.edutopia.org/living-legends-oral-history-projects-bring-core-subjects-to-life/ | 2024-02-21T10:48:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.971675 | 2,339 | 2.625 | 3 | [
10646,
268,
4362,
447,
6674,
345,
289,
615,
7779,
311,
404,
715,
16,
334,
454,
451,
2543,
336,
2760,
592,
16,
597,
289,
1290,
1052,
430,
4930,
11599,
743,
5362,
2540,
69,
3194,
3053,
16,
454,
430,
1238,
289,
5346,
3752,
628,
18,
915,
850,
261,
1774,
289,
1105,
430,
1166,
16,
566,
2760,
592,
743,
3128,
4513,
314,
1251,
16,
291,
431,
9107,
2619,
6291,
419,
615,
3295,
650,
850,
2226,
11075,
628,
18,
203,
5190,
268,
1166,
715,
4645,
16,
2760,
592,
2457,
4361,
1996,
302,
427,
1280,
16,
291,
649,
431,
1535,
1951,
16,
431,
9107,
10350,
291,
288,
271,
506,
656,
18,
3491,
5331,
289,
432,
6152,
331,
4797,
1052,
659,
352,
2760,
592,
454,
4028,
644,
1912,
18,
203,
11207,
649,
445,
3120,
363,
4118,
1550,
1707,
331,
518,
334,
4214,
1290,
1052,
292,
2847,
16,
817,
9309,
16,
291,
9614,
11292,
360,
689,
502,
6964,
650,
11,
72,
5381,
292,
4002,
16,
2760,
592,
2913,
9002,
18,
2760,
592,
10481,
292,
5574,
615,
3128,
16,
650,
850,
4711,
6434,
427,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
995,
268,
7158,
815,
434,
290,
369,
10428,
16,
291,
431,
1211,
336,
288,
444,
5305,
17,
481,
17,
69,
17,
76,
2380,
6450,
16,
1353,
4225,
1547,
3817,
1353,
11,
72,
2270,
6351,
292,
1547,
1134,
18,
1097,
10743,
2913,
292,
1280,
292,
617,
804,
268,
3817,
9614,
541,
16,
2760,
592,
11190,
341,
9445,
615,
3974,
743,
2247,
734,
1225,
8324,
2214,
291,
9770,
16,
291,
431,
454,
6220,
292,
2151,
954,
3856,
2367,
18,
334,
11,
72,
2270,
2279,
2760,
592,
576,
4474,
341,
3784,
18,
203,
55,
359,
592,
4846,
615,
3974,
743,
1550,
288,
954,
1044,
2117,
30,
991,
45,
5171,
292,
886,
628,
289,
336,
3228,
86,
801,
1349,
18,
334,
6964,
717,
334,
2503,
286,
686,
723,
2473,
16,
688,
5784,
830,
5879,
18,
3217,
772,
289,
407,
2720,
1665,
16,
566,
445,
5922,
292,
7640,
6258,
334,
454,
597,
289,
268,
8567,
93,
3001,
2555,
203,
37,
1979,
10763,
6226,
953,
669,
334,
8625,
4118,
2328,
423,
292,
1290,
7779,
311,
404,
2525,
4754,
18,
1810,
11909,
4118,
2328,
423,
16,
361,
3190,
281,
268,
2891,
289,
689,
650,
437,
5361,
734,
261,
1510,
4437,
289,
1550,
16,
2089,
1052,
292,
901,
2315,
352,
2247,
2028,
332,
291,
2328,
1825,
18,
365,
833,
5536,
1290,
1052,
1607,
427,
1745,
268,
3319,
7201,
16,
291,
362,
1146,
622,
1042,
3179,
858,
1550,
291,
261,
959,
743,
943,
6258,
363,
1432,
336,
2503,
286,
360,
622,
767,
3183,
268,
8858,
18,
203,
2422,
713,
4118,
1550,
2830,
356,
2437,
8625,
292,
5900,
1166,
1052,
288,
5469,
659,
352,
2525,
361,
1550,
16,
502,
375,
716,
767,
288,
261,
2233,
289,
4754,
18,
991,
45,
1779,
502,
3707,
2922,
427,
268,
8797,
1506,
516,
268,
898,
644,
734,
4906,
3203,
1977,
6076,
8194,
16,
261,
4685,
4067,
1166,
3898,
650,
5536,
4118,
2328,
423,
288,
615,
11054,
6123,
5176,
291,
4930,
11599,
10845,
18,
203,
55,
71,
10190,
16,
1315,
363,
10650,
5688,
289,
1234,
2194,
1637,
291,
1550,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
5376,
8409,
16,
3097,
292,
261,
4067,
1166,
3037,
3898,
650,
4214,
615,
1052,
292,
5574,
3351,
608,
268,
1714,
3037,
1974,
644,
288,
444,
5667,
2136,
18,
8194,
6459,
336,
431,
528,
525,
2279,
4857,
2234,
4118,
1550,
10383,
716,
331,
6702,
1052,
18,
1507,
8858,
2029,
360,
261,
1289,
289,
11280,
1166,
3523,
909,
1780,
1292,
1024,
608,
444,
8085,
419,
3894,
281,
622,
292,
5574,
689,
650,
2180,
1834,
622,
18,
203,
52,
868,
268,
7817,
6615,
300,
203,
41,
374,
690,
465,
89,
3477,
16,
650,
10182,
430,
261,
4930,
11599,
2269,
318,
695,
1166,
16,
1977,
5930,
261,
3800,
336,
743,
3888,
292,
954,
1052,
11,
2136,
7483,
622,
6808,
360,
268,
1707,
18,
6086,
715,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
954,
1052,
4404,
11292,
341,
10121,
18,
991,
1461,
1052,
4248,
6964,
689,
650,
850,
1890,
292,
1856,
608,
268,
3800,
3203,
5528,
465,
89,
3477,
16,
4060,
1280,
5347,
6023,
289,
1052,
289,
2191,
18,
991,
4077,
454,
363,
2682,
336,
502,
1066,
72,
608,
2555,
203,
45,
6673,
986,
336,
1064,
4528,
379,
4439,
2328,
423,
361,
7255,
970,
804,
2941,
5469,
331,
4118,
1550,
2830,
18,
334,
3983,
314,
1327,
2292,
1052,
292,
5574,
689,
502,
6964,
4060,
3817,
664,
8170,
4225,
16,
659,
352,
7514,
289,
296,
381,
10464,
291,
5143,
4662,
361,
641,
415,
1799,
286,
3260,
18,
1285,
7257,
628,
292,
1677,
9750,
3187,
16,
6327,
753,
16,
291,
2552,
331,
7715,
4341,
16,
3067,
375,
617,
1052,
3728,
360,
5667,
689,
650,
437,
6326,
3817,
18,
203,
39,
470,
2367,
6196,
4118,
1550,
4702,
375,
525,
617,
1408,
5672,
858,
1320,
3965,
5469,
18,
1097,
431,
5536,
430,
6122,
394,
2702,
3194,
1166,
16,
288,
6122,
394,
2702,
16,
4002,
16,
434,
868,
10867,
332,
16,
2036,
289,
2267,
87,
6293,
79,
306,
743,
8951,
30,
330,
10284,
7193,
16,
724,
4118,
2328,
423,
292,
6632,
615,
1550,
291,
4800,
5102,
18,
906,
261,
9706,
341,
268,
8719,
2661,
16,
1020,
615,
1052,
664,
2568,
365,
9759,
900,
2388,
2543,
16,
261,
284,
300,
1556,
963,
1229,
10814,
3245,
419,
261,
522,
18,
55,
18,
7174,
5175,
282,
16,
10867,
332,
4214,
615,
1052,
292,
5574,
689,
650,
850,
579,
2066,
289,
3583,
292,
268,
1718,
18,
203,
42,
5711,
3514,
2614,
5480,
1615,
203,
56,
73,
492,
332,
650,
666,
4118,
2328,
423,
288,
444,
10845,
3419,
30,
4500,
608,
4421,
375,
327,
261,
1312,
5574,
2783,
18,
343,
638,
268,
1832,
289,
5376,
8409,
743,
6076,
8194,
16,
991,
7556,
1333,
2711,
360,
5689,
16,
518,
16,
649,
362,
1974,
1190,
292,
362,
16,
316,
3244,
2555,
203,
2422,
271,
1018,
1211,
16,
8194,
10734,
336,
1052,
5574,
2711,
502,
698,
767,
291,
360,
6098,
502,
5789,
1350,
5177,
18,
6024,
265,
416,
374,
690,
465,
89,
3477,
4686,
336,
8549,
11292,
716,
767,
971,
1052,
356,
4973,
360,
597,
1515,
16,
518,
528,
268,
3211,
3145,
289,
303,
1074,
1842,
512,
6025,
5729,
18,
991,
7508,
502,
5574,
1011,
586,
16,
502,
3707,
576,
9142,
3203,
1353,
4686,
18,
203,
11207,
10577,
1052,
628,
289,
444,
5829,
9278,
375,
525,
6788,
6427,
1826,
18,
450,
465,
89,
3477,
743,
1280,
16,
1353,
4524,
336,
579,
289,
268,
710,
4149,
4118,
2328,
423,
7496,
427,
1052,
650,
10662,
292,
689,
289,
261,
865,
5201,
18,
9983,
16,
10867,
332,
528,
4214,
1139,
2303,
289,
1052,
292,
5574,
1196,
3333,
332,
16,
518,
615,
1052,
7623,
986,
288,
473,
323,
673,
971,
502,
11,
72,
850,
3064,
5584,
360,
629,
1473,
18,
991,
4077,
743,
608,
6576,
622,
288,
268,
1686,
331,
261,
3881,
2373,
3203,
431,
1977,
18,
991,
1461,
1052,
664,
1775,
792,
1600,
286,
430,
667,
2910,
629,
1164,
483,
356,
2555,
203,
9079,
348,
1524,
331,
3899,
4889,
2275,
203,
44,
387,
356,
579,
10636,
2737,
331,
11396,
4118,
2328,
423,
636,
723,
5511,
1200,
30,
203,
10651,
90,
496,
268,
5574,
5469,
18,
450,
90,
674,
261,
1164,
443,
10158,
292,
268,
3660,
360,
1432,
3888,
292,
268,
4985,
18,
4507,
289,
2054,
268,
1164,
443,
1888,
261,
8762,
718,
16,
2379,
268,
1052,
292,
5574,
1547,
361,
954,
18,
203,
52,
4528,
470,
331,
268,
10158,
743,
3487,
419,
3254,
1052,
268,
2921,
858,
6212,
2212,
291,
1591,
2212,
18,
7092,
1052,
1408,
261,
2455,
289,
2212,
502,
513,
2379,
288,
363,
8134,
17,
266,
1544,
16,
291,
1938,
622,
292,
1071,
4686,
341,
268,
10158,
743,
5729,
18,
2122,
1032,
16,
2379,
268,
1052,
292,
1868,
667,
444,
4388,
6680,
289,
268,
2067,
2973,
360,
268,
4741,
5574,
16,
291,
3357,
608,
723,
3692,
858,
2631,
4207,
5483,
289,
268,
3800,
291,
268,
10158,
743,
2891,
18,
4271,
911,
525,
666,
268,
5574,
352,
261,
7117,
281,
17,
4710,
1813,
331,
4618,
1543,
3589,
18,
1367,
1850,
292,
437,
1052,
3562,
10550,
17,
10955,
6077,
292,
268,
10158,
430,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
9706,
18,
203,
37,
8812,
341,
268,
8858,
316,
292,
787,
674,
1391,
361,
1958,
689,
292,
268,
3660,
360,
865,
7255,
341,
261,
2324,
3800,
18,
6626,
1052,
292,
5060,
2212,
331,
1011,
5574,
2783,
16,
1023,
1888,
622,
2725,
3373,
292,
5581,
11292,
360,
1011,
1164,
443,
288,
1139,
2303,
18,
4271,
375,
2538,
444,
4224,
288,
577,
11963,
738,
5604,
18,
203,
44,
1284,
1052,
5574,
291,
7104,
18,
7092,
268,
1280,
2423,
261,
1374,
1060,
5574,
5469,
18,
4271,
513,
1023,
5581,
11292,
291,
3562,
1190,
268,
5729,
352,
10452,
18,
900,
375,
525,
2847,
268,
11292,
291,
1408,
2052,
817,
2322,
340,
18,
2122,
502,
6673,
5199,
268,
11292,
16,
1052,
375,
2538,
268,
710,
11582,
361,
1275,
7090,
5729,
288,
1139,
2303,
995,
1280,
669,
18,
3574,
16,
288,
2303,
16,
502,
375,
1408,
2205,
81,
2659,
289,
1011,
5574,
291,
1868,
768,
268,
11292,
5536,
622,
608,
268,
2783,
18,
203,
9079,
1425,
268,
1707,
18,
1122,
2295,
270,
4118,
1550,
2830,
291,
292,
804,
622,
919,
512,
6664,
331,
424,
1052,
16,
1089,
629,
2845,
30,
203,
17,
450,
90,
674,
261,
1164,
443,
292,
268,
3660,
650,
528,
1432,
3888,
292,
268,
4985,
291,
2083,
667,
292,
5581,
363,
5574,
18,
4386,
268,
2282,
16,
1517,
628,
268,
2212,
337,
1200,
292,
2379,
16,
291,
2538,
622,
360,
268,
1052,
18,
2388,
1080,
628,
268,
5574,
5001,
16,
885,
5566,
2212,
336,
268,
2783,
2369,
2142,
8175,
409,
84,
691,
291,
4654,
1089,
17,
987,
2212,
336,
1631,
292,
1710,
18,
2122,
1032,
16,
2379,
268,
1052,
292,
5590,
268,
5574,
18,
540,
2483,
513,
617,
1052,
901,
444,
4647,
2212,
352,
261,
3233,
16,
462,
261,
7239,
88,
18,
203,
17,
2122,
5930,
363,
2922,
2783,
16,
268,
1052,
5581,
268,
5574,
1001,
261,
7481,
3123,
18,
421,
45,
4802,
1520,
11852,
331,
11001,
2847,
332,
31,
2644,
627,
4252,
1139,
1683,
11938,
361,
11913,
331,
5192,
3731,
203,
17,
2122,
817,
1696,
281,
268,
5574,
817,
10292,
16,
1052,
375,
1500,
658,
268,
2631,
291,
2423,
4702,
336,
648,
1089,
17,
987,
18,
900,
375,
1023,
5581,
291,
817,
9309,
261,
1901,
5574,
18,
6024,
265,
416,
374,
690,
465,
89,
3477,
1977,
1353,
7623,
2693,
817,
1696,
281,
830,
303,
1074,
297,
7422,
504,
427,
954,
1052,
16,
566,
362,
743,
5322,
628,
292,
327,
261,
5230,
18,
991,
45,
1779,
362,
454,
2054,
292,
2402,
3757,
16,
291,
525,
4356,
2315,
291,
6700,
362,
454,
268,
2247,
289,
2711,
502,
664,
5790,
608,
3203,
1353,
5528,
18,
203,
17,
4271,
937,
297,
444,
817,
2322,
340,
291,
8875,
4816,
2513,
419,
8259,
268,
710,
11582,
385,
533,
364,
3350,
291,
10607,
622,
18,
421,
58,
320,
374,
359,
332,
356,
970,
4374,
288,
456,
669,
17,
6039,
7374,
833,
3731,
203,
17,
3797,
10184,
361,
6077,
292,
444,
8783,
16,
2379,
1052,
292,
5295,
341,
444,
4118,
2328,
423,
18,
948,
3245,
5729,
375,
327,
1930,
408,
4564,
331,
1079,
3067,
291,
1052,
18,
900,
375,
525,
617,
1210,
475,
1571,
4118,
1550,
2830,
18,
203,
17,
10368,
2898,
381,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1707,
419,
1086,
2793,
268,
4118,
2328,
423,
18,
1245,
5820,
16,
334,
6673,
2217,
576,
419,
805,
714,
11852,
427,
1683,
1637,
5794,
292,
6989,
291,
11041,
268,
4816,
2513,
636,
261,
2077,
18,
334,
6673,
525,
9463,
304,
2817,
289,
2237,
341,
518,
292,
804,
11392,
289,
268,
4816,
2513,
291,
1023,
3523,
691,
1052,
292,
1927,
268,
3310,
1875,
8950,
17,
1279,
3836,
18,
1507,
715,
16,
734,
261,
8773,
360,
261,
1683,
3409,
1677,
9750,
3272,
16,
445,
2808,
268,
3817,
288,
363,
4741,
2077,
1377,
5055,
334,
383,
486,
4114,
1399,
3374,
18,
203,
51,
411,
2737,
331,
5135,
268,
4118,
2328,
423,
360,
261,
3080,
5195,
1226,
3721,
7902,
1280,
361,
10452,
669,
292,
2568,
586,
1052,
11,
4118,
2328,
423,
16,
9470,
11392,
289,
268,
4816,
2513,
292,
1683,
2823,
291,
10030,
16,
361,
2435,
3660,
361,
10961,
4192,
764,
1585,
341,
268,
1707,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
261,
1289,
289,
5120,
1714,
292,
2948,
268,
4118,
2328,
423,
636,
733,
2830,
18,
6076,
8194,
743,
303,
11475,
17,
7608,
1052,
16,
331,
1214
] |
SEPTEMBER 2002 | EPI Book
Download the errata sheet for Inequality at the Starting Gate (Nov. 25, 2002).
Inequality at the starting gate
Social background differences in achievement as children begin school
by Valerie E. Lee and David T. Burkam, University of Michigan
Table of Contents
Relevant theory and research
How the report is organized
Chapter 1: Social and academic disadvantage as children enter kindergarten
Details of analyses
Descriptive findings about social background and cognitive status
Chapter 2: Young children’s social disadvantage and family activities
Home demographics and family activities
Social background and demographic characteristics
Chapter 3: Understanding how social disadvantage relates to academic status
Explaining social background effects on math achievement at kindergarten entry
Comparing social background gaps in math and reading achievement at kindergarten entry
Chapter 4: Social disadvantage and school quality
Social background and school sector
Social background and school social context
Social background and school resources
Social background and school environment
Chapter 5: Conclusions and policy recommendations
At the starting gate
Social policy considerations
Disadvantage and school quality
Appendix of Measures
A key goal of education is to make sure that every student has a chance to excel, both in school and in life. Increasingly, children’s success in school determines their success as adults, determining whether and where they go to college, what professions that they enter, and how much they are paid.
There are many factors preventing education from serving this role as “the great equalizer.” Schools serving low-income students receive fewer resources, face greater difficulties attracting qualified teachers, face many more challenges in addressing student’s needs, and receive less support from parents. This inequality of school quality is widely recognized.
But the inequalities facing children before they enter school are less publicized. We should expect schools to increase achievement for all students, regardless of race, income, class, and prior achievement. But it is unreasonable to expect schools to completely eliminate any large pre-existing inequalities soon after children first enter the education system, especially if those schools are under-funded and over-challenged.
This report shows that the inequalities of children’s cognitive ability are substantial right from “the starting gate.” Disadvantaged children start kindergarten with significantly lower cognitive skills than their more advantaged counterparts. These same disadvantaged children are then placed in low-resource schools, magnifying the initial inequality.
These conclusions are based on analysis of the U.S. Department of Education’s Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K)-a recent and comprehensive data collection effort that provides a nationally representative picture of kindergarten students. We report observed differences in young children’s achievement scores in literacy and mathematics by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) as they begin kindergarten. We also explore differences by social background in a wide array of children’s family and home conditions and activities. Our analysis leads to several conclusions relevant for education policy, including:
- There are substantial differences by race and ethnicity in children’s test scores as they begin kindergarten. Before even entering kindergarten, the average cognitive score of children in the highest SES group are 60% above the scores of the lowest SES group. Moreover, average math achievement is 21% lower for black than for whites, and 19% lower for Hispanics.
- Race and ethnicity are associated with SES. For example, 34% of black children and 29% of Hispanic children are in the lowest quintile of SES compared with only 9% of white children. Cognitive skills are much less closely related to race/ethnicity after accounting for SES. Even after taking race differences into account, however, children from different SES groups achieve at different levels.
- Family structure and educational expectations have important associations with SES, race/ethnicity, and with young children’s test scores, though their impacts on cognitive skills are much smaller than either race or SES. Although 15% of white children live with only one parent, 54% of black and 27% of Hispanic children live in single-parent homes. Similarly, 48% of families in the lowest SES quintile are headed by a single parent, compared to only 10% of families in the highest quintile.
- Socioeconomic status is quite strongly related to cognitive skills. Of the many categories of factors considered-including race/ethnicity, family educational expectations, access to quality child care, home reading, computer use, and television habits-SES accounts for more of the unique variation in cognitive scores than any other factor by far. Entering race/ethnic differences are substantially explained by these other factors; SES differences are reduced but remain sizeable.
- Low-SES children begin school at kindergarten in systematically lower-quality elementary schools than their more advantaged counterparts. However school quality is defined-in terms of higher student achievement, more school resources, more qualified teachers, more positive teacher attitudes, better neighborhood or school conditions, private vs. public schools-the least advantaged U.S. children begin their formal schooling in consistently lower-quality schools. This reinforces the inequalities that develop even before children reach school age.
These new data are some of the most detailed ever collected for the study of children’s characteristics as they enter kindergarten. And the results are clear-disadvantaged children fall behind at a very early age, before they ever enter a classroom. Schools must be held accountable for raising achievement for all students, but this may not eliminate initial inequalities. However, initial inequalities should not be magnified by the schooling process.
There is also some evidence in the report about how these initial inequalities can be reduced. Chi
ldren who attended center-based preschool arrive at kindergarten with higher achievement, providing the potential to reduce inequality by the time students reach kindergarten. Also, reducing the inequality of school resources, which this study clearly documents, would aid in reducing the inequality that children and schools face at the starting gate.
Inequality at School Entry
Americans’ beliefs about education are inconsistent. We recognize, on the one hand, that children neither begin nor end their education on an equal footing. On the other hand, Americans simultaneously believe that schools are places where social inequalities should be equalized, where the advantages or disadvantages that children experience in their homes and families should not determine what happens to them in school-in essence, that school is a place where children should have equal chances to make the most of their potential. There is widespread faith among Americans in the value of education for social betterment, for both individuals and the nation. Among the many institutions in U.S. society, schooling is seen by most Americans as the embodiment of meritocracy. They believe-or at least hope-that children’s experiences in our nation’s elementary and secondary schools allow them to succeed without regard to their family circumstances, their race or ethnicity, or their gender.
Despite widespread faith in the role of schooling to address or ameliorate social inequalities,we should recognize that our nation’s schools actually play a major role in magnifying such inequalities. For example, it is common knowledge that children’s school performance, including scores on standardized tests of academic achievement, is associated with their family background, particularly race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Several social scientists have written about how schools structure inequality, so that social differences in achievement actually increase as a result of children’s participation in differentiated educational experiences as they move through school.
The focus of this report is inequality. We explore social differences in academic competence among young children at the point at which they begin school. As many researchers have noted, the need to document and understand these differences has become increasingly clear in recent years:
Two important indicators of success of a society are the level of literacy of its children and youth, and the extent of disparities in literacy skills among children and youth with differing characteristics and family backgrounds. These indicators are markers of how investments of material, social and cultural resources made during the past decade have been translated into skills and competencies in the present generation: they denote the success of families, schools, and communities in producing a literate society. (Willms 1999, 72)
Rather than targeting their educational experiences in school, this report centers on social differentiation in children’s cognitive status at the point where they arrive at the schoolhouse door. Young children do not begin school as equals. Although many children have informal educational experiences early in their lives-in preschool, Head Start, or child care-kindergarten is the point where virtually all children begin their formal education. Although the age when children enroll in kindergarten is close to constant (typically, 5 years old), their cognitive status when they begin kindergarten varies considerably. Unfortunately, this status, which might be measured with appropriate tests of skills and knowledge, is associated with family background. In this report we use the U.S. government’s most current and nationally representative data, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort, to explore how American children’s social background (particularly race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, or SES) is linked with their cognitive status as they all embark on their formal school experience.
Relevant Theory and Research
Risk factors for school failure. Children’s early experiences in school represent an “especially critical but generally neglected period in research on child development” (Alexander and Entwistle 1989, 1). Among those who do investigate early schooling, there is considerable and long-standing debate about whether social background differences in school performance are a result of “cultural deprivation” (also called “social deprivation”) or “educational deprivation” (Natriello, McDill, and Pallas 1990). Current language that has considerable support among educational sociologists includes descriptors such as “at risk” and “educational disadvantage.”
But casting the debate in these terms may actually inhibit individuals from fulfilling their potential (Fantini and Weinstein 1968). Factors defining risk or educational disadvantage include race and ethnicity, poverty, single-parent family structure, poorly educated mothers, and limited English proficiency (Natriello et al. 1990). Although a study of Baltimore school children found few race differences in children’s performance at entry into first grade (Entwisle, Alexander, and Olson 1997), other research using data from the National Assessment for Educational Progress (NAEP) has documented substantial differences by race for elementary school children (e.g., Applebee et al. 1988), and at least one study documents substantial cognitive differences between black and white children at as early as three and four years old (Jencks and Phillips 1998). Natriello et al. (1990) estimate that about 40% of school-age children are “at risk.”
Although other researchers estimate slightly lower proportions-and there is some disagreement about exactly what factors constitute risk-virtually all agree that the proportion of the school population that is at risk of school failure is growing. Although large numbers of children have trouble learning to read, such difficulties are much more likely to occur among poor children, non-white children, and non-native speakers of English (Snow, Burns, and Griffin 1998). Virtually all researchers agree that social background factors are associated with school success. Moreover, there is general agreement that social stratification in educational outcomes increases as children move through school (Entwisle et al. 1997; Phillips, Crouse, and Ralph 1998). Social inequalities in school increase as children advance through school mainly because of differentiation in educational experiences that begin as early as first grade (with reading groups, special education placement, and retention), extend through elementary school (as ability grouping, special education, and gifted and talented programs continue), and are well recognized by high school (with formal and informal tracking, advanced placement, and the like).
Despite many studies that have resulted in widespread agreement that social background influences children’s educational experiences and successes, the association between family background and cognitive performance at the point where children enter school has received less empirical scrutiny. Many studies have evaluated the efficacy of preschool programs designed to enhance the cognitive and social competence of disadvantaged children (such as Head Start and state-financed preschool programs for low-income children). Many other studies have targeted the experiences of children in elementary school who have already demonstrated educational problems.
Social background and young children’s development. A few carefully designed studies have focused on very young children’s development of l
anguage skills (e.g., Hart and Risley 1995; Huttenlocher, Haight, Bryk, and Seltzer 1991). Such studies often require repeated and regular observations in children’s homes to investigate family dynamics that are associated with infants’ and toddlers’ vocabulary development. These studies demonstrate quite conclusively that mothers’ speech (its frequency, elaboration, and verbal interchanges with children) is closely linked to young children’s vocabulary development. Moreover, early vocabulary development is strongly associated with later school performance. One study, in which researchers observed mother-child interactions every month for the first two years of children’s lives, concluded that the elaboration of mothers’ language interactions with their young children was strongly differentiated by social class (Hart and Risley 1995). Moreover, socially linked language development observed in very young children was found to be quite stable throughout elementary school (i.e., schooling did not ameliorate these socially based language differences developed in infancy). Intergenerational transmission of language was substantial.
Socioeconomic gradients for children and youth. Several relevant articles in a recent international and multidisciplinary volume explore the strength and variation in socioeconomic gradients, or slopes (e.g., Brooks-Gunn, Duncan, and Britto 1999; Case, Griffin, and Kelly 1999; Willms 1999). Case et al. explore SES differences in numerical competency that emerge at the same time that differences in biological and/or neurological development lead to differential higher-order cognitive functioning. Using international data, Willms observes that countries with high average literacy scores among youth tend to have shallow gradients, that is, youth from lower socioeconomic backgrounds also demonstrate relatively high literacy. Furthermore, he offers additional evidence to support the essential link between SES effects and context (including family, community, and schools) that results from “segregating low-status groups from mainstream society…by their place of residence in most cities worldwide” (Willms 1999, 90).
Brooks-Gunn and her colleagues found certain large (albeit selective) associations between family income and children’s attainment:
Most noteworthy is the importance of the type of outcome being considered. Family income has large effects on some of the children’s ability and achievement measures, but large effects on none of the behavior, mental health, or physical health measures represented by the dozen developmental studies (1999, 107).
Moreover, they contend that very poor children are especially disadvantaged, far more than children at or just above the poverty threshold.
Two especially relevant studies. A recent study by Phillips, Brooks-Gunn, Duncan, Klebenov, and Crane (1998) is particularly relevant to the research in this report. There are three similarities between this report and theirs: (1) both focus on children of about the same age, (2) both examine how children’s cognitive performance is associated with social background, (3) both aim to explain the link between social background and cognitive performance by other family factors. Although Phillips and her colleagues (1998) used different data and different measures of family background, they examined the magnitudes of black/white test-score gaps on two different measures of cognitive performance for 5- and 6-year-olds and how those gaps were influenced by taking into account measures of family background (including that of grandparents), parents’ attitudes and behaviors, and mothers’ IQ and school performance. Initial score differences by race were greatly reduced when these factors were controlled. The study described in this report takes a similar approach.
A study by Stipek and Ryan (1997) is also especially relevant to this report, mostly in terms of the first two of the three similarities shared with the Phillips et al. (1998) study. A difference from the study by Phillips and colleagues is that the Stipek and Ryan study focused on the social background factor of SES instead of race. However, besides examining cognitive performance as children begin kindergarten, these researchers explored such outcomes as performance gain, self-confidence, attitudes toward school, expectations for success, and preference for challenge. Although economically disadvantaged children scored lower on initial cognitive performance, SES-related differences remained steady over the first two years of school. Moreover, there were few differences related to disadvantage on other outcomes.
How the Report is Organized
As the title implies, this report is about social inequality. We focus on children who are at risk for school failure, based on several aspects of their social backgrounds (particularly race and social class). However, instead of focusing on schooling per se, we target children at an important stage of their intellectual and social development: the point at which all of them begin their formal schooling in kindergarten. We make use of an important new source of data on a nationally representative sample of kindergarten children to examine how social disadvantage is associated with cognitive skills in reading and mathematics. Our organization of the report around young children’s performance on standardized tests of academic achievement suggests its important connection to education, although we do not explore children’s experience or performance in school. The report is organized into five chapters, and although none is tied directly to children’s experiences in school, the analysis in each successive chapter moves closer to school. The chapters build on one another, and analyses in successive chapters also become somewhat more complex analytically.
Chapter 1, which is descriptive, examines the magnitude of social background differences in cognitive skills, as well as the association between race and social class among these children. Chapter 2 links social background to other aspects of family demographic characteristics and behavior. Chapter 3 examines whether (and how) the link between social background and cognitive status may be “explained” by taking into account the aspects of children’s family behaviors and demographic characteristics explored in the previous chapter. This approach is similar to that taken by Phillips, Brooks-Gunn, and their colleagues (1998). Chapter 4 comes closer to considering schooling and investigates how children are mapped to the types of elementary schools where they attend kindergarten, based again on their social backgrounds. In particular, we define the schools according to an array of school quality indicators. In Chapter 5, we discuss possible implications of our results for social policy.
To listen to a news conference with the authors and other experts on early childhood education and equality, click here. | <urn:uuid:af52705f-32ef-4017-bead-8de1aa8f9784> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.epi.org/publication/books_starting_gate/ | 2024-02-21T11:36:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.959295 | 3,874 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
7225,
5183,
4333,
38,
2798,
9708,
869,
416,
5766,
6676,
203,
40,
871,
3400,
268,
1827,
86,
776,
6800,
331,
450,
3168,
941,
430,
268,
5550,
281,
461,
381,
421,
50,
878,
18,
3457,
16,
9708,
802,
203,
45,
707,
5279,
430,
268,
4089,
9177,
203,
55,
10637,
4247,
3692,
288,
8698,
352,
1024,
1980,
1166,
203,
2330,
4145,
265,
545,
416,
18,
10692,
291,
5899,
307,
18,
7231,
79,
348,
16,
1832,
289,
9960,
203,
56,
541,
289,
11545,
203,
8594,
3907,
438,
3580,
291,
922,
203,
6724,
268,
1627,
316,
6469,
203,
5139,
4506,
433,
30,
4081,
291,
3965,
7772,
369,
352,
1024,
2989,
2066,
11632,
203,
40,
73,
358,
1727,
289,
10978,
203,
40,
274,
2322,
656,
4224,
608,
1234,
4247,
291,
4085,
3985,
203,
5139,
4506,
497,
30,
8845,
1024,
372,
87,
1234,
7772,
369,
291,
1588,
1740,
203,
44,
436,
1262,
2210,
1067,
291,
1588,
1740,
203,
55,
10637,
4247,
291,
1262,
5495,
3869,
203,
5139,
4506,
777,
30,
3793,
667,
1234,
7772,
369,
711,
692,
292,
3965,
3985,
203,
9079,
476,
1441,
1234,
4247,
1814,
341,
3037,
8698,
430,
2066,
11632,
6791,
203,
39,
1416,
1818,
1234,
4247,
8441,
288,
3037,
291,
2568,
8698,
430,
2066,
11632,
6791,
203,
5139,
4506,
988,
30,
4081,
7772,
369,
291,
1166,
1630,
203,
55,
10637,
4247,
291,
1166,
4135,
203,
55,
10637,
4247,
291,
1166,
1234,
3558,
203,
55,
10637,
4247,
291,
1166,
1793,
203,
55,
10637,
4247,
291,
1166,
1072,
203,
5139,
4506,
1016,
30,
1161,
9645,
291,
3079,
5903,
203,
11238,
268,
4089,
9177,
203,
55,
10637,
3079,
7651,
203,
40,
277,
6885,
369,
291,
1166,
1630,
203,
37,
398,
593,
1156,
289,
2172,
10585,
203,
37,
1558,
3114,
289,
1637,
316,
292,
804,
1850,
336,
953,
2443,
528,
261,
3961,
292,
1870,
306,
16,
1079,
288,
1166,
291,
288,
943,
18,
6202,
1625,
325,
16,
1024,
372,
87,
1577,
288,
1166,
10461,
444,
1577,
352,
3351,
16,
7078,
2026,
291,
853,
502,
679,
292,
4906,
16,
768,
1174,
5109,
336,
502,
2989,
16,
291,
667,
1111,
502,
356,
5826,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
772,
1802,
4888,
1637,
427,
6914,
456,
1476,
352,
538,
1381,
1312,
4458,
5607,
1053,
10287,
6914,
1488,
17,
9743,
1052,
3273,
6132,
1793,
16,
2425,
2796,
6644,
3339,
4252,
9189,
3067,
16,
2425,
772,
512,
2219,
288,
5693,
2443,
372,
87,
1470,
16,
291,
3273,
1165,
1105,
427,
2463,
18,
540,
10209,
289,
1166,
1630,
316,
4004,
5447,
18,
203,
11207,
268,
7162,
7482,
6232,
1024,
1134,
502,
2989,
1166,
356,
1165,
1376,
963,
18,
924,
788,
3176,
2823,
292,
1643,
8698,
331,
516,
1052,
16,
6779,
289,
5201,
16,
3871,
16,
1280,
16,
291,
2676,
8698,
18,
1163,
362,
316,
543,
267,
1431,
541,
292,
3176,
2823,
292,
3686,
6500,
723,
1452,
561,
17,
1389,
2529,
7162,
7482,
3444,
1003,
1024,
855,
2989,
268,
1637,
892,
16,
1803,
717,
1014,
2823,
356,
1064,
17,
74,
1096,
286,
291,
658,
17,
355,
1282,
2292,
18,
203,
4326,
1627,
2746,
336,
268,
7162,
7482,
289,
1024,
372,
87,
4085,
1882,
356,
7060,
1328,
427,
538,
1381,
4089,
9177,
1053,
2080,
6885,
2292,
1024,
1236,
2066,
11632,
360,
3105,
1898,
4085,
1607,
687,
444,
512,
2736,
2292,
4459,
10818,
18,
948,
1162,
7772,
2292,
1024,
356,
1023,
4087,
288,
1488,
17,
379,
1445,
2823,
16,
4275,
5005,
268,
4388,
10209,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
10880,
356,
1585,
341,
2286,
289,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
3968,
289,
3725,
372,
87,
5976,
3188,
2700,
5801,
297,
1327,
1420,
7378,
16,
696,
578,
11632,
351,
1390,
442,
421,
4665,
9231,
17,
47,
13,
17,
69,
2650,
291,
3724,
863,
3792,
3620,
336,
1956,
261,
3501,
523,
10191,
4378,
289,
2066,
11632,
1052,
18,
924,
1627,
4626,
3692,
288,
2129,
1024,
372,
87,
8698,
9003,
288,
7303,
291,
8128,
419,
5201,
16,
6928,
380,
16,
291,
9338,
9305,
3985,
421,
55,
3214,
13,
352,
502,
1980,
2066,
11632,
18,
924,
525,
2408,
3692,
419,
1234,
4247,
288,
261,
2816,
7376,
289,
1024,
372,
87,
1588,
291,
1311,
1533,
291,
1740,
18,
2658,
2286,
4198,
292,
1520,
10880,
3888,
331,
1637,
3079,
16,
1118,
30,
203,
17,
994,
356,
7060,
3692,
419,
5201,
291,
6928,
380,
288,
1024,
372,
87,
1265,
9003,
352,
502,
1980,
2066,
11632,
18,
4386,
919,
8034,
2066,
11632,
16,
268,
2964,
4085,
6864,
289,
1024,
288,
268,
4406,
343,
3214,
1730,
356,
4306,
9,
2159,
268,
9003,
289,
268,
9590,
343,
3214,
1730,
18,
4553,
16,
2964,
3037,
8698,
316,
4440,
9,
1898,
331,
2541,
687,
331,
342,
2154,
16,
291,
789,
9,
1898,
331,
1869,
5301,
1067,
18,
203,
17,
434,
570,
291,
6928,
380,
356,
2062,
360,
343,
3214,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
11786,
9,
289,
2541,
1024,
291,
6851,
9,
289,
1869,
5301,
300,
1024,
356,
288,
268,
9590,
626,
263,
5302,
289,
343,
3214,
2973,
360,
794,
1717,
9,
289,
2398,
1024,
18,
351,
3584,
1607,
356,
1111,
1165,
5181,
2336,
292,
5201,
19,
1983,
5530,
380,
1003,
7450,
331,
343,
3214,
18,
3142,
1003,
2265,
5201,
3692,
636,
3060,
16,
2281,
16,
1024,
427,
865,
343,
3214,
2303,
2446,
430,
865,
1506,
18,
203,
17,
7421,
2214,
291,
3409,
6680,
437,
851,
11283,
360,
343,
3214,
16,
5201,
19,
1983,
5530,
380,
16,
291,
360,
2129,
1024,
372,
87,
1265,
9003,
16,
1417,
444,
3960,
341,
4085,
1607,
356,
1111,
3513,
687,
2447,
5201,
361,
343,
3214,
18,
2696,
2063,
9,
289,
2398,
1024,
2180,
360,
794,
597,
5463,
16,
1016,
24,
9,
289,
2541,
291,
5778,
9,
289,
1869,
5301,
300,
1024,
2180,
288,
2324,
17,
84,
4243,
3872,
18,
7667,
16,
9824,
9,
289,
3286,
288,
268,
9590,
343,
3214,
626,
263,
5302,
356,
1747,
286,
419,
261,
2324,
5463,
16,
2973,
292,
794,
1474,
9,
289,
3286,
288,
268,
4406,
626,
263,
5302,
18,
203,
17,
2665,
981,
9305,
3985,
316,
3293,
8116,
2336,
292,
4085,
1607,
18,
2721,
268,
772,
6707,
289,
1802,
2221,
17,
9018,
5201,
19,
1983,
5530,
380,
16,
1588,
3409,
6680,
16,
1310,
292,
1630,
739,
1066,
16,
1311,
2568,
16,
2496,
666,
16,
291,
9214,
4585,
17,
55,
3214,
5483,
331,
512,
289,
268,
2070,
8812,
288,
4085,
9003,
687,
723,
586,
3488,
419,
1904,
18,
952,
5339,
5201,
19,
1983,
5530,
3692,
356,
5557,
523,
5892,
419,
629,
586,
1802,
31,
343,
3214,
3692,
356,
3544,
566,
3406,
2155,
541,
18,
203,
17,
6638,
17,
55,
3214,
1024,
1980,
1166,
430,
2066,
11632,
288,
892,
4450,
1898,
17,
5279,
11280,
2823,
687,
444,
512,
2736,
2292,
4459,
10818,
18,
1121,
1166,
1630,
316,
4486,
17,
263,
2560,
289,
1797,
2443,
8698,
16,
512,
1166,
1793,
16,
512,
9189,
3067,
16,
512,
2262,
3898,
9285,
16,
1326,
8085,
361,
1166,
1533,
16,
3397,
6138,
18,
1376,
2823,
17,
1381,
2144,
2736,
2292,
522,
18,
55,
18,
1024,
1980,
444,
5979,
1166,
281,
288,
8270,
1898,
17,
5279,
2823,
18,
540,
9452,
607,
268,
7162,
7482,
336,
709,
919,
1134,
1024,
1943,
1166,
1722,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
733,
863,
356,
579,
289,
268,
710,
4796,
2577,
5351,
331,
268,
1147,
289,
1024,
372,
87,
3869,
352,
502,
2989,
2066,
11632,
18,
1256,
268,
1826,
356,
1763,
17,
9837,
6885,
2292,
1024,
2341,
2976,
430,
261,
1040,
1568,
1722,
16,
1134,
502,
2577,
2989,
261,
3660,
18,
10287,
1204,
327,
3647,
4481,
1576,
331,
8011,
8698,
331,
516,
1052,
16,
566,
456,
602,
462,
6500,
4388,
7162,
7482,
18,
1121,
16,
4388,
7162,
7482,
788,
462,
327,
4275,
2234,
419,
268,
1166,
281,
833,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
525,
579,
2495,
288,
268,
1627,
608,
667,
629,
4388,
7162,
7482,
375,
327,
3544,
18,
654,
77,
203,
414,
591,
650,
430,
2741,
3795,
17,
2127,
10476,
11196,
430,
2066,
11632,
360,
1797,
8698,
16,
2352,
268,
1439,
292,
1590,
10209,
419,
268,
669,
1052,
1943,
2066,
11632,
18,
3337,
16,
2860,
268,
10209,
289,
1166,
1793,
16,
518,
456,
1147,
4859,
5545,
16,
830,
4282,
288,
2860,
268,
10209,
336,
1024,
291,
2823,
2425,
430,
268,
4089,
9177,
18,
203,
45,
707,
5279,
430,
3053,
952,
891,
203,
8687,
504,
372,
5787,
608,
1637,
356,
490,
625,
6153,
18,
924,
4726,
16,
341,
268,
597,
1129,
16,
336,
1024,
8667,
1980,
3112,
1199,
444,
1637,
341,
363,
4458,
3130,
281,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
4104,
8779,
2979,
336,
2823,
356,
3508,
853,
1234,
7162,
7482,
788,
327,
4458,
963,
16,
853,
268,
4576,
361,
11869,
336,
1024,
1432,
288,
444,
3872,
291,
3286,
788,
462,
2747,
768,
4301,
292,
622,
288,
1166,
17,
263,
8561,
16,
336,
1166,
316,
261,
1349,
853,
1024,
788,
437,
4458,
6094,
292,
804,
268,
710,
289,
444,
1439,
18,
994,
316,
6394,
4780,
1694,
4104,
288,
268,
2003,
289,
1637,
331,
1234,
1326,
367,
16,
331,
1079,
1578,
291,
268,
3501,
18,
6705,
268,
772,
4422,
288,
522,
18,
55,
18,
2429,
16,
1166,
281,
316,
2279,
419,
710,
4104,
352,
268,
3612,
370,
5284,
289,
4446,
3384,
984,
1495,
18,
900,
2979,
17,
283,
430,
2144,
3571,
17,
8891,
1024,
372,
87,
2891,
288,
662,
3501,
372,
87,
11280,
291,
5900,
2823,
1059,
622,
292,
7546,
1298,
2521,
292,
444,
1588,
5523,
16,
444,
5201,
361,
6928,
380,
16,
361,
444,
4146,
18,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
6394,
4780,
288,
268,
1476,
289,
1166,
281,
292,
1750,
361,
792,
306,
1104,
381,
1234,
7162,
7482,
16,
2878,
788,
4726,
336,
662,
3501,
372,
87,
2823,
2545,
1152,
261,
1670,
1476,
288,
4275,
5005,
659,
7162,
7482,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
362,
316,
1112,
1772,
336,
1024,
372,
87,
1166,
2156,
16,
1118,
9003,
341,
2786,
963,
3265,
289,
3965,
8698,
16,
316,
2062,
360,
444,
1588,
4247,
16,
2467,
5201,
16,
6928,
380,
16,
291,
9338,
9305,
3985,
18,
7138,
1234,
3152,
437,
3245,
608,
667,
2823,
2214,
10209,
16,
576,
336,
1234,
3692,
288,
8698,
2545,
1643,
352,
261,
1636,
289,
1024,
372,
87,
6571,
288,
7790,
488,
3409,
2891,
352,
502,
1454,
734,
1166,
18,
203,
1461,
1459,
289,
456,
1627,
316,
10209,
18,
924,
2408,
1234,
3692,
288,
3965,
6173,
514,
1694,
2129,
1024,
430,
268,
1813,
430,
518,
502,
1980,
1166,
18,
760,
772,
2360,
437,
5411,
16,
268,
648,
292,
3190,
291,
992,
629,
3692,
528,
1343,
4361,
1763,
288,
2650,
935,
30,
203,
56,
91,
83,
851,
9136,
289,
1577,
289,
261,
2429,
356,
268,
966,
289,
7303,
289,
606,
1024,
291,
5237,
16,
291,
268,
5571,
289,
10064,
647,
288,
7303,
1607,
1694,
1024,
291,
5237,
360,
728,
281,
3869,
291,
1588,
10545,
18,
948,
9136,
356,
1471,
332,
289,
667,
7445,
289,
1193,
16,
1234,
291,
2694,
1793,
1146,
995,
268,
2323,
6652,
437,
712,
11567,
636,
1607,
291,
6173,
3195,
288,
268,
1487,
4015,
30,
502,
4327,
1623,
268,
1577,
289,
3286,
16,
2823,
16,
291,
2552,
288,
5519,
261,
2717,
381,
2429,
18,
421,
59,
399,
507,
10591,
16,
1499,
22,
13,
203,
54,
1116,
687,
2886,
281,
444,
3409,
2891,
288,
1166,
16,
456,
1627,
6637,
341,
1234,
7790,
318,
288,
1024,
372,
87,
4085,
3985,
430,
268,
1813,
853,
502,
11196,
430,
268,
1166,
3926,
6436,
18,
8845,
1024,
565,
462,
1980,
1166,
352,
1222,
645,
18,
2696,
772,
1024,
437,
895,
280,
3409,
2891,
1568,
288,
444,
2136,
17,
263,
10476,
16,
8177,
5550,
16,
361,
739,
1066,
17,
9546,
11632,
316,
268,
1813,
853,
9874,
516,
1024,
1980,
444,
5979,
1637,
18,
2696,
268,
1722,
649,
1024,
403,
2250,
288,
2066,
11632,
316,
2828,
292,
3453,
421,
811,
1030,
16,
1016,
935,
1662,
989,
444,
4085,
3985,
649,
502,
1980,
2066,
11632,
7964,
1119,
2090,
18,
6555,
16,
456,
3985,
16,
518,
1276,
327,
5859,
360,
2922,
3265,
289,
1607,
291,
1772,
16,
316,
2062,
360,
1588,
4247,
18,
450,
456,
1627,
445,
666,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
1654,
372,
87,
710,
1619,
291,
3501,
523,
10191,
863,
16,
268,
5976,
3188,
2700,
5801,
297,
1327,
1420,
7378,
16,
696,
578,
11632,
351,
1390,
442,
16,
292,
2408,
667,
1781,
1024,
372,
87,
1234,
4247,
421,
1541,
410,
705,
325,
5201,
16,
6928,
380,
16,
291,
9338,
9305,
3985,
16,
361,
343,
3214,
13,
316,
4331,
360,
444,
4085,
3985,
352,
502,
516,
11628,
341,
444,
5979,
1166,
1432,
18,
203,
8594,
3907
] |
To ignore Murphy’s Law—“anything that can go wrong will go wrong”—while conducting flight operations on an aircraft carrier is a capital offense. As 30-ton jets hurtle off the bow, controlled-crash landings are made on the stern and exhausts blaze, the slightest misstep or malfunction can be fatal.
In October 1966, the USS Oriskany in the Gulf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast met disaster when a burning magnesium flare was tossed into a locker filled with flares and rocket warheads. Misfortune befell the USS Forrestal, also in the Gulf, in July 1967, when a rocket under the wing of a parked fighter burst on a crowded flight deck. In January 1969, a rocket aboard the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise off the coast of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was subjected to the heat of a jet engine starter, cooked off and sparked a chain reaction of explosions. In those three incidents, 206 American sailors died and 631 others were injured.
Government safety engineers had believed that strict safety and storage procedures on U.S. carriers would make explosive accidents merely a remote possibility. However, carelessness combined with unforeseen series of events meant that the possibility still remained. “There are 14 carriers in the fleet and I bet they have several fires a day when at sea,” estimated Lt. Cmdr. John Donnelly, executive officer of the U.S. Navy Damage Control Training Center, in a 1974 Popular Mechanics article. The Philadelphia facility was responsible for training sailors in damage control, including firefighting. “Fires have to be expected on a carrier,” Donnelly continued. “You can’t escape that fact—not with the overwhelming amount of fuel and explosives involved, mixing with carelessness and chance [with] 5,000 people living together in a relatively confined area.”
The Oriskany, dubbed “Mighty O,” was no stranger to accidents at sea. Off the coast of Korea in March 1953, an F4U-4 Corsair fighter landed with a bomb that fell off and exploded on touchdown. Pieces of shrapnel pierced several parked F9F-5 Panther jet fighters, whose punctured wingtip tanks poured burning fuel onto the hangar deck. Two sailors were killed and 15 wounded. However, firefighting crews prevented the flames from reaching any stored ordnance.
During the Oriskany’s second cruise off the coast of Vietnam, which began in July 1966, the carrier launched its five combat squadrons on nearly 8,000 sorties over four months. When Defense Secretary Robert McNamara noted after an Oct. 1 visit that crew members were exceeding Pentagon guidelines designed to prevent fatigue, Capt. John Iarrobino replied that mission demands forced him to disregard the guidelines. Just a few weeks later, the ship was about to sail for Hong Kong to give its crew a rest when the effects of overwork caught up with the Oriskany.
On the morning of Oct. 26, two apprentice airmen—George James, 18, and James Sider, 17—stowed 117 3-foot-long, 25-pound, cylindrical Mark 24 Mod 3 parachute flares. Neither man had been trained in the procedure nor supervised. Suddenly a flare’s safety lanyard snagged and detached, igniting the bright flare. Panicking and blinded by the in-tense, dazzling light of the burning Mark 24, Sider flung the flare into its storage locker, possibly hoping the lack of air in the case would smother the fire.
Unfortunately, the locker contained about 650 flares and 2¾-inch air-launched rockets, each containing a warhead of about 6 pounds. Within minutes the locker’s interior blazed at 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Explosions inside caused the steel bulkheads to sag and buckle. The hatch blew off.
Successive explosions scattered burning magnesium everywhere, filling the hangar bay with toxic smoke. Two parked helicopters caught fire as the 20 mm cannon ammunition in a nearby A-4 Skyhawk fighter started to burn. A looming threat was the multitude of bombs staged for loading around the hangar. As the fire intensified, the paint on the bombs blistered and peeled, and their fuze inlets started smoking. Firemen poured water over the bombs until they could be rolled overboard. “If the bombs had gone off,” an officer later told Life magazine, “we would have lost the ship.”
Water proved useless against the fire itself. Water breaks down into oxygen and flammable hydrogen in a heat of over 3,000 degrees. Magnesium burns at up to 5,600 degrees. Due to hydrogen in the air, the hoses of firefighters and automatic sprinklers literally fed the flames. Iarrobino headed Oriskany into the wind to blow the smoke clear, while trying not to feed the fire. He flooded the carrier’s magazines to prevent ordnance from exploding.
Down in the carrier’s bowels, men fought for their lives against insufferable heat and smoke. Exhausted pilots were asleep in their quarters when the air system pumped toxic fumes inside and asphyxiated them. Others failed in attempts to escape through smoky, flaming passageways.
Trapped in his quarters, Lt. Cmdr. Marvin Reynolds wrapped a wet blanket around himself and fumbled in the noxious dark for a wrench to open his porthole. “Now just take it easy,” he said to himself. “If you let this wrench slip and lose it in the smoke, you’ve bought the farm.” He put his head through the porthole for air until a sailor above passed a breathing mask and fire hose to him.
Cmdr. Richard Bellinger, leader of fighter squadron VF-162 and survivor of two dogfights with MiG fighters, ripped out his stateroom’s air conditioning unit mounted on the skin of the ship to get outside and escape the inferno, but then discovered that he had to strip naked before he could squeeze through the 18-inch opening onto the catwalk. According to some reports, he borrowed a flight suit or uniform and helped put out the fire.
Firemen poured water over the edges of the flames in the flare locker to keep them from spreading until the fire burned out, around mid-morning. Two flares in the locker never lit. Two others, and their wood packing crates, survived intact. So much water had been pumped aboard that scuba teams were required to rescue men trapped in the bottom of the ship.
Eight months later in the Gulf of Tonkin, the Forrestal, the first supercarrier designed specifically for jet aircraft, met a similar fate. Its flight crews flew 700 sorties in four days—so many that they ran low on streamlined modern low-drag bombs that packed huge explosive power. Capt. John Beling reluctantly accepted a load of decade-old AN-M65 “fat boy” thousand-pounders, blunt old bombs thin-skinned and rusty with age. They leaked Composition B, an explosive that becomes up to 50 percent more potent with age and is highly sensitive to shock and heat.
The bombs were on the deck July 29, 1967, shortly before 11 a.m., when a faulty launch circuit—which according to the Navy should not have been connected—released a 5-inch Mk-32 Zuni rocket from a F-4B Phantom II fighter parked starboard on the ship’s rear corner. The rocket flew straight through an A-4E Skyhawk without exploding before landing in the ocean, but on its way out the rocket punched open the jet’s fuel tank.
In normal circumstances, a lit match will not ignite the Navy’s primary jet fuel, JP-5, basically kerosene with a higher flashpoint than the JP-4 fuel used by the Air Force. Rocket and jet exhaust, however, are hot enough to set off JP-5, and once ignited the fuel can burn at up to 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit. With the carrier headed straight into the wind—standard launch procedure—the flames quickly spread to 10 nearby Skyhawks.
Damage-control teams went into action believing they had 10 minutes before the bombs on deck reached detonation temperature. However, the degraded Composition B explosive in the old bombs had become unstable. Only 96 seconds after the misfired rocket drilled the A-4 Skyhawk, one of the plane’s bombs cooked off.
Future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain was a lieutenant commander aboard the Forrestal in a Skyhawk parked next to the one that had been hit. “As I scrambled out of my aircraft and ran across the burning flight deck,” he recalled, “I watched as sailors carried hoses and extinguishers toward the flames. A moment later, the first bomb exploded, and those brave men were gone.”
The blast not only killed most of the lead firefighting crew and spattered blazing fuel across the deck but also blew a hole into the hangar bay. Within five minutes, nine major explosions shook the Forrestal, each spraying rescuers and aircraft with flames and fragments. Rockets and 20 mm cannon shells raked the deck. Ejection seats fired themselves. Skyhawk pilot Lt. Cmdr. Herb Hope escaped his plane and rolled off the flight deck into a safety net, then joined a damage control party below. “The port quarter of the flight deck, where I was,” he told them, “is no longer there.”
Some 40,000 gallons of leaked jet fuel poured through the Forrestal’s breached flight deck and filtered down three levels, deep into the ship. Everywhere the fuel went, fire followed. Most of the men in the damage-control parties were dead. Sailors with no firefighting training picked up the hoses because only half the ship’s crew, and none of the air wing, had been trained to fight fires.
“I watched them from the island [the structure housing the carrier’s towering command center],” one officer remembered. “They were having trouble. Fire had cut off plugs in the stern. Those amidships had developed pump problems. So the men had to haul hoses from the forward stations.”
A team spraying a fire-extinguishing foam was followed by men who hauled water hoses and inadvertently washed the foam away. Overzealous use of hoses also destroyed delicate and costly computer gear untouched by fire. The fire suppressant crew laid down a buffer zone of foam to keep flames from spreading to the carrier’s island and rolled some surviving planes forward. Planes below decks were brought up and moved to the bow as well.
By noon the fire on the flight deck was under control. Helicopters from the Oriskany, back in service, picked up men who had jumped or fallen overboard. The destroyers USS George K. MacKenzie and Rupertus came alongside to pick up wounded and unleash fresh hoses at the blaze. Divider doors sealed off the lower hangar bays. Eventually, the fire was contained and largely extinguished, but alarms went off for two more days.
“I lost track of time,” reported Chief Petty Officer Gerard G. Johnson, “but I do know I was still putting out fires when the ship pulled into Subic Bay in the Philippines.” After the Forrestal disaster, Navy crews were given more thorough damage-control training.
When a similar accident struck the Enterprise, 96 percent of the crew and 86 percent of the air wing had attended fire-fighting school. The Navy’s first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the Enterprise was the world’s largest ship when it was launched in September 1960. The carrier was preparing for a fourth tour of Vietnam when an explosion occurred the morning of the Jan. 14, 1969.
The carrier, conducting flight exercises about 70 miles southwest of Pearl Harbor, had a crowded deck of F-4 Phantoms and A-7 Corsair II bombers, each loaded with Zuni rocket pods and 500-pound Mk-82 bombs. At 8:18 a.m. an MD-3A “Huffer” aircraft engine starter was parked with its exhaust outlet only 2 feet from a rocket pod under a Phantom’s wing. At this short distance, the Huffer’s exhaust heat—at least 326 degrees and possibly as high as 590 degrees—was a fire hazard. The 15 pounds of Composition B in a Mk-32 Zuni rocket warhead detonates at 358 degrees.
No less than four crewmen recognized the threat but did nothing during the one minute and 18 seconds they had before a Zuni rocket exploded.
“We started hearing explosions and we saw the fantail of the ship was black with smoke and orange flames shooting out,” recalled Seaman Apprentice Jim Girafalco, on deck as a lookout. “I thought I was in a vortex of hell.”
The exploding rocket ruptured the aluminum external fuel tanks on the Phantom carrying it, along with the tanks on several aircraft parked nearby. With the carrier moving at a speed of 10 knots (about 12 mph) into a 19-knot headwind (22 mph), the spilled JP-5 whisked into vapor and immediately burst into flame. The 15 nearest aircraft had a total fuel load of 15,000 gallons. They had a combined weapons load of 30 500-pound bombs and 40 Zuni rockets, which began heating up as burning fuel flooded the flight deck.
Only 20 seconds after the first explosion, three additional rockets in the Phantom’s rocket pod fired into the deck. After three minutes in an open flame, the first bomb exploded and blew an 8-foot hole in the 2½-inch-thick armored flight deck. Worse, the explosion knocked out two pumps supplying a foam extinguishant and cut the hoses.
Petty Officer 3rd Class Frank Neumayer of Fighter Squadron VF-96 was knocked unconscious to the deck by the initial blast. He awoke, beat out his blazing clothing, tore off his melted goggles and saw the burning fuel closing in around him. “The roar of the fire was just horrendous,” he said later. “It just blotted out any other sound. The stench… was horrible.”
Neumayer dragged himself off the edge of the deck onto the catwalk below just before two 500-pound bombs went off 10 yards away from his previous position. He lost his left leg and was given last rites twice, but survived.
The Enterprise was shaken by 18 successive explosions, raking crewmen with shrapnel, raining debris and fire, and ripping eight holes in the flight deck. “It’s hard to explain the power,” recalled fuel-gang leader Airman Mike Carlin. “The power…unbelievable violence just blew everybody like dust.”
A 500-pound bomb rolled through a hole in the flight deck, crashed through several decks below and passed out the carrier’s stern without exploding. But it left a hole just 3 feet above the waterline. Three bombs on a single rack went off at once, opening a 22-foot breach in the deck and spattering 6,000 gallons of JP-5 from a parked tanker jet. A pool of burning fuel poured across the aft flight deck and spilled six levels down into the ship.
The Enterprise’s crew created a firebreak, rolling undamaged aircraft forward where they were clear of the flames. “We were trying to protect the island,” recalled Warrant Officer Jim Helton, the carrier’s crash salvage officer. “If those [bombs on the planes] had gone, everybody in the island—the captain on the bridge, the air boss, all of those people—would have been trapped, and probably killed.”
After the water mains were repaired and hose pressure restored, the Enterprise crew was able to fight the flames. The sailors poured foam through the holes in the deck to chase the burning fuel. The destroyer USS Rodgers and nuclear-powered guided missile destroyer USS Bainbridge came alongside to lend their hoses. By 10 a.m., helicopters from Pearl Harbor landed on deck to medevac wounded. By 11:30, just three hours after the fire started, the Enterprise was free of flames. “Big E” put back in to Pearl for 51 days of repairs before returning to duty.
The damage, in money and men, sustained by the three carriers was very costly. Repairs to the Oriskany took five months and tallied about $13 million ($103 million today). One crewman died of burns and 43, including 25 pilots, of smoke inhalation. An additional 156 were injured. Two helicopters and an A-4E Skyhawk were destroyed, and three more Skyhawks were badly damaged. The Navy charged five sailors, including James, Sider and their supervisor with manslaughter, but all were acquitted when investigators found that a Mark 24 flare could, if jarred, ignite itself.
The Oriskany made three more tours in Vietnam. In May 2006, the carrier was purposely sunk off Florida’s Gulf Coast, becoming the world’s largest artificial reef.
The Forrestal lost 21 aircraft destroyed, 134 men dead and 161 injured. Repairs over the winter of 1967-68 cost $72 million ($545 million today). An investigative board stated: “Poor and outdated doctrinal and technical documentation of ordnance and aircraft equipment and procedures, evident at all levels of command, was a contributing cause of the accidental rocket firing.”
Beling was absolved of personal responsibility. However, an expected appointment to command a carrier battle group was canceled by incoming Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Elmo Zuwalt. Beling was reassigned to the Iceland Defense Force and retired as a rear admiral.
When the Forrestal was decommissioned, there were plans to use it as a floating museum or artificial reef, but nothing came of them. The ship was sold for 1 cent in 2013 and cut for scrap in 2015.
The Enterprise fire resulted in 28 deaths and 314 injuries, 17 aircraft damaged and 15 destroyed, along with equipment and weapons. The cost of repairing the ship and replacing the lost equipment and aircraft totaled over $126 million ($912 mil-lion today). Disciplinary measures were moot. The crewmen believed to be responsible for the blaze were all killed in the initial blast. A Huffer redesign and revisions to safety and firefighting procedures were implemented.
The Enterprise made six combat deployments to Vietnam. After the war, off the coast of Virginia on Nov. 8, 1998, a Lockheed S-3 Vi-king aircraft, used in anti-submarine warfare, had just come aboard when a trailing Grumman EA-6B Prowler electronic-warfare jet waved off from landing, pulled out too late and clipped the S-3. The Prowler crashed into the sea, killing all four crewmen. The Viking exploded in a huge fireball. The ship’s crew got the fire under control in less than seven minutes.
In 2012, after sailing 51 years, the Enterprise was taken out of service and awaits its final fate at Virginia’s Newport News shipyard, where it is scheduled to stay until 2021.
Today a Nimitz-class supercarrier has 22 fire hose stations around the perimeter of its flight deck, a firefighting truck with a high-pressure hose turret and a 750-gallon onboard tank, and a wash-down system that can pump up to 27,000 gallons per minute.
In May 1981, during night operations off the Florida coast, a Prowler landed on the Nimitz off-center, clipped a parked helicopter and plowed into six other aircraft on the deck, creating a fire. The flames were contained and extinguished in 28 minutes. However, as deck crews moved in to clean up, four air-to-air missiles engulfed in the fire detonated in succession, killing 14 sailors. Total damage amounted over $58 million.
In November 1988, a 20 mm cannon in a jet parked on the Nimitz’s flight deck went off, killing one sailor and igniting six other aircraft, including a KA-6 air-to-air refueling tanker. A second sailor died of burns that covered more than 70 percent of his body. The crew extinguished the flames, and the Nimitz did not leave station.
There were two collisions involving U.S. destroyers running into civilian ships in June and August 2017, resulting in the deaths of 17 sailors. Those incidents, attributed to fatigue and crew errors, led the Navy to re-examine its safety procedures again. V
Don Hollway wrote about Air Force Col. Robin Olds and “Operation Bolo” in the February 2019 issue. For more information on the carrier fires, go to insensitivemunitions.org and the Navy documentary “Trial by Fire” at youtu.be/TGwoHyUvOqI.
This article was featured in the August 2020 issue of Vietnam magazine. For more stories from Vietnam magazine, subscribe here: | <urn:uuid:89736099-634f-4882-9b8e-87af6c541a69> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.historynet.com/flaming-flattops/ | 2024-02-21T11:09:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.967151 | 4,412 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
10702,
11712,
11406,
902,
93,
372,
87,
4392,
1447,
6069,
1100,
1107,
336,
375,
679,
4358,
513,
679,
4358,
537,
1447,
7357,
9101,
6193,
3670,
341,
363,
6430,
877,
7933,
316,
261,
3507,
1070,
1455,
18,
760,
2553,
17,
1448,
577,
2740,
296,
324,
1093,
1070,
268,
5167,
16,
5254,
17,
984,
1219,
1283,
762,
356,
1146,
341,
268,
269,
843,
291,
7535,
340,
725,
10271,
16,
268,
4416,
443,
3873,
359,
84,
361,
293,
2380,
4268,
375,
327,
10535,
18,
203,
2983,
4958,
3597,
26,
16,
268,
2065,
55,
480,
11519,
1100,
288,
268,
11419,
289,
307,
266,
6363,
1070,
268,
2859,
8719,
786,
4272,
1757,
7645,
649,
261,
6861,
9206,
949,
470,
454,
292,
11101,
286,
636,
261,
980,
7249,
6043,
360,
949,
4044,
291,
4216,
364,
1718,
3429,
87,
18,
383,
4251,
1482,
73,
327,
74,
467,
268,
2065,
55,
906,
379,
1178,
16,
525,
288,
268,
11419,
16,
288,
4808,
3597,
27,
16,
649,
261,
4216,
364,
1064,
268,
11069,
289,
261,
5862,
286,
284,
6627,
2837,
503,
341,
261,
6325,
3531,
6193,
766,
79,
18,
450,
4860,
3597,
29,
16,
261,
4216,
364,
459,
83,
485,
268,
5040,
17,
8737,
2065,
55,
10323,
6027,
1070,
268,
4272,
289,
382,
521,
80,
3605,
3528,
16,
9779,
77,
16,
454,
2783,
286,
292,
268,
2164,
289,
261,
577,
364,
2097,
2975,
345,
16,
10386,
1070,
291,
9229,
286,
261,
4668,
4866,
289,
1008,
335,
806,
18,
450,
1014,
1391,
10454,
16,
731,
26,
1781,
701,
309,
753,
4719,
291,
1278,
9825,
1548,
664,
10117,
18,
203,
43,
3553,
367,
2030,
6726,
850,
4254,
336,
7020,
2030,
291,
3578,
4632,
341,
522,
18,
55,
18,
877,
11703,
830,
804,
1008,
335,
464,
7466,
8209,
261,
5609,
6145,
18,
1121,
16,
1066,
1465,
822,
5158,
360,
4372,
1538,
820,
3338,
289,
2616,
5680,
336,
268,
6145,
1356,
6341,
18,
538,
6695,
356,
2967,
877,
11703,
288,
268,
5983,
364,
291,
334,
11651,
502,
437,
1520,
8307,
261,
1196,
649,
430,
3542,
1272,
5058,
458,
88,
18,
351,
81,
2095,
18,
3379,
3818,
5537,
325,
16,
9139,
9714,
289,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
11395,
9446,
495,
5372,
7642,
3842,
16,
288,
261,
3495,
24,
7570,
705,
11773,
1067,
1989,
18,
365,
5267,
11199,
902,
563,
6923,
454,
3024,
331,
2041,
701,
309,
753,
288,
2183,
1357,
16,
1118,
2551,
74,
486,
281,
18,
538,
42,
1773,
437,
292,
327,
3650,
341,
261,
877,
7933,
1272,
3818,
5537,
325,
4336,
18,
538,
7556,
375,
372,
88,
7640,
336,
1975,
1447,
1960,
360,
268,
9504,
1944,
289,
3307,
291,
1008,
335,
1022,
2729,
16,
11202,
360,
1066,
1465,
822,
291,
3961,
2378,
7204,
65,
1016,
16,
1347,
689,
2299,
1875,
288,
261,
4097,
1275,
1451,
1494,
1053,
203,
1461,
480,
11519,
1100,
16,
295,
1606,
4646,
538,
49,
486,
93,
480,
1272,
454,
688,
637,
8518,
292,
7466,
430,
3542,
18,
4820,
268,
4272,
289,
8793,
288,
4294,
5641,
23,
16,
363,
418,
24,
57,
17,
24,
351,
753,
1244,
284,
6627,
1283,
286,
360,
261,
11897,
336,
7586,
1070,
291,
1008,
10567,
341,
3727,
4756,
18,
382,
2358,
274,
289,
5888,
429,
5537,
279,
1242,
1553,
1520,
5862,
286,
418,
29,
42,
17,
25,
6495,
411,
577,
364,
3311,
332,
16,
4060,
279,
10837,
72,
11069,
10159,
9879,
279,
8987,
6861,
3307,
5051,
268,
296,
620,
294,
766,
79,
18,
5383,
701,
309,
753,
664,
5945,
291,
2063,
7717,
286,
18,
1121,
16,
2551,
74,
486,
281,
8559,
87,
11030,
268,
949,
1785,
427,
7257,
723,
5290,
4999,
82,
515,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
480,
11519,
1100,
372,
87,
1901,
793,
89,
758,
1070,
268,
4272,
289,
8719,
16,
518,
3035,
288,
4808,
3597,
26,
16,
268,
877,
7933,
7118,
606,
2584,
6537,
3268,
354,
86,
625,
341,
3999,
1570,
16,
1347,
269,
283,
1235,
658,
1958,
2489,
18,
1097,
5180,
1455,
11815,
7734,
4852,
50,
348,
4351,
5411,
1003,
363,
480,
999,
18,
433,
3487,
336,
8559,
2420,
664,
377,
11109,
382,
302,
9102,
4640,
2298,
292,
1463,
6670,
16,
5157,
88,
18,
3379,
334,
294,
299,
70,
3594,
2227,
870,
336,
4536,
6395,
5773,
1547,
292,
460,
2829,
485,
268,
4640,
18,
4500,
261,
1374,
3461,
2135,
16,
268,
5708,
454,
608,
292,
701,
309,
331,
402,
535,
696,
535,
292,
1888,
606,
8559,
261,
3061,
649,
268,
1814,
289,
658,
1450,
8394,
644,
360,
268,
480,
11519,
1100,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
5283,
289,
480,
999,
18,
5866,
16,
881,
558,
591,
1273,
1294,
4320,
1447,
43,
73,
5288,
5755,
16,
1398,
16,
291,
5755,
343,
890,
16,
2493,
1447,
87,
278,
91,
286,
2912,
27,
777,
17,
10626,
17,
5561,
16,
3457,
17,
84,
655,
16,
9523,
578,
86,
466,
5105,
3730,
3536,
777,
677,
492,
1490,
949,
4044,
18,
2138,
2081,
532,
850,
712,
5759,
288,
268,
4445,
3112,
8747,
1754,
18,
10649,
3322,
325,
261,
949,
470,
372,
87,
2030,
308,
1100,
485,
3007,
484,
2292,
291,
2169,
11502,
16,
4592,
1842,
268,
4812,
949,
470,
18,
6495,
8671,
291,
7479,
286,
419,
268,
288,
17,
506,
401,
16,
295,
10187,
1667,
1360,
289,
268,
6861,
5105,
3730,
16,
343,
890,
949,
2846,
268,
949,
470,
636,
606,
3578,
980,
7249,
16,
6761,
5416,
281,
268,
2850,
289,
1294,
288,
268,
1731,
830,
835,
1099,
268,
2551,
18,
203,
10015,
74,
4495,
16,
268,
980,
7249,
7905,
608,
1278,
2520,
949,
4044,
291,
497,
131,
127,
17,
11413,
1294,
17,
6814,
2919,
286,
633,
71,
3129,
16,
1011,
6207,
261,
1718,
3429,
289,
608,
1278,
8046,
18,
8892,
3373,
268,
980,
7249,
372,
87,
8511,
725,
1600,
286,
430,
988,
16,
6950,
4885,
418,
1469,
591,
781,
297,
18,
4316,
335,
806,
3004,
2494,
268,
4625,
11529,
3429,
87,
292,
269,
484,
291,
11698,
298,
18,
365,
10925,
5419,
91,
1070,
18,
203,
55,
8533,
464,
1008,
335,
806,
10736,
286,
6861,
9206,
9662,
16,
9921,
268,
296,
620,
294,
285,
350,
360,
4821,
6536,
18,
5383,
5862,
286,
589,
300,
389,
1736,
8394,
2551,
352,
268,
731,
8799,
375,
82,
266,
792,
81,
374,
564,
288,
261,
6911,
330,
17,
24,
4219,
93,
76,
738,
79,
284,
6627,
3120,
292,
4107,
18,
330,
2709,
2982,
2456,
454,
268,
1726,
567,
73,
289,
11285,
825,
1173,
2292,
331,
3687,
281,
1149,
268,
296,
620,
294,
18,
760,
268,
2551,
4431,
2234,
16,
268,
7046,
341,
268,
11285,
825,
725,
5913,
291,
600,
306,
286,
16,
291,
444,
5885,
2879,
288,
5407,
3120,
6366,
18,
7678,
4320,
279,
8987,
770,
658,
268,
11285,
825,
2035,
502,
911,
327,
4995,
286,
658,
4401,
18,
538,
6164,
268,
11285,
825,
850,
7277,
1070,
1272,
363,
9714,
2135,
4225,
5223,
3262,
8688,
16,
538,
2878,
830,
437,
3673,
268,
5708,
1053,
203,
59,
524,
9105,
407,
3592,
1573,
268,
2551,
2635,
18,
3386,
7649,
1190,
636,
3971,
291,
949,
1724,
541,
5616,
288,
261,
2164,
289,
658,
777,
16,
1347,
4885,
18,
383,
1599,
7746,
4107,
87,
430,
644,
292,
1016,
16,
26,
587,
4885,
18,
6642,
292,
5616,
288,
268,
1294,
16,
268,
296,
3814,
289,
2551,
74,
486,
332,
291,
10505,
4143,
964,
6451,
10488,
8054,
268,
949,
1785,
18,
334,
294,
299,
70,
3594,
1747,
286,
480,
11519,
1100,
636,
268,
2206,
292,
7459,
268,
6536,
1763,
16,
1020,
3738,
462,
292,
2170,
268,
2551,
18,
915,
4527,
286,
268,
877,
7933,
372,
87,
3262,
1600,
967,
292,
1463,
4999,
82,
515,
427,
1008,
5724,
18,
203,
40,
871,
288,
268,
877,
7933,
372,
87,
5167,
1137,
16,
1473,
10254,
331,
444,
2136,
1573,
10578,
457,
265,
541,
2164,
291,
6536,
18,
1206,
76,
571,
691,
5963,
1618,
664,
352,
1709,
288,
444,
626,
9723,
649,
268,
1294,
892,
4863,
286,
4821,
284,
5848,
3004,
291,
352,
902,
93,
92,
7269,
622,
18,
9588,
7286,
288,
7949,
292,
7640,
734,
835,
3421,
93,
16,
949,
6733,
8024,
1443,
18,
203,
56,
1209,
3742,
288,
615,
626,
9723,
16,
458,
88,
18,
351,
81,
2095,
18,
2406,
9908,
942,
2121,
5013,
276,
1209,
3742,
261,
4996,
11412,
364,
1149,
4605,
291,
284,
408,
6992,
288,
268,
688,
92,
702,
3334,
331,
261,
276,
3348,
292,
1591,
615,
279,
2024,
2748,
18,
538,
50,
329,
1039,
1071,
362,
2289,
1272,
431,
1211,
292,
4605,
18,
538,
6164,
337,
2053,
456,
276,
3348,
1580,
517,
291,
4987,
362,
288,
268,
6536,
16,
337,
372,
317,
11088,
268,
2434,
1053,
915,
1927,
615,
1747,
734,
268,
279,
2024,
2748,
331,
1294,
2035,
261,
701,
309,
283,
2159,
4645,
261,
4887,
8465,
291,
2551,
296,
595,
292,
1547,
18,
203,
39,
81,
2095,
18,
9248,
391,
2515,
265,
16,
5666,
289,
284,
6627,
3268,
354,
1554,
720,
42,
17,
3801,
22,
291,
10765,
283,
289,
881,
1762,
74,
1251,
360,
383,
77,
43,
3311,
332,
16,
384,
4649,
628,
615,
471,
524,
5239,
372,
87,
1294,
11594,
4249,
293,
8863,
341,
268,
1903,
289,
268,
5708,
292,
886,
2856,
291,
7640,
268,
8216,
7263,
16,
566,
1023,
4266,
336,
431,
850,
292,
9853,
314,
7584,
1134,
431,
911,
3268,
1512,
2879,
734,
268,
1398,
17,
11413,
6191,
5051,
268,
2313,
91,
4789,
18,
2580,
292,
579,
4524,
16,
431,
10602,
286,
261,
6193,
7954,
361,
8802,
291,
4822,
1927,
628,
268,
2551,
18,
203,
42,
569,
4320,
279,
8987,
770,
658,
268,
9914,
289,
268,
949,
1785,
288,
268,
949,
470,
980,
7249,
292,
1288,
622,
427,
8934,
2035,
268,
2551,
11224,
628,
16,
1149,
4188,
17,
81,
283,
668,
18,
5383,
949,
4044,
288,
268,
980,
7249,
2270,
1296,
18,
5383,
1548,
16,
291,
444,
2782,
279,
3303,
793,
692,
16,
2720,
1665,
1295,
613,
18,
1426,
1111,
770,
850,
712,
4863,
286,
459,
83,
485,
336,
646,
1606,
69,
5751,
664,
2207,
292,
11766,
1473,
1498,
3742,
288,
268,
4689,
289,
268,
5708,
18,
203,
41,
486,
2489,
2135,
288,
268,
11419,
289,
307,
266,
6363,
16,
268,
906,
379,
1178,
16,
268,
855,
2643,
5619,
7933,
2298,
4479,
331,
577,
364,
6430,
16,
1757,
261,
1979,
284,
381,
18,
3837,
6193,
8559,
87,
5983,
91,
1499,
587,
269,
283,
1235,
288,
1958,
1962,
1447,
510,
772,
336,
502,
8053,
1488,
341,
4045,
80,
1451,
2332,
1488,
17,
2095,
484,
11285,
825,
336,
11975,
4305,
1008,
335,
464,
1056,
18,
5157,
88,
18,
3379,
4631,
281,
711,
9451,
438,
325,
6784,
261,
3687,
289,
6652,
17,
1063,
6376,
17,
49,
10094,
538,
74,
271,
8816,
537,
7859,
17,
84,
655,
332,
16,
725,
8210,
1662,
11285,
825,
5163,
17,
87,
6363,
2093,
291,
384,
310,
562,
360,
1722,
18,
900,
417,
7584,
2132,
3511,
391,
16,
363,
1008,
335,
464,
336,
3125,
644,
292,
3039,
2078,
512,
1076,
302,
360,
1722,
291,
316,
2871,
4476,
292,
8133,
291,
2164,
18,
203,
1461,
11285,
825,
664,
341,
268,
766,
79,
4808,
6851,
16,
3597,
27,
16,
1912,
325,
1134,
2912,
261,
18,
81,
1941,
649,
261,
3208,
3665,
4263,
5844,
1447,
6499,
2310,
292,
268,
11395,
788,
462,
437,
712,
3947,
1447,
267,
298,
790,
261,
1016,
17,
11413,
383,
79,
17,
8748,
1929,
374,
77,
4216,
364,
427,
261,
418,
17,
24,
38,
1629,
282,
1049,
3595,
284,
6627,
5862,
286,
2975,
4401,
341,
268,
5708,
372,
87,
304,
294,
9070,
18,
365,
4216,
364,
5983,
91,
4723,
734,
363,
330,
17,
24,
41,
4219,
93,
76,
738,
79,
1298,
1008,
5724,
1134,
11176,
288,
268,
4782,
16,
566,
341,
606,
898,
628,
268,
4216,
364,
279,
2919,
286,
1591,
268,
577,
364,
372,
87,
3307,
5149,
18,
203,
2983,
2910,
5523,
16,
261,
1296,
4285,
513,
462,
4592,
674,
268,
11395,
372,
87,
2818,
577,
364,
3307,
16,
596,
52,
17,
25,
16,
9647,
520,
265,
335,
745,
360,
261,
1797,
8056,
6714,
687,
268,
596,
52,
17,
24,
3307,
724,
419,
268,
4499,
10074,
18,
9059,
364,
291,
577,
364,
7535,
88,
16,
2281,
16,
356,
3075,
1982,
292,
1075,
1070,
596,
52,
17,
25,
16,
291,
2340,
4592,
1006,
268,
3307,
375,
4107,
430,
644,
292,
433,
16,
28,
587,
4885,
418,
1469,
591,
781,
297,
18,
1440,
268,
877,
7933,
1747,
286,
4723,
636,
268,
2206,
1447,
6261,
485,
4263,
4445,
1447,
1381,
949,
1785,
2640,
2458,
292,
1474,
6911,
4219,
93,
76,
738,
530,
18,
203,
40,
348,
495,
17,
6570
] |
Located on the foothills of Alborz Mountain range at an altitude of 1278 meters, Qazvin is one of the most historical cities of Iran and once was the capital for part of the Safavid history. Sights of Qazvin has given this city the first rank in having historical buildings in the country; so in case you wish to see Qazvin’s all curiosities, you have to spend a few days here, and even one trip may not be enough. Qazvin was also a crossing point for traders and merchants due to the Silk Road. Qazvin is also home to many great Iranian Artists such as Mir Emad Qazvini (1554-1615) and in addition to all this, is also a city of delicious dishes and sweets.
Darb-e kooshk, Qazvin, Iran
History of Qazvin
Qazvin city is believed to be founded in the Sasanian Empire era, by king Shapur II (r. 309 – 379 AD). Apparently, the king ordered the construction of a fortress in this area to prevent the invasion of , and the foundation of the city was gradually laid according to this order. Some historians believe that the name Qazvin comes from the word Kashvin meaning border, and some orientalists also believe that the word Qazvin is derived from the name of a tribe called Caspians, a group living in the west of the Caspian Sea. Qazvin prospered under the , who erected many fine buildings in whole Iran. Much later during the second Safavid king, Tahmasb I (r. 1524–76), the capital of Iran was transferred to Qazvin from Tabriz (1548). The city was officially chosen as the center of the Iranian government for 51 years, so it has an important cultural and historical value in the history of Iran.
What is Qazvin famous for?
Qazvin is famed for Persian carpets, and fie art such as Miniature paintings and calligraphy as well as its grapes and the delicious sweets called Baklava. Although a considerable sprinkling of sights can be found in Qazvin, but for most Western travelers Qazvin is known as a launch point for excursions to the famous Castle of the Assassins in marvelous Alamut Valley. There are many “First Ever”s in Qazvin such as the first street in Iran called Sepah Street that was built for the first time in Qazvin. Because of its some of the most famous caravanseraies of Iran, one of the best bazaars in Iran, the old gates, the palaces and the museums, Qazvin is worth at least one full day visit.
30 August every year, the day that King Tahmasb Safavid transferred the Iranian capital to Qazvin, is announced as the national day of Qazvin. The language of the people of this city is Persian with Qazvini accent. But Tati, Gilaki and Azeri languages are also spoken in this city.
Also Read : Iran Ethnic Groups
What to see in Qazvin?
The sights of Qazvin include a wide range. In fact, there are several museums, several churches, several traditional markets (Bazaars) and a large number of monuments in this fascinating and spectacular city.
The city of Qazvin was chosen as the capital of Iran during the Safavid Empire rule and as the main center of government always enjoyed the special attention of the rulers. That’s why Qazvin has the first place in Iran in terms of the number of historical monuments and tourist attractions.
Highlights of Qazvin
Here we introduce some highlights of Qazvin:
Qazvin Chehel Sotoun Edifice
Chehel sotoun or Forty Columned Edifice is a Safavid palace located in old town of Qazvin. This square shaped mansion was built when Shah Tahmasb, the Safavid king, transferred the capital to Qazvin due to the treat of Ottoman Turks. The palace is constructed according to the design of a Turkish architect with a hall in the middle of a beautiful garden which has very attractive wooden windows.
as Qazvin is known as the capital of calligraphy of Iran, the palace which is dedicated to a treasure including various interesting historical and ancient objects was later turned to the calligraphy museum of the city after renovation.
The wall paintings of the first floor are indicating the miniatures of the Qazvin art school that has a global reputation in miniatures and paintings.
Chehel Sotoun Edifice, Qazvin, Iran
Also Read : Chehel Sotoon Palace of Isfahan
Jameh Mosque of Qazvin
Jame Mosque (Congregational Mosque) of Qazvin is one of the oldest mosques in Iran built originally during 9th century on the ruins of an ancient fire temple.
The double layered main dome of the mosque is built during Seljuk era, and was decorated by beautiful tile work during the late Safavid era when the mosque was expanded.
This old mosque has a Shabestan containing some precious examples of relief calligraphy from 11th century and a water reservoir, both now under the protection of Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization.
Friday Mosque of Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
Shazdeh Hossein Shrine
The stunning building of Shazdeh Hussein is the mausoleum of one of the numerous sons of the eighth Shiite imam, Imam Reza, located in city center of Qazvin.
The shrine was first built in 1220s however during the reign of Safavid kings it received some restoration and became a magnificent architectural complex and .the actual mirror work inside the building was added to the building in 1840s.
A vast courtyard, flanked by the northern and southern gates, provides enough space to gaze at the edifice. Of all the entrances, the northern one is an imposing piece of work. Geometrical patterns, decorative tile-works, tall gates, and 6 mini-minarets have given the northern entrance a unique style.
Shazdeh Hossein Shrine, Qazvin, Iran
Alamut Castle is located in the northeast Qazvin province near Gazorkhan village at an altitude of 2163 m. The fort has only one entrance on its northern face with more than 400 stone steps. There is a gorge on the southern slope of the mountain that blocks any way of penetration. The castle is almost 120 meters long and between 10 to 35 meters wide.
While standing at the top of the fort, a distance of about 10 Km can be seen.
This fortress which is one of the famous castles of Iran , was used as the residence of Hassan Sabah, the leader of the Ismaiili sect (see – Religions in Iran)who was born in Qom in a Shiite family and spent some time studying in a theological madrasa in Neishabour, northeast Iran. Later He moved to Egypt where he continued studying for 3 more years after which he returned to Iran and settled in Alamut Where he began expanding his influence outwards to nearby towns and districts, using his agents to gain political favor and to intimidate the local populations. He Spent most of his days at Alamut producing religious works and developing doctrines for his order, the Assassins order.
Shortly after establishing their headquarters at Alamut Castle, the sect captured Lambsar Castle, to be the largest of the Isma’ili fortresses and confirming the Assassins’ power in northern Persia.
Hassan Sabah died of an illness after living in Alamut Castle with his family for 35 years. later, the Mongols burnt and destroyed his tomb and his fortress.
Read More : Alamut Castle
Left: Alamut Castle ruins, Alamut, Iran | Right: Imaginary picture of Alamut Castle
located in the historical region of Alamut, Ovan Lake is the largest and most beautiful lake in Qazvin province, 85 km north of Qazvin, between the four villages of Ovan, Verben, Zavardasht and Zarabad in Qazvin. This freshwater lake has an area of more than 70,000 m2 and its depth at the deepest point is about 6 m. Most of the lake’s water is supplied by springs in the lake bed and a small percentage by rainfall. In fact, the constant input has caused the water of Lake Ovan to be clear and transparent. Lake Ovan is home to a variety of spotted trout, carp and pikes, and in the fall is home to migratory birds such as swans, geese and ducks. Lake Ovan attracts many domestic and foreign tourists in the four seasons of the year with its mesmerizing landscape. The lake is a place for fishing and boating in summer and camping is allowed by the lake.
Also Read : Iran’s Natural Attractions
One of the spectacular attractions in the city of Qazvin, which is recommended to any first time visitor, is the Qajar bath. It is a beautiful small old Persian Hammam (Iranian Traditional Bath) located in a tiny alley at the heart of Qazvin. It is now converted into an anthropological museum. This historical attraction used as a museum today was built in 1647 by the order of the famous Safavid king Shah Abbas II.
The total area of Qajar bath is about 1045 m2 and consists of two separate parts for men and women and three main parts of Sarbineh (Cloak Room), Mian-dar and Garmabeh. The main door of the bathroom opens to the south and leads to the Sarbineh with a spiral staircase. The large Sarbineh of the bath, in the middle of which there is a beautiful pond (Howz), has six elevated platforms where customers once sat for rest before and after washing. There was another door to the bathroom from the west, which was probably for women.
Qajar Bath, Qazvin, Iran
After Nasser-e-Din Shah‘s (Qajar King r. 1848-1896) visit to France, road construction projects began between the cities to connect Tehran with Europe. The road Tehran – Qazvin was built by Saad al-Saltanah, Qazvin’s later governor, but the Anzali road construction was performed by a Russian company called “Insurance and Transport“. The company was handled by a man named “Anatoly Nekalayevich Bastelma“. During the construction project, Russian engineers built a small church in Qazvin, easily recognizable by its red brick structure and turquoise dome.
This church, locally known as the bell tower, has a cruciform design with a large dome in the center of the sanctuary and a smaller dome at the top of the east-facing altar. The entrance of the church is located on the western side and includes the entrance space with a pitched roof at the gate. After the entrance, there is anteroom above which a three-story bell tower is erected about eleven meters high with a small dome above it. The Russian crosses, which hang only on the two sides of the entrance walls, indicate the nationality of its creators.
The churchyard is relatively small and there are tombstones around it. One of the tombs marked with a black stone belongs to a Russian engineer named Nikolai Alexandrovich who died during the road construction. In addition to the tombstone, there is another stone in the church owned by a Russian pilot reportedly crashed around the city during World War I, and the body of the pilot was buried inside the church.
Left: Cantur Church, Qazvin, Iran | Right: Saint Mary Church, Tabriz, Iran
Also Read : 5 remarkable Churches in Iran
What to Eat in Qazvin?
Qazvin, the capital of the Safavid era, has a long history, a rich culture, special customs and of course pleasant dishes! Cuisine of Qazvin has made this city one of the most attractive provinces for food tourism in Iran. If you are into trying new and varied cuisines, a trip to this beautiful and historical region is a good option for you.
Qazvin’s famous dishes
Here is a list of Qazvin’s famous local foods :
Also Read : Persian Cuisine
The most famous and popular dish of Qazvin is Gheymeh Nesar. Made of meat, rice, onions, saffron, pistachios and almonds, Gheimeh Nesar is one of the most popular foods for important ceremonies and celebrations in Qazvin. This dish is a festival of colors and a feast of tastes.The components of Gheimeh Nesar are prepared separately at the beginning. The rice is cooked, then gets mixed with meat, saffron, barberries, orange zest, along with chopped almonds and pistachios. It’s usually flavored with some special Persian spices like cinnamon, cardamom and a bit of cumin. It’s a special dish for parties and gatherings and you can also find and taste Gheymeh Nesar in Qazvin’s local restaurants. This very popular dish is usually served with vegetables.
Some may know Qazvin for its baklava and Gheymeh Nesar, but those who have tasted the mild taste of Haleem can never forget this memorable taste. This meat-full thick porridge is so popular that you would see long queues of people waiting in front of Haleem shops specially in Ramadan. Qazvin Halim is made from wheat, barley, flour, meat and oil and has a slightly salty taste because most people in Qazvin eat Haleem with salt.
How to cook Haleem?
The term Haleem or Halim comes from the Arabic language meaning shredded meat. Haleem is a very popular dish in the Middle East, Central Asia, and in the Indian subcontinent. There are many varieties of Haleem based on different regional recipes .Iranian Haleem is different from the ones served in Arab countries. A traditional haleem is made with soaking wheat, barley, shredded meat (beef, lamb, chicken or turkey) gram lentil overnight and spices.
- These ingredients are cooked together for several hours, which results in a thick porridge-like paste.
- Meat is cooked separately until the meat becomes soft to get easily shredded.
- The cooked wheat, barley and lentils are then mixed with the meat (Beef or Mutton or Chicken) and blended with a heavy hand mixer to obtain a paste-like consistency.
- The cooking procedure takes about 5-6 hours to complete.
- In the end the cooked haleem is seasoned with ceanemon and served with salt or sugar; However, haleem preparation varies in different regions | <urn:uuid:1365440a-9992-4aa9-b812-802e5c24161d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.iransafar.co/qazvin-travel-guide/ | 2024-02-21T13:14:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.968589 | 3,123 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
48,
9423,
341,
268,
284,
4061,
1240,
289,
996,
3528,
94,
8079,
1749,
430,
363,
366,
9635,
289,
2211,
9329,
6880,
16,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
597,
289,
268,
710,
3607,
4083,
289,
9126,
291,
2340,
454,
268,
3507,
331,
923,
289,
268,
4590,
548,
323,
1550,
18,
343,
1251,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
528,
2050,
456,
2349,
268,
855,
10203,
288,
2054,
3607,
4189,
288,
268,
1777,
31,
576,
288,
1731,
337,
5648,
292,
901,
1539,
1600,
9908,
372,
87,
516,
1065,
3408,
647,
16,
337,
437,
292,
4417,
261,
1374,
1962,
1671,
16,
291,
919,
597,
6075,
602,
462,
327,
1982,
18,
1539,
1600,
9908,
454,
525,
261,
3264,
281,
1813,
331,
1468,
332,
291,
10909,
862,
1504,
292,
268,
7213,
79,
8610,
18,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
525,
1311,
292,
772,
1312,
9126,
779,
5130,
978,
659,
352,
383,
338,
2733,
354,
1539,
1600,
90,
7625,
421,
3546,
25,
24,
17,
3801,
3546,
13,
291,
288,
1879,
292,
516,
456,
16,
316,
525,
261,
2349,
289,
10072,
8519,
291,
1370,
1512,
340,
18,
203,
40,
294,
70,
17,
73,
520,
83,
335,
76,
79,
16,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
9126,
203,
44,
277,
861,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
203,
53,
1600,
9908,
2349,
316,
4254,
292,
327,
7596,
288,
268,
343,
301,
282,
779,
7810,
5253,
16,
419,
4088,
1395,
429,
324,
3595,
421,
86,
18,
2553,
29,
796,
10828,
29,
4899,
802,
2537,
4243,
325,
16,
268,
4088,
9886,
268,
3076,
289,
261,
11841,
550,
288,
456,
1494,
292,
1463,
268,
11222,
289,
3942,
291,
268,
4762,
289,
268,
2349,
454,
6256,
8320,
2310,
292,
456,
1544,
18,
1399,
2328,
1825,
2979,
336,
268,
1932,
1539,
1600,
9908,
1974,
427,
268,
2594,
696,
1219,
9908,
2442,
7381,
16,
291,
579,
7544,
280,
978,
525,
2979,
336,
268,
2594,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
6781,
427,
268,
1932,
289,
261,
4824,
73,
1478,
351,
5713,
1825,
16,
261,
1730,
2299,
288,
268,
6744,
289,
268,
351,
5713,
779,
6251,
18,
1539,
1600,
9908,
8868,
286,
1064,
268,
3942,
650,
1827,
1113,
772,
4787,
4189,
288,
2399,
9126,
18,
9411,
2135,
995,
268,
1901,
4590,
548,
323,
4088,
16,
307,
1469,
5765,
70,
334,
421,
86,
18,
2063,
5697,
2453,
9382,
989,
268,
3507,
289,
9126,
454,
9956,
292,
1539,
1600,
9908,
427,
307,
397,
86,
482,
421,
3546,
8504,
802,
365,
2349,
454,
11305,
6196,
352,
268,
3795,
289,
268,
9126,
779,
1654,
331,
1016,
21,
935,
16,
576,
362,
528,
363,
851,
2694,
291,
3607,
2003,
288,
268,
1550,
289,
9126,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
1539,
1600,
9908,
4572,
331,
35,
203,
53,
1600,
9908,
316,
1077,
286,
331,
6284,
779,
11093,
2740,
16,
291,
284,
545,
1699,
659,
352,
3028,
77,
920,
9597,
291,
1117,
333,
1864,
93,
352,
767,
352,
606,
785,
5762,
291,
268,
10072,
1370,
1512,
340,
1478,
391,
761,
80,
6176,
18,
2696,
261,
8411,
4143,
964,
1667,
289,
269,
1251,
375,
327,
986,
288,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
566,
331,
710,
4925,
2868,
332,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
1261,
352,
261,
4263,
1813,
331,
1870,
2319,
806,
292,
268,
4572,
11177,
298,
289,
268,
2448,
594,
1054,
288,
1491,
489,
499,
996,
348,
371,
7906,
18,
994,
356,
772,
538,
42,
773,
416,
357,
537,
87,
288,
1539,
1600,
9908,
659,
352,
268,
855,
7619,
288,
9126,
1478,
3984,
1469,
7986,
336,
454,
2825,
331,
268,
855,
669,
288,
1539,
1600,
9908,
18,
3428,
289,
606,
579,
289,
268,
710,
4572,
877,
548,
504,
4256,
423,
289,
9126,
16,
597,
289,
268,
1274,
285,
1600,
69,
1267,
288,
9126,
16,
268,
1662,
319,
692,
16,
268,
4659,
1632,
291,
268,
6190,
4037,
16,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
3760,
430,
2144,
597,
2052,
1196,
3487,
18,
203,
2936,
4724,
953,
715,
16,
268,
1196,
336,
3432,
307,
1469,
5765,
70,
4590,
548,
323,
9956,
268,
9126,
779,
3507,
292,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
316,
7984,
352,
268,
2511,
1196,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
18,
365,
1719,
289,
268,
689,
289,
456,
2349,
316,
6284,
779,
360,
1539,
1600,
90,
7625,
765,
302,
18,
1163,
307,
9711,
16,
461,
309,
761,
77,
291,
9654,
265,
77,
4814,
356,
525,
9253,
288,
456,
2349,
18,
203,
8804,
510,
3177,
4880,
9126,
5618,
5530,
461,
463,
782,
203,
4688,
292,
901,
288,
1539,
1600,
9908,
35,
203,
1461,
269,
1251,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
1226,
261,
2816,
1749,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
686,
356,
1520,
6190,
4037,
16,
1520,
10901,
16,
1520,
2338,
6137,
421,
38,
1600,
69,
1267,
13,
291,
261,
1452,
1289,
289,
1025,
3238,
288,
456,
6326,
291,
7895,
313,
705,
2349,
18,
203,
1461,
2349,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
454,
6196,
352,
268,
3507,
289,
9126,
995,
268,
4590,
548,
323,
7810,
4129,
291,
352,
268,
939,
3795,
289,
1654,
1775,
9122,
268,
1755,
2383,
289,
268,
5487,
332,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
1768,
1539,
1600,
9908,
528,
268,
855,
1349,
288,
9126,
288,
2560,
289,
268,
1289,
289,
3607,
1025,
3238,
291,
4402,
588,
3339,
2244,
18,
203,
44,
396,
6590,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
203,
44,
387,
445,
7206,
579,
7739,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
30,
203,
53,
1600,
9908,
654,
73,
8219,
1426,
278,
374,
3469,
10252,
203,
39,
781,
8219,
576,
278,
374,
361,
9355,
93,
1810,
408,
2093,
3469,
10252,
316,
261,
4590,
548,
323,
4659,
570,
3586,
288,
1662,
3846,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
18,
540,
5757,
7957,
293,
504,
305,
454,
2825,
649,
1395,
1469,
307,
1469,
5765,
70,
16,
268,
4590,
548,
323,
4088,
16,
9956,
268,
3507,
292,
1539,
1600,
9908,
1504,
292,
268,
977,
289,
10303,
1049,
282,
4813,
530,
18,
365,
4659,
570,
316,
7910,
2310,
292,
268,
1019,
289,
261,
11408,
557,
7130,
360,
261,
8924,
288,
268,
4067,
289,
261,
4532,
3340,
518,
528,
1040,
8678,
9507,
6998,
18,
203,
301,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
1261,
352,
268,
3507,
289,
1117,
333,
1864,
93,
289,
9126,
16,
268,
4659,
570,
518,
316,
5312,
292,
261,
1442,
5886,
1118,
1320,
4149,
3607,
291,
3315,
3582,
454,
2135,
5322,
292,
268,
1117,
333,
1864,
93,
7800,
289,
268,
2349,
1003,
304,
2179,
318,
18,
203,
1461,
3132,
9597,
289,
268,
855,
5324,
356,
10353,
268,
11096,
1758,
289,
268,
1539,
1600,
9908,
1699,
1166,
336,
528,
261,
2106,
8546,
288,
11096,
1758,
291,
9597,
18,
203,
39,
781,
8219,
1426,
278,
374,
3469,
10252,
16,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
9126,
203,
8804,
510,
3177,
4880,
654,
73,
8219,
1426,
278,
266,
4967,
570,
289,
1358,
74,
1469,
282,
203,
46,
624,
76,
10438,
3610,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
203,
46,
624,
10438,
3610,
421,
39,
535,
2829,
778,
10438,
3610,
13,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
316,
597,
289,
268,
8650,
293,
6782,
274,
288,
9126,
2825,
6980,
995,
1717,
262,
2254,
341,
268,
8480,
1054,
289,
363,
3315,
2551,
7934,
18,
203,
1461,
5481,
2131,
2142,
939,
295,
436,
289,
268,
293,
335,
3610,
316,
2825,
995,
343,
306,
78,
4321,
5253,
16,
291,
454,
6681,
488,
419,
4532,
1377,
298,
716,
995,
268,
3329,
4590,
548,
323,
5253,
649,
268,
293,
335,
3610,
454,
8621,
18,
203,
4326,
1662,
293,
335,
3610,
528,
261,
1395,
397,
443,
282,
6207,
579,
10120,
3324,
289,
5869,
1117,
333,
1864,
93,
427,
2912,
262,
2254,
291,
261,
770,
5500,
10814,
16,
1079,
1315,
1064,
268,
2759,
289,
9126,
372,
87,
9586,
10197,
8191,
18,
203,
42,
86,
5638,
10438,
3610,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
9126,
203,
9351,
1600,
864,
76,
402,
335,
401,
263,
1395,
86,
475,
203,
1461,
10784,
1649,
289,
1395,
1600,
864,
76,
402,
310,
401,
263,
316,
268,
527,
310,
2748,
408,
289,
597,
289,
268,
3682,
269,
625,
289,
268,
303,
11475,
1395,
77,
674,
435,
348,
16,
2731,
348,
942,
5907,
16,
3586,
288,
2349,
3795,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
18,
203,
1461,
5888,
475,
454,
855,
2825,
288,
2211,
1388,
87,
2281,
995,
268,
11126,
289,
4590,
548,
323,
4088,
87,
362,
3893,
579,
8369,
291,
2457,
261,
4275,
708,
302,
9388,
1874,
291,
2353,
1381,
4741,
11136,
716,
3004,
268,
1649,
454,
3211,
292,
268,
1649,
288,
1398,
5081,
87,
18,
203,
37,
4597,
1314,
562,
485,
16,
949,
1574,
286,
419,
268,
6200,
291,
6255,
319,
692,
16,
1956,
1982,
1846,
292,
319,
10271,
430,
268,
937,
10252,
18,
2721,
516,
268,
8516,
1427,
16,
268,
6200,
597,
316,
363,
498,
2485,
4032,
289,
716,
18,
2899,
436,
322,
466,
3092,
16,
6681,
774,
1377,
298,
17,
3415,
16,
6741,
319,
692,
16,
291,
1278,
11096,
17,
2048,
470,
340,
437,
2050,
268,
6200,
11354,
261,
2070,
3836,
18,
203,
9351,
1600,
864,
76,
402,
335,
401,
263,
1395,
86,
475,
16,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
9126,
203,
8804,
348,
371,
11177,
298,
316,
3586,
288,
268,
3112,
8072,
1539,
1600,
9908,
10391,
1834,
461,
1600,
2904,
76,
282,
7048,
430,
363,
366,
9635,
289,
497,
3801,
23,
293,
18,
365,
11841,
528,
794,
597,
11354,
341,
606,
6200,
2425,
360,
512,
687,
8806,
5371,
2845,
18,
994,
316,
261,
319,
5288,
341,
268,
6255,
1580,
1838,
289,
268,
4778,
336,
6416,
723,
898,
289,
8641,
6639,
18,
365,
6408,
298,
316,
2764,
10851,
6880,
917,
291,
858,
1474,
292,
6573,
6880,
2816,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
6631,
430,
268,
1479,
289,
268,
11841,
16,
261,
4227,
289,
608,
1474,
696,
81,
375,
327,
2279,
18,
203,
4326,
11841,
550,
518,
316,
597,
289,
268,
4572,
6408,
736,
289,
9126,
3942,
454,
724,
352,
268,
474,
1690,
289,
402,
594,
282,
343,
397,
1469,
16,
268,
5666,
289,
268,
1358,
2647,
77,
8823,
269,
493,
421,
6135,
796,
11932,
806,
288,
9126,
13,
1624,
83,
454,
4178,
288,
1539,
311,
288,
261,
1395,
77,
674,
1588,
291,
5382,
579,
669,
5732,
288,
261,
268,
1496,
293,
354,
3096,
69,
288,
2138,
557,
397,
455,
16,
3112,
8072,
9126,
18,
10210,
915,
5381,
292,
7034,
853,
431,
4336,
5732,
331,
777,
512,
935,
1003,
518,
431,
6951,
292,
9126,
291,
10996,
288,
996,
348,
371,
5145,
431,
3035,
9116,
615,
3033,
628,
1905,
292,
6911,
9080,
291,
10085,
16,
1001,
615,
7515,
292,
3277,
2589,
4128,
291,
292,
288,
473,
323,
381,
268,
1683,
4544,
18,
915,
1384,
302,
710,
289,
615,
1962,
430,
996,
348,
371,
5519,
3849,
1854,
291,
2528,
11505,
967,
331,
615,
1544,
16,
268,
2448,
594,
1054,
1544,
18,
203,
9351,
442,
325,
1003,
8213,
444,
1747,
395,
9723,
430,
996,
348,
371,
11177,
298,
16,
268,
269,
493,
8030,
458,
348,
825,
294,
11177,
298,
16,
292,
327,
268,
3747,
289,
268,
1358,
2647,
372,
8823,
11841,
550,
274,
291,
1275,
338,
2280,
268,
2448,
594,
1054,
372,
1056,
288,
6200,
6284,
563,
18,
203,
44,
594,
282,
343,
397,
1469,
4719,
289,
363,
3545,
1003,
2299,
288,
996,
348,
371,
11177,
298,
360,
615,
1588,
331,
6573,
935,
18,
2135,
16,
268,
383,
535,
4395,
4107,
88,
291,
7809,
615,
292,
1880,
291,
615,
11841,
550,
18,
203,
8594,
354,
2376,
4880,
996,
348,
371,
11177,
298,
203,
48,
73,
1188,
30,
996,
348,
371,
11177,
298,
8480,
1054,
16,
996,
348,
371,
16,
9126,
869,
7817,
30,
9549,
2749,
4378,
289,
996,
348,
371,
11177,
298,
203,
80,
9423,
288,
268,
3607,
2225,
289,
996,
348,
371,
16,
480,
6841,
6487,
316,
268,
3747,
291,
710,
4532,
8537,
288,
1539,
1600,
9908,
10391,
16,
11568,
7699,
4651,
289,
1539,
1600,
9908,
16,
858,
268,
1958,
11185,
289,
480,
6841,
16,
720,
6048,
270,
16,
1929,
548,
485,
1219,
88,
291,
1929,
294,
397,
354,
288,
1539,
1600,
9908,
18,
540,
11835,
8537,
528,
363,
1494,
289,
512,
687,
5434,
16,
1347,
293,
22,
291,
606,
4893,
430,
268,
2295,
443,
1813,
316,
608,
1278,
293,
18,
2620,
289,
268,
8537,
372,
87,
770,
316,
3970,
870,
419,
4143,
762,
288,
268,
8537,
3885,
291,
261,
1139,
6729,
419,
9682,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
268,
3453,
5202,
528,
2494,
268,
770,
289,
6487,
480,
6841,
292,
327,
1763,
291,
9342,
18,
6487,
480,
6841,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
2233,
289,
4337,
691,
432,
491,
16,
11093,
291,
279,
8568,
16,
291,
288,
268,
2341,
316,
1311,
292,
3908,
1692,
3554,
659,
352,
1370,
504,
16,
1965,
786,
291,
295,
8202,
18
] |
By Khin Maung Myint
11 Aug 19 - Source: Global New Light Of Myanmar - During our younger days, we knew of only one city that was inundated the whole year round. The thoroughfares are a network of canals instead of paved roads. At school, when we first came to learn about that city, we were astonished and wondered how people could live in such a place. That was what our not yet matured brains thought. However, those conditions made Venice, which is the name of that city, famous as a tourist attraction up to this day. Later, when Bangkok was built, it was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by the globe trotters of the old, due to numerous canals that provided transportations around the city in those days.
I haven't been to Venice, but as a frequent visitor to Bangkok, I am familiar with the canals that can still be found in many places in that city, which provide small watercraft to ply on them. Those riverine ferries not only supplement the city transport system but provide fast modes of travel for some commuters who are in a hurry, in a city notorious for traffic jams. The canals are also used to drain rain waters to prevent flooding.
Today Bangkok is sinking. During the monsoons the floods are becoming more severe and frequent, causing traffic jams more annoying and damages to properties more extensive. In 2011, the flooding in Bangkok caused severe damages to homes and factories. The hardest hit was the Ayutthiya area. As most manufacturers had their factories in that area, many had now shifted to higher grounds outside Bangkok; some even moved to other countries in the region. The Japanese Honda car manufacturer suffered great loses due to that flood. When the flooding happened they had over a thousand vehicles ready for shipment abroad. From the TV footages, only the rooftops of rows upon rows of the new vehicles parked in the factory grounds were visible. The company crushed all the drowned cars without salvaging any parts for reuse – to maintain their quality control and safeguard their brand name.
According to experts, there are some major cities around the world that are being faced with the threats of sinking. Here, it would be necessary to know what causes such sinking. There are many factors that contribute to that phenomenon. However, the immediate cause is the subsidences or caving ins of the ground, which are the results of excessive groundwater, crude oil and gas extractions. These geological conditions coupled with the deteriorating climatic conditions that caused ocean levels to rise due to extensive melting of ice glaciers around the world are the main contributors to such disasters. Ten top cities from around the world are identified as the most endangered cities that could succumb to sinking.
The ten top sinking cities
The cities that are fast sinking are:-
1. Jakarta, Indonesia
2. Manila, Philippines
3. Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Viet Nam
4. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
5. Bangkok, Thailand
6. Osaka, Japan
7. Dhaka, Bangladesh
8. Shanghai, China
9. Venice, Italy
10. Alexandria, Egypt
Besides these ten cities, London and New York, too, are facing the same fates. London is under threat of 'sinking' as global warming makes sea levels rise and so also is the city of New York.
Currently Jakarta is ranked as having the highest rate of sea level rise in the world, with a rise of ten feet (3 meters) in the last thirty years. This is primarily due to the fact that the city is sinking, adding to the quickening rate of the rising sea. The Indonesian authorities are urgently taking drastic actions similar to those taken by Netherlands, to save Jakarta. Some sources says they are also considering replacing Jakarta with a new capital city. It is said, if the sinking cannot be put under control the whole city would be under water by 2050.
Let us have a glimpse of what Netherlands did to counter the sea rises. Due to its low elevation, approximately two thirds of Netherlands is vulnerable to flooding and as the country is densely populated, flood control is an important issue for them. Natural sand dunes and constructed dykes, dams, and floodgates provide defense against storm surges from the sea. The dykes prevent flooding from water flowing into the country by the major rivers – Rhine and Meuse, while a complicated system of drainage ditches, canals, and pumping stations keep the low-lying parts dry for habitation and agriculture.
Climate change is a "threat multiplier"
Climate change could act as a "threat multiplier" to the existing problems such as sinking ground and subsidence due to groundwater, oil and gas extractions and bad planning. The climate change is getting from bad to worse over the years due to the behaviours of the humankind. The human inflicted deforestations, use of fossilized fuels, over populations, over-breeding of animals for consumption are all contributing to the excessive carbon emissions, which in turn trigger the greenhouse warming.
Right at this very moment there are over a hundred wildfires raging on in the Artic region, which I had discussed in my previous article "The Arctic is burning: how will it affect us", which was covered in the 5 August issue of The Global New Light of Myanmar. There I had mentioned of the unprecedented heat-wave causing the Arctic to burn and cause the polar ice to break up and melt at alarming rates. This plus the melting of the Antarctic and the mountain glaciers around the world that had been going on for quite sometimes now, would certainly raise the ocean levels significantly and in turn expedite the sinking of the low-lying places along the coastlines. Thus it is undeniable that the climate change is "the threat multiplier" to the existing problems.
Lessons to be learned from others' experiences
It would be worth mentioning what our neighbour, Thailand had done and is doing to control the floods, which ravaged their country every year. There are numerous dams and diversion weirs, dykes and pumping stations built in places that are prone to flooding. These infrastructures proved to be very efficient and effective. They are building coastal dykes and retaining walls to deter erosions of the coastline caused by storm surges and also at the river mouths to prevent seawater surging inland during the storms that are frequent in the Gulf of Thailand.
One good example of such an undertaking is a 10 kilometer long coastal dyke at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The project started back in 1992, to prevent floods and defend against storm surges reaching Samut Prakan, where an industrial estate is located. The construction was done on a stretch of very soft mud flat, which usually is submerged at high tides. As the soil over which the dyke was built is too soft and such a project was the first of its kind, a German consultancy firm was hired to oversee the foundation treatment using a new technology not yet familiar in Thailand, then. Today, the said coastal dyke is still serving its purposes efficiently. I learned about that dyke from a Myanmar water resources engineer, who undertook the construction of that dyke as a project manager.
In anticipation of the looming ocean rises, our country too should take the example of Thailand and consider building coastal dykes at the major river mouths, namely the Ayeyarwady River delta entrances, the Yangon River, the Ngawun or Pathein River, the Salween River and the Kaladan River in Rakhine, for instance. Here to drive home my point, allow me to briefly mention the tidal conditions in the Yangon River. The tidal range, the difference between the heights of low and high tides, is about 20 feet average in normal circumstances, if I remember correctly. There could be a couple of feet more during the extra-ordinarily high tides, thus during such times the low lying places in Yangon were usually submerged, in the past, but in recent days those conditions seem to have improved.
However, we should not ignore the fact that sea levels are expected to rise rapidly unless global warming is maintained at 1.5°C or lower, above the pre-industrial levels, an ambitious target set by the Paris climate agreement (COP21). Thus, with the worsening climate change, the effect of the rising sea levels due to the melting of ice glaciers could exacerbate the floods in Yangon area in the near future. To my knowledge, our Irrigation Department at one time had planned to build such coastal dykes at the entrances to the Ayeyarwady delta. I knew this for a fact, because in 1984 I had helped someone to translate that plan written in English into Burmese. If it should have been implemented, the loss of lives and properties due to Cyclone Nargis would be far less. | <urn:uuid:27a118a2-40aa-479c-8058-92c3935f453e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.myanmarwaterportal.com/news/1445-some-cities-around-the-world-are-sinking.html | 2024-02-21T11:16:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.970056 | 1,806 | 2.703125 | 3 | [
10646,
7158,
263,
4954,
2846,
3491,
3478,
203,
3667,
4116,
789,
425,
8255,
30,
5754,
1525,
7029,
2721,
3491,
282,
4009,
425,
2942,
662,
6702,
1962,
16,
445,
6964,
289,
794,
597,
2349,
336,
454,
288,
1096,
488,
268,
2399,
715,
5243,
18,
365,
5334,
74,
4044,
356,
261,
2465,
289,
375,
645,
3087,
289,
279,
8171,
7476,
18,
1545,
1166,
16,
649,
445,
855,
2913,
292,
1213,
608,
336,
2349,
16,
445,
664,
352,
1448,
1341,
291,
3630,
2142,
667,
689,
911,
2180,
288,
659,
261,
1349,
18,
2015,
454,
768,
662,
462,
2770,
8755,
72,
8147,
2693,
18,
1121,
16,
1014,
1533,
1146,
10047,
690,
16,
518,
316,
268,
1932,
289,
336,
2349,
16,
4572,
352,
261,
4402,
588,
3339,
1733,
644,
292,
456,
1196,
18,
10210,
16,
649,
9159,
79,
3421,
454,
2825,
16,
362,
454,
295,
1606,
4646,
268,
991,
58,
270,
690,
289,
268,
4675,
6,
419,
268,
8233,
6848,
88,
1736,
289,
268,
1662,
16,
1504,
292,
3682,
375,
645,
336,
2756,
2799,
500,
1149,
268,
2349,
288,
1014,
1962,
18,
203,
45,
8771,
2091,
712,
292,
10047,
690,
16,
566,
352,
261,
6019,
1094,
1808,
292,
9159,
79,
3421,
16,
334,
792,
4973,
360,
268,
375,
645,
336,
375,
1356,
327,
986,
288,
772,
3508,
288,
336,
2349,
16,
518,
1153,
1139,
770,
5559,
292,
279,
325,
341,
622,
18,
5611,
4815,
475,
2805,
3589,
462,
794,
5297,
268,
2349,
2799,
892,
566,
1153,
3498,
874,
274,
289,
2868,
331,
579,
580,
371,
332,
650,
356,
288,
261,
296,
324,
1080,
16,
288,
261,
2349,
688,
441,
702,
331,
4407,
577,
2817,
18,
365,
375,
645,
356,
525,
724,
292,
6013,
3653,
5719,
292,
1463,
10149,
18,
203,
56,
370,
350,
9159,
79,
3421,
316,
269,
1914,
18,
2942,
268,
1025,
510,
625,
268,
4527,
87,
356,
3832,
512,
3103,
291,
6019,
16,
3736,
4407,
577,
2817,
512,
2548,
905,
281,
291,
11403,
292,
3227,
512,
5443,
18,
450,
6244,
16,
268,
10149,
288,
9159,
79,
3421,
2494,
3103,
11403,
292,
3872,
291,
3488,
423,
18,
365,
1656,
443,
5230,
454,
268,
10867,
371,
262,
77,
5368,
1494,
18,
760,
710,
6419,
850,
444,
3488,
423,
288,
336,
1494,
16,
772,
850,
1315,
6364,
691,
292,
1797,
9078,
2856,
9159,
79,
3421,
31,
579,
919,
5381,
292,
586,
1933,
288,
268,
2225,
18,
365,
4839,
402,
799,
69,
877,
8359,
8732,
1312,
308,
3814,
1504,
292,
336,
4527,
18,
1097,
268,
10149,
6090,
502,
850,
658,
261,
7859,
4364,
4054,
331,
422,
2679,
11984,
18,
2519,
268,
7716,
284,
616,
9702,
16,
794,
268,
5140,
11915,
289,
6940,
87,
2807,
6940,
87,
289,
268,
733,
4364,
5862,
286,
288,
268,
10278,
9078,
664,
5455,
18,
365,
2152,
793,
11834,
516,
268,
295,
694,
2093,
5379,
1298,
2016,
90,
1516,
723,
2287,
331,
304,
2013,
796,
292,
1638,
444,
1630,
1357,
291,
8087,
444,
5753,
1932,
18,
203,
37,
916,
1400,
292,
3962,
16,
686,
356,
579,
1670,
4083,
1149,
268,
887,
336,
356,
1018,
6240,
360,
268,
5141,
289,
269,
1914,
18,
2011,
16,
362,
830,
327,
1990,
292,
698,
768,
2384,
659,
269,
1914,
18,
994,
356,
772,
1802,
336,
2885,
292,
336,
6902,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
5572,
1342,
316,
268,
10196,
1091,
361,
273,
2366,
685,
289,
268,
2107,
16,
518,
356,
268,
1826,
289,
5221,
11613,
16,
793,
4023,
2396,
291,
2238,
2108,
2244,
18,
948,
1965,
1496,
1533,
3813,
9340,
360,
268,
10390,
673,
4851,
1531,
1533,
336,
2494,
4782,
1506,
292,
3573,
1504,
292,
5443,
4555,
542,
289,
4036,
11107,
3560,
1149,
268,
887,
356,
268,
939,
1567,
89,
909,
292,
659,
10212,
18,
9255,
1479,
4083,
427,
1149,
268,
887,
356,
4090,
352,
268,
710,
10153,
4083,
336,
911,
10623,
3568,
292,
269,
1914,
18,
203,
1461,
2725,
1479,
269,
1914,
4083,
203,
1461,
4083,
336,
356,
3498,
269,
1914,
356,
30,
17,
203,
21,
18,
596,
761,
294,
358,
16,
11510,
203,
22,
18,
2176,
11397,
16,
10255,
967,
203,
23,
18,
402,
83,
654,
77,
3028,
76,
4497,
421,
55,
69,
333,
266,
989,
8382,
465,
348,
203,
24,
18,
1525,
1778,
298,
504,
16,
7750,
9786,
16,
7581,
203,
25,
18,
9159,
79,
3421,
16,
321,
726,
481,
203,
26,
18,
480,
87,
10398,
16,
3116,
203,
27,
18,
413,
76,
10398,
16,
9159,
80,
9732,
203,
28,
18,
1395,
282,
472,
2765,
16,
3070,
203,
29,
18,
10047,
690,
16,
7553,
203,
2316,
18,
6944,
481,
11942,
16,
7034,
203,
38,
7330,
629,
2725,
4083,
16,
5159,
291,
1525,
3567,
16,
1232,
16,
356,
6232,
268,
1162,
284,
692,
18,
5159,
316,
1064,
2456,
289,
3036,
87,
1914,
11,
352,
2106,
6647,
1892,
3542,
1506,
3573,
291,
576,
525,
316,
268,
2349,
289,
1525,
3567,
18,
203,
39,
324,
1423,
325,
596,
761,
294,
358,
316,
10203,
286,
352,
2054,
268,
4406,
2288,
289,
3542,
966,
3573,
288,
268,
887,
16,
360,
261,
3573,
289,
2725,
3207,
421,
23,
6880,
13,
288,
268,
1887,
264,
7682,
935,
18,
540,
316,
4604,
1504,
292,
268,
1975,
336,
268,
2349,
316,
269,
1914,
16,
4654,
292,
268,
2025,
1981,
2288,
289,
268,
6557,
3542,
18,
365,
9565,
779,
5970,
356,
2112,
75,
1402,
2265,
11593,
3441,
1979,
292,
1014,
2459,
419,
11971,
16,
292,
3831,
596,
761,
294,
358,
18,
1399,
2419,
1977,
502,
356,
525,
5337,
10418,
596,
761,
294,
358,
360,
261,
733,
3507,
2349,
18,
553,
316,
1211,
16,
717,
268,
269,
1914,
2362,
327,
1927,
1064,
1357,
268,
2399,
2349,
830,
327,
1064,
770,
419,
731,
2520,
18,
203,
48,
364,
407,
437,
261,
1062,
8539,
401,
289,
768,
11971,
1535,
292,
4459,
268,
3542,
976,
274,
18,
6642,
292,
606,
1488,
5210,
318,
16,
4745,
881,
264,
6787,
289,
11971,
316,
5437,
292,
10149,
291,
352,
268,
1777,
316,
5191,
601,
1125,
3025,
16,
4527,
1357,
316,
363,
851,
2682,
331,
622,
18,
6112,
4670,
295,
374,
274,
291,
7910,
295,
93,
1151,
16,
1560,
87,
16,
291,
4527,
75,
692,
1153,
7178,
1573,
7362,
828,
940,
427,
268,
3542,
18,
365,
295,
93,
1151,
1463,
10149,
427,
770,
11761,
636,
268,
1777,
419,
268,
1670,
7359,
796,
9471,
475,
291,
2172,
2013,
16,
1020,
261,
7017,
892,
289,
8630,
295,
10125,
16,
375,
645,
16,
291,
4863,
281,
8137,
1288,
268,
1488,
17,
2173,
2287,
2962,
331,
2997,
318,
291,
5065,
18,
203,
9362,
1609,
1317,
316,
261,
991,
11692,
10997,
1242,
6,
203,
9362,
1609,
1317,
911,
3241,
352,
261,
991,
11692,
10997,
1242,
6,
292,
268,
3614,
1626,
659,
352,
269,
1914,
2107,
291,
3062,
1690,
1504,
292,
11613,
16,
2396,
291,
2238,
2108,
2244,
291,
3276,
3434,
18,
365,
1907,
1317,
316,
2657,
427,
3276,
292,
5950,
658,
268,
935,
1504,
292,
268,
3026,
1913,
289,
268,
1195,
9546,
18,
365,
1195,
582,
1074,
691,
1175,
5263,
500,
16,
666,
289,
5839,
963,
6987,
16,
658,
4544,
16,
658,
17,
3225,
3412,
289,
2312,
331,
3318,
356,
516,
6126,
292,
268,
5221,
2375,
3255,
16,
518,
288,
1867,
5048,
268,
5804,
6647,
18,
203,
54,
486,
430,
456,
1040,
3841,
686,
356,
658,
261,
6946,
2587,
74,
1773,
384,
1516,
341,
288,
268,
1155,
410,
2225,
16,
518,
334,
850,
5709,
288,
1290,
2773,
1989,
991,
1461,
9505,
316,
6861,
30,
667,
513,
362,
2242,
407,
7694,
518,
454,
4738,
288,
268,
1016,
4724,
2682,
289,
365,
5754,
1525,
7029,
289,
3491,
282,
4009,
18,
994,
334,
850,
4565,
289,
268,
11457,
2164,
17,
91,
1284,
3736,
268,
9505,
292,
4107,
291,
1342,
268,
8704,
4036,
292,
2603,
644,
291,
293,
4029,
430,
366,
8378,
3345,
18,
540,
8422,
268,
4555,
542,
289,
268,
11638,
291,
268,
4778,
11107,
3560,
1149,
268,
887,
336,
850,
712,
2118,
341,
331,
3293,
2903,
1315,
16,
830,
5707,
5151,
268,
4782,
1506,
3105,
291,
288,
1867,
10036,
674,
268,
269,
1914,
289,
268,
1488,
17,
2173,
3508,
1910,
268,
4272,
7173,
18,
4387,
362,
316,
641,
270,
2627,
336,
268,
1907,
1317,
316,
991,
1381,
2456,
10997,
1242,
6,
292,
268,
3614,
1626,
18,
203,
48,
368,
625,
292,
327,
4574,
427,
1548,
11,
2891,
203,
4077,
830,
327,
3760,
3540,
281,
768,
662,
6327,
455,
16,
321,
726,
481,
850,
2217,
291,
316,
2776,
292,
1357,
268,
4527,
87,
16,
518,
384,
548,
2009,
444,
1777,
953,
715,
18,
994,
356,
3682,
1560,
87,
291,
9203,
305,
445,
6958,
16,
295,
93,
1151,
291,
4863,
281,
8137,
2825,
288,
3508,
336,
356,
8096,
292,
10149,
18,
948,
582,
3096,
1026,
1601,
9105,
292,
327,
1040,
2632,
291,
1783,
18,
900,
356,
1649,
7636,
295,
93,
1151,
291,
304,
5045,
5240,
292,
9378,
1827,
335,
806,
289,
268,
4272,
1279,
2494,
419,
7362,
828,
940,
291,
525,
430,
268,
4815,
3552,
87,
292,
1463,
447,
738,
524,
828,
1893,
288,
1169,
995,
268,
11656,
336,
356,
6019,
288,
268,
11419,
289,
321,
726,
481,
18,
203,
11375,
1060,
1214,
289,
659,
363,
1064,
8668,
316,
261,
1474,
5808,
10275,
917,
7636,
295,
93,
394,
430,
268,
3552,
289,
268,
654,
9443,
1629,
6802,
69,
4258,
18,
365,
1707,
3120,
1103,
288,
2464,
22,
16,
292,
1463,
4527,
87,
291,
7855,
1573,
7362,
828,
940,
7257,
5690,
371,
1706,
761,
282,
16,
853,
363,
3854,
8636,
316,
3586,
18,
365,
3076,
454,
2217,
341,
261,
9494,
289,
1040,
4775,
293,
1327,
5664,
16,
518,
1840,
316,
979,
81,
732,
286,
430,
695,
1377,
4696,
18,
760,
268,
1976,
658,
518,
268,
295,
93,
394,
454,
2825,
316,
1232,
4775,
291,
659,
261,
1707,
454,
268,
855,
289,
606,
2066,
16,
261,
4026,
4072,
3015,
5464,
454,
296,
2160,
292,
6290,
1512,
268,
4762,
1412,
1001,
261,
733,
1428,
462,
2770,
4973,
288,
321,
726,
481,
16,
1023,
18,
4120,
16,
268,
1211,
7636,
295,
93,
394,
316,
1356,
6914,
606,
4309,
6106,
18,
334,
4574,
608,
336,
295,
93,
394,
427,
261,
3491,
282,
4009,
770,
1793,
9550,
16,
650,
1064,
278,
3421,
268,
3076,
289,
336,
295,
93,
394,
352,
261,
1707,
8101,
18,
203,
2983,
7785,
318,
289,
268,
2709,
2982,
4782,
976,
274,
16,
662,
1777,
1232,
788,
1071,
268,
1214,
289,
321,
726,
481,
291,
1119,
1649,
7636,
295,
93,
1151,
430,
268,
1670,
4815,
3552,
87,
16,
11708,
268,
330,
5209,
93,
294,
91,
5510,
4258,
1404,
358,
8516,
1427,
16,
268,
663,
620,
266,
4258,
16,
268,
465,
75,
738,
374,
361,
11108,
73,
263,
4258,
16,
268,
5029,
7402,
4258,
291,
268,
696,
280,
354,
282,
4258,
288,
434,
10422,
475,
16,
331,
3569,
18,
2011,
292,
4048,
1311,
1290,
1813,
16,
1059,
479,
292,
5715,
325,
3540,
268,
1377,
72,
280,
1533,
288,
268,
663,
620,
266,
4258,
18,
365,
1377,
72,
280,
1749,
16,
268,
2921,
858,
268,
431,
1251,
289,
1488,
291,
695,
1377,
4696,
16,
316,
608,
731,
3207,
2964,
288,
2910,
5523,
16,
717,
334,
3283,
6248,
18,
994,
911,
327,
261,
6080,
289,
3207,
512,
995,
268,
3485,
17,
791,
263,
2873,
695,
1377,
4696,
16,
3416,
995,
659,
1708,
268,
1488,
308,
1411,
3508,
288,
663,
620,
266,
664,
1840,
979,
81,
732,
286,
16,
288,
268,
2323,
16,
566,
288,
2650,
1962,
1014,
1533,
3003,
292,
437,
3808,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
445,
788,
462,
11712,
268,
1975,
336,
3542,
1506,
356,
3650,
292,
3573,
5208,
6774,
2106,
6647,
316,
7784,
430,
433,
18,
25,
5106,
39,
361,
1898,
16,
2159,
268,
561,
17,
578,
1254,
439,
1506,
16,
363,
4971,
7136,
2886,
1075,
419,
268,
7102,
1907,
5687,
421,
5649,
52,
5716,
802,
4387,
16,
360,
268,
5570,
1981,
1907,
1317,
16,
268,
2365,
289,
268,
6557,
3542,
1506,
1504,
292,
268,
4555,
542,
289,
4036,
11107,
3560,
911,
9924,
381,
268,
4527,
87,
288,
663,
620,
266,
1494,
288,
268,
1834,
1571,
18,
1122,
1290,
1772,
16,
662,
4428,
4383,
318,
3968,
430,
597,
669,
850,
7963,
292,
2115,
659,
7636,
295,
93,
1151,
430,
268,
8516,
1427,
292,
268,
330,
5209,
93,
294,
91,
5510,
1404,
358,
18,
334,
6964,
456,
331,
261,
1975,
16,
971,
288,
3361,
24,
334,
850,
4822,
2711,
292,
4713,
381,
336,
1200,
3245,
288,
2525,
636,
7231,
81,
786,
18,
829,
362,
788,
437,
712,
6399,
16,
268,
1866,
289,
2136,
291,
3227
] |
Cultural genocide extends beyond attacks upon the physical and/or biological elements of a group and seeks to eliminate its wider institutions... Elements of cultural genocide are manifested when artistic, literary, and cultural activities are restricted or outlawed and when national treasures, libraries, archives, museums, artifacts, and art galleries are destroyed or confiscated.
– David Neressian.1
For approximately the past hundred years, the Zionist movement has been engaged in an intense process of nation building in the land of historic Palestine. The problem, from the Zionist perspective, was the existence of a predominantly non-Jewish Palestinian population in the very area slated to become a Jewish state. The solution, from the Zionist perspective, was the disappearance of the Palestinian people.
For more than sixty years, the attempt to disappear Palestine has taken three primary forms: the physical destruction of Palestinian property and expulsion of people from their homes, the legally enshrined discrimination against Palestinian people both inside and outside Palestine, and the ongoing process of cultural genocide that threatens Palestinian identity at its core. These processes are inherently intertwined, but the first two are often given more attention than the last. This study will briefly touch upon physical destruction and legal discrimination to provide a framework for understanding the primary topic of the study: an example of the ongoing process of cultural theft and destruction.
In 1948, much of the wealthy and formally educated Palestinian population was concentrated in Jerusalem and other urban centers. When Zionist militias swept through these neighborhoods, they physically pushed thousands of people from their homes and caused tens of thousands more to flee in fear. Many Palestinians left in haste, grabbing only what they could carry as they ran. Others thought they would return a few weeks later, once the fighting died down. In many cases, members of the educated class left behind some of their most prized possessions: books.
The soldiers raiding these West Jerusalem neighborhoods were closely followed by teams of librarians from the Jewish National and University Library at Hebrew University (later referred to as National Jewish Library or simply the National Library). They gathered approximately 30,000 books from private Palestinian libraries and, according to testimonies from those involved in the project, began to catalog books by subject and often by owners’ names. In the early 1960s, however, close to 6,000 of the books were revisited and labeled with the letters “AP” for “abandoned property”.2 The library catalog shows no information on provenance, or former ownership. If that information had formerly been recorded, it seems to have been erased or at least carefully concealed.
To this day, the books’ call numbers begin with the letters “AP.” The National Library has thus maintained a likely unintentional collection of looted Palestinian books, easily identifiable to those who understand what “AP” means. It remains unclear why certain books were labeled “AP” and others were not. Indeed, the remainder of the 30,000 plundered books, which were embedded into the library’s general catalog and are also still housed there, are much more difficult to identify.
This study will focus solely on the 6,000 books with the “AP” designation, and aims to contribute to uncovering a particular historical episode and to offer suggestions on how to move forward with the information the study gathers. It will place the story of Palestine’s looted books in the larger political contexts of Zionism and other cases of looted cultural property during times of war and occupation, namely that of Jewish property looted by Nazis. Most concretely, it will begin to establish an understanding of how the “Abandoned Property” books at the Jewish National and University Library may be linked to their former owners and eventually restored to their place in Palestinian cultural memory.
“Imagine that you wake up one day and your entire human environment is gone.” Sami Abu Shehadeh, PhD student, political and social activist, and Yaffa resident, attempts to explain the impact of the Nakba on the Palestinian people. Nakba, or catastrophe, is the Arabic name for the displacement and dispossession of the Palestinian people immediately before, during, and after the founding of the State of Israel. On May 13, 1948, one day before Israel declared itself a state, Zionist armies literally pushed 50,000 Palestinians from Yaffa into the sea. Boats transported people to Gaza, Egypt, and Lebanon, where many of them remain today.3 In a strikingly short time span, Yaffa’s Palestinian population dwindled from 120,000 to fewer than 4,000 – an entire human environment disappeared.4
People are often displaced during war; they either flee the fighting or are driven out at gunpoint. When the fighting ends, they begin the sometimes complicated psychological and legal processes of reclaiming their land and property. The case of Palestine stands out as one of the more extreme cases of displacement, one in which the fleeing of the indigenous population was not incidental but was necessary for the creation of a Jewish state in historic Palestine. Because the ethnic cleansing was incomplete, however, the new Israeli state enacted laws and policies to guarantee the creation and continuation of an artificial Jewish majority.
In 1950, the Israeli government passed the famous “Law of Return,” guaranteeing that “Every Jew has a right to come to this country.”5 The law describes the granting of Israeli citizenship to any Jew in the world who wants it. Meanwhile, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, a right guaranteed to all people in the world and specifically reaffirmed for Palestinian people by the UN in the 1948 Resolution 194, has been systematically denied.6 Arabic street names have been replaced with the names of Zionist leaders. Hundreds of Palestinian villages have been destroyed, and the rubble of homes covered by fast-growing non-native pine forests planted by the Jewish National Fund with donations from around the world.7 One of the most striking laws is the Absentee Property Law, which declares that those who left the country during the fighting of 1948 no longer have rights to their property if they first left to an “enemy country,” and that those internally displaced are considered “present absentees,” still without access to their land and property.8 As many who fall into the latter category often bitterly remark, “We’re here when it’s time to pay taxes, but we’re not here when we try to claim our rights.”
In 1948, the Custodian of Absentee Property took control – but not ownership – of all refugees’ property, including books. This measure was supposed to be temporary. In 1950, the Absentee Property Law declared the Custodian the “owner” of the property until a proper owner came forward, and at the same time made it virtually impossible for Palestinians to come forward to claim their property.9
Not only would an acknowledgment of Palestinian ownership threaten Zionist legitimacy, but the incorporation of the books into the Israeli narrative actively served Zionist interests. While the institutions could have simply discarded the books, their preservation has become part of Israel’s conception of itself. Just as hummus is now an Israeli food, Palestinian books are now Israeli artifacts. The colonizer’s identity exists only in relation to the colonized.
At the same time, the “Abandoned Property” books provide a reminder of a past that Israel would prefer to forget. While their owners remain scattered throughout the world in exile, the books sit in Jerusalem, severed from their owners and their former homes but housed with each other, still in historic Palestine.
The AP books also serve as a testament to the burgeoning intellectual culture of Palestine and the Arab world in general, and Jerusalem in particular, in the 1940s. These books are not the average mass-produced popular fiction or cheap commercial publications. They are largely scholarly volumes, mostly in Arabic, and many are rare or out of print today.
The maintenance – whether intentional or not – of the AP collection is thus especially poignant. While the Israeli government and affiliated institutions have attempted to render the AP books meaningless to Palestinian people, their efforts have proven incomplete. Researcher Gish Amit uncovered this story, and projects like The Great Book Robbery – a film and interactive website including translation of part of the National Library’s catalog of AP books – continue its publicity. To my knowledge, neither the National Library nor those attempting to shed light on this case have conducted provenance research regarding these books, so this study aims to begin this process. But first it is useful to explore other examples of looted cultural property – particularly in Nazi Europe – and the process of its return to its former owners.
Nazi Looting of Jewish Cultural Property
One of the best known examples of physical and cultural destruction of a people is the Nazi holocaust perpetrated against Jews and others. I will focus not on physical destruction of people or materials, but on the looting (and survival) of Jewish cultural property, particularly books. No two historical events are the same, but it is instructive to examine some of the parallels and differences between cases of Nazi looting of Jewish property and Zionist looting of Palestinian books.
The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR) was established in 1940, and over the following years confiscated millions of Jewish cultural items. Though occasionally coming into conflict with Nazis who simply wanted to destroy Jewish cultural property, the ERR had widespread governmental support from those who sought to understand their “enemies”.10 The ERR kept detailed records of the confiscation of libraries, with addresses, dates of seizure, and the number of crates shipped from each place. Some of these ERR lists survive to this day.11 It is unclear whether such detailed official documentation exists in the case of Palestine, but thus far only a small amount has been discovered.
Eventually, in both the cases of Palestine and Nazi-controlled Europe, most victims had fled or were forcibly removed, and the books remained under the control of the occupying power. As in Palestine with the Custodian of Absentee Property, “[t] he property of Jews who had fled the Nazi onslaught was declared ‘ownerless,’ and therefore the ERR had the ‘obligation’ to store it in safe places within the Reich”.12
Because the Nazi government sought to understand the Jews, it often forced Jewish laborers to process and catalog the books. The conscripted staff of the Reich Security Main Office, or RSHA, found itself in a precarious position. On the one hand, Jewish librarians wanted to document and care for these stolen Jewish collections; on the other hand, they worked in inhumane conditions for a government that wanted to annihilate them. Additionally, the threat of deportation to death camps hung over everyone, and eventually most of the workers were indeed deported.13
Similarly, Palestinian prisoners of war in 1948 were forced to loot each other’s homes, and in some cases their own, to gather books from them and prepare them for removal by the National Library.14 Since the cataloging took place only after the war ended, the labor was no longer forced prison labor, but Palestinians were still needed for their Arabic language skills. Aziz Shehadeh, a Palestinian lawyer with Israeli citizenship, loved his job cataloging books in the National Library, but also notes that, “I’ve seen the entire Palestinian tragedy through these books. A catastrophe.”15
Multiple efforts at restitution of looted Jewish property have been conducted. These fall roughly into two categories: those conducted just after the end of World War II and those currently under way as a result of renewed efforts to retrieve stolen property. A few of the more instructive examples can be used as a basis for understanding and beginning to work on the case of looted Palestinian books and other property.
In 1941, the Nazis established Theresienstadt concentration camp in a town called Terezin on the outskirts of Prague. This camp housed wealthy and prominent Jews from various countries and served as a “model camp” to show the world that the Nazis’ treatment of Jews was humane. Therefore, those in the camp were, at least at the beginning, permitted many of the amenities not usually provided to concentration camp inhabitants.16 One such amenity was a community library and bookmobile.
Many people arriving in Theresienstadt brought books with them, and thus a collection was established. Nazi authorities soon supplemented this collection with libraries stolen from Jewish institutions throughout Europe. The books had no common language or subject, and were cataloged by professionals in the library. Eventually, the Nazis’ motivation for the operations in the library became much more insidious: Jews were to catalog materials for future inclusion in the “Museum of the Extinct Race.”17
Eventually, the vast majority of Theresienstadt residents were deported and killed. The head librarian and one other staff member survived, and voluntarily remained in the camp for three months after liberation until they could fully organize and catalog the 100,000 volumes in the library. The books then found their new home in the Jewish Museum in Prague.18
In the years immediately following World War II, the Jewish Museum in Prague underwent a massive process of restoring materials to their prior owners. Of more than 190,000 volumes that the museum acquired during and immediately after the war, 158,000 were returned.19 In 2000, the Czech Republic passed a restitution act that required all state institutions to return art obtained illegally between 1938 and 1945. Although not a state institution, the Jewish Museum committed itself to the spirit of the act and began provenance research on many of the items in its collection. Additionally, the museum has a section on its website called “Terms for the filing of claims for the restitution of books from the library collection of the Jewish Museum in Prague which were unlawfully seized from natural persons during the period of Nazi occupation.” Explaining that all books “shall be transferred free of charge to the natural person who owned them prior to the seizure,”20 the website lists specific instructions on how to file claims, which descendants and relatives may do so, and the documents required.
Austria and Germany, perhaps because of their unique culpability in regards to the Nazi Holocaust, have conducted rigorous provenance research and returned more items than have most other countries. In Germany, the Lost Art Internet Database contains data on cultural objects which as a result of Nazi persecution or the direct consequences of the Second World War were removed and relocated, stored or seized from their owners, particularly Jews, or on cultural objects where, because of gaps in their provenance, such a story of loss cannot be ruled out as a possibility.21
The database is divided into two sections. The first, “Search Requests,” allows those who have lost items to register them, and allows current owners or custodians of questionable objects to search for claims to those objects. The second section, “Found- Object Reports,” does the opposite: it allows current owners to register items with questionable history and individuals and institutions to search for their items. Clicking on an individual record brings information about the item as well as a photograph of the object. Although the majority of the material in this database is art, this can again be a useful model for thinking about the restitution of other cultural property, including books.
In 1998, Austria passed the Art Restitution Act, and in 2009 modified federal laws concerning the restitution of cultural property. The Commission for Provenance Research has since worked with federal museums and collections to inspect materials and archives for signs of previous ownership. This is not primarily a response to individual requests, but is an ongoing effort deemed important in and of itself (Commission for Provenance Research, n.d.).22 In its introduction to its Provenance Research and Restitution project, The Austrian National Library recognizes its history and accepts responsibility for its role in the plundering of Jewish property. After declaring that the institution’s “historical heritage… is not free of injustice and guilt,”23 (Austrian National Library, 2007, para. 1) it poignantly affirms that “[o]nly by an exemplary, sensitive, and honest dealing with its own past can the Austrian National Library lay claim to credibility as the central memory institution of this country”.24
In contrast, the case of looted books in Belarus is perhaps more similar to the current state of AP books. The National Library of Belarus received more than one million books at the end of the war, half of which had been looted from Belarus, the other half from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. While little attempt was made to identify books during the Soviet regime, the years since have seen provenance research efforts for at least a small portion. Several thousand books with identifying marks have been transferred to the Rare Book Department, which has created catalog cards and other data files on the books, now online.25
Despite these small efforts, many limitations remain. First, a number of the Hebrew and Yiddish language books have yet to be cataloged. Second, only a small number of the trophy books have been transferred to the Rare Book Department, with the vast majority of them still somewhere in the library’s general holdings and virtually impossible to identify. Finally, while some provenance research is being conducted, there is currently no effort or willingness to return the books to their owners, with the exception of a small number of books returned to the Netherlands .26
Similarly, the “Abandoned Property” books in Palestine remain under the control of a government unwilling to return them to their owners. Unlike in Minsk, where the National Library of Belarus has acknowledged the existence of the books and the fact that they were looted, the National Library in Jerusalem has yet to do so. While the case of Palestinian stolen books is made somewhat easier by the designation of “AP” by Israeli authorities, we must remember the tens of thousands of books that did not receive this designation and are probably embedded in the general collection, similar to the books in Minsk. Community representatives as well as individual countries have worked to identify and occasionally return looted items. In late 1951, Dr. Nahum Goldmann of the Jewish Agency and World Jewish Congress called a meeting in New York of twenty-three Jewish organizations to discuss material claims. The result was the formation of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, or the Claims Conference. The Conference represented those organizations present and began to negotiate with the German government for compensation and restitution of looted materials. Negotiations resulted in agreements, which the Claims Conference notes on its website were “unique in human history. All three entities involved—the Claims Conference, West Germany, and Israel—had not existed at the time of World War II, and yet all entered into an agreement for compensation for crimes committed during that time”.?
To date, as a result of laws negotiated with the Claims Conference, the German government has paid more than $60 billion to Nazi victims, and the Conference continues to work with governments and banks to more completely compensate victims for their losses.28 The organization’s extensive website includes detailed information about every aspect of its work, including a large section on Artwork and Cultural Property, and we would be well served to look at the Conference as a model for the case of Palestine and restitution of property, both cultural and otherwise.
In 2001, the Commission for Looted Art in Europe created the Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933-1945. Operating under the auspices of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Judaic Studies, the Central Registry researches, documents, and publishes information on the looting of cultural property by the Nazis, and advises families and institutions. Perhaps most impressive is the “Information by Country” section of its website, which lists more than forty countries and organizes information into a number of very useful categories .29
Considering the examples above, one might ask how specifically provenance research can be conducted when individual owners cannot be found. A valuable case in point is the Offenbach Archival Depot.
Early in 1945, Allied troops uncovered hundreds of hidden repositories containing property stolen by the Nazis. The Office of Military Government for Germany, U.S. Zone (OMGUS), along with other U.S. institutions, took on the responsibility of recovery and restitution. In 1946, when it became clear that this was a bigger job than originally imagined, the Offenbach Archival Depot was established, and by the time it closed in 1949, the depot had returned more than 2.8 million books, in thirty-five languages, to fourteen different countries.30 This effort, the “largest book restitution program in history,”31 was accomplished through cooperation between numerous qualified individuals and organizations, including the U.S. Army, the Library of Congress, its Mission in Germany, and a number of Jewish organizations.32
Offenbach Archival Depot director Seymour Pomrenze, and his successor Isaac Bencowitz, developed a comprehensive system for sorting and identifying the volumes in the facility. Looking at bookplates, stamps, and other markings, staff created an inventory of clearly identifiable items and quickly returned them to their countries of origin. The unidentified items were further researched and again, once enough information was known, returned to their countries of origin.33 In addition, former owners of books could file claims that were examined at the depot.34
This seemingly well-oiled machine was not without challenges. The restitution program was not only the largest of its kind in history, but certain accepted practices did not necessarily make sense here. For example, the return of books to the country of origin in which the Jewish community was recently decimated was not only illogical; it was downright offensive to some. Discussions ensued: while it was commonly accepted that books should be returned to individuals and their families whenever possible, what was to be done with books that were partially or wholly unidentifiable?
Many agreed that the books should go somewhere where they could be of greatest use to the Jewish community from which they came, but with the survivors of Jewish communities now scattered around the world, this was not an easy task. People stressed that regardless of the solution, all distribution of materials should happen in concert with a representative group of Jewish religious and intellectual leaders. Finally, an agreement was reached to turn over the unidentifiable books – about 500,000 items – to the Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Foundation (JCR) on a custodial basis, with the stipulation that owners would be sought and their books returned to them. The JCR then began the process of distributing the books to libraries and Jewish cultural centers throughout the world.
When considering European efforts to restore property to Jews, one cannot help but imagine the possibilities that exist in the case of Palestine. A major limitation in the latter case is that unlike the situation in post-war Germany, Israel still controls the documents in question and the lands from which they came, and its officials still refuse to acknowledge the historical fact of Palestinian presence and ownership of property before 1948.
While Israeli law and policy have yet to come close to that of post-war Europe, we can look at international law for guidance. Indeed much of international law was developed as a direct result of the Nazi Holocaust, to try to ensure that nothing of the sort ever happens again. In 1954, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the event of Armed Conflict declared that “the preservation of the cultural heritage is of great importance for all peoples of the world and... should receive international protection”.35 The Convention prohibits the looting of cultural property and, in the event that this provision is not followed, calls on countries “to return, at the close of hostilities, to the competent authorities of the territory previously occupied, cultural property which is in its territory.”36
One obvious problem in the case of Palestine is that we have yet to see the “close of hostilities.” The system of occupation and colonization is ongoing, and Israel’s borders, which have never officially been declared, are constantly expanding. Still, the National Library in Jerusalem is an institution claimed by a state that is considered part of the international community. We are not merely talking about records of military occupation authorities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, but documents in an official state institution stolen from people who, more than sixty years later, continue to struggle for their rights of return, restitution, and compensation.
A 1952 letter from Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to the Claims Conference’s first president, Dr. Nahum Goldmann, asserted that “[f]or the first time in the history of the Jewish people, oppressed and plundered for hundreds of years… the oppressor and plunderer has had to hand back some of the spoil and pay collective compensation for part of the material losses.”37 The irony of this statement, when juxtaposed with the case of Palestinian oppression and plunder, cannot escape us.
There is a small minority of Jewish Israelis who, through grassroots organizations like Zochrot (“Remembering”) attempt to decolonize their own identities by remembering the Nakba and supporting the Palestinian right of return. The vast majority of Israelis, however, and all state institutions, still deny Palestinian claims to land and history, because as in many other colonial settler situations, the very acknowledgment of Palestinian identity would necessarily delegitimize Israeli identity. This core contradiction must be faced and dealt with if we are to move forward with any semblance of justice for the Palestinian people. In the meantime, we can begin to prepare for the political moment in which return of property is possible.
While the rest of this study primarily begins the process of individual provenance research, perhaps the most relevant parallel between the cases of post-WWII Jews and post-Nakba Palestinians is the discussion of collective return to a community dispersed throughout the globe. To this end, any efforts at individual linkage of books to their owners should be seen in the larger context of the Palestinian right, as a collective, to control its cultural property.
Searching for Palestinian Owners
The story of Palestine’s “Abandoned Property” books now housed in the National Jewish Library fits squarely into a larger narrative of cultural property theft and destruction in Palestine, as well as that of a long history of similar incidents arising from wartime plunder. In order to add depth and concrete possibility to the discussion of the AP books, this study not only compares Palestine with other historical situations but also examines particular books at Israel’s National Library and identifies ways that the AP books can be linked to their original Palestinian owners.
In a visit to the library, researcher Gish Amit and filmmaker Benny Brunner discovered clear personal inscriptions of Nasser Eddin Nashashibi at the front of a book called Makramiyat.38 In another poignant example, Dumya and Hala Sakakini, daughters of the famous educator Khalil Sakakini, went to the library after hearing rumors that their father’s collection was housed there. The librarian explained to them that the books are abandoned property and they have no right to them, but they were able to look at one of the books they remembered, and confirmed by looking at the marginalia that it was indeed their father’s book.39
These two cases led me to believe that I might find identifying information in some AP books. I set out looking for markings such as name plates and bookseller stamps; handwritten notes, including owners’ names, dedications, and marginalia; librarians’ or catalogers’ markings; and request slips or check-out cards indicating prior use.
There are close to 6,000 books labeled “Abandoned Property” in the National Library, most of which are in Arabic. The website of The Great Book Robbery has translated into English brief records of the first 200 listed in the library’s online catalog. I looked at thirty-four books, most of which appear at the beginning of the list. They seem to be representative titles, encompassing linguistics, science, religion, philosophy, literature, and more. Two of the books were chosen because Amit40 indicated that they may contain identifying information.
While the AP books are in closed stacks, they can be requested and viewed in a reading room. Kara Francis, an Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies graduate student at Hebrew University, visited the library on three occasions in order to view all of the requested books. She photographed any markings that might be useful and sent the data to me. Colleagues fluent in Arabic helped translate notes, decipher handwriting,
and provide further context for some of the names and types of comments found in the books.
Of course, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a name was written by an owner, a reader, or a cataloger, and many notes were either cut off or faded. I have consulted with others and cross-referenced Amit’s work, but the results are not without some degree of conjecture. I have noted below where assumptions were made. Because this study is more qualitative than quantitative in nature and included only a very small number of books in its study sample, its purpose was more to begin to establish the viability of further provenance research than to generalize about the collection as a whole.
Of the thirty-four books examined, only one had a personal stamp (see Image 1), and three or four had stamps or seals from institutions like libraries or booksellers. One book (AP 77), an astronomy dictionary, had a stamp reading (in Arabic): “Al Taher Brothers Bookstore, Yaffa” (see Image 2). Al Taher Brothers was a known bookseller before the 1948 Nakba.41
Another had a stamp reading “Public Library of Beirut” (or “Public Bookstore of Beirut,” as the words for “bookstore” and “library” are the same in Arabic). Another book (AP 163) bore the seal of a bookbinder named Hijab, located “behind Al Azhar mosque in Cairo” (see Image 3). Interestingly, the book was printed in Istanbul andnot in Egypt.
Unlike stamps and seals, handwritten names were abundant. Again, it was sometimes difficult to tell whether a name was written by an owner, an author, a bookseller, a reader, or a librarian’s note. In some cases an owner’s name was familiar, but in order to make educated guesses about the others, I looked primarily at the placement of the name.
If it was inside the cover or on the title page, it was likelier to be an owner than a reader. If it was a signature repeated over and over again on a page in the margins of the middle of the book, I assumed that it was likelier to be a reader than an owner. If the name was written in what appeared to be librarians’ or catalogers’ pencil, and particularly if it was written next to an AP number, I assumed that this was an author’s name written by a cataloger. This was usually verifiable with a quick look at the catalog, but some books had several authors, making the process slightly more difficult.
Of the thirty-four books, seven to eleven (about 25 percent) have owners’ names written inside them. Four of these are owned by the same person, Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib, whose name was mentioned by cataloger Butrus Abu-Manneh in an article by Gish Amit:
Every book had a sequential number… and beneath it we wrote an abbreviation of the owner’s name in English. For example, the letters SAK stood for Sakakini, NIMR meant Nimer, and so on. Those letters appeared both on the inside cover and on the index card.42
This gives further confirmation that “Nimer” was an owner of many of the looted books. Further research shows that Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib was a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and Arab National Committee in Haifa in the 1940s who survived a 1948 assassination attempt by the Haganah, the Zionist paramilitary organization that later became the Israeli army.43 In addition, an internet search in Arabic brings up a number of forums that list Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib as son of Abdel Fattah, the same name as in the stamp from father to son in one of the books mentioned above (see Image 1). It can thus reasonably be assumed that the leader and the owner are the same Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib. In addition, I confirmed with Gish Amit that not all of the AP books were taken from the Jerusalem area; many books from Haifa and other parts of Palestine also ended up at the National Library.
In two books, we found the name of Sakakini, one of the other owners mentioned by cataloger Butrus Abu-Manneh. In one, an Arabic drama book, “Khalil Sakakini” was written; in the other, a four-volume work on Turkish civil law, “Sari Sakakini” was written (see Image 4). Khalil Sakakini was a pioneer in the Palestinian educational system of the early 1900s, and Sari was his eldest son.44
We had specifically sought out one of these books because of its mention in Amit’s article, whereas the other we came upon in our search of some of the first books listed in the catalog. Interestingly, in another book that Ait suggested included Sakakini’s name, we found only the name of Dr. Yusuf Haikel, the last mayor of Yaffa before 1948 who later served as Ambassador of Jordan in Washington and many other cities around the world.45 Three or four of the thirty-four books contained apparent personal dedications. In an Arabic language book (AP 23) was written, “Gift from Isaf Nashashibi to Saleh Nammari,” the latter name having been crossed out (see Image 5). Another book (AP 22), one of Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib’s religious books and one with the most writing, included several names, dedications of prayer to keep the book safe, and a handwritten dedication from father to son (see Image 6).
In some ways, marginalia can provide the richest data, as there can be many types of notes written in margins by a variety of people. On the other hand, this information is also hardest to link to a specific prior owner without much more research. Indeed, we did find marginalia in many of the books, but it was often unclear who wrote the notes, and most of the notes were obviously about the text itself and did not clearly indicate ownership.
Of the thirty-four, we found sixteen with marginalia. This category excludes notes that we can reasonably assume were written by librarians and catalogers; these will be addressed below.
In a few cases, the opening pages of a book had a handwritten table of contents and/or what appeared to be a list of several volumes or books in purple ink, presumably by an owner. In some cases, we found what appeared to be prices, and in others, dates (sometimes date of publication, sometimes not) inscribed in the first pages. Oftentimes we found notes on the text, including definitions of words, translations of Arabic words into Hebrew probably by Israeli researchers (see Image 7), and grammatical notes (see Image 8). Occasionally a line of poetry was written (see Image 10), or a comment on the prestige of a particular writer. Other notes and/or drawings appeared to be simple doodles (see Image 9).
It is clear that a variety of people, from the original owners to present day researchers and everyone in between, have interacted with these materials, and that these books have a rich story to tell. Telling this story is beyond the scope of this particular study, and the precise context of all of the notes and guesses about who wrote them will be left for future research.
As far as catalogers’ and librarians’ notes, almost every book had an AP number and/or author’s name written on the inside cover or title page. Since these gave us no more information than we already had from the catalog, I excluded these. However, I did note the cases in which a call number was included in writing, but was not included in the National Library’s online catalog.
These call numbers could mean that the books had previously been cataloged, or could simply indicate another way of categorizing them now; either way, they can provide more information.
I had occasional difficulty determining whether a note was written by a cataloger or by an owner or researcher. However, we can reasonably assume that most written in the same pencil as, and in close proximity to, the AP numbers were probably written by catalogers. Furthermore, in some cases we found what Butrus Abu-Manneh referred to as cited above: the letters “NIMR” to signify Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib’s books (see Image 11).
Twelve to fifteen of the thirty- four books had what appeared to be catalogers’ or librarians’ notes other than the simple AP number and author’s name. In most cases, these notes were numbers: call numbers, dates, and other unidentified numbers. Some notes were harder to decipher than others, and as with the marginalia, the exact codes used by librarians and catalogers must be further researched if we are to glean definitive information from their notes.
Eighteen of the thirty-four books had request slips or check-out cards. This does not necessarily mean that the rest of them have never been viewed; in fact, it is likely a fluke that the request slips are still present, either accidentally or purposefully left by a researcher. I noted the slips and cards because they tell us more about the story of the books themselves. For example, many of the check-out cards contained stamped due dates, indicating that the books were once available for check-out, whereas they are now in closed stacks. Most of those with check-out cards
had stamped due dates in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. One had a stamped due date of 2008, which either means the AP books were able to be checked out until very recently, or that this book was only recently classified as “Abandoned Property.” In addition to physically examining the books themselves, I looked at the National Library’s online catalog for further information about the books’ histories. Sixteen of the thirty-four books had notes in their records of “old classification” followed by Dewey Decimal numbers and sometimes subject headings. Most of the rest had at least one Dewey Decimal number in their MARC records, but “old classification” tells us that the books may have been previously cataloged before being designated “Abandoned Property.” This matter calls for further research.
Notably, though not surprisingly, the National Library contains no indication of former ownership in its online catalog. Including information about provenance in catalog records is not uncommon, particularly in rare book collections. In fact, in the past few decades, several MARC record fields have been added, and official cataloging rules and practices have been adopted to facilitate the documentation of books’ histories.47
For example, in the wake of World War II and the closing of the Offenbach Archival Depot, The Library of Congress (LOC) received more than 5,700 items from the JCR. The books were given bookplates to honor their history, and the LOC entered a provenance note in the MARC record of each book.48 MARC tag 561 for the book Afn shprakhfront reads, in part, |a Vols. 1 (1934) and 3/4 (1935) [under P10.A35] of Set 1 of this title were presented to the Library of Congress by Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc., a New York-based umbrella organization that served as a trusteeship for the Jewish people in the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust.49
This first step of acknowledging looted property can lead to the further step of return.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
When I began my research process, I feared that we would examine dozens of books and find no personally identifying information, or at least none that clearly indicates owners. I was pleasantly surprised that about one quarter of the books we viewed indeed had owners’ names written inside, and many more had additional information that can be used to identify owners. This confirms that return of the materials to individual owners, while tedious, is indeed possible.
The amount and quality of information we found in just thirty-four books is astounding. We know who some of the owners were, which bookstores or publishing houses they came from, who has requested to view these books over the years, what information people found interesting in the books, what words researchers needed to define, and much more.
Still, there is ample room for further research into this case and for further analysis of the research already conducted. Much could come from the examination of a larger percentage of the AP collection, and eventually from a full database of all the books and all the information we can glean from them. However, this would require many hours of library visits and collection and organization of data. Before this step is to be taken, it seems useful to explore more fully the data we already have. For example, without too much difficulty, one could find descendants of those owners whose names are in the books. We could also search for the sixty people or families listed as former owners in the National Library report of March 1949.50 It might also be possible to contact some of the booksellers or families of booksellers and printers listed in the catalog or stamped in the books, and to inquire about the records they kept.
For the less clear markings in the thirty-four books I examined, it would be useful to show photographs to someone more versed in cultural and intellectual history of Palestine in the 1940s as well as National Library cataloging practices. This way, we could begin to tell more definitively by the types of markings, inks used, placement of writing, and other factors, who wrote which notes and what they mean.
During this process, I tried only a couple times to contact the National Library, and only with general questions about the story of the books, because I did not want to jeopardize my ability to conduct the research. It would be useful to interview more people involved in the cataloging process of the AP books between 1948 and today, and perhaps to find sympathetic library workers currently in the system who either know more about the story of the books, or who are interested in finding out more. While some of the research I conducted would have been necessary no matter the degree of cooperation with the institution, the work would have been expedited had we been able to learn more from the library itself.
As we continue to search for former owners, it is equally important to assert that the AP books are indeed Palestinian books. When doing so we can learn much from the example of Jewish books looted by Nazis. In the case of the Offenbach Archival Depot, debate arose about where unidentified books should go. It was never questioned that they should be “returned,” the issue was how to return books to a community dispersed throughout the world.
The similarity to the case of Palestine is uncanny. The worldwide Palestinian population stands at over ten million, with more than half in exile and many more internally displaced.51 It is imperative to begin discussions about returning property to Palestinian communities, but there are no easy answers. Who represents the Palestinians? Should the books go into a Palestinian governmental archive? A cultural institution? A Palestinian organization in or near Jerusalem, or as close to the origin of the books as possible? A new library far from Palestine and thus protected from Israeli occupation? The only clear necessary step in this process is the inclusion of Palestinian voices, and particularly Palestinian refugee voices, in any discussions on the return of their collective property to their community. In some ways, the importance of this story lies simply in its telling, and the AP books as a collection take on new meaning with each examination. Not only do they represent a more or less unintentional reminder of Israel’s theft of Palestinian cultural and intellectual property, but they are also a living archive with meaning in the relationship between and among the books and their owners. For example, while AP book owner Mohammad Nimer Al-Khatib was part of a number of groups specifically aligned with the famous Husseini clan52, Dr. Yusuf Haikel, another AP book owner, “was considered to be an enemy of the traditional supporters of Haj Amin Al-Husseini, and a supporter of King Abdullah.”53 One might wonder how the books’ or the men’s relationship to each other changes within the context of a captive collection of looted books from six decades ago.
The disappearance and theft of Palestinian cultural heritage corresponds with the disappearance and theft of Palestinian land and the largely unsuccessful Zionist attempts to disappear Palestinian people and identity. Many Palestinians talk about the ongoing Nakba that continues through simultaneous processes of occupation, colonization, and apartheid. Laws, policies, systems, structures, and attitudes keep the Palestinians struggling for survival on multiple levels. For example, the censorship of Palestinian textbooks inside Israel is not unrelated to the maintenance of a collection of so-called “abandoned” Palestinian books in Israel’s National Library.
Similarly, the work of Baladna in Haifa or the Yafa Cultural Center in Balata refugee camp to preserve Palestinian identity is not unrelated to the efforts of Gish Amit and Benny Brunner to document the story of the AP books. The struggle of refugees to return to their homes is not unrelated to the struggle to return the AP books to their rightful owners. The abundant research in the case of Nazi looting of Jewish property is not unrelated to the need for research in the case of Israeli looting of Palestinian property.
In July 1948, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion famously wrote in his diary about the Palestinian people, “The old will die and the young will forget.”54 The old may be dying, but the young are not forgetting. Under the surface of any interaction in or about Palestine lie the ghosts of the past, powerfully resurrected in a multitude of cultural heritage projects with one eye on the present and another looking towards the future. It is my hope that this study of the “Abandoned Property” books will contribute to an ongoing process of decolonization through memory and return.55
This project could not have been completed without a tremendous amount of help from colleagues and friends. For providing me with background information and for assistance with collecting data, translating, and editing, I thank Gish Amit, Benny Brunner, Kara Francis, Mona Halaby, Ali Issa, Lubna Alzaroo, Noor Ogly, Ryvka Barnard, and Ruth Mermelstein.
Hannah Mermelstein is a Queens college graduate, school librarian and Palestine solidarity activist based in Brooklyn, New York.
1 David Neressian, “Rethinking cultural genocide under international law,” Human Rights Dialogue (Spring 2005): para. 3. Retrieved from http://www.carnegiecouncil. org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_12/ section_1/5139.htmlpara. 3)
2 Gish Amit, “A strange monument: The collecting of Palestinian libraries in West Jerusalem during the 1948 war, and their changing fortunes at the Jewish National and University Library,” 2011. Received from author; to be published in 2011.
3 PalestineRemembered.com, 1999-2006.
4 Sami Abu Shehadeh and Fadi Shbaytah, “Jaffa: From eminence to ethnic cleansing,” Al Majdal 39/40 ((2008/2009): 8-17.
5 David Ben-Gurion, Moshe Shapira, and Yosef Sprinzak, Law of return 5710-1950, (1950). Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ MFAArchive/1950_1959/Law%20of%20 Return%205710-1950
6 Badil, Refugee & IDP rights (2010). Retrieved from http://badil.org/en/refugee-a-idp-rights
7 Yeela Raanan, “The role of the Jewish National Fund in impeding land rights for the indigenous Bedouin population in the Naqab,” Al Majdal 43 (2010): 34-38.
8 Adalah, Major findings of Adalah’s report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1998). Retrieved from http://www.adalah.org/eng/intladvocacy/cerd- major-finding-march98.pdf
9 Wakim Wakim, “The exiled: Refugees in their homeland,” Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture, 9(2) (2002): 52-57.
10 Stanislao Pugliese, “Bloodless torture: The books of the Roman Ghetto under the Nazi occupation,” Libraries & Culture, 34(3) (1999): 241-253.
11 Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “The road to Minsk for Western ‘trophy’ books: Twice plundered but not yet ‘home from the war,’” Libraries & Culture 39(4) (2004): 351-404.
12 Pugliese, “Bloodless torture,” 244.
13 Dov Schidorsky, “The library of the Reich Security Main Office and its looted Jewish book collections,” Libraries & The Cultural Record 42(1) (2007): 21-47.
14 Mohammad Batrawi, personal communication, January 11, 2011. [Editor’s note: Mr. Batrawi passed away on March 15, 2011, aged 82 years.]
15 Benny Brunner, director, The Great Book Robbery teaser [Motion Picture] (Netherlands: Xela Films, 2010).
16 Miriam Intrator, “‘People were literally starving for any kind of reading’: The Theresienstadt Ghetto Central Library, 1942- 1945,” Library Trends, 55(3): 513-522.
17 Intrator, ‘”People were literally starving...,” 513-522"
18 Intrator, ‘”People were literally starving...,”513-522.
19 Jewish Museum in Prague, “Library Holdings,” in Provenance research and restitution (2004-2008). Retrieved from http:// www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/arestit.htm#3
20 Jewish Museum in Prague, “Terms for the filing of claims for the restitution of books from the library collection of the Jewish Museum in Prague which were unlawfully seized from natural persons during the period of Nazi occupation.” in Provenance research and restitution (2004-2008). Retrieved from http://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/arestit.htm#6
21 Koordinierungsstelle Magdeburg, Lost Art Internet Database (2011). Retrieved from http://www.lostart.de/Webs/EN/Datenbank/ Index.html
22 Commission for Provenance Research, Commission for Provenance Research (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www/provenienzforschung.gv.at/index. aspx?ID=1&LID=2
23 Austrian National Library, Provenance research and restitution (2007): para. 1. Retrieved from http://www.onb.ac.at/ev/about/ provenance_research.htm
24 Austrian National Library, Provenance research and restitution, para. 7.
25 Grimsted, “The road to Minsk,” 351-404.
26 Grimsted, “The road to Minsk,” 351-404.
27 Claims Conference, About us (2010-2011): para.6. Retrieved from http://www.claimscon. org/index.asp?url=about_us.
28 Claims Conference, Conferences, declarations and resolutions (2010-2011). Retrieved from http://www.claimscon.org/indexasp?url=artworks/conferences
29 Central Registry, Information by country: Overview (2011). Retrieved from http:// lootedart.com/infobycountry
30 Anne Rothfeld, “Returning looted European library collections: An historical analysis of the Offenbach Archival Depot, 1945-1948,” RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage, 6(1) (2005): 14-25.
31 Rothfeld, “Returning looted European library collections,” 14.
32 Robert Waite, “Returning Jewish cultural property: The handling of books looted by the Nazis in the American Zone of Occupation,” Libraries & Culture, 37(3) (2002): 213-228.
33 Rothfeld, “Returning looted European library collections,” 14-25.
34 Waite, “Returning Jewish cultural property,”213-228.
35 Yehuda Blum, “On the restitution of Jewish cultural property looted in World War II,” Proceedings of the annual meeting [of the] American Society of International Law, (2000): 91.
36 Blum, “On the restitution…,” 91.
37 Claims Conference, History of the Claims Conference (2010-2011). Retrieved from http://www.claimscon.org/index asp?url=history
38 Benny Brunner, personal communication, February 10, 2011.
39 Haim Hanegbi, The Sakakini House – Katamon (n.d.): 3. Retrieved from http://www/zochrot.org/images/The%20Sakakini%20House%20%E2%80%93%20Katamon.pdf
40 Amit, “A strange monument.”
41 Sami Abu Shehadeh, personal communication, April 24, 2011.
42 Amit, “A strange monument,” 10.
43 Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
44 Amit, “A strange monument.”
45 Amit, “A strange monument.”
46 PASSIA (Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs), Palestinian personalities: A biographic dictionary (2011). Retrieved from http://www.passia.org/ publications/personalities/Sample/H.pdf
47 M. Winslow Lundy, “Provenance evidence in bibliographic records: Demonstrating the value of best practices in special collections cataloging,” Library Resources & Technical Services 52(3) (2008): 164-172.
48 Library of Congress, “Hebraic Section: The Holocaust-Era Judaic Heritage Library,” in African and Middle Eastern Reading Room (2011). Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/rr/ amed/hs/hscoll.html
50 Amit, “A strange monument.”
51 Ingrid Jaradat Gassner, “Palestinians living in the diaspora,” This Week in Palestine (2008). Retrieved from http://imeu.net/news/ article008217.shtml
52 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem.
53 PASSIA, Palestinian Personalities, 87.
54 Bar Zohar, Ben-Gurion; The armed prophet (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967): 157.
55 Since the completion of this study, I have personally visited the library and examined more than thirty additional books. The results are similar: an ample amount of marginalia, quite a few owners’ names, and the occasional bookseller stamp. The conclusions are the same: tracing the individual ownership of much of the AP collection is indeed possible, and discussions of collective ownership necessary. | <urn:uuid:624ff58b-e494-403b-922d-956a12a70cf7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/78440 | 2024-02-21T10:44:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.95858 | 11,709 | 3.75 | 4 | [
39,
1800,
2451,
415,
496,
9199,
3183,
4349,
2807,
268,
1646,
291,
19,
283,
5504,
2880,
289,
261,
1730,
291,
10887,
292,
6500,
606,
7418,
4422,
3547,
416,
4923,
289,
2694,
2451,
415,
496,
356,
6421,
7293,
649,
7879,
16,
9087,
16,
291,
2694,
1740,
356,
10067,
361,
5417,
738,
286,
291,
649,
2511,
1442,
10585,
16,
10030,
16,
2300,
1022,
16,
6190,
4037,
16,
11278,
2149,
16,
291,
1699,
6460,
5236,
356,
7809,
361,
1275,
3219,
488,
18,
203,
2453,
5899,
465,
265,
368,
779,
18,
21,
203,
8679,
4745,
268,
2323,
6946,
935,
16,
268,
1929,
305,
588,
2710,
528,
712,
6808,
288,
363,
6611,
833,
289,
3501,
1649,
288,
268,
1283,
289,
7528,
9658,
475,
18,
365,
1676,
16,
427,
268,
1929,
305,
588,
4785,
16,
454,
268,
5682,
289,
261,
11742,
325,
1677,
17,
46,
1015,
557,
9658,
263,
779,
2196,
288,
268,
1040,
1494,
1580,
488,
292,
1343,
261,
5086,
1247,
18,
365,
2966,
16,
427,
268,
1929,
305,
588,
4785,
16,
454,
268,
6146,
521,
515,
289,
268,
9658,
263,
779,
689,
18,
203,
8679,
512,
687,
2984,
562,
935,
16,
268,
5661,
292,
6146,
521,
9658,
475,
528,
2459,
1391,
2818,
2779,
30,
268,
1646,
7621,
289,
9658,
263,
779,
3278,
291,
771,
11752,
289,
689,
427,
444,
3872,
16,
268,
1418,
523,
1126,
76,
86,
1451,
6772,
1573,
9658,
263,
779,
689,
1079,
3004,
291,
2856,
9658,
475,
16,
291,
268,
5123,
833,
289,
2694,
2451,
415,
496,
336,
2456,
614,
9658,
263,
779,
4328,
430,
606,
4144,
18,
948,
2618,
356,
5185,
1402,
630,
544,
1451,
16,
566,
268,
855,
881,
356,
970,
2050,
512,
2383,
687,
268,
1887,
18,
540,
1147,
513,
5715,
325,
3727,
2807,
1646,
7621,
291,
2953,
6772,
292,
1153,
261,
5018,
331,
1616,
268,
2818,
3800,
289,
268,
1147,
30,
363,
1214,
289,
268,
5123,
833,
289,
2694,
268,
1188,
291,
7621,
18,
203,
2983,
3805,
28,
16,
1111,
289,
268,
4740,
93,
291,
926,
523,
11573,
9658,
263,
779,
2196,
454,
11190,
288,
10542,
291,
586,
4013,
6637,
18,
1097,
1929,
305,
588,
1715,
501,
301,
1370,
559,
88,
734,
629,
8085,
87,
16,
502,
7519,
11449,
4389,
289,
689,
427,
444,
3872,
291,
2494,
8167,
289,
4389,
512,
292,
5983,
73,
288,
3541,
18,
2255,
9658,
263,
1825,
2294,
288,
528,
359,
16,
11931,
4461,
794,
768,
502,
911,
3375,
352,
502,
8053,
18,
9588,
2693,
502,
830,
2608,
261,
1374,
3461,
2135,
16,
2340,
268,
7110,
4719,
1190,
18,
450,
772,
1934,
16,
2420,
289,
268,
11573,
1280,
2294,
2976,
579,
289,
444,
710,
549,
963,
1148,
5109,
30,
3310,
18,
203,
1461,
6937,
2393,
3642,
629,
4075,
10542,
8085,
87,
664,
5181,
4138,
419,
5751,
289,
8784,
294,
1825,
427,
268,
5086,
2113,
291,
1832,
7798,
430,
10727,
1832,
421,
80,
524,
4612,
292,
352,
2113,
5086,
7798,
361,
2842,
268,
2113,
7798,
802,
900,
9736,
4745,
2553,
16,
1347,
3310,
427,
3397,
9658,
263,
779,
10030,
291,
16,
2310,
292,
6661,
473,
266,
423,
427,
1014,
2729,
288,
268,
1707,
16,
3035,
292,
8562,
446,
3310,
419,
2783,
291,
970,
419,
3896,
372,
4600,
18,
450,
268,
1568,
8002,
87,
16,
2281,
16,
2828,
292,
1278,
16,
1347,
289,
268,
3310,
664,
1658,
277,
1006,
291,
6513,
286,
360,
268,
6077,
538,
6274,
537,
331,
538,
397,
7709,
286,
3278,
3362,
22,
365,
6588,
8562,
446,
2746,
688,
1009,
341,
6716,
515,
16,
361,
4685,
7826,
18,
829,
336,
1009,
850,
4685,
325,
712,
5613,
16,
362,
3959,
292,
437,
712,
1827,
790,
361,
430,
2144,
5104,
8865,
3975,
18,
203,
10702,
456,
1196,
16,
268,
3310,
372,
1117,
3210,
1980,
360,
268,
6077,
538,
6274,
1053,
365,
2113,
7798,
528,
3416,
7784,
261,
1792,
11002,
506,
1556,
3792,
289,
308,
2019,
286,
9658,
263,
779,
3310,
16,
2619,
1564,
2627,
292,
1014,
650,
992,
768,
538,
6274,
537,
1486,
18,
553,
3341,
10119,
294,
1768,
1575,
3310,
664,
6513,
286,
538,
6274,
537,
291,
1548,
664,
462,
18,
9129,
16,
268,
3406,
1120,
289,
268,
2553,
16,
1347,
452,
1096,
2142,
3310,
16,
518,
664,
9993,
636,
268,
6588,
372,
87,
2177,
8562,
446,
291,
356,
525,
1356,
3671,
286,
686,
16,
356,
1111,
512,
2203,
292,
2423,
18,
203,
4326,
1147,
513,
1459,
9294,
341,
268,
1278,
16,
1347,
3310,
360,
268,
538,
6274,
537,
1019,
318,
16,
291,
5317,
292,
2885,
292,
8565,
281,
261,
1510,
3607,
7326,
1899,
291,
292,
1529,
9850,
341,
667,
292,
1454,
3882,
360,
268,
1009,
268,
1147,
319,
7427,
18,
553,
513,
1349,
268,
2247,
289,
9658,
475,
372,
87,
308,
2019,
286,
3310,
288,
268,
3080,
2589,
9798,
289,
1929,
305,
997,
291,
586,
1934,
289,
308,
2019,
286,
2694,
3278,
995,
1708,
289,
1718,
291,
4240,
318,
16,
11708,
336,
289,
5086,
3278,
308,
2019,
286,
419,
9052,
277,
18,
2620,
2812,
1963,
601,
16,
362,
513,
1980,
292,
3577,
363,
1616,
289,
667,
268,
538,
37,
6324,
266,
286,
6268,
562,
537,
3310,
430,
268,
5086,
2113,
291,
1832,
7798,
602,
327,
4331,
292,
444,
4685,
3896,
291,
4456,
474,
10810,
292,
444,
1349,
288,
9658,
263,
779,
2694,
3354,
18,
203,
6069,
45,
81,
484,
475,
336,
337,
9625,
644,
597,
1196,
291,
424,
2414,
1195,
1072,
316,
7277,
1053,
5690,
77,
2605,
89,
2623,
76,
783,
76,
16,
10320,
2443,
16,
2589,
291,
1234,
1088,
588,
16,
291,
663,
4140,
69,
474,
1900,
16,
7949,
292,
4345,
268,
1393,
289,
268,
465,
761,
8848,
341,
268,
9658,
263,
779,
689,
18,
465,
761,
8848,
16,
361,
11892,
781,
16,
316,
268,
11949,
1932,
331,
268,
2870,
570,
367,
291,
4016,
1181,
1436,
289,
268,
9658,
263,
779,
689,
4248,
1134,
16,
995,
16,
291,
1003,
268,
986,
281,
289,
268,
3156,
289,
4979,
18,
1245,
2924,
3284,
16,
3805,
28,
16,
597,
1196,
1134,
4979,
8450,
2635,
261,
1247,
16,
1929,
305,
588,
3299,
423,
10488,
11449,
3039,
16,
1347,
9658,
263,
1825,
427,
663,
4140,
69,
636,
268,
3542,
18,
4312,
1378,
2799,
286,
689,
292,
461,
1600,
69,
16,
7034,
16,
291,
1732,
2902,
266,
16,
853,
772,
289,
622,
3406,
1853,
18,
23,
450,
261,
9502,
325,
1912,
669,
8635,
16,
663,
4140,
69,
372,
87,
9658,
263,
779,
2196,
295,
91,
578,
1041,
427,
10851,
16,
1347,
292,
6132,
687,
988,
16,
1347,
796,
363,
2414,
1195,
1072,
6146,
73,
1287,
18,
24,
203,
52,
73,
653,
356,
970,
2870,
2276,
995,
1718,
31,
502,
2447,
5983,
73,
268,
7110,
361,
356,
7455,
628,
430,
6727,
6714,
18,
1097,
268,
7110,
6933,
16,
502,
1980,
268,
2903,
7017,
5468,
291,
2953,
2618,
289,
632,
80,
2387,
281,
444,
1283,
291,
3278,
18,
365,
1731,
289,
9658,
475,
5435,
628,
352,
597,
289,
268,
512,
4657,
1934,
289,
2870,
570,
367,
16,
597,
288,
518,
268,
5983,
73,
281,
289,
268,
7761,
2196,
454,
462,
490,
323,
1130,
566,
454,
1990,
331,
268,
4314,
289,
261,
5086,
1247,
288,
7528,
9658,
475,
18,
3428,
268,
6928,
1108,
504,
281,
454,
490,
311,
700,
359,
16,
2281,
16,
268,
733,
4435,
3860,
1247,
403,
4473,
3467,
291,
3838,
292,
8295,
268,
4314,
291,
2269,
318,
289,
363,
4577,
5086,
4176,
18,
203,
2983,
9176,
16,
268,
4435,
3860,
1654,
4645,
268,
4572,
538,
48,
738,
289,
10115,
1002,
1272,
8295,
281,
336,
538,
41,
604,
3372,
528,
261,
1328,
292,
1631,
292,
456,
1777,
1053,
25,
365,
1536,
6579,
268,
8198,
281,
289,
4435,
3860,
4341,
1028,
292,
723,
3372,
288,
268,
887,
650,
6204,
362,
18,
9983,
16,
268,
1328,
289,
2608,
331,
9658,
263,
779,
11174,
16,
261,
1328,
5748,
359,
286,
292,
516,
689,
288,
268,
887,
291,
4479,
304,
4140,
2841,
286,
331,
9658,
263,
779,
689,
419,
268,
4563,
288,
268,
3805,
28,
1401,
1761,
3805,
16,
528,
712,
892,
4450,
4327,
870,
18,
26,
11949,
7619,
4600,
437,
712,
6829,
360,
268,
4600,
289,
1929,
305,
588,
2957,
18,
402,
1096,
5596,
289,
9658,
263,
779,
11185,
437,
712,
7809,
16,
291,
268,
5982,
665,
289,
3872,
4738,
419,
3498,
17,
75,
5517,
1677,
17,
82,
774,
10674,
5918,
9089,
419,
268,
5086,
2113,
7349,
360,
1373,
500,
427,
1149,
268,
887,
18,
27,
1507,
289,
268,
710,
9502,
3467,
316,
268,
10429,
302,
1512,
6268,
562,
4392,
16,
518,
3874,
4044,
336,
1014,
650,
2294,
268,
1777,
995,
268,
7110,
289,
3805,
28,
688,
2473,
437,
2535,
292,
444,
3278,
717,
502,
855,
2294,
292,
363,
538,
270,
4798,
1777,
1272,
291,
336,
1014,
1602,
523,
2870,
2276,
356,
2221,
538,
84,
9004,
1996,
302,
3383,
1272,
1356,
1298,
1310,
292,
444,
1283,
291,
3278,
18,
28,
760,
772,
650,
2341,
636,
268,
7364,
7252,
970,
3263,
345,
325,
5652,
16,
538,
3464,
372,
267,
1671,
649,
362,
372,
87,
669,
292,
2032,
7626,
16,
566,
445,
372,
267,
462,
1671,
649,
445,
2644,
292,
2952,
662,
2535,
1053,
203,
2983,
3805,
28,
16,
268,
9037,
278,
72,
779,
289,
10429,
302,
1512,
6268,
562,
3077,
1357,
796,
566,
462,
7826,
796,
289,
516,
11174,
372,
3278,
16,
1118,
3310,
18,
540,
2074,
454,
8066,
292,
327,
7724,
18,
450,
9176,
16,
268,
10429,
302,
1512,
6268,
562,
4392,
8450,
268,
9037,
278,
72,
779,
268,
538,
871,
265,
537,
289,
268,
3278,
2035,
261,
1225,
6619,
2913,
3882,
16,
291,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
1146,
362,
9874,
6037,
331,
9658,
263,
1825,
292,
1631,
3882,
292,
2952,
444,
3278,
18,
29,
203,
50,
376,
794,
830,
363,
8083,
4509,
289,
9658,
263,
779,
7826,
2456,
270,
1929,
305,
588,
9133,
473,
1495,
16,
566,
268,
3368,
318,
289,
268,
3310,
636,
268,
4435,
3860,
7132,
6315,
5389,
1929,
305,
588,
5015,
18,
1508,
268,
4422,
911,
437,
2842,
896,
8604,
268,
3310,
16,
444,
9185,
528,
1343,
923,
289,
4979,
372,
87,
3414,
328,
289,
2635,
18,
4500,
352,
931,
81,
310,
316,
1315,
363,
4435,
3860,
934,
16,
9658,
263,
779,
3310,
356,
1315,
4435,
3860,
11278,
2149,
18,
365,
3391,
5607,
372,
87,
4328,
7280,
794,
288,
7692,
292,
268,
3391,
963,
18,
203,
11238,
268,
1162,
669,
16,
268,
538,
37,
6324,
266,
286,
6268,
562,
537,
3310,
1153,
261,
10140,
289,
261,
2323,
336,
4979,
830,
2809,
292,
6556,
18,
1508,
444,
3896,
3406,
10736,
286,
2309,
268,
887,
288,
377,
621,
16,
268,
3310,
1407,
288,
10542,
16,
1157,
286,
427,
444,
3896,
291,
444,
4685,
3872,
566,
3671,
286,
360,
1011,
586,
16,
1356,
288,
7528,
9658,
475,
18,
203,
1461,
11424,
3310,
525,
3705,
352,
261,
11483,
292,
268,
2837,
369,
11279,
7405,
2484,
289,
9658,
475,
291,
268,
5465,
887,
288,
2177,
16,
291,
10542,
288,
1510,
16,
288,
268,
11816,
87,
18,
948,
3310,
356,
462,
268,
2964,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
2029,
10876,
361,
9785,
4082,
1376,
500,
18,
900,
356,
5706,
10923,
325,
11193,
16,
4903,
288,
11949,
16,
291,
772,
356,
3679,
361,
628,
289,
6598,
1853,
18,
203,
1461,
3809,
796,
2026,
4737,
1556,
361,
462,
796,
289,
268,
11424,
3792,
316,
3416,
1803,
2462,
533,
438,
18,
1508,
268,
4435,
3860,
1654,
291,
1140,
309,
7269,
4422,
437,
11842,
292,
7549,
265,
268,
11424,
3310,
2442,
1465,
292,
9658,
263,
779,
689,
16,
444,
3107,
437,
6716,
490,
311,
700,
359,
18,
2374,
265,
461,
557,
330,
2167,
8565,
286,
456,
2247,
16,
291,
2830,
730,
365,
4369,
6676,
6794,
657,
93,
796,
261,
4703,
291,
6237,
3110,
1118,
8303,
289,
923,
289,
268,
2113,
7798,
372,
87,
8562,
446,
289,
11424,
3310,
796,
2609,
606,
1376,
380,
18,
1122,
1290,
1772,
16,
8667,
268,
2113,
7798,
3112,
1014,
11679,
292,
7379,
1360,
341,
456,
1731,
437,
4404,
6716,
515,
922,
4353,
629,
3310,
16,
576,
456,
1147,
5317,
292,
1980,
456,
833,
18,
1163,
855,
362,
316,
3209,
292,
2408,
586,
3324,
289,
308,
2019,
286,
2694,
3278,
796,
2467,
288,
9052,
77,
1994,
796,
291,
268,
833,
289,
606,
2608,
292,
606,
4685,
3896,
18,
203,
50,
1600,
77,
458,
8757,
289,
5086,
9586,
6268,
562,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
1274,
1261,
3324,
289,
1646,
291,
2694,
7621,
289,
261,
689,
316,
268,
9052,
77,
2040,
415,
571,
88,
574,
3564,
322,
488,
1573,
6524,
291,
1548,
18,
334,
513
] |
In 1932 the American doctor Burrill B Crohn and his associates first offered the description of a disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the bowel, usually affecting the ileum, the colon, or another part of the gastrointestinal tract. The diseased segments may be separated by normal bowel segments, which give it the characteristic 'skip lesions'. The inflammation may extend to other areas of the bowel or to the stomach, duodenum or mouth. In the advanced stages of the disease complications may include arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, kidney and liver disease, and skin and eye disorders. The formation of fistulas from the diseased bowel to the anus, vagina, skin surface, or other loops of the bowel is common. The diagnosis of Crohn's disease is based on established clinical signs, radiographic studies using a contrast medium, and endoscopy.
Crohn's disease is characterized by frequent attacks of diarrhoea, severe abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills and weakness. Children with the disease often suffer retarded physical growth. It is children and young adults who are most likely to be sufferers. The age incidence is 15 to 30 years, equally divided between the sexes. There are an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 with Crohn's disease according to the National Association for Crohn's and Colitis (NACC), though some sources offer higher statistics. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown from the Western Medical view.
The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease and the expected rising of the incidence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's is noted in the study by S M Mongomery et al. Many researchers acknowledge the incidence of these diseases being prevalent in the 20th Century Western societies where the diet is predominately animal produce, refined foods, high sugar and fat intake. Those people of simple dietary habits, called 'primitive', escape Crohn's disease. Observations suggesting that people of higher socio-economic backgrounds are more prone, living in better equipped and cleaner environments, may be a consideration. Familial predispositions show a 10-fold increase if a first degree relative has the disease. That there is no abatement in the number of new cases, estimated at 4,000 to 5000 per year makes Crohn's a disease that needs greater attention. The fact that most sufferers are born after 1950, suggests this as a 'disease of civilization'.
The media published two reports of research linking Crohn's disease with the organism called MAP (Mycobacteriun avium subspecies paratuberculosis) found in milk. Professor Hermon Taylor is quoted. "If there was no MAP, though difficult to detect and destroy, there would be no Crohn's." The theory has been the subject of debate for some years as evidenced in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Grand Round of 1998. The discussion suggests the finding that Crohn's disease in some patients 'is due to mycobacterial infection'. And 'that infection may precede the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms by many years.'
However, Murray cites L Demming who links antibiotic exposure to the increasing incidence of Crohn's. The disease has spread like an epidemic since 1950. "At this time the annual increase in the consumption of antibiotics parallels the annual increase in the incidence of Crohn's disease."3 In addition, the incidence is increased with early and large quantities of antibiotics, as noted in comparative studies. The use of antibiotics in the animal produce industry has also risen greatly, and the relation of bowel disorders with the ingesting animal products as in meat, dairy and eggs cannot be discounted in the growing avalanche of auto immune and other degenerative diseases.
Various researchers have suggested the implication of vaccination and/or in utero measles. Both have been discounted by study of various cohorts since the introduction of live measles vaccines versus non-immunized. No proof to satisfy the researchers allowed them to conclude the incidence of Crohn's to be greater. However, the debate on the detrimental effects of immunization continues and proof of retrospective studies fails to win orthodox support.
Lars Å Hanson Breastfeeding Stimulates the Infant Immune System states "that the prevalence of Crohn's disease and possibly ulcerative colitis among adults is reduced by breastfeeding". Breast feeding activates the child's immune system. The proponents of breast feeding indicate the child so fed is better equipped to fight infections, suffer less with allergies and asthma. While vaccination has sought to infer immunity, many have shown an altered state of the immune system and infer the rise of many unexplained disorders. Mass vaccinations programmes and the decline in breast feeding have many unexplained implications in the health of those born in the latter part of the 20th century.
Perhaps the Western model of the human body can be better exemplified and understood with the consideration of the Five Element Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Liver function according to TCM, profoundly affects not only the blood but the spleen-pancreas and stomach functions. When the liver is overburdened it detrimentally affects the digestive organs, thereby causing ulcers, abdominal inflammations, diabetes, gas, and indigestion generally. "Since the spleen-pancreas directly influences the intestines, inflammatory conditions such as colitis and enteritis can also frequently be traced to liver overload in stress-filled, overfed people."
The role of meat and dairy produce, alcohol, other stimulants, 'junk' foods and above all, refined cane sugar are considered to seriously undermine health. The condition of 'liver overload' by the ingestion of these foods, causes inner congestion and stagnation. The consumption of processed foods and sugar in the very young is a late 20th Century phenomenon. Using the understanding of the Five Element theory, all major diseases, of bowel disorders, diabetes, psychological disorders and endemic anger and anxiety, is at least explained in principle. Need it be said that if MAP is indicated in the incidence of Crohn's, that researchers consider the dietary link, consuming dairy with caution or avoiding dairy as the best solution, rather than seek to 'improve' sanitization methods of milk. The progression of Crohn's disease to liver disease, diabetes, arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, kidney disease, eyes and skin disease all stem from liver imbalance according to TCM.
Persons with Crohn's are hospitalized frequently and often become depressed or have emotional problems caused by the relentless, painful character of the disease. The current treatment options available are corticosteroids to control the inflammation to seek clinical remission. The other favoured option amongst some gastroenterologists is enteral feeding of elemental diets (simple nutritive components that require no further digestive breakdown). There is particular concern with paediatric patients, as nutritional deficiencies reduce growth, and also of the detrimental effects of steroids. Corticosteroid poisoning is a considerable clinical concern. Surgical removal of the diseased segment of the bowel provides some relief, but recurrence after surgery is likely.
The Treatment According to Naturopath Stephen Langely 1 Herbal Medicine – Herbs will vary according to individual symptoms and must be prepared by a qualified herbalist. The herbal mixture prescribed is to address the cause of the blood loss and pain. 2 Homeopathy – the addition of homeopathic remedies are used to treat the patient on the ‘constitutional level’ and increase the efficacy of the herbal medicine. Merc. Cor. for corrosive pain, ulceration, and Arg. Nit. for corrosive pain in the stomach. The remedies in this case work in a similar way as steroids offered in orthodox treatments. The correct remedies and potencies can only be prescribed by a qualified homeopath. 3 Diet – elimination of all dairy produce, meat, eggs, tea, coffee, alcohol. Food should be well cooked. 4 Probiotics – the offering of Bifidobacterium bifidum is paramount. The bowel flora of Crohn’s sufferers have been found to be greatly disturbed.9 Probiotics offered are enterically coated in order to pass through the acid environment of the stomach into the bowel. |
Pre-illness diet studies of Crohn's sufferers found they habitually consumed more sugar and less raw fruit, vegetables and dietary fibre.3 The overwhelming evidence of a primitive diet of natural foods and attendant lifestyle in the prevention of Crohn's and other degenerative diseases supports the Naturopathic axiom 'prevention in better than cure'.
Murray describes the fact of remission is greatest when conservative non-drug therapy is considered in the clinical trials.3 This is an important consideration in aiding the body to self-heal. As the disease is one of an inflammatory nature, the production of leukotrienes is high in IBD sufferers. The reduction in meat and dairy consumption is advised. The disturbance of intestinal microfloral in Crohn's suffers is also indicative of the modern diet. Faecal flora is greatly disturbed and not necessarily a result of the disease.3 The fact that most people's digestion is fermentative due to denatured foods and sugar ingestion rather than enzymatic through proper chewing and chlorophyll rich foods is a point worth considering.9
Sufferers of Crohn's, even in very advanced conditions, have been brought into remission by Naturopath Stephen G. Langely ND, Dip Ohm, DBM, OMD, Mbar, MRN. His success stems from the use of several therapeutic modalities, which on their own, may fail to help the patient recover. His methodology is a four-pronged approach. (See Table above.)
The assessment of the individual's condition and constitutional considerations needs to be thoroughly reviewed for a successful treatment regimen. As with all diseases, it is as individual as the person. The acute condition is first addressed: debility, pain (severity, location), nausea, blood and mucus in stool.
From Langley's observations the condition of Crohn's often stems from the stomach. The stomach rules the lower functions of the bowel. In cases of Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis, low gastric activity is often indicated and confirmed by medical tests. This is also a precursor condition for Candida albicans overgrowth and digestive problems.3 A healthy stomach is a healthy bowel. Factors affecting low stomach acid production are principally diet and old age. The mucosa of the stomach needs to be healed and regenerated. Herbs such as Licorice are offered. Apple cider vinegar is also useful in the correction of the bowel pH and is known also to aid the liver functions. Life style changes are very much part of the remedial picture. Moderate exercise is encouraged to stimulate the lymphatics in addition to skin brushing. Reduction of stress in daily life through meditation is advised. Dietary changes are principally by elimination, and detection of problematic foods as cited earlier.
This brief review into the nature of Crohn's disease reveals many diverse opinions as to the causes and treatment options. Naturopathy has implicated widespread use of antibiotics as a probable cause. The incidence of all inflammatory bowel disorders are firmly linked to a diet high in animals products, and refined foods and sugar. The digestive power in the majority of people is severely compromised and constipation/diarrhoea disorders are very common place, indicating fundamentally that we are overloaded with toxins, eat de-natured and anti-nutrient foods. The incidence of Crohn's disease may possibly be addressed in the much wider spectrum of health in mental, emotional and physical aspects. This is the real value of Naturopathy and the use of therapeutic solutions from appropriate modalities to restore health. The focus of thinking in this modern age becomes narrow in the field of specialization. Attention is drawn to the varying symptoms and names of diseases, forgetting the overview and the contributions that can be made from other disciplines.
1. Mosby's Medical Dictionary. Mosby, London. Fifth Edition. 1998.
2. Mongomery SM et al. BMJ 316:1058-1059. 4 April 1998.
3. Murray M. Encyclopaedia of Natural Medicine. Little Brown & Co, London. 1998.
4. The Times Newspaper, London. 'Crohn's linked to bacteria in milk'. 25th January 2000.
5. Barnes J, Barnes N. BMJ 317:282. 25 July1998.
6. Demming L. Is Crohn's Disease caused by Antibiotics. HepatoGastoenterol 41:549-51. 1994.
7. Metcalf J. BMJ 316:166. 17 January1998.
8. Lars Å Hanson. Breastfeeding Stimulates the Infant Immune System. Science and Medicine 4(6). 1997.
9. Pitchord P. Healing with Whole Foods. p281. North Atlantic Books, Berkley, California. 1993.
10. Wright N, Scott BB. BMJ:314:454. 15 February 1997.
For any questions regarding courses in Naturopathy and Complementary Medicine (Homeopathy, Herbalism, Traditional Chinese Medicine), you are invited to contact the CNM Head Office, at 73 Gardenwood Road, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1RX. Telephone 01342 410 505; Fax 01342 410 909; e-mail: [email protected]. The CNM has colleges in London, Manchester, Belfast and Dublin.
No Article Comments available | <urn:uuid:5cade683-d5fc-4cac-80a9-89a71d0c6bb1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.positivehealth.com/article/colon-health/crohn-s-disease | 2024-02-21T11:53:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.930761 | 2,768 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
2983,
5512,
22,
268,
1781,
3040,
7231,
86,
399,
391,
351,
299,
76,
82,
291,
615,
1653,
692,
855,
5251,
268,
7510,
289,
261,
1413,
6360,
419,
363,
10023,
4866,
289,
268,
10416,
16,
1840,
6467,
268,
225,
621,
408,
16,
268,
3391,
16,
361,
1515,
923,
289,
268,
10227,
11073,
8009,
18,
365,
1128,
790,
447,
9854,
602,
327,
9156,
419,
2910,
10416,
447,
9854,
16,
518,
1888,
362,
268,
8432,
3036,
87,
79,
517,
9402,
806,
11,
18,
365,
4095,
602,
7012,
292,
586,
1511,
289,
268,
10416,
361,
292,
268,
5615,
16,
5767,
370,
270,
408,
361,
3552,
18,
450,
268,
3599,
5046,
289,
268,
1413,
5921,
602,
1226,
8520,
16,
11604,
2713,
2485,
440,
799,
2713,
3326,
16,
6197,
291,
4865,
1413,
16,
291,
1903,
291,
2592,
3741,
18,
365,
5017,
289,
284,
588,
346,
301,
427,
268,
1128,
790,
10416,
292,
268,
363,
310,
16,
9897,
1835,
16,
1903,
2248,
16,
361,
586,
2709,
3533,
289,
268,
10416,
316,
1112,
18,
365,
4291,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
316,
1585,
341,
3413,
4159,
3085,
16,
9163,
5495,
2194,
1001,
261,
4980,
5232,
16,
291,
1199,
335,
9258,
18,
203,
39,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
316,
6360,
419,
6019,
4349,
289,
8323,
76,
3766,
69,
16,
3103,
11150,
1293,
16,
11134,
16,
6804,
16,
392,
1240,
291,
6953,
18,
4109,
360,
268,
1413,
970,
5071,
8445,
8604,
1646,
1668,
18,
553,
316,
1024,
291,
2129,
3351,
650,
356,
710,
1792,
292,
327,
5071,
332,
18,
365,
1722,
11542,
316,
2063,
292,
2553,
935,
16,
7583,
5883,
858,
268,
2935,
274,
18,
994,
356,
363,
5058,
2553,
16,
1347,
292,
3633,
16,
1347,
360,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
2310,
292,
268,
2113,
5070,
331,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
291,
1810,
3326,
421,
2522,
5850,
989,
1417,
579,
2419,
1529,
1797,
7639,
18,
365,
1342,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
316,
6766,
427,
268,
4925,
5392,
1889,
18,
203,
1461,
10000,
289,
10023,
10416,
1413,
291,
268,
3650,
6557,
289,
268,
11542,
289,
2838,
1000,
774,
684,
3326,
291,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
316,
5411,
288,
268,
1147,
419,
343,
383,
383,
535,
311,
2504,
2007,
366,
18,
2255,
2360,
9821,
268,
11542,
289,
629,
2604,
1018,
9168,
288,
268,
731,
262,
2126,
1366,
4925,
8217,
853,
268,
1859,
316,
10431,
263,
1300,
2990,
2346,
16,
1210,
1451,
2334,
16,
695,
2980,
291,
2272,
4905,
18,
5611,
689,
289,
2208,
6277,
4585,
16,
1478,
3036,
2044,
344,
1257,
11,
16,
7640,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
18,
11839,
500,
10696,
336,
689,
289,
1797,
9338,
17,
9305,
10545,
356,
512,
8096,
16,
2299,
288,
1326,
7601,
291,
11257,
4218,
16,
602,
327,
261,
6748,
18,
5515,
309,
439,
2061,
277,
2027,
1158,
1171,
261,
1474,
17,
74,
1063,
1643,
717,
261,
855,
3791,
5915,
528,
268,
1413,
18,
2015,
686,
316,
688,
459,
381,
367,
288,
268,
1289,
289,
733,
1934,
16,
5058,
430,
988,
16,
1347,
292,
1016,
1347,
574,
715,
1892,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
261,
1413,
336,
1470,
2796,
2383,
18,
365,
1975,
336,
710,
5071,
332,
356,
4178,
1003,
9176,
16,
4299,
456,
352,
261,
3036,
72,
758,
575,
289,
10731,
11,
18,
203,
1461,
2612,
2808,
881,
4524,
289,
922,
308,
1914,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
360,
268,
11211,
1478,
383,
6274,
421,
49,
93,
71,
875,
1223,
77,
374,
972,
1231,
3062,
1084,
423,
677,
271,
89,
657,
7791,
2213,
13,
986,
288,
4064,
18,
5962,
402,
1348,
266,
307,
350,
4570,
316,
626,
7560,
18,
991,
6164,
686,
454,
688,
383,
6274,
16,
1417,
2203,
292,
4375,
291,
5235,
16,
686,
830,
327,
688,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
2555,
365,
3580,
528,
712,
268,
2783,
289,
6963,
331,
579,
935,
352,
813,
323,
2585,
288,
268,
3247,
5392,
5341,
421,
38,
49,
46,
13,
9192,
434,
655,
289,
11258,
18,
365,
5122,
4299,
268,
2697,
336,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
288,
579,
1945,
3036,
277,
1504,
292,
1290,
71,
875,
1223,
439,
2937,
11,
18,
1256,
3036,
8891,
2937,
602,
9757,
73,
268,
10356,
289,
10227,
11073,
1614,
419,
772,
935,
18,
11,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
11406,
6802,
273,
2154,
458,
5227,
2280,
650,
5672,
11243,
3285,
292,
268,
2204,
11542,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
18,
365,
1413,
528,
2458,
730,
363,
8689,
4063,
1812,
9176,
18,
991,
11238,
456,
669,
268,
5187,
1643,
288,
268,
3318,
289,
7620,
7352,
3205,
268,
5187,
1643,
288,
268,
11542,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
2555,
23,
450,
1879,
16,
268,
11542,
316,
2161,
360,
1568,
291,
1452,
9103,
289,
7620,
16,
352,
5411,
288,
4313,
774,
2194,
18,
365,
666,
289,
7620,
288,
268,
2990,
2346,
1997,
528,
525,
976,
270,
5822,
16,
291,
268,
7692,
289,
10416,
3741,
360,
268,
3267,
443,
281,
2990,
1786,
352,
288,
4425,
16,
7830,
291,
4334,
2362,
327,
896,
8863,
288,
268,
2574,
972,
280,
4200,
73,
289,
6229,
3182,
291,
586,
11671,
774,
2604,
18,
203,
58,
294,
702,
2360,
437,
6254,
268,
3098,
1457,
289,
9275,
291,
19,
283,
288,
10555,
83,
1351,
736,
18,
4449,
437,
712,
896,
8863,
419,
1147,
289,
1320,
742,
76,
1316,
1812,
268,
5705,
289,
2180,
1351,
736,
6881,
9823,
1677,
17,
7850,
374,
963,
18,
2491,
7524,
292,
4735,
93,
268,
2360,
4034,
622,
292,
5629,
864,
268,
11542,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
292,
327,
2796,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
6963,
341,
268,
10531,
9990,
1814,
289,
5358,
1260,
4027,
291,
7524,
289,
8445,
1012,
9640,
2194,
11730,
292,
2293,
361,
1212,
1947,
1105,
18,
203,
48,
1267,
6426,
232,
402,
504,
266,
4773,
603,
10426,
343,
473,
9134,
268,
4582,
438,
7210,
1807,
4731,
2588,
991,
8891,
268,
10000,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
291,
6761,
2838,
1000,
774,
684,
3326,
1694,
3351,
316,
3544,
419,
4560,
10426,
6400,
4773,
603,
5488,
1088,
692,
268,
739,
743,
3182,
892,
18,
365,
2933,
9165,
289,
4560,
5488,
4938,
268,
739,
576,
8054,
316,
1326,
7601,
292,
3311,
3786,
16,
5071,
1165,
360,
7470,
291,
7550,
18,
1508,
9275,
528,
7463,
292,
8216,
9291,
16,
772,
437,
2853,
363,
11137,
1247,
289,
268,
3182,
892,
291,
8216,
268,
3573,
289,
772,
543,
1389,
476,
1953,
3741,
18,
6565,
2687,
5049,
11577,
291,
268,
5807,
288,
4560,
5488,
437,
772,
543,
1389,
476,
1953,
5926,
288,
268,
661,
289,
1014,
4178,
288,
268,
7364,
923,
289,
268,
731,
262,
2254,
18,
203,
52,
265,
3704,
268,
4925,
2083,
289,
268,
1195,
1073,
375,
327,
1326,
9347,
476,
2234,
291,
6209,
360,
268,
6748,
289,
268,
418,
464,
416,
1484,
11825,
289,
9674,
3877,
6223,
421,
56,
39,
49,
802,
458,
1657,
1596,
2310,
292,
307,
39,
49,
16,
6234,
325,
4238,
462,
794,
268,
1364,
566,
268,
440,
298,
270,
17,
84,
797,
267,
301,
291,
5615,
3632,
18,
1097,
268,
4865,
316,
658,
70,
6584,
2539,
362,
10531,
5284,
523,
4238,
268,
6142,
6509,
16,
7628,
3736,
2838,
6646,
16,
11150,
3506,
500,
16,
3370,
16,
2238,
16,
291,
612,
333,
274,
328,
2918,
18,
991,
55,
1268,
268,
440,
298,
270,
17,
84,
797,
267,
301,
2978,
7796,
268,
7091,
967,
16,
10023,
1533,
659,
352,
684,
3326,
291,
2989,
3326,
375,
525,
3983,
327,
432,
2276,
292,
4865,
658,
3400,
288,
1751,
17,
74,
2579,
16,
658,
74,
286,
689,
2555,
203,
1461,
1476,
289,
4425,
291,
7830,
2346,
16,
3449,
16,
586,
6760,
862,
16,
3036,
78,
5668,
11,
2334,
291,
2159,
516,
16,
1210,
1451,
375,
73,
2980,
356,
2221,
292,
9479,
1064,
81,
475,
661,
18,
365,
2057,
289,
3036,
80,
1657,
658,
3400,
11,
419,
268,
3267,
274,
328,
289,
629,
2334,
16,
2384,
5817,
353,
940,
328,
291,
1173,
2686,
318,
18,
365,
3318,
289,
6654,
2334,
291,
2980,
288,
268,
1040,
2129,
316,
261,
3329,
731,
262,
2126,
1366,
6902,
18,
3737,
268,
1616,
289,
268,
418,
464,
416,
1484,
3580,
16,
516,
1670,
2604,
16,
289,
10416,
3741,
16,
3370,
16,
5468,
3741,
291,
1199,
2320,
8733,
291,
3083,
16,
316,
430,
2144,
5892,
288,
5725,
18,
8552,
362,
327,
1211,
336,
717,
383,
6274,
316,
8330,
288,
268,
11542,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
16,
336,
2360,
1119,
268,
6277,
2654,
16,
7687,
7830,
360,
10507,
361,
7042,
7830,
352,
268,
1274,
2966,
16,
2359,
687,
3772,
292,
3036,
344,
3012,
317,
11,
8063,
2348,
318,
2222,
289,
4064,
18,
365,
9398,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
1413,
292,
4865,
1413,
16,
3370,
16,
8520,
16,
11604,
2713,
2485,
440,
799,
2713,
3326,
16,
6197,
1413,
16,
3229,
291,
1903,
1413,
516,
5595,
427,
4865,
8937,
515,
2310,
292,
307,
39,
49,
18,
203,
52,
332,
625,
360,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
356,
5095,
963,
3983,
291,
970,
1343,
975,
5142,
361,
437,
3167,
1626,
2494,
419,
268,
711,
302,
1465,
16,
7946,
1876,
289,
268,
1413,
18,
365,
1619,
1412,
2772,
1608,
356,
1109,
410,
3401,
6006,
292,
1357,
268,
4095,
292,
3772,
4159,
818,
1687,
18,
365,
586,
6696,
8987,
3465,
10057,
579,
10227,
11103,
5020,
316,
1543,
2004,
5488,
289,
4156,
280,
8555,
421,
87,
344,
700,
1787,
1257,
3008,
336,
1131,
688,
1902,
6142,
10669,
802,
994,
316,
1510,
4621,
360,
279,
69,
8215,
1945,
16,
352,
6596,
4630,
9989,
1590,
1668,
16,
291,
525,
289,
268,
10531,
9990,
1814,
289,
5432,
6006,
18,
4286,
410,
3401,
1246,
11625,
316,
261,
8411,
4159,
4621,
18,
3911,
7179,
6424,
289,
268,
1128,
790,
9706,
289,
268,
10416,
1956,
579,
5869,
16,
566,
9426,
6973,
1003,
4153,
316,
1792,
18,
203,
1461,
6109,
2580,
292,
465,
271,
1831,
749,
2760,
9930,
458,
620,
601,
433,
3603,
3639,
6223,
796,
3603,
825,
513,
3360,
2310,
292,
1769,
1614,
291,
1204,
327,
4647,
419,
261,
9189,
954,
3639,
588,
18,
365,
954,
3639,
7936,
8044,
316,
292,
1750,
268,
1342,
289,
268,
1364,
1866,
291,
1293,
18,
497,
6032,
11561,
796,
268,
1879,
289,
1311,
389,
749,
300,
10440,
356,
724,
292,
977,
268,
2474,
341,
268,
1321,
6039,
1483,
1556,
966,
372,
291,
1643,
268,
10617,
289,
268,
954,
3639,
4014,
18,
11578,
18,
4286,
18,
331,
1109,
1012,
464,
1293,
16,
2838,
1000,
318,
16,
291,
1155,
75,
18,
465,
297,
18,
331,
1109,
1012,
464,
1293,
288,
268,
5615,
18,
365,
10440,
288,
456,
1731,
716,
288,
261,
1979,
898,
352,
5432,
6006,
5251,
288,
361,
1212,
1947,
3919,
18,
365,
3045,
10440,
291,
1076,
3195,
375,
794,
327,
8044,
419,
261,
9189,
1311,
389,
749,
18,
777,
8554,
796,
1628,
10308,
289,
516,
7830,
2346,
16,
4425,
16,
4334,
16,
5451,
16,
4867,
16,
3449,
18,
4010,
788,
327,
767,
10386,
18,
988,
960,
70,
5220,
796,
268,
4542,
289,
391,
373,
323,
875,
1223,
1231,
285,
373,
323,
408,
316,
5585,
1252,
18,
365,
10416,
949,
6629,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
372,
87,
5071,
332,
437,
712,
986,
292,
327,
5822,
6641,
4646,
18,
29,
960,
70,
5220,
5251,
356,
2989,
1030,
742,
488,
288,
1544,
292,
1464,
734,
268,
3175,
1072,
289,
268,
5615,
636,
268,
10416,
18,
869,
203,
52,
267,
17,
399,
822,
1859,
2194,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
5071,
332,
986,
502,
2997,
1141,
7406,
512,
2980,
291,
1165,
5300,
3714,
16,
4059,
291,
6277,
4558,
267,
18,
23,
365,
9504,
2495,
289,
261,
1849,
1257,
1859,
289,
1493,
2334,
291,
6926,
438,
4185,
288,
268,
5076,
289,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
291,
586,
11671,
774,
2604,
5333,
268,
465,
271,
1831,
749,
300,
6553,
77,
311,
3036,
5408,
2193,
288,
1326,
687,
7989,
11,
18,
203,
49,
324,
6802,
6579,
268,
1975,
289,
818,
1687,
316,
6188,
649,
7921,
774,
1677,
17,
2095,
1010,
2734,
316,
2221,
288,
268,
4159,
6966,
18,
23,
540,
316,
363,
851,
6748,
288,
261,
3642,
268,
1073,
292,
1817,
17,
781,
280,
18,
760,
268,
1413,
316,
597,
289,
363,
10023,
2075,
16,
268,
1815,
289,
417,
4321,
83,
322,
7646,
274,
316,
695,
288,
11460,
40,
5071,
332,
18,
365,
4567,
288,
4425,
291,
7830,
3318,
316,
11214,
18,
365,
9297,
515,
289,
7091,
1420,
2778,
3381,
10183,
288,
351,
299,
76,
82,
743,
2549,
332,
316,
525
] |
Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a common oral health condition characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth. It typically begins with gingivitis, where the gums become red and swollen, and may bleed during brushing.
If left untreated, it can progress to more severe stages, leading to potential tooth loss. Practicing good oral hygiene and seeking timely dental care are crucial in preventing and managing gum disease for long-term oral health.
Can gum disease kill you?
No, gum disease itself is not a direct cause of death. However, scientific studies highlight a significant connection between untreated gum disease and overall health. Chronic inflammation from gum disease may contribute to systemic issues such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and respiratory complications. While gum disease doesn’t directly lead to fatality, its impact on systemic health emphasizes the importance of regular dental care and proactive measures in maintaining overall well-being.
Difference between Gum Disease / Periodontal Disease
Gum disease, or periodontal disease, is a widespread oral health concern that impacts a significant number of people globally. The prevalence of gum disease underscores the importance of understanding its common causes and taking proactive steps toward prevention. Poor oral hygiene practices, such as infrequent brushing and flossing, contribute to the accumulation of plaque, a key player in the development of gum disease.
Other factors, including smoking, hormonal changes, diabetes, and certain medications, can also heighten the risk. Recognizing these common causes empowers individuals to prioritize good oral care habits and regular dental check-ups, which play a crucial role in maintaining healthy gums and preventing the progression of periodontal disease.
How to Know If You Have Gingivitis?
Recognizing the early signs of gingivitis is key to preventing the progression of gum disease. Keep an eye out for red, swollen gums that may be sensitive to touch and prone to bleeding, especially during brushing or flossing. Persistent bad breath and a change in the color of your gums can also be indicators. If you notice these symptoms, don’t panic, but take them as a cue to enhance your oral care routine. Early intervention can halt the advancement of gingivitis and prevent it from evolving into more severe stages of periodontal disease.
While self-awareness is crucial, regular dental check-ups play an equally vital role in maintaining optimal oral health. Dentists are trained to detect early signs of gingivitis and provide professional care to address and prevent its progression. Don’t wait for symptoms to become apparent—schedule routine dental visits to ensure your oral health is consistently monitored. Preventive care is the best defense against gingivitis, and regular check-ups can help you stay ahead of any potential issues, keeping your smile bright and healthy.
Is Gum Disease Contagious?
The question of whether gum disease is contagious often arises, and the answer lies in the transmission of bacteria. While gum disease itself is not directly contagious, the bacteria responsible for its development can be shared. Kissing, sharing utensils, or using the same oral hygiene tools can contribute to the spread of these bacteria.
It’s important to be mindful of potential sources of transmission, especially if someone in your close circle is dealing with gum disease. Understanding how these bacteria can be shared empowers individuals to take proactive measures to protect their oral health.
Preventing the spread of gum disease revolves around maintaining good oral hygiene practices. Avoid sharing toothbrushes, floss, or other dental tools with others. Additionally, if you or someone you know is experiencing gum disease symptoms, it’s advisable to be cautious about activities that involve close contact with saliva.
Encouraging open communication about oral health within your social circles can also foster awareness and collective efforts to maintain a healthy environment for everyone’s gums. Taking these simple precautions contributes to better oral health and helps break the chain of potential bacterial transmission.
Will I Lose My Teeth If I Have Periodontal Disease?
The progression of periodontal disease, if left unchecked, can indeed lead to the loss of teeth. Starting with gingivitis, the inflammation of the gums, the disease can advance to more severe stages, such as periodontitis. As it progresses, the supporting structures around the teeth, including the bone, can be compromised, resulting in tooth mobility and potential loss. Understanding the stages of periodontal disease is crucial for early identification and intervention to prevent the unfortunate consequence of tooth loss.
The key to preventing tooth loss due to periodontal disease lies in timely intervention. Recognizing the signs of gum disease and seeking professional dental care early can halt its progression and save your teeth. Regular dental check-ups, effective oral hygiene practices, and a proactive approach to addressing any signs of periodontal issues are paramount. With timely and appropriate care, it’s possible to preserve your natural teeth and maintain a healthy, functional smile for years to come.
Is it possible for Gum Disease to spread to other parts of the Body?
Gum disease isn’t just confined to your mouth; it can have broader implications for your overall health. Scientific studies indicate a potential connection between untreated gum disease and systemic health issues. The inflammation triggered by gum disease may contribute to problems beyond oral health, such as cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and respiratory complications. While gum disease itself may not directly spread, its effects on the body underscore the importance of addressing oral health to safeguard your overall well-being.
What are the common Periodontal Treatments?
When it comes to treating periodontal disease, non-surgical procedures can be remarkably effective. Scaling and root planing are non-invasive techniques aimed at removing plaque and tartar buildup from the tooth surfaces and roots. During scaling, your dentist will carefully remove these deposits, and root planing smoothes the tooth roots to prevent further bacterial attachment.
These procedures help to eliminate infection and inflammation, promoting the healing of gum tissues. Non-surgical treatments are often the first line of defense, especially in the early stages of gum disease, providing a proactive approach to restoring and maintaining optimal oral health.
For more advanced cases of periodontal disease, surgical interventions may be necessary to address deep-seated issues. Procedures such as flap surgery and bone or tissue grafts aim to repair and regenerate damaged tissues. Flap surgery involves lifting the gums to remove tartar and smoothen surfaces, while grafts help rebuild lost bone or gum tissue.
While surgical treatments might sound intimidating, they are crucial for cases where non-surgical methods may not suffice. Your dental team will guide you through the process, ensuring your comfort and well-being throughout, with the ultimate goal of preserving your oral health and enhancing the longevity of your natural teeth.
How much does it cost for a Periodontitis Treatment?
Determining the exact cost of Periodontitis Treatment can vary based on several factors. Non-surgical treatments like scaling and root planing typically range from $200 to $600 per session, depending on the severity of the case. For surgical interventions addressing advanced gum disease, costs can range from $500 to $10,000 or more, considering factors such as the complexity of the procedure and the geographical location of the dental practice.
Other variables, including the choice of dental professional and the necessity for follow-up appointments, can influence the total expense. It’s crucial to maintain open communication with your dental team to discuss treatment costs and explore potential payment plans for greater financial transparency.
While the initial costs might seem significant, investing in preventive care proves to be a cost-effective measure in the long run. Regular dental check-ups, priced between $50 and $200, coupled with consistent oral hygiene practices, can help prevent the need for more extensive and expensive treatments down the line. Viewing preventive care as an investment not only results in financial savings but also contributes to the lasting health of your natural teeth. By prioritizing these measures, you’re not just caring for your smile; you’re making a wise investment in a healthier and more affordable future.
In wrapping up our discussion on permanent dentures and related oral health topics, let’s highlight the essentials. We’ve covered the significance of gum disease, its potential impact on overall health, and the importance of preventive measures. From exploring periodontal treatments to considering costs and embracing preventive care, the path to a healthier smile involves various aspects.
Ultimately, regular dental check-ups, early intervention, and a commitment to preventive measures are the keys to lasting and vibrant well-being. As we conclude, remember that a healthy smile is a lifelong asset, and your journey toward it starts with mindful care and informed choices. Here’s to brighter smiles and healthier futures!
Gum Disease FAQs
1. Can you live long with gum disease?
While it’s possible to live with gum disease, the condition can impact your overall health if left untreated. Chronic inflammation from gum disease has been linked to increased risks of cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and respiratory problems. Seeking timely treatment and adopting good oral hygiene practices can significantly improve your quality of life and contribute to a longer, healthier life.
2. Can gum disease cause cancer?
There is currently no direct evidence linking gum disease to cancer. However, the chronic inflammation associated with untreated gum disease may contribute to overall health issues. Maintaining good oral hygiene and addressing gum disease promptly is essential for preventing potential systemic complications, but a direct link to cancer hasn’t been conclusively established.
3. Does the presence of gum disease disappear after the removal of teeth?
While removing teeth affected by gum disease may alleviate some symptoms, it doesn’t necessarily eliminate the underlying issue. Gum disease can persist even after tooth extraction if not properly treated. Addressing the root cause through periodontal treatments and maintaining good oral hygiene remains crucial for a long-term solution.
4. How to cure gum disease without a dentist?
While professional dental care is the most effective way to treat gum disease, practicing excellent oral hygiene at home can help prevent and manage the condition. Regular brushing, flossing, and using an antiseptic mouthwash can aid in controlling bacteria. However, for effective treatment, consulting with a dentist or periodontist is essential to address the specific needs of your gums and ensure a comprehensive approach to gum disease management.
Expert Periodontal Care in Portland Oregon
If you’re struggling with gum disease, our experienced and compassionate team is here to provide gentle and effective solutions tailored just for you. At Roots Dental, we prioritize your comfort, ensuring a personalized approach to address your unique oral health needs.
Conveniently situated across four dental offices in Portland, Oregon, Roots Dental is ready to welcome you and provide the care you deserve. Don’t hesitate – schedule an appointment today and let Roots Dental be your trusted partner in achieving optimal oral health and a confident, radiant smile. | <urn:uuid:cd23e8bc-4696-442e-bb92-8972eeed40d0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.rootsdental.com/can-gum-disease-kill-you/ | 2024-02-21T11:01:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.924691 | 2,276 | 3.203125 | 3 | [
43,
408,
1413,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
16,
316,
261,
1112,
4118,
661,
2057,
6360,
419,
4095,
289,
268,
6272,
4539,
268,
2649,
18,
553,
2437,
5118,
360,
319,
281,
406,
3326,
16,
853,
268,
8286,
1343,
2243,
291,
1370,
3086,
270,
16,
291,
602,
5419,
286,
995,
10766,
18,
203,
6164,
2294,
10878,
16,
362,
375,
2674,
292,
512,
3103,
5046,
16,
2469,
292,
1439,
3309,
1866,
18,
5024,
410,
281,
1060,
4118,
6453,
291,
4840,
10168,
3708,
1066,
356,
1821,
288,
4888,
291,
4641,
6587,
1413,
331,
917,
17,
950,
4118,
661,
18,
203,
39,
282,
6587,
1413,
5320,
337,
35,
203,
50,
83,
16,
6587,
1413,
2635,
316,
462,
261,
1938,
1342,
289,
2145,
18,
1121,
16,
3181,
2194,
4596,
261,
1297,
3583,
858,
10878,
6587,
1413,
291,
2114,
661,
18,
10045,
4095,
427,
6587,
1413,
602,
2885,
292,
11225,
1659,
659,
352,
6568,
1626,
16,
3370,
16,
291,
5768,
5921,
18,
1508,
6587,
1413,
2752,
372,
88,
2978,
912,
292,
2272,
941,
16,
606,
1393,
341,
11225,
661,
10393,
268,
2557,
289,
1998,
3708,
1066,
291,
9323,
2877,
288,
3539,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
40,
373,
3701,
858,
461,
408,
6328,
4158,
11442,
266,
1178,
6328,
203,
43,
408,
1413,
16,
361,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
16,
316,
261,
6394,
4118,
661,
4621,
336,
3960,
261,
1297,
1289,
289,
689,
8887,
18,
365,
10000,
289,
6587,
1413,
4277,
71,
1538,
268,
2557,
289,
1616,
606,
1112,
2384,
291,
2265,
9323,
2845,
4094,
5076,
18,
11289,
4118,
6453,
2364,
16,
659,
352,
582,
11182,
302,
10766,
291,
11581,
281,
16,
2885,
292,
268,
11359,
289,
9880,
16,
261,
1558,
6723,
288,
268,
1208,
289,
6587,
1413,
18,
203,
51,
411,
1802,
16,
1118,
6366,
16,
11851,
1703,
16,
3370,
16,
291,
1575,
4167,
16,
375,
525,
4733,
270,
268,
1238,
18,
9303,
1790,
629,
1112,
2384,
2593,
9766,
1578,
292,
8253,
1060,
4118,
1066,
4585,
291,
1998,
3708,
2373,
17,
5090,
16,
518,
1152,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
3539,
1702,
8286,
291,
4888,
268,
9398,
289,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
4656,
829,
990,
5370,
461,
281,
406,
3326,
35,
203,
54,
312,
1396,
1790,
268,
1568,
3085,
289,
319,
281,
406,
3326,
316,
1558,
292,
4888,
268,
9398,
289,
6587,
1413,
18,
4182,
363,
2592,
628,
331,
2243,
16,
1370,
3086,
270,
8286,
336,
602,
327,
4476,
292,
3727,
291,
8096,
292,
8094,
16,
1803,
995,
10766,
361,
11581,
281,
18,
6284,
6153,
3276,
2785,
291,
261,
1317,
288,
268,
2191,
289,
424,
8286,
375,
525,
327,
9136,
18,
829,
337,
4204,
629,
1614,
16,
1373,
372,
88,
11173,
16,
566,
1071,
622,
352,
261,
273,
610,
292,
3017,
424,
4118,
1066,
4485,
18,
5976,
5496,
375,
7914,
88,
268,
10729,
289,
319,
281,
406,
3326,
291,
1463,
362,
427,
8613,
636,
512,
3103,
5046,
289,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
1817,
17,
8409,
822,
316,
1821,
16,
1998,
3708,
2373,
17,
5090,
1152,
363,
7583,
3226,
1476,
288,
3539,
5023,
4118,
661,
18,
413,
302,
978,
356,
5759,
292,
4375,
1568,
3085,
289,
319,
281,
406,
3326,
291,
1153,
2497,
1066,
292,
1750,
291,
1463,
606,
9398,
18,
3818,
372,
88,
6833,
331,
1614,
292,
1343,
6876,
1447,
87,
7713,
1984,
4485,
3708,
8974,
292,
1530,
424,
4118,
661,
316,
8270,
11877,
18,
2412,
90,
7004,
1066,
316,
268,
1274,
7178,
1573,
319,
281,
406,
3326,
16,
291,
1998,
2373,
17,
5090,
375,
617,
337,
2503,
5916,
289,
723,
1439,
1659,
16,
4172,
424,
11037,
4812,
291,
1702,
18,
203,
7896,
461,
408,
6328,
1161,
6687,
702,
35,
203,
1461,
2302,
289,
2026,
6587,
1413,
316,
353,
6687,
702,
970,
598,
2329,
16,
291,
268,
3257,
5904,
288,
268,
5540,
289,
3071,
18,
1508,
6587,
1413,
2635,
316,
462,
2978,
353,
6687,
702,
16,
268,
3071,
3024,
331,
606,
1208,
375,
327,
4244,
18,
696,
846,
281,
16,
5135,
8917,
614,
1727,
16,
361,
1001,
268,
1162,
4118,
6453,
2133,
375,
2885,
292,
268,
2458,
289,
629,
3071,
18,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
851,
292,
327,
9869,
289,
1439,
2419,
289,
5540,
16,
1803,
717,
2711,
288,
424,
2828,
8314,
316,
6485,
360,
6587,
1413,
18,
3793,
667,
629,
3071,
375,
327,
4244,
2593,
9766,
1578,
292,
1071,
9323,
2877,
292,
2000,
444,
4118,
661,
18,
203,
52,
267,
6064,
281,
268,
2458,
289,
6587,
1413,
10619,
973,
1149,
3539,
1060,
4118,
6453,
2364,
18,
5276,
5135,
3309,
11974,
274,
16,
11581,
16,
361,
586,
3708,
2133,
360,
1548,
18,
2848,
16,
717,
337,
361,
2711,
337,
698,
316,
5575,
6587,
1413,
1614,
16,
362,
372,
87,
7031,
541,
292,
327,
273,
3697,
499,
608,
1740,
336,
3820,
2828,
2624,
360,
2016,
8367,
18,
203,
9453,
6842,
1516,
1591,
2413,
608,
4118,
661,
1291,
424,
1234,
11905,
375,
525,
4322,
3717,
291,
7401,
3107,
292,
1638,
261,
1702,
1072,
331,
3244,
372,
87,
8286,
18,
8964,
629,
2208,
10302,
6831,
292,
1326,
4118,
661,
291,
1780,
2603,
268,
4668,
289,
1439,
7674,
5540,
18,
203,
59,
399,
334,
458,
595,
3491,
307,
1512,
262,
829,
334,
5370,
11442,
266,
1178,
6328,
35,
203,
1461,
9398,
289,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
16,
717,
2294,
543,
355,
1663,
286,
16,
375,
7195,
912,
292,
268,
1866,
289,
2649,
18,
5550,
281,
360,
319,
281,
406,
3326,
16,
268,
4095,
289,
268,
8286,
16,
268,
1413,
375,
3555,
292,
512,
3103,
5046,
16,
659,
352,
1604,
266,
4199,
277,
18,
760,
362,
2674,
274,
16,
268,
4918,
3702,
1149,
268,
2649,
16,
1118,
268,
4031,
16,
375,
327,
6322,
1754,
16,
3932,
288,
3309,
7834,
291,
1439,
1866,
18,
3793,
268,
5046,
289,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
316,
1821,
331,
1568,
7458,
291,
5496,
292,
1463,
268,
4372,
1482,
381,
10793,
289,
3309,
1866,
18,
203,
1461,
1558,
292,
4888,
3309,
1866,
1504,
292,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
5904,
288,
10168,
5496,
18,
9303,
1790,
268,
3085,
289,
6587,
1413,
291,
4840,
2497,
3708,
1066,
1568,
375,
7914,
88,
606,
9398,
291,
3831,
424,
2649,
18,
5129,
3708,
2373,
17,
5090,
16,
1783,
4118,
6453,
2364,
16,
291,
261,
9323,
1563,
292,
5693,
723,
3085,
289,
1604,
266,
1178,
1659,
356,
5585,
1252,
18,
1440,
10168,
291,
2922,
1066,
16,
362,
372,
87,
1522,
292,
7346,
424,
1493,
2649,
291,
1638,
261,
1702,
16,
5872,
11037,
331,
935,
292,
1631,
18,
203,
7896,
362,
1522,
331,
461,
408,
6328,
292,
2458,
292,
586,
2287,
289,
268,
10189,
35,
203,
43,
408,
1413,
3422,
372,
88,
1039,
1275,
1451,
292,
424,
3552,
31,
362,
375,
437,
7442,
5926,
331,
424,
2114,
661,
18,
10310,
2194,
4938,
261,
1439,
3583,
858,
10878,
6587,
1413,
291,
11225,
661,
1659,
18,
365,
4095,
11920,
419,
6587,
1413,
602,
2885,
292,
1626,
3183,
4118,
661,
16,
659,
352,
6568,
1659,
16,
3370,
16,
291,
5768,
5921,
18,
1508,
6587,
1413,
2635,
602,
462,
2978,
2458,
16,
606,
1814,
341,
268,
1073,
4277,
71,
404,
268,
2557,
289,
5693,
4118,
661,
292,
8087,
424,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
1112,
11442,
266,
1178,
4241,
652,
35,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
6307,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
16,
1677,
17,
87,
4610,
466,
4632,
375,
327,
5652,
2090,
1783,
18,
1449,
2253,
291,
3382,
1200,
281,
356,
1677,
17,
263,
11180,
2377,
7351,
430,
6763,
9880,
291,
225,
88,
531,
294,
2115,
987,
427,
268,
3309,
5874,
291,
4543,
18,
2942,
646,
2253,
16,
424,
6728,
513,
5104,
3556,
629,
10598,
16,
291,
3382,
1200,
281,
5036,
274,
268,
3309,
4543,
292,
1463,
1902,
7674,
4701,
367,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
4632,
617,
292,
6500,
2937,
291,
4095,
16,
4636,
268,
5457,
289,
6587,
6272,
18,
7332,
17,
87,
4610,
466,
3919,
356,
970,
268,
855,
2137,
289,
7178,
16,
1803,
288,
268,
1568,
5046,
289,
6587,
1413,
16,
2352,
261,
9323,
1563,
292,
5997,
281,
291,
3539,
5023,
4118,
661,
18,
203,
8679,
512,
3599,
1934,
289,
1604,
266,
1178,
1413,
16,
7868,
6532,
602,
327,
1990,
292,
1750,
2295,
17,
401,
488,
1659,
18,
960,
1553,
889,
659,
352,
949,
429,
4153,
291,
4031,
361,
3923,
785,
1621,
340,
2517,
292,
5541,
291,
9334,
381,
6005,
6272,
18,
2970,
429,
4153,
2675,
2339,
542,
268,
8286,
292,
3556,
225,
88,
531,
294,
291,
5036,
270,
5874,
16,
1020,
785,
1621,
340,
617,
304,
5242,
585,
3673,
4031,
361,
6587,
3923,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
7868,
3919,
1276,
2162,
288,
473,
323,
673,
16,
502,
356,
1821,
331,
1934,
853,
1677,
17,
87,
4610,
466,
2222,
602,
462,
2549,
690,
18,
2073,
3708,
1675,
513,
3233,
337,
734,
268,
833,
16,
3171,
424,
5829,
291,
767,
17,
2722,
2309,
16,
360,
268,
9376,
3114,
289,
9344,
424,
4118,
661,
291,
6411,
268,
10417,
289,
424,
1493,
2649,
18,
203,
6724,
1111,
1082,
362,
1923,
331,
261,
11442,
266,
4199,
277,
6109,
35,
203,
40,
73,
950,
2165,
268,
3427,
1923,
289,
11442,
266,
4199,
277,
6109,
375,
3360,
1585,
341,
1520,
1802,
18,
7332,
17,
87,
4610,
466,
3919,
730,
646,
2253,
291,
3382,
1200,
281,
2437,
1749,
427,
2220,
4598,
292,
2220,
26,
587,
574,
6999,
16,
3509,
341,
268,
7365,
289,
268,
1731,
18,
906,
7868,
6532,
5693,
3599,
6587,
1413,
16,
2762,
375,
1749,
427,
2220,
6950,
292,
2220,
2316,
16,
1347,
361,
512,
16,
5337,
1802,
659,
352,
268,
7116,
289,
268,
4445,
291,
268,
10942,
3336,
289,
268,
3708,
2060,
18,
203,
51,
411,
7302,
16,
1118,
268,
3185,
289,
3708,
2497,
291,
268,
11210,
331,
1089,
17,
987,
6778,
652,
16,
375,
3033,
268,
2972,
11463,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1821,
292,
1638,
1591,
2413,
360,
424,
3708,
1675,
292,
1868,
1412,
2762,
291,
2408,
1439,
7152,
3855,
331,
2796,
2153,
8800,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
268,
4388,
2762,
1276,
3003,
1297,
16,
7922,
288,
10233,
1066,
680,
274,
292,
327,
261,
1923,
17,
7816,
2074,
288,
268,
917,
1673,
18,
5129,
3708,
2373,
17,
5090,
16,
549,
300,
286,
858,
2220,
2520,
291,
2220,
4598,
16,
3813,
9340,
360,
4788,
4118,
6453,
2364,
16,
375,
617,
1463,
268,
648,
331,
512,
5443,
291,
5016,
3919,
1190,
268,
2137,
18,
9284,
281,
10233,
1066,
352,
363,
3994,
462,
794,
1826,
288,
2153,
6856,
566,
525,
6831,
292,
268,
8196,
661,
289,
424,
1493,
2649,
18,
1285,
5996,
281,
629,
2877,
16,
337,
372,
267,
462,
1039,
10721,
331,
424,
11037,
31,
337,
372,
267,
1355,
261,
11104,
3994,
288,
261,
6361,
291,
512,
7718,
1571,
18,
203,
2983,
276,
1209,
3752,
644,
662,
5122,
341,
6273,
4639,
889,
291,
2336,
4118,
661,
4702,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
4596,
268,
1182,
10294,
18,
924,
372,
317,
4738,
268,
4489,
289,
6587,
1413,
16,
606,
1439,
1393,
341,
2114,
661,
16,
291,
268,
2557,
289,
10233,
2877,
18,
2519,
5772,
1604,
266,
1178,
3919,
292,
5337,
2762,
291,
10671,
10233,
1066,
16,
268,
2363,
292,
261,
6361,
11037,
2675,
1320,
3378,
18,
203,
57,
80,
9218,
16,
1998,
3708,
2373,
17,
5090,
16,
1568,
5496,
16,
291,
261,
5520,
292,
10233,
2877,
356,
268,
9515,
292,
8196,
291,
7536,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
760,
445,
5629,
864,
16,
3283,
336,
261,
1702,
11037,
316,
261,
2339,
11601,
8261,
16,
291,
424,
3405,
4094,
362,
5398,
360,
9869,
1066,
291,
4443,
4548,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
292,
741,
6627,
835,
4760,
291,
6361,
284,
371,
889,
5,
203,
43,
408,
6328,
10751,
53,
87,
203,
21,
18,
1680,
337,
2180,
917,
360,
6587,
1413,
35,
203,
2895,
621,
362,
372,
87,
1522,
292,
2180,
360,
6587,
1413,
16,
268,
2057,
375,
1393,
424,
2114,
661,
717,
2294,
10878,
18,
10045,
4095,
427,
6587,
1413,
528,
712,
4331,
292,
2161,
2894,
289,
6568,
1659,
16,
3370,
16,
291,
5768,
1626,
18,
4493,
505,
10168,
1412,
291,
10265,
1060,
4118,
6453,
2364,
375,
3105,
1434,
424,
1630,
289,
943,
291,
2885,
292,
261,
2473,
16,
6361,
943,
18,
203,
22,
18,
1680,
6587,
1413,
1342,
1928,
35,
203,
6695,
316,
3794,
688,
1938,
2495,
308,
1914,
6587,
1413,
292,
1928,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
3776,
4095,
2062,
360,
10878,
6587,
1413,
602,
2885,
292,
2114,
661,
1659,
18,
11797,
1060,
4118,
6453,
291,
5693,
6587,
1413,
11969,
316,
1505,
331,
4888,
1439,
11225,
5921,
16,
566
] |
updated June, 26, 2021
What is Strep Throat?
Strep throat is a bacterial throat infection that can be easily treated with antibiotics. It is one of the causes of a sore, scratchy throat – the most frequent reason for people to visit their doctors. But sore throats may also have other causes, of viral nature.
People usually treat sore throats as quickly as possible, because they are among the first symptoms of cold and flu. They usually last for only a few days, if the proper treatment is administered.
Strep throat is extremely contagious and may complicate, generating rheumatic fever, or potential inflammation of the kidneys. Rheumatic fever produces rash and inflammation of the articulations, and it may even damage the valves of the heart.
The most exposed to the risk of strep throat are children aged between 5 and 15, but they are not the only ones. It may affect people at any age. The most common symptoms are tenderness and inflammations of lymph glands inside the neck and fever; small children also experience pain in the abdomen.
In case any of the above-mentioned symptoms are present in your child, visit your doctor. Strep throat is easy to diagnose, so the treatment will be promptly administered.
Strep Throat Symptoms and Signs
The frequent symptoms of strep throat are:
- A hard time swallowing
- Pain in the throat
- Vomiting and stomach pain in small children
- Inflammation and tenderness in the neck’s lymph glands
- Inflamed, red tonsils that may sometimes have pus formations
There are cases in which patients with strep throat do not experience a sore throat. In other situations, the bacteria don’t affect their carrier, which only transmits it to others around him/her.
The above symptoms are not necessarily caused by strep throat. There are also other conditions that share common signs, such as tonsillitis. The presence or absence of strep throat will be determined by healthcare professionals through a specific test for this condition.
When to Address a Doctor?
The doctor should be informed in case your child or yourself experience one or more of the following signs and symptoms:
- Breathing and swallowing problems
- A sore throat for more than 2 days
- Pain of the articulations
- A sore throat that doesn’t involve runny or cold nose
- Both a sore throat and the inflammation and tenderness of ganglions
- A fever higher than 38 C that persists for more than two days
- There are 2 major situations in which a doctor should be called:
- In case the antibiotics do not improve your child’s symptoms after two days of treatment. This may occur even after the end of the treatment.
- In case he/she has a fever or painfully inflamed articulations, rash or breathing problems
The problems mentioned above (fever, articular pain, rash or difficulty to breathe) that follow a strep infection may suggest the presence of rheumatic fever. A possible glomerulonephritis is present, in case your child’s urine has a brown color.
Tests and Diagnosis of Strep Throat
In order to diagnose strep throat, or other possible cause of sore throats, both physical exams and laboratory tests are necessary. The physical exam consists of the search for the bacterial infection, such as swollen ganglions or fever. To obtain a good view of the throat and tonsils, the doctors frequently use a tongue depressor.
The signs of infection are white streaks on the tonsils, red-colored spots on the hard and soft palate, inflammation or a redness of the tonsils. Because the doctor cannot determine the exact cause of the infection (viruses or bacteria), additional tests are required, especially because there are viral infections that look more severe than the aspect generated by streptococcal bacteria.
The following test is designed to detect the bacterial infection, such as strep throat:
- Rapid DNA test gives the diagnosis of strep throat in less than one day from its apparition. It is a new test that uses DNA technology and it equals the accuracy of culture tests, but it is quicker.
- Throat culture tests involve a sterile swab, which takes a sample of the mucus, on the tonsils, and the back of the throat. The sample is then taken to laboratory and cultured to detect the presence of bacteria. The test isn’t painful, but the results are only available the next day.
- Rapid antigen tests – has a quicker result then throat culture and involves a part of the same sample. The results are given after a few minutes and show whether strep throat bacteria are present or not. In case the results are positive, antibiotic treatment should be started immediately. Their disadvantage is that there are times in which they fail to recognize strep throat infection; this increases the necessity for the results of pharyngeal exudate, especially in case of negative results.
Strep Throat Causes
What causes strep throat? Strep throat is caused by a bacterial infection with Streptococcus pyogenesis, or group A hemolytic Streptococcus.
Streptococcal bacteria spread, when someone coughs or sneezes and it also affects people around that person, because it has a contagious character. It also may be picked up from any surface and then – transmitted or transferred to the mouth or nose; such surfaces are a doorknob, bathroom and kitchen objects.
Best Antibiotics For Strep Throat
What are the best antibiotics for strep throat – it is a common question for people suffering from this disease. For the treatment of strep throat in both children and adults cases, antibiotics are prescribed. The most frequently used are oral antibiotics, like amoxicillin (Trimox, Amoxil), penicillin, clindamycin (Cleocin), cephalosporin (Keflex, Ceclor), azithromycin (Zithromax) or clarithromycin (Biaxin). In children that vomit and are unable to swallow, penicillin may also be administered by injection.
The treatment with one of these antibiotics deals with the symptoms speeds up the recovery process, reduces the risks of complications that may derive from untreated strep throat and prevents the extension of the infection to other people.
Antibiotics should improve your or your child’s symptoms in less than 48 hours. In case they don’t seem to be effective for your child, the doctor must be informed. Children that feel good and have obviously milder symptoms as a consequence of antibiotic treatments will stop being contagious the next day from the beginning of treatment and they may return to school or kindergarten. Even if the symptoms disappear, the medications still need to be taken for as long as it was prescribed, in order to prevent severe complications like the inflammation of the kidneys or rheumatic fever.
In order to diminish the fever and to relieve the pain in the throat, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be prescribed together with antibiotics. Aspirin may be dangerous for very small children: it may generate Reye’s syndrome, a possibly lethal disease. Acetaminophen should also be taken in small doses to avoid the risks of serious complications.
How To Prevent Strep Throat?
Means to prevent strep throat.
The hygiene of your and your child’s hands is very important in order to prevent many infections. A proper and regularly performed cleaning of the hands can spare you a large number of undesired complications. Use a hand sanitizer based on alcohol or even water and soap.
Children must be taught not to sneeze or cough without covering their mouth. The drinking glasses, forks or spoons used by your child with strep throat mustn’t be shared; they should be washed in hot water and dishwashers.
Antibiotics destroy the bacteria that caused strep throat with promptitude in the majority of the cases. But, before they do, you may ameliorate the symptoms yourself by the following means:
- A good hydration is very helpful; water will not only hydrate your organism, but it will also lubricate your sore throat, helping you to swallow easier.
- Eat broths, soft-cooked eggs, mashed potatoes, apple sauce, cooked cereals, soups, and yogurts: they are easier to swallow for your sore throat. Other soothing foods are sherbet, frozen fruit pops, frozen yogurts or blended foods. Acidic and spicy foods are not recommended.
- Rest sufficiently, because it helps against the infection. In case you and your child have strep throat, it is best for you not to go to work or school until you get better.
- While your strep throat child stays at home and has antibiotic treatment which should be done for at least one day before the child goes back to school or kinder garden, try to involve him/her in pleasant activities that you don’t usually have time to do, for example playing a game or reading a book together.
- More than one gargling with warm salt water per day should be done; they are very helpful and act as pain relievers for your or your child’s throat. Prepare the gargling liquid from ¼ teaspoons of salt solved in 8 ounces of warm water; the forget to warn your child to spit it out after the gargling is done.
- Avoid irritating factors, such as cigarettes smoke, fumes from paints and cleaning products; they may increase the risk of infection and the irritation.
- The discomfort generated by the strep throat may be ameliorated by an air humidifier, which prevents the increase of irritation in the mucous membranes of the throat. This humidifier should be cleaned every day, because molds and bacteria may develop there, too; the best choice may be a cool-mist humidifier. A saline nasal spray may also help. | <urn:uuid:b2cf0d57-5a66-46ed-9fdb-30311b493c09> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.rxhelp4nv.org/strep-throat/ | 2024-02-21T10:33:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.939628 | 2,088 | 3.375 | 3 | [
987,
72,
488,
4453,
16,
5866,
16,
4523,
203,
4688,
316,
908,
4528,
321,
7081,
35,
203,
55,
1069,
84,
8395,
316,
261,
7674,
8395,
2937,
336,
375,
327,
2619,
4257,
360,
7620,
18,
553,
316,
597,
289,
268,
2384,
289,
261,
10999,
16,
8691,
93,
8395,
796,
268,
710,
6019,
2190,
331,
689,
292,
3487,
444,
5846,
18,
1163,
10999,
264,
299,
1378,
602,
525,
437,
586,
2384,
16,
289,
8669,
2075,
18,
203,
52,
73,
653,
1840,
977,
10999,
264,
299,
1378,
352,
2640,
352,
1522,
16,
971,
502,
356,
1694,
268,
855,
1614,
289,
3302,
291,
2327,
18,
900,
1840,
1887,
331,
794,
261,
1374,
1962,
16,
717,
268,
1225,
1412,
316,
11262,
18,
203,
55,
1069,
84,
8395,
316,
4179,
353,
6687,
702,
291,
602,
2411,
3057,
16,
9249,
10206,
408,
1531,
6804,
16,
361,
1439,
4095,
289,
268,
11064,
18,
434,
781,
408,
1531,
6804,
5948,
384,
1219,
291,
4095,
289,
268,
1644,
2158,
16,
291,
362,
602,
919,
2183,
268,
11827,
289,
268,
1759,
18,
203,
1461,
710,
4504,
292,
268,
1238,
289,
471,
4528,
8395,
356,
1024,
8602,
858,
1016,
291,
2063,
16,
566,
502,
356,
462,
268,
794,
3001,
18,
553,
602,
2242,
689,
430,
723,
1722,
18,
365,
710,
1112,
1614,
356,
11467,
822,
291,
3506,
500,
289,
8355,
11864,
3004,
268,
6058,
291,
6804,
31,
1139,
1024,
525,
1432,
1293,
288,
268,
459,
72,
1230,
18,
203,
2983,
1731,
723,
289,
268,
2159,
17,
4320,
328,
286,
1614,
356,
1487,
288,
424,
739,
16,
3487,
424,
3040,
18,
908,
4528,
8395,
316,
2289,
292,
9047,
16,
576,
268,
1412,
513,
327,
11969,
11262,
18,
203,
55,
1069,
84,
321,
7081,
6915,
291,
11078,
203,
1461,
6019,
1614,
289,
471,
4528,
8395,
356,
30,
203,
17,
330,
1656,
669,
10709,
281,
203,
17,
7385,
288,
268,
8395,
203,
17,
720,
311,
1842,
291,
5615,
1293,
288,
1139,
1024,
203,
17,
450,
6916,
318,
291,
11467,
822,
288,
268,
6058,
372,
87,
8355,
11864,
203,
17,
450,
3381,
3197,
16,
2243,
7658,
1727,
336,
602,
2903,
437,
279,
310,
926,
500,
203,
6695,
356,
1934,
288,
518,
1945,
360,
471,
4528,
8395,
565,
462,
1432,
261,
10999,
8395,
18,
450,
586,
3887,
16,
268,
3071,
1373,
372,
88,
2242,
444,
877,
7933,
16,
518,
794,
817,
81,
764,
362,
292,
1548,
1149,
1547,
19,
2562,
18,
203,
1461,
2159,
1614,
356,
462,
6608,
2494,
419,
471,
4528,
8395,
18,
994,
356,
525,
586,
1533,
336,
2538,
1112,
3085,
16,
659,
352,
7658,
399,
3326,
18,
365,
3550,
361,
7777,
289,
471,
4528,
8395,
513,
327,
5108,
419,
2689,
3789,
734,
261,
1430,
1265,
331,
456,
2057,
18,
203,
7508,
292,
2076,
550,
261,
6380,
441,
35,
203,
1461,
3040,
788,
327,
4443,
288,
1731,
424,
739,
361,
2757,
1432,
597,
361,
512,
289,
268,
1685,
3085,
291,
1614,
30,
203,
17,
4773,
749,
281,
291,
10709,
281,
1626,
203,
17,
330,
10999,
8395,
331,
512,
687,
497,
1962,
203,
17,
7385,
289,
268,
1644,
2158,
203,
17,
330,
10999,
8395,
336,
2752,
372,
88,
3820,
1673,
6130,
361,
3302,
6713,
203,
17,
4449,
261,
10999,
8395,
291,
268,
4095,
291,
11467,
822,
289,
319,
620,
80,
806,
203,
17,
330,
6804,
1797,
687,
10514,
351,
336,
824,
978,
331,
512,
687,
881,
1962,
203,
17,
994,
356,
497,
1670,
3887,
288,
518,
261,
3040,
788,
327,
1478,
30,
203,
17,
450,
1731,
268,
7620,
565,
462,
1434,
424,
739,
372,
87,
1614,
1003,
881,
1962,
289,
1412,
18,
540,
602,
1595,
919,
1003,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1412,
18,
203,
17,
450,
1731,
431,
19,
87,
781,
528,
261,
6804,
361,
1293,
2367,
2753,
3197,
1644,
2158,
16,
384,
1219,
361,
4887,
1626,
203,
1461,
1626,
4565,
2159,
421,
74,
827,
16,
1644,
705,
1293,
16,
384,
1219,
361,
5478,
292,
10231,
13,
336,
1089,
261,
471,
4528,
2937,
602,
2954,
268,
3550,
289,
10206,
408,
1531,
6804,
18,
330,
1522,
1062,
11409,
346,
266,
6405,
6260,
316,
1487,
16,
288,
1731,
424,
739,
372,
87,
7762,
528,
261,
5573,
2191,
18,
203,
56,
1704,
291,
10276,
2213,
289,
908,
4528,
321,
7081,
203,
2983,
1544,
292,
9047,
471,
4528,
8395,
16,
361,
586,
1522,
1342,
289,
10999,
264,
299,
1378,
16,
1079,
1646,
9882,
291,
6826,
3265,
356,
1990,
18,
365,
1646,
879,
5347,
289,
268,
3093,
331,
268,
7674,
2937,
16,
659,
352,
1370,
3086,
270,
319,
620,
80,
806,
361,
6804,
18,
1122,
3456,
261,
1060,
1889,
289,
268,
8395,
291,
7658,
1727,
16,
268,
5846,
3983,
666,
261,
9027,
975,
550,
283,
18,
203,
1461,
3085,
289,
2937,
356,
2398,
471,
267,
3377,
341,
268,
7658,
1727,
16,
2243,
17,
5847,
2723,
7380,
341,
268,
1656,
291,
4775,
4659,
381,
16,
4095,
361,
261,
2243,
822,
289,
268,
7658,
1727,
18,
3428,
268,
3040,
2362,
2747,
268,
3427,
1342,
289,
268,
2937,
421,
90,
5173,
274,
361,
3071,
989,
2827,
3265,
356,
2207,
16,
1803,
971,
686,
356,
8669,
3786,
336,
1500,
512,
3103,
687,
268,
4437,
5491,
419,
471,
4528,
3016,
8200,
280,
3071,
18,
203,
1461,
1685,
1265,
316,
2298,
292,
4375,
268,
7674,
2937,
16,
659,
352,
471,
4528,
8395,
30,
203,
17,
434,
3122,
4332,
1265,
3581,
268,
4291,
289,
471,
4528,
8395,
288,
1165,
687,
597,
1196,
427,
606,
558,
294,
564,
18,
553,
316,
261,
733,
1265,
336,
2600,
4332,
1428,
291,
362,
1222,
645,
268,
5078,
289,
2484,
3265,
16,
566,
362,
316,
2025,
265,
18,
203,
17,
321,
7081,
2484,
3265,
3820,
261,
5432,
621,
1370,
397,
16,
518,
2844,
261,
4829,
289,
268,
9842,
310,
16,
341,
268,
7658,
1727,
16,
291,
268,
1103,
289,
268,
8395,
18,
365,
4829,
316,
1023,
2459,
292,
6826,
291,
2484,
72,
292,
4375,
268,
3550,
289,
3071,
18,
365,
1265,
3422,
372,
88,
7946,
16,
566,
268,
1826,
356,
794,
1608,
268,
2033,
1196,
18,
203,
17,
434,
3122,
1743,
1822,
3265,
796,
528,
261,
2025,
265,
1636,
1023,
8395,
2484,
291,
2675,
261,
923,
289,
268,
1162,
4829,
18,
365,
1826,
356,
2050,
1003,
261,
1374,
3373,
291,
1171,
2026,
471,
4528,
8395,
3071,
356,
1487,
361,
462,
18,
450,
1731,
268,
1826,
356,
2262,
16,
11243,
1412,
788,
327,
3120,
4248,
18,
3367,
7772,
369,
316,
336,
686,
356,
1708,
288,
518,
502,
2335,
292,
4726,
471,
4528,
8395,
2937,
31,
456,
3675,
268,
11210,
331,
268,
1826,
289,
719,
556,
82,
369,
280,
377,
1327,
381,
16,
1803,
288,
1731,
289,
3047,
1826,
18,
203,
55,
1069,
84,
321,
7081,
10346,
203,
4688,
2384,
471,
4528,
8395,
35,
908,
4528,
8395,
316,
2494,
419,
261,
7674,
2937,
360,
908,
4528,
3016,
8200,
310,
279,
93,
5133,
3774,
16,
361,
1730,
330,
7663,
8996,
410,
908,
4528,
3016,
8200,
310,
18,
203,
55,
1069,
84,
3016,
8200,
280,
3071,
2458,
16,
649,
2711,
8012,
87,
361,
269,
6296,
94,
274,
291,
362,
525,
4238,
689,
1149,
336,
959,
16,
971,
362,
528,
261,
353,
6687,
702,
1876,
18,
553,
525,
602,
327,
4568,
286,
644,
427,
723,
2248,
291,
1023,
796,
8886,
361,
9956,
292,
268,
3552,
361,
6713,
31,
659,
5874,
356,
261,
565,
2904,
82,
875,
16,
5933,
2275,
291,
8460,
3582,
18,
203,
38,
443,
6440,
70,
5220,
906,
908,
4528,
321,
7081,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
1274,
7620,
331,
471,
4528,
8395,
796,
362,
316,
261,
1112,
2302,
331,
689,
5315,
427,
456,
1413,
18,
906,
268,
1412,
289,
471,
4528,
8395,
288,
1079,
1024,
291,
3351,
1934,
16,
7620,
356,
8044,
18,
365,
710,
3983,
724,
356,
4118,
7620,
16,
730,
792,
1947,
300,
399,
263,
421,
56,
4951,
1947,
16,
2581,
1947,
309,
989,
4911,
300,
399,
263,
16,
551,
578,
348,
93,
9150,
421,
39,
298,
415,
263,
989,
273,
6405,
280,
335,
1796,
263,
421,
47,
4727,
2385,
16,
351,
312,
4570,
989,
261,
94,
349,
409,
93,
9150,
421,
62,
349,
409,
1894,
13,
361,
5949,
349,
409,
93,
9150,
421,
38,
563,
92,
263,
802,
450,
1024,
336,
8789,
297,
291,
356,
6320,
292,
10709,
16,
4911,
300,
399,
263,
602,
525,
327,
11262,
419,
9684,
18,
203,
1461,
1412,
360,
597,
289,
629,
7620,
11234,
360,
268,
1614,
8813,
644,
268,
4209,
833,
16,
4993,
268,
2894,
289,
5921,
336,
602,
4164,
464,
427,
10878,
471,
4528,
8395,
291,
7893,
268,
9130,
289,
268,
2937,
292,
586,
689,
18,
203,
7353,
11630,
5220,
788,
1434,
424,
361,
424,
739,
372,
87,
1614,
288,
1165,
687,
9824,
2575,
18,
450,
1731,
502,
1373,
372,
88,
3003,
292,
327,
1783,
331,
424,
739,
16,
268,
3040,
1204,
327,
4443,
18,
4109,
336,
1350,
1060,
291,
437,
5486,
325,
5497,
265,
1614,
352,
261,
10793,
289,
11243,
3919,
513,
3399,
1018,
353,
6687,
702,
268,
2033,
1196,
427,
268,
3484,
289,
1412,
291,
502,
602,
2608,
292,
1166,
361,
2066,
11632,
18,
3142,
717,
268,
1614,
6146,
521,
16,
268,
4167,
1356,
648,
292,
327,
2459,
331,
352,
917,
352,
362,
454,
8044,
16,
288,
1544,
292,
1463,
3103,
5921,
730,
268,
4095,
289,
268,
11064,
361,
10206,
408,
1531,
6804,
18,
203,
2983,
1544,
292,
9576,
557,
268,
6804,
291,
292,
9686,
268,
1293,
288,
268,
8395,
16,
225,
449,
987,
299,
74,
270,
421,
49,
83,
322,
263,
16,
3986,
309,
13,
361,
261,
339,
88,
2069,
2005,
270,
421,
56,
2713,
270,
320,
13,
602,
327,
8044,
1875,
360,
7620,
18,
760,
84,
338,
263,
602,
327,
4233,
331,
1040,
1139,
1024,
30,
362,
602,
4522,
942,
5209,
372,
87,
5771,
16,
261,
6761,
417,
8507,
1413,
18,
330,
339,
88,
2069,
2005,
270,
788,
525,
327,
2459,
288,
1139,
9755,
292,
1833,
268,
2894,
289,
2804,
5921,
18,
203,
6724,
1122,
10547,
908,
4528,
321,
7081,
35,
203,
49,
73,
504,
292,
1463,
471,
4528,
8395,
18,
203,
1461,
6453,
289,
424,
291,
424,
739,
372,
87,
3237,
316,
1040,
851,
288,
1544,
292,
1463,
772,
3786,
18,
330,
1225,
291,
3963,
4588,
4801,
289,
268,
3237,
375,
440,
470,
337,
261,
1452,
1289,
289,
641,
274,
2160,
5921,
18,
2932,
261,
1129,
8063,
2348,
265,
1585,
341,
3449,
361,
919,
770,
291,
10670,
18,
203,
5139,
585,
591,
1204,
327,
5536,
462,
292,
269,
6296,
2879,
361,
8012,
1298,
8013,
444,
3552,
18,
365,
4699,
10950,
16,
331,
530,
361,
6282,
625,
724,
419,
424,
739,
360,
471,
4528,
8395,
1204,
82,
372,
88,
327,
4244,
31,
502,
788,
327,
4877,
286,
288,
3075,
770,
291,
7878,
91,
1219,
332,
18,
203,
7353,
11630,
5220,
5235,
268,
3071,
336,
2494,
471,
4528,
8395,
360,
4914,
9635,
288,
268,
4176,
289,
268,
1934,
18,
1163,
16,
1134,
502,
565,
16,
337,
602,
792,
306,
1104,
381,
268,
1614,
2757,
419,
268,
1685,
1486,
30,
203,
17,
330,
1060,
1613,
6991,
316,
1040,
4374,
31,
770,
513,
462,
794,
9624,
381,
424,
11211,
16,
566,
362,
513,
525,
11607,
1048,
3057,
424,
10999,
8395,
16,
3763,
337,
292,
10709,
3402,
18,
203,
17,
10554,
1841,
9564,
16,
4775,
17,
71,
8877,
4334,
16,
293,
11443,
10071,
16,
11436,
701,
1036,
16,
10386,
5207,
645,
16,
3420,
782,
16,
291,
11676,
324,
340,
30,
502,
356,
3402,
292,
10709,
331,
424,
10999,
8395,
18,
3117,
576,
9844,
2334,
356,
422,
6048,
364,
16,
10981,
3714,
1125,
87,
16,
10981,
11676,
324,
340,
361,
725,
5614,
2334,
18,
2058,
323,
300,
291,
440,
4915,
2334,
356,
462,
3505,
18,
203,
17,
434,
443,
5138,
325,
16,
971,
362,
1780,
1573,
268,
2937,
18,
450,
1731,
337,
291,
424,
739,
437,
471,
4528,
8395,
16,
362,
316,
1274,
331,
337,
462,
292,
679,
292,
716,
361,
1166,
2035,
337,
886,
1326,
18,
203,
17,
1508,
424,
471,
4528,
8395,
739,
471,
638,
430,
1311,
291,
528,
11243,
1412,
518,
788,
327,
2217,
331,
430,
2144,
597,
1196,
1134,
268,
739,
3677,
1103,
292,
1166,
361,
2066,
265,
3340,
16,
2644,
292,
3820,
1547,
19,
2562,
288,
3034,
7780,
1740,
336,
337,
1373,
372,
88,
1840,
437,
669,
292,
565,
16,
331,
1214,
4512,
261,
2800,
361,
2568,
261,
2077,
1875,
18,
203,
17,
2376,
687,
597,
4761,
75,
1667,
360,
2961,
5353,
770,
574,
1196,
788,
327,
2217,
31,
502,
356,
1040,
4374,
291,
3241,
352,
1293,
711,
545,
1414,
331
] |
Lima – Perú (What to do in Lima City)
Lima, the country’s capital and biggest city, is situated on the dry Pacific coast of Peru, where the majority of the country’s population lives. As one of the most populated cities in South America, the city has a population of around 10 million people, making it one of the most populous cities in the world. Lima is the political, cultural, financial, and economic heart of Peru and is noted for its extensive history, stunning architecture, bustling culinary scene, and diversified cultural offerings.
Lima is also the country’s largest city. Lima, the capital of Peru, was established in 1535 by the Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro. From the time of its founding until Peru’s independence in 1821, Lima served as the center of Spanish power in South America. The city is loaded with colonial architecture that has been meticulously kept and is home to a number of archaeological monuments, some of which date back thousands of years.
Places of Historical Interest to See in and Around Lima Peru
Lima, the capital city of Peru, is a metropolis that successfully combines its significant historical past with its vibrant contemporary culture. For centuries, it served as the epicenter of Spanish dominance in South America; today, it is home to a plethora of historical landmarks that provide insight into the region’s complex history. The following is a list of some of the most important historical locations that you should think about visiting:
Take a stroll around Lima’s historic center.
The Historic Center of Lima, sometimes referred to as the Cercado de Lima, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that serves as a witness to the city’s colonial history. The historic center of Lima is also recognized as the heart of the city. It was founded in 1535 by the Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro, and it was thought to be the most important city in Spanish South America for the next three centuries.
Plaza Mayor, also known as Plaza de Armas, is considered to be the “cradle” of the city of Lima due to the fact that it was here in 1535 that Francisco Pizarro established the city. The plaza is encircled by significant structures, including the Palace of the Union, the Palace of the Government, the Municipal Palace, the Archbishop’s Palace of Lima, and the Cathedral of Lima.
Basilica Cathedral of Lima: This magnificent cathedral was finished in 1538 and was known for housing Francisco Pizarro’s grave when it was consecrated. As a result of the damage caused by earthquakes, the cathedral has undergone various reconstruction and renovation projects.
The President of Peru calls the Government Palace, sometimes known simply as the Palace, his official home. It was built on top of a significant Indian burial place known as Waka, which was home to a temple dedicated to the leader of the Taulichusco tribe. Since it was first built in 1535, it has gone through a number of different incarnations throughout that time.
Lima Historical Center
The Archbishop’s Palace in Lima is a remarkable edifice designed in the neo-colonial style. It is famous for the superb wooden balconies that it has.
The Municipal Palace, also known as City Hall, is another wonderful specimen of the colonial architecture that can be seen in this neighborhood. It can be found on the Plaza Mayor.
This edifice, known as the Palace of the Union, is where the Peruvian Union Club, an influential Peruvian social organization, has its administrative offices.
The Monastery of San Francisco is a chapel and convent that dates back to the 17th century and is located only a few streets away from the Plaza Mayor. It is well-known for its Spanish Baroque architecture, library, and catacombs.
This Spanish Baroque palace is one of Lima’s most stunning colonial houses, and it is just a short walk away from the Plaza Mayor. The Torre Tagle Palace is famous for the beautifully carved wooden balconies that adorn its exterior.
Explore the Pachacámac Archaeological Complex if you get the chance.
Pachacámac is a fascinating archaeological site that may be found around 40 kilometers southeast of Lima, in the country of Peru. Before the advent of the Spanish conquistadors, it was a significant religious center where the worship of Pachacámac, the deity of creation, was the primary emphasis.
The archaeological site covers an area of many square kilometers and is home to a wide range of buildings that were constructed over the course of many centuries by a number of civilizations, including the Inca, Wari, and Ychsma peoples. It is thought that development of the site began sometime around the year 200 AD.
A handful of the more notable features of the Pachacámac Archaeological Complex are as follows:
Temples: This archaeological site is home to a number of pyramidal temples and platforms, the majority of which were constructed using Adobe bricks. These include the Temple of the Sun as well as the Temple of Pachacámac, the latter of which is considered to be the holiest component of the site.
The Painted Temple was constructed by the Wari culture and is famous for the paintings that have been preserved inside of it. These murals are among the rare examples of Wari art that have been preserved.
Inca Structures: The Incas, who took over the site in the late 15th century, created a variety of structures, including the Acllawasi, which was a home for selected women who lived a life of celibacy while working for the empire, frequently weaving textiles. The Acllawasi is located in what is now known as the Sacsayhuaman Ruins.
Structures Constructed by the Ychsma People The site also has ancient works by the Ychsma people, such as terraced pyramids, plazas, and urban centers.
Archaeological Museum: The museum at Pachacámac, which first opened its doors in 1965, is home to a wide variety of items that were found during excavations at the site. The many pottery, fabrics, and sculptures that may be seen here provide more insight into the civilizations that once occupied this region of the world.
Pilgrimage Route: Because this location was such a significant hub for pilgrims throughout history, you will find that many of the same pathways are still accessible today.
Take a look around Huaca Pucllana.
There are plenty of other magnificent ancient sites in and around Lima besides Pachacámac. The pyramid known as Huaca Pucllana can be found in the neighborhood of Miraflores. It is composed of seven distinct levels that are staggered one over the other. It was unearthed between 1981 and 1991, having been constructed about the year 500 AD. It previously served as a significant ceremonial center, much as Pachacámac did.
In addition to sacrifices and gifts, rites were carried out on the benches and in the deep pits that are located here. Huts made of clay and adobe may be seen in other regions; they are signs of the administrative section. This pre-Inca edifice provides a fascinating perspective on the ancient history of Lima, offering a glimpse even farther back in time.
When you go on a tour of the Huaca Pucllana, here are a few things to keep in mind:
Exploring the Site The complex may be broken down into two distinct parts: the first is devoted to the ceremonial and ritual components of the site and contains the Great Pyramid; the second is used for administrative purposes. It is highly recommended to go on a guided tour, which lasts approximately an hour and a half, since the guides provide a lot of information about the history of the complex as well as the culture of Lima.
The Pyramid: Thousands of Adobe bricks were used in the construction of the pyramid. Each brick was individually crafted, giving them all their own distinctive form. After that, they were arranged in bookshelf form, which provided the building with the ability to withstand an earthquake.
Artifacts Discovered on the Site During your tour of the site, you will come across a wide range of archaeological artifacts, some of which include pottery, textiles, and tools. Additionally, there is a location where you can see a selection of the human remains that were discovered there.
The location is home to a variety of native animals and birds. It is not unusual to see ducks and fish swimming in the ponds, and the complex is well-known for the large number of Peruvian hairless dogs who live there.
After your tour, you may want to try having lunch at the Huaca Pucllana Restaurant, which is located on site and overlooks the old ruins. It’s a wonderful venue to savor some authentic Peruvian food.
Discover the Sacred Citadel of Caral-Supe via your travels.
Caral-Supe, more often referred to simply as Caral, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is also one of the earliest towns known to have existed in the Americas. Caral was the capital of the Norte Chico civilization, which thrived between the 30th and 18th centuries BC and was located in the Supe Valley in central coastal Peru, some 200 kilometers north of Lima. Caral is located in the Andes Mountains.
Caral – Supe
Principal Characteristics of Caral – Supe
Pyramids Caral-Supe is home to a total of six different huge pyramid buildings, with the Pyramid Mayor standing at a height of 18 meters and being the tallest of the bunch. It is believed that religious and ceremonial activities were performed within the pyramids.
Plazas: The city has a number of plazas, and it’s likely that these plazas served as meeting places in the past. Some of them are sunken, while others take the form of a circle.
Residential Zones: The site also has residential zones, some of which consist of tiny atriums and chambers that were most likely utilized as living areas. The site also contains residential zones.
Amphitheater The city has a circular amphitheater, which may have been used for public meetings or festivities at one point in time.
Archaeological objects Caral-Supe has yielded a wealth of archaeological objects, such as a quipu, which is an old Andean instrument used for recording information; flutes fashioned from the bones of condors and pelicans; and a wide variety of tools and utensils.
Caral is being investigated.
Caral is a working archaeological site, which means that fresh discoveries are being made there all the time. Visitors are normally permitted to stroll about the site and investigate, although because of current excavations, some parts may be off-limits to them. Before you go, you should make sure that you have the most up-to-date information on opening hours, tour availability, and any travel advisories or restrictions that may be in place.
Places of Cultural Interest to See in and Around Lima
Lima, the capital city of Peru, is well-known for the many historical and cultural offerings that can be found there. The city is home to a significant number of cultural institutions, including museums and historical sites. The following is a list of some of the most important cultural and historical attractions that you may want to consider visiting:
Historic Center of Lima This UNESCO World Heritage Site is located in the Historic Center of Lima and comprises a number of important structures and sites, such as the Basilica Cathedral of Lima, the Archbishop’s Palace, and the Presidential Palace. The center is a living reminder of the city’s time as a colony.
This cathedral is a magnificent example of colonial architecture, and it can be seen at Plaza Mayor in Lima. The Basilica Cathedral of Lima The location of the present cathedral, which was constructed in the 18th century, was once home to a number of other cathedrals.
The Monastery of San Francisco is a complex that was constructed in the 17th century and has a church, a monastery, and huge catacombs that were used as burial grounds up until the early 19th century. Notable as well are the library and the collection of works of religious art.
This pre-Columbian art museum, which is privately held, is located in a stunning viceroyal edifice from the 18th century and includes the Museo Larco. This book provides a detailed account of the pre-Columbian history of Peru, which spans over 5,000 years.
In the Miraflores neighborhood of Lima, you’ll find the impressive adobe and clay pyramid known as Huaca Pucllana. It played a significant role in the Lima culture’s evolution by acting as both a ceremonial and administrative hub at that time.
The Barranco District is well known for being the bohemian district of the city. It is also the location of the homes of many of Peru’s most prominent artists, singers, designers, and photographers. The Bridge of Sighs, also known as the Puente de los Suspiros, is a picture-perfect footbridge that can be found right in the middle of the neighborhood.
The National Museum of the Nation, also known as the Museo de la Nación, is one of the two most important museums devoted to Peruvian history in Lima. It begins with the pre-Columbian period and continues up to the present day with the history of Peru.
The headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are located at the Palace of Torre Tagle, which is a Spanish Baroque palace that was constructed during the colonial era.
Pachacamac is an archaeological site that is well worth seeing, despite its location a little way outside of Lima. Before the advent of the Spanish, it was a significant religious site that was devoted to the worship of the god Pachacamac.
The Mario Testino Museum (MATE) is a facility that is not-for-profit and is dedicated to the work of Mario Testino, a well-known fashion photographer from Peru.
Lima’s Newer Attractions to Serve as Tourist Draws
Take a Walk Along the Malecón of the Miraflores Lima Peru
This picture-perfect cliffside is one of the best places to take in the stunning scenery of the Peruvian coast, especially around sunset. The boardwalk that runs along the edge of the cliff has five miles of pathways and bicycle lanes, as well as a number of eateries and cafes. The pathways also pass through the Parque del Amor, which has cute love poems and mosaics for visitors to contemplate while they walk around the park.
Families out for a stroll, individuals out for a jog, parasailers, and more may all be seen at this location! Spend the day taking leisurely strolls down the shore, indulging in some traditional Peruvian cuisine, and appreciating the breathtaking sunsets that occur over the water.
Take a look at the “Circuito Mágico de Agua” (also known as the “Water Magic Circuit”).
Circuito Mágico de Agua, also known as the Magic Water Circuit, is a go-to option for people of all ages who are looking for something low-key to do during the evening hours. It is situated in the Parque de la Reserva and has a total of 13 fountains that are lit up. The water performances at the racetrack are lavish and vibrant in their presentation. It is the largest substantial water fountain complex in any public park, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, which is an international record book.
Sometimes there are interactive exhibits where you can walk through water tunnels, and other times there are educational exhibits with displays that go into further detail on topics that are linked to water. These are just some of the numerous exciting activities that are available for everyone to participate in at the water circuit.
Pay a visit to any one of the numerous museums of art.
Lima, as well as the rest of Peru in general, is home to an extensive range of artistic expressions. They often include works that date back to pre-Columbian times, in addition to works of classical and contemporary art. Wonderful art museums can be found all across the city, and they are excellent places to see works of art.
The Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Lima (MAC Lima), the Museo de Arte de San Marcos, and the Museo Galera Arte Popular de Ayacucho are three museums that are well worth seeing. Lima had a dearth of modern art until the opening of the MAC Lima in 2013, which helped to remedy the situation. They have been able to amass a substantial collection of artwork from both Europe and Latin America.
The Museo de Arte de San Marcos has works of art from a variety of time periods and genres, such as rural art, popular art, portraiture, modern art, and contemporary art. Last but not least, the Museo Galera Arte Popular de Ayacucho displays artworks from the historically important city of Ayacucho, which is noted for the religious art found in its cathedrals.
The few examples that have been shown above are but a taste of the incredible range of magnificent works of art that tourists may enjoy witnessing while they are in Lima.
Try some of the regional ceviche.
When visiting Peru, one must make it a point to sample some of the country’s renowned culinary specialties. After all, Peruvian cuisine is famous around the world. Ceviche, in particular, has made the city of Lima famous across the world. Raw fish is “cooked” in citrus juice, and then it is blended with other raw ingredients to make ceviche.
Because it is such a well-liked dish in the region, the government of Peru established a special day to celebrate ceviche: National Ceviche Day.
There are four different types of eating establishments in Lima where ceviche may be found: restaurants, huariques, marketplaces, and street sellers.
Even if you are not a huge lover of fish, you should at least give the local ceviche a try at least once in order to get a feel for what Lima has to offer.
Barranco is a great place to explore.
Barranco is a wonderful place to visit if you take pleasure in seeing the art areas of other towns. This area has a thriving cultural scene along with mouthwatering cuisine, brightly painted buildings, and a variety of trendy hangout areas that are both picturesque and cool. Barranco is home to a plethora of attractions that are beloved by the community.
The Bridge of Sighs is a well-known sight in the region. Local tradition has it that if you make a wish and don’t breathe while you’re crossing the bridge, your desire will come true.
The area is home to one-of-a-kind works of street art that range from graffiti-like to realistic depictions. You could easily kill an entire day simply wandering the streets and photographing the magnificent murals that are painted on them.
Barranco and Lima Attractions and Activities
Make sure to include a trip to Barranco in your schedule so that you can get a better feel for the cool, artistic atmosphere that permeates this neighborhood of the city.
Experience the view of the city from atop Cerro San Cristóbal.
The ascent to the summit of Cerro San Cristóbal, also known as San Cristobal Hill, is not for the faint of heart. As a result of its height, this hill can be seen from the city center of Lima. It is located in the Rimac district, which is one of the colonial sections of the city. To go to the top of the hill, you will need to take the Urbanito, which is a tourist bus that travels from the outskirts of the city of Lima all the way up to the summit of the hill. It is not advisable for you to drive by yourself.
Remember that the bus trip may get steep and terrifying at several points! The journey is going to be well worth it since the views from the top of the city center of Lima are so breathtaking. Getting on the bus to go to Cerro San Cristóbal is the ideal way to spend your time there if you are looking for an exciting new experience with just a little bit of danger involved.
Have yourself a Pisco Sour.
Pisco sours are quite common in both Chile and Peru, despite the fact that the recipe for making them might vary from one nation to the next. Pisco, lime juice, simple syrup, egg whites, and bitters are the components that go into its preparation in Peru. Because this helps to enhance the taste while also diluting the egg whites, it is sometimes given as a blended beverage. This is done for this reason. You won’t have any trouble locating this delectable beverage at any of Lima’s restaurants or pubs; all that’s left to do is choose your favorite version!
Take a Glide Along the Coast in a Paraglider
Participate in a paragliding excursion over Lima with a group of fellow adventure seekers to get a bird’s-eye perspective of the city from above. This well-liked pastime is the most effective technique to get a bird’s-eye perspective of the many hues and structures spread around the nation’s capital. The Costa Verde Circuit is by far the most well-known location for this activity. You may go airborne quickly and easily by renting a hang glider or a paraglider along the coastline. The views take in the sea, some rocks, some houses, and even some visitors!
Go, Mansion Hopping
Although most people would consider this kind of conduct to be strange, it is not unheard of in Lima. Expensive colonial homes dot the landscape of the city; many of them are in disrepair and have been abandoned over the years. However, a good number of them are still in excellent condition and provide a first-person look into the dwellings of a great number of colonists who lived during that period. The vast majority of the mansions may be toured via the respective agencies or by making an appointment. You should check out any of these structures if you have an interest in architecture or if you want to learn more about the history of Lima. | <urn:uuid:40ce1221-01a6-4bdf-b99e-cbd14074a9b2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sparrowexplorer.com/blog/what-to-do-in-lima-peru/ | 2024-02-21T10:36:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.971497 | 4,734 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
48,
11191,
796,
2955,
132,
123,
421,
4688,
292,
565,
288,
6742,
69,
4497,
13,
203,
48,
11191,
16,
268,
1777,
372,
87,
3507,
291,
6113,
2349,
16,
316,
1967,
488,
341,
268,
2962,
6746,
4272,
289,
2955,
89,
16,
853,
268,
4176,
289,
268,
1777,
372,
87,
2196,
2136,
18,
760,
597,
289,
268,
710,
1125,
3025,
4083,
288,
2705,
2792,
16,
268,
2349,
528,
261,
2196,
289,
1149,
1474,
2195,
689,
16,
1355,
362,
597,
289,
268,
710,
1125,
9976,
4083,
288,
268,
887,
18,
6742,
69,
316,
268,
2589,
16,
2694,
16,
2153,
16,
291,
2268,
1759,
289,
2955,
89,
291,
316,
5411,
331,
606,
5443,
1550,
16,
10784,
5438,
16,
285,
599,
1667,
1582,
2749,
7192,
16,
291,
9203,
2234,
2694,
1529,
762,
18,
203,
48,
11191,
316,
525,
268,
1777,
372,
87,
3747,
2349,
18,
6742,
69,
16,
268,
3507,
289,
2955,
89,
16,
454,
3413,
288,
2063,
7026,
419,
268,
5162,
9227,
265,
283,
11599,
382,
482,
294,
299,
18,
2519,
268,
669,
289,
606,
986,
281,
2035,
2955,
89,
372,
87,
6517,
288,
1398,
5716,
16,
6742,
69,
5389,
352,
268,
3795,
289,
5162,
1056,
288,
2705,
2792,
18,
365,
2349,
316,
3687,
286,
360,
8251,
5438,
336,
528,
712,
479,
410,
346,
3343,
5189,
291,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
1289,
289,
7867,
1496,
1025,
3238,
16,
579,
289,
518,
3933,
1103,
4389,
289,
935,
18,
203,
11919,
1632,
289,
11131,
9357,
292,
4493,
288,
291,
330,
756,
6742,
69,
2955,
89,
203,
48,
11191,
16,
268,
3507,
2349,
289,
2955,
89,
16,
316,
261,
1757,
11953,
277,
336,
5655,
11138,
606,
1297,
3607,
2323,
360,
606,
7536,
7033,
2484,
18,
906,
4932,
16,
362,
5389,
352,
268,
3136,
300,
11103,
289,
5162,
3115,
10096,
288,
2705,
2792,
31,
1853,
16,
362,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
3034,
262,
6629,
289,
3607,
1283,
4009,
530,
336,
1153,
6818,
636,
268,
2225,
372,
87,
1874,
1550,
18,
365,
1685,
316,
261,
2455,
289,
579,
289,
268,
710,
851,
3607,
5686,
336,
337,
788,
1779,
608,
9086,
30,
203,
56,
1387,
261,
471,
2250,
1149,
6742,
69,
372,
87,
7528,
3795,
18,
203,
1461,
6446,
300,
3842,
289,
6742,
69,
16,
2903,
4612,
292,
352,
268,
351,
1325,
5845,
386,
6742,
69,
16,
316,
261,
4563,
3214,
5649,
2461,
10197,
343,
674,
336,
5155,
352,
261,
5814,
292,
268,
2349,
372,
87,
8251,
1550,
18,
365,
7528,
3795,
289,
6742,
69,
316,
525,
5447,
352,
268,
1759,
289,
268,
2349,
18,
553,
454,
7596,
288,
2063,
7026,
419,
268,
5162,
9227,
265,
283,
11599,
382,
482,
294,
299,
16,
291,
362,
454,
2693,
292,
327,
268,
710,
851,
2349,
288,
5162,
2705,
2792,
331,
268,
2033,
1391,
4932,
18,
203,
11919,
1600,
69,
2924,
283,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
1549,
1600,
69,
386,
1155,
5765,
16,
316,
2221,
292,
327,
268,
538,
984,
354,
298,
537,
289,
268,
2349,
289,
6742,
69,
1504,
292,
268,
1975,
336,
362,
454,
1671,
288,
2063,
7026,
336,
11599,
382,
482,
294,
299,
3413,
268,
2349,
18,
365,
452,
1600,
69,
316,
1593,
1737,
1041,
419,
1297,
3702,
16,
1118,
268,
4967,
570,
289,
268,
4890,
16,
268,
4967,
570,
289,
268,
5206,
16,
268,
383,
7877,
280,
4967,
570,
16,
268,
4910,
70,
10889,
372,
87,
4967,
570,
289,
6742,
69,
16,
291,
268,
5549,
286,
2021,
289,
6742,
69,
18,
203,
38,
301,
309,
5663,
5549,
286,
2021,
289,
6742,
69,
30,
540,
4275,
708,
302,
9998,
286,
2021,
454,
8021,
288,
2063,
8475,
291,
454,
1261,
331,
6012,
11599,
382,
482,
294,
299,
372,
87,
785,
1284,
649,
362,
454,
573,
312,
86,
488,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
289,
268,
2183,
2494,
419,
8706,
3232,
16,
268,
9998,
286,
2021,
528,
4580,
590,
1320,
9184,
1948,
291,
304,
2179,
318,
2830,
18,
203,
1461,
4609,
289,
2955,
89,
6022,
268,
5206,
4967,
570,
16,
2903,
1261,
2842,
352,
268,
4967,
570,
16,
615,
3710,
1311,
18,
553,
454,
2825,
341,
1479,
289,
261,
1297,
3479,
2837,
439,
1349,
1261,
352,
388,
10398,
16,
518,
454,
1311,
292,
261,
7934,
5312,
292,
268,
5666,
289,
268,
307,
4310,
477,
310,
4552,
4824,
73,
18,
3296,
362,
454,
855,
2825,
288,
2063,
7026,
16,
362,
528,
7277,
734,
261,
1289,
289,
865,
490,
10011,
500,
2309,
336,
669,
18,
203,
48,
11191,
11131,
3842,
203,
1461,
4910,
70,
10889,
372,
87,
4967,
570,
288,
6742,
69,
316,
261,
6689,
937,
10252,
2298,
288,
268,
428,
83,
17,
5847,
266,
439,
3836,
18,
553,
316,
4572,
331,
268,
2643,
70,
9507,
1978,
1037,
423,
336,
362,
528,
18,
203,
1461,
383,
7877,
280,
4967,
570,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
4497,
9127,
16,
316,
1515,
8953,
722,
9867,
289,
268,
8251,
5438,
336,
375,
327,
2279,
288,
456,
8085,
18,
553,
375,
327,
986,
341,
268,
1549,
1600,
69,
2924,
283,
18,
203,
4326,
937,
10252,
16,
1261,
352,
268,
4967,
570,
289,
268,
4890,
16,
316,
853,
268,
2955,
10914,
779,
4890,
11572,
70,
16,
363,
10812,
2955,
10914,
779,
1234,
3272,
16,
528,
606,
10116,
10688,
18,
203,
1461,
3221,
1764,
93,
289,
4930,
11599,
316,
261,
9747,
306,
291,
5047,
302,
336,
7635,
1103,
292,
268,
2493,
262,
2254,
291,
316,
3586,
794,
261,
1374,
9212,
2014,
427,
268,
1549,
1600,
69,
2924,
283,
18,
553,
316,
767,
17,
4091,
331,
606,
5162,
4096,
83,
3610,
5438,
16,
6588,
16,
291,
2313,
313,
311,
825,
18,
203,
4326,
5162,
4096,
83,
3610,
4659,
570,
316,
597,
289,
6742,
69,
372,
87,
710,
10784,
8251,
6538,
16,
291,
362,
316,
1039,
261,
1912,
4429,
2014,
427,
268,
1549,
1600,
69,
2924,
283,
18,
365,
6648,
267,
307,
11721,
4967,
570,
316,
4572,
331,
268,
4255,
2367,
877,
1027,
9507,
1978,
1037,
423,
336,
478,
1620,
606,
377,
5743,
18,
203,
9079,
476,
404,
268,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
4910,
2471,
1496,
8010,
92,
717,
337,
886,
268,
3961,
18,
203,
52,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
316,
261,
6326,
7867,
1496,
2663,
336,
602,
327,
986,
1149,
3633,
11125,
3420,
8072,
289,
6742,
69,
16,
288,
268,
1777,
289,
2955,
89,
18,
4386,
268,
6657,
289,
268,
5162,
9227,
588,
354,
753,
16,
362,
454,
261,
1297,
3849,
3795,
853,
268,
8945,
289,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
16,
268,
386,
380,
289,
4314,
16,
454,
268,
2818,
7747,
18,
203,
1461,
7867,
1496,
2663,
6420,
363,
1494,
289,
772,
5757,
11125,
291,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
4189,
336,
664,
7910,
658,
268,
1911,
289,
772,
4932,
419,
261,
1289,
289,
3390,
2578,
16,
1118,
268,
2965,
69,
16,
2661,
77,
16,
291,
663,
355,
87,
2647,
8839,
18,
553,
316,
2693,
336,
1208,
289,
268,
2663,
3035,
579,
2130,
1149,
268,
715,
1645,
4899,
18,
203,
37,
1129,
703,
289,
268,
512,
8728,
2630,
289,
268,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
4910,
2471,
1496,
8010,
92,
356,
352,
5691,
30,
203,
56,
539,
1524,
30,
540,
7867,
1496,
2663,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
1289,
289,
279,
11416,
11683,
1456,
1524,
291,
4997,
16,
268,
4176,
289,
518,
664,
7910,
1001,
1167,
875,
73,
741,
6152,
18,
948,
1226,
268,
9994,
289,
268,
5147,
352,
767,
352,
268,
9994,
289,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
16,
268,
7364,
289,
518,
316,
2221,
292,
327,
268,
2040,
4234,
4391,
289,
268,
2663,
18,
203,
1461,
7385,
691,
9994,
454,
7910,
419,
268,
2661,
77,
2484,
291,
316,
4572,
331,
268,
9597,
336,
437,
712,
10425,
3004,
289,
362,
18,
948,
7733,
645,
356,
1694,
268,
3679,
3324,
289,
2661,
77,
1699,
336,
437,
712,
10425,
18,
203,
2983,
8434,
343,
1026,
1601,
30,
365,
2965,
301,
16,
650,
3077,
658,
268,
2663,
288,
268,
3329,
2063,
262,
2254,
16,
2370,
261,
2233,
289,
3702,
16,
1118,
268,
2058,
660,
738,
301,
77,
16,
518,
454,
261,
1311,
331,
5951,
1565,
650,
5361,
261,
943,
289,
273,
306,
449,
1495,
1020,
1795,
331,
268,
11866,
16,
3983,
445,
2366,
3462,
9530,
18,
365,
2058,
660,
738,
301,
77,
316,
3586,
288,
768,
316,
1315,
1261,
352,
268,
343,
313,
87,
350,
76,
89,
348,
282,
434,
89,
1054,
18,
203,
55,
1026,
1601,
1895,
1026,
691,
419,
268,
663,
355,
87,
2647,
3395,
365,
2663,
525,
528,
3315,
1854,
419,
268,
663,
355,
87,
2647,
689,
16,
659,
352,
7736,
2276,
279,
11416,
1406,
16,
452,
1600,
301,
16,
291,
4013,
6637,
18,
203,
8239,
355,
2471,
1496,
5745,
30,
365,
7800,
430,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
16,
518,
855,
6768,
606,
8291,
288,
3597,
25,
16,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
2816,
2233,
289,
3689,
336,
664,
986,
995,
10178,
500,
430,
268,
2663,
18,
365,
772,
1076,
3269,
16,
4611,
9487,
16,
291,
8826,
1601,
336,
602,
327,
2279,
1671,
1153,
512,
6818,
636,
268,
3390,
2578,
336,
2340,
11273,
456,
2225,
289,
268,
887,
18,
203,
52,
309,
671,
344,
495,
434,
290,
359,
30,
3428,
456,
3336,
454,
659,
261,
1297,
296,
1606,
331,
5963,
671,
344,
87,
2309,
1550,
16,
337,
513,
1255,
336,
772,
289,
268,
1162,
9915,
356,
1356,
4881,
1853,
18,
203,
56,
1387,
261,
1500,
1149,
9489,
313,
69,
382,
405,
660,
3256,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
6082,
289,
586,
4275,
708,
302,
3315,
3922,
288,
291,
1149,
6742,
69,
285,
7330,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
18,
365,
279,
11416,
323,
1261,
352,
9489,
313,
69,
382,
405,
660,
3256,
375,
327,
986,
288,
268,
8085,
289,
383,
338,
1621,
80,
1538,
18,
553,
316,
7686,
289,
4554,
5292,
1506,
336,
356,
1173,
75,
1132,
286,
597,
658,
268,
586,
18,
553,
454,
543,
521,
262,
286,
858,
3361,
21,
291,
2464,
21,
16,
2054,
712,
7910,
608,
268,
715,
7011,
4899,
18,
553,
5061,
5389,
352,
261,
1297,
8162,
439,
3795,
16,
1111,
352,
382,
492,
313,
6238,
81,
313,
1535,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
292,
11691,
274,
291,
11884,
16,
384,
2154,
664,
4607,
628,
341,
268,
7074,
1957,
291,
288,
268,
2295,
279,
764,
336,
356,
3586,
1671,
18,
402,
1557,
1146,
289,
9138,
291,
478,
875,
73,
602,
327,
2279,
288,
586,
3921,
31,
502,
356,
3085,
289,
268,
10116,
3396,
18,
540,
561,
17,
2983,
8434,
937,
10252,
1956,
261,
6326,
4785,
341,
268,
3315,
1550,
289,
6742,
69,
16,
4542,
261,
1062,
8539,
401,
919,
1904,
411,
1103,
288,
669,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
679,
341,
261,
4402,
289,
268,
9489,
313,
69,
382,
405,
660,
3256,
16,
1671,
356,
261,
1374,
1612,
292,
1288,
288,
1710,
30,
203,
9079,
476,
2974,
268,
343,
674,
365,
1874,
602,
327,
6246,
1190,
636,
881,
5292,
2287,
30,
268,
855,
316,
1363,
7560,
292,
268,
8162,
439,
291,
7518,
800,
3008,
289,
268,
2663,
291,
3387,
268,
4369,
382,
11416,
323,
31,
268,
1901,
316,
724,
331,
10116,
4309,
18,
553,
316,
2871,
3505,
292,
679,
341,
261,
10694,
4402,
16,
518,
308,
3720,
4745,
363,
5305,
291,
261,
2947,
16,
1812,
268,
10129,
1153,
261,
1774,
289,
1009,
608,
268,
1550,
289,
268,
1874,
352,
767,
352,
268,
2484,
289,
6742,
69,
18,
203,
1461,
382,
11416,
323,
30,
321,
499,
1863,
289,
1167,
875,
73,
741,
6152,
664,
724,
288,
268,
3076,
289,
268,
279,
11416,
323,
18,
3431,
741,
868,
454,
1045,
1141,
6983,
691,
16,
3851,
622,
516,
444,
1044,
8647,
926,
18,
2122,
336,
16,
502,
664,
11819,
288,
3310,
76,
884,
926,
16,
518,
2756,
268,
1649,
360,
268,
1882,
292,
9697,
363,
11907,
18,
203,
8239,
2940,
2149,
10312,
286,
341,
268,
343,
674,
2942,
424,
4402,
289,
268,
2663,
16,
337,
513,
1631,
1745,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
7867,
1496,
11278,
2149,
16,
579,
289,
518,
1226,
1076,
3269,
16,
3462,
9530,
16,
291,
2133,
18,
2848,
16,
686,
316,
261,
3336,
853,
337,
375,
901,
261,
5782,
289,
268,
1195,
3341,
336,
664,
4266,
686,
18,
203,
1461,
3336,
316,
1311,
292,
261,
2233,
289,
4289,
2312,
291,
3554,
18,
553,
316,
462,
7926,
292,
901,
295,
8202,
291,
2034,
8389,
288,
268,
279,
3502,
16,
291,
268,
1874,
316,
767,
17,
4091,
331,
268,
1452,
1289,
289,
2955,
10914,
779,
3474,
1465,
3335,
650,
2180,
686,
18,
203,
37,
837,
424,
4402,
16,
337,
602,
1333
] |
The largest ice masses on the planet contain so much water that they’re increasing sea levels around the globe as temperatures rise. Satellites can see these drastic changes from space.
But new research finds that some of the most profound changes to Earth’s ice are largely invisible because they’re happening far beneath the surface. Land ice and ice shelves are wearing thin from below, and it’s happening much faster than previously expected.
Ice is at once extremely simple and extraordinarily complicated. It’s just frozen water. But as it gathers in miles-thick sheets near the planet’s poles, it becomes a geological force that can move mountains and reshape the contours of the planet.
The sheer weight of ice presses down on the land and carves it over millennia as the ice slides. Ice holds more than three-quarters of the world’s fresh water.
And when it melts, it can threaten the lives and livelihoods of billions of people. More than one-third of humanity lives within 60 miles (100 kilometers) of a coastline. As average temperatures continue to rise, so will the oceans.
Warmer temperatures are melting solid ice into liquid water that flows into the seas. The oceans themselves are heating up, too, causing the water to expand. Together, these factors are pushing water levels ever higher. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported recently that the next 30 years could cause seas to rise in the coastal United States as much as they did in the past century — about 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm).
“By 2050, moderate flooding — which is typically disruptive and damaging by today’s weather, sea level and infrastructure standards — is expected to occur more than 10 times as often as it does today,” said Nicole LeBoeuf, NOAA national ocean service director, in a press release. “These numbers mean a change from a single event every 2-5 years to multiple events each year, in some places.”
Despite the enormous consequences of melting polar ice, there’s a lot scientists still don’t know — including some of the mechanisms behind it, where tipping points may lie, and its ripple effects over the whole planet. But recent studies are bringing one of the most difficult-to-study regions into sharper focus: what scientists can’t see with their own eyes. Their findings could change how much the oceans are expected to rise in the coming decades.
What’s hiding beneath the ice
There are two main kinds of ice that shape sea levels. The first is sea ice, which comes from ocean water that freezes solid. It makes up most of the ice at the North Pole. As it forms, it changes the saltiness of seawater and helps shape powerful ocean currents.
Melting sea ice doesn’t change the overall amount of water in the ocean, just as melting ice cubes don’t change the water level in a glass of water. But sea ice tends to reflect sunlight, while the darker ocean tends to soak up its heat. That speeds up warming and drives more ice melt in a worrying feedback loop. The warmer temperatures also contribute to the thermal expansion of water, which in turn can raise sea levels.
The second kind of ice is land ice, which builds up in sheets over thousands of years from compacted snow. In Antarctica, the ice sheet is 1.5 miles thick (2.4 km) on average, reaching up to 3 miles (5 km) in some areas. Greenland’s ice sheet averages a mile in thickness. When land ice starts to jut out over the ocean, it creates a floating ice shelf.
Most of the world’s ice shelves are in Antarctica, where they span more than a million square kilometers, or 386,000 square miles. They act as a buttress, slowing down glaciers that would otherwise flow more quickly into the ocean. But as they get thinner or break apart, the glaciers flow into the ocean at a faster rate, raising sea levels.
Ice loss has accelerated in Antarctica in recent years. Every 40 hours, Antarctica loses a billion metric tons of ice, according to a 2018 study, and at least half that loss comes from ice shelves.
Many of these staggering losses are occurring in places that are very hard to monitor. “It’s a hidden world,” said Robert Larter, a geophysicist at the British Antarctic Survey. “We can see from satellites that the ice is thinning quite dramatically in certain areas, but it’s happening from the bottom up rather than the surface down.”
Scientists are finding innovative new ways to deepen their understanding of these crucial ice shelves, Larter wrote in a recent commentary in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. The key is measuring the melting that happens below rather than above, a phenomenon called basal melting.
The chilly air above the South Pole tends to keep ice frozen from above and around its edges. But deep Antarctic waters aren’t quite as frigid. “At depth in the Southern Ocean, there is a tremendous amount of heat energy below a few hundred meters down,” said Larter. This warmer water can then come into contact with the underside of ice shelves, causing them to melt.
“Warm” by Antarctic standards means “barely above freezing,” but it’s enough to thin ice shelves. “That is in fact what is the driver of most of the serious ice loss that’s happening in Antarctica at the moment,” Larter said.
Some of the most intense basal melting is happening at the ice shelves around the Thwaites Glacier and the Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica. For 60 years, the ice front around the Pine Island Glacier stood in place, but between 2015 and 2020, its northern region suddenly retreated more than 30 kilometers. It’s an example of how changes in ice aren’t always slow and steady but can be sudden.
Scientists are probing the melting depths of ice shelves in several ways. They are drilling holes through ice shelves and lowering instruments and robots down below, for example.
But researchers have also found that melting beneath ice shelves can leave telltale signs above. Ice shelves tend to have a smooth surface, but they get rougher as they melt from below, according to a study in Geophysical Research Letters last year. Measuring surface roughness of ice shelves could become an easy way to gauge how much basal melting is occurring far below. The roughness could be an early warning sign of destabilizing fractures in the ice that could lead to a collapse.
Climate change is squeezing Greenland’s ice sheet from above and below
Greenland is home to the second-largest ice sheet on Earth, accounting for 8 percent of the world’s ice, and it too is melting ever faster. But Greenland’s ice loss is different from Antarctica’s in crucial ways.
One is that almost all of Greenland’s ice is on land, with few sections floating on water. The air over Greenland is also warmer, so melting at the surface of the ice sheet is a much more significant driver of ice loss than at the South Pole. In fact, during the summer, thousands of meltwater lakes and streams form on the surface of the ice sheet.
“The ice sheet is melting fast on the surface, and that’s something we don’t see in Antarctica,” said Poul Christoffersen, a glaciologist at the Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.
The water doesn’t stay on top. It pours through cracks and fissures in the ice, falling more than a mile in some places to the rocky ground below. In a study this week published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Christoffersen and his colleagues revealed that this is melting Greenland’s ice sheet from below.
Like the water that rushes through a hydroelectric dam, falling meltwater carries an immense amount of kinetic energy. That energy causes water to warm as it pools beneath the ice sheet. This in turn triggers basal melting. “The melt rates are actually astounding,” said Christoffersen. He estimated peak basal melt rates on the Greenland ice sheet to be 100 times greater than previous estimates that didn’t include this heat source.
The water sandwiched between the ground and the ice sheet also acts as a lubricant, allowing the ice sheet to slide more easily toward the ocean. But because this water is hidden from view, researchers only have a spotty picture of what’s going on. “We don’t really know a lot about these systems,” Christoffersen said. “Are they large rivers or a myriad of small streams, or even tiny films?”
Researchers estimated that these factors would increase the overall melt rate of Greenland by 8 percent. “It doesn’t sound like much, but anybody [who] has ever had a mortgage at 8 percent, they know it’s pretty painful,” Christoffersen said. That means over the coming years, Greenland’s contributions to sea level rise around the world may be greater than previously thought.
There are still more mysteries locked in the ice
These latest findings further confirm that Earth’s cryosphere — its frozen regions — is in trouble. There are forces at work that scientists are only now starting to appreciate.
A better understanding of melting ice helps us imagine the future and prepare for what’s coming. It could help people decide whether to adapt to rising seas, for example with sea walls and elevating buildings, or retreat from coastal areas altogether. But researchers caution that there’s a lot left to study, and the ice could cross a threshold of no return.
For instance, the thinning ice shelves in West Antarctica could enter a cycle of collapse. They could lose enough mass that they fall apart, and the glaciers they keep on land would flow into the ocean much faster.
“There are theoretical scenarios where it could run away,” Larter said. “Once it starts, it would be very difficult to stop.” These potential tipping points are some of the biggest uncertainties for predicting sea level rise, particularly after 2050.
The other major uncertainty — and potential source of hope — is what humans will do about climate change. Confronted with the ice already lost and the growing threats of rising seas, people could start cutting greenhouse gas emissions drastically enough to stave off some of the worst possibilities for sea level rise.
Or countries could continue on the path toward disaster, allowing the planet to heat up further. For billions of people around the world, the future is on thin ice. | <urn:uuid:34030a17-c2c0-4d71-b4ca-4872c211bcb1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.vox.com/22939545/antarctica-greenland-ice-sheet-shelf-glacier-melt-climate-sea-level-rise?utm_campaign=Hot%20News&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-9PluK0KoKGCuVUakzGgfxqWwLm3d_jdAtbLZ_-sLRX5GEXh_wxhXeV1DchRiDFFyBgOso3 | 2024-02-21T11:31:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.949433 | 2,227 | 4.25 | 4 | [
1461,
3747,
4036,
2390,
274,
341,
268,
3799,
1462,
576,
1111,
770,
336,
502,
372,
267,
2204,
3542,
1506,
1149,
268,
8233,
352,
3798,
3573,
18,
6308,
467,
2154,
375,
901,
629,
11593,
1703,
427,
1846,
18,
203,
11207,
733,
922,
8462,
336,
579,
289,
268,
710,
6234,
1703,
292,
2780,
372,
87,
4036,
356,
5706,
787,
277,
801,
971,
502,
372,
267,
7200,
1904,
9745,
268,
2248,
18,
6936,
4036,
291,
4036,
422,
1897,
356,
7548,
5163,
427,
2321,
16,
291,
362,
372,
87,
7200,
1111,
4274,
687,
5061,
3650,
18,
203,
45,
339,
316,
430,
2340,
4179,
2208,
291,
9725,
263,
2873,
7017,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1039,
10981,
770,
18,
1163,
352,
362,
319,
7427,
288,
4772,
17,
262,
868,
9933,
1834,
268,
3799,
372,
87,
867,
274,
16,
362,
3125,
261,
1965,
1496,
3160,
336,
375,
1454,
9145,
291,
474,
76,
1523,
268,
353,
278,
2319,
289,
268,
3799,
18,
203,
1461,
1353,
265,
2146,
289,
4036,
1579,
274,
1190,
341,
268,
1283,
291,
877,
973,
362,
658,
3637,
3021,
563,
352,
268,
4036,
1580,
1701,
18,
334,
339,
5738,
512,
687,
1391,
17,
395,
9723,
289,
268,
887,
372,
87,
3525,
770,
18,
203,
10562,
649,
362,
4555,
340,
16,
362,
375,
2456,
270,
268,
2136,
291,
10905,
6108,
87,
289,
5665,
806,
289,
689,
18,
2376,
687,
597,
17,
262,
2415,
289,
7835,
2136,
1291,
4306,
4772,
421,
7057,
11125,
13,
289,
261,
4272,
1279,
18,
760,
2964,
3798,
2609,
292,
3573,
16,
576,
513,
268,
10007,
18,
203,
59,
294,
815,
3798,
356,
4555,
542,
4236,
4036,
636,
4907,
770,
336,
7928,
636,
268,
447,
301,
18,
365,
10007,
2315,
356,
5810,
644,
16,
1232,
16,
3736,
268,
770,
292,
3754,
18,
10710,
16,
629,
1802,
356,
10577,
770,
1506,
2577,
1797,
18,
365,
2113,
7316,
300,
291,
1545,
3778,
6374,
8436,
3446,
4101,
336,
268,
2033,
2553,
935,
911,
1342,
447,
301,
292,
3573,
288,
268,
7636,
1855,
2023,
352,
1111,
352,
502,
1535,
288,
268,
2323,
2254,
1691,
608,
1474,
292,
2211,
5776,
421,
4638,
292,
2553,
8487,
802,
203,
6069,
10646,
731,
2520,
16,
7683,
10149,
1691,
518,
316,
2437,
4571,
656,
291,
10177,
419,
1853,
372,
87,
3266,
16,
3542,
966,
291,
3937,
3319,
1691,
316,
3650,
292,
1595,
512,
687,
1474,
1708,
352,
970,
352,
362,
1082,
1853,
1272,
1211,
11614,
2748,
1732,
38,
3766,
2002,
16,
11891,
9826,
2511,
4782,
2468,
6235,
16,
288,
261,
1579,
4133,
18,
538,
2422,
786,
3210,
1555,
261,
1317,
427,
261,
2324,
2282,
953,
497,
17,
25,
935,
292,
2563,
2616,
1011,
715,
16,
288,
579,
3508,
1053,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
268,
9151,
4162,
289,
4555,
542,
8704,
4036,
16,
686,
372,
87,
261,
1774,
3152,
1356,
1373,
372,
88,
698,
1691,
1118,
579,
289,
268,
5576,
2976,
362,
16,
853,
1377,
3752,
3097,
602,
8588,
16,
291,
606,
384,
2099,
298,
1814,
658,
268,
2399,
3799,
18,
1163,
2650,
2194,
356,
6875,
597,
289,
268,
710,
2203,
17,
278,
17,
87,
567,
93,
3921,
636,
4825,
468,
1459,
30,
768,
3152,
375,
372,
88,
901,
360,
444,
1044,
3229,
18,
3367,
4224,
911,
1317,
667,
1111,
268,
10007,
356,
3650,
292,
3573,
288,
268,
4028,
4295,
18,
203,
4688,
372,
87,
296,
3642,
9745,
268,
4036,
203,
6695,
356,
881,
939,
5255,
289,
4036,
336,
3234,
3542,
1506,
18,
365,
855,
316,
3542,
4036,
16,
518,
1974,
427,
4782,
770,
336,
1776,
94,
274,
4236,
18,
553,
1892,
644,
710,
289,
268,
4036,
430,
268,
2859,
382,
2748,
18,
760,
362,
2779,
16,
362,
1703,
268,
5353,
1127,
289,
447,
738,
524,
291,
1780,
3234,
3184,
4782,
1065,
11503,
18,
203,
49,
306,
542,
3542,
4036,
2752,
372,
88,
1317,
268,
2114,
1944,
289,
770,
288,
268,
4782,
16,
1039,
352,
4555,
542,
4036,
11300,
274,
1373,
372,
88,
1317,
268,
770,
966,
288,
261,
3840,
289,
770,
18,
1163,
3542,
4036,
8814,
292,
5295,
5522,
16,
1020,
268,
3334,
265,
4782,
8814,
292,
576,
761,
644,
606,
2164,
18,
2015,
8813,
644,
6647,
291,
9548,
512,
4036,
293,
4029,
288,
261,
5958,
281,
4964,
10530,
18,
365,
11322,
3798,
525,
2885,
292,
268,
6709,
6819,
289,
770,
16,
518,
288,
1867,
375,
5151,
3542,
1506,
18,
203,
1461,
1901,
2066,
289,
4036,
316,
1283,
4036,
16,
518,
10826,
644,
288,
9933,
658,
4389,
289,
935,
427,
494,
4473,
5610,
18,
450,
11638,
69,
16,
268,
4036,
6800,
316,
433,
18,
25,
4772,
4460,
421,
22,
18,
24,
7699,
13,
341,
2964,
16,
7257,
644,
292,
777,
4772,
421,
25,
7699,
13,
288,
579,
1511,
18,
4510,
1169,
372,
87,
4036,
6800,
261,
10324,
261,
293,
621,
288,
9950,
18,
1097,
1283,
4036,
5398,
292,
577,
371,
628,
658,
268,
4782,
16,
362,
4944,
261,
8243,
673,
4036,
422,
884,
18,
203,
49,
511,
289,
268,
887,
372,
87,
4036,
422,
1897,
356,
288,
11638,
69,
16,
853,
502,
8635,
512,
687,
261,
2195,
5757,
11125,
16,
361,
10514,
26,
16,
1347,
5757,
4772,
18,
900,
3241,
352,
261,
566,
88,
550,
16,
2634,
281,
1190,
11107,
3560,
336,
830,
5654,
1617,
512,
2640,
636,
268,
4782,
18,
1163,
352,
502,
886,
5163,
1331,
361,
2603,
6026,
16,
268,
11107,
3560,
1617,
636,
268,
4782,
430,
261,
4274,
2288,
16,
8011,
3542,
1506,
18,
203,
45,
339,
1866,
528,
8399,
488,
288,
11638,
69,
288,
2650,
935,
18,
3899,
3633,
2575,
16,
11638,
69,
308,
3814,
261,
4123,
479,
1145,
7658,
289,
4036,
16,
2310,
292,
261,
4827,
1147,
16,
291,
430,
2144,
2947,
336,
1866,
1974,
427,
4036,
422,
1897,
18,
203,
49,
1100,
289,
629,
1173,
75,
1132,
281,
7426,
356,
8160,
288,
3508,
336,
356,
1040,
1656,
292,
2591,
18,
538,
4077,
372,
87,
261,
7010,
887,
1272,
1211,
7734,
458,
6393,
16,
261,
1965,
2005,
483,
300,
588,
430,
268,
3247,
11638,
10764,
18,
538,
3464,
375,
901,
427,
11677,
336,
268,
4036,
316,
5163,
668,
3293,
10395,
288,
1575,
1511,
16,
566,
362,
372,
87,
7200,
427,
268,
4689,
644,
2359,
687,
268,
2248,
1190,
1053,
203,
55,
71,
2662,
356,
2697,
5120,
733,
1714,
292,
2295,
270,
444,
1616,
289,
629,
1821,
4036,
422,
1897,
16,
458,
6393,
4802,
288,
261,
2650,
6547,
556,
288,
268,
4618,
2899,
2005,
483,
466,
2374,
3023,
1736,
18,
365,
1558,
316,
7283,
268,
4555,
542,
336,
4301,
2321,
2359,
687,
2159,
16,
261,
6902,
1478,
1518,
280,
4555,
542,
18,
203,
1461,
392,
309,
325,
1294,
2159,
268,
2705,
382,
2748,
8814,
292,
1288,
4036,
10981,
427,
2159,
291,
1149,
606,
9914,
18,
1163,
2295,
11638,
5719,
4817,
372,
88,
3293,
352,
968,
333,
323,
18,
538,
11238,
4893,
288,
268,
7789,
7316,
16,
686,
316,
261,
11266,
499,
1944,
289,
2164,
1138,
2321,
261,
1374,
6946,
6880,
1190,
1272,
1211,
458,
6393,
18,
540,
11322,
770,
375,
1023,
1631,
636,
2624,
360,
268,
4277,
496,
289,
4036,
422,
1897,
16,
3736,
622,
292,
293,
4029,
18,
203,
6069,
59,
930,
537,
419,
11638,
3319,
1486,
538,
70,
470,
325,
2159,
1776,
4253,
1272,
566,
362,
372,
87,
1982,
292,
5163,
4036,
422,
1897,
18,
538,
2422,
271,
316,
288,
1975,
768,
316,
268,
7226,
289,
710,
289,
268,
2804,
4036,
1866,
336,
372,
87,
7200,
288,
11638,
69,
430,
268,
3841,
1272,
458,
6393,
1211,
18,
203,
55,
436,
289,
268,
710,
6611,
1518,
280,
4555,
542,
316,
7200,
430,
268,
4036,
422,
1897,
1149,
268,
321,
10137,
2154,
3199,
313,
1242,
291,
268,
382,
475,
6002,
3199,
313,
1242,
288,
4075,
11638,
69,
18,
906,
4306,
935,
16,
268,
4036,
3775,
1149,
268,
382,
475,
6002,
3199,
313,
1242,
10647,
288,
1349,
16,
566,
858,
5041,
291,
3822,
16,
606,
6200,
2225,
9859,
304,
8818,
512,
687,
2553,
11125,
18,
553,
372,
87,
363,
1214,
289,
667,
1703,
288,
4036,
4817,
372,
88,
1775,
2634,
291,
10326,
566,
375,
327,
5671,
18,
203,
55,
71,
2662,
356,
2570,
281,
268,
4555,
542,
4893,
87,
289,
4036,
422,
1897,
288,
1520,
1714,
18,
900,
356,
704,
3287,
7157,
734,
4036,
422,
1897,
291,
1898,
281,
6009,
291,
8759,
1190,
2321,
16,
331,
1214,
18,
203,
11207,
2360,
437,
525,
986,
336,
4555,
542,
9745,
4036,
422,
1897,
375,
3756,
2565,
1178,
73,
3085,
2159,
18,
334,
339,
422,
1897,
3020,
292,
437,
261,
5036,
2248,
16,
566,
502,
886,
5602,
265,
352,
502,
293,
4029,
427,
2321,
16,
2310,
292,
261,
1147,
288,
2899,
2005,
483,
466,
2374,
3023,
1736,
1887,
715,
18,
2172,
301,
714,
2248,
5602,
822,
289,
4036,
422,
1897,
911,
1343,
363,
2289,
898,
292,
10610,
369,
667,
1111,
1518,
280,
4555,
542,
316,
8160,
1904,
2321,
18,
365,
5602,
822,
911,
327,
363,
1568,
6344,
823,
289,
697,
2371,
309,
1790,
968,
11008,
288,
268,
4036,
336,
911,
912,
292,
261,
10697,
18,
203,
9362,
1609,
1317,
316,
3268,
1512,
4253,
4510,
1169,
372,
87,
4036,
6800,
427,
2159,
291,
2321,
203,
43,
2264,
1169,
316,
1311,
292,
268,
1901,
17,
6292,
1688,
4036,
6800,
341,
2780,
16,
7450,
331,
1570,
2078,
289,
268,
887,
372,
87,
4036,
16,
291,
362,
1232,
316,
4555,
542,
2577,
4274,
18,
1163,
4510,
1169,
372,
87,
4036,
1866,
316,
865,
427,
11638,
69,
372,
87,
288,
1821,
1714,
18,
203,
11375,
316,
336,
2764,
516,
289,
4510,
1169,
372,
87,
4036,
316,
341,
1283,
16,
360,
1374,
7058,
8243,
673,
341,
770,
18,
365,
1294,
658,
4510,
1169,
316,
525,
11322,
16,
576,
4555,
542,
430,
268,
2248,
289,
268,
4036,
6800,
316,
261,
1111,
512,
1297,
7226,
289,
4036,
1866,
687,
430,
268,
2705,
382,
2748,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
995,
268,
3672,
16,
4389,
289,
4555,
544,
524,
10099,
291,
9963,
926,
341,
268,
2248,
289,
268,
4036,
6800,
18,
203,
6069,
1461,
4036,
6800,
316,
4555,
542,
3498,
341,
268,
2248,
16,
291,
336,
372,
87,
1890,
445,
1373,
372,
88,
901,
288,
11638,
69,
1272,
1211,
382,
6921,
3163,
278,
457,
332,
270,
16,
261,
11107,
77,
4728,
430,
268,
8194,
2668,
294,
2374,
3767,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
11936,
18,
203,
1461,
770,
2752,
372,
88,
2503,
341,
1479,
18,
553,
279,
1913,
734,
793,
1968,
291,
284,
846,
889,
288,
268,
4036,
16,
7883,
512,
687,
261,
293,
621,
288,
579,
3508,
292,
268,
4216,
93,
2107,
2321,
18,
450,
261,
1147,
456,
2569,
2808,
288,
268,
960,
3969,
762,
289,
268,
2113,
7940,
289,
8376,
16,
3163,
278,
457,
332,
270,
291,
615,
7140,
6351,
336,
456,
316,
4555,
542,
4510,
1169,
372,
87,
4036,
6800,
427,
2321,
18,
203,
48,
1514,
268,
770,
336,
384,
1652,
274,
734,
261,
6624,
10216,
1145,
1560,
16,
7883,
4555,
544,
524,
9911,
363,
10338,
1944,
289,
520,
475,
410,
1138,
18,
2015,
1138,
2384,
770,
292,
2961,
352,
362,
5870,
87,
9745,
268,
4036,
6800,
18,
540,
288,
1867,
8969,
1518,
280,
4555,
542,
18,
538,
1461,
293,
4029,
3345,
356,
2545,
352,
278,
1096,
281,
1272,
1211,
3163,
278,
457,
332,
270,
18,
915,
5058,
7143,
1518,
280,
293,
4029,
3345,
341,
268,
4510,
1169,
4036,
6800,
292,
327,
2881,
1708,
2796,
687,
2773,
7840,
336,
4529,
372,
88,
1226,
456,
2164,
2088,
18,
203,
1461,
770,
4670,
91,
477,
286,
858,
268,
2107,
291,
268,
4036,
6800,
525,
5676,
352,
261,
11607,
1048,
300,
438,
16,
3240,
268,
4036,
6800,
292,
1580,
496,
512,
2619,
4094,
268,
4782,
18,
1163,
971,
456,
770,
316,
7010,
427,
1889,
16,
2360,
794,
437,
261,
4337,
562,
4378,
289,
768,
372,
87,
2118,
341,
18,
538,
3464,
1373,
372,
88,
2402,
698,
261,
1774,
608,
629,
1422,
1272,
3163,
278,
457,
332,
270,
1211,
18,
538,
37,
267,
502,
1452,
7359,
361,
261,
1290,
634,
354,
289,
1139,
9963,
16,
361,
919,
5852,
10169,
5643,
203,
11872,
2124,
332,
5058,
336,
629,
1802,
830,
1643,
268,
2114,
293,
4029,
2288,
289,
4510,
1169,
419,
1570,
2078,
18,
538,
4077,
2752,
372,
88,
2162,
730,
1111,
16,
566,
723,
5784,
2378,
1624,
83,
65,
528,
2577,
850,
261,
5565,
75,
495,
430,
1570,
2078,
16,
502,
698,
362,
372,
87,
6540,
7946,
1272,
3163,
278,
457,
332,
270,
1211,
18,
2015,
1486,
658,
268,
4028,
935,
16,
4510,
1169,
372,
87,
7390,
292,
3542,
966,
3573,
1149,
268,
887
] |
Table of Contents
Trichomoniasis (trich) is a prevalent but curable sexually transmitted disease (STD). Most individuals who have trich don’t have symptoms. Therefore, they are unaware of whether they are infected. The absence of symptoms makes it easy to spread the infection unknowingly. Millions of people are diagnosed with this particular STD every year. Therefore you must have the correct information about the disease, and this article provides all the information you need.
What is trichomoniasis?
Trichomoniasis also referred to as trich, is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). The name is derived from the parasite that causes the disease. It is known as Trichomonas vaginalis.
Individuals can have trichomoniasis and not know that they have an infection, as this disease rarely causes symptoms. Trich is contagious, so there is a possibility that a person might unknowingly pass it on to others through sexual contact.
How common is trichomoniasis?
Trichomoniasis is considered a curable and ubiquitous STD affecting men and women in the United States. About 3.7 million people have the disease.
How is trichomoniasis spread?
Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis which thrives in semen or vaginal fluids. The mode of transmission is unprotected anal, oral, or vaginal sex. It isn’t necessary for a man to ejaculate to pass his partner the parasite. This disease can also be transmitted by sharing sex toys as well.
What causes trichomoniasis?
Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite passed on through unprotected sexual contact with someone who has the infection. Most commonly, it is transmitted through vaginal intercourse. Additionally, it can be spread through vulva to vulva contact by touching your partner’s genitals while having trichomoniasis discharge on your hands or sharing sex toys. Trich isn’t spread by sharing food or drinks, kissing, or hugging.
People may harbor the parasite for many months without actually knowing that they have the infection. Hence your partner may have gotten trich from a past relationship and just started exhibiting symptoms. It is also possible that you might have developed an infection due to a past relationship and passed it on to your current partner.
Rarely, there may be a possibility that you or your partner developed trich from something nonsexual. Some nonsexual trichomoniasis causes include:
- Public pools. If the water in the pool isn’t appropriately changed, there is a possibility that the parasite can spread.
- Sharing towels. If you share towels with someone, there is a slight possibility of getting this infection.
- Toilets. Using a public or outdoor toilet may risk getting trich, especially if the toilet seat is damp.
- Shared baths. One study in the past indicated that the parasite could spread through bathwater that multiple girls reused. This was reported in Zambia.
Although hardly any cases have been reported of trich being spread through these means, the possibility cannot be entirely excluded.
What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?
The symptoms appear anywhere from 5 to 28 days after exposure to the parasite. This is also termed the trich incubation period.
In men, the parasite typically infects the urethra, whereas, in women, it may infect the:
Trichomoniasis symptoms in men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB)
Trichomoniasis in men leads to:
- whitish penile discharge
- burning post ejaculation
- burning during urination
- pain while having intercourse
- redness and swelling around the head of the penis
Trichomoniasis symptoms in women and people assigned female at birth(AFAB)
Trichomoniasis in women leads to:
- pain while urinating
- painful intercourse
- green, white or yellowish foul-smelling discharge from the vagina
- redness, itching and burning inside and around the vagina
- lower abdominal pain
Other symptoms of trich infection may include trichomoniasis bumps or trichomoniasis sores.
Trich can affect all genders. However, older women are more likely to get the disease than men. Black women are more prone to getting the infection as well.
Some risk factors for getting trichomoniasis include:
- Having multiple sexual partners
- If you have had other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
- Having had trichomoniasis previously
- Having intercourse without a condom
How is trichomoniasis diagnosed?
The following tests are carried out to diagnose trich:
- Physical exam: In women, a pelvic exam is carried out by a physician.
- Lab test: This involves examining a sample of the genital discharge under a microscope. The vaginal swab is sent to the lab for further testing if required. This is a specific trichomoniasis test.
How is trichomoniasis treated?
Without proper treatment, trich may last for months or years. The infection doesn’t resolve on its own. You can pass on the STD to your sexual partners when you’re infected.
Trichomoniasis medications kill trich. Medications that are commonly prescribed include metronidazole (Flagyl) or tinidazole (Tindamax). If you are on treatment for trich, it is essential to keep the following in mind:
- A single medication dose has a curative rate of 95%. However, men and women may be required to take the medication for up to five to seven days.
- The individual with an infection and the sexual partners must be treated to prevent reinfection.
- You must abstain from intercourse sex for one week after completing treatment. This gives ample time for the medication to work and for symptoms to clear up. Having sex sooner may lead to reinfection.
- It is best to follow up with your doctor three months after the infection for re-testing or to ensure that it has entirely resolved.
If you have been diagnosed with trich, there is no need to panic. The silver lining is that trich infection can be easily cured with antibiotics. However, your sexual partners must be treated too. Otherwise, the chances of infection are always there.
The treatment regimen involves taking several tablets or a course of an antibiotic tablet twice a day for one week. Mostly, people are cured in a week.
The following two medicines are commonly prescribed:
- Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- Tinidazole (Tindamax)
Trichomoniasis antibiotics kill the parasite that causes trich. Metronidazole comes in various formulations such as pills and creams, but only the pills work in treating trich.
You must take your medication as advised by your doctor. Completing the medication is equally important as well, even when you think that the symptoms have disappeared. For example, metronidazole and tinidazole work well and are similarly safe, but doctors typically prescribe metronidazole first. Therefore, if metronidazole does not work, tinidazole is prescribed next. Trichomoniasis treatment for males is the same.
While taking this medication, avoiding alcohol for a short period is advisable. Furthermore, do not drink while taking the drug and even three days after your last dose. Drinking alcohol can result in severe nausea or vomiting.
How Long Do They Take to Work?
It takes 7 to 10 days to be cured. However, it is not uncommon for people to get the infection again a few months after treatment. To avoid reinfection, make sure your partner is treated as well. In addition, testing three months after treatment may help ensure you are disease-free.
What are the complications of trichomoniasis?
Untreated trich infection makes you more prone to getting infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in case of exposure. Untreated HIV can ultimately lead to AIDS. Women with trich and HIV are likely to pass both diseases on to their partners simultaneously. Therefore, the CDC recommends that HIV-positive women get tested for trich once a year.
How can trichomoniasis be prevented?
The following measures can help protect yourself against STDs
- Using protection such as condoms.
- Getting tested routinely for STDs.
- Getting treated if you have trich o any other STDs.
- Informing your sexual partners so they can be treated promptly.
- Avoid having multiple sexual partners.
Reasons why trichomoniasis won’t go away
Some of the reasons why the infection won’t go away include:
It is possible to get reinfected with trich by your sexual partner even after completing treatment. Stats indicate that approximately 1 in 5 people get reinfected with trichomoniasis after receiving treatment. In order to prevent reinfection, you must avoid having sex while on treatment and ensure that your sexual partner is treated as well. Getting tested for trich around three months after your treatment helps ascertain that you didn’t get reinfected.
Metronidazole is the first line of treatment against this STD. However, rarely are there cases in which Trichomonas may become resistant to metronidazole. This can be why your symptoms persist, even after proper treatment. In such cases, your doctor may increase the duration of the course of treatment, increase your dosage, or prescribe tinidazole.
Many people stop taking antibiotics once the symptoms start to go away instead of completing the treatment. Most antibiotics start working within 2 to 3 days of the treatment, but completing the treatment is necessary to eliminate the infection. Otherwise, this can cause recurrent infections and give rise to antibiotic resistance.
A different STD
STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea can result in similar symptoms. Therefore, screening for other STDs is essential if you’re still experiencing symptoms despite receiving treatment.
How does trichomoniasis affect pregnancy?
Taking medication is considered safe if you get trichomoniasis while pregnant or breastfeeding. If the infection is left untreated, it can increase your risk of:
- Premature labor
- Low birth weight
- Risk of infertility
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
How long can trichomoniasis be dormant in a woman?
You don’t always experience genital itching and burning or painful urination and itching, it is possible to have trich for months or even years without knowing. This is primarily because many people, regardless of gender, either don’t have any symptoms or experience mild, unnoticeable symptoms.
Another possibility is that women with trichomoniasis may mistake it for a yeast infection or a urinary tract infection.
However, trichomoniasis is not dormant as a person can still spread trich to other people regardless of symptoms. Therefore, getting tested is vital if you think you might have trich. The proper treatment ensures that you get rid of the infection completely.
Can women who have sex with women get trichomoniasis?
Trichomoniasis can also be passed on if you are a woman who has sex only with women. Therefore, it is vital that you talk to your partner regarding their sexual history before having sex and get tested if you are portraying any signs of trich.
Is trichomoniasis a female STD?
Trich is an STI. Although trichomoniasis may be more common in women and people AFAB, men and people AMAB can also get it.
Can a man have trichomoniasis and test negative?
While it may be easy to diagnose trich, the diagnosis of this infection can also be missed on a test. That is mainly because the culture requires a particular concentration of around 10^3/ml of living protozoa to be detected. Therefore, the result may be negative even if you do have trich. One of the reasons why this can occur is that the sample may be diluted (from not using first-void urine). Therefore, you can still spread the infection even if the test shows a false negative. Therefore, you will need to seek treatment if your partner tests positive for trich, even if your test result is negative.
Is trichomoniasis a type of chlamydia?
No. Trichomoniasis and chlamydia are two separate infections. Trichomoniasis is caused by a whereas a bacterium causes chlamydia.
Can you have trichomoniasis and chlamydia at the same time?
It is possible to contract multiple STDs at the same time. Getting tested and the proper treatment helps ensure that you are cured of the infections.
Trichomoniasis symptoms vs BV
Bacterial vaginosis can sometimes be mistaken for trich. Therefore it is imperative to get STD testing to identify the infection.
Some symptoms of BV and trich may overlap and result in confusion. In the case of trich, here are some signs to look out for:
- Pain when you urinate
- Pain during intercourse
- Green vaginal discharge
- Foul-smelling odor
- Redness, burning and itching around the genital area
Here are the most common symptoms of BV:
- Grey, white or green discharge
- Foul-smelling fishy odor
- Burning while urinating
- Itchiness inside or around the vagina
When to Consult a Doctor
Millions of people are diagnosed with trichomoniasis every year. It spreads quickly because most people don’t experience symptoms and are unaware if they have the infection. Please consult our online doctor for advice, treatment, and suggestions to prevent further STDs.
FAQs About Trichomoniasis Answered By Your Doctors Online
Trichomoniasis is easily cured with antibiotics. Metronidazole is commonly prescribed to treat the condition.
Home remedies are not effective against trichomoniasis. Treatment with antibiotics is required to get rid of the infection.
There are testing kits available that can be ordered online to test for trich. You can take your own samples, like urine or genital swabs, and send them to a lab for testing.
Trichomoniasis usually does not go away on its own. Therefore, antibiotic such as metronidazole is taken twice daily for 5-7 days to cure the infection.
A probiotic may help maintain vaginal flora and act indirectly by preventing recurrent bacterial vaginosis and slightly decreasing the chances of STI transmission. However, further studies are definitely needed to come to a definite conclusion.
Research has not yielded any specific results regarding hydrogen peroxide’s effectiveness in treating trichomoniasis. Although hydrogen peroxide causes vaginal ad penile tissue irritation and kills off healthy bacteria as well
UTI does not turn into an STD or cause trichomoniasis. It is a sexually transmitted disease. However, research has revealed that nonsexual transmission of trichomonas can occur through fomites like towels, toilet seats, and swimming pools.
Taking medication for trichomoniasis is considered safe if you get trichomoniasis while pregnant or breastfeeding.
Using latex condoms while having sex may help reduce the risk of spreading trichomoniasis, but transmission may be possible.
This disease is mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual activity, but some studies have nonsexual transmission of trichomoniasis can occur through fomites like towels from swimming pools or toilet seats.
People may harbor the parasite for many months or even years without actually knowing that they have the infection. | <urn:uuid:bc4fde4f-a299-4f8d-bbe5-1b0cd9e492ef> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://yourdoctors.online/trichomoniasis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ | 2024-02-21T12:36:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.939843 | 3,236 | 3.015625 | 3 | [
56,
541,
289,
11545,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
421,
322,
477,
13,
316,
261,
9168,
566,
1065,
541,
2935,
1141,
8886,
1413,
421,
5430,
40,
802,
2620,
1578,
650,
437,
432,
477,
1373,
372,
88,
437,
1614,
18,
3481,
16,
502,
356,
543,
8409,
289,
2026,
502,
356,
5623,
18,
365,
7777,
289,
1614,
1892,
362,
2289,
292,
2458,
268,
2937,
543,
2788,
5052,
18,
8192,
806,
289,
689,
356,
6522,
360,
456,
1510,
4690,
40,
953,
715,
18,
3481,
337,
1204,
437,
268,
3045,
1009,
608,
268,
1413,
16,
291,
456,
1989,
1956,
516,
268,
1009,
337,
648,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
35,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
525,
4612,
292,
352,
432,
477,
16,
316,
268,
710,
1112,
2935,
1141,
8886,
1413,
421,
5430,
40,
802,
365,
1932,
316,
6781,
427,
268,
7271,
674,
336,
2384,
268,
1413,
18,
553,
316,
1261,
352,
1368,
477,
311,
266,
301,
9897,
1420,
277,
18,
203,
11402,
927,
1429,
375,
437,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
291,
462,
698,
336,
502,
437,
363,
2937,
16,
352,
456,
1413,
8170,
2384,
1614,
18,
1368,
477,
316,
353,
6687,
702,
16,
576,
686,
316,
261,
6145,
336,
261,
959,
1276,
543,
2788,
5052,
1464,
362,
341,
292,
1548,
734,
4547,
2624,
18,
203,
6724,
1112,
316,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
35,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
316,
2221,
261,
1065,
541,
291,
448,
70,
1102,
3384,
310,
4690,
40,
6467,
1473,
291,
1565,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
18,
4844,
777,
18,
27,
2195,
689,
437,
268,
1413,
18,
203,
6724,
316,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
2458,
35,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
316,
2494,
419,
261,
7271,
674,
1478,
1368,
477,
311,
266,
301,
9897,
1420,
277,
518,
3442,
1022,
288,
447,
4320,
361,
9897,
1420,
9552,
18,
365,
6796,
289,
5540,
316,
543,
3012,
88,
1113,
1309,
16,
4118,
16,
361,
9897,
1420,
2935,
18,
553,
3422,
372,
88,
1990,
331,
261,
532,
292,
303,
78,
313,
2417,
292,
1464,
615,
5640,
268,
7271,
674,
18,
540,
1413,
375,
525,
327,
8886,
419,
5135,
2935,
7888,
352,
767,
18,
203,
4688,
2384,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
35,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
316,
2494,
419,
261,
7271,
674,
4645,
341,
734,
543,
3012,
88,
1113,
4547,
2624,
360,
2711,
650,
528,
268,
2937,
18,
2620,
3224,
16,
362,
316,
8886,
734,
9897,
1420,
630,
6842,
401,
18,
2848,
16,
362,
375,
327,
2458,
734,
3617,
8088,
292,
3617,
8088,
2624,
419,
3727,
281,
424,
5640,
372,
87,
2451,
7228,
1020,
2054,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
9021,
341,
424,
3237,
361,
5135,
2935,
7888,
18,
1368,
477,
3422,
372,
88,
2458,
419,
5135,
934,
361,
7899,
16,
520,
846,
281,
16,
361,
296,
1010,
1893,
18,
203,
52,
73,
653,
602,
2920,
3528,
268,
7271,
674,
331,
772,
2489,
1298,
2545,
6700,
336,
502,
437,
268,
2937,
18,
8315,
424,
5640,
602,
437,
3864,
506,
432,
477,
427,
261,
2323,
2051,
291,
1039,
3120,
4192,
1842,
1614,
18,
553,
316,
525,
1522,
336,
337,
1276,
437,
2317,
363,
2937,
1504,
292,
261,
2323,
2051,
291,
4645,
362,
341,
292,
424,
1619,
5640,
18,
203,
54,
470,
325,
16,
686,
602,
327,
261,
6145,
336,
337,
361,
424,
5640,
2317,
432,
477,
427,
1890,
1677,
401,
92,
800,
18,
1399,
1677,
401,
92,
800,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
2384,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
5252,
5870,
87,
18,
829,
268,
770,
288,
268,
5870,
3422,
372,
88,
11693,
4339,
16,
686,
316,
261,
6145,
336,
268,
7271,
674,
375,
2458,
18,
203,
17,
1395,
1818,
5911,
1137,
18,
829,
337,
2538,
5911,
1137,
360,
2711,
16,
686,
316,
261,
4416,
6145,
289,
2657,
456,
2937,
18,
203,
17,
1122,
621,
340,
18,
3737,
261,
1376,
361,
6502,
11106,
602,
1238,
2657,
432,
477,
16,
1803,
717,
268,
11106,
8730,
316,
1560,
84,
18,
203,
17,
1395,
1287,
5933,
87,
18,
1507,
1147,
288,
268,
2323,
8330,
336,
268,
7271,
674,
911,
2458,
734,
5933,
3095,
336,
2563,
5934,
304,
3950,
18,
540,
454,
3446,
288,
1929,
4335,
563,
18,
203,
8804,
1858,
1656,
325,
723,
1934,
437,
712,
3446,
289,
432,
477,
1018,
2458,
734,
629,
1486,
16,
268,
6145,
2362,
327,
6023,
1870,
11314,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
1614,
289,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
35,
203,
1461,
1614,
1951,
7186,
427,
1016,
292,
5837,
1962,
1003,
3285,
292,
268,
7271,
674,
18,
540,
316,
525,
2085,
286,
268,
432,
477,
490,
1606,
318,
1604,
18,
203,
2983,
1473,
16,
268,
7271,
674,
2437,
582,
798,
268,
448,
267,
262,
1209,
16,
6792,
16,
288,
1565,
16,
362,
602,
582,
493,
268,
30,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
1614,
288,
1473,
291,
689,
8625,
4672,
430,
3475,
421,
4940,
37,
38,
13,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
288,
1473,
4198,
292,
30,
203,
17,
342,
297,
557,
4911,
621,
9021,
203,
17,
6861,
2215,
303,
78,
313,
1218,
203,
17,
6861,
995,
2112,
1277,
203,
17,
1293,
1020,
2054,
630,
6842,
401,
203,
17,
2243,
822,
291,
7775,
1149,
268,
1747,
289,
268,
4911,
277,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
1614,
288,
1565,
291,
689,
8625,
4245,
430,
3475,
12,
37,
10924,
38,
13,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
288,
1565,
4198,
292,
30,
203,
17,
1293,
1020,
2112,
4564,
203,
17,
7946,
630,
6842,
401,
203,
17,
2278,
16,
2398,
361,
4601,
557,
284,
6921,
17,
8675,
2515,
9021,
427,
268,
9897,
1835,
203,
17,
2243,
822,
16,
362,
4904,
291,
6861,
3004,
291,
1149,
268,
9897,
1835,
203,
17,
1898,
11150,
1293,
203,
51,
411,
1614,
289,
432,
477,
2937,
602,
1226,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
285,
6014,
361,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
576,
379,
18,
203,
56,
4432,
375,
2242,
516,
319,
10956,
18,
1121,
16,
3684,
1565,
356,
512,
1792,
292,
886,
268,
1413,
687,
1473,
18,
3454,
1565,
356,
512,
8096,
292,
2657,
268,
2937,
352,
767,
18,
203,
55,
436,
1238,
1802,
331,
2657,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
6518,
2563,
4547,
3980,
203,
17,
829,
337,
437,
850,
586,
2935,
1141,
8886,
3786,
421,
5430,
7896,
13,
203,
17,
6518,
850,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
5061,
203,
17,
6518,
630,
6842,
401,
1298,
261,
1042,
311,
203,
6724,
316,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
6522,
35,
203,
1461,
1685,
3265,
356,
4607,
628,
292,
9047,
432,
477,
30,
203,
17,
7145,
879,
30,
450,
1565,
16,
261,
8325,
90,
300,
879,
316,
4607,
628,
419,
261,
8346,
18,
203,
17,
6060,
1265,
30,
540,
2675,
10549,
261,
4829,
289,
268,
2451,
1050,
9021,
1064,
261,
6824,
6170,
18,
365,
9897,
1420,
1370,
397,
316,
2819,
292,
268,
2550,
331,
1902,
2872,
717,
2207,
18,
540,
316,
261,
1430,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
1265,
18,
203,
6724,
316,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
4257,
35,
203,
59,
349,
491,
1225,
1412,
16,
432,
477,
602,
1887,
331,
2489,
361,
935,
18,
365,
2937,
2752,
372,
88,
9310,
341,
606,
1044,
18,
990,
375,
1464,
341,
268,
4690,
40,
292,
424,
4547,
3980,
649,
337,
372,
267,
5623,
18,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
4167,
5320,
432,
477,
18,
2110,
1917,
336,
356,
3224,
8044,
1226,
479,
322,
266,
323,
1600,
2748,
421,
42,
80,
484,
2713,
13,
361,
4629,
323,
1600,
2748,
421,
56,
578,
348,
1894,
802,
829,
337,
356,
341,
1412,
331,
432,
477,
16,
362,
316,
1505,
292,
1288,
268,
1685,
288,
1710,
30,
203,
17,
330,
2324,
4525,
7543,
528,
261,
1065,
774,
2288,
289,
10664,
7113,
1121,
16,
1473,
291,
1565,
602,
327,
2207,
292,
1071,
268,
4525,
331,
644,
292,
2584,
292,
4554,
1962,
18,
203,
17,
365,
1769,
360,
363,
2937,
291,
268,
4547,
3980,
1204,
327,
4257,
292,
1463,
4490,
74,
982,
18,
203,
17,
990,
1204,
1996,
572,
427,
630,
6842,
401,
2935,
331,
597,
2569,
1003,
10614,
1412,
18,
540,
3581,
792,
700,
669,
331,
268,
4525,
292,
716,
291,
331,
1614,
292,
1763,
644,
18,
6518,
2935,
3444,
265,
602,
912,
292,
4490,
74,
982,
18,
203,
17,
553,
316,
1274,
292,
1089,
644,
360,
424,
3040,
1391,
2489,
1003,
268,
2937,
331,
304,
17,
1110,
281,
361,
292,
1530,
336,
362,
528,
6023,
5492,
1027,
18,
203,
6164,
337,
437,
712,
6522,
360,
432,
477,
16,
686,
316,
688,
648,
292,
11173,
18,
365,
7573,
11583,
316,
336,
432,
477,
2937,
375,
327,
2619,
273,
4581,
360,
7620,
18,
1121,
16,
424,
4547,
3980,
1204,
327,
4257,
1232,
18,
3117,
3644,
16,
268,
6094,
289,
2937,
356,
1775,
686,
18,
203,
1461,
1412,
735,
9867,
2675,
2265,
1520,
11664,
361,
261,
1911,
289,
363,
11243,
3438,
88,
6428,
261,
1196,
331,
597,
2569,
18,
2620,
325,
16,
689,
356,
273,
4581,
288,
261,
2569,
18,
203,
1461,
1685,
881,
8701,
356,
3224,
8044,
30,
203,
17,
2172,
322,
266,
323,
1600,
2748,
421,
42,
80,
484,
2713,
13,
203,
17,
307,
263,
323,
1600,
2748,
421,
56,
578,
348,
1894,
13,
203,
56,
4432,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
7620,
5320,
268,
7271,
674,
336,
2384,
432,
477,
18,
2172,
322,
266,
323,
1600,
2748,
1974,
288,
1320,
926,
2158,
659,
352,
279,
1240,
291,
847,
2817,
16,
566,
794,
268,
279,
1240,
716,
288,
6307,
432,
477,
18,
203,
7556,
1204,
1071,
424,
4525,
352,
11214,
419,
424,
3040,
18,
8010,
542,
268,
4525,
316,
7583,
851,
352,
767,
16,
919,
649,
337,
1779,
336,
268,
1614,
437,
6146,
73,
1287,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
479,
322,
266,
323,
1600,
2748,
291,
4629,
323,
1600,
2748,
716,
767,
291,
356,
1979,
325,
1995,
16,
566,
5846,
2437,
5978,
73,
479,
322,
266,
323,
1600,
2748,
855,
18,
3481,
16,
717,
479,
322,
266,
323,
1600,
2748,
1082,
462,
716,
16,
4629,
323,
1600,
2748,
316,
8044,
2033,
18,
1368,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
1412,
331,
8267,
316,
268,
1162,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
2265,
456,
4525,
16,
7042,
3449,
331,
261,
1912,
1604,
316,
7031,
541,
18,
4343,
16,
565,
462,
4946,
1020,
2265,
268,
2325,
291,
919,
1391,
1962,
1003,
424,
1887,
7543,
18,
1698,
1914,
3449,
375,
1636,
288,
3103,
11134,
361,
9630,
18,
203,
6724,
5801,
2094,
900,
4786,
292,
4776,
35,
203,
4077,
2844,
1499,
292,
1474,
1962,
292,
327,
273,
4581,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
462,
4288,
9904,
331,
689,
292,
886,
268,
2937,
1221,
261,
1374,
2489,
1003,
1412,
18,
1122,
1833,
4490,
74,
982,
16,
804,
1850,
424,
5640,
316,
4257,
352,
767,
18,
450,
1879,
16,
2872,
1391,
2489,
1003,
1412,
602,
617,
1530,
337,
356,
1413,
17,
4677,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
5921,
289,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
35,
203,
10015,
8818,
432,
477,
2937,
1892,
337,
512,
8096,
292,
2657,
5623,
360,
268,
1195,
5358,
1899,
10663,
2897,
288,
1731,
289,
3285,
18,
860,
8818,
6208,
375,
5406,
912,
292,
1766,
7368,
18,
5456,
360,
432,
477,
291,
6208,
356,
1792,
292,
1464,
1079,
2604,
341,
292,
444,
3980,
8779,
18,
3481,
16,
268,
10298,
10734,
336,
6208,
17,
2027,
1257,
1565,
886,
5635,
331,
432,
477,
2340,
261,
715,
18,
203,
6724,
375,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
327,
11030,
35,
203,
1461,
1685,
2877,
375,
617,
2000,
2757,
1573,
4690,
40,
87,
203,
17,
3737,
2759,
659,
352,
1042,
9544,
18,
203,
17,
10449,
5635,
2963,
11976,
331,
4690,
40,
87,
18,
203,
17,
10449,
4257,
717,
337,
437,
432,
477,
272,
723,
586,
4690,
40,
87,
18,
203,
17,
450,
11324,
424,
4547,
3980,
576,
502,
375,
327,
4257,
11969,
18,
203,
17,
5276,
2054,
2563,
4547,
3980,
18,
203,
8594,
2732,
1768,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277,
3768,
372,
88,
679,
2014,
203,
55,
436,
289,
268,
3218,
1768,
268,
2937,
3768,
372,
88,
679,
2014,
1226,
30,
203,
4077,
316,
1522,
292,
886,
4490,
74,
1113,
360,
432,
477,
419,
424,
4547,
5640,
919,
1003,
10614,
1412,
18,
908,
1378,
4938,
336,
4745,
433,
288,
1016,
689,
886,
4490,
74,
1113,
360,
432,
477,
311,
266,
4843,
277
] |
Looking to lose weight? Learn how to determine the right amount of carbs for extreme weight loss in this informative article. Find out about the role of carbohydrates, different types of carbs, and how to choose the right percentage for your goals. Includes tips for monitoring and adjusting your carb intake.
In order to achieve extreme weight loss, it is crucial to determine the right amount of carbs to consume. While carbohydrates have often been associated with weight gain, a balanced approach to carb intake can actually aid in achieving optimal health and significant weight loss. To find the optimal amount of carbs for your weight loss goals, it is important to consider factors such as your body type, activity level, and overall calorie intake. By understanding how carbs impact your body and tailoring your carb consumption accordingly, you can effectively utilize this macronutrient for exceptional weight loss results.
Determining Carbohydrate Intake for Extreme Weight Loss
When it comes to achieving extreme weight loss, understanding the role of carbohydrates becomes crucial. Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients, alongside proteins and fats, and they play a significant role in our overall health and weight management. In this article, we will break down the key factors to consider when determining your carbohydrate intake for extreme weight loss.
1. Understand the Role of Carbohydrates
1.1 What are Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that provide our bodies with energy. They are made up of sugar molecules, which can be classified into three main types: simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. Simple carbohydrates, such as sugar and honey, are quickly digested and provide a rapid source of energy. Complex carbohydrates, found in foods like whole grains and vegetables, take longer to digest and provide sustained energy. Fiber, on the other hand, is a type of carbohydrate that is not fully broken down by our bodies and offers several health benefits.
1.2 How Carbohydrates Affect Weight Loss
Carbohydrates impact weight loss by influencing our blood sugar levels and insulin response. When we consume carbohydrates, they are broken down into glucose, which enters our bloodstream. This prompts the release of insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. The type and amount of carbohydrates we consume can affect our insulin response, which, in turn, can impact weight loss. Understanding this interplay is essential when determining the ideal carbohydrate intake for extreme weight loss.
1.3 Different Types of Carbohydrates
As mentioned earlier, carbohydrates can be classified into three main types: simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. Choosing the right types of carbohydrates is crucial for sustainable and healthy weight loss. Simple carbohydrates, such as refined sugars and processed foods, should be limited as they provide little nutritional value and can lead to unhealthy weight gain. Instead, focus on consuming complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, legumes, and vegetables, which offer essential nutrients and promote satiety. Additionally, incorporating fiber-rich foods into your diet can aid in weight loss by promoting digestive health and reducing hunger.
2. Assess your Weight Loss Goals and Needs
Before determining your carbohydrate intake for extreme weight loss, it is essential to assess your weight loss goals and needs. Setting realistic and achievable goals is crucial for maintaining motivation and ensuring long-term success.
2.1 Setting Realistic Weight Loss Goals
When setting weight loss goals, it is important to be realistic and consider factors such as your current weight, overall health, and lifestyle. While it may be tempting to strive for rapid weight loss, a more sustainable approach is to aim for a gradual reduction in body weight. Losing 1-2 pounds per week is generally considered a safe and attainable goal. Remember, extreme weight loss can place undue stress on the body and may not be sustainable in the long run.
2.2 Consulting with a Healthcare Professional
Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or a doctor, can provide valuable guidance in determining your carbohydrate intake for extreme weight loss. These professionals can analyze your individual needs, assess any underlying health conditions, and develop a tailored plan that aligns with your weight loss goals. They can also monitor your progress and make necessary adjustments along the way.
3. Consider your Activity Level
Your activity level plays a significant role in determining your carbohydrate intake for extreme weight loss. The amount of physical activity you engage in can influence your body’s energy needs and impact the amount of carbohydrates required to support your weight loss journey.
3.1 Sedentary Lifestyle
If you lead a sedentary lifestyle with minimal physical activity, your carbohydrate intake should be relatively lower compared to individuals with a more active lifestyle. Since your energy expenditure is lower, consuming excessive carbohydrates can lead to weight gain rather than weight loss. In this case, focus on obtaining most of your carbohydrates from nutrient-dense sources, such as vegetables and whole grains, while moderating your overall intake.
3.2 Light to Moderate Exercise
For individuals engaging in light to moderate exercise, carbohydrate intake should be adjusted accordingly. This level of physical activity requires a moderate amount of energy, and carbohydrates are a vital source of fuel. Balancing your carbohydrate intake with your overall energy expenditure is key to supporting weight loss while maintaining adequate energy levels.
3.3 Intense Physical Activity
If you participate in intense physical activity or are an athlete or endurance trainer, your carbohydrate intake may need to be higher to meet the increased energy demands. Carbohydrates provide readily available energy for high-intensity workouts and aid in muscle glycogen replenishment post-exercise. In this case, it is essential to choose high-quality carbohydrates and time their consumption strategically to optimize performance and recovery.
4. Determine your Baseline Carbohydrate Intake
Calculating your baseline carbohydrate intake is a crucial step in determining the right amount for extreme weight loss. Two important factors to consider are Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE).
4.1 Calculating Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Your BMR refers to the number of calories your body needs to perform basic functions while at rest. It accounts for factors such as gender, age, height, and weight. Determining your BMR provides a starting point to estimate your total daily energy needs.
4.2 Estimating Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)
Your TDEE reflects the total number of calories you burn in a day, taking into account your BMR and physical activity level. There are various calculators and formulas available online that can help estimate your TDEE based on the information you provide. Once you have calculated your TDEE, you can determine the appropriate calorie deficit for weight loss.
5. Choose the Right Carbohydrate Percentage
Now that you have calculated your total daily calorie intake, you can determine the right percentage of carbohydrates within that calorie distribution. The appropriate carbohydrate percentage depends on your weight loss goals, lifestyle, and activity level.
5.1 Low-Carb Diets for Extreme Weight Loss
Low-carb diets, such as the ketogenic diet or Atkins diet, have gained popularity for their potential to initiate rapid weight loss. These diets restrict carbohydrate intake to a very low percentage of total calories, typically less than 10-20%. While they can be effective for short-term weight loss, they may not be sustainable in the long run and can be challenging to adhere to.
5.2 Moderate-Carb Diets for Sustained Weight Loss
Moderate-carb diets are a more balanced approach to weight loss. They typically involve consuming carbohydrates within the range of 30-40% of total calories. This approach allows for a wider variety of foods while still providing sufficient energy for daily activities. It promotes sustained weight loss and can be more sustainable in the long term.
5.3 High-Carb Diets for Athletes or Endurance Training
Athletes or individuals engaging in intense endurance training may benefit from incorporating a higher percentage of carbohydrates into their diet. These diets often fall within the range of 50-60% of total calories, providing the necessary fuel for prolonged exercise and optimal performance. However, it is important to focus on nutrient-dense carbohydrates and avoid excessive consumption of refined sugars and processed foods.
6. Monitor and Adjust as Necessary
Once you have established your initial carbohydrate intake, it is crucial to monitor your progress and make adjustments as necessary. Tracking your weight, body measurements, and overall well-being can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of your chosen carbohydrate intake.
6.1 Regularly Track Your Progress
Consistently tracking your progress allows you to evaluate whether your chosen carbohydrate intake is effectively supporting your weight loss goals. Keep a record of your weight, body measurements, and any changes in energy levels or mood. This data will help you identify trends and make informed adjustments as needed.
6.2 Make Adjustments Based on Results
Based on your progress, you may need to make adjustments to your carbohydrate intake. If your weight loss stalls or you experience a lack of energy, increasing or decreasing your carbohydrate percentage may be necessary. However, it is important to make gradual adjustments and monitor the effects to ensure the changes align with your goals and overall well-being.
7. Consider Carbohydrate Quality and Timing
While determining the appropriate carbohydrate percentage is crucial, it is equally important to focus on carbohydrate quality and timing.
7.1 Focus on Nutrient-Dense Carbohydrates
Regardless of the chosen carbohydrate percentage, prioritizing nutrient-dense carbohydrates is essential. Nutrient-dense carbohydrates provide an array of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, supporting overall health and satiety. Choose whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables over processed carbohydrates. These sources offer more sustained energy and are associated with improved weight management.
7.2 Timing of Carbohydrate Consumption
The timing of your carbohydrate consumption can also impact weight loss. Some individuals find that consuming carbohydrates earlier in the day provides sustained energy, while others prefer to consume them closer to their workouts for optimal performance. Experiment with different timing strategies to determine what works best for your body and weight loss goals.
8. Be Mindful of Individual Variations
It is crucial to recognize that individual variations play a significant role in determining the right carbohydrate intake for extreme weight loss. Factors such as genetic factors, carbohydrate metabolism, and personal tolerance should be taken into consideration.
8.1 Genetic Factors and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Genetic factors can influence how our bodies metabolize carbohydrates. Some individuals may have a higher tolerance for carbohydrates, while others may be more sensitive to their effects. Understanding your genetic predispositions can provide insights into the ideal carbohydrate intake for your body.
8.2 Personal Tolerance and Preferences
Personal tolerance and preferences are also important factors to consider when determining your carbohydrate intake. Some individuals thrive on lower-carbohydrate diets, while others feel better with a higher carbohydrate intake. Experimenting with different approaches and listening to your body’s response can help you determine the most suitable carbohydrate intake for your weight loss journey.
10. Gradually Transition to a Sustainable Diet
While extreme weight loss may be a short-term goal, it is essential to transition to a sustainable diet for long-term weight maintenance. Gradually increasing your calorie intake, incorporating a balance of macronutrients, and focusing on whole, unprocessed foods can support a healthy and sustainable lifestyle.
10.1 Long-Term Weight Maintenance
After achieving your desired weight loss, shifting your focus towards long-term weight maintenance is crucial. Gradually increase your calorie intake to match your TDEE, ensuring that you maintain a healthy balance between carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Regular exercise, a varied diet, and mindful eating practices can support sustainable weight maintenance.
10.2 Balanced Macronutrient Intake
Maintaining a balanced macronutrient intake is key to long-term health and weight management. While determining the right carbohydrate intake is important for extreme weight loss, it should be complemented by an appropriate intake of proteins and healthy fats. Aim for a well-rounded diet that provides all essential nutrients and supports your overall well-being.
In conclusion, determining the right amount of carbohydrates for extreme weight loss requires a comprehensive understanding of the role of carbohydrates, your weight loss goals, activity level, and individual variations. By assessing these factors and making informed choices, you can tailor your carbohydrate intake to support your weight loss journey effectively. Remember to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and to prioritize nutrient-dense carbohydrates for optimal health and sustainable weight loss. | <urn:uuid:10130e35-a98d-4490-af25-6c1bf60e9058> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://completebodycleanse.org/how-to-determine-the-right-amount-of-carbs-for-extreme-weight-loss | 2024-02-22T16:35:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.908112 | 2,569 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
48,
1935,
292,
4987,
2146,
35,
5203,
667,
292,
2747,
268,
1328,
1944,
289,
877,
825,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
288,
456,
895,
774,
1989,
18,
6852,
628,
608,
268,
1476,
289,
8930,
16,
865,
1640,
289,
877,
825,
16,
291,
667,
292,
2869,
268,
1328,
6729,
331,
424,
3002,
18,
2965,
519,
4696,
3651,
331,
3816,
291,
2787,
8163,
424,
5985,
4905,
18,
203,
2983,
1544,
292,
2446,
4657,
2146,
1866,
16,
362,
316,
1821,
292,
2747,
268,
1328,
1944,
289,
877,
825,
292,
5793,
18,
1508,
8930,
437,
970,
712,
2062,
360,
2146,
3277,
16,
261,
5218,
1563,
292,
5985,
4905,
375,
2545,
4282,
288,
6549,
5023,
661,
291,
1297,
2146,
1866,
18,
1122,
1255,
268,
5023,
1944,
289,
877,
825,
331,
424,
2146,
1866,
3002,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
1119,
1802,
659,
352,
424,
1073,
1517,
16,
2067,
966,
16,
291,
2114,
1534,
10561,
4905,
18,
1285,
1616,
667,
877,
825,
1393,
424,
1073,
291,
4329,
2974,
424,
5985,
3318,
9571,
16,
337,
375,
2992,
7759,
456,
6456,
1554,
1345,
747,
331,
10269,
2146,
1866,
1826,
18,
203,
40,
73,
950,
2165,
2388,
70,
6612,
381,
450,
3220,
331,
1206,
1069,
1475,
10780,
10717,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
6549,
4657,
2146,
1866,
16,
1616,
268,
1476,
289,
8930,
3125,
1821,
18,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
356,
597,
289,
268,
1391,
6456,
1554,
1345,
1203,
16,
7752,
5073,
291,
6737,
16,
291,
502,
1152,
261,
1297,
1476,
288,
662,
2114,
661,
291,
2146,
1794,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
513,
2603,
1190,
268,
1558,
1802,
292,
1119,
649,
7078,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
18,
203,
21,
18,
3482,
268,
8673,
289,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
203,
21,
18,
21,
1021,
356,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
35,
203,
39,
294,
70,
6612,
692,
356,
3891,
5927,
336,
1153,
662,
3910,
360,
1138,
18,
900,
356,
1146,
644,
289,
2980,
6286,
16,
518,
375,
327,
8391,
636,
1391,
939,
1640,
30,
2208,
8930,
16,
1874,
8930,
16,
291,
4892,
18,
3323,
700,
8930,
16,
659,
352,
2980,
291,
6997,
16,
356,
2640,
1537,
7293,
291,
1153,
261,
3306,
2088,
289,
1138,
18,
8010,
92,
8930,
16,
986,
288,
2334,
730,
2399,
7266,
291,
4059,
16,
1071,
2473,
292,
1537,
443,
291,
1153,
10941,
1138,
18,
418,
2554,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
316,
261,
1517,
289,
7366,
381,
336,
316,
462,
3590,
6246,
1190,
419,
662,
3910,
291,
2767,
1520,
661,
1716,
18,
203,
21,
18,
22,
784,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
7331,
493,
10780,
10717,
203,
39,
294,
70,
6612,
692,
1393,
2146,
1866,
419,
1852,
3535,
662,
1364,
2980,
1506,
291,
6486,
2629,
18,
1097,
445,
5793,
8930,
16,
502,
356,
6246,
1190,
636,
6719,
16,
518,
11736,
662,
1364,
5593,
18,
540,
4914,
340,
268,
4133,
289,
6486,
16,
261,
6494,
3024,
331,
11912,
1364,
2980,
1506,
18,
365,
1517,
291,
1944,
289,
8930,
445,
5793,
375,
2242,
662,
6486,
2629,
16,
518,
16,
288,
1867,
16,
375,
1393,
2146,
1866,
18,
3793,
456,
630,
8632,
316,
1505,
649,
7078,
268,
3890,
7366,
381,
4905,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
18,
203,
21,
18,
23,
7107,
7308,
289,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
203,
5190,
4565,
4235,
16,
8930,
375,
327,
8391,
636,
1391,
939,
1640,
30,
2208,
8930,
16,
1874,
8930,
16,
291,
4892,
18,
10979,
268,
1328,
1640,
289,
8930,
316,
1821,
331,
2742,
291,
1702,
2146,
1866,
18,
3323,
700,
8930,
16,
659,
352,
1210,
1451,
10891,
291,
6654,
2334,
16,
788,
327,
3064,
352,
502,
1153,
1936,
6596,
2003,
291,
375,
912,
292,
10421,
2146,
3277,
18,
4507,
16,
1459,
341,
7687,
1874,
8930,
16,
659,
352,
2399,
7266,
16,
1418,
5848,
16,
291,
4059,
16,
518,
1529,
1505,
3600,
291,
3290,
2651,
1085,
18,
2848,
16,
6855,
4892,
17,
4432,
2334,
636,
424,
1859,
375,
4282,
288,
2146,
1866,
419,
4636,
6142,
661,
291,
2860,
10573,
18,
203,
22,
18,
7410,
424,
10780,
10717,
2926,
645,
291,
2138,
1857,
203,
10746,
852,
7078,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
16,
362,
316,
1505,
292,
2123,
424,
2146,
1866,
3002,
291,
1470,
18,
11304,
8529,
291,
1700,
10370,
541,
3002,
316,
1821,
331,
3539,
7615,
291,
3171,
917,
17,
950,
1577,
18,
203,
22,
18,
21,
11304,
8683,
1784,
10780,
10717,
2926,
645,
203,
7508,
2652,
2146,
1866,
3002,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
327,
8529,
291,
1119,
1802,
659,
352,
424,
1619,
2146,
16,
2114,
661,
16,
291,
4185,
18,
1508,
362,
602,
327,
9073,
542,
292,
11411,
331,
3306,
2146,
1866,
16,
261,
512,
2742,
1563,
316,
292,
2517,
331,
261,
3000,
800,
4567,
288,
1073,
2146,
18,
458,
2485,
433,
17,
22,
8046,
574,
2569,
316,
2918,
2221,
261,
1995,
291,
430,
572,
541,
3114,
18,
4897,
16,
4657,
2146,
1866,
375,
1349,
641,
610,
1751,
341,
268,
1073,
291,
602,
462,
327,
2742,
288,
268,
917,
1673,
18,
203,
22,
18,
22,
1895,
10527,
360,
261,
11657,
10349,
203,
39,
625,
10527,
360,
261,
2689,
2497,
16,
659,
352,
261,
9243,
3787,
287,
3222,
361,
261,
3040,
16,
375,
1153,
3435,
4587,
288,
7078,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
18,
948,
3789,
375,
5590,
424,
1769,
1470,
16,
2123,
723,
4908,
661,
1533,
16,
291,
709,
261,
8254,
1200,
336,
4394,
87,
360,
424,
2146,
1866,
3002,
18,
900,
375,
525,
2591,
424,
2674,
291,
804,
1990,
9277,
1910,
268,
898,
18,
203,
23,
18,
4619,
424,
2058,
2862,
7886,
203,
61,
455,
2067,
966,
3806,
261,
1297,
1476,
288,
7078,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
18,
365,
1944,
289,
1646,
2067,
337,
4151,
288,
375,
3033,
424,
1073,
372,
87,
1138,
1470,
291,
1393,
268,
1944,
289,
8930,
2207,
292,
1105,
424,
2146,
1866,
3405,
18,
203,
23,
18,
21,
343,
286,
302,
556,
11700,
3884,
203,
6164,
337,
912,
261,
6031,
302,
556,
4185,
360,
7324,
1646,
2067,
16,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
788,
327,
4097,
1898,
2973,
292,
1578,
360,
261,
512,
3009,
4185,
18,
3296,
424,
1138,
11532,
6935,
316,
1898,
16,
7687,
5221,
8930,
375,
912,
292,
2146,
3277,
2359,
687,
2146,
1866,
18,
450,
456,
1731,
16,
1459,
341,
3456,
281,
710,
289,
424,
8930,
427,
5842,
17,
72,
1455,
2419,
16,
659,
352,
4059,
291,
2399,
7266,
16,
1020,
874,
265,
673,
424,
2114,
4905,
18,
203,
23,
18,
22,
7029,
292,
3536,
4280,
9660,
203,
8679,
1578,
4797,
288,
1360,
292,
7683,
2671,
16,
7366,
381,
4905,
788,
327,
3886,
286,
9571,
18,
540,
966,
289,
1646,
2067,
2559,
261,
7683,
1944,
289,
1138,
16,
291,
8930,
356,
261,
3226,
2088,
289,
3307,
18,
5362,
3113,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
360,
424,
2114,
1138,
11532,
6935,
316,
1558,
292,
4918,
2146,
1866,
1020,
3539,
5901,
1138,
1506,
18,
203,
23,
18,
23,
450,
506,
401,
7145,
2058,
2862,
203,
6164,
337,
5824,
288,
6611,
1646,
2067,
361,
356,
363,
5588,
8380,
361,
1199,
3549,
4909,
265,
16,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
602,
648,
292,
327,
1797,
292,
2148,
268,
2161,
1138,
6395,
18,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
1153,
9317,
1608,
1138,
331,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
716,
6816,
291,
4282,
288,
3504,
9147,
71,
5133,
2227,
270,
6530,
2215,
17,
1389,
1325,
758,
18,
450,
456,
1731,
16,
362,
316,
1505,
292,
2869,
695,
17,
5279,
8930,
291,
669,
444,
3318,
1734,
1030,
292,
8052,
2156,
291,
4209,
18,
203,
24,
18,
11917,
475,
424,
5034,
4633,
2388,
70,
6612,
381,
450,
3220,
203,
39,
280,
71,
3939,
424,
1518,
4633,
7366,
381,
4905,
316,
261,
1821,
2483,
288,
7078,
268,
1328,
1944,
331,
4657,
2146,
1866,
18,
5383,
851,
1802,
292,
1119,
356,
5034,
280,
2172,
2371,
4065,
434,
381,
421,
38,
49,
54,
13,
291,
307,
6194,
11435,
4673,
6067,
593,
6935,
421,
56,
40,
9188,
802,
203,
24,
18,
21,
10933,
3939,
5034,
280,
2172,
2371,
4065,
434,
381,
421,
38,
49,
54,
13,
203,
61,
455,
391,
49,
54,
4080,
292,
268,
1289,
289,
6618,
424,
1073,
1470,
292,
1324,
2900,
3632,
1020,
430,
3061,
18,
553,
5483,
331,
1802,
659,
352,
4146,
16,
1722,
16,
4733,
16,
291,
2146,
18,
11917,
2165,
424,
391,
49,
54,
1956,
261,
4089,
1813,
292,
7782,
424,
2972,
2438,
1138,
1470,
18,
203,
24,
18,
22,
3439,
473,
673,
307,
6194,
11435,
4673,
6067,
593,
6935,
421,
56,
40,
9188,
13,
203,
61,
455,
307,
40,
9188,
8490,
268,
2972,
1289,
289,
6618,
337,
4107,
288,
261,
1196,
16,
2265,
636,
3060,
424,
391,
49,
54,
291,
1646,
2067,
966,
18,
994,
356,
1320,
2460,
346,
1721,
291,
926,
346,
301,
1608,
2049,
336,
375,
617,
7782,
424,
307,
40,
9188,
1585,
341,
268,
1009,
337,
1153,
18,
3126,
337,
437,
8856,
424,
307,
40,
9188,
16,
337,
375,
2747,
268,
2922,
1534,
10561,
4630,
297,
331,
2146,
1866,
18,
203,
25,
18,
7853,
268,
7817,
2388,
70,
6612,
381,
2955,
1243,
495,
203,
50,
329,
336,
337,
437,
8856,
424,
2972,
2438,
1534,
10561,
4905,
16,
337,
375,
2747,
268,
1328,
6729,
289,
8930,
1291,
336,
1534,
10561,
4385,
18,
365,
2922,
7366,
381,
6729,
4465,
341,
424,
2146,
1866,
3002,
16,
4185,
16,
291,
2067,
966,
18,
203,
25,
18,
21,
6638,
17,
39,
294,
70,
9872,
340,
331,
1206,
1069,
1475,
10780,
10717,
203,
48,
329,
17,
5619,
70,
8555,
16,
659,
352,
268,
839,
278,
1822,
300,
1859,
361,
1545,
8948,
1859,
16,
437,
6504,
6765,
331,
444,
1439,
292,
2101,
381,
3306,
2146,
1866,
18,
948,
8555,
4038,
88,
7366,
381,
4905,
292,
261,
1040,
1488,
6729,
289,
2972,
6618,
16,
2437,
1165,
687,
1474,
17,
1388,
7113,
1508,
502,
375,
327,
1783,
331,
1912,
17,
950,
2146,
1866,
16,
502,
602,
462,
327,
2742,
288,
268,
917,
1673,
291,
375,
327,
4079,
292,
478,
6817,
292,
18,
203,
25,
18,
22,
3536,
4280,
17,
39,
294,
70,
9872,
340,
331,
6378,
286,
10780,
10717,
203,
49,
370,
4280,
17,
5619,
70,
8555,
356,
261,
512,
5218,
1563,
292,
2146,
1866,
18,
900,
2437,
3820,
7687,
8930,
1291,
268,
1749,
289,
2553,
17,
5081,
9,
289,
2972,
6618,
18,
540,
1563,
2089,
331,
261,
7418,
2233,
289,
2334,
1020,
1356,
2352,
5138,
1138,
331,
2438,
1740,
18,
553,
6900,
10941,
2146,
1866,
291,
375,
327,
512,
2742,
288,
268,
917,
2085,
18,
203,
25,
18,
23,
3194,
17,
39,
294,
70,
9872,
340,
331,
9125,
7593,
361,
6767,
3549,
7642,
203,
37,
262,
7593,
361,
1578,
4797,
288,
6611,
1199,
3549,
2041,
602,
3145,
427,
6855,
261,
1797,
6729,
289,
8930,
636,
444,
1859,
18,
948,
8555,
970,
2341,
1291,
268,
1749,
289,
3039,
17,
4928,
9,
289,
2972,
6618,
16,
2352,
268,
1990,
3307,
331,
9780,
2671,
291,
5023,
2156,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
1459,
341,
5842,
17,
72,
1455,
8930,
291,
1833,
5221,
3318,
289,
1210,
1451,
10891,
291,
6654,
2334,
18,
203,
26,
18,
8306,
291,
1167,
9279,
352,
465,
8566,
203,
9076,
339,
337,
437,
3413,
424,
4388,
7366,
381,
4905,
16,
362,
316,
1821,
292,
2591,
424,
2674,
291,
804,
9277,
352,
1990,
18,
1368,
3303,
424,
2146,
16,
1073,
7108,
16,
291,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
375,
1153,
3435,
4102,
636,
268,
5377,
289,
424,
6196,
7366,
381,
4905,
18,
203,
26,
18,
21,
5129,
325,
1368,
583,
2073,
960,
2103,
203,
39,
625,
588,
1402,
7354,
424,
2674,
2089,
337,
292,
5992,
2026,
424,
6196,
7366,
381,
4905,
316,
2992,
4918,
424,
2146,
1866,
3002,
18,
4182,
261,
2847,
289,
424,
2146,
16,
1073,
7108,
16,
291,
723,
1703,
288,
1138,
1506,
361,
5215,
18,
540,
863,
513,
617,
337,
2423,
5374,
291,
804,
4443,
9277,
352,
2224,
18,
203,
26,
18,
22,
4007,
1167,
9279,
652,
7950,
341,
1401,
1339,
203,
38,
790,
341,
424,
2674,
16,
337,
602,
648,
292,
804,
9277,
292,
424,
7366,
381,
4905,
18,
829,
424,
2146,
1866,
471,
7093,
361,
337,
1432,
261,
2850,
289,
1138,
16,
2204,
361,
11924,
424,
7366,
381,
6729,
602,
327,
1990,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
804,
3000,
800,
9277,
291,
2591,
268,
1814,
292,
1530,
268,
1703,
4394,
360,
424,
3002,
291,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
27,
18,
4619,
2388,
70,
6612,
381,
8523,
291,
8299,
281,
203,
2895,
621,
7078,
268
] |
AC Vs MC Cable – What’s the Difference? If you’re new to the world of electrical cable, you may be confused as to the difference between AC and MC cables. This article will give you a clear understanding of these terms.
AC and MC cables have similar construction, but differ in terms of grounding features. MC has metal armor and a dedicated PVC jacket, while AC utilizes either a jacket combined with wire or thin strip as its grounding element.
AC Vs MC Cable
- Stands for “Armored Cable”
- Has two or more insulated conductors inside a flexible metal sheath
- Typically used for branch circuits, power distribution, and lighting
- Suitable for indoor and outdoor use
- Can be installed in wet and dry locations
- May require a separate grounding conductor
- More affordable than MC Cable
- Stands for “Metal-Clad Cable”
- Has two or more insulated conductors inside a spiral metal sheath
- Suitable for power and lighting circuits, feeders, and branch circuits
- Typically used in commercial, industrial, and residential settings
- More durable and resistant to damage than AC Cable
- Includes a grounding conductor for safety
- Suitable for indoor and outdoor use, but not in wet locations
- More expensive than AC Cable
In summary, AC Cable is a more affordable option used for power and lighting circuits, while MC Cable is more durable and suitable for a wider range of applications, but at a higher cost. Both types of cable can be used for indoor and outdoor installation, but their specific use may be limited depending on the location and installation requirements.
Ac Vs Mc Cable
When it comes to electrical power, two primary categories of cables exist: AC and MC. If you’re planning on upgrading your home’s electrical system, be aware of your cable options so you can make an informed decision.
Ac is the standard in most homes, but MC can have some advantages over AC. For one thing, it can be used in more places than ac and replace existing receptacles. Perhaps most impressively though, mc is water resistant – capable of withstanding more liquid damage than standard ac cables can.
MMC cable offers several advantages over its AC counterparts, the primary being its affordability. Not only that, but it can be installed quickly while still offering maximum protection from elements. And last but not least, its longevity will reduce energy bills over time – making mc cable an excellent choice for home renovation or addition projects.
AC Vs MC Cable-Is AC and MC cable the same?
Both AC and MC cable are metal-clad wires with individually insulated conductors. These cables can be utilized in both residential and commercial electrical applications.
In general, MC and Romex cables tend to be less vulnerable to damage than non-metallic (NM) cables. Furthermore, these types of cables offer more protection from environmental elements and pests that could otherwise lead to degradation over time.
MC cables differ from NM wires in that they are shielded by a jacket that insulates each individual insulated conductor, making them less vulnerable to shearing or penetration damage.
Another distinction between MC and Romex cables is that MC cables can be installed indoors and outdoors; however, the NEC states that MC cables should not be exposed to damp environments.
AC Vs MC Cable-What is type AC cable used for?
Cables are widely used in electrical applications. At their core, they all provide a path for alternating current of electric energy to flow. AC power cords, for instance, carry either 230V or 120V AC from an electrical supply directly into an appliance or piece of equipment.
AC power cords typically consist of a live wire that supplies current to an appliance, and an earth wire returning it to a busbar or ground-connected distribution box. This enables electricity to circulate throughout both the appliance and building’s electrical system, enabling it to function optimally.
When designing a cord for an application, the composition of its conductor and insulation will differ. Operating voltage, current-carrying capacity and environmental conditions all factor into the design of the cord.
The NEC Chapter Three describes various wiring methods, such as armored cable (Type AC), metal-clad cable (Type MC), nonmetallic-sheathed cable (Types NM and NMC), power and control tray cable (Type TC), and service entrance cable (Type SE). All these cable types have specific definitions within the Code so it’s essential to be familiar with what each means.
Can MC cable be used in residential?
Romex cable can be run indoors in some circumstances without the need for a conduit, however it does not provide the same level of protection as MC cable. Furthermore, Romex is susceptible to damage from pests, heat and moisture – so never use it outdoors or for industrial or commercial applications.
MC cables, on the other hand, feature built-in protection so they can be used indoors or outdoors without needing a conduit. Not only that but they’re often more economical than running wire through conduit and can save valuable labor hours as well.
When working with MC cable, it is essential to cut it gently in order to protect the armor on the conductors. For this task, an armored cable rotary cutter with a small cutting wheel powered by hand crank is ideal. Additionally, plastic anti-short bushings can be utilized as inexpensive ways of providing extra protection before being clamped into a connector.
What does AC cable stand for?
AC power is much easier to transport over long distances than DC without losing much energy, and it is more reliable and less prone to breakdown or malfunctioning than its DC counterpart.
AC cables are composed of copper conductors encased in cord covers and insulation. Furthermore, these cables feature an outer rubber or polymer jacket to provide extra protection.
Furthermore, the cord’s rated voltage is important as it determines its insulation thickness and current-carrying capacity. Furthermore, this determines which outer cable jacket type should be utilized.
Another essential feature of an AC cable is its ground wire. This wire connects the cord to ground, helping protect you from electrical shocks.
Where is MC cable not allowed?
Metal-clad (MC) cable is the backbone of electrical industry. Not only is this type of cable safe and efficient, but it can save you both time and money in the process.
MC cables are popular due to their flexibility; they can be buried underground or above ground without the need for a conduit, making installation much simpler. Furthermore, MC cables boast greater strength and versatility and can be used in an array of applications.
One of the most prevalent applications for MC cable is in commercial and apartment buildings. Not only does it look good, but it meets code requirements while saving money in the long run as well.
Romex cable, unlike MC cable which is banned for fire-resistive and non-combustible constructions, can safely be used in all buildings. Unfortunately, it’s not recommended for tall buildings due to a few safety concerns; most importantly that it could pose a hazard at height – something you definitely do not want!
Is MC cable acceptable for exterior use?
MC cables are metal-clad cables used for electrical installations. Builders often opt for these due to their speedy installation and lower material costs compared to conduit wiring options.
MC cable is usually factory assembled and composed of one or more insulated circuit conductors enclosed in either an armor of interlocking metal tape, a smooth metallic sheath, or both. It’s commonly used for commercial, industrial, and multi-residential construction projects.
Electrical wiring with this option is ideal for locations requiring extra protection from fire, vibration, pests and physical damage. Not only that but it has excellent moisture-proof properties as well – meaning it can be buried directly into the earth or concrete.
MC cables are commonly installed for service, feeder, and branch circuits in buildings and other structures. It can also be utilized in a variety of applications like parking deck and lot circuits, swimming pool motors, as well as other industrial needs.
Where should type AC cable not be used?
Most homes have at least one AC circuit, and chances are you’ve used it most of the time. Unfortunately, AC wiring is highly susceptible to electrical failure, so it’s essential that you take safety measures like installing a properly labeled surge protector at source of supply line and an overcurrent protection device on all branch circuits. NEC even created an online safety checklist for electricians and others involved with residential wiring installation or maintenance – plus check out their website for a comprehensive list of local codes and ordinances applicable in your area.
Property | MC Cable | AV Cable |
Full Form | Metal Clad Cable | Audio-Visual Cable |
Purpose | Used for power and lighting circuits | Used for audio and video signals |
Construction | Conductors enclosed in metal armor | Multiple conductors wrapped in insulation |
Conductors | Typically 2-4 conductors | Multiple conductors (audio and video signals) |
Shielding | May have an insulated ground wire for safety | Shielded to prevent interference |
Grounding | Ground wire included for safety | Ground wire may or may not be included |
Durability | Sturdy and durable for harsh environments | Lightweight and flexible |
Applications | Typically used in commercial or industrial | Used in home theater, gaming, and music systems |
Cost | More expensive than AV cable | Less expensive than MC cable |
In summary, MC Cable is typically used for power and lighting circuits in commercial or industrial settings, while AV Cable is used for audio and video signals in home theater, gaming, and music systems. MC Cable is more durable and expensive than AV Cable, but also has a ground wire for safety. AV Cable is less expensive and more lightweight, but shielded to prevent interference. | <urn:uuid:0d5c797f-24f7-4904-ab13-4be1cd499e07> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://conquerallelectrical.ca/ac-vs-mc-cable/ | 2024-02-22T18:43:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.923216 | 2,033 | 2.875 | 3 | [
3897,
720,
87,
383,
39,
351,
541,
796,
1021,
372,
87,
268,
4323,
3701,
35,
829,
337,
372,
267,
733,
292,
268,
887,
289,
3924,
8803,
16,
337,
602,
327,
11384,
352,
292,
268,
2921,
858,
5460,
291,
383,
39,
11074,
18,
540,
1989,
513,
1888,
337,
261,
1763,
1616,
289,
629,
2560,
18,
203,
3897,
291,
383,
39,
11074,
437,
1979,
3076,
16,
566,
728,
288,
2560,
289,
2107,
281,
2630,
18,
383,
39,
528,
3691,
3299,
283,
291,
261,
5312,
10875,
39,
577,
583,
364,
16,
1020,
5460,
2488,
2692,
2447,
261,
577,
583,
364,
5158,
360,
5112,
361,
5163,
9853,
352,
606,
2107,
281,
4156,
18,
203,
3897,
720,
87,
383,
39,
351,
541,
203,
17,
5524,
87,
331,
538,
8239,
81,
2723,
351,
541,
537,
203,
17,
402,
301,
881,
361,
512,
685,
3025,
2290,
909,
3004,
261,
6580,
3691,
1353,
749,
203,
17,
10640,
724,
331,
7457,
11147,
16,
1056,
4385,
16,
291,
6243,
203,
17,
343,
1946,
541,
331,
6905,
291,
6502,
666,
203,
17,
1680,
327,
6275,
288,
4996,
291,
2962,
5686,
203,
17,
2924,
1131,
261,
4514,
2107,
281,
2290,
441,
203,
17,
2376,
7718,
687,
383,
39,
351,
541,
203,
17,
5524,
87,
331,
538,
49,
364,
280,
17,
9362,
354,
351,
541,
537,
203,
17,
402,
301,
881,
361,
512,
685,
3025,
2290,
909,
3004,
261,
2887,
280,
3691,
1353,
749,
203,
17,
343,
1946,
541,
331,
1056,
291,
6243,
11147,
16,
2170,
332,
16,
291,
7457,
11147,
203,
17,
10640,
724,
288,
4082,
16,
3854,
16,
291,
8526,
4894,
203,
17,
2376,
9876,
291,
8451,
292,
2183,
687,
5460,
351,
541,
203,
17,
2965,
519,
4696,
261,
2107,
281,
2290,
441,
331,
2030,
203,
17,
343,
1946,
541,
331,
6905,
291,
6502,
666,
16,
566,
462,
288,
4996,
5686,
203,
17,
2376,
5016,
687,
5460,
351,
541,
203,
2983,
7648,
16,
5460,
351,
541,
316,
261,
512,
7718,
3465,
724,
331,
1056,
291,
6243,
11147,
16,
1020,
383,
39,
351,
541,
316,
512,
9876,
291,
4021,
331,
261,
7418,
1749,
289,
2391,
16,
566,
430,
261,
1797,
1923,
18,
4449,
1640,
289,
8803,
375,
327,
724,
331,
6905,
291,
6502,
6968,
16,
566,
444,
1430,
666,
602,
327,
3064,
3509,
341,
268,
3336,
291,
6968,
3091,
18,
203,
37,
71,
720,
87,
4852,
351,
541,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
3924,
1056,
16,
881,
2818,
6707,
289,
11074,
3953,
30,
5460,
291,
383,
39,
18,
829,
337,
372,
267,
3434,
341,
644,
4352,
281,
424,
1311,
372,
87,
3924,
892,
16,
327,
2337,
289,
424,
8803,
2772,
576,
337,
375,
804,
363,
4443,
2802,
18,
203,
37,
71,
316,
268,
2786,
288,
710,
3872,
16,
566,
383,
39,
375,
437,
579,
4576,
658,
5460,
18,
906,
597,
2810,
16,
362,
375,
327,
724,
288,
512,
3508,
687,
426,
291,
3987,
3614,
304,
1992,
7135,
18,
8663,
710,
498,
550,
2084,
1417,
16,
293,
71,
316,
770,
8451,
796,
5401,
289,
9697,
281,
512,
4907,
2183,
687,
2786,
426,
11074,
375,
18,
203,
49,
10993,
8803,
2767,
1520,
4576,
658,
606,
5460,
4459,
10818,
16,
268,
2818,
1018,
606,
5025,
1303,
18,
3217,
794,
336,
16,
566,
362,
375,
327,
6275,
2640,
1020,
1356,
4542,
5213,
2759,
427,
2880,
18,
1256,
1887,
566,
462,
2144,
16,
606,
10417,
513,
1590,
1138,
9013,
658,
669,
796,
1355,
293,
71,
8803,
363,
4139,
3185,
331,
1311,
304,
2179,
318,
361,
1879,
2830,
18,
203,
3897,
720,
87,
383,
39,
351,
541,
17,
7896,
5460,
291,
383,
39,
8803,
268,
1162,
35,
203,
38,
763,
5460,
291,
383,
39,
8803,
356,
3691,
17,
1215,
354,
11213,
360,
1045,
1141,
685,
3025,
2290,
909,
18,
948,
11074,
375,
327,
7673,
288,
1079,
8526,
291,
4082,
3924,
2391,
18,
203,
2983,
2177,
16,
383,
39,
291,
7552,
92,
11074,
3020,
292,
327,
1165,
5437,
292,
2183,
687,
1677,
17,
8517,
453,
300,
421,
50,
49,
13,
11074,
18,
4343,
16,
629,
1640,
289,
11074,
1529,
512,
2759,
427,
2100,
2880,
291,
6907,
336,
911,
5654,
912,
292,
10510,
658,
669,
18,
203,
10993,
11074,
728,
427,
465,
49,
11213,
288,
336,
502,
356,
11980,
286,
419,
261,
577,
583,
364,
336,
685,
9134,
1011,
1769,
685,
3025,
2290,
441,
16,
1355,
622,
1165,
5437,
292,
422,
8199,
361,
8641,
6639,
2183,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
10980,
858,
383,
39,
291,
7552,
92,
11074,
316,
336,
383,
39,
11074,
375,
327,
6275,
10402,
291,
9428,
31,
2281,
16,
268,
465,
4665,
2588,
336,
383,
39,
11074,
788,
462,
327,
4504,
292,
1560,
84,
4218,
18,
203,
3897,
720,
87,
383,
39,
351,
541,
17,
4688,
316,
1517,
5460,
8803,
724,
331,
35,
203,
39,
2813,
356,
4004,
724,
288,
3924,
2391,
18,
1545,
444,
4144,
16,
502,
516,
1153,
261,
2363,
331,
2726,
673,
1619,
289,
2297,
1138,
292,
1617,
18,
5460,
1056,
1109,
727,
16,
331,
3569,
16,
3375,
2447,
497,
2936,
58,
361,
10851,
58,
5460,
427,
363,
3924,
2744,
2978,
636,
363,
2769,
3275,
361,
4032,
289,
2857,
18,
203,
3897,
1056,
1109,
727,
2437,
3133,
289,
261,
2180,
5112,
336,
6454,
1619,
292,
363,
2769,
3275,
16,
291,
363,
3239,
5112,
11219,
362,
292,
261,
1253,
8569,
361,
2107,
17,
7525,
1113,
4385,
4001,
18,
540,
5212,
3666,
292,
1918,
2417,
2309,
1079,
268,
2769,
3275,
291,
1649,
372,
87,
3924,
892,
16,
6079,
362,
292,
1596,
2516,
523,
18,
203,
7508,
8397,
261,
8548,
331,
363,
2889,
16,
268,
5964,
289,
606,
2290,
441,
291,
8364,
513,
728,
18,
7788,
673,
5955,
16,
1619,
17,
5619,
1080,
281,
3493,
291,
2100,
1533,
516,
3488,
636,
268,
1019,
289,
268,
8548,
18,
203,
1461,
465,
4665,
8619,
8089,
6579,
1320,
276,
3407,
2222,
16,
659,
352,
3299,
2723,
8803,
421,
56,
1250,
73,
5460,
989,
3691,
17,
1215,
354,
8803,
421,
56,
1250,
73,
383,
39,
989,
1677,
8517,
453,
300,
17,
87,
781,
749,
286,
8803,
421,
56,
1250,
274,
465,
49,
291,
465,
10993,
989,
1056,
291,
1357,
432,
350,
8803,
421,
56,
1250,
73,
307,
39,
989,
291,
2468,
11354,
8803,
421,
56,
1250,
73,
343,
41,
802,
1771,
629,
8803,
1640,
437,
1430,
11748,
1291,
268,
8428,
576,
362,
372,
87,
1505,
292,
327,
4973,
360,
768,
1011,
1486,
18,
203,
39,
282,
383,
39,
8803,
327,
724,
288,
8526,
35,
203,
54,
436,
92,
8803,
375,
327,
1673,
10402,
288,
579,
5523,
1298,
268,
648,
331,
261,
1042,
1946,
16,
2281,
362,
1082,
462,
1153,
268,
1162,
966,
289,
2759,
352,
383,
39,
8803,
18,
4343,
16,
7552,
92,
316,
7977,
292,
2183,
427,
6907,
16,
2164,
291,
4886,
796,
576,
2270,
666,
362,
9428,
361,
331,
3854,
361,
4082,
2391,
18,
203,
10993,
11074,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
3810,
2825,
17,
263,
2759,
576,
502,
375,
327,
724,
10402,
361,
9428,
1298,
648,
281,
261,
1042,
1946,
18,
3217,
794,
336,
566,
502,
372,
267,
970,
512,
1458,
466,
687,
3876,
5112,
734,
1042,
1946,
291,
375,
3831,
3435,
3333,
2575,
352,
767,
18,
203,
7508,
1795,
360,
383,
39,
8803,
16,
362,
316,
1505,
292,
2333,
362,
11090,
288,
1544,
292,
2000,
268,
3299,
283,
341,
268,
2290,
909,
18,
906,
456,
3718,
16,
363,
3299,
2723,
8803,
4171,
556,
2333,
345,
360,
261,
1139,
4433,
7387,
10714,
419,
1129,
793,
1574,
316,
3890,
18,
2848,
16,
3411,
1743,
17,
2683,
442,
1253,
76,
762,
375,
327,
7673,
352,
288,
5580,
2201,
1714,
289,
2352,
3485,
2759,
1134,
1018,
551,
1705,
286,
636,
261,
1383,
5093,
18,
203,
4688,
1082,
5460,
8803,
1323,
331,
35,
203,
3897,
1056,
316,
1111,
3402,
292,
2799,
658,
917,
9896,
687,
8824,
1298,
8019,
1111,
1138,
16,
291,
362,
316,
512,
4715,
291,
1165,
8096,
292,
10669,
361,
293,
2380,
4268,
281,
687,
606,
8824,
4459,
8043,
18,
203,
3897,
11074,
356,
7686,
289,
6927,
2290,
909,
1593,
790,
288,
8548,
6420,
291,
8364,
18,
4343,
16,
629,
11074,
3810,
363,
7814,
9401,
361,
4806,
815,
577,
583,
364,
292,
1153,
3485,
2759,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
268,
8548,
372,
87,
384,
488,
5955,
316,
851,
352,
362,
10461,
606,
8364,
9950,
291,
1619,
17,
5619,
1080,
281,
3493,
18,
4343,
16,
456,
10461,
518,
7814,
8803,
577,
583,
364,
1517,
788,
327,
7673,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
1505,
3810,
289,
363,
5460,
8803,
316,
606,
2107,
5112,
18,
540,
5112,
11845,
268,
8548,
292,
2107,
16,
3763,
2000,
337,
427,
3924,
422,
4250,
18,
203,
2895,
387,
316,
383,
39,
8803,
462,
4034,
35,
203,
49,
364,
280,
17,
1215,
354,
421,
10993,
13,
8803,
316,
268,
1103,
11192,
289,
3924,
1997,
18,
3217,
794,
316,
456,
1517,
289,
8803,
1995,
291,
2632,
16,
566,
362,
375,
3831,
337,
1079,
669,
291,
2232,
288,
268,
833,
18,
203,
10993,
11074,
356,
2029,
1504,
292,
444,
5960,
31,
502,
375,
327,
9885,
9497,
361,
2159,
2107,
1298,
268,
648,
331,
261,
1042,
1946,
16,
1355,
6968,
1111,
4857,
265,
18,
4343,
16,
383,
39,
11074,
1337,
603,
2796,
2166,
291,
6747,
706,
291,
375,
327,
724,
288,
363,
7376,
289,
2391,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
710,
9168,
2391,
331,
383,
39,
8803,
316,
288,
4082,
291,
3158,
2927,
4189,
18,
3217,
794,
1082,
362,
1500,
1060,
16,
566,
362,
9295,
3230,
3091,
1020,
7629,
2232,
288,
268,
917,
1673,
352,
767,
18,
203,
54,
436,
92,
8803,
16,
9410,
383,
39,
8803,
518,
316,
3212,
2093,
331,
2551,
17,
379,
277,
656,
291,
1677,
17,
1896,
70,
310,
5785,
4211,
508,
16,
375,
6614,
327,
724,
288,
516,
4189,
18,
6555,
16,
362,
372,
87,
462,
3505,
331,
6741,
4189,
1504,
292,
261,
1374,
2030,
3529,
31,
710,
10307,
336,
362,
911,
7539,
261,
6649,
430,
4733,
796,
1890,
337,
8439,
565,
462,
1333,
5,
203,
7896,
383,
39,
8803,
10105,
331,
377,
5743,
666,
35,
203,
10993,
11074,
356,
3691,
17,
1215,
354,
11074,
724,
331,
3924,
2774,
500,
18,
3681,
585,
332,
970,
11733,
331,
629,
1504,
292,
444,
2999,
93,
6968,
291,
1898,
1193,
2762,
2973,
292,
1042,
1946,
276,
3407,
2772,
18,
203,
10993,
8803,
316,
1840,
10278,
8628,
6992,
291,
7686,
289,
597,
361,
512,
685,
3025,
5844,
2290,
909,
9268,
1485,
288,
2447,
363,
3299,
283,
289,
630,
80,
6523,
3691,
11001,
16,
261,
5036,
1757,
453,
300,
1353,
749,
16,
361,
1079,
18,
553,
372,
87,
3224,
724,
331,
4082,
16,
3854,
16,
291,
1726,
17,
379,
4847,
3076,
2830,
18,
203,
41,
611,
322,
466,
276,
3407,
360,
456,
3465,
316,
3890,
331,
5686,
8152,
3485,
2759,
427,
2551,
16,
4969,
318,
16,
6907,
291,
1646,
2183,
18,
3217,
794,
336,
566,
362,
528,
4139,
4886,
17,
9738,
3227,
352,
767,
796,
2442,
362,
375,
327,
9885,
2978,
636,
268,
3239,
361,
5462,
18,
203,
10993,
11074,
356,
3224,
6275,
331,
2468,
16,
2170,
265,
16,
291,
7457,
11147,
288,
4189,
291,
586,
3702,
18,
553,
375,
525,
327,
7673,
288,
261,
2233,
289,
2391,
730,
677,
505,
766,
79,
291,
1774,
11147,
16,
8389,
5870,
683,
909,
16,
352,
767,
352,
586,
3854,
1470,
18,
203,
2895,
387,
788,
1517,
5460,
8803,
462,
327,
724,
35,
203,
49,
511,
3872,
437,
430,
2144,
597,
5460,
5844,
16,
291,
6094,
356,
337,
372,
317,
724,
362,
710,
289,
268,
669,
18,
6555,
16,
5460,
276,
3407,
316,
2871,
7977,
292,
3924,
4396,
16,
576,
362,
372,
87,
1505,
336,
337,
1071,
2030,
2877,
730,
11261,
261,
3624,
6513,
286,
7154,
1142,
5093,
430,
2088,
289,
2744,
2137,
291,
363,
658,
71,
324,
1423,
2759,
3123,
341,
516,
7457,
11147,
18,
465,
4665,
919,
2370,
363,
2049,
2030,
2373,
11811,
331,
2297,
1825,
291,
1548,
2729,
360,
8526,
276,
3407,
6968,
361,
3809,
796,
8422,
2373,
628,
444,
3110,
331,
261,
3724,
2455,
289,
1683,
8638,
291,
4999,
263,
1427,
10511,
288,
424,
1494,
18,
203,
10651,
468,
562,
869,
383,
39,
351,
541,
869,
330,
58,
351,
541,
869,
203,
42,
1369,
6445,
869,
7468,
280,
1559,
354,
351,
541,
869,
9617,
981,
17,
58,
277,
800,
351,
541,
869,
203,
52,
324,
2536,
869,
2407,
286,
331,
1056,
291,
6243,
11147,
869,
2407,
286,
331,
7036,
291,
3191,
5518,
869,
203,
39,
625,
1948,
869,
1161,
534,
909,
9268,
1485,
288,
3691,
3299,
283
] |
Part of a series on |
Physical cosmology |
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. It was first proposed in 1927 by Roman Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaître. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale form. These models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and large-scale structure. The overall uniformity of the universe, known as the flatness problem, is explained through cosmic inflation: a sudden and very rapid expansion of space during the earliest moments. However, physics currently lacks a widely accepted theory of quantum gravity that can successfully model the earliest conditions of the Big Bang.
Crucially, these models are compatible with the Hubble–Lemaître law—the observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating this cosmic expansion backwards in time using the known laws of physics, the models describe an increasingly concentrated cosmos preceded by a singularity in which space and time lose meaning (typically named "the Big Bang singularity"). In 1964 the CMB was discovered, which convinced many cosmologists that the competing steady-state model of cosmic evolution was falsified, since the Big Bang models predict a uniform background radiation caused by high temperatures and densities in the distant past. A wide range of empirical evidence strongly favors the Big Bang event, which is now essentially universally accepted. Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang singularity at an estimated 13.787±0.020 billion years ago, which is considered the age of the universe.
There remain aspects of the observed universe that are not yet adequately explained by the Big Bang models. After its initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later atoms. The unequal abundances of matter and antimatter that allowed this to occur is an unexplained effect known as baryon asymmetry. These primordial elements—mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium—later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies. Astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang models and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to an unexplained phenomenon known as dark energy.
Features of the models
The Big Bang models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundances of the light elements, the CMB, large-scale structure, and Hubble's law. The models depend on two major assumptions: the universality of physical laws and the cosmological principle. The universality of physical laws is one of the underlying principles of the theory of relativity. The cosmological principle states that on large scales the universe is homogeneous and isotropic—appearing the same in all directions regardless of location.
These ideas were initially taken as postulates, but later efforts were made to test each of them. For example, the first assumption has been tested by observations showing that the largest possible deviation of the fine-structure constant over much of the age of the universe is of order 10−5. Also, general relativity has passed stringent tests on the scale of the Solar System and binary stars.
The large-scale universe appears isotropic as viewed from Earth. If it is indeed isotropic, the cosmological principle can be derived from the simpler Copernican principle, which states that there is no preferred (or special) observer or vantage point. To this end, the cosmological principle has been confirmed to a level of 10−5 via observations of the temperature of the CMB. At the scale of the CMB horizon, the universe has been measured to be homogeneous with an upper bound on the order of 10% inhomogeneity, as of 1995.
An important feature of the Big Bang spacetime is the presence of particle horizons. Since the universe has a finite age, and light travels at a finite speed, there may be events in the past whose light has not yet had time to reach earth. This places a limit or a past horizon on the most distant objects that can be observed. Conversely, because space is expanding, and more distant objects are receding ever more quickly, light emitted by us today may never "catch up" to very distant objects. This defines a future horizon, which limits the events in the future that we will be able to influence. The presence of either type of horizon depends on the details of the FLRW model that describes our universe.
Our understanding of the universe back to very early times suggests that there is a past horizon, though in practice our view is also limited by the opacity of the universe at early times. So our view cannot extend further backward in time, though the horizon recedes in space. If the expansion of the universe continues to accelerate, there is a future horizon as well.
Some processes in the early universe occurred too slowly, compared to the expansion rate of the universe, to reach approximate thermodynamic equilibrium. Others were fast enough to reach thermalization. The parameter usually used to find out whether a process in the very early universe has reached thermal equilibrium is the ratio between the rate of the process (usually rate of collisions between particles) and the Hubble parameter. The larger the ratio, the more time particles had to thermalize before they were too far away from each other.
According to the Big Bang models, the universe at the beginning was very hot and very compact, and since then it has been expanding and cooling.
Extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This irregular behavior, known as the gravitational singularity, indicates that general relativity is not an adequate description of the laws of physics in this regime. Models based on general relativity alone cannot fully extrapolate toward the singularity. In some proposals, such as the emergent Universe models, the singularity is replaced by another cosmological epoch. A different approach identifies the initial singularity as a singularity predicted by some models of the Big Bang theory to have existed before the Big Bang.[clarification needed]
This primordial singularity is itself sometimes called "the Big Bang", but the term can also refer to a more generic early hot, dense phase of the universe. In either case, "the Big Bang" as an event is also colloquially referred to as the "birth" of our universe since it represents the point in history where the universe can be verified to have entered into a regime where the laws of physics as we understand them (specifically general relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics) work. Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae and measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, the time that has passed since that event—known as the "age of the universe"—is 13.8 billion years.
Despite being extremely dense at this time—far denser than is usually required to form a black hole—the universe did not re-collapse into a singularity. Commonly used calculations and limits for explaining gravitational collapse are usually based upon objects of relatively constant size, such as stars, and do not apply to rapidly expanding space such as the Big Bang. Since the early universe did not immediately collapse into a multitude of black holes, matter at that time must have been very evenly distributed with a negligible density gradient.
Inflation and baryogenesis
The earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation, since astronomical data about them are not available. In the most common models the universe was filled homogeneously and isotropically with a very high energy density and huge temperatures and pressures, and was very rapidly expanding and cooling. The period up to 10−43 seconds into the expansion, the Planck epoch, was a phase in which the four fundamental forces—the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the gravitational force, were unified as one. In this stage, the characteristic scale length of the universe was the Planck length, 1.6×10−35 m, and consequently had a temperature of approximately 1032 degrees Celsius. Even the very concept of a particle breaks down in these conditions. A proper understanding of this period awaits the development of a theory of quantum gravity. The Planck epoch was succeeded by the grand unification epoch beginning at 10−43 seconds, where gravitation separated from the other forces as the universe's temperature fell.
At approximately 10−37 seconds into the expansion, a phase transition caused a cosmic inflation, during which the universe grew exponentially, unconstrained by the light speed invariance, and temperatures dropped by a factor of 100,000. This concept is motivated by the flatness problem, where the density of matter and energy is very close to the critical density needed to produce a flat universe. That is, the shape of the universe has no overall geometric curvature due to gravitational influence. Microscopic quantum fluctuations that occurred because of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle were "frozen in" by inflation, becoming amplified into the seeds that would later form the large-scale structure of the universe. At a time around 10−36 seconds, the electroweak epoch begins when the strong nuclear force separates from the other forces, with only the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force remaining unified.
Inflation stopped locally at around 10−33 to 10−32 seconds, with the observable universe's volume having increased by a factor of at least 1078. Reheating occurred until the universe obtained the temperatures required for the production of a quark–gluon plasma as well as all other elementary particles. Temperatures were so high that the random motions of particles were at relativistic speeds, and particle–antiparticle pairs of all kinds were being continuously created and destroyed in collisions. At some point, an unknown reaction called baryogenesis violated the conservation of baryon number, leading to a very small excess of quarks and leptons over antiquarks and antileptons—of the order of one part in 30 million. This resulted in the predominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe.
The universe continued to decrease in density and fall in temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was decreasing. Symmetry-breaking phase transitions put the fundamental forces of physics and the parameters of elementary particles into their present form, with the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force separating at about 10−12 seconds.
After about 10−11 seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle accelerators. At about 10−6 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to form baryons such as protons and neutrons. The small excess of quarks over antiquarks led to a small excess of baryons over antibaryons. The temperature was no longer high enough to create either new proton–antiproton or neutron–antineutron pairs. A mass annihilation immediately followed, leaving just one in 108 of the original matter particles and none of their antiparticles. A similar process happened at about 1 second for electrons and positrons. After these annihilations, the remaining protons, neutrons and electrons were no longer moving relativistically and the energy density of the universe was dominated by photons (with a minor contribution from neutrinos).
A few minutes into the expansion, when the temperature was about a billion kelvin and the density of matter in the universe was comparable to the current density of Earth's atmosphere, neutrons combined with protons to form the universe's deuterium and helium nuclei in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Most protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei.
As the universe cooled, the rest energy density of matter came to gravitationally dominate that of the photon radiation. After about 379,000 years, the electrons and nuclei combined into atoms (mostly hydrogen), which were able to emit radiation. This relic radiation, which continued through space largely unimpeded, is known as the cosmic microwave background.
Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today. The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the universe. The four possible types of matter are known as cold dark matter (CDM), warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter. The best measurements available, from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold. (Warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization.) This CDM is estimated to make up about 23% of the matter/energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4.6%.
In an "extended model" which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then the "physical baryon density" is estimated at 0.023. (This is different from the 'baryon density' expressed as a fraction of the total matter/energy density, which is about 0.046.) The corresponding cold dark matter density is about 0.11, and the corresponding neutrino density is estimated to be less than 0.0062.
Independent lines of evidence from Type Ia supernovae and the CMB imply that the universe today is dominated by a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy, which appears to homogeneously permeate all of space. Observations suggest that 73% of the total energy density of the present day universe is in this form. When the universe was very young it was likely infused with dark energy, but with everything closer together, gravity predominated, braking the expansion. Eventually, after billions of years of expansion, the declining density of matter relative to the density of dark energy allowed the expansion of the universe to begin to accelerate.
Dark energy in its simplest formulation is modeled by a cosmological constant term in Einstein field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown. More generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both through observation and theory.
All of this cosmic evolution after the inflationary epoch can be rigorously described and modeled by the lambda-CDM model of cosmology, which uses the independent frameworks of quantum mechanics and general relativity. There are no easily testable models that would describe the situation prior to approximately 10−15 seconds. Understanding this earliest of eras in the history of the universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.
English astronomer Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term "Big Bang" during a talk for a March 1949 BBC Radio broadcast, saying: "These theories were based on the hypothesis that all the matter in the universe was created in one big bang at a particular time in the remote past." However, it did not catch on until the 1970s.
It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady-state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. Helge Kragh writes that the evidence for the claim that it was meant as a pejorative is "unconvincing", and mentions a number of indications that it was not a pejorative.
The term itself has been argued to be a misnomer because it evokes an explosion. The argument is that whereas an explosion suggests expansion into a surrounding space, the Big Bang only describes the intrinsic expansion of the contents of the universe. Another issue pointed out by Santhosh Mathew is that bang implies sound, which is not an important feature of the model. An attempt to find a more suitable alternative was not successful.
The Big Bang models developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a "spiral nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this fact, and indeed at the time it was highly controversial whether or not these nebulae were "island universes" outside our Milky Way. Ten years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from the Einstein field equations, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model advocated by Albert Einstein at that time.
In 1924, American astronomer Edwin Hubble's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies. Starting that same year, Hubble painstakingly developed a series of distance indicators, the forerunner of the cosmic distance ladder, using the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. This allowed him to estimate distances to galaxies whose redshifts had already been measured, mostly by Slipher. In 1929, Hubble discovered a correlation between distance and recessional velocity—now known as Hubble's law.
Independently deriving Friedmann's equations in 1927, Georges Lemaître, a Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic priest, proposed that the recession of the nebulae was due to the expansion of the universe. He inferred the relation that Hubble would later observe, given the cosmological principle. In 1931, Lemaître went further and suggested that the evident expansion of the universe, if projected back in time, meant that the further in the past the smaller the universe was, until at some finite time in the past all the mass of the universe was concentrated into a single point, a "primeval atom" where and when the fabric of time and space came into existence.
In the 1920s and 1930s, almost every major cosmologist preferred an eternal steady-state universe, and several complained that the beginning of time implied by the Big Bang imported religious concepts into physics; this objection was later repeated by supporters of the steady-state theory. This perception was enhanced by the fact that the originator of the Big Bang concept, Lemaître, was a Roman Catholic priest. Arthur Eddington agreed with Aristotle that the universe did not have a beginning in time, viz., that matter is eternal. A beginning in time was "repugnant" to him. Lemaître, however, disagreed:
If the world has begun with a single quantum, the notions of space and time would altogether fail to have any meaning at the beginning; they would only begin to have a sensible meaning when the original quantum had been divided into a sufficient number of quanta. If this suggestion is correct, the beginning of the world happened a little before the beginning of space and time.
During the 1930s, other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory universe (originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Albert Einstein and Richard C. Tolman) and Fritz Zwicky's tired light hypothesis.
After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over steady state. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe.
In 1968 and 1970, Roger Penrose, Stephen Hawking, and George F. R. Ellis published papers where they showed that mathematical singularities were an inevitable initial condition of relativistic models of the Big Bang. Then, from the 1970s to the 1990s, cosmologists worked on characterizing the features of the Big Bang universe and resolving outstanding problems. In 1981, Alan Guth made a breakthrough in theoretical work on resolving certain outstanding theoretical problems in the Big Bang models with the introduction of an epoch of rapid expansion in the early universe he called "inflation". Meanwhile, during these decades, two questions in observational cosmology that generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the Hubble Constant and the matter-density of the universe (before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe).
In the mid-1990s, observations of certain globular clusters appeared to indicate that they were about 15 billion years old, which conflicted with most then-current estimates of the age of the universe (and indeed with the age measured today). This issue was later resolved when new computer simulations, which included the effects of mass loss due to stellar winds, indicated a much younger age for globular clusters.
Significant progress in Big Bang cosmology has been made since the late 1990s as a result of advances in telescope technology as well as the analysis of data from satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP. Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating.
"[The] big bang picture is too firmly grounded in data from every area to be proved invalid in its general features."
The earliest and most direct observational evidence of the validity of the theory are the expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law (as indicated by the redshifts of galaxies), discovery and measurement of the cosmic microwave background and the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). More recent evidence includes observations of galaxy formation and evolution, and the distribution of large-scale cosmic structures, These are sometimes called the "four pillars" of the Big Bang models.
Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics. Of these features, dark matter is currently the subject of most active laboratory investigations. Remaining issues include the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter. Dark energy is also an area of intense interest for scientists, but it is not clear whether direct detection of dark energy will be possible. Inflation and baryogenesis remain more speculative features of current Big Bang models. Viable, quantitative explanations for such phenomena are still being sought. These are unsolved problems in physics.
Hubble's law and the expansion of the universe
Observations of distant galaxies and quasars show that these objects are redshifted: the light emitted from them has been shifted to longer wavelengths. This can be seen by taking a frequency spectrum of an object and matching the spectroscopic pattern of emission or absorption lines corresponding to atoms of the chemical elements interacting with the light. These redshifts are uniformly isotropic, distributed evenly among the observed objects in all directions. If the redshift is interpreted as a Doppler shift, the recessional velocity of the object can be calculated. For some galaxies, it is possible to estimate distances via the cosmic distance ladder. When the recessional velocities are plotted against these distances, a linear relationship known as Hubble's law is observed: where
- is the recessional velocity of the galaxy or other distant object,
- is the proper distance to the object, and
- is Hubble's constant, measured to be 70.4+1.3
−1.4 km/s/Mpc by the WMAP.
Hubble's law implies that the universe is uniformly expanding everywhere. This cosmic expansion was predicted from general relativity by Friedmann in 1922 and Lemaître in 1927, well before Hubble made his 1929 analysis and observations, and it remains the cornerstone of the Big Bang model as developed by Friedmann, Lemaître, Robertson, and Walker.
The theory requires the relation to hold at all times, where is the proper distance, v is the recessional velocity, and , , and vary as the universe expands (hence we write to denote the present-day Hubble "constant"). For distances much smaller than the size of the observable universe, the Hubble redshift can be thought of as the Doppler shift corresponding to the recession velocity . For distances comparable to the size of the observable universe, the attribution of the cosmological redshift becomes more ambiguous, although its interpretation as a kinematic Doppler shift remains the most natural one.
An unexplained discrepancy with the determination of the Hubble constant is known as Hubble tension. Techniques based on observation of the CMB suggest a lower value of this constant compared to the quantity derived from measurements based on the cosmic distance ladder.
Cosmic microwave background radiation
In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously discovered the cosmic background radiation, an omnidirectional signal in the microwave band. Their discovery provided substantial confirmation of the big-bang predictions by Alpher, Herman and Gamow around 1950. Through the 1970s, the radiation was found to be approximately consistent with a blackbody spectrum in all directions; this spectrum has been redshifted by the expansion of the universe, and today corresponds to approximately 2.725 K. This tipped the balance of evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, and Penzias and Wilson were awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics.
The surface of last scattering corresponding to emission of the CMB occurs shortly after recombination, the epoch when neutral hydrogen becomes stable. Prior to this, the universe comprised a hot dense photon-baryon plasma sea where photons were quickly scattered from free charged particles. Peaking at around 372±14 kyr, the mean free path for a photon becomes long enough to reach the present day and the universe becomes transparent.
In 1989, NASA launched COBE, which made two major advances: in 1990, high-precision spectrum measurements showed that the CMB frequency spectrum is an almost perfect blackbody with no deviations at a level of 1 part in 104, and measured a residual temperature of 2.726 K (more recent measurements have revised this figure down slightly to 2.7255 K); then in 1992, further COBE measurements discovered tiny fluctuations (anisotropies) in the CMB temperature across the sky, at a level of about one part in 105. John C. Mather and George Smoot were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for their leadership in these results.
During the following decade, CMB anisotropies were further investigated by a large number of ground-based and balloon experiments. In 2000–2001, several experiments, most notably BOOMERanG, found the shape of the universe to be spatially almost flat by measuring the typical angular size (the size on the sky) of the anisotropies.
In early 2003, the first results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe were released, yielding what were at the time the most accurate values for some of the cosmological parameters. The results disproved several specific cosmic inflation models, but are consistent with the inflation theory in general. The Planck space probe was launched in May 2009. Other ground and balloon-based cosmic microwave background experiments are ongoing.
Abundance of primordial elements
Using Big Bang models, it is possible to calculate the expected concentration of the isotopes helium-4 (4He), helium-3 (3He), deuterium (2H), and lithium-7 (7Li) in the universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen. The relative abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons. This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations. The ratios predicted (by mass, not by abundance) are about 0.25 for 4He:H, about 10−3 for 2H:H, about 10−4 for 3He:H, and about 10−9 for 7Li:H.
The measured abundances all agree at least roughly with those predicted from a single value of the baryon-to-photon ratio. The agreement is excellent for deuterium, close but formally discrepant for 4He, and off by a factor of two for 7Li (this anomaly is known as the cosmological lithium problem); in the latter two cases, there are substantial systematic uncertainties. Nonetheless, the general consistency with abundances predicted by BBN is strong evidence for the Big Bang, as the theory is the only known explanation for the relative abundances of light elements, and it is virtually impossible to "tune" the Big Bang to produce much more or less than 20–30% helium. Indeed, there is no obvious reason outside of the Big Bang that, for example, the young universe before star formation, as determined by studying matter supposedly free of stellar nucleosynthesis products, should have more helium than deuterium or more deuterium than 3He, and in constant ratios, too.: 182–185
Galactic evolution and distribution
Detailed observations of the morphology and distribution of galaxies and quasars are in agreement with the current Big Bang models. A combination of observations and theory suggest that the first quasars and galaxies formed within a billion years after the Big Bang, and since then, larger structures have been forming, such as galaxy clusters and superclusters.
Populations of stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state). Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently, appear markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong arguments against the steady-state model. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory.
Primordial gas clouds
In 2011, astronomers found what they believe to be pristine clouds of primordial gas by analyzing absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars. Before this discovery, all other astronomical objects have been observed to contain heavy elements that are formed in stars. Despite being sensitive to carbon, oxygen, and silicon, these three elements were not detected in these two clouds. Since the clouds of gas have no detectable levels of heavy elements, they likely formed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang, during BBN.
Other lines of evidence
The age of the universe as estimated from the Hubble expansion and the CMB is now in agreement with other estimates using the ages of the oldest stars, both as measured by applying the theory of stellar evolution to globular clusters and through radiometric dating of individual Population II stars. It is also in agreement with age estimates based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae and measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background. The agreement of independent measurements of this age supports the Lambda-CDM (ΛCDM) model, since the model is used to relate some of the measurements to an age estimate, and all estimates turn agree. Still, some observations of objects from the relatively early universe (in particular quasar APM 08279+5255) raise concern as to whether these objects had enough time to form so early in the ΛCDM model.
The prediction that the CMB temperature was higher in the past has been experimentally supported by observations of very low temperature absorption lines in gas clouds at high redshift. This prediction also implies that the amplitude of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies does not depend directly on redshift. Observations have found this to be roughly true, but this effect depends on cluster properties that do change with cosmic time, making precise measurements difficult.
As with any theory, a number of mysteries and problems have arisen as a result of the development of the Big Bang models. Some of these mysteries and problems have been resolved while others are still outstanding. Proposed solutions to some of the problems in the Big Bang model have revealed new mysteries of their own. For example, the horizon problem, the magnetic monopole problem, and the flatness problem are most commonly resolved with inflation theory, but the details of the inflationary universe are still left unresolved and many, including some founders of the theory, say it has been disproven. What follows are a list of the mysterious aspects of the Big Bang concept still under intense investigation by cosmologists and astrophysicists.
It is not yet understood why the universe has more matter than antimatter. It is generally assumed that when the universe was young and very hot it was in statistical equilibrium and contained equal numbers of baryons and antibaryons. However, observations suggest that the universe, including its most distant parts, is made almost entirely of normal matter, rather than antimatter. A process called baryogenesis was hypothesized to account for the asymmetry. For baryogenesis to occur, the Sakharov conditions must be satisfied. These require that baryon number is not conserved, that C-symmetry and CP-symmetry are violated and that the universe depart from thermodynamic equilibrium. All these conditions occur in the Standard Model, but the effects are not strong enough to explain the present baryon asymmetry.
Measurements of the redshift–magnitude relation for type Ia supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating since the universe was about half its present age. To explain this acceleration, general relativity requires that much of the energy in the universe consists of a component with large negative pressure, dubbed "dark energy".
Dark energy, though speculative, solves numerous problems. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background indicate that the universe is very nearly spatially flat, and therefore according to general relativity the universe must have almost exactly the critical density of mass/energy. But the mass density of the universe can be measured from its gravitational clustering, and is found to have only about 30% of the critical density. Since theory suggests that dark energy does not cluster in the usual way it is the best explanation for the "missing" energy density. Dark energy also helps to explain two geometrical measures of the overall curvature of the universe, one using the frequency of gravitational lenses, and the other using the characteristic pattern of the large-scale structure--baryon acoustic oscillations--as a cosmic ruler.
Negative pressure is believed to be a property of vacuum energy, but the exact nature and existence of dark energy remains one of the great mysteries of the Big Bang. Results from the WMAP team in 2008 are in accordance with a universe that consists of 73% dark energy, 23% dark matter, 4.6% regular matter and less than 1% neutrinos. According to theory, the energy density in matter decreases with the expansion of the universe, but the dark energy density remains constant (or nearly so) as the universe expands. Therefore, matter made up a larger fraction of the total energy of the universe in the past than it does today, but its fractional contribution will fall in the far future as dark energy becomes even more dominant.
The dark energy component of the universe has been explained by theorists using a variety of competing theories including Einstein's cosmological constant but also extending to more exotic forms of quintessence or other modified gravity schemes. A cosmological constant problem, sometimes called the "most embarrassing problem in physics", results from the apparent discrepancy between the measured energy density of dark energy, and the one naively predicted from Planck units.
During the 1970s and the 1980s, various observations showed that there is not sufficient visible matter in the universe to account for the apparent strength of gravitational forces within and between galaxies. This led to the idea that up to 90% of the matter in the universe is dark matter that does not emit light or interact with normal baryonic matter. In addition, the assumption that the universe is mostly normal matter led to predictions that were strongly inconsistent with observations. In particular, the universe today is far more lumpy and contains far less deuterium than can be accounted for without dark matter. While dark matter has always been controversial, it is inferred by various observations: the anisotropies in the CMB, galaxy cluster velocity dispersions, large-scale structure distributions, gravitational lensing studies, and X-ray measurements of galaxy clusters.
Indirect evidence for dark matter comes from its gravitational influence on other matter, as no dark matter particles have been observed in laboratories. Many particle physics candidates for dark matter have been proposed, and several projects to detect them directly are underway.
Additionally, there are outstanding problems associated with the currently favored cold dark matter model which include the dwarf galaxy problem and the cuspy halo problem. Alternative theories have been proposed that do not require a large amount of undetected matter, but instead modify the laws of gravity established by Newton and Einstein; yet no alternative theory has been as successful as the cold dark matter proposal in explaining all extant observations.
The horizon problem results from the premise that information cannot travel faster than light. In a universe of finite age this sets a limit—the particle horizon—on the separation of any two regions of space that are in causal contact. The observed isotropy of the CMB is problematic in this regard: if the universe had been dominated by radiation or matter at all times up to the epoch of last scattering, the particle horizon at that time would correspond to about 2 degrees on the sky. There would then be no mechanism to cause wider regions to have the same temperature.: 191–202
A resolution to this apparent inconsistency is offered by inflation theory in which a homogeneous and isotropic scalar energy field dominates the universe at some very early period (before baryogenesis). During inflation, the universe undergoes exponential expansion, and the particle horizon expands much more rapidly than previously assumed, so that regions presently on opposite sides of the observable universe are well inside each other's particle horizon. The observed isotropy of the CMB then follows from the fact that this larger region was in causal contact before the beginning of inflation.: 180–186
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle predicts that during the inflationary phase there would be quantum thermal fluctuations, which would be magnified to a cosmic scale. These fluctuations served as the seeds for all the current structures in the universe.: 207 Inflation predicts that the primordial fluctuations are nearly scale invariant and Gaussian, which has been confirmed by measurements of the CMB.: sec 6
A related issue to the classic horizon problem arises because in most standard cosmological inflation models, inflation ceases well before electroweak symmetry breaking occurs, so inflation should not be able to prevent large-scale discontinuities in the electroweak vacuum since distant parts of the observable universe were causally separate when the electroweak epoch ended.
The magnetic monopole objection was raised in the late 1970s. Grand unified theories (GUTs) predicted topological defects in space that would manifest as magnetic monopoles. These objects would be produced efficiently in the hot early universe, resulting in a density much higher than is consistent with observations, given that no monopoles have been found. This problem is resolved by cosmic inflation, which removes all point defects from the observable universe, in the same way that it drives the geometry to flatness.
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a FLRW. The universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. Curvature is negative if its density is less than the critical density; positive if greater; and zero at the critical density, in which case space is said to be flat. Observations indicate the universe is consistent with being flat.
The problem is that any small departure from the critical density grows with time, and yet the universe today remains very close to flat. Given that a natural timescale for departure from flatness might be the Planck time, 10−43 seconds, the fact that the universe has reached neither a heat death nor a Big Crunch after billions of years requires an explanation. For instance, even at the relatively late age of a few minutes (the time of nucleosynthesis), the density of the universe must have been within one part in 1014 of its critical value, or it would not exist as it does today.
One of the common misconceptions about the Big Bang model is that it fully explains the origin of the universe. However, the Big Bang model does not describe how energy, time, and space were caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state. It is misleading to visualize the Big Bang by comparing its size to everyday objects. When the size of the universe at Big Bang is described, it refers to the size of the observable universe, and not the entire universe.
Another common misconception is that the Big Bang must be understood as the expansion of space and not in terms of the contents of space exploding apart. In fact, either description can be accurate. The expansion of space (implied by the FLRW metric) is only a mathematical convention, corresponding to a choice of coordinates on spacetime. There is no generally covariant sense in which space expands.
The recession speeds associated with Hubble's law are not velocities in a relativistic sense (for example, they are not related to the spatial components of 4-velocities). Therefore, it is not remarkable that according to Hubble's law, galaxies farther than the Hubble distance recede faster than the speed of light. Such recession speeds do not correspond to faster-than-light travel.
Many popular accounts attribute the cosmological redshift to the expansion of space. This can be misleading because the expansion of space is only a coordinate choice. The most natural interpretation of the cosmological redshift is that it is a Doppler shift.
Given current understanding, scientific extrapolations about the future of the universe are only possible for finite durations, albeit for much longer periods than the current age of the universe. Anything beyond that becomes increasingly speculative. Likewise, at present, a proper understanding of the origin of the universe can only be subject to conjecture.
Pre–Big Bang cosmology
The Big Bang explains the evolution of the universe from a starting density and temperature that is well beyond humanity's capability to replicate, so extrapolations to the most extreme conditions and earliest times are necessarily more speculative. Lemaître called this initial state the "primeval atom" while Gamow called the material "ylem". How the initial state of the universe originated is still an open question, but the Big Bang model does constrain some of its characteristics. For example, if specific laws of nature were to come to existence in a random way, inflation models show, some combinations of these are far more probable, partly explaining why our Universe is rather stable. Another possible explanation for the stability of the Universe could be a hypothetical multiverse, which assumes every possible universe to exist, and thinking species could only emerge in those stable enough. A flat universe implies a balance between gravitational potential energy and other energy forms, requiring no additional energy to be created.
The Big Bang theory, built upon the equations of classical general relativity, indicates a singularity at the origin of cosmic time, and such an infinite energy density may be a physical impossibility. However, the physical theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics as currently realized are not applicable before the Planck epoch, and correcting this will require the development of a correct treatment of quantum gravity. Certain quantum gravity treatments, such as the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, imply that time itself could be an emergent property. As such, physics may conclude that time did not exist before the Big Bang.
While it is not known what could have preceded the hot dense state of the early universe or how and why it originated, or even whether such questions are sensible, speculation abounds on the subject of "cosmogony".
Some speculative proposals in this regard, each of which entails untested hypotheses, are:
- The simplest models, in which the Big Bang was caused by quantum fluctuations. That scenario had very little chance of happening, but, according to the totalitarian principle, even the most improbable event will eventually happen. It took place instantly, in our perspective, due to the absence of perceived time before the Big Bang.
- Emergent Universe models, which feature a low-activity past-eternal era before the Big Bang, resembling ancient ideas of a cosmic egg and birth of the world out of primordial chaos.
- Models in which the whole of spacetime is finite, including the Hartle–Hawking no-boundary condition. For these cases, the Big Bang does represent the limit of time but without a singularity. In such a case, the universe is self-sufficient.
- Brane cosmology models, in which inflation is due to the movement of branes in string theory; the pre-Big Bang model; the ekpyrotic model, in which the Big Bang is the result of a collision between branes; and the cyclic model, a variant of the ekpyrotic model in which collisions occur periodically. In the latter model the Big Bang was preceded by a Big Crunch and the universe cycles from one process to the other.
- Eternal inflation, in which universal inflation ends locally here and there in a random fashion, each end-point leading to a bubble universe, expanding from its own big bang.
Ultimate fate of the universe
Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the universe. If the mass density of the universe were greater than the critical density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it started—a Big Crunch.
Alternatively, if the density in the universe were equal to or below the critical density, the expansion would slow down but never stop. Star formation would cease with the consumption of interstellar gas in each galaxy; stars would burn out, leaving white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Collisions between these would result in mass accumulating into larger and larger black holes. The average temperature of the universe would very gradually asymptotically approach absolute zero—a Big Freeze. Moreover, if protons are unstable, then baryonic matter would disappear, leaving only radiation and black holes. Eventually, black holes would evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. The entropy of the universe would increase to the point where no organized form of energy could be extracted from it, a scenario known as heat death.
Modern observations of accelerating expansion imply that more and more of the currently visible universe will pass beyond our event horizon and out of contact with us. The eventual result is not known. The ΛCDM model of the universe contains dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant. This theory suggests that only gravitationally bound systems, such as galaxies, will remain together, and they too will be subject to heat death as the universe expands and cools. Other explanations of dark energy, called phantom energy theories, suggest that ultimately galaxy clusters, stars, planets, atoms, nuclei, and matter itself will be torn apart by the ever-increasing expansion in a so-called Big Rip.
Religious and philosophical interpretations
As a description of the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy. As a result, it has become one of the liveliest areas in the discourse between science and religion. Some believe the Big Bang implies a creator, while others argue that Big Bang cosmology makes the notion of a creator superfluous.
- Anthropic principle – Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
- Big Bounce – Model for the origin of the universe
- Big Crunch – Theoretical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe
- Cold Big Bang – Designation of an absolute zero temperature at the beginning of the Universe
- Cosmic Calendar – Method to visualize the chronology of the universe
- Cosmogony – Branch of science or a theory concerning the origin of the universe
- Eureka: A Prose Poem – Lengthy non-fiction work by American author Edgar Allan Poe, a Big Bang speculation
- Future of an expanding universe – Future scenario if the expansion of the universe will continue forever or not
- Heat death of the universe – Possible fate of the universe. Also known as the Big Chill and the Big Freeze
- Non-standard cosmology – Models of the universe which deviate from then-current scientific consensus
- Shape of the universe – The local and global geometry of the universe
- Steady-state model – Model of the universe – alternative to the Big Bang model, a discredited theory that denied the Big Bang and posited that the universe always existed | <urn:uuid:36f76152-5351-4685-b887-29f03b5953ed> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://detailedpedia.com/wiki-Big_Bang | 2024-02-22T17:26:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.949976 | 10,303 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
52,
531,
289,
261,
3338,
341,
869,
203,
8670,
483,
466,
2257,
81,
880,
869,
203,
1461,
7319,
9159,
316,
261,
1646,
3580,
336,
6579,
667,
268,
6601,
8621,
427,
363,
4388,
1247,
289,
695,
6321,
291,
2263,
18,
553,
454,
855,
5684,
288,
789,
6872,
419,
4466,
7169,
549,
4234,
291,
5198,
588,
2899,
283,
940,
458,
7701,
132,
111,
1069,
18,
11530,
2257,
81,
1496,
3159,
289,
268,
7319,
9159,
4345,
268,
4414,
289,
268,
2428,
541,
6601,
427,
268,
8797,
1261,
4676,
734,
606,
7597,
1452,
17,
6606,
926,
18,
948,
3159,
1529,
261,
3724,
8059,
331,
261,
3121,
1749,
289,
4626,
10712,
16,
1118,
268,
9833,
289,
1360,
2880,
16,
268,
2257,
4063,
2039,
694,
1284,
4247,
421,
39,
49,
38,
13,
5021,
16,
291,
1452,
17,
6606,
2214,
18,
365,
2114,
8802,
380,
289,
268,
6601,
16,
1261,
352,
268,
5664,
822,
1676,
16,
316,
5892,
734,
2257,
4063,
8603,
30,
261,
5671,
291,
1040,
3306,
6819,
289,
1846,
995,
268,
8797,
9269,
18,
1121,
16,
7542,
3794,
308,
1968,
261,
4004,
6784,
3580,
289,
6977,
9257,
336,
375,
5655,
2083,
268,
8797,
1533,
289,
268,
7319,
9159,
18,
203,
39,
86,
405,
1467,
16,
629,
3159,
356,
8416,
801,
360,
268,
402,
1606,
665,
2453,
48,
7701,
132,
111,
1069,
1536,
1447,
1381,
8467,
336,
268,
1904,
411,
2014,
261,
8769,
93,
316,
16,
268,
4274,
362,
316,
3931,
2014,
427,
2780,
18,
1206,
322,
429,
320,
673,
456,
2257,
4063,
6819,
1103,
1905,
288,
669,
1001,
268,
1261,
3467,
289,
7542,
16,
268,
3159,
5094,
363,
4361,
11190,
2257,
81,
335,
9757,
286,
419,
261,
1973,
705,
380,
288,
518,
1846,
291,
669,
4987,
2442,
421,
811,
1030,
4502,
991,
1381,
7319,
9159,
1973,
705,
380,
6,
802,
450,
3597,
24,
268,
351,
49,
38,
454,
4266,
16,
518,
10835,
286,
772,
2257,
81,
5020,
336,
268,
6173,
281,
10326,
17,
6721,
2083,
289,
2257,
4063,
4414,
454,
284,
645,
2234,
16,
1812,
268,
7319,
9159,
3159,
7180,
261,
8802,
4247,
5021,
2494,
419,
695,
3798,
291,
5191,
647,
288,
268,
10450,
2323,
18,
330,
2816,
1749,
289,
2593,
338,
466,
2495,
8116,
6696,
753,
268,
7319,
9159,
2282,
16,
518,
316,
1315,
7841,
4599,
523,
6784,
18,
1354,
358,
3108,
7108,
289,
268,
6819,
2288,
289,
268,
6601,
1349,
268,
7319,
9159,
1973,
705,
380,
430,
363,
5058,
3284,
18,
9329,
27,
131,
114,
20,
18,
20,
1388,
4123,
935,
3656,
16,
518,
316,
2221,
268,
1722,
289,
268,
6601,
18,
203,
6695,
3406,
3378,
289,
268,
4626,
6601,
336,
356,
462,
2770,
4959,
1300,
5892,
419,
268,
7319,
9159,
3159,
18,
2122,
606,
4388,
6819,
16,
268,
6601,
3078,
286,
5138,
325,
292,
1059,
268,
5017,
289,
979,
7264,
300,
4916,
16,
291,
2135,
9881,
18,
365,
543,
3168,
280,
6065,
1427,
289,
2667,
291,
363,
473,
1397,
336,
4034,
456,
292,
1595,
316,
363,
543,
1389,
476,
1953,
2365,
1261,
352,
285,
556,
266,
352,
2835,
1475,
891,
18,
948,
1849,
791,
439,
2880,
1447,
2240,
325,
5616,
16,
360,
579,
589,
1231,
291,
11056,
1447,
80,
524,
742,
2771,
1553,
734,
9257,
16,
7833,
1568,
6398,
291,
8769,
423,
18,
760,
322,
2863,
332,
6969,
268,
11319,
297,
778,
1814,
289,
363,
6766,
3334,
2667,
4539,
8769,
423,
18,
2620,
289,
268,
11319,
297,
778,
1439,
288,
268,
6601,
3959,
292,
327,
288,
456,
926,
16,
291,
268,
7319,
9159,
3159,
291,
1320,
7505,
4938,
336,
456,
3321,
11319,
297,
778,
1439,
316,
462,
2370,
419,
285,
556,
2761,
2667,
16,
659,
352,
2910,
9881,
18,
2172,
5886,
652,
289,
268,
304,
727,
76,
373,
340,
289,
2643,
2179,
2471,
4938,
336,
268,
6819,
289,
268,
6601,
316,
8399,
673,
16,
363,
8467,
9790,
292,
363,
543,
1389,
476,
1953,
6902,
1261,
352,
3334,
1138,
18,
203,
42,
73,
1758,
289,
268,
3159,
203,
1461,
7319,
9159,
3159,
1529,
261,
3724,
8059,
331,
261,
3121,
1749,
289,
4626,
10712,
16,
1118,
268,
6065,
1427,
289,
268,
1360,
2880,
16,
268,
351,
49,
38,
16,
1452,
17,
6606,
2214,
16,
291,
402,
1606,
665,
743,
1536,
18,
365,
3159,
2354,
341,
881,
1670,
11429,
30,
268,
4599,
941,
289,
1646,
3467,
291,
268,
2257,
81,
1496,
5725,
18,
365,
4599,
941,
289,
1646,
3467,
316,
597,
289,
268,
4908,
3995,
289,
268,
3580,
289,
711,
271,
4066,
18,
365,
2257,
81,
1496,
5725,
2588,
336,
341,
1452,
9838,
268,
6601,
316,
5440,
11793,
499,
291,
316,
376,
849,
300,
1447,
2188,
8199,
268,
1162,
288,
516,
8994,
6779,
289,
3336,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
2854,
664,
7623,
2459,
352,
2215,
9134,
16,
566,
2135,
3107,
664,
1146,
292,
1265,
1011,
289,
622,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
268,
855,
8032,
328,
528,
712,
5635,
419,
7505,
5526,
336,
268,
3747,
1522,
1363,
2202,
289,
268,
4787,
17,
87,
3166,
3453,
658,
1111,
289,
268,
1722,
289,
268,
6601,
316,
289,
1544,
1474,
163,
235,
245,
25,
18,
3337,
16,
2177,
711,
271,
4066,
528,
4645,
7221,
302,
3265,
341,
268,
3664,
289,
268,
6731,
4731,
291,
285,
2749,
6398,
18,
203,
1461,
1452,
17,
6606,
6601,
4826,
316,
376,
849,
300,
352,
8853,
427,
2780,
18,
829,
362,
316,
7195,
316,
376,
849,
300,
16,
268,
2257,
81,
1496,
5725,
375,
327,
6781,
427,
268,
4857,
265,
6231,
1605,
300,
282,
5725,
16,
518,
2588,
336,
686,
316,
688,
8001,
421,
283,
1755,
13,
1823,
265,
357,
361,
385,
1966,
369,
1813,
18,
1122,
456,
1199,
16,
268,
2257,
81,
1496,
5725,
528,
712,
8316,
292,
261,
966,
289,
1474,
163,
235,
245,
25,
3785,
7505,
289,
268,
2263,
289,
268,
351,
49,
38,
18,
1545,
268,
3664,
289,
268,
351,
49,
38,
8104,
16,
268,
6601,
528,
712,
5859,
292,
327,
5440,
11793,
499,
360,
363,
5069,
3951,
341,
268,
1544,
289,
1474,
9,
8752,
311,
11793,
380,
16,
352,
289,
2464,
25,
18,
203,
7353,
851,
3810,
289,
268,
7319,
9159,
1846,
2130,
316,
268,
3550,
289,
10437,
3228,
482,
625,
18,
3296,
268,
6601,
528,
261,
951,
674,
1722,
16,
291,
1360,
2868,
87,
430,
261,
951,
674,
2999,
16,
686,
602,
327,
2616,
288,
268,
2323,
4060,
1360,
528,
462,
2770,
850,
669,
292,
1943,
3239,
18,
540,
3508,
261,
3355,
361,
261,
2323,
8104,
341,
268,
710,
10450,
3582,
336,
375,
327,
4626,
18,
10684,
601,
16,
971,
1846,
316,
9116,
16,
291,
512,
10450,
3582,
356,
632,
3412,
2577,
512,
2640,
16,
1360,
9274,
691,
419,
407,
1853,
602,
2270,
991,
71,
1421,
644,
6,
292,
1040,
10450,
3582,
18,
540,
10748,
261,
1571,
8104,
16,
518,
6078,
268,
2616,
288,
268,
1571,
336,
445,
513,
327,
1542,
292,
3033,
18,
365,
3550,
289,
2447,
1517,
289,
8104,
4465,
341,
268,
3834,
289,
268,
418,
48,
54,
59,
2083,
336,
6579,
662,
6601,
18,
203,
10013,
1616,
289,
268,
6601,
1103,
292,
1040,
1568,
1708,
4299,
336,
686,
316,
261,
2323,
8104,
16,
1417,
288,
2060,
662,
1889,
316,
525,
3064,
419,
268,
816,
313,
380,
289,
268,
6601,
430,
1568,
1708,
18,
1426,
662,
1889,
2362,
7012,
1902,
1103,
1032,
288,
669,
16,
1417,
268,
8104,
632,
286,
274,
288,
1846,
18,
829,
268,
6819,
289,
268,
6601,
4027,
292,
5459,
4280,
16,
686,
316,
261,
1571,
8104,
352,
767,
18,
203,
55,
436,
2618,
288,
268,
1568,
6601,
6226,
1232,
6104,
16,
2973,
292,
268,
6819,
2288,
289,
268,
6601,
16,
292,
1943,
1228,
92,
1609,
4415,
946,
82,
3312,
1222,
309,
449,
634,
408,
18,
9588,
664,
3498,
1982,
292,
1943,
6709,
1260,
18,
365,
677,
6401,
1840,
724,
292,
1255,
628,
2026,
261,
833,
288,
268,
1040,
1568,
6601,
528,
5673,
6709,
1222,
309,
449,
634,
408,
316,
268,
6387,
858,
268,
2288,
289,
268,
833,
421,
310,
1141,
2288,
289,
2042,
2392,
858,
4916,
13,
291,
268,
402,
1606,
665,
677,
6401,
18,
365,
3080,
268,
6387,
16,
268,
512,
669,
4916,
850,
292,
6709,
918,
1134,
502,
664,
1232,
1904,
2014,
427,
1011,
586,
18,
203,
37,
916,
1400,
292,
268,
7319,
9159,
3159,
16,
268,
6601,
430,
268,
3484,
454,
1040,
3075,
291,
1040,
11479,
16,
291,
1812,
1023,
362,
528,
712,
9116,
291,
6370,
18,
203,
9079,
322,
429,
320,
318,
289,
268,
6819,
289,
268,
6601,
1103,
1905,
288,
669,
1001,
2177,
711,
271,
4066,
10893,
363,
582,
263,
674,
6321,
291,
2263,
430,
261,
951,
674,
669,
288,
268,
2323,
18,
540,
10039,
2197,
16,
1261,
352,
268,
11319,
297,
778,
1973,
705,
380,
16,
6271,
336,
2177,
711,
271,
4066,
316,
462,
363,
5901,
7510,
289,
268,
3467,
289,
7542,
288,
456,
10428,
18,
3536,
1137,
1585,
341,
2177,
711,
271,
4066,
3773,
2362,
3590,
2108,
429,
7312,
4094,
268,
1973,
705,
380,
18,
450,
579,
11576,
645,
16,
659,
352,
268,
2351,
302,
860,
2645,
3159,
16,
268,
1973,
705,
380,
316,
6829,
419,
1515,
2257,
81,
1496,
3136,
6095,
18,
330,
865,
1563,
1564,
423,
268,
4388,
1973,
705,
380,
352,
261,
1973,
705,
380,
10683,
419,
579,
3159,
289,
268,
7319,
9159,
3580,
292,
437,
10544,
1134,
268,
7319,
9159,
18,
63,
1215,
294,
2843,
2224,
65,
203,
4326,
1849,
791,
439,
1973,
705,
380,
316,
2635,
2903,
1478,
991,
1381,
7319,
9159,
7694,
566,
268,
2085,
375,
525,
2006,
292,
261,
512,
947,
300,
1568,
3075,
16,
9525,
4503,
289,
268,
6601,
18,
450,
2447,
1731,
16,
991,
1381,
7319,
9159,
6,
352,
363,
2282,
316,
525,
2042,
83,
395,
1467,
4612,
292,
352,
268,
991,
70,
8946,
6,
289,
662,
6601,
1812,
362,
5064,
268,
1813,
288,
1550,
853,
268,
6601,
375,
327,
2514,
2234,
292,
437,
8473,
636,
261,
10428,
853,
268,
3467,
289,
7542,
352,
445,
992,
622,
421,
6909,
4040,
2177,
711,
271,
4066,
291,
268,
9226,
9352,
289,
10437,
7542,
13,
716,
18,
7950,
341,
7108,
289,
268,
6819,
1001,
7175,
334,
69,
2643,
2179,
2471,
291,
7108,
289,
2263,
8904,
500,
288,
268,
2257,
4063,
2039,
694,
1284,
4247,
16,
268,
669,
336,
528,
4645,
1812,
336,
2282,
1447,
4091,
352,
268,
991,
495,
289,
268,
6601,
6,
1447,
277,
3284,
18,
28,
4123,
935,
18,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
1018,
4179,
9525,
430,
456,
669,
1447,
74,
294,
5191,
265,
687,
316,
1840,
2207,
292,
926,
261,
2541,
7016,
1447,
1381,
6601,
1535,
462,
304,
17,
71,
3086,
7585,
636,
261,
1973,
705,
380,
18,
4717,
325,
724,
10442,
291,
6078,
331,
11837,
11319,
297,
778,
10697,
356,
1840,
1585,
2807,
3582,
289,
4097,
3453,
2155,
16,
659,
352,
6398,
16,
291,
565,
462,
3769,
292,
5208,
9116,
1846,
659,
352,
268,
7319,
9159,
18,
3296,
268,
1568,
6601,
1535,
462,
4248,
10697,
636,
261,
1726,
567,
73,
289,
2541,
7157,
16,
2667,
430,
336,
669,
1204,
437,
712,
1040,
919,
325,
7006,
360,
261,
2017,
80,
9074,
6321,
3000,
747,
18,
203,
2983,
3381,
318,
291,
285,
556,
5133,
3774,
203,
1461,
8797,
10865,
289,
268,
7319,
9159,
356,
2783,
292,
1111,
722,
1218,
16,
1812,
10257,
466,
863,
608,
622,
356,
462,
1608,
18,
450,
268,
710,
1112,
3159,
268,
6601,
454,
6043,
5440,
11793,
3343,
291,
316,
376,
849,
1030,
360,
261,
1040,
695,
1138,
6321,
291,
4305,
3798,
291,
11588,
16,
291,
454,
1040,
5208,
9116,
291,
6370,
18,
365,
1604,
644,
292,
1474,
163,
235,
245,
11301,
7630,
636,
268,
6819,
16,
268,
1549,
797,
79,
3136,
6095,
16,
454,
261,
4503,
288,
518,
268,
1958,
4615,
4157,
1447,
1381,
11084,
9965,
3160,
16,
268,
1806,
5040,
3160,
16,
268,
3344,
5040,
3160,
16,
291,
268,
11319,
297,
778,
3160,
16,
664,
543,
2234,
352,
597,
18,
450,
456,
3282,
16,
268,
8432,
3664,
3510,
289,
268,
6601,
454,
268,
1549,
797,
79,
3510,
16,
433,
18,
26,
132,
250,
2316,
163,
235,
245,
7026,
293,
16,
291,
3352,
1402,
850,
261,
2263,
289,
4745,
1474,
8748,
4885,
351,
1137,
4154,
18,
3142,
268,
1040,
3313,
289,
261,
10437,
7649,
1190,
288,
629,
1533,
18,
330,
1225,
1616,
289,
456,
1604,
1239,
69,
764,
268,
1208,
289,
261,
3580,
289,
6977,
9257,
18,
365,
1549,
797,
79,
3136,
6095,
454,
7546,
286,
419,
268,
6206,
543,
2843,
3136,
6095,
3484,
430,
1474,
163,
235,
245,
11301,
7630,
16,
853,
11319,
2470,
9156,
427,
268,
586,
4157,
352
] |
Summaries are a special kind of formulas that are built into Logi Report to save you time and effort. They can be used to generate aggregations for your data using aggregate functions such as Count, Average, Sum, and Standard Deviation. Summaries work based on how your data is grouped. For example, if you group your data according to country, and you have two groups (US and Canada), then when you add a summary to the country group, you will get the summary result for each group. The aggregation objects in a business view function the same as summaries.
This topic introduces creating summaries in a catalog. In a report that uses business view as the data source, you can also create dynamic aggregations to use in the report specifically.
This topic includes the following sections:
See also Summary Fields for how to work with summaries as component in a report.
The aggregate functions Logi Report supports for computing data are generally divided into two types: normal functions and running functions.
A normal function calculates all records and returns only one fixed value that is reset to 0 for each group.
A running function calculates a value on each record and does not reset to 0 for each group. It is like the total sum of money for each transaction that is recorded on your checkbook. Each time you deposit or withdraw money from the bank, the record will compute the total of your checking account balance. Running functions when applied in crosstabs only work on columns.
Total count of all the values in a field. For example, if you have six non-null fields in a group, the value generated by Count will be 6. - Sum
This function sums up all the numerical values in a field. For example, if a field contains 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25, the Sum function will return 75. - Minimum
This function finds the smallest numerical value in a field. For example, if a field contains 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the Minimum function will return 5. - Maximum
This function finds the largest numerical value in a field. For example, if a field contains 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the Maximum function will return 25. - Average
This function takes the average of all the numerical values in a field. For example, if a field contains 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the Average function will return 15. - Distinct Count
This function takes a total count of all the distinct values in a field. If a field has 43 values and one of them is repeating 3 times, the result generated by Distinct Count will be 41. - Distinct Sum
This function calculates the sum of a field A based on all the unique values of a field B. If the field B has 43 values and Value1 is repeating 3 times, the unique values in the field B will be 41 and Value1 is calculated once. - Population Standard Deviation
This function uses the following equation to compute its value. PSD takes the square root of the Population Variance. - Standard Deviation
This function uses the following equation to compute its value. SD takes the square root of the Variance. - Population Variance
This function uses the following equation. PV sums up the square of the difference between a value and its average, and then divides the result by the total number of values. - Variance
This function uses the following equation. Variance sums up the square of the difference between a value and its average, and then divides the result by the total number of values subtracted by one. - Running Count
This function takes a total count on all of the records of the values in a field. It does not reset on each group break. - Running Distinct Count
This function takes a distinct count on all of the records of the values in a field. It does not reset on each group break. - Running Sum
This function sums up all the numerical values on all of the records in a field. It does not reset on each group break. - Running Minimum
This function finds the smallest numerical value on all of the records in a field. It does not take the smallest numerical value of all the records in the query. The value you see is the smallest numerical value for the current and previous groups but not groups it hasn't read yet. - Running Maximum
This function finds the largest numerical value in a field on running records. It does not take the largest numerical value of all the records in the query. The value you see is the largest numerical value for the current and previous groups but not groups it hasn't read yet. - Running Average
This function takes the average of all the numerical values on all of the records in a field. It does not reset on each group break.
You can predefine summaries in a catalog so as to use them directly in reports.
- Open the required catalog.
- In the Catalog Manager, expand the data source in which to create the summary, then:
- Select the Summaries node or any existing summary in the data source and select New Summary on the Catalog Manager toolbar.
- Right-click the Summaries node in the data source and select New Summary on the shortcut menu.
The New Summary dialog appears.
- Select <Create> in the Summaries drop-down list.
- Select a function from the Aggregate Function drop-down list for your field to be summed by. When DistinctSum is selected, you should select next to the Distinct On text box to specify one or more fields according to whose unique values to calculate DistinctSum using the Select Fields dialog.
- Select a field for the summary to compute from the Resource box, then select next to Summary On.
- You can specify to which group the summary will be applied.
- If Static Summary is selected, you can select the field from the Resource box and select next to Group By. If the field you select is of Numeric/String/Date/Time type, you can further specify to which level data will be grouped by selecting a special function from the Special Function drop-down list. If Customize is selected, you can set the function by yourself in the Customized Function dialog.
- If Dynamic Summary is selected, you can first select Up or Down from the Group By drop-down list, then in the combo box, select a value or type in an integer, which should be between 0 to 127, to specify the group on which the summary will take effect.
Normally you want to display the value of the group where you use the summary so leave the value 0. For example, if you select Up or Down and type 0 in the combo box and insert this summary into any group, the summary will take effect on this group; if you select Up and type 1 and insert this summary to a group, the summary will take effect on the group higher than the group where the summary is inserted; if you specify Down and 1, it will take effect on the lower group; the rest may be deduced by analogy.
The advantage of dynamic summaries is you can create one summary and use it on every group level. Using the example above with 3 groups and a final total, you still only need one dynamic summary instead of 4 static summaries since the dynamic summary can be used for each group and for the final total. Using dynamic summaries will enable you to keep a much cleaner catalog without hundreds of static summaries that can only be used in one report at one level.
Note: If a dynamic summary is to be used in a chart, when defining the summary, you must choose Down from the Group By drop-down list; if it is to be inserted to other data components, the summary must be defined on Up level.
A static summary defined with a group-by field can only be used in a group with exactly the same group-by field. It will be invalid anywhere else. If no group-by field is added for a static summary, the summary can be used to calculate data based on the whole dataset a data component uses. For example, if your data component is grouped by 3 groups, you would need 4 static summaries, one for each group plus one for the final total.
- Select the OK button.
- In the Enter Summary Name dialog, provide a name for the summary and select OK. The summary is now created in the catalog.
Besides predefining summaries in a catalog via the Catalog Manager, Logi Report Designer also provides you quick access to create summaries in a catalog from the UI where a summary list is provided, for example in the Resources box of the report wizard. In this summary list, the <New Summary...> item is available on the top. By selecting the item, you can create any summaries you want with the New Summary dialog, which are then added into the current catalog.
Summaries will also be created automatically in a catalog when you add summaries for each group while creating a query based table or banded object with the report wizard. However all summaries created automatically by the report wizard are static summaries, so when you use the report wizard to create a lot of reports in your catalog it will become very messy with many duplicate summaries. Therefore it is better to create dynamic summaries in the catalog and add them to the data components in your reports after you generate the data components with the wizards. | <urn:uuid:4d6689d8-5a70-4c0f-9132-7e5dcd0e3528> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://devnet.logianalytics.com/hc/en-us/articles/1500009611182-Summaries | 2024-02-22T18:22:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.860856 | 1,942 | 3.0625 | 3 | [
55,
408,
81,
2659,
356,
261,
1755,
2066,
289,
926,
346,
301,
336,
356,
2825,
636,
10008,
77,
7373,
292,
3831,
337,
669,
291,
3620,
18,
900,
375,
327,
724,
292,
4522,
11580,
500,
331,
424,
863,
1001,
11580,
381,
3632,
659,
352,
351,
1252,
16,
330,
2466,
16,
6140,
16,
291,
9226,
7321,
2202,
18,
6140,
81,
2659,
716,
1585,
341,
667,
424,
863,
316,
1730,
286,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
337,
1730,
424,
863,
2310,
292,
1777,
16,
291,
337,
437,
881,
2303,
421,
8020,
291,
3938,
989,
1023,
649,
337,
769,
261,
7648,
292,
268,
1777,
1730,
16,
337,
513,
886,
268,
7648,
1636,
331,
1011,
1730,
18,
365,
737,
10110,
3582,
288,
261,
1433,
1889,
1596,
268,
1162,
352,
2205,
81,
2659,
18,
203,
4326,
3800,
2561,
274,
2435,
2205,
81,
2659,
288,
261,
8562,
446,
18,
450,
261,
1627,
336,
2600,
1433,
1889,
352,
268,
863,
2088,
16,
337,
375,
525,
1408,
5694,
11580,
500,
292,
666,
288,
268,
1627,
4479,
18,
203,
4326,
3800,
2356,
268,
1685,
7058,
30,
203,
55,
1512,
525,
6140,
5959,
418,
3317,
331,
667,
292,
716,
360,
2205,
81,
2659,
352,
4391,
288,
261,
1627,
18,
203,
1461,
11580,
381,
3632,
10008,
77,
7373,
5333,
331,
6160,
863,
356,
2918,
5883,
636,
881,
1640,
30,
2910,
3632,
291,
3876,
3632,
18,
203,
37,
2910,
1596,
2460,
9134,
516,
4606,
291,
8721,
794,
597,
6169,
2003,
336,
316,
474,
364,
292,
2699,
331,
1011,
1730,
18,
203,
37,
3876,
1596,
2460,
9134,
261,
2003,
341,
1011,
2847,
291,
1082,
462,
474,
364,
292,
2699,
331,
1011,
1730,
18,
553,
316,
730,
268,
2972,
2205,
289,
2232,
331,
1011,
9380,
336,
316,
5613,
341,
424,
2373,
4207,
18,
3431,
669,
337,
6492,
297,
361,
7763,
2232,
427,
268,
4850,
16,
268,
2847,
513,
494,
1490,
268,
2972,
289,
424,
9679,
3060,
2909,
18,
434,
7491,
3632,
649,
3848,
288,
3264,
358,
825,
794,
716,
341,
11332,
18,
203,
56,
6194,
5306,
289,
516,
268,
3119,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
337,
437,
2984,
1677,
17,
82,
1369,
4161,
288,
261,
1730,
16,
268,
2003,
5491,
419,
351,
1252,
513,
327,
1278,
18,
425,
6140,
203,
4326,
1596,
390,
507,
644,
516,
268,
11368,
466,
3119,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
261,
2092,
3387,
1016,
16,
1474,
16,
2063,
16,
731,
291,
3457,
16,
268,
6140,
1596,
513,
2608,
7911,
18,
425,
3028,
344,
408,
203,
4326,
1596,
8462,
268,
1139,
443,
11368,
466,
2003,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
261,
2092,
3387,
1016,
16,
1474,
16,
2063,
16,
731,
16,
291,
3457,
16,
268,
3028,
344,
408,
1596,
513,
2608,
1016,
18,
425,
9265,
344,
408,
203,
4326,
1596,
8462,
268,
3747,
11368,
466,
2003,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
261,
2092,
3387,
1016,
16,
1474,
16,
2063,
16,
731,
16,
291,
3457,
16,
268,
9265,
344,
408,
1596,
513,
2608,
3457,
18,
425,
330,
2466,
203,
4326,
1596,
2844,
268,
2964,
289,
516,
268,
11368,
466,
3119,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
261,
2092,
3387,
1016,
16,
1474,
16,
2063,
16,
731,
16,
291,
3457,
16,
268,
330,
2466,
1596,
513,
2608,
2063,
18,
425,
413,
588,
263,
999,
351,
1252,
203,
4326,
1596,
2844,
261,
2972,
5306,
289,
516,
268,
5292,
3119,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
829,
261,
2092,
528,
988,
23,
3119,
291,
597,
289,
622,
316,
5211,
673,
777,
1708,
16,
268,
1636,
5491,
419,
413,
588,
263,
999,
351,
1252,
513,
327,
988,
21,
18,
425,
413,
588,
263,
999,
6140,
203,
4326,
1596,
2460,
9134,
268,
2205,
289,
261,
2092,
330,
1585,
341,
516,
268,
2070,
3119,
289,
261,
2092,
391,
18,
829,
268,
2092,
391,
528,
988,
23,
3119,
291,
4145,
610,
21,
316,
5211,
673,
777,
1708,
16,
268,
2070,
3119,
288,
268,
2092,
391,
513,
327,
988,
21,
291,
4145,
610,
21,
316,
8856,
2340,
18,
425,
7570,
1218,
9226,
7321,
2202,
203,
4326,
1596,
2600,
268,
1685,
10499,
292,
494,
1490,
606,
2003,
18,
382,
5197,
2844,
268,
5757,
3382,
289,
268,
7570,
1218,
7184,
3275,
18,
425,
9226,
7321,
2202,
203,
4326,
1596,
2600,
268,
1685,
10499,
292,
494,
1490,
606,
2003,
18,
10494,
2844,
268,
5757,
3382,
289,
268,
7184,
3275,
18,
425,
7570,
1218,
7184,
3275,
203,
4326,
1596,
2600,
268,
1685,
10499,
18,
10875,
390,
507,
644,
268,
5757,
289,
268,
2921,
858,
261,
2003,
291,
606,
2964,
16,
291,
1023,
4505,
274,
268,
1636,
419,
268,
2972,
1289,
289,
3119,
18,
425,
7184,
3275,
203,
4326,
1596,
2600,
268,
1685,
10499,
18,
7184,
3275,
390,
507,
644,
268,
5757,
289,
268,
2921,
858,
261,
2003,
291,
606,
2964,
16,
291,
1023,
4505,
274,
268,
1636,
419,
268,
2972,
1289,
289,
3119,
979,
322,
4473,
419,
597,
18,
425,
434,
7491,
351,
1252,
203,
4326,
1596,
2844,
261,
2972,
5306,
341,
516,
289,
268,
4606,
289,
268,
3119,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
474,
364,
341,
1011,
1730,
2603,
18,
425,
434,
7491,
413,
588,
263,
999,
351,
1252,
203,
4326,
1596,
2844,
261,
5292,
5306,
341,
516,
289,
268,
4606,
289,
268,
3119,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
474,
364,
341,
1011,
1730,
2603,
18,
425,
434,
7491,
6140,
203,
4326,
1596,
390,
507,
644,
516,
268,
11368,
466,
3119,
341,
516,
289,
268,
4606,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
474,
364,
341,
1011,
1730,
2603,
18,
425,
434,
7491,
3028,
344,
408,
203,
4326,
1596,
8462,
268,
1139,
443,
11368,
466,
2003,
341,
516,
289,
268,
4606,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
1071,
268,
1139,
443,
11368,
466,
2003,
289,
516,
268,
4606,
288,
268,
626,
2504,
18,
365,
2003,
337,
901,
316,
268,
1139,
443,
11368,
466,
2003,
331,
268,
1619,
291,
2773,
2303,
566,
462,
2303,
362,
528,
82,
2091,
1078,
2770,
18,
425,
434,
7491,
9265,
344,
408,
203,
4326,
1596,
8462,
268,
3747,
11368,
466,
2003,
288,
261,
2092,
341,
3876,
4606,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
1071,
268,
3747,
11368,
466,
2003,
289,
516,
268,
4606,
288,
268,
626,
2504,
18,
365,
2003,
337,
901,
316,
268,
3747,
11368,
466,
2003,
331,
268,
1619,
291,
2773,
2303,
566,
462,
2303,
362,
528,
82,
2091,
1078,
2770,
18,
425,
434,
7491,
330,
2466,
203,
4326,
1596,
2844,
268,
2964,
289,
516,
268,
11368,
466,
3119,
341,
516,
289,
268,
4606,
288,
261,
2092,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
474,
364,
341,
1011,
1730,
2603,
18,
203,
7556,
375,
561,
7720,
475,
2205,
81,
2659,
288,
261,
8562,
446,
576,
352,
292,
666,
622,
2978,
288,
4524,
18,
203,
17,
5815,
268,
2207,
8562,
446,
18,
203,
17,
450,
268,
6947,
280,
446,
2176,
4411,
16,
3754,
268,
863,
2088,
288,
518,
292,
1408,
268,
7648,
16,
1023,
30,
203,
17,
11321,
268,
6140,
81,
2659,
11639,
361,
723,
3614,
7648,
288,
268,
863,
2088,
291,
5479,
1525,
6140,
5959,
341,
268,
6947,
280,
446,
2176,
4411,
1438,
8569,
18,
203,
17,
7817,
17,
1215,
868,
268,
6140,
81,
2659,
11639,
288,
268,
863,
2088,
291,
5479,
1525,
6140,
5959,
341,
268,
1912,
9478,
11025,
18,
203,
1461,
1525,
6140,
5959,
5395,
446,
4826,
18,
203,
17,
11321,
10021,
39,
267,
381,
34,
288,
268,
6140,
81,
2659,
5639,
17,
4756,
2455,
18,
203,
17,
11321,
261,
1596,
427,
268,
3215,
5628,
381,
11112,
5639,
17,
4756,
2455,
331,
424,
2092,
292,
327,
2205,
4424,
419,
18,
1097,
413,
588,
263,
999,
55,
408,
316,
5951,
16,
337,
788,
5479,
2033,
292,
268,
413,
588,
263,
999,
1245,
2631,
4001,
292,
722,
3049,
597,
361,
512,
4161,
2310,
292,
4060,
2070,
3119,
292,
8489,
413,
588,
263,
999,
55,
408,
1001,
268,
11321,
418,
3317,
5395,
446,
18,
203,
17,
11321,
261,
2092,
331,
268,
7648,
292,
494,
1490,
427,
268,
1401,
1445,
4001,
16,
1023,
5479,
2033,
292,
6140,
5959,
1245,
18,
203,
17,
990,
375,
722,
3049,
292,
518,
1730,
268,
7648,
513,
327,
3848,
18,
203,
17,
829,
908,
1531,
6140,
5959,
316,
5951,
16,
337,
375,
5479,
268,
2092,
427,
268,
1401,
1445,
4001,
291,
5479,
2033,
292,
6493,
1285,
18,
829,
268,
2092,
337,
5479,
316,
289,
465,
408,
6374,
19,
55,
322,
281,
19,
40,
381,
19,
56,
2472,
1517,
16,
337,
375,
1902,
722,
3049,
292,
518,
966,
863,
513,
327,
1730,
286,
419,
8259,
261,
1755,
1596,
427,
268,
7018,
11112,
5639,
17,
4756,
2455,
18,
829,
9037,
1049,
918,
316,
5951,
16,
337,
375,
1075,
268,
1596,
419,
2757,
288,
268,
9037,
1049,
963,
11112,
5395,
446,
18,
203,
17,
829,
10325,
3312,
6140,
5959,
316,
5951,
16,
337,
375,
855,
5479,
4960,
361,
7288,
427,
268,
6493,
1285,
5639,
17,
4756,
2455,
16,
1023,
288,
268,
1666,
83,
4001,
16,
5479,
261,
2003,
361,
1517,
288,
363,
288,
359,
1132,
16,
518,
788,
327,
858,
2699,
292,
2211,
27,
16,
292,
722,
3049,
268,
1730,
341,
518,
268,
7648,
513,
1071,
2365,
18,
203,
50,
536,
523,
337,
1333,
292,
3857,
268,
2003,
289,
268,
1730,
853,
337,
666,
268,
7648,
576,
3756,
268,
2003,
2699,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
337,
5479,
4960,
361,
7288,
291,
1517,
2699,
288,
268,
1666,
83,
4001,
291,
685,
3289,
456,
7648,
636,
723,
1730,
16,
268,
7648,
513,
1071,
2365,
341,
456,
1730,
31,
717,
337,
5479,
4960,
291,
1517,
433,
291,
685,
3289,
456,
7648,
292,
261,
1730,
16,
268,
7648,
513,
1071,
2365,
341,
268,
1730,
1797,
687,
268,
1730,
853,
268,
7648,
316,
685,
9359,
31,
717,
337,
722,
3049,
7288,
291,
433,
16,
362,
513,
1071,
2365,
341,
268,
1898,
1730,
31,
268,
3061,
602,
327,
3721,
405,
286,
419,
10102,
93,
18,
203,
1461,
4174,
289,
5694,
2205,
81,
2659,
316,
337,
375,
1408,
597,
7648,
291,
666,
362,
341,
953,
1730,
966,
18,
3737,
268,
1214,
2159,
360,
777,
2303,
291,
261,
3657,
2972,
16,
337,
1356,
794,
648,
597,
5694,
7648,
3087,
289,
988,
11170,
2205,
81,
2659,
1812,
268,
5694,
7648,
375,
327,
724,
331,
1011,
1730,
291,
331,
268,
3657,
2972,
18,
3737,
5694,
2205,
81,
2659,
513,
4660,
337,
292,
1288,
261,
1111,
11257,
8562,
446,
1298,
5971,
289,
11170,
2205,
81,
2659,
336,
375,
794,
327,
724,
288,
597,
1627,
430,
597,
966,
18,
203,
50,
1623,
30,
829,
261,
5694,
7648,
316,
292,
327,
724,
288,
261,
7612,
16,
649,
11369,
268,
7648,
16,
337,
1204,
2869,
7288,
427,
268,
6493,
1285,
5639,
17,
4756,
2455,
31,
717,
362,
316,
292,
327,
685,
9359,
292,
586,
863,
3008,
16,
268,
7648,
1204,
327,
4486,
341,
4960,
966,
18,
203,
37,
11170,
7648,
4486,
360,
261,
1730,
17,
2330,
2092,
375,
794,
327,
724,
288,
261,
1730,
360,
4743,
268,
1162,
1730,
17,
2330,
2092,
18,
553,
513,
327,
787,
280,
323,
7186,
3722,
18,
829,
688,
1730,
17,
2330,
2092,
316,
3211,
331,
261,
11170,
7648,
16,
268,
7648,
375,
327,
724,
292,
8489,
863,
1585,
341,
268,
2399,
3563,
301,
364,
261,
863,
4391,
2600,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
424,
863,
4391,
316,
1730,
286,
419,
777,
2303,
16,
337,
830,
648,
988,
11170,
2205,
81,
2659,
16,
597,
331,
1011,
1730,
8422,
597,
331,
268,
3657,
2972,
18,
203,
17,
11321,
268,
480,
47,
7787,
18,
203,
17,
450,
268,
10323,
6140,
5959,
10200,
5395,
446,
16,
1153,
261,
1932,
331,
268,
7648,
291,
5479,
480,
47,
18,
365,
7648,
316,
1315,
2370,
288,
268,
8562,
446,
18,
203,
38,
7330,
561,
7720,
2165,
2205,
81,
2659,
288,
261,
8562,
446,
3785,
268,
6947,
280,
446,
2176,
4411,
16,
10008,
77,
7373,
4953,
265,
525,
1956,
337,
2025,
1310,
292,
1408,
2205,
81,
2659,
288,
261,
8562,
446,
427,
268,
522,
45,
853,
261,
7648,
2455,
316,
2756,
16,
331,
1214,
288,
268,
7851,
4001,
289,
268,
1627,
276,
482,
485,
18,
450,
456,
7648,
2455,
16,
268,
10021,
10455,
6140,
5959,
3547,
34,
7808,
316,
1608,
341,
268,
1479,
18,
1285,
8259,
268,
7808,
16,
337,
375,
1408,
723,
2205,
81,
2659,
337,
1333,
360,
268,
1525,
6140,
5959,
5395,
446,
16,
518,
356,
1023,
3211,
636,
268,
1619,
8562,
446,
18,
203,
55,
408,
81,
2659,
513,
525,
327,
2370,
7013,
288,
261,
8562
] |
When it comes to managing finances and making strategic business decisions, understanding the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex) is crucial. Both Capex and Opex play a vital role in a company’s financial planning and can greatly impact its bottom line. In this article, I’ll break down the key differences between Capex and Opex, helping you navigate these financial terms with ease.
Capex refers to the expenditures made by a company to acquire or upgrade its tangible assets, such as buildings, equipment, or vehicles. These investments are typically long-term in nature and are aimed at improving or expanding the company’s operations. On the other hand, Opex refers to the day-to-day expenses incurred by a business to maintain its operations, such as salaries, rent, utilities, and supplies. Understanding the distinction between these two types of expenses is essential for effective financial planning and decision-making.
- 1 What is Capex?
- 2 Examples of Capex
- 3 Benefits of Capex
- 4 What is Opex?
- 5 Examples of Opex
- 6 Benefits of Opex
- 7 Key Differences Between Capex and Opex
- 8 Importance of Understanding Capex and Opex
- 9 Conclusion
What is Capex?
When it comes to managing finances and making strategic business decisions, it is crucial to understand the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex). In this section, I will explain what Capex is and why it is important to distinguish it from Opex.
Capex, short for capital expenditures, refers to the investments made by a company in acquiring or upgrading tangible assets. These assets can include property, equipment, vehicles, machinery, technology systems, and more. Unlike operating expenses, which are incurred on a day-to-day basis, Capex is a one-time or intermittent expense that has a long-term impact on the company’s operations.
There are several reasons why companies allocate funds for Capex. It allows them to expand their production capacity, improve efficiency, enhance product quality, or even enter new markets. By investing in tangible assets, companies can position themselves for growth and stay competitive in the market.
It is important to note that Capex expenses are usually significant and require careful planning and budgeting. Companies need to assess their current and future needs, evaluate the potential return on investment, and consider the useful life of the assets being acquired. Properly managing Capex helps companies allocate resources effectively and avoid overspending.
Understanding the difference between Capex and Opex is essential for effective financial planning and decision-making. While Opex refers to day-to-day expenses incurred to maintain operations, Capex is focused on long-term investments that have the potential to generate future returns. By properly allocating funds between Capex and Opex, companies can balance their short-term needs with their long-term growth objectives.
In the next section, I will delve into what Opex is and why it is important in managing finances.
Examples of Capex
When it comes to capital expenditures (Capex), there are several examples that illustrate how businesses invest in long-term assets to enhance their operations and drive growth. Let me walk you through some common examples.
1. Property and Real Estate
Investing in property and real estate is a classic example of Capex. Companies may purchase land or buildings to establish their own facilities or expand their current operations. This not only provides a physical space for the business but also gives it the freedom to customize the space to meet specific needs.
2. Equipment and Machinery
Acquiring new equipment and machinery is another essential Capex investment. Whether it is heavy machinery for construction, manufacturing equipment, or advanced technology systems, these assets help businesses enhance productivity and efficiency. Upgrading to newer and more advanced machinery can improve output, reduce operational costs, and keep the company competitive in the market.
3. Vehicles and Fleet
For companies involved in transportation or delivery services, investing in vehicles and fleet expansions is a crucial Capex decision. By adding more vehicles to their fleet or replacing older ones with newer models, businesses can meet increasing customer demands, improve logistics, and enhance their overall service quality.
4. Research and Development (R&D)
R&D activities require significant investments of time, money, and resources. Companies that invest in research and development are essentially making a Capex commitment with the aim of developing innovative products, improving existing ones, or exploring new markets. These investments can lead to breakthroughs and give businesses a competitive edge by offering unique solutions to customer needs.
5. Software and Technology Systems
In today’s digital age, investing in software and technology systems is crucial for businesses across industries. Upgrading or implementing new software, cloud-based platforms, or enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems requires a significant Capex. These investments help streamline operations, automate processes, improve data management, and enhance overall productivity.
Understanding these examples of Capex can help you make strategic financial decisions for your business. By focusing on long-term investments that align with your goals, you can position your company for growth and success.
Let’s move on to exploring the examples of operating expenses (Opex), the day-to-day expenses that are also vital in managing your finances effectively.
Benefits of Capex
Investing in capital expenditures (Capex) can bring a multitude of benefits to businesses. Let’s delve into the advantages of making strategic Capex investments:
- Long-term growth: Capex investments have a lasting impact on a company’s operations, contributing to long-term growth and success. By acquiring property, real estate, machinery, or technology systems, businesses can enhance their capabilities, expand production, and improve efficiency. These investments position businesses for future growth opportunities.
- Competitive advantage: In today’s competitive market, staying ahead of the game is crucial. Capex investments allow businesses to maintain a competitive advantage by incorporating the latest technologies, streamlining operations, and improving overall productivity. This enables businesses to deliver better products or services, attract more customers, and outperform competitors.
- Cost savings: While Capex investments may require an initial outlay, they can result in cost savings over time. For example, investing in energy-efficient machinery or upgrading outdated systems can reduce utility costs and maintenance expenses. Moreover, by investing in automation or software solutions, businesses can minimize labor costs and increase operational efficiency.
- Revenue generation: Capex investments can also generate additional revenue streams for businesses. For instance, purchasing additional manufacturing equipment allows companies to increase production capacity, meet growing demand, and generate higher revenue. Similarly, investing in research and development (R&D) can lead to innovative products or services that attract new customers and drive revenue growth.
- Tax advantages: Another notable benefit of Capex investments is the potential for tax advantages. In many jurisdictions, businesses are eligible for tax deductions or depreciation allowances on capital assets, helping to reduce their overall tax burden. Taking advantage of these tax incentives can significantly impact a company’s financial position.
By understanding the benefits of Capex, businesses can make informed financial decisions and allocate resources effectively. Capex investments not only contribute to the company’s growth and competitiveness but also pave the way for long-term success in the ever-evolving business landscape.
What is Opex?
Opex, or operating expenses, refer to the ongoing costs that a business incurs to keep its operations running smoothly on a day-to-day basis. These expenses are necessary to maintain the current level of business activity and include items such as rent, utilities, salaries, marketing expenses, and office supplies.
Unlike Capex, which focuses on long-term investments and assets, Opex relates to the immediate costs of running a business. Think of Opex as the cost of doing business in the present moment.
Opex expenses are typically recurring and are incurred regularly over a specific period. They are necessary for the maintenance and continuation of the company’s existing operations.
Here are a few key points to understand about Opex:
- Ongoing operational costs: Opex includes expenses that are required to keep the business running smoothly. It covers day-to-day activities and functions necessary for supporting the company’s products or services.
- Short-term impact: Unlike Capex, which has a more long-term focus, Opex expenses have an immediate impact on the company’s financial statements and are reflected in the current period.
- Flexibility: Opex expenses are generally more flexible than Capex investments. They can be adjusted more easily in response to changes in business operations, market conditions, or customer demands.
- Tax treatment: Opex expenses are usually fully deductible in the year they are incurred, which can offer immediate tax benefits to the business. This is in contrast to Capex, which may be subject to depreciation or amortization over several years.
Understanding the difference between Capex and Opex is crucial for businesses to make informed financial decisions. Both types of expenditures play a vital role in the overall financial health of a company. By effectively managing both Capex and Opex, businesses can optimize their resources and position themselves for long-term success.
Examples of Opex
Now that we have a clear understanding of the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex), let’s take a closer look at some examples of Opex expenses that businesses commonly incur. These ongoing expenses are essential for day-to-day operations and are crucial in determining a company’s profitability.
1. Rent: One of the most significant ongoing expenses for businesses is rent. Whether you operate out of a storefront, office space, or a warehouse, rent is a fixed cost that must be paid regularly. It directly impacts your bottom line and is considered an Opex expense.
2. Utilities: Keeping the lights on and the machinery running requires paying utilities. These expenses include electricity, water, gas, and internet services. They are indispensable for operating your business and are part of your ongoing operational costs.
3. Salaries: Paying your employees’ salaries is another key Opex expense. This includes wages, benefits, and payroll taxes. Your employees are vital to the success of your business, and compensating them for their work is a necessary cost.
4. Marketing and Advertising: To reach your target audience and promote your products or services, you need to invest in marketing and advertising activities. Whether it’s social media ads, online campaigns, print media, or hiring marketing agencies, these expenses fall under Opex as they directly impact the day-to-day operation of your business.
5. Office Supplies: Every business requires essential supplies like stationery, paper, ink cartridges, and other office materials. While they may seem insignificant, these costs add up over time. Office supplies are considered Opex expenses as they are necessary for running the business smoothly.
6. Maintenance and Repairs: As a business owner, you need to maintain your equipment, machinery, and premises to ensure smooth operations. Regular maintenance and occasional repairs are part of your ongoing expenses and impact your financial statements.
7. Software Subscriptions: In today’s digital world, many businesses rely on software solutions for various purposes, such as project management, accounting, customer relationship management, and more. Paying for software subscriptions is an ongoing expense classified as Opex.
Benefits of Opex
When it comes to running a successful business, understanding the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex) is vital. While Capex investments focus on long-term growth and assets, Opex refers to the ongoing costs of running a business. In this section, I’ll focus on the benefits of Opex and why it is essential for businesses to optimize their ongoing expenses.
- Flexibility: One of the significant advantages of Opex is its flexibility. Unlike Capex, which involves significant upfront investments, Opex allows businesses to allocate resources on an ongoing basis. This flexibility is especially valuable in a dynamic business environment where market conditions can change rapidly. By having the ability to adjust and adapt to changing circumstances, businesses can stay competitive and capture new opportunities.
- Predictable Cash Flow: Opex expenses are typically recurring and can be forecasted with greater accuracy. This predictability in cash flow allows businesses to plan and allocate their financial resources effectively. Since Opex expenses include essential items such as rent, utilities, salaries, marketing, and office supplies, having a clear understanding of these costs helps businesses manage their budgets and make informed decisions.
- Lower Risk: Unlike Capex investments, Opex expenses entail lower financial risk. By spreading costs over time, businesses avoid large upfront investments that come with a higher risk of depreciation or obsolescence. Additionally, Opex expenses are deductible from a tax perspective, providing potential cost savings for businesses.
- Scalability: Opex allows businesses to scale their operations more easily. As a company grows, the need for additional resources becomes apparent. With Opex, businesses can gradually increase their expenditures to match increased demand. This scalability ensures that businesses are not tied to unnecessary assets, optimizing their resources and maximizing profitability.
- Faster ROI: Opex expenses often deliver quicker returns on investment compared to Capex investments. With Opex, businesses can implement new software, technologies, or marketing strategies that have immediate impact and generate revenue. This ability to achieve faster returns on investment is crucial in a rapidly changing business landscape.
Opex provides businesses with flexibility, predictable cash flow, lower risk, scalability, and faster returns on investment. By understanding and optimizing their ongoing expenses, businesses can position themselves for long-term success and financial stability. The benefits of Opex cannot be overlooked, and it is essential for businesses to make informed financial decisions to achieve their goals.
Key Differences Between Capex and Opex
When it comes to managing expenses in a business, it’s important to understand the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex). These two financial concepts may seem similar, but they have distinct characteristics that can impact the overall financial health and growth of a company. Let’s explore the key differences between Capex and Opex:
- Purpose: Capex refers to investments made in assets that are expected to provide long-term value and contribute to the growth and expansion of the business. On the other hand, Opex refers to the ongoing expenses incurred in the day-to-day operations and maintenance of the business.
- Time Horizon: Capex investments usually have a longer time horizon and are intended to generate returns over an extended period of time. These investments are often associated with acquiring fixed assets such as property, plant, or equipment. Opex, on the other hand, represents the regular expenses incurred on a recurring basis to keep the business operational and functioning smoothly.
- Financial Treatment: Capex investments are typically accounted for as assets on the balance sheet and are subject to depreciation or amortization over their useful lives. This allows businesses to spread out the cost of the investment over time. Opex, on the other hand, are treated as expenses on the income statement and are deducted from revenue during a given accounting period.
- Flexibility: Capex investments are usually more inflexible as they involve substantial amounts of money and are made with the intention of long-term value creation. Opex, on the other hand, offer more flexibility as they can be adjusted relatively quickly to adapt to changes in the business environment.
- Predictability: Opex expenses are often more predictable and stable compared to Capex. While Capex investments may have uncertain returns and can be affected by various external factors, Opex expenses, such as rent, utilities, salaries, and other day-to-day costs, are typically known and can be forecasted with greater accuracy.
By understanding the key differences between Capex and Opex, businesses can make informed financial decisions and create a balanced approach to managing their expenses. This knowledge allows companies to allocate resources effectively, ensure a steady cash flow, and position themselves for long-term success.
Importance of Understanding Capex and Opex
When it comes to managing business expenses, understanding the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex) is crucial. As a business owner, I’ve learned that being able to distinguish between the two can have a significant impact on my financial decision-making process and long-term success.
Here’s why understanding Capex and Opex is so important:
- Strategic investment planning: By understanding the distinction between Capex and Opex, I can better allocate resources and strategically plan for my business’s growth. Capex investments are often related to long-term projects or acquiring assets that can drive future revenue and expansion. On the other hand, Opex refers to day-to-day operational costs that are necessary to keep the business running smoothly. I can carefully evaluate these different types of expenses and allocate my resources accordingly.
- Financial forecasting: A solid grasp of Capex and Opex allows for more accurate financial forecasting. I can better estimate future expenses and revenues by analyzing my capital and operating expenditure patterns. This knowledge enables me to make informed decisions regarding budget allocations, resource management, and revenue projections. By understanding the potential impact of Capex investments and Opex expenses on my cash flow, I can ensure I have sufficient funds to cover both short-term needs and long-term growth.
- Risk management: Capex and Opex also play a role in managing financial risks. I can assess the potential risks associated with Capex investments, such as market volatility or changes in technology, and the impact they may have on my business’s financial health. In contrast, Opex expenses are generally more predictable and can be adjusted more quickly when needed.
By understanding the importance of Capex and Opex and how they impact my business, I can make informed financial decisions, allocate resources effectively, and ensure a steady cash flow for long-term success. This understanding helps me drive growth and adapt to changing market conditions with confidence.
Understanding the difference between capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenses (Opex) is crucial for effective financial management in business. By distinguishing between these two types of expenses, businesses can strategically plan for growth, accurately forecast finances, and manage financial risks.
Capex investments play a vital role in long-term projects and asset acquisition, while Opex refers to day-to-day operational costs. Analyzing capital and operating expenditure patterns is essential for accurate financial forecasting. This analysis allows businesses to make informed decisions about cash flow and ensure steady financial stability.
By grasping the potential impact of Capex and Opex on cash flow, businesses can make informed decisions that contribute to long-term success. Understanding the difference between these two types of expenses empowers businesses to allocate resources effectively and optimize financial performance.
By recognizing the distinctions between Capex and Opex, businesses can enhance their financial planning, mitigate financial risks, and achieve sustainable growth. | <urn:uuid:eb9978b1-0d6d-4c27-9fa1-ab6672d9194d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://differencess.com/difference-between-capex-and-opex/ | 2024-02-22T17:20:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.952977 | 3,964 | 2.921875 | 3 | [
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
4641,
951,
1427,
291,
1355,
6630,
1433,
3073,
16,
1616,
268,
2921,
858,
3507,
11532,
297,
889,
421,
39,
429,
1389,
13,
291,
4579,
7275,
421,
51,
84,
1389,
13,
316,
1821,
18,
4449,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
1152,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
2153,
3434,
291,
375,
5822,
1393,
606,
4689,
2137,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
334,
372,
660,
2603,
1190,
268,
1558,
3692,
858,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
16,
3763,
337,
5881,
629,
2153,
2560,
360,
6545,
18,
203,
39,
429,
1389,
4080,
292,
268,
11532,
297,
889,
1146,
419,
261,
2152,
292,
9620,
361,
644,
7608,
606,
9140,
801,
5508,
16,
659,
352,
4189,
16,
2857,
16,
361,
4364,
18,
948,
7445,
356,
2437,
917,
17,
950,
288,
2075,
291,
356,
7351,
430,
3949,
361,
9116,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
3670,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
3392,
1389,
4080,
292,
268,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
7275,
490,
11690,
419,
261,
1433,
292,
1638,
606,
3670,
16,
659,
352,
2016,
2659,
16,
7344,
88,
16,
2488,
647,
16,
291,
6454,
18,
3793,
268,
10980,
858,
629,
881,
1640,
289,
7275,
316,
1505,
331,
1783,
2153,
3434,
291,
2802,
17,
4757,
18,
203,
17,
433,
1021,
316,
5157,
1389,
35,
203,
17,
497,
7063,
289,
5157,
1389,
203,
17,
777,
6172,
289,
5157,
1389,
203,
17,
988,
1021,
316,
3392,
1389,
35,
203,
17,
1016,
7063,
289,
3392,
1389,
203,
17,
1278,
6172,
289,
3392,
1389,
203,
17,
1499,
6118,
5740,
1091,
8356,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
203,
17,
1570,
9054,
289,
3793,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
203,
17,
1717,
1161,
3393,
203,
4688,
316,
5157,
1389,
35,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
4641,
951,
1427,
291,
1355,
6630,
1433,
3073,
16,
362,
316,
1821,
292,
992,
268,
2921,
858,
3507,
11532,
297,
889,
421,
39,
429,
1389,
13,
291,
4579,
7275,
421,
51,
84,
1389,
802,
450,
456,
3396,
16,
334,
513,
4345,
768,
5157,
1389,
316,
291,
1768,
362,
316,
851,
292,
9765,
362,
427,
3392,
1389,
18,
203,
39,
429,
1389,
16,
1912,
331,
3507,
11532,
297,
889,
16,
4080,
292,
268,
7445,
1146,
419,
261,
2152,
288,
3928,
3407,
361,
644,
4352,
281,
9140,
801,
5508,
18,
948,
5508,
375,
1226,
3278,
16,
2857,
16,
4364,
16,
9663,
16,
1428,
1422,
16,
291,
512,
18,
6597,
4579,
7275,
16,
518,
356,
490,
11690,
341,
261,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
3762,
16,
5157,
1389,
316,
261,
597,
17,
2130,
361,
630,
2167,
4265,
11463,
336,
528,
261,
917,
17,
950,
1393,
341,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
3670,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
1520,
3218,
1768,
2499,
516,
11079,
5794,
331,
5157,
1389,
18,
553,
2089,
622,
292,
3754,
444,
1815,
3493,
16,
1434,
3055,
16,
3017,
2430,
1630,
16,
361,
919,
2989,
733,
6137,
18,
1285,
7922,
288,
9140,
801,
5508,
16,
2499,
375,
2669,
2315,
331,
1668,
291,
2503,
7089,
288,
268,
1877,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
5157,
1389,
7275,
356,
1840,
1297,
291,
1131,
6220,
3434,
291,
5344,
281,
18,
11767,
648,
292,
2123,
444,
1619,
291,
1571,
1470,
16,
5992,
268,
1439,
2608,
341,
3994,
16,
291,
1119,
268,
3209,
943,
289,
268,
5508,
1018,
9001,
18,
6268,
325,
4641,
5157,
1389,
1780,
2499,
516,
11079,
1793,
2992,
291,
1833,
6290,
84,
1753,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
268,
2921,
858,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
316,
1505,
331,
1783,
2153,
3434,
291,
2802,
17,
4757,
18,
1508,
3392,
1389,
4080,
292,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
7275,
490,
11690,
292,
1638,
3670,
16,
5157,
1389,
316,
4474,
341,
917,
17,
950,
7445,
336,
437,
268,
1439,
292,
4522,
1571,
8721,
18,
1285,
3624,
516,
415,
673,
5794,
858,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
16,
2499,
375,
2909,
444,
1912,
17,
950,
1470,
360,
444,
917,
17,
950,
1668,
6233,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
2033,
3396,
16,
334,
513,
7315,
636,
768,
3392,
1389,
316,
291,
1768,
362,
316,
851,
288,
4641,
951,
1427,
18,
203,
9079,
348,
1524,
289,
5157,
1389,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
3507,
11532,
297,
889,
421,
39,
429,
1389,
989,
686,
356,
1520,
3324,
336,
11380,
667,
3231,
2301,
288,
917,
17,
950,
5508,
292,
3017,
444,
3670,
291,
4048,
1668,
18,
3023,
479,
4429,
337,
734,
579,
1112,
3324,
18,
203,
21,
18,
6268,
562,
291,
8683,
416,
6721,
203,
2983,
3616,
281,
288,
3278,
291,
1409,
8636,
316,
261,
8557,
1214,
289,
5157,
1389,
18,
11767,
602,
5388,
1283,
361,
4189,
292,
3577,
444,
1044,
4831,
361,
3754,
444,
1619,
3670,
18,
540,
462,
794,
1956,
261,
1646,
1846,
331,
268,
1433,
566,
525,
3581,
362,
268,
4494,
292,
2944,
918,
268,
1846,
292,
2148,
1430,
1470,
18,
203,
22,
18,
6798,
2679,
291,
6691,
8622,
203,
37,
71,
395,
3407,
733,
2857,
291,
9663,
316,
1515,
1505,
5157,
1389,
3994,
18,
4283,
362,
316,
4112,
9663,
331,
3076,
16,
3964,
2857,
16,
361,
3599,
1428,
1422,
16,
629,
5508,
617,
3231,
3017,
5543,
291,
3055,
18,
4960,
4352,
281,
292,
733,
265,
291,
512,
3599,
9663,
375,
1434,
4781,
16,
1590,
8136,
2762,
16,
291,
1288,
268,
2152,
7089,
288,
268,
1877,
18,
203,
23,
18,
5592,
2361,
736,
291,
418,
298,
364,
203,
8679,
2499,
2729,
288,
4902,
361,
5605,
1915,
16,
7922,
288,
4364,
291,
5983,
364,
6051,
806,
316,
261,
1821,
5157,
1389,
2802,
18,
1285,
4654,
512,
4364,
292,
444,
5983,
364,
361,
10418,
3684,
3001,
360,
733,
265,
3159,
16,
3231,
375,
2148,
2204,
4790,
6395,
16,
1434,
2866,
2502,
16,
291,
3017,
444,
2114,
2468,
1630,
18,
203,
24,
18,
2374,
291,
4480,
421,
54,
10,
40,
13,
203,
54,
10,
40,
1740,
1131,
1297,
7445,
289,
669,
16,
2232,
16,
291,
1793,
18,
11767,
336,
2301,
288,
922,
291,
1208,
356,
7841,
1355,
261,
5157,
1389,
5520,
360,
268,
2517,
289,
2528,
5120,
1786,
16,
3949,
3614,
3001,
16,
361,
5772,
733,
6137,
18,
948,
7445,
375,
912,
292,
11943,
87,
291,
1888,
3231,
261,
7089,
5975,
419,
4542,
2070,
2931,
292,
4790,
1470,
18,
203,
25,
18,
10742,
291,
4666,
7843,
203,
2983,
1853,
372,
87,
2256,
1722,
16,
7922,
288,
2436,
291,
1428,
1422,
316,
1821,
331,
3231,
1745,
4287,
18,
4960,
4352,
281,
361,
5932,
733,
2436,
16,
4732,
17,
2127,
4997,
16,
361,
11251,
3895,
3434,
421,
2798,
52,
13,
1422,
2559,
261,
1297,
5157,
1389,
18,
948,
7445,
617,
4045,
1279,
3670,
16,
2625,
381,
2618,
16,
1434,
863,
1794,
16,
291,
3017,
2114,
5543,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
629,
3324,
289,
5157,
1389,
375,
617,
337,
804,
6630,
2153,
3073,
331,
424,
1433,
18,
1285,
6496,
341,
917,
17,
950,
7445,
336,
4394,
360,
424,
3002,
16,
337,
375,
2669,
424,
2152,
331,
1668,
291,
1577,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
1454,
341,
292,
5772,
268,
3324,
289,
4579,
7275,
421,
51,
84,
1389,
989,
268,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
7275,
336,
356,
525,
3226,
288,
4641,
424,
951,
1427,
2992,
18,
203,
38,
745,
5226,
289,
5157,
1389,
203,
2983,
3616,
281,
288,
3507,
11532,
297,
889,
421,
39,
429,
1389,
13,
375,
2477,
261,
1726,
567,
73,
289,
1716,
292,
3231,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
7315,
636,
268,
4576,
289,
1355,
6630,
5157,
1389,
7445,
30,
203,
17,
5801,
17,
950,
1668,
30,
5157,
1389,
7445,
437,
261,
8196,
1393,
341,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
3670,
16,
6126,
292,
917,
17,
950,
1668,
291,
1577,
18,
1285,
3928,
3407,
3278,
16,
1409,
8636,
16,
9663,
16,
361,
1428,
1422,
16,
3231,
375,
3017,
444,
5225,
16,
3754,
1815,
16,
291,
1434,
3055,
18,
948,
7445,
2669,
3231,
331,
1571,
1668,
2824,
18,
203,
17,
2132,
2400,
656,
4174,
30,
450,
1853,
372,
87,
7089,
1877,
16,
8140,
5916,
289,
268,
2800,
316,
1821,
18,
5157,
1389,
7445,
1059,
3231,
292,
1638,
261,
7089,
4174,
419,
6855,
268,
4842,
3041,
16,
4045,
80,
2165,
3670,
16,
291,
3949,
2114,
5543,
18,
540,
5212,
3231,
292,
3418,
1326,
1786,
361,
1915,
16,
7842,
512,
4620,
16,
291,
628,
468,
840,
3470,
909,
18,
203,
17,
10032,
6856,
30,
1508,
5157,
1389,
7445,
602,
1131,
363,
4388,
5417,
350,
16,
502,
375,
1636,
288,
1923,
6856,
658,
669,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
7922,
288,
1138,
17,
7664,
9663,
361,
644,
4352,
281,
4436,
488,
1422,
375,
1590,
8666,
2762,
291,
3809,
7275,
18,
4553,
16,
419,
7922,
288,
8553,
361,
2436,
2931,
16,
3231,
375,
5809,
3333,
2762,
291,
1643,
8136,
3055,
18,
203,
17,
942,
5827,
4015,
30,
5157,
1389,
7445,
375,
525,
4522,
2827,
7472,
9963,
331,
3231,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
9335,
2827,
3964,
2857,
2089,
2499,
292,
1643,
1815,
3493,
16,
2148,
2574,
2906,
16,
291,
4522,
1797,
7472,
18,
7667,
16,
7922,
288,
922,
291,
1208,
421,
54,
10,
40,
13,
375,
912,
292,
5120,
1786,
361,
1915,
336,
7842,
733,
4620,
291,
4048,
7472,
1668,
18,
203,
17,
10690,
4576,
30,
3013,
8728,
3145,
289,
5157,
1389,
7445,
316,
268,
1439,
331,
2745,
4576,
18,
450,
772,
10385,
300,
508,
16,
3231,
356,
11336,
331,
2745,
3721,
405,
508,
361,
975,
3356,
2202,
1059,
1427,
341,
3507,
5508,
16,
3763,
292,
1590,
444,
2114,
2745,
8724,
18,
8964,
4174,
289,
629,
2745,
11287,
375,
3105,
1393,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
2153,
2669,
18,
203,
10646,
1616,
268,
1716,
289,
5157,
1389,
16,
3231,
375,
804,
4443,
2153,
3073,
291,
516,
11079,
1793,
2992,
18,
5157,
1389,
7445,
462,
794,
2885,
292,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
1668,
291,
3470,
287,
4260,
566,
525,
279,
1284,
268,
898,
331,
917,
17,
950,
1577,
288,
268,
2577,
17,
4708,
6156,
1433,
4122,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
3392,
1389,
35,
203,
51,
84,
1389,
16,
361,
4579,
7275,
16,
2006,
292,
268,
5123,
2762,
336,
261,
1433,
490,
2319,
292,
1288,
606,
3670,
3876,
5036,
325,
341,
261,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
3762,
18,
948,
7275,
356,
1990,
292,
1638,
268,
1619,
966,
289,
1433,
2067,
291,
1226,
3689,
659,
352,
7344,
88,
16,
2488,
647,
16,
2016,
2659,
16,
6350,
7275,
16,
291,
4501,
6454,
18,
203,
10015,
2656,
5157,
1389,
16,
518,
5835,
341,
917,
17,
950,
7445,
291,
5508,
16,
3392,
1389,
711,
692,
292,
268,
5572,
2762,
289,
3876,
261,
1433,
18,
8876,
289,
3392,
1389,
352,
268,
1923,
289,
2776,
1433,
288,
268,
1487,
3841,
18,
203,
51,
84,
1389,
7275,
356,
2437,
9426,
1908,
291,
356,
490,
11690,
3963,
658,
261,
1430,
1604,
18,
900,
356,
1990,
331,
268,
3809,
291,
2269,
318,
289,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
3614,
3670,
18,
203,
44,
387,
356,
261,
1374,
1558,
3097,
292,
992,
608,
3392,
1389,
30,
203,
17,
1245,
4447,
8136,
2762,
30,
3392,
1389,
2356,
7275,
336,
356,
2207,
292,
1288,
268,
1433,
3876,
5036,
325,
18,
553,
6420,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
1740,
291,
3632,
1990,
331,
4918,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
1786,
361,
1915,
18,
203,
17,
9455,
17,
950,
1393,
30,
6597,
5157,
1389,
16,
518,
528,
261,
512,
917,
17,
950,
1459,
16,
3392,
1389,
7275,
437,
363,
5572,
1393,
341,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
2153,
7567,
291,
356,
9495,
288,
268,
1619,
1604,
18,
203,
17,
418,
2385,
1767,
30,
3392,
1389,
7275,
356,
2918,
512,
6580,
687,
5157,
1389,
7445,
18,
900,
375,
327,
3886,
286,
512,
2619,
288,
2629,
292,
1703,
288,
1433,
3670,
16,
1877,
1533,
16,
361,
4790,
6395,
18,
203,
17,
10690,
1412,
30,
3392,
1389,
7275,
356,
1840,
3590,
3721,
405,
5785,
288,
268,
715,
502,
356,
490,
11690,
16,
518,
375,
1529,
5572,
2745,
1716,
292,
268,
1433,
18,
540,
316,
288,
4980,
292,
5157,
1389,
16,
518,
602,
327,
2783,
292,
975,
3356,
2202,
361,
792,
283,
287,
94,
318,
658,
1520,
935,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
268,
2921,
858,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
316,
1821,
331,
3231,
292,
804,
4443,
2153,
3073,
18,
4449,
1640,
289,
11532,
297,
889,
1152,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
268,
2114,
2153,
661,
289,
261,
2152,
18,
1285,
2992,
4641,
1079,
5157,
1389,
291,
3392,
1389,
16,
3231,
375,
8052,
444,
1793,
291,
2669,
2315,
331,
917,
17,
950,
1577,
18,
203,
9079,
348,
1524,
289,
3392,
1389,
203,
50,
329,
336,
445,
437,
261,
1763
] |
Amidst a world brimming with challenges and uncertainties, individuals often find solace in the timeless saying ‘Knowledge is power’. Yet, can we truly harness this power solely through reading books? This exploration plunges into the transformative potential of literature, an endeavor supported by rigorous research and profound understanding. We aim to inspire those wrestling personal tribulations to commence a journey towards positive transformation through the power of books.
Possessing a book grants significant amount of power, as it contains a vast amount of knowledge. In our world, intelligence and knowledge wield great influence, not ignorance. The key to expanding one’s knowledge is to consistently read useful materials that contribute to a deeper understanding of our world.
Power of Knowledge – Unveiling the Connection Between Books and Personal Empowerment
The Psychological Impact of Reading
In recent years, an expanding body of psychological studies has illuminated the profound impact reading holds on the human mind. Not only does it enhance cognitive abilities, it expands them. This active engagement with text contributes to a heightened sense of empathy and emotional intelligence.
Furthermore, as readers immerse themselves in multifaceted narratives spun by authors, a nuanced understanding of human experiences takes root. Indeed, this provides fertile ground for personal growth.
Reading beyond its cognitive advantages embarks on a journey into the labyrinth of emotions and perceptions. The characters, plots, and themes within literature serve as mirrors that reflect not only the fears but also the aspirations and shortcomings of readers. This introspective process fostered by an expansive world filled with diverse texts, transforms itself into a transformative force paving the way for profound personal revelations, subsequently driving evolution.
Unlocking Self-Reflection Through Literature
The therapeutic benefits of reading extend far beyond the acquisition of factual knowledge as highlighted by research. Literature, with its vast array of narratives, profoundly catalyzes self-reflection. Departing from the arid realm of dry facts, through exploring literature, individuals gain profound insights into their own lives.
As mentioned above, literature’s reflective nature transforms characters, plots, and themes into mirrors. It’s important to note that through this process, readers confront the intricacies of their fears, aspirations, and even shortcomings and are laid bare for examination at a deeper level.
Not a passive process, but an active engagement with the written word. This is your journey of self-discovery. Embarking on a quest for self-understanding through literature, you find resonance and significance in narratives that echo the cadence of your life. Indeed, it’s where you discover transformative power.
As a conduit for self-reflection, literature guides individuals toward an illuminated understanding of themselves and their surroundings. Its transformative power extends beyond mere words as it resonates deeply within our souls.
The Journey of Empowerment Through Books
From Knowledge to Action: Applying Wisdom in Real Life
Unless translated into actionable wisdom, the accumulation of knowledge remains a passive pursuit. The application in real life’s intricate tapestry with the wisdom gleaned from reading is where true empowerment blossoms. Reservoirs offering guidance and solutions stand embodied in books. These texts extract real-world examples from biographies, self-help literature, as well as case studies.
Armed with the power of knowledge, these individuals have translated it into actionable strategies for personal development. These examples showcase the power of informed minds.
Not merely an intellectual exercise, but a dynamic process unfolding in the crucible of lived experiences. This is the transition from knowledge to action. Books offer stories that serve as roadmaps. They guide individuals through life’s twists and turns. The empowerment one derives from reading isn’t theoretical. It manifests as a lived reality where knowledge transforms into a compass, a tool for navigating complex decisions and problems.
Cultivating a Growth Mindset Through Continuous Learning
The belief in a growth mindset that your abilities can flourish through dedication and hard work is where personal empowerment finds its cornerstone. Books serve as mentors, presenting challenges and triumphs. They inspire readers to view learning not merely as an educational phase but rather, a lifelong journey.
By curating literature meticulously, individuals cultivate resilience, developing the ability to bounce back from adversity and adaptability. These are two key attributes for effectively traversing life’s unpredictable terrain.
Cultivating a growth mindset is not an endeavor confined to a single moment. Rather, it’s an ongoing process intricately woven into the fabric of daily life. The narratives encapsulated within books, instead of merely being tales act as potent reminders. Challenges present opportunities for expansion and setbacks can function as crucial stepping stones towards personal development. Thus, unfolds the dynamic and continuous narrative of empowerment through reading where learning transcends from being just another destination to becoming a perpetual expedition.
Harnessing the Written Word for Positive Change
Overcoming Adversity Through Inspirational Narratives
During periods of hardship, individuals palpably experience the influence of inspirational narratives. Biographies, autobiographies, and motivational literature serve as a reservoir from which they draw strength and guidance when facing personal struggles.
Research indicates that exposure to these inspiring stories sparks hope and determination within people. It incites them to confront challenges with renewed vigor, a testament indeed not only to their resilience but also to the power inherent in compelling storytelling.
Inspirational narratives, beyond mere exposure, possess a transformative power. They can reshape perspectives. Like beacons of hope, these stories guide individuals out of the labyrinthine maze that is adversity. The triumphs and tribulations depicted within provide insight. This newfound perspective becomes an empowering source for readers, stoking their resilience and determination to overcome personal challenges.
A Literary Approach to Coping
Individuals who draw strength from literature often embody resilience, an ability to rebound from setbacks. In adversity, books through their diverse portrayals of resilience, become steadfast companions. Readers gain insights into coping mechanisms and cultivate a mindset that withstands life’s trials through carefully selected case studies and narratives.
The construction of resilience is not an endeavor undertaken in isolation, but rather a communal effort. This is facilitated by the collective experiences embedded within the literature. As characters conquer adversity, their stories morph into blueprints for navigating trials and tribulations. This depiction of unwavering resilience subsequently emerges better equipped to confront life’s uncertainties with fortitude.
Practical Tips for Personal Empowerment
Curating a Personalized Reading List for Growth
Not all books in the realm of personal empowerment hold equal standing. Thus, it becomes crucial to delve into the nuances of genres, themes, and authors. This act, curating a personalized reading list specifically tailored for one’s unique journey, demands an understanding that goes beyond surface-level comprehension.
More than just a simple compilation of titles, curating a personalized reading list becomes an intentional and thoughtful process. The multifaceted nature of personal growth is reflected in the diversity of genres and themes chosen. Curating the reading list involves deliberate self-exploration. It represents a conscious effort to align literary choices with individual aspirations, and challenges, all within the context of continual personal development.
Integrating Reading Habits into Daily Life
When reading integrates fully into daily life, the transformative power of books unfurls. This segment provides actionable strategies to infuse busy schedules with reading habits. Thus, it ensures that one’s routine consistently and continually evolves through the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth.
Incorporating reading habits into daily life is not a burdensome task, but rather, a seamless integration within existing routines. This process requires the deliberate allocation of time for reading. You must view this as an investment in personal empowerment. When books evolve from mere possessions to trusted companions in our everyday lives, they exceed the task of reading. It becomes a dynamic force that shapes thoughts and actions. Do you know the result? It alters the direction of our entire personal development trajectory.
Lifelong Impact of Sustaining Empowerment Through Literary Engagement
Embracing Lifelong Learning as a Lifestyle Choice
Avid readers exemplify lifelong learning. Their journey of empowerment through books is not limited to formal education but rather permeates every facet of existence. Engaging with literature and viewing each book as a stepping stone in an ongoing voyage of self-discovery and personal growth reinforces the idea that knowledge is an ever-expanding reservoir. It continually underscores this concept.
Engaging lifelong companions in books transforms our traditional notions of education. It surpasses structured curriculums, evolving into dynamic processes that are self-directed. The narratives harbored within these texts act as waypoints for an individual’s journey through continuous learning. They offer diverse perspectives and insights, all contributing significantly to an enriched existence filled with fulfillment.
Fostering Connections Through Literary Dialogue
Books empower not only individuals but also foster community connections. Literary dialogues conducted through book clubs or online forums, even in casual conversations serve as mediums for shared exploration. Diverse interpretations and personal experiences enhance the reading journey. They introduce new dimensions to familiar narratives which fosters a sense of unity within the community.
Literary engagement’s collective nature transforms reading. It stops being a solitary pursuit and becomes an experience shared among many. As individuals reveal their reflections, through the challenges and triumphs ignited by books, a vibrant web of mutual knowledge forms. Simultaneously, mutual support flourishes, and literary dialogues underscore the transformative potential embedded in shared stories and collective wisdom. They paint empowerment as more than just an individual endeavor. It is a collaborative process.
Transformative Influence and Nurturing Empathy Through Diverse Narratives
Broadening Perspectives Through Literary Diversity
Books not only aid in personal development but also cultivate empathy. This is an influence that reaches far beyond the realm of diverse narratives to which we are exposed. Literature acts as a gateway. Through its myriad characters and settings, it allows us to comprehend viewpoints outside our own. Research suggests that reading varied narratives bolsters our capacity for empathy towards those from differing backgrounds, thus nurturing both interconnectedness and compassion.
Readers who delve into narratives spanning cultures, histories, and experiences step directly into the lives of characters with vastly different existences from their own. This immersive experience indeed broadens empathic capacities. It constructs bridges of understanding while simultaneously breaking down preconceived notions.
The transformative power literature wields manifests as individuals encounter human diversity’s richness within book pages, fostering an inclusive worldview that is more empathetic.
Translating Literary Insights into Social Engagement
Literature cultivates empathy, transcending theoretical understanding to inspire actionable change in the real world. Exposure to diverse narratives nurtures empathy as a driving force for social engagement and positivity. Individuals find empowerment through insights gained from books. This motivation spurs them into active contributions within their communities, addressing social issues and advocating fervently for justice.
Books’ narratives, from community initiatives to social activism, serve as catalysts. They incite individuals to direct their nascent empathy into concrete efforts for societal improvement. The transformative power of literature doesn’t just promote personal growth. It also fosters collective empowerment, a testament that a culture grounded in empathy when reading can yield profound impacts on society at large.
Traversing the intricate tapestry of knowledge, books, and personal empowerment reveals an increasingly evident multifaceted nature of the written word. The psychological impact that reading induces to sustained engagement in lifelong learning. These are but a few examples illustrating how literature’s transformative influence acts as a dynamic force shaping individuals and communities alike.
Initiating a journey of empowerment through the exploration of knowledge, you evolve this narrative to include self-reflection, resilience, inspiration, and practical application. This quest extends beyond an individual. It enters into the communal sphere where it cultivates connections, and fosters empathy, ultimately inspiring collective action.
The intricate dance between reader and text transforms the pages of books into portals. portals that open us to new worlds, perspectives, and possibilities. Diverse narratives in literature contribute directly to empathy. This empathy is a powerful fuel for social engagement. It is where its transformative power lies. It weaves an empowering tapestry that transcends not only time but also space limitations. This is a testament to how potent our relationship with words can be.
We deduce the equation connecting knowledge, books, and personal empowerment is not a static one. Rather it thrives as a alive narrative. Each page-turned epitomizes a step in the journey of self-discovery, an act that fosters shared understanding and fuels collective growth.
The ongoing saga of empowerment manifests as a journey through books. It’s not just an exploration, but also a creation, a continual revelation that surpasses merely turning the last page. Engaging with quality books can empower you, but the same holds for well-crafted articles. Enhance your knowledge and power by delving into this compelling article. | <urn:uuid:721aad05-97ab-4cfe-809b-6559f211b85d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dsinspire.com/knowledge-is-power-book/ | 2024-02-22T18:43:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.917745 | 2,658 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
37,
81,
323,
503,
261,
887,
741,
344,
2280,
360,
2219,
291,
6789,
1235,
16,
1578,
970,
1255,
904,
570,
288,
268,
584,
3592,
5390,
1321,
47,
619,
1584,
316,
1056,
5494,
5942,
16,
375,
445,
5562,
8696,
456,
1056,
9294,
734,
2568,
3310,
35,
540,
6061,
452,
374,
940,
636,
268,
11458,
1439,
289,
4800,
16,
363,
9860,
2839,
5287,
419,
6343,
6821,
922,
291,
6234,
1616,
18,
924,
2517,
292,
8935,
1014,
276,
6666,
1667,
1845,
4824,
2158,
292,
580,
514,
261,
3405,
2547,
2262,
7486,
734,
268,
1056,
289,
3310,
18,
203,
52,
1181,
368,
281,
261,
2077,
11852,
1297,
1944,
289,
1056,
16,
352,
362,
3387,
261,
4597,
1944,
289,
1772,
18,
450,
662,
887,
16,
3803,
291,
1772,
276,
1528,
1312,
3033,
16,
462,
4592,
283,
515,
18,
365,
1558,
292,
9116,
597,
372,
87,
1772,
316,
292,
8270,
1078,
3209,
1811,
336,
2885,
292,
261,
5037,
1616,
289,
662,
887,
18,
203,
52,
746,
289,
11083,
796,
860,
317,
4454,
268,
6384,
982,
8356,
10703,
291,
8781,
5308,
746,
367,
203,
1461,
5940,
1496,
7160,
289,
7659,
203,
2983,
2650,
935,
16,
363,
9116,
1073,
289,
5468,
2194,
528,
1930,
408,
4231,
268,
6234,
1393,
2568,
5738,
341,
268,
1195,
1710,
18,
3217,
794,
1082,
362,
3017,
4085,
5384,
16,
362,
771,
1863,
622,
18,
540,
3009,
5956,
360,
2631,
6831,
292,
261,
4733,
2539,
2266,
289,
8288,
291,
3167,
3803,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
352,
5250,
1299,
4508,
2315,
288,
1726,
9512,
9946,
4816,
2513,
440,
374,
419,
5269,
16,
261,
8722,
1872,
1616,
289,
1195,
2891,
2844,
3382,
18,
9129,
16,
456,
1956,
2805,
5302,
2107,
331,
1845,
1668,
18,
203,
8594,
5669,
3183,
606,
4085,
4576,
3612,
9753,
341,
261,
3405,
636,
268,
2550,
3148,
11770,
289,
3982,
291,
574,
6795,
18,
365,
5258,
16,
452,
1618,
16,
291,
8129,
1291,
4800,
3705,
352,
6050,
5089,
336,
5295,
462,
794,
268,
11282,
566,
525,
268,
11113,
500,
291,
1912,
1896,
762,
289,
5250,
18,
540,
1295,
1012,
9640,
833,
4322,
286,
419,
363,
6051,
464,
887,
6043,
360,
3596,
7448,
16,
817,
3858,
2635,
636,
261,
11458,
3160,
279,
2366,
268,
898,
331,
6234,
1845,
304,
489,
500,
16,
11810,
4462,
4414,
18,
203,
10015,
80,
6523,
7616,
17,
54,
4727,
7414,
3797,
9014,
920,
203,
1461,
8082,
1716,
289,
2568,
7012,
1904,
3183,
268,
11071,
564,
289,
873,
1924,
1772,
352,
10336,
419,
922,
18,
9014,
920,
16,
360,
606,
4597,
7376,
289,
4816,
2513,
16,
6234,
325,
2313,
3852,
94,
274,
1817,
17,
267,
74,
7414,
18,
2673,
531,
281,
427,
268,
598,
323,
7897,
289,
2962,
5265,
16,
734,
5772,
4800,
16,
1578,
3277,
6234,
4102,
636,
444,
1044,
2136,
18,
203,
5190,
4565,
2159,
16,
4800,
372,
87,
2500,
656,
2075,
817,
3858,
5258,
16,
452,
1618,
16,
291,
8129,
636,
6050,
5089,
18,
553,
372,
87,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
734,
456,
833,
16,
5250,
1275,
5935,
268,
5863,
8933,
289,
444,
11282,
16,
11113,
500,
16,
291,
919,
1912,
1896,
762,
291,
356,
8320,
9673,
331,
6801,
430,
261,
5037,
966,
18,
203,
50,
376,
261,
11344,
833,
16,
566,
363,
3009,
5956,
360,
268,
3245,
2594,
18,
540,
316,
424,
3405,
289,
1817,
17,
7774,
2690,
18,
416,
1880,
294,
505,
341,
261,
626,
443,
331,
1817,
17,
1096,
897,
281,
734,
4800,
16,
337,
1255,
8317,
515,
291,
4489,
288,
4816,
2513,
336,
303,
9764,
268,
273,
354,
514,
289,
424,
943,
18,
9129,
16,
362,
372,
87,
853,
337,
2677,
11458,
1056,
18,
203,
5190,
261,
1042,
1946,
331,
1817,
17,
267,
74,
7414,
16,
4800,
10129,
1578,
4094,
363,
1930,
408,
4231,
1616,
289,
2315,
291,
444,
9292,
18,
3837,
11458,
1056,
9199,
3183,
10267,
2117,
352,
362,
8317,
692,
7292,
1291,
662,
3420,
3205,
18,
203,
1461,
4770,
2022,
289,
5308,
746,
367,
3797,
10703,
203,
42,
409,
11083,
292,
9300,
30,
2537,
2173,
388,
277,
2934,
288,
8683,
5223,
203,
10015,
1465,
11567,
636,
2433,
541,
7521,
16,
268,
11359,
289,
1772,
3341,
261,
11344,
11343,
18,
365,
2889,
288,
1409,
943,
372,
87,
7166,
6725,
274,
891,
360,
268,
7521,
319,
298,
282,
286,
427,
2568,
316,
853,
2915,
5887,
367,
725,
1181,
9544,
18,
1401,
678,
83,
6958,
4542,
4587,
291,
2931,
1323,
3612,
370,
870,
288,
3310,
18,
948,
7448,
8470,
1409,
17,
7340,
3324,
427,
1738,
2210,
423,
16,
1817,
17,
8219,
84,
4800,
16,
352,
767,
352,
1731,
2194,
18,
203,
8239,
4424,
360,
268,
1056,
289,
1772,
16,
629,
1578,
437,
11567,
362,
636,
2433,
541,
2737,
331,
1845,
1208,
18,
948,
3324,
7273,
575,
268,
1056,
289,
4443,
8143,
18,
203,
50,
376,
8209,
363,
7405,
2671,
16,
566,
261,
5694,
833,
4372,
8543,
288,
268,
1770,
801,
289,
5361,
2891,
18,
540,
316,
268,
4992,
427,
1772,
292,
2433,
18,
10703,
1529,
3817,
336,
3705,
352,
3063,
81,
1881,
18,
900,
3233,
1578,
734,
943,
372,
87,
808,
978,
291,
6805,
18,
365,
5887,
367,
597,
4164,
1022,
427,
2568,
3422,
372,
88,
9762,
18,
553,
6421,
1704,
352,
261,
5361,
3881,
853,
1772,
817,
3858,
636,
261,
494,
594,
16,
261,
1438,
331,
3920,
673,
1874,
3073,
291,
1626,
18,
203,
39,
346,
729,
673,
261,
11507,
7595,
3516,
3797,
7182,
6810,
4068,
203,
1461,
3796,
288,
261,
1668,
9589,
336,
424,
5384,
375,
7141,
557,
734,
11428,
291,
1656,
716,
316,
853,
1845,
5887,
367,
8462,
606,
9992,
6149,
18,
10703,
3705,
352,
1473,
909,
16,
11717,
2219,
291,
432,
1231,
902,
87,
18,
900,
8935,
5250,
292,
1889,
1217,
462,
8209,
352,
363,
3409,
4503,
566,
2359,
16,
261,
2339,
11601,
3405,
18,
203,
10646,
1065,
673,
4800,
479,
410,
346,
3343,
16,
1578,
4884,
381,
5752,
16,
2528,
268,
1882,
292,
285,
7852,
1103,
427,
10613,
380,
291,
2508,
4658,
18,
948,
356,
881,
1558,
9925,
331,
2992,
8651,
332,
281,
943,
372,
87,
8175,
9901,
1576,
1589,
4841,
18,
203,
39,
346,
729,
673,
261,
1668,
9589,
316,
462,
363,
9860,
2839,
1275,
1451,
292,
261,
2324,
3841,
18,
9574,
16,
362,
372,
87,
363,
5123,
833,
5863,
1300,
276,
9818,
636,
268,
5621,
289,
2438,
943,
18,
365,
4816,
2513,
1593,
1881,
3025,
1291,
3310,
16,
3087,
289,
8209,
1018,
1971,
274,
3241,
352,
1076,
302,
7167,
332,
18,
10413,
1487,
2824,
331,
6819,
291,
1075,
9115,
375,
1596,
352,
1821,
1058,
3752,
7929,
2547,
1845,
1208,
18,
4387,
16,
4372,
5013,
268,
5694,
291,
5674,
7132,
289,
5887,
367,
734,
2568,
853,
1217,
817,
71,
6311,
427,
1018,
1039,
1515,
8911,
292,
3832,
261,
574,
8481,
800,
10036,
564,
18,
203,
44,
294,
822,
281,
268,
5968,
506,
7461,
331,
9558,
1257,
7085,
203,
51,
357,
6319,
1167,
1414,
380,
3797,
11894,
338,
778,
465,
2888,
2513,
203,
40,
714,
4676,
289,
296,
1519,
1028,
16,
1578,
4659,
84,
2090,
1432,
268,
3033,
289,
2852,
338,
778,
4816,
2513,
18,
4546,
2210,
423,
16,
6229,
4655,
2210,
423,
16,
291,
4042,
778,
4800,
3705,
352,
261,
5500,
10814,
427,
518,
502,
2395,
2166,
291,
4587,
649,
6232,
1845,
10792,
18,
203,
11872,
2124,
6271,
336,
3285,
292,
629,
2852,
3407,
3817,
440,
9753,
3571,
291,
10908,
1291,
689,
18,
553,
490,
2154,
622,
292,
1275,
5935,
2219,
360,
3946,
286,
8742,
283,
16,
261,
11483,
7195,
462,
794,
292,
444,
5752,
566,
525,
292,
268,
1056,
11118,
288,
11582,
11720,
18,
203,
45,
1950,
84,
338,
778,
4816,
2513,
16,
3183,
10267,
3285,
16,
5929,
261,
11458,
1056,
18,
900,
375,
474,
76,
1523,
7255,
18,
4467,
327,
313,
625,
289,
3571,
16,
629,
3817,
3233,
1578,
628,
289,
268,
2550,
3148,
11770,
475,
527,
2879,
336,
316,
10613,
380,
18,
365,
432,
1231,
902,
87,
291,
4824,
2158,
7644,
691,
1291,
1153,
6818,
18,
540,
733,
10928,
4785,
3125,
363,
5887,
281,
2088,
331,
5250,
16,
1227,
505,
444,
5752,
291,
10908,
292,
6101,
1845,
2219,
18,
203,
37,
9014,
556,
9182,
492,
292,
6231,
281,
203,
11402,
927,
1429,
650,
2395,
2166,
427,
4800,
970,
3612,
946,
5752,
16,
363,
1882,
292,
7073,
655,
427,
1075,
9115,
18,
450,
10613,
380,
16,
3310,
734,
444,
3596,
9365,
350,
645,
289,
5752,
16,
1343,
1058,
354,
9169,
11828,
18,
3177,
332,
3277,
4102,
636,
9920,
5576,
291,
4884,
381,
261,
9589,
336,
9697,
87,
943,
372,
87,
6966,
734,
5104,
5951,
1731,
2194,
291,
4816,
2513,
18,
203,
1461,
3076,
289,
5752,
316,
462,
363,
9860,
2839,
1064,
358,
1651,
288,
8654,
16,
566,
2359,
261,
903,
280,
3620,
18,
540,
316,
4191,
488,
419,
268,
7401,
2891,
9993,
1291,
268,
4800,
18,
760,
5258,
9227,
265,
10613,
380,
16,
444,
3817,
11497,
636,
10590,
559,
86,
9648,
331,
3920,
673,
6966,
291,
4824,
2158,
18,
540,
975,
2597,
289,
6752,
9758,
281,
5752,
11810,
2351,
274,
1326,
7601,
292,
1275,
5935,
943,
372,
87,
6789,
1235,
360,
331,
9635,
18,
203,
52,
7464,
962,
7973,
331,
8781,
5308,
746,
367,
203,
39,
324,
673,
261,
8781,
963,
7659,
11340,
331,
11507,
203,
50,
376,
516,
3310,
288,
268,
7897,
289,
1845,
5887,
367,
3325,
4458,
6631,
18,
4387,
16,
362,
3125,
1821,
292,
7315,
636,
268,
8722,
1427,
289,
2451,
379,
16,
8129,
16,
291,
5269,
18,
540,
3241,
16,
1065,
673,
261,
7070,
2568,
2455,
4479,
8254,
331,
597,
372,
87,
2070,
3405,
16,
6395,
363,
1616,
336,
3677,
3183,
2248,
17,
6120,
10655,
18,
203,
49,
404,
687,
1039,
261,
2208,
494,
309,
318,
289,
1377,
4347,
16,
1065,
673,
261,
7070,
2568,
2455,
3125,
363,
4737,
1556,
291,
2693,
703,
833,
18,
365,
1726,
9512,
9946,
2075,
289,
1845,
1668,
316,
9495,
288,
268,
4674,
289,
2451,
379,
291,
8129,
6196,
18,
4039,
673,
268,
2568,
2455,
2675,
10582,
381,
1817,
17,
1389,
476,
4165,
18,
553,
5064,
261,
5286,
3620,
292,
4394,
9087,
4548,
360,
1769,
11113,
500,
16,
291,
2219,
16,
516,
1291,
268,
3558,
289,
1205,
800,
1845,
1208,
18,
203,
2983,
1885,
673,
7659,
10077,
764,
636,
11435,
5223,
203,
7508,
2568,
2134,
692,
3590,
636,
2438,
943,
16,
268,
11458,
1056,
289,
3310,
4372,
324,
3205,
18,
540,
9706,
1956,
2433,
541,
2737,
292,
582,
2013,
9693,
4069,
2125,
360,
2568,
4585,
18,
4387,
16,
362,
4698,
336,
597,
372,
87,
4485,
8270,
291,
1205,
1141,
3735,
973,
734,
268,
11343,
289,
1772,
291,
1845,
1668,
18,
203,
2983,
71,
2688,
673,
2568,
4585,
636,
2438,
943,
316,
462,
261,
2837,
72,
614,
436,
3718,
16,
566,
2359,
16,
261,
7677,
1465,
5791,
1291,
3614,
11346,
18,
540,
833,
2559,
268,
10582,
381,
516,
6604,
289,
669,
331,
2568,
18,
990,
1204,
1889,
456,
352,
363,
3994,
288,
1845,
5887,
367,
18,
1097,
3310,
9055,
427,
10267,
1148,
5109,
292,
10679,
11828,
288,
662,
5667,
2136,
16,
502,
10044,
268,
3718,
289,
2568,
18,
553,
3125,
261,
5694,
3160,
336,
6133,
4324,
291,
3441,
18,
2094,
337,
698,
268,
1636,
35,
553,
366,
1736,
268,
4210,
289,
662,
2414,
1845,
1208,
1498,
78,
312,
861,
18,
203,
48,
373,
11601,
7160,
289,
5057,
5045,
5308,
746,
367,
3797,
9014,
556,
1581,
1361,
203,
41,
81,
1048,
3052,
11700,
11601,
4068,
352,
261,
11700,
3884,
5014,
690,
203,
37,
90,
323,
5250,
9347,
476,
3049,
2339,
11601,
1217,
18,
3367,
3405,
289,
5887,
367,
734,
3310,
316,
462,
3064,
292,
5979,
1637,
566,
2359,
574,
1475,
692,
953,
873,
364,
289,
5682,
18,
1581,
1516,
360,
4800,
291,
1889,
281,
1011,
2077,
352,
261,
1058,
3752,
5371,
288,
363,
5123,
385,
905,
495,
289,
1817,
17,
7774,
2690,
291,
1845,
1668,
9452,
607,
268,
2505,
336,
1772,
316,
363,
2577,
17,
5580,
481,
281,
5500,
10814,
18,
553,
1205,
1141,
4277,
71,
1538,
456,
3313,
18,
203,
9453,
75,
1516,
2339,
11601,
11828,
288,
3310,
817,
3858,
662,
2338,
688,
508,
289,
1637,
18,
553,
828,
84,
6442,
9157,
1065,
1179,
346,
4037,
16,
8613,
636,
5694,
2618,
336,
356,
1817,
17,
72,
569,
71,
691,
18,
365,
4816,
2513,
2920,
70,
2723,
1291,
629,
7448,
3241,
352,
898,
84,
2372,
331,
363,
1769,
372,
87,
3405,
734,
5674,
1217,
18,
900,
1529,
3596,
7255,
291,
4102,
16,
516,
6126,
3105,
292,
363,
8207,
286,
5682,
6043,
360,
10176,
367,
18,
203
] |
The Red Wattle — A Gastronomic Polyglot
Across cultures and time, the breed of pig that today goes by the name Red Wattle, but which has existed in some form for centuries by other names, has been taken around the world by foot, boat, train, and truck! Red Wattles are known for their hardiness, foraging activity, and rapid growth rate, but many pigs boast these traits. What was it about this pig that made it such a celebrity?
The Wattles ancestor can be traced to China, as all domesticated pigs can be, where it was eventually boarded onto small long-voyaging ships destined for the South Pacific. Centuries later, it again took up cherished spots on boats, this time French ones, bound for New Orleans where it became the pork of choice for Creole and Cajun chefs, at the same time when jazz was being created as an artform. Years later the pig was allowed to roam almost wild in the forests of Texas. Then it was reported extinct. But somehow it survived. In the 2000s the Red Wattle would become a household name among chefs — again — for its meat quality.
The history of the Red Wattle can be traced back 1,000 years or more. The wattles — fleshy protuberances that that hang from its jowl — is a signature feature, along with its cinnamon colored skin, allowing the breed to be recognized over time. All pigs used to have wattles, but today the Red Wattle is one of the very last varieties left in the world to retain the trait that is carried by a single gene.
There is a theory that this pig came to the US from the Spanish, but most think the breed came here from New Caledonia, including the most definitive source for all things livestock, The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds by Janet Vorwald Dohner. This makes the breed the only breed of pig in the US that we know about that did not arrive here by way of Europe. The peoples of the Pacific Islands have a long history with pigs, a livestock deeply woven into their cultural food traditions. Even the Disney character Moana had a pet pig! But New Caledonia is a remote island, about 750 miles from Australia, with no native livestock. So where did the ancestors of the Red Wattle originally come from?
Wild boars are native to many places. Domesticated pigs were developed in China and spread throughout the world including to New Caledonia. Pigs moved through active trade routes and when Chinese settled in new places, bringing their food culture with them including breeds of ducks and ancestors of the Red Wattle. Documentation exists showing Chinese migration to Southeast Asia by the 10th century, but as early as the 3rd century, barbarian invasions in the wake of civil war, plague, and famine led to entire communities moving south. Chinese of later eras, as well as other groups, also conducted oceanic voyages into the Pacific including the Neolithic Lapita culture — or Austronesians — beginning around 1500 B.C. Around 1200-1500 years ago the Polynesians brought more pigs, the Kunekune (which also have wattles) being perhaps the most famous.
Whether our Red Wattle predecessors arrived to the Pacific one, two, or three millennia ago, either way, they had been there for a long time. As the centuries rolled on, before Europeans arrived, the Melanesians of New Caledonia selected, developed, and some would say perfected the physical and taste characteristics of the Red Wattle — they made it their own. We can see how good a job they did by the fact that the journey of the breed around the world was in some ways just beginning.
The first European to arrive in 1774 was the British navigator James Cook, who christened the country “New Caledonia” because the mountainous scenery of the main island reminded him of his native Scotland. Red Wattles might have been brought to the Americas between Cook’s arrival and 1846. During this span, the Northwest Company and Hudson's Bay Company merged, creating three new trading regions New Caledonia, Thompson River Watershed, and Columbia District. But by 1846 the British relinquished any claim to territory south of the 49th parallel in signing the Oregon Treaty.
More plausibly the Red Wattle came to these shores by way of the French. In 1853 France took possession of most of present-day New Caledonia with the aim of reserving the territory as a possible site for a penal colony. It is about at this moment that the pig arrived in New Orleans, a region of the Americas with deep French roots. Again, the Wattle was going places.
Before the arrival of Europeans, there existed no domesticated livestock on these lands — only wild animals like bison (and the turkey, which many Native groups did actually domesticate). Most livestock were brought here when the Spanish, Dutch, English, and French arrived from Europe during early expeditions starting in the 16th century. The Spanish Churro lamb is credited as being the first domesticated species to land here (soon after which the Navajo peoples tuned it into an integral part of their culture), and many others followed including pig varieties like the Berkshire, Gloucestershire Old Spot, and Tamworth. But not the Red Wattle — it came later and by way of Asia and the South Pacific.
Even with many European varieties available in the Americas at that time, it was the Wattle that would be embraced by the leaders of what is perhaps our greatest gastronomic contribution to the world, along with BBQ. Once in New Orleans it quickly became a favorite meat breed and would come to populate backyards, serving as a backbone to any recipe calling for pork in the local Creole and Cajun cuisine.
Then, remarkably, the history of the Red Wattle gets murky — again. Once their celebrity moment in New Orleans ends, they next appear in the forests of east Texas where the breed was known as woods hogs. Farmers had found a place for the herds and the Wattle had found a way to survive. From time-to-time the locals rounded the pigs up on horseback using trained dogs and hauled them away to the great slaughterhouses of Chicago. The Wattle pig was important enough — and delicious enough — that it spawned a cowboy/shepherding culture around it, following in the footsteps of cattle and even bison. Red Wattle pigs were sturdy, hearty, adaptable — they were survivors.
As time progressed, the destruction they caused by their rooting led to their near extinction. But a few farmers must have kept them or been aware that some were still out there somewhere. One day in the late 1970s, a Texas pig farmer named H.C. Wengler stumbled upon a clan of pigs roaming around the eastern part of the state, recognizable by their color and unmistakable wattles and he took them in.
A re-re-re-renaissance was afoot! Thanks to Wengler, other farmers took on Wattle boars and sows as well. Larry and Madonna Sorell, who we had worked with for three years already through the heritage turkey project, were among them. They ran the most idyllic farm in Glasco, Kansas, not far from Salina. Tucked into their wild patch of woods and small paddocks lived many rare breeds including Scottish Highlands, Narragansett and Bourbon Red turkeys, Cornish chickens, and a donkey with a bum leg. Madonna was the best cook we ever came across in our travels and her home resembled a doll house even though in it they had raised ten children. The Red Wattle was a perfect addition, roaming their woods, almost feral but still domesticated. Little did they know that those pigs would soon become celebrities.
One day in 2004 we visited Larry and Madonna, soon after having started Heritage Foods to preserve livestock breeds from extinction by selling them. We came with four New York chefs for a side-by-side breed tasting to see which breed we should start growing in larger numbers. That tasting was attended by Mark Ladner, Jason Denton, Zach Allen and Steve Connaughton. As had happened throughout history, the Red Wattle was singled out.
Next came a handshake and a commitment to launch something together even if it would take years to accomplish — breeding pure Red Wattles takes time. Larry and Madonna combed the Midwest buying up Red Wattles from farms and loading them on their truck to take back home to start a rare breed herd that would eventually be anchored by a consortium of their local Amish.
Today the farmers raise, and we purchase, about 75 Wattles each-and-every week of the year, a small number in the grand scheme of things but a significant number in the rare breed world. The non-profit Livestock Conservancy lists the Red Wattle as Threatened: breeds with fewer than 1,000 annual registrations in the U.S. and an estimated global population less than 5,000.
Over subsequent years, the Wattle herd grew and would come to populate menus at great restaurants across the country. At NYC’s Lupa Restaurant the Boston Butts were the main ingredient for some of the best pasta sauces in the nation. Brooklyn’s Vinegar Hill House would feature the Red Wattle country-rib chop, called out by New York Times food critic Frank Bruni as one of the best bites of his career. The Fatted Calf produced a beloved all Red Wattle salami with black pepper and Spanish Pimenton. And Romy Drohan, chef and owner of Filipino restaurants Purple Yam and Cendrillon used the Wattle exclusively for his traditional holiday centerpieces, like the bone in skin on belly for leçhon — he was drawn to the Wattle, not knowing that its origins were close to his own! Other great chefs adored Red Wattle pork as well. Once again, this pig had found a place for itself in the food supply. A recent article by Saveur Magazine was titled, “Is the Red Wattle America’s Tastiest Pig?”
Over the years we have conducted many tastings trying to determine what Red Wattle tastes like. Remarkably the Wattle seems to have acquired a taste and flavor from each of the stops along its global journey. We have used the words charmingly inconsistent to describe it — always Wattle but never exactly the same each time. Its meat is always full of surprises! Farmers obviously have something to do with this since they select the traits that will be bred into the next generation. But, perhaps romantically, we believe the pig itself simply excels in flavor and in its ability to adapt to local traditions.
We have called Red Wattle pork sweet, nutty, floral, robust, concentrated, bold, melt in your mouth, and tender. We’ve also used words like porky, wild, more like a steak, murky, breezy, swampy, forest-ey, brackish, and bayou-ie, not exactly the best marketing words to describe the taste and flavor of pork but all are undercurrents to each bite — with no one taste ever going too far that it falls out of favor. In the end it’s just a superior pork chop.
For a livestock breed to make it in this world, it has to be eaten, and the Red Wattle has been eaten for thousands of years. It’s a polyglot, a product of many gastronomic languages. It’s a celebrity and a survivor. And we are thankful for it. | <urn:uuid:7065f371-6422-49a4-8acb-acbfbe940689> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://heritagefoods.com/blogs/news/the-red-wattle-a-gastronomic-polyglot | 2024-02-22T17:26:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.976482 | 2,414 | 2.921875 | 3 | [
1461,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
1691,
330,
10989,
322,
7224,
11365,
4794,
376,
203,
37,
71,
1248,
5077,
291,
669,
16,
268,
6057,
289,
5169,
336,
1853,
3677,
419,
268,
1932,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
16,
566,
518,
528,
10544,
288,
579,
926,
331,
4932,
419,
586,
4600,
16,
528,
712,
2459,
1149,
268,
887,
419,
3130,
16,
9160,
16,
4909,
16,
291,
11977,
5,
3292,
388,
271,
4347,
356,
1261,
331,
444,
1656,
1127,
16,
331,
1516,
2067,
16,
291,
3306,
1668,
2288,
16,
566,
772,
11726,
1337,
603,
629,
7676,
18,
1021,
454,
362,
608,
456,
5169,
336,
1146,
362,
659,
261,
3138,
380,
35,
203,
1461,
388,
271,
4347,
6812,
441,
375,
327,
432,
2276,
292,
3070,
16,
352,
516,
5143,
488,
11726,
375,
327,
16,
853,
362,
454,
4456,
4302,
286,
5051,
1139,
917,
17,
90,
905,
1516,
7860,
3294,
1451,
331,
268,
2705,
6746,
18,
2126,
2892,
2135,
16,
362,
1221,
3077,
644,
392,
265,
1341,
7380,
341,
1337,
1378,
16,
456,
669,
3770,
3001,
16,
3951,
331,
1525,
1778,
298,
504,
853,
362,
2457,
268,
2672,
79,
289,
3185,
331,
5701,
2748,
291,
351,
5461,
374,
4086,
74,
87,
16,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
649,
577,
10187,
454,
1018,
2370,
352,
363,
1699,
840,
18,
5472,
87,
2135,
268,
5169,
454,
4034,
292,
633,
348,
2764,
2587,
288,
268,
5918,
289,
6195,
18,
3574,
362,
454,
3446,
8579,
999,
18,
1163,
579,
7831,
362,
2720,
1665,
18,
450,
268,
6431,
87,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
830,
1343,
261,
5914,
1932,
1694,
4086,
74,
87,
1691,
1221,
1691,
331,
606,
4425,
1630,
18,
203,
1461,
1550,
289,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
375,
327,
432,
2276,
1103,
433,
16,
1347,
935,
361,
512,
18,
365,
276,
271,
4347,
1691,
11798,
2626,
347,
400,
657,
1427,
336,
336,
296,
620,
427,
606,
577,
329,
80,
1691,
316,
261,
823,
920,
3810,
16,
1910,
360,
606,
273,
263,
5490,
266,
11381,
1903,
16,
3240,
268,
6057,
292,
327,
5447,
658,
669,
18,
1771,
11726,
724,
292,
437,
276,
271,
4347,
16,
566,
1853,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
316,
597,
289,
268,
1040,
1887,
6756,
2294,
288,
268,
887,
292,
6449,
268,
1498,
297,
336,
316,
4607,
419,
261,
2324,
2261,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
261,
3580,
336,
456,
5169,
2913,
292,
268,
2065,
427,
268,
5162,
16,
566,
710,
1779,
268,
6057,
2913,
1671,
427,
1525,
2628,
286,
7235,
16,
1118,
268,
710,
3259,
1257,
2088,
331,
516,
1612,
9306,
16,
365,
952,
2405,
1215,
389,
6162,
289,
6446,
300,
291,
6767,
8658,
458,
1022,
5521,
291,
382,
11893,
4773,
1857,
419,
3988,
364,
720,
283,
91,
8655,
413,
1390,
1331,
18,
540,
1892,
268,
6057,
268,
794,
6057,
289,
5169,
288,
268,
2065,
336,
445,
698,
608,
336,
1535,
462,
11196,
1671,
419,
898,
289,
1994,
18,
365,
8839,
289,
268,
6746,
10597,
437,
261,
917,
1550,
360,
11726,
16,
261,
9306,
7292,
276,
9818,
636,
444,
2694,
934,
6215,
18,
3142,
268,
2080,
2022,
1876,
3551,
3256,
850,
261,
3561,
5169,
5,
1163,
1525,
2628,
286,
7235,
316,
261,
5609,
5426,
16,
608,
1499,
2520,
4772,
427,
4344,
16,
360,
688,
4289,
9306,
18,
1426,
853,
1535,
268,
10648,
289,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
6980,
1631,
427,
35,
203,
59,
585,
1337,
1267,
356,
4289,
292,
772,
3508,
18,
413,
4697,
488,
11726,
664,
2317,
288,
3070,
291,
2458,
2309,
268,
887,
1118,
292,
1525,
2628,
286,
7235,
18,
382,
11963,
5381,
734,
3009,
3631,
9836,
291,
649,
3877,
10996,
288,
733,
3508,
16,
6875,
444,
934,
2484,
360,
622,
1118,
9893,
289,
295,
8202,
291,
10648,
289,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
18,
6380,
1799,
318,
7280,
5526,
3877,
8222,
292,
5452,
8072,
5257,
419,
268,
1474,
262,
2254,
16,
566,
352,
1568,
352,
268,
777,
9060,
2254,
16,
2404,
70,
3576,
787,
11208,
288,
268,
9625,
289,
3390,
1718,
16,
452,
6036,
16,
291,
1077,
475,
2791,
292,
2414,
2552,
3931,
4706,
18,
3877,
289,
2135,
1827,
301,
16,
352,
767,
352,
586,
2303,
16,
525,
4404,
4782,
300,
385,
905,
1172,
636,
268,
6746,
1118,
268,
2138,
320,
349,
300,
458,
429,
7866,
2484,
1691,
361,
2901,
1661,
1825,
1691,
3484,
1149,
2063,
587,
391,
18,
39,
18,
330,
756,
2211,
587,
17,
3546,
587,
935,
3656,
268,
2668,
2121,
274,
1825,
3835,
512,
11726,
16,
268,
696,
1807,
79,
1807,
421,
6499,
525,
437,
276,
271,
4347,
13,
1018,
4810,
268,
710,
4572,
18,
203,
59,
781,
411,
662,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
2061,
7323,
753,
8016,
292,
268,
6746,
597,
16,
881,
16,
361,
1391,
3637,
3021,
563,
3656,
16,
2447,
898,
16,
502,
850,
712,
686,
331,
261,
917,
669,
18,
760,
268,
4932,
4995,
286,
341,
16,
1134,
1994,
504,
8016,
16,
268,
8135,
5861,
1825,
289,
1525,
2628,
286,
7235,
5951,
16,
2317,
16,
291,
579,
830,
1856,
10483,
1113,
268,
1646,
291,
5367,
3869,
289,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
1691,
502,
1146,
362,
444,
1044,
18,
924,
375,
901,
667,
1060,
261,
3065,
502,
1535,
419,
268,
1975,
336,
268,
3405,
289,
268,
6057,
1149,
268,
887,
454,
288,
579,
1714,
1039,
3484,
18,
203,
1461,
855,
3366,
292,
11196,
288,
2493,
27,
24,
454,
268,
3247,
3920,
1622,
5755,
351,
838,
16,
650,
392,
1532,
506,
286,
268,
1777,
538,
10455,
2628,
286,
7235,
537,
971,
268,
4778,
499,
646,
814,
93,
289,
268,
939,
5426,
7167,
286,
1547,
289,
615,
4289,
9119,
18,
3292,
388,
271,
4347,
1276,
437,
712,
3835,
292,
268,
1177,
301,
858,
351,
838,
372,
87,
10907,
291,
1398,
9812,
18,
2942,
456,
8635,
16,
268,
2859,
6996,
7356,
291,
9489,
727,
266,
743,
6847,
7356,
293,
732,
286,
16,
2435,
1391,
733,
8073,
3921,
1525,
2628,
286,
7235,
16,
321,
311,
782,
266,
4258,
388,
4488,
76,
286,
16,
291,
10048,
9058,
18,
1163,
419,
1398,
9812,
268,
3247,
711,
263,
395,
1341,
723,
2952,
292,
7211,
4706,
289,
268,
988,
29,
262,
8184,
288,
823,
281,
268,
11865,
4241,
93,
18,
203,
49,
404,
452,
571,
3749,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
2913,
292,
629,
422,
1538,
419,
898,
289,
268,
3770,
18,
450,
9135,
23,
5088,
3077,
1148,
1436,
289,
710,
289,
1487,
17,
1286,
1525,
2628,
286,
7235,
360,
268,
2517,
289,
5500,
281,
268,
7211,
352,
261,
1522,
2663,
331,
261,
9422,
10798,
18,
553,
316,
608,
430,
456,
3841,
336,
268,
5169,
8016,
288,
1525,
1778,
298,
504,
16,
261,
2225,
289,
268,
1177,
301,
360,
2295,
3770,
4543,
18,
8497,
16,
268,
388,
271,
1093,
454,
2118,
3508,
18,
203,
10746,
852,
268,
10907,
289,
1994,
504,
16,
686,
10544,
688,
5143,
488,
9306,
341,
629,
7065,
1691,
794,
2587,
2312,
730,
285,
2613,
421,
481,
268,
2882,
5019,
16,
518,
772,
6703,
2303,
1535,
2545,
5143,
381,
802,
2620,
9306,
664,
3835,
1671,
649,
268,
5162,
16,
9437,
16,
2525,
16,
291,
3770,
8016,
427,
1994,
995,
1568,
10036,
1158,
4089,
288,
268,
2648,
262,
2254,
18,
365,
5162,
654,
324,
299,
308,
4335,
316,
2977,
1006,
352,
1018,
268,
855,
5143,
488,
1678,
292,
1283,
1671,
421,
510,
266,
1003,
518,
268,
6303,
5461,
83,
8839,
5646,
286,
362,
636,
363,
7825,
923,
289,
444,
2484,
989,
291,
772,
1548,
4138,
1118,
5169,
6756,
730,
268,
6122,
530,
9211,
16,
3199,
290,
71,
443,
332,
9211,
6089,
1384,
376,
16,
291,
307,
348,
8664,
18,
1163,
462,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
1691,
362,
2913,
2135,
291,
419,
898,
289,
5257,
291,
268,
2705,
6746,
18,
203,
41,
592,
360,
772,
3366,
6756,
1608,
288,
268,
1177,
301,
430,
336,
669,
16,
362,
454,
268,
388,
271,
1093,
336,
830,
327,
4150,
2276,
419,
268,
2957,
289,
768,
316,
4810,
662,
6188,
2238,
322,
7224,
8145,
292,
268,
887,
16,
1910,
360,
391,
38,
53,
18,
3126,
288,
1525,
1778,
298,
504,
362,
2640,
2457,
261,
6577,
4425,
6057,
291,
830,
1631,
292,
1125,
2417,
1103,
93,
1519,
16,
6914,
352,
261,
1103,
11192,
292,
723,
5234,
73,
8855,
331,
2672,
79,
288,
268,
1683,
5701,
2748,
291,
351,
5461,
374,
7425,
277,
475,
18,
203,
2422,
270,
16,
5652,
2090,
16,
268,
1550,
289,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
4354,
7733,
4835,
1691,
1221,
18,
3126,
444,
3138,
380,
3841,
288,
1525,
1778,
298,
504,
6933,
16,
502,
2033,
1951,
288,
268,
5918,
289,
7336,
6195,
853,
268,
6057,
454,
1261,
352,
2782,
87,
296,
6356,
18,
10073,
332,
850,
986,
261,
1349,
331,
268,
954,
727,
291,
268,
388,
271,
1093,
850,
986,
261,
898,
292,
5879,
18,
2519,
669,
17,
278,
17,
2130,
268,
980,
645,
5243,
286,
268,
11726,
644,
341,
5548,
3252,
1001,
5759,
3335,
291,
393,
346,
286,
622,
2014,
292,
268,
1312,
1580,
6218,
76,
9553,
289,
9091,
18,
365,
388,
271,
1093,
5169,
454,
851,
1982,
1691,
291,
10072,
1982,
1691,
336,
362,
440,
738,
2093,
261,
9320,
70,
905,
19,
2683,
559,
2562,
526,
2484,
1149,
362,
16,
1685,
288,
268,
284,
9082,
359,
782,
289,
9400,
291,
919,
285,
2613,
18,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
11726,
664,
471,
6584,
93,
16,
1759,
93,
16,
2508,
1576,
1691,
502,
664,
10765,
753,
18,
203,
5190,
669,
2674,
286,
16,
268,
7621,
502,
2494,
419,
444,
3382,
281,
2791,
292,
444,
1834,
11641,
18,
1163,
261,
1374,
4545,
1204,
437,
5189,
622,
361,
712,
2337,
336,
579,
664,
1356,
628,
686,
11059,
18,
1507,
1196,
288,
268,
3329,
7726,
87,
16,
261,
6195,
5169,
1904,
815,
4502,
402,
18,
39,
18,
388,
6717,
2546,
269,
4195,
6992,
2807,
261,
551,
282,
289,
11726,
633,
6733,
1149,
268,
8379,
923,
289,
268,
1247,
16,
1920,
482,
541,
419,
444,
2191,
291,
543,
81,
277,
358,
79,
541,
276,
271,
4347,
291,
431,
3077,
622,
288,
18,
203,
37,
304,
17,
267,
17,
267,
17,
591,
69,
10407,
454,
8894,
2019,
5,
8360,
292,
388,
6717,
2546,
16,
586,
4545,
3077,
341,
388,
271,
1093,
1337,
1267,
291,
269,
2739,
352,
767,
18,
7669,
1080,
291,
7688,
266,
3862,
343,
404,
660,
16,
650,
445,
850,
4513,
360,
331,
1391,
935,
2226,
734,
268,
6329,
2882,
5019,
1707,
16,
664,
1694,
622,
18,
900,
8053,
268,
710,
1191,
93,
660,
300,
2434,
288,
3199,
2397,
83,
16,
696,
11444,
16,
462,
1904,
427,
5029,
1835,
18,
307,
2993,
286,
636,
444,
2587,
929,
355,
289,
2782,
87,
291,
1139,
279,
6348,
4250,
5361,
772,
3679,
9893,
1118,
8194,
557,
3194,
3452,
16,
465,
2888,
484,
504,
11540,
291,
391,
455,
1906,
3292,
2882,
394,
483,
16,
10061,
557,
11612,
16,
291,
261,
1373,
5019,
360,
261,
285,
408,
1418,
18,
7688,
266,
3862,
454,
268,
1274,
4608,
445,
2577,
2913,
1745,
288,
662,
2868,
87,
291,
954,
1311,
8132,
6992,
261,
5600,
2189,
919,
1417,
288,
362,
502,
850,
5546,
2725,
1024,
18,
365,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
454,
261,
3385,
1879,
16,
633,
6733,
444,
2782,
87,
16,
2764,
284,
2004,
566,
1356,
5143,
488,
18,
10040,
1535,
502,
698,
336,
1014,
11726,
830,
3444,
1343,
3138,
647,
18,
203,
11375,
1196,
288,
9017,
445,
9683,
7669,
1080,
291,
7688,
266,
3862,
16,
3444,
1003,
2054,
3120,
10197,
11405,
292,
7346,
9306,
9893,
427,
11641,
419,
9301,
622,
18,
924,
2913,
360,
1958,
1525,
3567,
4086,
74,
87,
331,
261,
2031,
17,
2330,
17,
5084,
6057,
1791,
542,
292,
901,
518,
6057,
445,
788,
1236,
2574,
288,
3080,
3210,
18,
2015,
1791,
542,
454,
430,
2741,
419,
5105,
458,
354,
1331,
16,
596,
1431,
413,
302,
266,
16,
1929,
492,
1771,
270,
291,
2760,
317,
6384,
4228,
1448,
18,
760,
850,
6090,
2309,
1550,
16,
268,
3292,
388,
271,
1093,
454,
1973,
1041,
628,
18,
203,
50,
73,
1098,
2913,
261,
1129,
2683,
1387,
291,
261,
5520,
292,
4263,
1890,
1875,
919,
717,
362,
830,
1071,
935,
292,
9094,
1691,
6828,
6391,
3292,
388,
271,
4347,
2844,
669,
18,
7669,
1080,
291,
7688,
266,
3862,
1666,
286,
268,
10313,
6996,
7838,
644,
3292,
388,
271,
4347,
427,
8138,
291,
3687,
281,
622,
341,
444,
11977,
292,
1071,
1103,
1311,
292,
1236,
261,
3679,
6057,
954,
72,
336,
830,
4456,
327,
10998,
2723,
419,
261,
573,
283,
287,
408,
289,
444,
1683,
2581,
557,
18,
203,
56,
370,
350,
268
] |
Conventional dietary advice to preserve cognitive health is the same as that for cutting cardiovascular risk: cut your fat and saturated fat, eat less meat, and include plenty of whole grains. Obviously, this is completely contrary to the dietary principles we follow in the Infinite Health Program. We now know that advice to reduce fat and cholesterol intake was based on flawed data, including observational epidemiological data that cannot be used to generate cause-effect associations, as well as misinterpretations and even misrepresentations by people and industries with hidden dietary agendas. Yet the same errors are still applied to prevent cognitive decline.
Despite conventional low-fat advice, the bulk of studies examining cognitive health and diet demonstrate tha low-fat diets do not have a positive impact on slowing or preventing cognitive decline. But there are still many landmines and misinterpretations in dietary thinking applied to brain health. The numerous varied facets to diet also mean that many concepts are still evolving. Let’s try to distill some real answers out of this hodgepodge.
Nutritional thinking is flawed - and it's no different with brain health
Nutritional studies have traditionally and systematically been plagued by flawed logic and incorrect conclusions, leading to decades of poor dietary outcomes, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and over-reliance on prescription medications. One rule worth keeping in mind is the logical error made by the following:
Replace something unhealthy (e.g., white flour products) with something less unhealthy (e.g., whole grains). If there is an apparent health benefit, such as reduced cardiovascular disease, reduced colorectal cancer, reduced type 2 diabetes (which is true), we can NOT then conclude that lots of whole grains must therefore be good. (The effects of no grains should have been explored next. This has indeed been examined in numerous studies, though conducted under various labels such as low-carb, ketogenic, Atkins’, etc.)
For this reason, we cannot conclude: If a standard American diet that includes soft drinks, polyunsaturates, refined grains, etc. is replaced by, say, a Mediterranean diet, and there is an apparent health benefit, then a Mediterranean diet is therefore the ideal diet for health. Instead, the conclusion should be that the Mediterranean style of diet is less harmful, perhaps more beneficial, than a standard American diet, but it does not prove that it is therefore the ideal diet. You will find this logical fallacy used over and over again in nutritional thinking.
Studies: Seeing is NOT Always Believing
Most dietary studies are also observational, i.e., individual diets are assessed questionnaire at the start, sometimes again along the way, then outcomes measured several months or years later. Such study design is plagued with problems. The issue of confounding factors is among the biggest problems: Any single dietary habit typically does not occur in isolation but is tangled together with other dietary or lifestyle habits. This, for instance, explains why the studies used to support the health benefits of vegetarianism and veganism are misleading. People who declare themselves vegetarians or vegans also typically drink less alcohol, exercise more, are less likely to smoke cigarettes, and engage in other behaviors that modify outcome. If there is a difference in health identified between vegetarians/vegans and non-vegetarians/vegans, it may be due to any of a number of confounding factors, not necessarily due to avoidance of animal products per se.
The observational design of nutrition studies means that false conclusions are common. The same observational design, for example, was the reason why the drug Premarin became the number one most prescribed drug in the world for many years: Observational studies suggested that women who took the drug had less endometrial and breast cancer and less heart disease. It was therefore prescribed freely to middle-aged women to prevent these conditions and menopausal symptoms. Then prospective clinical studies, such as the Women’s Health Initiative study in which participants were blinded to whether they were given placebo or the drug (removing a potential source of bias), were conducted and the precise opposite outcomes were demonstrated: greater risk for heart attack, stroke, endometrial and breast cancer, and a doubling of risk for dementia and ovarian cancer. This is not uncommon: the eventual results of prospective clinical studies disprove the preliminary associations identified through observational studies. Yet much nutritional thinking remains based on observational studies.
In crafting our thinking about nutrition with regards to dementia and other conditions, we therefore only consider observational studies as potential sources of hypotheses, but never firm conclusions. Whenever possible, we look for prospective clinical studies of sufficient size to generate our conclusions.
Low-fat dietary advice remains the cornerstone of most conventional advice to prevent dementia. This is based on the suspicion and the observational studies demonstrating that higher levels of serum cholesterol contribute to dementia risk; any strategy to reduce serum cholesterol must therefore also reduce risk for dementia. For this reason, there was initial enthusiasm for the use of statin cholesterol drugs to reduce dementia risk.
Observational studies did indeed suggest a reduction in dementia and cognitive decline with statin drugs. Three prospective clinicals trials—Alzheimer’s Disease Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment trial (atorvastatin 80 mg vs. placebo; n = 67), the Lipitor’s Effect in Alzheimer’s Dementia (atorvastatin 80 mg vs placebo; n = 640) , and the Cholesterol-lowering Agent to Slow the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease trial (simvastatin 40 mg vs. placebo; n = 406)—all failed to demonstrate any delay/improvement in cognition despite the preliminary observational findings. Summarized here:
Most studies examining serum total cholesterol as a predictor of dementia also fail to factor in apo E4. Because apo E4 is clearly and consistently associated with higher total and LDL cholesterol values and dementia, it should come as no surprise that higher serum cholesterol is a predictor of dementia. Unfortunately, this association is overlooked in the majority of studies.
Other methodological limitations plague these studies, including failure to fractionate lipoproteins (thereby tracking flawed and imprecise measures such as total and Friedewald LDL), fail to track measures of oxidation or inflammation, fail to track tissue measures of fatty acid consumption/metabolism (e.g., RBC fatty acid composition).
The evidence supporting an association between saturated fat intake and cognitive decline are uneven and observational, with no prospective studies to confirm the association.
The Rotterdam Heart Study is often held up as evidence of the cognitive benefits of cutting total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, based on the initial report of increased dementia over the initial 2 years of observation. However, longer-term follow-up demonstrated that the association did not hold, and there was no association with dementia.
Greater fat and saturated fat intake was associated with greater risk of dementia over 2 years in the Rotterdam Heart Study(n = 5386), lower risk with greater fish intake:
But longer term follow-up of the same Rotterdam Study cohort demonstrated that the association did not hold and there was no association of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol with dementia:
In the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, 2497 participants were observed over 22 years, with no reduction in cardiovascular risk or cognitive decline with egg and cholesterol consumption, an effect independent of apo E4 genotype:
The Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia Study was a peculiar study in which intake of spreads and dairy was tabulated once at the start, then used to predict dementia over 21 years. Other forms of fat intake were not queried in detail. Saturated fat intake was minimally predictive but only in apo E4 participants.
The Women’s Health Study was an observational, diet questionnaire-based study (n = 6183). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with greater likelihood of cognitive decline, higher monounsaturated fat intake associated with lower likelihood over 4 years. However, higher fat intake was also associated with greater likelihood of smoking, drinking, less exercise, and lower income.
The bulk of evidence therefore indicates that reducing dietary fat is not an effective strategy for preventing cognitive decline, nor is reducing serum cholesterol with statin drugs, even at high dose. We also know that reducing fat is also a formula for creating problems in other spheres of health, such as weight gain and type 2 diabetes, not to mention provocation of hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver via de novo lipogenesis, exaggerated postprandial lipoprotein abnormalities, and small LDL particle formation. We do not limit dietary fat intake in the Infinite Health lifestyle, nor is there any reason to believe that cholesterol reduction reduces risk for cognitive decline.
Based on pockets of long-lived people with less cardiovascular disease, such as the people on the Greek island of Crete, the notion of a “Mediterranean diet” was born. Unfortunately, much of the interpretation of the details and potential benefits of this lifestyle originated with the observations of Dr. Ancel Keys, the very same Ancel Keys who manipulated data to publish his misleading Seven Countries Study that “proved” that saturated fat was harmful.
There are clearly aspects of the Mediterranean lifestyle that are beneficial such as consumption of locally-grown vegetables, olive oil, and fish (unless, of course, you have been convinced that TMAO is a legitimate marker of cardiovascular risk, below). But there are other aspects of Mediterranean life, such as daily bright sun exposure for vitamin D, a better sense of community and extended family, and travel by foot or bicycle that impact health beyond diet and confound the presumptive diet-cognitive health associations.
The Rush University MIND trial: The diet used in this trial was a hybrid of the Mediterranean diet and DASH for blood pressure reduction. Participants with a higher MIND score had 53% less likelihood of dementia over 4.5 years (n = 923).
The MIND diet score has 15 dietary components including 10 “brain healthy” food groups (green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, nuts, berries, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil and wine) and 5 “unhealthy” food groups (red meats, butter and stick margarine, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried/fast food) Participants following diets consistent with DASH or a Mediterranean eating style also experienced a modest, less marked, reduction in risk for dementia. You can quickly see that this diet and analysis makes some fundamental errors in that foods are lumped together as brain healthy or not based on preconceived notions. The outcome was impressive but it is impossible to tell which components of diet were responsible. And, of course, subscribing to the diet as designed may provide a cognitive benefit but would likely be associated with other health problems because of the inclusion of grains. Nonetheless, one potential lesson to take from the MIND trial is that most of the components of the “brain healthy” regimen, such as vegetables, nuts, berries, and olive oil may indeed provide benefit over, say, margarine or sweets.
No cognitive benefit to a Mediterranean style diet over 13 years in cognitively normal people (observational, dietary questionnaire):
Prospective clinical trials
Only one prospective clinical trial of the Mediterranean diet in cognitive health has been performed to date, Predimed. In this case, the comparator was a low-fat diet and the Mediterranean diet proved superior:
Predimed-Navarra Trial: A Mediterranean diet with one liter added olive oil per week and 30 grams nuts per day improved cognitive measures (MMSE and clock drawing) over 6.5 years compared to a low-fat diet (n = 447):
Good data generated via the prospective Predimed trail demonstrate the superiority of Mediterranea eating style, augmented by higher olive oil/monounsaturated oleic acid/polyphenol intake and nuts, is superior to a low-fat diet. But, as discussed above, we cannot conclude from this that a Mediterranean diet is therefore the ideal diet to prevent cognitive decline.
Note that nearly all the studies are observational and therefore non-conclusive. Nonetheless, they can be used to generate hypotheses. Unfortunately, this does not prevent study authors from proclaiming that associations are cause-effect.
Greater vegetable, but not fruit, intake has been associated with less cognitive decline. Six or more servings per week of green vegetables was associated with the greatest effect:
Berry consumption, as well as overall flavonoid intake (anthocyanidins), was associated with less cognitive decline in the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 16,010):
Greater fish consumption was associated with less dementia over 4 years (n = 815):
Combined observational data suggesting reduced cognitive decline with 4 servings or more of fish per week compared to 1 serving:
Cocoa flavonoids not only increase hippocampal blood flow, but also increase dentate gyrus function and reduce reaction time but not memory (prospective, randomized):
Selenium 280 mcg obtained through one Brazil nut per day prospectively improved cognitive measures in people with mild cognitive impairment over 6 months:
An observational study in which dietary acrylamide was associated with increased dementia over 4 years in men, but not women:
An observational study suggesting increased dementia with grain consumption, decreased with dairy in a Japanese cohort:
ARIC observational data suggesting greater cognitive decline with milk consumption:
Polyphenol components of extra-virgin olive oil, such as oleocanthal, have beneficial effects in experimental preparations relevant to the neuropathology of dementia:
The Maine Syracuse Longitudinal Study observational data over 18 years
“Higher Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) scores at baseline were prospectively associated with higher intakes of vegetables, meats, nuts and legumes, and fish, but inversely associated with consumption of total grains and carbonated soft drinks. After adjustment for sample selection, socioeconomic indicators, lifestyle factors (smoking and physical activity), and cardiovascular risk factors, the relations between higher cognitive performance and greater consumption of vegetables, meat, and fish, and lower consumption of grains remained significant.” The issues that plague the MIND trial also apply here, as foods are semi-arbitrarily lumped together, a byproduct of the observational design.
Recall the headlines from Dr. Stan Hazen’s lab at Cleveland Clinic announcing that meat and fish consumption, rich in choline and carnitine, yields higher serum levels of trimethyl-N-amino oxide, or TMAO, that is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Limited data also demonstrated that a vegetarian eating style was associated with lower TMAO serum levels. The media jumped on this, declaring that this confirms that red meat and fish are atherogenic and cause heart disease.
Problem: Bowel flora was not factored in, dismissed as a black-box effect. More recent data have demonstrated that TMAO serum levels are dependent on bowel flora composition (though the clinical correlates of dysbiosis and SIBO remain uncharted).
TMAO is a epiphenomenon in dysbiosis/SIBO that converts the native human diet to a potentially unhealthy situation, but it does not necessarily mean that choline/carnitine are atherogenic, inflammatory, or contribute to cognitive decline. It means that media pronouncements that meat and fish cause heart disease or dementia are unfounded and premature, based on insufficient microbiome assessment:
This is one among several observational studies demonstrating an association between higher blood sugar/HbA1c and cognitive decline over time (up to 16 years).
Higher glycemic index foods (carbs, sugars) were associated with greater beta-amyloid accumulation by PET and cognitive decline:
This cross-sectional observational study suggests that higher calorie intake is associated with increased risk for mild cognitive impairment, 5-fold greater risk in people who are apo E4+. But is it higher calorie intake per se or some aspect of diet that is causal, e.g., greater sugar/soft drink intake, greater grain intake and thereby exposure to gliadin protein-derived opioid peptides, or some genetic susceptibility to these effects that is associated with dementia risk?
A useful summary of much of the nutritional evidence from Canevelli et al 2016 at:
For years, we have been warned that carbohydrate-restricted diets are dangerous because of an (imaginary, never documented) obligatory need for carbohydrates by brain tissue. For this reason, studies have looked at whether low-carb diets were inferior to low-fat diets with respect to cognitive performance:
Low-fat vs. very low-carb diet in type 2 diabetics (n = 115) had no effect on cognition over 2 years:
Low-carb vs. high-carb diets were associated with no difference in cognitive performance in obese participants (n = 47):
In prospective clinical studies, carbohydrate limitation does not impair cognitive ability.
Taking a low-carb diet even further, emerging data are looking at the advantages of ketogenic diets, especially since serum beta-hydroxybutyrate is proving to be an alternative energy source for the brain, perhaps of heightened importance when insulin resistance is present and glucose availability is impaired. Experimental evidence suggests amyloid-beta and tau pathology reduction, as well as protection against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, summarized here:
There are two small short-term (6-12 weeks) studies examining the effects of ketogenic diets on cognitive function:
Very low-carb diet (<20 grams per day) “ketogenic” (though no serum or urine ketones were monitored) vs. low-fat/high-carb group (n = 23) demonstrated improved cognitive measures over 6 weeks with the ketogenic diet:
A small clinical trial of a ketogenic diet (n = 10) over 3 months conducted at the University of Kansas. Among the findings:
1) The degree of ketosis achieved was modest with beta-hydroxybutyrate serum levels of only 0.5 mmol/L, a level easily exceeded by any of us trying to achieve ketosis. (A beta-hydroxybutyrate level as high as 0.4 mmol/L can be achieved via MCT oil alone.) This was achieved via carb limitation and MCT oil supplementation.
2) Participants showed improved psychometric measures including a 4.1 point improvement in ADAS-cog and 0.8 point improvement in MMSE score.
3) The 1.5-3.0 tablespoons of MCT oil per day yielded diarrhea in the majority of participants.
There are not yet any clinical data that document brain/hippocampal changes by volumetric imaging, nor long-term data.
This last study also reinforces the notion that increased serum levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate, whether achieved physiologically or taken exogenously, yields at least a nootropic effect. Ketogenic diets are, by necessity, high-fat (not high-protein, as increased protein intake negates ketosis). Yes, high-fat intake is inflammatory, but only in the setting of dysbiosis/increased intestinal permeability/lack of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, factors we address aggressively.
Additional thoughts on ketosis and ketones
Be aware that many conventional thinkers still believe that saturated fat/high fat intake is the cause for dementia and that, especially in apo E4(+) people, a low-fat diet is desired to reduce cardiovascular risk (which it most definitely does not, typically yielding explosive quantities of small LDL particles, high triglycerides, low HDL, higher blood sugars, and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is, of course, one of the fundamental etiologies of cognitive decline).
Glucose hypometabolism is indeed present in various brain regions in cognitive decline:
But ketone metabolism remains normal in cortical tissue:
MCTs 20 grams yielded cognitive benefits in non-demented elderly adults over 3 hours of consumption of a single meal in a small study (n = 19)
A proprietary study (Accera) demonstrating improved cognition in apo E4(-) but not apo E4(+) subjects with 10 grams twice-per-day of an MCT oil preparation yielding serum betahydroxybutyrate levels as high as 0.4 mmol/L.
A case study of early dementia in an apo E4 individual responding initially to high-dose MCTs (165 ml of a 4:3 mixture of MCTs and coconut oil, divided into 3-4 doses per day) which yielded improved cognitive function initially with betahydroxybutyrate serum levels of up to 0.4 mmol/L. Deterioration over time prompted addition of a ketone monoester 28.7 grams per day (not the ketone salts commercially available to us) that yielded further improvement. Betahydroxybutyrate serum levels as high as 7 mmol/L were obtained with peak levels lasting 3-4 hours.
Caffeine may add to the ketogenic effects of MCTs/exogenous ketones:
(I have personally been using an MCT oil powder in my coffee every morning, as it is an excellent coffee creamer with perfect mouthfeel. It yields 3-4 hours of mental focus and clarity. Introducing MCTs as a coffee creamer (or oil added to various foods) may be an easy way to insert MCTs into the daily habit while potentially obtaining the synergies between the modest betahydroxybutyrate serum rise of MCTs with that of caffeine.
Note the much higher doses of MCTs discussed, e.g., 20-30 grams per dose, not the 1-3 grams quoted in ReCODE.
Are there factors in coconut and coconut oil besides the 15% MCTs that potentially benefit health and cognition?
Potential problems, however
1) A ketogenic diet is difficult to maintain, particularly as preference for sweet foods increases as cognitive decline progresses,
2) Long-term ketogenic diets, as practiced by children who remain ketogenic for years to suppress intractable seizures, have 10-100 fold greater risk for calcium oxalate and urate kidney stones (increased serum uric acid; dysbiosis from failure to cultivate bowel flora, as ketogenic diets mistakenly leave out all prebiotic fiber sources). Children on ketogenic diets also experienced stunted growth, typically falling in the 10th percentile for growth, suggesting there may be something fundamentally wrong with prolonged, sustained ketosis. There are also sporadic reports of selenium deficiency, cardiomyopathy, and sudden cardiac death. Some of the latter complications may be at least in part due to the use of a corn oil-based oil supplement that was used to increase fat consumption in ketogenic kids.
3) Some of the ketone salts available to us commercially are toxic with potential for hyperkalemia and toxic intakes of calcium. I shall review the available ketone salts and future direction of ketone supplements in future. Should we choose to use a ketone salt, we shall have to choose carefully and not dose current products more than twice per day to avoid mineral excess. I suspect that the real answer will come with availability of the D-enantiomer without the biologically inert L-form that will be more effective at much lower doses, thereby reducing potential for the toxic potassium/calcium issue.
4) Dysbiosis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth are virtually assured--As a diet essentially free of carbs is also free of prebiotic fibers. This means that constipation, metabolic distortions (higher blood sugar and insulin, higher blood pressure, higher triglycerides), diverticular disease, and risk for colon cancer, as well as mental/emotional/sleep consequences develop unless we purposefully and consistently provide prebiotic fibers, as well as address SIBO.
Preliminary human clinical studies demonstrate modestly improved cognitive measures over 6-12 weeks of ketosis achieved either physiologically and/or through increased serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. While experimental data suggest that dementia pathology may be reduced, no “hard” correlates of improved brain health have yet been demonstrated in humans. However, given that ketosis is the only dietary approach that has yielded measurable cognitive benefits and has, in other studies, been shown to reduce insulin resistance and endogenous glycation, it seems reasonable to make a very low-carb diet with intermittent ketosis our theme for preservation of cognitive health. Because 24-7 ketosis is not advisable, intermittent ketosis augmented with MCTs and perhaps exogenous ketones seems a reasonable compromise, coupled with efforts to maintain healthy bowel flora via prebiotic fiber intake.
Related to nutrition, of course, is the status of bowel flora that may have even further implications for cognitive health. This will be considered in detail separately.
Goto Forum discussion.
The Infinite Health approach to diet, to prevent cognitive decline, is going to follow much of the
rest of the program. That is, we follow the Infinite Health lifestyle to reverse, or minimize risk
for Type II diabetes, and obesity, and heart disease, and autoimmune diseases, and hundreds
of other conditions. I think, it should be the same, therefor, to prevent cognitive decline.
You're going to encounter resistance, perhaps from your primary care doctor, other doctors,
dietitians, because they still believe that a low-fat, low-saturated-fat lifestyle is the key.
They were misled by the initial reports that a higher total cholesterol is associated with
higher risk for dementia. What they failed to recognize is that higher cholesterol is also
associated with the ApoE4 gene, and the ApoE4 gene, that generates a higher cholesterol, is
a very substantial risk factor for dementia.
So the low-fat diet trials that have been conducted have shown no improvement in cognition —
no protection from dementia. And likewise, the statin drug trials, the prospective clinical trials
(3 of them) that used high doses of statin drugs to reduce cholesterol, had no impact,
at all, on cognitive function, nor on preventing dementia. So I think it's pretty clear: the
low-fat, cut-your-fat, or even take statin drugs for prevention down that path.
If there is some confusion about diet, it's the Mediterranean Diet. There have been some
observational studies that suggested that a Mediterranean lifestyle might be beneficial,
but there's finally a prospective treatment trial (the best kind of data we can get),
called the Predimed trial, in which several thousand people engage in a Mediterranean-like
diet (that is: more fish, more whole foods, vegetables, nuts, and lots of olive oil).
In this case, in the Predimed trial, these people were asked to drink an extra liter
(about a quart) of extra virgin olive oil per week, along with a handful of nuts per day.
There was indeed a modest reduction in dementia over several years, compared to a low-fat
diet. But as we often have to remind ourselves in the Infinite Health lifestyle program, if one
lifestyle factor is less harmful than another, it doesn't necessarily mean it is the
ideal solution. All we can say from the Predimed data is that a Mediterranean lifestyle,
augmented with olive oil and nuts, is better than a low-fat diet. It doesn't necessarily
mean it's the ideal diet. It might be the ideal diet, but I don't think it is, but it's at
least better than the low-fat diet. It gives you another reason why the low-fat diet
is clearly dead.
Cutting carbohydrates is much more relevant. The data on cutting carbohydrates is
much more relevant to the Infinite Health lifestyle, because it was originally thought that
cutting carbohydrates would impair cognition, brain health, because many people
believe that sugars and carbohydrates were essential for brain function.
Well, that's been disproven time and time again.
If you cut carbohydrates; if you compare a low carbohydrate diet with a low-fat diet,
there is no impairment of cognition, and there is no excess risk for dementia or
cognitive decline. That's settled. You do not need carbohydrates for brain function.
We're also new starting to see clinical trials examining ultra-low-carb or ketogenic
diets. That's where we're starting to see actual improvements in cognition.
We only have two small clinical trials so far, in which carbohydrates were
slashed to very low levels. Compared to low-fat diets, there is indeed an
improvement in cognitive measures between 6 to 12 weeks.
We don't have any data showing any kind of imaging of the brain that's improved.
That's not been done yet. But we have two small trials that have demonstrated improved
cognition with a ketogenic-type lifestyle.
We're also seeing new data coming out showing that anything that raises blood
beta-hydroxybutyrate (that is ketones) improves cognition, both in people with
mild cognitive impairment and in early dementia.
So it appears that people who increase their blood levels of ketones have
better mentation; have better cognition, and are protected from dementia.
I believe that in the Infinite Health approach, the best solution is that last one,
that is to slash carbs dramatically. We don't have to be ketotic of course,
because recall that being ketotic all the time, 365 days per year, may
not be a good idea, because of some undesirable developments with long-term
ketosis. But being intermittently ketotic I think is a good idea.
Certainly supplementing with MCTs (medium chain triglycerides) increase
your blood levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate, is a good idea.
There's some detailed further in our written discussion [below the video on
the Advanced Topics page] on our dietary approach to preserving cognitive
health in the Infinite Health program. | <urn:uuid:752b83e1-ac4c-4da2-a893-a97bb35e2d26> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://innercircle.undoctored.com/advanced_alzheimers_nutrition | 2024-02-22T18:47:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.93269 | 6,223 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
39,
266,
592,
1556,
6277,
4371,
292,
7346,
4085,
661,
316,
268,
1162,
352,
336,
331,
4433,
6568,
1238,
30,
2333,
424,
2272,
291,
2651,
8240,
2272,
16,
2564,
1165,
4425,
16,
291,
1226,
6082,
289,
2399,
7266,
18,
5905,
4206,
325,
16,
456,
316,
3686,
11925,
292,
268,
6277,
3995,
445,
1089,
288,
268,
4582,
263,
674,
1988,
4230,
18,
924,
1315,
698,
336,
4371,
292,
1590,
2272,
291,
5840,
4905,
454,
1585,
341,
949,
738,
286,
863,
16,
1118,
2428,
778,
8689,
6214,
1496,
863,
336,
2362,
327,
724,
292,
4522,
1342,
17,
4683,
493,
11283,
16,
352,
767,
352,
2305,
5675,
84,
1963,
500,
291,
919,
2305,
4528,
9004,
500,
419,
689,
291,
4287,
360,
7010,
6277,
737,
593,
301,
18,
5942,
268,
1162,
6249,
356,
1356,
3848,
292,
1463,
4085,
5807,
18,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
6071,
1488,
17,
74,
271,
4371,
16,
268,
11529,
289,
2194,
10549,
4085,
661,
291,
1859,
6425,
264,
69,
1488,
17,
74,
271,
8555,
565,
462,
437,
261,
2262,
1393,
341,
2634,
281,
361,
4888,
4085,
5807,
18,
1163,
686,
356,
1356,
772,
1283,
81,
967,
291,
2305,
5675,
84,
1963,
500,
288,
6277,
3140,
3848,
292,
1860,
661,
18,
365,
3682,
8601,
2425,
340,
292,
1859,
525,
1555,
336,
772,
4127,
356,
1356,
8613,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
2644,
292,
460,
1194,
579,
1409,
6141,
628,
289,
456,
296,
370,
369,
84,
370,
369,
18,
203,
50,
1345,
1301,
3140,
316,
949,
738,
286,
425,
291,
362,
743,
688,
865,
360,
1860,
661,
203,
50,
1345,
1301,
2194,
437,
11014,
291,
892,
4450,
712,
452,
484,
4477,
419,
949,
738,
286,
8782,
291,
10813,
10880,
16,
2469,
292,
4295,
289,
2890,
6277,
4041,
16,
6712,
16,
1517,
497,
3370,
16,
291,
658,
17,
2230,
3275,
341,
9559,
4167,
18,
1507,
4129,
3760,
4172,
288,
1710,
316,
268,
9319,
6059,
1146,
419,
268,
1685,
30,
203,
8594,
3977,
1890,
10421,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
2398,
7141,
1786,
13,
360,
1890,
1165,
10421,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
2399,
7266,
802,
829,
686,
316,
363,
6876,
661,
3145,
16,
659,
352,
3544,
6568,
1413,
16,
3544,
684,
404,
999,
280,
1928,
16,
3544,
1517,
497,
3370,
421,
6499,
316,
2915,
989,
445,
375,
11610,
1023,
5629,
864,
336,
6136,
289,
2399,
7266,
1204,
3281,
327,
1060,
18,
421,
1461,
1814,
289,
688,
7266,
788,
437,
712,
9529,
2033,
18,
540,
528,
7195,
712,
8653,
288,
3682,
2194,
16,
1417,
4404,
1064,
1320,
9942,
659,
352,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
839,
278,
1822,
300,
16,
1545,
8948,
6335,
2801,
3731,
203,
8679,
456,
2190,
16,
445,
2362,
5629,
864,
30,
829,
261,
2786,
1781,
1859,
336,
2356,
4775,
7899,
16,
4806,
11650,
271,
324,
692,
16,
1210,
1451,
7266,
16,
2801,
18,
316,
6829,
419,
16,
1856,
16,
261,
9962,
1859,
16,
291,
686,
316,
363,
6876,
661,
3145,
16,
1023,
261,
9962,
1859,
316,
3281,
268,
3890,
1859,
331,
661,
18,
4507,
16,
268,
4190,
788,
327,
336,
268,
9962,
3836,
289,
1859,
316,
1165,
4121,
16,
4810,
512,
4070,
16,
687,
261,
2786,
1781,
1859,
16,
566,
362,
1082,
462,
7262,
336,
362,
316,
3281,
268,
3890,
1859,
18,
990,
513,
1255,
456,
9319,
2341,
1495,
724,
658,
291,
658,
1221,
288,
6596,
3140,
18,
203,
55,
567,
423,
30,
4493,
281,
316,
11610,
8735,
4631,
4616,
203,
49,
511,
6277,
2194,
356,
525,
2428,
778,
16,
3609,
18,
73,
1941,
1769,
8555,
356,
10983,
2302,
3862,
569,
430,
268,
1236,
16,
2903,
1221,
1910,
268,
898,
16,
1023,
4041,
5859,
1520,
2489,
361,
935,
2135,
18,
5448,
1147,
1019,
316,
452,
484,
4477,
360,
1626,
18,
365,
2682,
289,
1275,
655,
281,
1802,
316,
1694,
268,
6113,
1626,
30,
5007,
2324,
6277,
2997,
2437,
1082,
462,
1595,
288,
8654,
566,
316,
9140,
1041,
1875,
360,
586,
6277,
361,
4185,
4585,
18,
540,
16,
331,
3569,
16,
5528,
1768,
268,
2194,
724,
292,
1105,
268,
661,
1716,
289,
6379,
3576,
997,
291,
1271,
842,
997,
356,
2305,
298,
5669,
18,
3395,
650,
3874,
470,
2315,
6379,
294,
1825,
361,
1271,
5986,
525,
2437,
4946,
1165,
3449,
16,
2671,
512,
16,
356,
1165,
1792,
292,
6536,
11160,
11833,
16,
291,
4151,
288,
586,
4871,
336,
11605,
6811,
18,
829,
686,
316,
261,
2921,
288,
661,
4090,
858,
6379,
294,
1825,
19,
317,
5986,
291,
1677,
17,
317,
1586,
294,
1825,
19,
317,
5986,
16,
362,
602,
327,
1504,
292,
723,
289,
261,
1289,
289,
1275,
655,
281,
1802,
16,
462,
6608,
1504,
292,
1833,
515,
289,
2990,
1786,
574,
447,
18,
203,
1461,
2428,
778,
1019,
289,
4920,
2194,
1486,
336,
7259,
10880,
356,
1112,
18,
365,
1162,
2428,
778,
1019,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
454,
268,
2190,
1768,
268,
2325,
2412,
4009,
263,
2457,
268,
1289,
597,
710,
8044,
2325,
288,
268,
887,
331,
772,
935,
30,
11839,
778,
2194,
6254,
336,
1565,
650,
3077,
268,
2325,
850,
1165,
1199,
436,
9729,
291,
4560,
1928,
291,
1165,
1759,
1413,
18,
553,
454,
3281,
8044,
10201,
292,
4067,
17,
2009,
1565,
292,
1463,
629,
1533,
291,
1473,
389,
571,
280,
1614,
18,
3574,
4381,
9640,
4159,
2194,
16,
659,
352,
268,
5456,
372,
87,
1988,
7436,
774,
1147,
288,
518,
4298,
664,
7479,
286,
292,
2026,
502,
664,
2050,
1349,
2540,
361,
268,
2325,
421,
267,
81,
9024,
261,
1439,
2088,
289,
8111,
989,
664,
4404,
291,
268,
6357,
6896,
4041,
664,
7219,
30,
2796,
1238,
331,
1759,
3223,
16,
6558,
16,
1199,
436,
9729,
291,
4560,
1928,
16,
291,
261,
3342,
4722,
289,
1238,
331,
8172,
291,
7795,
3576,
1928,
18,
540,
316,
462,
4288,
9904,
30,
268,
2282,
800,
1826,
289,
4381,
9640,
4159,
2194,
460,
3012,
317,
268,
561,
80,
2567,
556,
11283,
4090,
734,
2428,
778,
2194,
18,
5942,
1111,
6596,
3140,
3341,
1585,
341,
2428,
778,
2194,
18,
203,
2983,
6983,
542,
662,
3140,
608,
4920,
360,
735,
1519,
292,
8172,
291,
586,
1533,
16,
445,
3281,
794,
1119,
2428,
778,
2194,
352,
1439,
2419,
289,
6121,
274,
274,
16,
566,
2270,
5464,
10880,
18,
547,
745,
357,
1522,
16,
445,
1500,
331,
4381,
9640,
4159,
2194,
289,
5138,
2155,
292,
4522,
662,
10880,
18,
203,
48,
329,
17,
74,
271,
6277,
4371,
3341,
268,
9992,
6149,
289,
710,
6071,
4371,
292,
1463,
8172,
18,
540,
316,
1585,
341,
268,
4115,
300,
305,
291,
268,
2428,
778,
2194,
2988,
673,
336,
1797,
1506,
289,
1263,
408,
5840,
2885,
292,
8172,
1238,
31,
723,
3976,
292,
1590,
1263,
408,
5840,
1204,
3281,
525,
1590,
1238,
331,
8172,
18,
906,
456,
2190,
16,
686,
454,
4388,
6542,
4843,
81,
331,
268,
666,
289,
2291,
263,
5840,
3843,
292,
1590,
8172,
1238,
18,
203,
51,
825,
678,
778,
2194,
1535,
7195,
2954,
261,
4567,
288,
8172,
291,
4085,
5807,
360,
2291,
263,
3843,
18,
8089,
4381,
9640,
4159,
87,
6966,
1447,
8804,
94,
7367,
372,
87,
6328,
654,
5449,
17,
48,
746,
281,
6109,
3997,
421,
1622,
90,
603,
11965,
4988,
9377,
6138,
18,
1349,
2540,
31,
314,
4267,
1278,
27,
989,
268,
458,
517,
1808,
372,
87,
4913,
493,
288,
7757,
372,
87,
5227,
7218,
421,
1622,
90,
603,
11965,
4988,
9377,
6138,
1349,
2540,
31,
314,
4267,
1278,
5081,
13,
3942,
291,
268,
654,
5449,
17,
693,
1489,
3215,
302,
292,
343,
693,
268,
960,
5898,
289,
7757,
372,
87,
6328,
3997,
421,
87,
344,
90,
603,
11965,
3633,
9377,
6138,
18,
1349,
2540,
31,
314,
4267,
3633,
26,
13,
1447,
453,
7286,
292,
6425,
723,
9396,
19,
344,
3012,
317,
367,
288,
273,
1396,
564,
5126,
268,
561,
80,
2567,
556,
2428,
778,
4224,
18,
6140,
4009,
963,
1671,
30,
203,
49,
511,
2194,
10549,
1263,
408,
2972,
5840,
352,
261,
4003,
441,
289,
8172,
525,
2335,
292,
3488,
288,
3158,
83,
416,
24,
18,
3428,
3158,
83,
416,
24,
316,
4859,
291,
8270,
2062,
360,
1797,
2972,
291,
458,
10896,
5840,
3119,
291,
8172,
16,
362,
788,
1631,
352,
688,
9668,
336,
1797,
1263,
408,
5840,
316,
261,
4003,
441,
289,
8172,
18,
6555,
16,
456,
7703,
316,
5912,
8877,
288,
268,
4176,
289,
2194,
18,
203,
51,
411,
1336,
1496,
6610,
452,
6036,
629,
2194,
16,
1118,
4396,
292,
11820,
381,
8734,
389,
4398,
1054,
421,
262,
387,
2330,
7354,
949,
738,
286,
291,
498,
3356,
758,
2877,
659,
352,
2972,
291,
418,
2543,
1015,
8655,
458,
10896,
989,
2335,
292,
3719,
2877,
289,
8130,
318,
361,
4095,
16,
2335,
292,
3719,
3923,
2877,
289,
7050,
3175,
3318,
19,
1475,
2371,
320,
997,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
434,
6715,
7050,
3175,
5964,
802,
203,
1461,
2495,
4918,
363,
7703,
858,
2651,
8240,
2272,
4905,
291,
4085,
5807,
356,
543,
9773,
291,
2428,
778,
16,
360,
688,
4381,
9640,
2194,
292,
5125,
268,
7703,
18,
203,
1461,
434,
376,
345,
72,
348,
8106,
7378,
316,
970,
3647,
644,
352,
2495,
289,
268,
4085,
1716,
289,
4433,
2972,
2272,
16,
2651,
8240,
2272,
16,
291,
5840,
16,
1585,
341,
268,
4388,
1627,
289,
2161,
8172,
658,
268,
4388,
497,
935,
289,
8467,
18,
1121,
16,
2473,
17,
950,
1089,
17,
987,
7219,
336,
268,
7703,
1535,
462,
3325,
16,
291,
686,
454,
688,
7703,
360,
8172,
18,
203,
43,
267,
524,
2272,
291,
2651,
8240,
2272,
4905,
454,
2062,
360,
2796,
1238,
289,
8172,
658,
497,
935,
288,
268,
434,
376,
345,
72,
348,
8106,
7378,
12,
82,
4267,
1016,
8475,
26,
989,
1898,
1238,
360,
2796,
2034,
4905,
30,
203,
11207,
2473,
2085,
1089,
17,
987,
289,
268,
1162,
434,
376,
345,
72,
348,
7378,
742,
76,
442,
7219,
336,
268,
7703,
1535,
462,
3325,
291,
686,
454,
688,
7703,
289,
2972,
2272,
16,
2651,
8240,
2272,
16,
291,
5840,
360,
8172,
30,
203,
2983,
268,
696,
89,
389,
981,
1358,
355,
69,
2320,
8106,
6328,
8449,
5412,
441,
7378,
16,
3730,
29,
27,
4298,
664,
4626,
658,
5188,
935,
16,
360,
688,
4567,
288,
6568,
1238,
361,
4085,
5807,
360,
6546,
291,
5840,
3318,
16,
363,
2365,
4729,
289,
3158,
83,
416,
24,
2451,
6809,
73,
30,
203,
1461,
8208,
77,
5999,
8449,
9778,
16,
330,
1893,
291,
5227,
7218,
7378,
454,
261,
279,
312,
346,
3499,
1147,
288,
518,
4905,
289,
10588,
291,
7830,
454,
10833,
3025,
2340,
430,
268,
1236,
16,
1023,
724,
292,
7180,
8172,
658,
4440,
935,
18,
3117,
2779,
289,
2272,
4905,
664,
462,
626,
265,
870,
288,
5470,
18,
6308,
8240,
2272,
4905,
454,
2357,
523,
4003,
656,
566,
794,
288,
3158,
83,
416,
24,
4298,
18,
203,
1461,
5456,
372,
87,
1988,
7378,
454,
363,
2428,
778,
16,
1859,
2302,
3862,
569,
17,
2127,
1147,
421,
82,
4267,
1278,
3202,
23,
802,
3194,
265,
2651,
8240,
2272,
4905,
454,
2062,
360,
2796,
8153,
289,
4085,
5807,
16,
1797,
1025,
552,
87,
271,
8240,
2272,
4905,
2062,
360,
1898,
8153,
658,
988,
935,
18,
1121,
16,
1797,
2272,
4905,
454,
525,
2062,
360,
2796,
8153,
289,
6366,
16,
4699,
16,
1165,
2671,
16,
291,
1898,
3871,
18,
203,
1461,
11529,
289,
2495,
3281,
6271,
336,
2860,
6277,
2272,
316,
462,
363,
1783,
3976,
331,
4888,
4085,
5807,
16,
3112,
316,
2860,
1263,
408,
5840,
360,
2291,
263,
3843,
16,
919,
430,
695,
7543,
18,
924,
525,
698,
336,
2860,
2272,
316,
525,
261,
7250,
331,
2435,
1626,
288,
586,
440,
2562,
274,
289,
661,
16,
659,
352,
2146,
3277,
291,
1517,
497,
3370,
16,
462,
292,
3540,
680,
6604,
289,
5063,
322,
333,
325,
1000,
496,
7729,
16,
7050,
4865,
3785,
386,
688,
90,
83,
8734,
5133,
3774,
16,
377,
484,
1132,
488,
2215,
2044,
481,
439,
8734,
389,
4398,
263,
6920,
647,
16,
291,
1139,
458,
10896,
10437,
5017,
18,
924,
565,
462,
3355,
6277,
2272,
4905,
288,
268,
4582,
263,
674,
1988,
4185,
16,
3112,
316,
686,
723,
2190,
292,
2979,
336,
5840,
4567,
4993,
1238,
331,
4085,
5807,
18,
203,
38,
790,
341,
279,
415,
3129,
289,
917,
17,
80,
1665,
689,
360,
1165,
6568,
1413,
16,
659,
352,
268,
689,
341,
268,
5439,
5426,
289,
351,
4325,
16,
268,
10297,
289,
261,
538,
49,
286,
9781,
1859,
537,
454,
4178,
18,
6555,
16,
1111,
289,
268,
7969,
289,
268,
3834,
291,
1439,
1716,
289,
456,
4185,
11029,
360,
268,
7505,
289,
1698,
18,
854,
4704,
2598,
483,
16,
268,
1040
] |
Many dog lovers think that Labradoodles do not shed. To be more lenient, you cannot really blame them for this misconception. And how can you? When so many breeders out there, make such solemn promises of their labradoodle being non-shedding and hypoallergenic?
Besides that, it is out of people’s rational boundaries to think that a mix between Labradors and Poodles can produce anything but some non-shedding pups. After all, they have been crossbred for this purpose only, right?
But these people neglect the flip side of the coin. One must remember that Labradoodles do not merely inherit Poodles’ genes. They also have Labradors’ shedding genes within them. Hence, you can never predict which of these dogs’ genes will play a dominant role in your Labradoodle’s genetic structure.
However, this is merely the blip on the radar. The crucial question is, does an utterly non-shedding dog breed really exists? Let us find out.
Are Labradoodles non-shedding breeds?
The answer to this query mainly depends upon what you consider as non-shedding. If you are looking for a dog breed that doesn’t cast off even one strand of hair, you will be disappointed that such a dog breed doesn’t really exist. We will expound on this statement more elaborately in the upcoming section.
As far as Labradoodles are concerned, the answer is yes. They do shed, but you cannot really call it shedding than other heavy shedding breeds like Labrador Retrievers. However, there are exceptions, as well. You can never forget that your Labradoodle has Labrador’s genes in it, and if those genes are dominant, there is a high chance that your Labradoodle will shed a lot.
Do non-shedding dogs really exist?
You can never find a dog-breed that doesn’t shed even a bit. Shedding refers to casting off dead hair, which is a natural phenomenon. Even we human beings experience this when we comb our hair. Hair is supposed to grow and fall when they are dead.
The same reasoning applies to dogs as well. Consequently, even hairless dogs will shed some amount of body hair. Besides that, shedding is not merely about casting off dead hair; it is about getting rid of dead cells as well.
Having established that fact, you must be wondering what sets breeds like Labradors apart from other dogs. Why are they specifically singled out for shedding if all dogs experience hair fall?
The answer is their double coat. Besides having a topcoat that undergoes regular shedding throughout the year, Labradors tend to have an undercoat. This undercoat protects them from extreme weather conditions and sheds two to three times a year. Consequently, Labradors tend to shed double the amount of regular, hairless dogs, and your Labradoodle has this dog breed’s genes.
How much do Labradoodles shed in general?
Now that you are aware that all dogs shed to some extent, it is normal for you to wonder about Labradoodles’ shedding probability.
Truth to be told, your Labradoodles’ shedding probabilities will be predominantly determined by its genetic structure. Because your dog is a cross of Labrador Retriever and Poodle, both have equal chances of transferring some dominant genes to your Labradoodle pup.
To put it more simply, your Labradoodle can either inherit its Labrador parent’s heavy shedding coat or receive its Poodle parent’s low-shedding skin. The chances are fifty-fifty.
If your dog has inherited a Labrador coat, there is a high probability of your Labradoodle shedding all round the year with some heavy shedding seasons. Conversely, if it has received a Poodle coat, you will be spared from the hassles of cleaning your floors all day long. However, you have to be ready with brushes and combs to detach your pup’s built-up fur, also known as the mat.
What are the probabilities of my Labradoodle shedding excessively?
To get this question’s answer, you have to have some basic knowledge of genetics. If you don’t, no need to be stressed. That’s what we are here for. Besides, it is just genetics, and that too elementary. There is no rocket science in it.
Shedding Chances in F1 Labradoodles
If a high shedding breed like Labrador Retriever is crossed with a low shedding breed like the poodle, logically, the resultant offspring should have fifty percent chances of either experiencing heavy shedding or undergoing low shedding. However, in genetics, nothing is entirely black or white. Consequently, your Labradoodle may also experience medium shedding – not too much like Labrador Retrievers and not too little like Poodles. Here is a chart to further enhance your genetic understanding.
F1 Labradoodle | Parent: Poodle – light shedding (pp) |
Parent: Labrador Retriever – heavy shedding (LL) | ppLL |
Shedding Chances in F1B Labradoodles
Now, if you crossbreed an F1 Labradoodle with a Poodle, the resultant F1B Labradoodle’s shedding probability will primarily depend on the Labradoodle parent’s heavy shedding Labrador genes. Consequently, there can be three kinds of scenarios.
- If the F1 Labradoodle has received heavy shedding genes, its offspring will have fifty-fifty chances of heavy shedding or light shedding if crossed with a Poodle. They can also turn out to be medium shedders.
- If the F1 Labradoodle is a medium shedder, its offspring will have seventy-five percent chances of being a light shedder.
- Lastly, if the F1 Labradoodle experiences light shedding, its young ones will have a hundred percent chance of being a light shedder.
The following genetic chart will make the three scenarios more discernible to you.
F1B Labradoodle | Parent Poodle – light shedding (pp) |
Parent F1 Labradoodle – heavy shedding (LL) | ppLL |
Parent F1 Labradoodle – medium shedding (Ll) | ppLl |
Parent F1 Labradoodle – light shedding (ll) | ppll |
What is the reason behind a Labradoodle shedding excessively?
Even if your Labradoodle has inherited its Labrador parent’s coat, it won’t become bald because of excessive shedding. If you find your Labradoodle continuously shedding and scratching to the point that it has developed some bald patches, you must contact your veterinarian immediately. There can be varied reasons behind such symptoms. Some of them include:
- Insects, vermin mites, or lice.
- Bacterial or other infectious diseases.
- Cushing’s or different thyroid, liver, or kidney issues.
- Immune system-related problems.
- Dog Allergies
- Cancers, and many more.
How to deal with Labradoodle shedding?
Even though you cannot stop your Labradoodle’s shedding issues, following some simple steps can limit its impact on your everyday daily life.
- Brush your Labradoodle regularly. It will remove all the dander and dead hair from your Labradoodle’s coat. If your Labradoodle has inherited a poodle coat, regular brushing will remove dense fur clumps. A slicker brush, a de-matting rake, and a comb with spacious teeth are just what you need for this purpose.
- Provide your Labradoodle with occasional baths. Washing your dog’s coat thoroughly at least once or twice in two weeks will enable you to get rid of its excess hair and dander. It is recommended to use a shed controlling shampoo to prevent excess shedding. Even if your Labradoodle doesn’t shed, using some special shampoos will help you detach its excess hair build-up.
- Take care of your Labradoodle’s nutritional needs. Your Labradoodle’s overall appearance is a manifestation of the nutritional value it has been receiving from its food. If your dog is shedding abnormally, there is a high chance that it does not receive some of the necessary nutrients like Omega 3 unsaturated fats and methylsulfonylmethane, also called MSM. You can contemplate purchasing some Omega 3, and MSM chews to mitigate these nutrients’ deficiency.
- Make sure your Labradoodle doesn’t get stressed. Just like humans, animals can also be affected by too much stress. If your Labradoodle is shedding abnormally, consider it one of the signs of too much anxiety. To mitigate this issue, you can think of managing its surroundings according to its comfort and giving it exceptional care and support. A healthy diet and exercise regime can also do wonders.
- Give your Labradoodle occasional haircuts. It will lessen the volume of shedding and make managing your Labradoodle’s coat easier. However, before cutting or shaving your dog’s hair, it is recommended to consult your vet first. Labradors cannot be shaved because of their undercoat. There may skin-related issues if they are shaved. Because your dog has Labrador genes inherent in it, the same thing may apply to it as well.
Conclusion: Are Labradoodles shedding or non-shedding breed?
After going through so much about Labradoodle’s shedding probability and ways to managing them, you must be wondering exactly how much Labradoodles shed. To put it more frankly, your dog’s shedding amount will be determined by its genes inherited from its Labrador and Poodle parents.
If the Labrador traits are dominant in your dog, it will shed too much. Conversely, if it has received dominant poodle traits, especially the curly poodle coat, its shedding amount will be negligible. Besides that, it can turn out to be a medium shedder, as nothing in genetics is definite. It all depends on how the genes will express themselves.
Whatever be your Labradoodle’s shedding probability, you won’t be able to know about it unless it has turned at least twelve months old. If you do not like being unsure or have pet allergies, contemplate adopting an older Labradoodle. Also, ascertain that you purchase your dog from a reliable breeder. A good breeder will present you with all your dog’s medical and pedigree records.
Now that you know every single detail about managing your Labradoodle’s fur, your dog’s shedding probability is less likely to affect you much.
[shared_counts]Table of Contents | <urn:uuid:4c2ea23c-fda1-4d60-ae34-890e7694c381> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://inspiredogs.com/labradoodles-shed/ | 2024-02-22T18:02:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.944753 | 2,269 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
49,
1100,
1762,
4111,
332,
1779,
336,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
565,
462,
7379,
18,
1122,
327,
512,
308,
270,
747,
16,
337,
2362,
2402,
725,
624,
622,
331,
456,
10849,
3779,
18,
1256,
667,
375,
337,
35,
1097,
576,
772,
6057,
332,
628,
686,
16,
804,
659,
6457,
10749,
1415,
2329,
289,
444,
2550,
8478,
509,
298,
1018,
1677,
17,
2683,
11686,
291,
3973,
83,
453,
732,
9379,
35,
203,
38,
7330,
336,
16,
362,
316,
628,
289,
689,
372,
87,
9327,
6165,
292,
1779,
336,
261,
2698,
858,
6060,
8478,
753,
291,
382,
509,
736,
375,
2346,
3784,
566,
579,
1677,
17,
2683,
11686,
4318,
782,
18,
2122,
516,
16,
502,
437,
712,
3264,
70,
1007,
331,
456,
3094,
794,
16,
1328,
35,
203,
11207,
629,
689,
2017,
6390,
268,
949,
517,
2031,
289,
268,
11826,
18,
1507,
1204,
3283,
336,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
565,
462,
8209,
5185,
297,
382,
509,
736,
372,
5796,
18,
900,
525,
437,
6060,
8478,
753,
372,
7379,
526,
5796,
1291,
622,
18,
8315,
16,
337,
375,
2270,
7180,
518,
289,
629,
3335,
372,
5796,
513,
1152,
261,
9128,
1476,
288,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
372,
87,
3347,
2214,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
456,
316,
8209,
268,
725,
517,
341,
268,
2010,
294,
18,
365,
1821,
2302,
316,
16,
1082,
363,
8917,
345,
325,
1677,
17,
2683,
11686,
1762,
6057,
2402,
7280,
35,
3023,
407,
1255,
628,
18,
203,
37,
267,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
1677,
17,
2683,
11686,
9893,
35,
203,
1461,
3257,
292,
456,
626,
2504,
4870,
4465,
2807,
768,
337,
1119,
352,
1677,
17,
2683,
11686,
18,
829,
337,
356,
2639,
331,
261,
1762,
6057,
336,
2752,
372,
88,
6408,
1070,
919,
597,
637,
481,
289,
3474,
16,
337,
513,
327,
6146,
5702,
336,
659,
261,
1762,
6057,
2752,
372,
88,
2402,
3953,
18,
924,
513,
771,
655,
341,
456,
4692,
512,
11000,
1300,
288,
268,
644,
6319,
3396,
18,
203,
5190,
1904,
352,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
356,
5790,
16,
268,
3257,
316,
10412,
18,
900,
565,
7379,
16,
566,
337,
2362,
2402,
1117,
362,
7379,
526,
687,
586,
4112,
7379,
526,
9893,
730,
6060,
8478,
283,
11426,
545,
1414,
18,
1121,
16,
686,
356,
377,
6795,
16,
352,
767,
18,
990,
375,
2270,
6556,
336,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
528,
6060,
8478,
283,
372,
87,
5796,
288,
362,
16,
291,
717,
1014,
5796,
356,
9128,
16,
686,
316,
261,
695,
3961,
336,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
513,
7379,
261,
1774,
18,
203,
10985,
1677,
17,
2683,
11686,
3335,
2402,
3953,
35,
203,
7556,
375,
2270,
1255,
261,
1762,
17,
3225,
286,
336,
2752,
372,
88,
7379,
919,
261,
3263,
18,
1395,
11686,
4080,
292,
273,
3261,
1070,
3751,
3474,
16,
518,
316,
261,
1493,
6902,
18,
3142,
445,
1195,
7689,
1432,
456,
649,
445,
1666,
662,
3474,
18,
402,
1244,
316,
8066,
292,
932,
291,
2341,
649,
502,
356,
3751,
18,
203,
1461,
1162,
9763,
9296,
292,
3335,
352,
767,
18,
10399,
1402,
16,
919,
3474,
1465,
3335,
513,
7379,
579,
1944,
289,
1073,
3474,
18,
9337,
336,
16,
7379,
526,
316,
462,
8209,
608,
273,
3261,
1070,
3751,
3474,
31,
362,
316,
608,
2657,
6978,
289,
3751,
1828,
352,
767,
18,
203,
44,
2366,
3413,
336,
1975,
16,
337,
1204,
327,
3630,
1489,
768,
5275,
9893,
730,
6060,
8478,
753,
6026,
427,
586,
3335,
18,
2995,
356,
502,
4479,
1973,
1041,
628,
331,
7379,
526,
717,
516,
3335,
1432,
3474,
2341,
35,
203,
1461,
3257,
316,
444,
5481,
9172,
18,
9337,
2054,
261,
1479,
4552,
271,
336,
4580,
3144,
1998,
7379,
526,
2309,
268,
715,
16,
6060,
8478,
753,
3020,
292,
437,
363,
1064,
4552,
271,
18,
540,
1064,
4552,
271,
9677,
622,
427,
4657,
3266,
1533,
291,
422,
1857,
881,
292,
1391,
1708,
261,
715,
18,
10399,
1402,
16,
6060,
8478,
753,
3020,
292,
7379,
5481,
268,
1944,
289,
1998,
16,
3474,
1465,
3335,
16,
291,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
528,
456,
1762,
6057,
372,
87,
5796,
18,
203,
6724,
1111,
565,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
7379,
288,
2177,
35,
203,
50,
329,
336,
337,
356,
2337,
336,
516,
3335,
7379,
292,
579,
5571,
16,
362,
316,
2910,
331,
337,
292,
5144,
608,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
372,
7379,
526,
9710,
18,
203,
11484,
2719,
292,
327,
4225,
16,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
372,
7379,
526,
2570,
2958,
513,
327,
11742,
325,
5108,
419,
606,
3347,
2214,
18,
3428,
424,
1762,
316,
261,
3264,
289,
6060,
8478,
283,
11426,
545,
357,
291,
382,
509,
298,
16,
1079,
437,
4458,
6094,
289,
3807,
1908,
579,
9128,
5796,
292,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
5736,
18,
203,
10702,
1927,
362,
512,
2842,
16,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
375,
2447,
5185,
297,
606,
6060,
8478,
283,
5463,
372,
87,
4112,
7379,
526,
9172,
361,
3273,
606,
382,
509,
298,
5463,
372,
87,
1488,
17,
2683,
11686,
1903,
18,
365,
6094,
356,
6711,
562,
17,
74,
373,
562,
18,
203,
6164,
424,
1762,
528,
5185,
1006,
261,
6060,
8478,
283,
9172,
16,
686,
316,
261,
695,
9710,
289,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
7379,
526,
516,
5243,
268,
715,
360,
579,
4112,
7379,
526,
10502,
18,
10684,
601,
16,
717,
362,
528,
3893,
261,
382,
509,
298,
9172,
16,
337,
513,
327,
440,
1287,
427,
268,
528,
87,
736,
289,
4801,
424,
949,
5178,
516,
1196,
917,
18,
1121,
16,
337,
437,
292,
327,
4054,
360,
5410,
274,
291,
378,
825,
292,
2169,
492,
424,
5736,
372,
87,
2825,
17,
987,
7454,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
268,
3732,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
2570,
2958,
289,
1290,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
7379,
526,
3321,
2084,
35,
203,
10702,
886,
456,
2302,
372,
87,
3257,
16,
337,
437,
292,
437,
579,
2900,
1772,
289,
9734,
18,
829,
337,
1373,
372,
88,
16,
688,
648,
292,
327,
10470,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
768,
445,
356,
1671,
331,
18,
9337,
16,
362,
316,
1039,
9734,
16,
291,
336,
1232,
11280,
18,
994,
316,
688,
4216,
364,
2186,
288,
362,
18,
203,
9351,
11686,
654,
1427,
288,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
203,
6164,
261,
695,
7379,
526,
6057,
730,
6060,
8478,
283,
11426,
545,
357,
316,
3264,
286,
360,
261,
1488,
7379,
526,
6057,
730,
268,
279,
509,
298,
16,
2866,
1030,
16,
268,
1636,
438,
1070,
11750,
788,
437,
6711,
562,
2078,
6094,
289,
2447,
5575,
4112,
7379,
526,
361,
7876,
281,
1488,
7379,
526,
18,
1121,
16,
288,
9734,
16,
4220,
316,
6023,
2541,
361,
2398,
18,
10399,
1402,
16,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
602,
525,
1432,
5232,
7379,
526,
796,
462,
1232,
1111,
730,
6060,
8478,
283,
11426,
545,
1414,
291,
462,
1232,
1936,
730,
382,
509,
736,
18,
2011,
316,
261,
7612,
292,
1902,
3017,
424,
3347,
1616,
18,
203,
42,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
869,
382,
4243,
30,
382,
509,
298,
796,
1360,
7379,
526,
421,
398,
13,
869,
203,
52,
4243,
30,
6060,
8478,
283,
11426,
545,
357,
796,
4112,
7379,
526,
421,
11602,
13,
869,
9331,
11602,
869,
203,
9351,
11686,
654,
1427,
288,
418,
21,
38,
6060,
8478,
509,
736,
203,
50,
329,
16,
717,
337,
3264,
3225,
286,
363,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
360,
261,
382,
509,
298,
16,
268,
1636,
438,
418,
21,
38,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
372,
87,
7379,
526,
9710,
513,
4604,
2354,
341,
268,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
5463,
372,
87,
4112,
7379,
526,
6060,
8478,
283,
5796,
18,
10399,
1402,
16,
686,
375,
327,
1391,
5255,
289,
7610,
18,
203,
17,
829,
268,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
528,
3893,
4112,
7379,
526,
5796,
16,
606,
1070,
11750,
513,
437,
6711,
562,
17,
74,
373,
562,
6094,
289,
4112,
7379,
526,
361,
1360,
7379,
526,
717,
3264,
286,
360,
261,
382,
509,
298,
18,
900,
375,
525,
1867,
628,
292,
327,
5232,
7379,
72,
332,
18,
203,
17,
829,
268,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
316,
261,
5232,
7379,
1120,
16,
606,
1070,
11750,
513,
437,
447,
90,
3954,
17,
74,
464,
2078,
6094,
289,
1018,
261,
1360,
7379,
1120,
18,
203,
17,
11421,
16,
717,
268,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
2891,
1360,
7379,
526,
16,
606,
2129,
3001,
513,
437,
261,
6946,
2078,
3961,
289,
1018,
261,
1360,
7379,
1120,
18,
203,
1461,
1685,
3347,
7612,
513,
804,
268,
1391,
7610,
512,
896,
1605,
801,
292,
337,
18,
203,
42,
21,
38,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
869,
382,
4243,
382,
509,
298,
796,
1360,
7379,
526,
421,
398,
13,
869,
203,
52,
4243,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
796,
4112,
7379,
526,
421,
11602,
13,
869,
9331,
11602,
869,
203,
52,
4243,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
796,
5232,
7379,
526,
421,
48,
80,
13,
869,
9331,
48,
80,
869,
203,
52,
4243,
418,
21,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
796,
1360,
7379,
526,
421,
660,
13,
869,
279,
476,
80,
869,
203,
4688,
316,
268,
2190,
2976,
261,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
7379,
526,
3321,
2084,
35,
203,
41,
592,
717,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
528,
5185,
1006,
606,
6060,
8478,
283,
5463,
372,
87,
9172,
16,
362,
3768,
372,
88,
1343,
1978,
72,
971,
289,
5221,
7379,
526,
18,
829,
337,
1255,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
8740,
7379,
526,
291,
8691,
281,
292,
268,
1813,
336,
362,
528,
2317,
579,
1978,
72,
11494,
16,
337,
1204,
2624,
424,
9473,
4248,
18,
994,
375,
327,
8601,
3218,
2976,
659,
1614,
18,
1399,
289,
622,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
1674,
798,
16,
2514,
2048,
293,
2154,
16,
361,
308,
690,
18,
203,
17,
391,
1223,
439,
361,
586,
9689,
2604,
18,
203,
17,
351,
9348,
372,
87,
361,
865,
8373,
16,
4865,
16,
361,
6197,
1659,
18,
203,
17,
7210,
1807,
892,
17,
3621,
1626,
18,
203,
17,
10489,
1771,
732,
423,
203,
17,
351,
797,
332,
16,
291,
772,
512,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
3625,
360,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
7379,
526,
35,
203,
41,
592,
1417,
337,
2362,
3399,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
372,
87,
7379,
526,
1659,
16,
1685,
579,
2208,
2845,
375,
3355,
606,
1393,
341,
424,
5667,
2438,
943,
18,
203,
17,
2439,
1652,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
3963,
18,
553,
513,
3556,
516,
268,
295,
5760,
291,
3751,
3474,
427,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
372,
87,
9172,
18,
829,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
528,
5185,
1006,
261,
279,
509,
298,
9172,
16,
1998,
10766,
513,
3556,
9525,
7454,
551,
6014,
18,
330,
1580,
868,
265,
5410,
16,
261,
386,
17,
4976,
542,
384,
1387,
16,
291,
261,
1666,
360,
9271,
702,
2649,
356,
1039,
768,
337,
648,
331,
456,
3094,
18,
203,
17,
10796,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
360,
5820,
280,
5933,
87,
18,
4935,
424,
1762,
372,
87,
9172,
8525,
430,
2144,
2340,
361,
6428,
288,
881,
3461,
513,
4660,
337,
292,
886,
6978,
289,
606,
3321,
3474,
291,
295,
5760,
18,
553,
316,
3505,
292,
666,
261,
7379,
7987,
422,
1705,
616,
292,
1463,
3321,
7379,
526,
18,
3142,
717,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
2752,
372,
88,
7379,
16,
1001,
579,
1755,
422,
1705,
83,
335,
513,
617,
337,
2169,
492,
606,
3321,
3474,
2115,
17,
987,
18,
203,
17,
4786,
1066,
289,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
372,
87,
6596,
1470,
18,
2073,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
372,
87,
2114,
4643,
316,
261,
8438,
318,
289,
268,
6596,
2003,
362,
528,
712,
6722,
427,
606,
934,
18,
829,
424,
1762,
316,
7379,
526,
459,
82,
536,
523,
16,
686,
316,
261,
695,
3961,
336,
362,
1082,
462,
3273,
579,
289,
268,
1990,
3600,
730,
480,
8229,
777,
4000,
271,
8240,
6737,
291,
6974,
2713,
87,
5289,
266,
2713,
1475,
262,
1805,
16,
525,
1478,
8629,
49,
18,
990,
375,
2345,
81,
9236,
9335,
579,
480,
8229,
777,
16,
291,
8629,
49,
8618,
87,
292,
7696,
629,
3600,
372,
7749,
18,
203,
17,
4007,
1850,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
2752,
372,
88,
886,
10470,
18,
4500,
730,
2943,
16,
2312,
375,
525,
327,
3328,
419,
1232,
1111,
1751,
18,
829,
424,
6060,
8478,
509,
298,
316,
7379,
526,
459,
82,
536,
523,
16,
1119,
362,
597,
289,
268,
3085,
289,
1232,
1111,
3083,
18,
1122,
7696,
456,
2682,
16,
337,
375,
1779,
289,
4641,
606,
9292,
2310,
292,
606,
5829,
291
] |
Papua New Guinea is a country of contrasts, where ancient traditions coexist with modern developments, where rugged mountains meet pristine beaches, and where diverse cultures and languages create a rich mosaic of identity. Papua New Guinea is also a country of cities, where urbanization is transforming the lives of many of its 8.6 million people.
Would you like to know the history and culture of Papua New Guinea’s cities in 2023? Do you want to know the population and economy of Papua New Guinea in 2023? Are you looking for the top cities in Papua New Guinea in 2023? Then you are in the right palce.
In this article, we will explore some of the top cities in Papua New Guinea in 2023, based on their population, economy, tourism, and culture.
Top cities in Papua New Guinea in 2023
In 2023, Papua New Guinea is primarily characterized by its rural population, but its urban centers will play pivotal roles in the country’s economy and social landscape. Some of the top cities in Papua New Guinea include:
- Port Moresby: The capital and largest city, Port Moresby, is the economic and political hub. It faces challenges related to urbanization, such as infrastructure development and social services, while also being a center for commerce and administration.
- Lae: The second-largest city, Lae, is a major port city and industrial center. It hosts various manufacturing industries and is crucial for trade and commerce in the country.
- Mount Hagen: Known for its highland setting, Mount Hagen serves as a commercial center for the Western Highlands Province, with markets and trade activities.
- Madang: A coastal city with scenic beauty, Madang is important for tourism, fishing, and agriculture, contributing to the regional economy.
Population and economy of Papua New Guinea in 2023
As of 2023, Papua New Guinea’s population is around 10 million, with a predominantly rural populace engaged in subsistence agriculture. The economy heavily relies on extractive industries such as mining, petroleum, and natural gas. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing also contribute significantly to livelihoods and the economy.
Challenges and opportunities of Papua New Guinea in 2023
Challenges faced by Papua New Guinea include:
- Infrastructure Development: Urban areas struggle with inadequate infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and sanitation.
- Healthcare and Education: Access to quality healthcare and education remains a challenge, especially in rural areas.
- Economic Diversification: Overdependence on extractive industries makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices.
- Social Issues: High levels of poverty, inequality, and social disparities persist in the country.
However, Papua New Guinea also presents opportunities:
- Natural Resources: Rich natural resources offer avenues for economic growth and development if managed sustainably.
- Tourism: The country’s diverse culture, landscapes, and biodiversity have tourism potential.
- Investment and Development: Encouraging investment in infrastructure, education, and healthcare could spur economic growth.
- Cultural Heritage: Papua New Guinea’s diverse cultures and traditions provide opportunities for cultural exchange and preservation.
History and culture of Papua New Guinea’s cities in 2023
Papua New Guinea’s cities boast rich histories and cultures. Each city often showcases unique cultural traditions, languages, and customs stemming from the country’s 800 different ethnic groups. Traditional ceremonies, art, music, and dance play integral roles in the cultural fabric of these cities.
Differences and similarities between Papua New Guinea’s cities in 2023
The differences between cities lie in their economic activities, geographical locations, and cultural practices. For instance, Port Moresby, being the capital, has a more diverse population and is the center of political and economic activities. In contrast, Mount Hagen, situated in the highlands, maintains stronger ties to traditional practices and agriculture.
Frequently Asked Questions
These are some frequently asked questions:
What are the 5 largest cities of Papua New Guinea?
The five largest cities of Papua New Guinea are:
- Port Moresby, is the capital and largest city, with a population of about 364,125 people.
- Lae, the second-largest city and the industrial hub of the country, with a population of about 100,677 people.
- Arawa, the former capital of the autonomous region of Bougainville, has a population of about 36,443 people.
- Mount Hagen, the third-largest city and the capital of the Western Highlands Province, with a population of about 33,623 people.
- Popondetta, the capital of the Oro Province, has a population of about 28,198 people.
What is the richest city in Papua New Guinea?
Based on some indicators, such as the presence of natural resources, infrastructure, and economic activities, some possible candidates are:
- Port Moresby, which is the administrative and commercial center of the country, hosts the largest port, airport, and government offices. Port Moresby also benefits from the liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, which is the largest foreign investment in the country’s history.
- Lae, is the main industrial hub of the country and hosts the largest cargo port, manufacturing plants, and agricultural enterprises. Lae is also the gateway to the Highlands region, which is rich in minerals, oil, and gas.
- Bougainville is an autonomous region that has a large copper and gold mine in Panguna, which was the primary mining region of the country before the Civil War. Bougainville is also endowed with other natural resources such as cocoa, copra, and fisheries.
What are the main towns in Papua New Guinea?
The main towns in Papua New Guinea are the ones that have a significant population, economic activity, or administrative function. Some of the main towns in Papua New Guinea are:
- Alotau is the capital of Milne Bay Province and a tourist destination for its scenic beauty and cultural heritage.
- Goroka is the capital of the Eastern Highlands Province and a major coffee-producing area. Goroka is also famous for its annual cultural show, which showcases the diversity of the local tribes.
- Kokopo is the capital of the East New Britain Province and a hub for tourism, agriculture, and fisheries. Kokopo is near the Rabaul volcano, which erupted in 1994 and destroyed the former provincial capital.
- Madang, the capital of the Madang Province, and a coastal town with diverse marine life and coral reefs. Madang is also a center for education, research, and health services.
- Mendi, the capital of the Southern Highlands Province, is a town located in a fertile valley surrounded by mountains. Mendi is a base for the oil and gas industry, as well as a source of coffee and tea.
What are the two other main cities in Papua New Guinea?
The two other main cities in Papua New Guinea are Lae and Mount Hagen. Lae is the capital of Morobe Province and the second-largest city in the country, with a population of about 100,000 people. Mount Hagen is the capital of Western Highlands Province and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of about 46,000 people. Both cities are important commercial and transport hubs in Papua New Guinea.
How many states are in Papua New Guinea?
How to travel to Papua New Guinea in 2023?
If you’re planning a trip to Papua New Guinea in 2023, securing a visa is essential before your arrival as visas are not issued on entry. Certain visas, like eVisas, can be applied for online via the Papua New Guinea Immigration & Citizenship Authority (PNGICA) portal2. Keep in mind that entry and exit requirements might change abruptly, so it’s crucial to stay updated by consulting the PNGICA before your travel. Ensure your passport has a minimum validity of six months and at least one blank page. Additionally, when entering or leaving the country, you might be required to declare any currency exceeding PGK 20,000.
Before your trip, it’s advisable to review travel advisories and health guidelines provided by your home country and Papua New Guinea. For instance, the U.S. Department of State suggests reconsidering travel to Papua New Guinea due to concerns regarding crime, civil unrest, and piracy and advises exercising increased caution due to kidnapping risks, potential presence of unexploded ordnance, limited availability of healthcare services, and susceptibility to natural disasters3. Furthermore, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention strongly recommend ensuring that your polio and measles vaccinations are up-to-date before traveling to Papua New Guinea.
How is urbanization affecting Papua New Guinea in 2023?
In 2023, urbanization in Papua New Guinea has been impacting the country in various ways. The shift toward urban areas has led to challenges in infrastructure, services, and employment opportunities. Major cities like Port Moresby and Lae are experiencing rapid growth, which strains resources and services. This influx to urban centers has led to issues like overcrowding, inadequate housing, and increased pressure on healthcare and education systems.
Where do people live in Papua New Guinea?
In Papua New Guinea, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, maintaining traditional lifestyles based on agriculture, fishing, and small-scale trade. However, urbanization has been steadily increasing due to factors such as economic opportunities, better access to services, and social changes.
Is Papua New Guinea a rich or poor country?
Papua New Guinea is often considered a developing or lower-middle-income country. While it possesses rich natural resources like minerals, forestry, and marine resources, significant portions of the population still face poverty, and the distribution of wealth is uneven.
What is the main source of income in Papua New Guinea?
The main sources of income in Papua New Guinea are diverse, including:
- Natural Resources: The extraction and export of minerals such as gold, copper, and natural gas are major contributors to the economy.
- Agriculture: Subsistence farming and cash crops like coffee, cocoa, and palm oil play a vital role in livelihoods.
- Fishing: Given its location and marine resources, fishing is a significant source of income and sustenance for many coastal communities.
- Services and Trade: Urban centers engage in commerce, trade, and service industries contributing to the economy.
- Best places to visit in Turkey
- Best places to visit in Togo
- Best places to visit in Holy See
- Top cities in Bhutan
- Top cities in Tajikistan
- Top cities in Antigua and Barbuda
To ensure you don’t miss any changes, don’t forget to bookmark our website and share this article with others. Leave your questions and comments in the box below. | <urn:uuid:a613d108-2f9d-44f7-b18a-427035799ab0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://jobminda.com/top-cities-in-papua-new-guinea/ | 2024-02-22T17:42:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.936754 | 2,249 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
52,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
316,
261,
1777,
289,
2020,
3720,
16,
853,
3315,
6215,
742,
1389,
588,
360,
2332,
8033,
16,
853,
384,
1010,
2292,
9145,
2148,
549,
588,
475,
327,
4024,
16,
291,
853,
3596,
5077,
291,
4814,
1408,
261,
2941,
293,
5182,
300,
289,
4328,
18,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
316,
525,
261,
1777,
289,
4083,
16,
853,
4013,
1260,
316,
11757,
268,
2136,
289,
772,
289,
606,
1570,
18,
26,
2195,
689,
18,
203,
59,
487,
337,
730,
292,
698,
268,
1550,
291,
2484,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
372,
87,
4083,
288,
5325,
35,
2094,
337,
1333,
292,
698,
268,
2196,
291,
3473,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
35,
2987,
337,
2639,
331,
268,
1479,
4083,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
35,
3574,
337,
356,
288,
268,
1328,
4659,
339,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
513,
2408,
579,
289,
268,
1479,
4083,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
16,
1585,
341,
444,
2196,
16,
3473,
16,
8643,
16,
291,
2484,
18,
203,
56,
389,
4083,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
203,
2983,
5325,
16,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
316,
4604,
6360,
419,
606,
5606,
2196,
16,
566,
606,
4013,
6637,
513,
1152,
8440,
5535,
288,
268,
1777,
372,
87,
3473,
291,
1234,
4122,
18,
1399,
289,
268,
1479,
4083,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
9643,
383,
1538,
2330,
30,
365,
3507,
291,
3747,
2349,
16,
9643,
383,
1538,
2330,
16,
316,
268,
2268,
291,
2589,
296,
1606,
18,
553,
8102,
2219,
2336,
292,
4013,
1260,
16,
659,
352,
3937,
1208,
291,
1234,
1915,
16,
1020,
525,
1018,
261,
3795,
331,
580,
265,
339,
291,
6375,
18,
203,
17,
458,
2471,
30,
365,
1901,
17,
6292,
1688,
2349,
16,
458,
2471,
16,
316,
261,
1670,
5278,
2349,
291,
3854,
3795,
18,
553,
296,
6939,
1320,
3964,
4287,
291,
316,
1821,
331,
3631,
291,
580,
265,
339,
288,
268,
1777,
18,
203,
17,
10107,
402,
9591,
30,
4656,
82,
331,
606,
695,
1169,
2652,
16,
10107,
402,
9591,
5155,
352,
261,
4082,
3795,
331,
268,
4925,
3194,
3452,
4854,
1268,
16,
360,
6137,
291,
3631,
1740,
18,
203,
17,
7688,
620,
30,
330,
7636,
2349,
360,
4062,
300,
5115,
16,
7688,
620,
316,
851,
331,
8643,
16,
7369,
16,
291,
5065,
16,
6126,
292,
268,
6110,
3473,
18,
203,
52,
389,
1218,
291,
3473,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
203,
5190,
289,
5325,
16,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
372,
87,
2196,
316,
1149,
1474,
2195,
16,
360,
261,
11742,
325,
5606,
1125,
346,
570,
6808,
288,
3062,
4535,
5065,
18,
365,
3473,
7318,
10283,
341,
2108,
2636,
4287,
659,
352,
5854,
16,
3561,
299,
298,
408,
16,
291,
1493,
2238,
18,
9570,
16,
2876,
891,
16,
291,
7369,
525,
2885,
3105,
292,
10905,
6108,
87,
291,
268,
3473,
18,
203,
5139,
1282,
940,
291,
2824,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
203,
5139,
1282,
940,
6240,
419,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
4582,
3700,
4480,
30,
11846,
1511,
5380,
360,
11704,
3937,
16,
1118,
7476,
16,
3666,
16,
291,
8063,
2470,
18,
203,
17,
11657,
291,
3725,
30,
6134,
292,
1630,
2689,
291,
1637,
3341,
261,
3659,
16,
1803,
288,
5606,
1511,
18,
203,
17,
8786,
413,
866,
2843,
30,
2730,
72,
2427,
514,
341,
2108,
2636,
4287,
1892,
268,
3473,
5437,
292,
8904,
500,
288,
10361,
380,
5113,
18,
203,
17,
4081,
9934,
893,
30,
3194,
1506,
289,
5758,
16,
10209,
16,
291,
1234,
10064,
647,
824,
588,
288,
268,
1777,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
525,
6887,
2824,
30,
203,
17,
6112,
7851,
30,
6392,
1493,
1793,
1529,
261,
11067,
331,
2268,
1668,
291,
1208,
717,
5922,
1844,
2090,
18,
203,
17,
307,
455,
997,
30,
365,
1777,
372,
87,
3596,
2484,
16,
9486,
16,
291,
6548,
437,
8643,
1439,
18,
203,
17,
9528,
367,
291,
4480,
30,
8503,
1516,
3994,
288,
3937,
16,
1637,
16,
291,
2689,
911,
440,
324,
2268,
1668,
18,
203,
17,
9586,
10197,
30,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
372,
87,
3596,
5077,
291,
6215,
1153,
2824,
331,
2694,
5002,
291,
9185,
18,
203,
44,
277,
861,
291,
2484,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
372,
87,
4083,
288,
5325,
203,
52,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
372,
87,
4083,
1337,
603,
2941,
2328,
423,
291,
5077,
18,
3431,
2349,
970,
7273,
936,
2070,
2694,
6215,
16,
4814,
16,
291,
11341,
5595,
2280,
427,
268,
1777,
372,
87,
1570,
587,
865,
6928,
2303,
18,
9674,
8162,
423,
16,
1699,
16,
2403,
16,
291,
7295,
1152,
7825,
5535,
288,
268,
2694,
5621,
289,
629,
4083,
18,
203,
40,
373,
10755,
291,
1979,
647,
858,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
372,
87,
4083,
288,
5325,
203,
1461,
3692,
858,
4083,
8588,
288,
444,
2268,
1740,
16,
10942,
5686,
16,
291,
2694,
2364,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
9643,
383,
1538,
2330,
16,
1018,
268,
3507,
16,
528,
261,
512,
3596,
2196,
291,
316,
268,
3795,
289,
2589,
291,
2268,
1740,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
10107,
402,
9591,
16,
1967,
488,
288,
268,
695,
3452,
16,
1638,
87,
6551,
225,
1235,
292,
2338,
2364,
291,
5065,
18,
203,
42,
11182,
1402,
11662,
7751,
203,
2422,
786,
356,
579,
3983,
4214,
2212,
30,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
1016,
3747,
4083,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
35,
203,
1461,
2584,
3747,
4083,
289,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
356,
30,
203,
17,
9643,
383,
1538,
2330,
16,
316,
268,
3507,
291,
3747,
2349,
16,
360,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
8241,
24,
16,
3011,
25,
689,
18,
203,
17,
458,
2471,
16,
268,
1901,
17,
6292,
1688,
2349,
291,
268,
3854,
296,
1606,
289,
268,
1777,
16,
360,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
2881,
16,
26,
9796,
689,
18,
203,
17,
1155,
738,
69,
16,
268,
4685,
3507,
289,
268,
10381,
2225,
289,
391,
290,
75,
412,
7541,
16,
528,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
8241,
16,
8936,
23,
689,
18,
203,
17,
10107,
402,
9591,
16,
268,
3472,
17,
6292,
1688,
2349,
291,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
4925,
3194,
3452,
4854,
1268,
16,
360,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
10634,
16,
26,
5458,
689,
18,
203,
17,
7570,
799,
364,
358,
16,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
480,
299,
4854,
1268,
16,
528,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
5837,
16,
1689,
28,
689,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
268,
2941,
443,
2349,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
35,
203,
38,
790,
341,
579,
9136,
16,
659,
352,
268,
3550,
289,
1493,
1793,
16,
3937,
16,
291,
2268,
1740,
16,
579,
1522,
9608,
356,
30,
203,
17,
9643,
383,
1538,
2330,
16,
518,
316,
268,
10116,
291,
4082,
3795,
289,
268,
1777,
16,
296,
6939,
268,
3747,
5278,
16,
1294,
2120,
16,
291,
1654,
10688,
18,
9643,
383,
1538,
2330,
525,
1716,
427,
268,
609,
3610,
74,
870,
1493,
2238,
421,
48,
50,
43,
13,
1707,
16,
518,
316,
268,
3747,
4562,
3994,
288,
268,
1777,
372,
87,
1550,
18,
203,
17,
458,
2471,
16,
316,
268,
939,
3854,
296,
1606,
289,
268,
1777,
291,
296,
6939,
268,
3747,
877,
2738,
5278,
16,
3964,
1648,
16,
291,
4989,
2989,
4423,
274,
18,
458,
2471,
316,
525,
268,
9177,
2523,
292,
268,
3194,
3452,
2225,
16,
518,
316,
2941,
288,
5405,
16,
2396,
16,
291,
2238,
18,
203,
17,
391,
290,
75,
412,
7541,
316,
363,
10381,
2225,
336,
528,
261,
1452,
6927,
291,
3906,
9469,
288,
382,
620,
8820,
16,
518,
454,
268,
2818,
5854,
2225,
289,
268,
1777,
1134,
268,
6283,
2661,
18,
391,
290,
75,
412,
7541,
316,
525,
1199,
329,
286,
360,
586,
1493,
1793,
659,
352,
7393,
10004,
16,
2660,
1209,
16,
291,
2034,
5236,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
939,
9080,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
35,
203,
1461,
939,
9080,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
356,
268,
3001,
336,
437,
261,
1297,
2196,
16,
2268,
2067,
16,
361,
10116,
1596,
18,
1399,
289,
268,
939,
9080,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
356,
30,
203,
17,
996,
7076,
89,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
6049,
707,
6847,
4854,
1268,
291,
261,
4402,
588,
8911,
331,
606,
4062,
300,
5115,
291,
2694,
6329,
18,
203,
17,
461,
283,
3421,
69,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
7909,
3194,
3452,
4854,
1268,
291,
261,
1670,
4867,
17,
7846,
281,
1494,
18,
461,
283,
3421,
69,
316,
525,
4572,
331,
606,
5187,
2694,
1171,
16,
518,
7273,
936,
268,
4674,
289,
268,
1683,
9973,
18,
203,
17,
696,
3421,
389,
83,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
4675,
1525,
6458,
4854,
1268,
291,
261,
296,
1606,
331,
8643,
16,
5065,
16,
291,
2034,
5236,
18,
696,
3421,
389,
83,
316,
1834,
268,
10214,
4310,
8406,
83,
16,
518,
9813,
691,
288,
2464,
24,
291,
7809,
268,
4685,
680,
1329,
439,
3507,
18,
203,
17,
7688,
620,
16,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
7688,
620,
4854,
1268,
16,
291,
261,
7636,
3846,
360,
3596,
5710,
943,
291,
10973,
10049,
87,
18,
7688,
620,
316,
525,
261,
3795,
331,
1637,
16,
922,
16,
291,
661,
1915,
18,
203,
17,
383,
593,
77,
16,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
7789,
3194,
3452,
4854,
1268,
16,
316,
261,
3846,
3586,
288,
261,
2805,
5302,
1033,
2702,
10599,
419,
9145,
18,
383,
593,
77,
316,
261,
3486,
331,
268,
2396,
291,
2238,
1997,
16,
352,
767,
352,
261,
2088,
289,
4867,
291,
5451,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
881,
586,
939,
4083,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
35,
203,
1461,
881,
586,
939,
4083,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
356,
458,
2471,
291,
10107,
402,
9591,
18,
458,
2471,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
5345,
875,
73,
4854,
1268,
291,
268,
1901,
17,
6292,
1688,
2349,
288,
268,
1777,
16,
360,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
2881,
16,
1347,
689,
18,
10107,
402,
9591,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
4925,
3194,
3452,
4854,
1268,
291,
268,
3472,
17,
6292,
1688,
2349,
288,
268,
1777,
16,
360,
261,
2196,
289,
608,
988,
26,
16,
1347,
689,
18,
4449,
4083,
356,
851,
4082,
291,
2799,
296,
9715,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
18,
203,
6724,
772,
2588,
356,
288,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
35,
203,
6724,
292,
2868,
292,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
35,
203,
6164,
337,
372,
267,
3434,
261,
6075,
292,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
288,
5325,
16,
805,
714,
261,
1094,
69,
316,
1505,
1134,
424,
10907,
352,
1094,
301,
356,
462,
7617,
341,
6791,
18,
9254,
1094,
301,
16,
730,
303,
58,
277,
301,
16,
375,
327,
3848,
331,
2049,
3785,
268,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
7210,
2492,
318,
1884,
351,
2348,
614,
1028,
7441,
380,
421,
9083,
43,
4033,
37,
13,
5278,
280,
22,
18,
4182,
288,
1710,
336,
6791,
291,
377,
297,
3091,
1276,
1317,
459,
9038,
325,
16,
576,
362,
372,
87,
1821,
292,
2503,
7627,
419,
573,
10527,
268,
382,
50,
43,
4033,
37,
1134,
424,
2868,
18,
9072,
424,
1464,
2120,
528,
261,
5642,
1033,
4451,
289,
2984,
2489,
291,
430,
2144,
597,
11412,
3492,
18,
2848,
16,
649,
8034,
361,
5413,
268,
1777,
16,
337,
1276,
327,
2207,
292,
3874,
470,
723,
7691,
377,
11109,
382,
43,
47,
731,
16,
1347,
18,
203,
10746,
852,
424,
6075,
16,
362,
372,
87,
7031,
541,
292,
2911,
2868,
7031,
2610,
291,
661,
4640,
2756,
419,
424,
1311,
1777,
291,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
3968,
289,
3156,
4299,
9184,
890,
281,
2868,
292,
382,
429,
7698,
1525,
2750,
10372,
1504,
292,
3529,
4353,
7001,
16,
3390,
543,
6666,
16,
291,
279,
338,
1495,
291,
965,
2329,
1969,
2252,
2161,
10507,
1504,
292,
4056,
82,
8534,
2894,
16,
1439,
3550,
289,
543,
1389,
476,
10567,
4999,
82,
515,
16,
3064,
6550,
289,
2689,
1915,
16,
291,
6853,
11630,
706,
292,
1493,
10212,
23,
18,
4343,
16,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
11526,
331,
6328,
5372,
291,
7602,
8116,
1921,
3171,
336,
424,
867,
981,
291,
1351,
736,
2687,
5049,
356,
644,
17,
278,
17,
9508,
1134,
10638,
292
] |
There’s a lot of talk about carbohydrates these days, and often times it’s pretty negative. But are all carbohydrates bad for people with diabetes and prediabetes? Some ketogenic, low-carbohydrate diet, or dare I say, carnivore diet advocates would have you believe that no carb is a good carb.
You don’t have to travel far to hear a diet guru claiming that carbohydrates are to blame for:
- Insulin resistance and diabetes
- And everything else wrong with your health
Their solution? Eliminate them.
Well, not only is this:
A) Easier said than done.
B) Confusing, unnecessary, and imprecise.
So, let’s take a closer look, to answer the question “are all carbs bad for you?”
Table of Contents
The Anti-Carb Craze is Nothing New
The elimination model outlined above should look familiar. After all, the anti-carb craze is no different than the anti-fat craze that came before it. And, as we found out, not all fat is bad. Certain types are horrible (looking at you trans fat), and certain types should be limited in certain populations (saturated), but overall, all fat is not the evil substance some once made it out to be.
So, it should come as no surprise that not all carbohydrates are bad either.
Yes, some carbohydrates are piss poor for your health and should be minimized. But many are even good for you, and part of a healthy diet, even if you have prediabetes or diabetes.
- A 2013 study in the British Medical Journal showed that eating fruits such as apple, grapes and blueberries significantly lowered the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
- In a separate 2020 study, the British Medical Journal also found that people who ate the most whole grains per day had a 29% lower risk of developing diabetes.
Yeah, those are both health benefits associated with eating carbohydrates.
So, rather than cutting the cord on all carbohydrates, I think it’s imperative to better understand the different types of carbohydrates, how they break down into sugar in your bloodstream, and then how to pair them with other macronutrients like protein to get a more stable blood sugar response. Then you can make better dietary choices that fit your lifestyle, goals, and preferences, without having to follow dietary dogma.
So, Why Do Carbohydrates Get Such a Bad Rap?
There are three macronutrients: protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
Fat and carbohydrates are primarily used for energy. Protein is largely used for tissue repair and growth. And, carbohydrates are the macronutrient that will have the most effect on increasing your blood sugar.
How Your Body Reacts to Sugar
When your blood sugar spikes, your pancreas releases insulin. The insulin allows the sugar in your blood to enter cells in your body so it can then be used as fuel or converted and stored as fat. This is all good, and business as usual.
But, when your blood sugar is chronically high, and your insulin is consistently elevated, that’s where you get into trouble.
Over time, if your body is exposed to chronically high insulin, it compensates by becoming less sensitive to insulin. So, insulin starts to become less effective at clearing sugar from your blood, and your blood sugar readings begin to rise. This is how we can progress to prediabetes, and then type 2 diabetes.
Sounds scary right? Well, before you start clearing carbohydrates from your kitchen, here’s what you need to know…
Not All Carbohydrates are Created Equal
As it turns out, carbohydrate is a large umbrella term, that has more to do with their chemical structure than how they are broken down in your body.
All carbohydrates have one commonality. They are composed of sugar molecules. And, for the most part, they fall into three categories.
- Simple carbs (sugars)
How Does Your Body React to Simple Carbs?
Simple sugars are carbohydrates that consist of one sugar molecule, or two sugar molecules bound together. Your body quickly breaks these molecules apart and rapidly absorbs the glucose, causing the most significant increase in blood sugar levels.
Glucose is an example of a single sugar molecule, and also the molecule we are measuring when we take our blood sugar.
Sucrose, AKA table sugar, consists of two sugar molecules bound together, glucose + fructose.
Simple carbs don’t have many or any binds to break, in order for your body to absorb them. They are the purest form of carbohydrates. So, they are rapidly absorbed and cause an immediate increase in your blood sugar.
It’s not as simple as categorizing carbohydrates into buckets of good carbs and bad carbs. But, if you’re worried about your blood sugar, these are the foods you need to limit the most, especially in the form of added sugars.
Foods that are high in simple carbs and added sugars include include desserts, fruit juices, soda drinks, and candy. This also includes sweeteners such as honey, agave, and syrup.
How Does Your Body React to Starch?
Starch is a type of complex carbohydrate that is composed of long strings of glucose molecules bound together. When we eat foods high in starch, the enzymes in our gut break them down into individual glucose molecules, which are then absorbed.
To absorb starch, your body first needs to break the glucose molecules apart. So, they take longer to digest than simple sugars, and have less of a dramatic effect on your blood sugar. However, since starch is essentially a string of glucose molecules, it will still raise your blood sugar. So, it’s important to be aware of that and to control your portions.
Starchy plant foods include potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, corn, and beets. But, starchy foods also include refined grains like rice, white bread, and refined flours.
Even whole grains like wheat and oats are considered a starch, but they are higher in dietary fiber than processed carbs, and we’ll talk about why that’s important next.
How Does Your Body React to Fiber?
And then there’s dietary fiber – which is unique because it isn’t digested by us at all. It actually passes through your body largely intact, because we don’t have the enzymes necessary to break its glucose molecules apart. However, it does help feed the good bacteria in your gut, thus supporting a healthy digestive system.
An example of a fiber molecule is cellulose, shown below.
Fiber, like cellulose, is found in plants. It helps protect them and give them structure. And, since we can’t digest fiber it does not increase blood sugar levels the way that starch or simple carbs do. Instead, when you include fiber with your meals, it helps to slow the absorption of sugar. It also promotes satiety, AKA a sense of fullness, thus preventing us from eating too much.
Fiber is usually just one component of the food we eat. For instance, fruit has fiber in it as well as natural sugar, but since it’s packaged with fiber, the sugar is more slowly absorbed. Or, take the example of white rice vs. brown rice. Both of these foods are considered starches. But, brown rice has more fiber in it, which also helps slow the increase in blood sugar levels.
Another similar example is white bread, vs whole grain bread.
In this way, choosing whole foods that are high in fiber can be helpful for controlling blood sugar levels. It can also help reduce cholesterol. Some examples of high fiber, whole foods includes fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and legumes like beans or lentils.
Choosing Your Carbohydrates Carefully
The point is, carbohydrates are more than just generic ‘bad stuff’ that you need to avoid if you want to stay healthy and keep your blood sugar in check. Instead of being carb averse, you need to be carb conscious.
When you look at a carbohydrate, stop and ask yourself, “what type of carbohydrate is this? Does it consist of a starch, added sugars, or high-fiber food?”
As we already discussed, these types of carbohydrates are each broken down and absorbed differently. You don’t need to run away from all of them, you just need to be aware, and intentional with which carbs you choose and how much of them you eat.
So, based on what we’ve learned, let’s identify what carbohydrates to avoid, limit, and embrace.
What Carbohydrates Should You Avoid?
If you’re looking for a carbohydrate to avoid, eliminate the simple sugars contained in processed foods. Like salt, sugar is included in a lot of foods because it makes them more palatable. Even dried or canned fruit often has added sugar, which is in addition to the already naturally occurring sugar.
Keep in mind, the simpler the sugar is and the more removed from its original source, the worse effect it’s going to have on your blood sugar. Orange juice for example sounds like it would be good for you because we’re often told to eat more fruit and vegetables. But, without the fiber of the original orange, that orange juice will have a similar effect on your blood sugar as a coca-cola.
Don’t get me wrong, I think it’s okay to enjoy a sweet treat or dessert on occasion. But, do it in moderation, and eat mindfully – stop, and eat it slowly, so you can fully enjoy each bite.
For help practicing mindful eating, check out this 5-Minute Mindful Eating Exercise, using chocolate.
What Carbohydrates Should You Limit and Moderate?
You don’t need to completely eliminate starches and grains from a your diet. But it’s a good idea to be aware of what foods are starches and to limit your portion sizes accordingly.
While they don’t contain sugar directly, starchy foods are quickly broken down into sugar molecules by your body. So in order to control the effect on your blood sugar, it’s important to moderate how much of these foods you eat.
Processed grains like white bread, pasta, and white rice are starches that are more quickly absorbed than whole grains like oats, farro, quinoa, or brown rice. Whole grains are also classified as starch, but they contain more fiber, which slows the breakdown and absorption of glucose.
When choosing a starch, try to choose a whole grain or whole food option. The glycemic index can also be helpful for identifying which starches have the least impact on blood sugar. Typically, the more processed a food is, the higher it is on the glycemic index.
What Carbohydrates Should You Embrace?
The best carbohydrates for blood sugar control are going to be ones that are high in fiber. And nothing quite beats non-starchy vegetables when it comes to high-fiber foods.
That’s why non-starchy vegetables are the most blood sugar-friendly carbohydrate for a balanced diet. Packed with fiber, they are metabolized into sugar less readily, and they aid digestion.
But, not only do they provide a ton of fiber, they also contain essential vitamins and minerals that your body needs for optimal health. Plus, you’ll get more bang for your caloric buck since they are low in calories compared to processed foods, and they make you feel more full.
Non-starchy vegetables include broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, spinach, peppers, mushrooms, tomatoes, and all sorts of other colorful produce.
Pair Your Carbs With Protein for Improved Blood Sugar Control
It’s also important to not only choose the right kind of carbs, but to pair them with an adequate amount of protein. Protein helps slow down absorption and keeps you more satisfied after a meal.
Eating protein helps slow the absorption of carbohydrates into your bloodstream in a process called “the protein-induced glucose response”. This reduces the amount of sugar released at one time and helps stabilize blood glucose levels.
Research Supports Pairing Carbs with Protein
In a study done by the American Diabetes Association, researchers found that you can slow the metabolization of simple carbohydrates when eating the protein and vegetables in your meal first. In the study, participants were fed orange juice and bread, and then given the rest of their meal which consisted of a chicken breast, salad, and steamed broccoli (non-starchy vegetables). The participants were then fed the same meal a week later in reverse order, eating the bread and orange juice last.
When participants ate the protein and vegetables first, they had 29% lower glucose levels 30 minutes after the meal, compared to when they ate the bread and sugar first. Two hours after the meal, their glucose levels were still lower.
So, how can you apply this? Simple. Whenever you eat a starch or simple carbohydrates, try to also include a protein and a high-fiber non-starchy vegetable to help dampen the glucose response.
What proteins should you use? Aim for lean proteins like grilled chicken or turkey, fish, eggs, cottage cheese, or greek yogurt. Or choose from plant-based protein snacks like hummus, beans, nuts, or tofu.
What About Whey Protein?
The studies outlined above suggest it’s a good idea to pair protein with your carbs, but what about protein supplements like whey? Can whey protein also help slow the glucose response from carbohydrate containing foods? One study from 2009 suggests that yes, they can.
Like the previous study, this one showed that when whey protein was consumed prior to a high-carb meal, the blood glucose response to that meal was reduced. In addition, the study found that whey protein increased the amount of CCK and GLP-1, which are two hormones that help slow stomach emptying. This causes the carbohydrates to more slowly pass into the small digestion and slowing the absorption rate.
How to Put it All Together Using the Diabetes Plate Method
The bottom line is that not all carbs are bad. As long as you choose the right kind of carbohydrates and pair them with an adequate amount of protein and non-starchy vegetables, you’ll be able to better control your blood sugar levels.
One way to do this is to use the Diabetes Plate Method. This method is simple.
- Take a 9-inch diameter plate.
- Draw an imaginary line down the middle horizontally, splitting the plate into two halves.
- Then draw a second imaginary line horizontally to split one half into two quarters.
You’ll end up with something like this:
Then, you’ll choose the following for each portion:
- 1/2 of the plate should be non-starchy vegetables
- 1/4 of the plate is for starchy vegetables or whole grains
- 1/4 of the plate is for protein
Notice that there’s no portion allocated for added sugars or refined grains. That’s because they should be minimized.
Carbs are Part of a Healthy Diet
In summary, you don’t need to be afraid of carbohydrates. But you do need to understand them, so you can make carb-conscious decisions based on your health goals. When you combine this knowledge, with awareness, it allows you to take sustainable actions that help you create a healthy diet and meal pattern that lasts for the long term.
If you’re interested in learning how to apply these principles into your own life, contact me. I help clients develop healthy lifestyle changes that last for the long haul, while reducing their risk for chronic diseases, like diabetes.
Learn more about how a dietitian can help with prediabetes. | <urn:uuid:d9d1d083-fea5-43bc-9730-1520743f0cc7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://jonlanman.com/are-carbs-bad-for-you/ | 2024-02-22T17:04:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.942589 | 3,311 | 2.734375 | 3 | [
6695,
372,
87,
261,
1774,
289,
3357,
608,
8930,
629,
1962,
16,
291,
970,
1708,
362,
372,
87,
6540,
3047,
18,
1163,
356,
516,
8930,
3276,
331,
689,
360,
3370,
291,
2061,
77,
2949,
35,
1399,
839,
278,
1822,
300,
16,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
6612,
381,
1859,
16,
361,
295,
470,
334,
1856,
16,
877,
82,
406,
404,
1859,
5110,
692,
830,
437,
337,
2979,
336,
688,
5985,
316,
261,
1060,
5985,
18,
203,
7556,
1373,
372,
88,
437,
292,
2868,
1904,
292,
4055,
261,
1859,
319,
324,
89,
2952,
281,
336,
8930,
356,
292,
725,
624,
331,
30,
203,
17,
1674,
5245,
3696,
291,
3370,
203,
17,
1256,
3423,
3722,
4358,
360,
424,
661,
203,
1461,
338,
2966,
35,
3618,
2567,
381,
622,
18,
203,
59,
467,
16,
462,
794,
316,
456,
30,
203,
37,
13,
6010,
1242,
1211,
687,
2217,
18,
203,
38,
13,
5795,
7090,
16,
9581,
16,
291,
498,
3356,
758,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
1071,
261,
5941,
1500,
16,
292,
3257,
268,
2302,
538,
470,
516,
877,
825,
3276,
331,
337,
5643,
203,
56,
541,
289,
11545,
203,
1461,
6440,
17,
39,
294,
70,
351,
1209,
2879,
316,
465,
9844,
1525,
203,
1461,
1628,
10308,
2083,
11987,
2159,
788,
1500,
4973,
18,
2122,
516,
16,
268,
1743,
17,
5619,
70,
793,
10271,
316,
688,
865,
687,
268,
1743,
17,
74,
271,
793,
10271,
336,
2913,
1134,
362,
18,
1256,
16,
352,
445,
986,
628,
16,
462,
516,
2272,
316,
3276,
18,
9254,
1640,
356,
3228,
86,
801,
421,
80,
1935,
430,
337,
817,
2272,
989,
291,
1575,
1640,
788,
327,
3064,
288,
1575,
4544,
421,
87,
271,
8240,
989,
566,
2114,
16,
516,
2272,
316,
462,
268,
8869,
5148,
579,
2340,
1146,
362,
628,
292,
327,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
362,
788,
1631,
352,
688,
9668,
336,
462,
516,
8930,
356,
3276,
2447,
18,
203,
61,
274,
16,
579,
8930,
356,
279,
846,
2890,
331,
424,
661,
291,
788,
327,
2357,
963,
18,
1163,
772,
356,
919,
1060,
331,
337,
16,
291,
923,
289,
261,
1702,
1859,
16,
919,
717,
337,
437,
2061,
77,
2949,
361,
3370,
18,
203,
17,
330,
5961,
1147,
288,
268,
3247,
5392,
5341,
4589,
336,
3104,
4308,
659,
352,
11436,
16,
785,
5762,
291,
3909,
8390,
3105,
1898,
286,
268,
1238,
289,
2528,
1517,
497,
3370,
18,
203,
17,
450,
261,
4514,
3822,
1147,
16,
268,
3247,
5392,
5341,
525,
986,
336,
689,
650,
261,
359,
268,
710,
2399,
7266,
574,
1196,
850,
261,
6851,
9,
1898,
1238,
289,
2528,
3370,
18,
203,
61,
73,
1469,
16,
1014,
356,
1079,
661,
1716,
2062,
360,
3104,
8930,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
2359,
687,
4433,
268,
8548,
341,
516,
8930,
16,
334,
1779,
362,
372,
87,
11212,
292,
1326,
992,
268,
865,
1640,
289,
8930,
16,
667,
502,
2603,
1190,
636,
2980,
288,
424,
1364,
5593,
16,
291,
1023,
667,
292,
7083,
622,
360,
586,
6456,
1554,
1345,
1203,
730,
3106,
292,
886,
261,
512,
5896,
1364,
2980,
2629,
18,
3574,
337,
375,
804,
1326,
6277,
4548,
336,
3082,
424,
4185,
16,
3002,
16,
291,
6813,
16,
1298,
2054,
292,
1089,
6277,
1762,
2647,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
2995,
2094,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
4114,
5448,
261,
11521,
434,
429,
35,
203,
6695,
356,
1391,
6456,
1554,
1345,
1203,
30,
3106,
16,
8930,
16,
291,
2272,
18,
203,
42,
271,
291,
8930,
356,
4604,
724,
331,
1138,
18,
960,
6388,
316,
5706,
724,
331,
3923,
5541,
291,
1668,
18,
1256,
16,
8930,
356,
268,
6456,
1554,
1345,
747,
336,
513,
437,
268,
710,
2365,
341,
2204,
424,
1364,
2980,
18,
203,
6724,
2073,
10189,
942,
2149,
292,
10022,
294,
203,
7508,
424,
1364,
2980,
440,
8568,
16,
424,
9815,
267,
301,
11330,
6486,
18,
365,
6486,
2089,
268,
2980,
288,
424,
1364,
292,
2989,
1828,
288,
424,
1073,
576,
362,
375,
1023,
327,
724,
352,
3307,
361,
9480,
291,
5290,
352,
2272,
18,
540,
316,
516,
1060,
16,
291,
1433,
352,
8064,
18,
203,
11207,
16,
649,
424,
1364,
2980,
316,
392,
1554,
1030,
695,
16,
291,
424,
6486,
316,
8270,
9541,
16,
336,
372,
87,
853,
337,
886,
636,
7306,
18,
203,
51,
357,
669,
16,
717,
424,
1073,
316,
4504,
292,
392,
1554,
1030,
695,
6486,
16,
362,
7084,
692,
419,
3832,
1165,
4476,
292,
6486,
18,
1426,
16,
6486,
5398,
292,
1343,
1165,
1783,
430,
1763,
281,
2980,
427,
424,
1364,
16,
291,
424,
1364,
2980,
1078,
762,
1980,
292,
3573,
18,
540,
316,
667,
445,
375,
2674,
292,
2061,
77,
2949,
16,
291,
1023,
1517,
497,
3370,
18,
203,
55,
3198,
646,
556,
1328,
35,
5231,
16,
1134,
337,
1236,
1763,
281,
8930,
427,
424,
8460,
16,
1671,
372,
87,
768,
337,
648,
292,
698,
2865,
203,
50,
376,
1771,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
356,
5701,
488,
6798,
280,
203,
5190,
362,
6805,
628,
16,
7366,
381,
316,
261,
1452,
225,
408,
3225,
660,
69,
2085,
16,
336,
528,
512,
292,
565,
360,
444,
2344,
2214,
687,
667,
502,
356,
6246,
1190,
288,
424,
1073,
18,
203,
37,
660,
8930,
437,
597,
1112,
941,
18,
900,
356,
7686,
289,
2980,
6286,
18,
1256,
16,
331,
268,
710,
923,
16,
502,
2341,
636,
1391,
6707,
18,
203,
17,
3323,
700,
877,
825,
421,
87,
1010,
1267,
13,
203,
6724,
5156,
2073,
10189,
942,
613,
292,
3323,
700,
2388,
825,
35,
203,
55,
344,
700,
10891,
356,
8930,
336,
3133,
289,
597,
2980,
10836,
16,
361,
881,
2980,
6286,
3951,
1875,
18,
2073,
1073,
2640,
7649,
629,
6286,
6026,
291,
5208,
3593,
825,
268,
6719,
16,
3736,
268,
710,
1297,
1643,
288,
1364,
2980,
1506,
18,
203,
43,
80,
405,
595,
316,
363,
1214,
289,
261,
2324,
2980,
10836,
16,
291,
525,
268,
10836,
445,
356,
7283,
649,
445,
1071,
662,
1364,
2980,
18,
203,
55,
405,
299,
401,
16,
330,
47,
37,
3438,
2980,
16,
5347,
289,
881,
2980,
6286,
3951,
1875,
16,
6719,
5799,
968,
405,
11469,
18,
203,
55,
344,
700,
877,
825,
1373,
372,
88,
437,
772,
361,
723,
11041,
87,
292,
2603,
16,
288,
1544,
331,
424,
1073,
292,
7493,
622,
18,
900,
356,
268,
279,
889,
88,
926,
289,
8930,
18,
1426,
16,
502,
356,
5208,
10339,
291,
1342,
363,
5572,
1643,
288,
424,
1364,
2980,
18,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
462,
352,
2208,
352,
9687,
1790,
8930,
636,
285,
405,
3129,
289,
1060,
877,
825,
291,
3276,
877,
825,
18,
1163,
16,
717,
337,
372,
267,
451,
2543,
608,
424,
1364,
2980,
16,
629,
356,
268,
2334,
337,
648,
292,
3355,
268,
710,
16,
1803,
288,
268,
926,
289,
3211,
10891,
18,
203,
42,
509,
87,
336,
356,
695,
288,
2208,
877,
825,
291,
3211,
10891,
1226,
1226,
295,
368,
8168,
16,
3714,
5777,
974,
16,
6096,
69,
7899,
16,
291,
4281,
93,
18,
540,
525,
2356,
5260,
270,
332,
659,
352,
6997,
16,
737,
1284,
16,
291,
928,
2666,
18,
203,
6724,
5156,
2073,
10189,
942,
613,
292,
908,
750,
35,
203,
11644,
750,
316,
261,
1517,
289,
1874,
7366,
381,
336,
316,
7686,
289,
917,
637,
762,
289,
6719,
6286,
3951,
1875,
18,
1097,
445,
2564,
2334,
695,
288,
471,
750,
16,
268,
9042,
288,
662,
5298,
2603,
622,
1190,
636,
1769,
6719,
6286,
16,
518,
356,
1023,
10339,
18,
203,
10702,
7493,
471,
750,
16,
424,
1073,
855,
1470,
292,
2603,
268,
6719,
6286,
6026,
18,
1426,
16,
502,
1071,
2473,
292,
1537,
443,
687,
2208,
10891,
16,
291,
437,
1165,
289,
261,
9584,
2365,
341,
424,
1364,
2980,
18,
1121,
16,
1812,
471,
750,
316,
7841,
261,
7221,
289,
6719,
6286,
16,
362,
513,
1356,
5151,
424,
1364,
2980,
18,
1426,
16,
362,
372,
87,
851,
292,
327,
2337,
289,
336,
291,
292,
1357,
424,
2672,
508,
18,
203,
11644,
8642,
1380,
2334,
1226,
10071,
16,
5260,
10071,
16,
326,
2817,
16,
7191,
16,
291,
327,
2740,
18,
1163,
16,
471,
8642,
2334,
525,
1226,
1210,
1451,
7266,
730,
6578,
16,
2398,
7028,
16,
291,
1210,
1451,
949,
1913,
18,
203,
41,
592,
2399,
7266,
730,
8763,
291,
272,
1378,
356,
2221,
261,
471,
750,
16,
566,
502,
356,
1797,
288,
6277,
4892,
687,
6654,
877,
825,
16,
291,
445,
372,
660,
3357,
608,
1768,
336,
372,
87,
851,
2033,
18,
203,
6724,
5156,
2073,
10189,
942,
613,
292,
418,
2554,
35,
203,
10562,
1023,
686,
372,
87,
6277,
4892,
796,
518,
316,
2070,
971,
362,
3422,
372,
88,
1537,
7293,
419,
407,
430,
516,
18,
553,
2545,
9806,
734,
424,
1073,
5706,
1295,
613,
16,
971,
445,
1373,
372,
88,
437,
268,
9042,
1990,
292,
2603,
606,
6719,
6286,
6026,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
1082,
617,
2170,
268,
1060,
3071,
288,
424,
5298,
16,
3416,
4918,
261,
1702,
6142,
892,
18,
203,
7353,
1214,
289,
261,
4892,
10836,
316,
1259,
346,
595,
16,
2853,
2321,
18,
203,
42,
2554,
16,
730,
1259,
346,
595,
16,
316,
986,
288,
1648,
18,
553,
1780,
2000,
622,
291,
1888,
622,
2214,
18,
1256,
16,
1812,
445,
375,
372,
88,
1537,
443,
4892,
362,
1082,
462,
1643,
1364,
2980,
1506,
268,
898,
336,
471,
750,
361,
2208,
877,
825,
565,
18,
4507,
16,
649,
337,
1226,
4892,
360,
424,
6072,
16,
362,
1780,
292,
2634,
268,
8224,
289,
2980,
18,
553,
525,
6900,
2651,
1085,
16,
330,
47,
37,
261,
2266,
289,
2052,
822,
16,
3416,
4888,
407,
427,
3104,
1232,
1111,
18,
203,
42,
2554,
316,
1840,
1039,
597,
4391,
289,
268,
934,
445,
2564,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
3714,
528,
4892,
288,
362,
352,
767,
352,
1493,
2980,
16,
566,
1812,
362,
372,
87,
3170,
2009,
360,
4892,
16,
268,
2980,
316,
512,
6104,
10339,
18,
1778,
16,
1071,
268,
1214,
289,
2398,
6578,
6138,
18,
5573,
6578,
18,
4449,
289,
629,
2334,
356,
2221,
471,
750,
274,
18,
1163,
16,
5573,
6578,
528,
512,
4892,
288,
362,
16,
518,
525,
1780,
2634,
268,
1643,
288,
1364,
2980,
1506,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
1979,
1214,
316,
2398,
7028,
16,
6138,
2399,
8144,
7028,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
898,
16,
5930,
2399,
2334,
336,
356,
695,
288,
4892,
375,
327,
4374,
331,
7987,
1364,
2980,
1506,
18,
553,
375,
525,
617,
1590,
5840,
18,
1399,
3324,
289,
695,
4892,
16,
2399,
2334,
2356,
4308,
16,
4059,
16,
7526,
16,
3902,
16,
2399,
7266,
16,
291,
1418,
5848,
730,
7766,
361,
308,
560,
3205,
18,
203,
5139,
83,
2485,
2073,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
4977,
2367,
203,
1461,
1813,
316,
16,
8930,
356,
512,
687,
1039,
947,
300,
1321,
70,
354,
8564,
372,
336,
337,
648,
292,
1833,
717,
337,
1333,
292,
2503,
1702,
291,
1288,
424,
1364,
2980,
288,
2373,
18,
4507,
289,
1018,
5985,
972,
4508,
16,
337,
648,
292,
327,
5985,
5286,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
1500,
430,
261,
7366,
381,
16,
3399,
291,
2379,
2757,
16,
538,
6554,
1517,
289,
7366,
381,
316,
456,
35,
5156,
362,
3133,
289,
261,
471,
750,
16,
3211,
10891,
16,
361,
695,
17,
74,
2554,
934,
5643,
203,
5190,
445,
2226,
5709,
16,
629,
1640,
289,
8930,
356,
1011,
6246,
1190,
291,
10339,
8120,
18,
990,
1373,
372,
88,
648,
292,
1673,
2014,
427,
516,
289,
622,
16,
337,
1039,
648,
292,
327,
2337,
16,
291,
4737,
1556,
360,
518,
877,
825,
337,
2869,
291,
667,
1111,
289,
622,
337,
2564,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
1585,
341,
768,
445,
372,
317,
4574,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
2423,
768,
8930,
292,
1833,
16,
3355,
16,
291,
8437,
18,
203,
4688,
2388,
70,
6612,
692,
7637,
990,
5276,
35,
203,
6164,
337,
372,
267,
2639,
331,
261,
7366,
381,
292,
1833,
16,
6500,
268,
2208,
10891,
7905,
288,
6654,
2334,
18,
4467,
5353,
16,
2980,
316,
3380,
288,
261,
1774,
289,
2334,
971,
362,
1892,
622,
512,
4659,
271,
541,
18,
3142,
9474,
361,
375,
2093,
3714,
970,
528,
3211,
2980,
16,
518,
316,
288,
1879,
292,
268,
2226,
5001,
8160,
2980,
18,
203,
47,
73,
559,
288,
1710,
16,
268,
4857,
265,
268,
2980,
316,
291,
268,
512,
4936,
427,
606,
3388,
2088,
16,
268,
5950,
2365,
362,
372,
87,
2118,
292,
437,
341,
424,
1364,
2980,
18,
1778,
807,
8944,
331,
1214,
4807,
730,
362,
830,
327,
1060,
331,
337,
971,
445,
372,
267,
970,
4225,
292,
2564,
512,
3714,
291,
4059
] |
Witch Hazel Leaf
Witch hazel leaf extract is known to have a soothing and nourishing effect on the skin and is anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and wound-healing. The natural effects of this plant are optimal for a scalp treatment. Furthermore, witch hazel is a plant and the leaf, bark and twigs are used as medicines. In addition witch hazel is taken among people if they suffer from: diarrhoea, mucosculitus, vomiting blood, coughing up blood, tuberculosis, fevers, tumours and cancer.
On this page you will learn about the origin and the effects of witch hazel extract and why it is effective to use as an ingredient against a scalp condition.
Origin of Witch Hazel Leaf
Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) is a tree or shrub that is native to Atlantic North America. It can reach a height of 15ft, which is similar to 4,6 meters. It flowers in the fall, providing vivid yellow flowers. The leaves are used as a remedy to reduce inflammation and swelling of the skin. It is said that witch hazel can have multiple uses. When used properly it can be used against a scalp condition but also against a headache or other conditions.
As of 2002, there has been relatively limited research on the uses of witch hazel in the United States. There is agreement among alternative health practitioners that external use of this herb is safe.
Effects of witch hazel leaf
Witch hazel leaf got different proven effects on your body. But there is also a lot of assumptions that have not been proven. Therefore, we explain below what has been scientifically proven and what has not yet been proven.
Proven to be effective
• The astringency helps to stop bleeding, so witch hazel is useful in treating bruises , cuts, and other skin abrasions.
• A cold compress of witch hazel is said to ease a headache.
• In Europe witch hazel products are approved for skin injuries, inflammation of skin and mucous membranes, and varicose veins. Witch hazel and leaves were approved for the topical treatment of skin injuries, burns, varicose veins, and haemorrhoids.
• Effective against skin and scalp conditions, particularly inflammation.
• Recent studies carried out in Germany and the United Kingdom have established that witch hazel extract offers some protection against UV radiation prior to sun exposure as well as relieving the inflammation of sunburn.
Not proven (yet) to be effective
• Native Americans were brewing witch hazel as a tea for conditions including cuts, colds, heavy menstruation, tumours, and eye inflammation. Witch hazel was taken internally to stop bleeding from haemorrhage.
• Some American folk remedy applications of witch hazel include applications for backache, and internal use for diarrhoea , nervousness, nosebleed, vaginitis , and venereal disease.
• Eczema and a itchy skin, there is no proof that is helps against an itchy feeling of your skin of scalp.
Witch Hazel Leaf for the scalp
Here we will discuss witch hazel leaf extract and its effects on the scalp in more detail. When you apply the extract to the scalp it acts a bit like a dry shampoo, keeping your scalp healthy and preventing, it from getting to greasy. This is because it is an astringent, which means it works to tighten your pores and dry out the oil that scalp sweat produces.
As it has been proven that witch hazel leaf works against inflammation, it means it works perfect against an irritated and inflamed scalp. In combination with other ingredients, such as done in the scalp therapy treatment of Neofollics, this will be enhanced by ingredients that address other conditions.
Seborrheic dermatitis is one of the conditions that causes inflammatory. Even though witch hazel leaf has not been proven to be effective to combat against the eczema, it can reduce the inflammation, prevent a flaky skin and flare ups by regulating the sebum levels.
Many people report that witch hazel helps against their hair loss. That’s because it works to increase blood circulation in the scalp, delivering vital nutrients to the hair follicles, which can stimulate healthy growth. Also, inflammation can cause hair loss and witch hazel leaf extract works effective against inflammation.
Treatments against an inflamed scalp
The most effective treatment against inflammation on the head is to use the products of the new scalp therapy line from Neofollics.
This treatment contains natural ingredients that reinforce each other to combat your scalp condition. It works against seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, eczema and itching on the scalp. In addition, it can reduce symptoms of psoriasis, lichen planopilaris and folliculitis.
92% of users experience an improvement in their scalp and clear improvements are visible. Would you like more information? Please visit this page: /products/scalp-therapy-exfoliating-shampoo
Witch Hazel Leaf Extract has a particular effect against inflammatory conditions of both the skin and the scalp. Neofollics uses the product in their new scalp therapy line to improve your hair condition and combat certain conditions
Frequently asked questions
Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo
The Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo from Neofollics Hair Technology is the most effective shampoo for the improvement of the scalp. It combats dandruff, flakes and itching and is effective in scalp conditions such as Seborrhoeic Eczema and Psoriasis. The shampoo gently exfoliates the scalp and removes impurities like dandruff and flakes. It contains a broad spectrum of ingredients with anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbal activity. At the same time the shampoo contains soothing natural oils to treat and calm the scalp.
The Neofollics Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo is perfect for any man or woman who wants to:
- improve the condition of the scalp
- reduce inflammation and preven dandruff and itching
- exfoliate and clean the scalp from impurities and flakes
How the Neofollics Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo works
The Scalp Therapy Shampoo is applied directly to the scalp with the fingertips or the Shampoo Brush. Here the shampoo is gently massaged and distributed over the scalp and hair. The shampoo contains an exfoliating granule that removes impurities. The active ingredients reduce itching, flaking and irritation of the scalp. The clinical study shows that the use of the Exfoliating Shampoo together with the Nourishing Mask leads to an improvement in the general condition of the scalp and a decrease in itching, flakes, redness and irritation. The scalp is also nourished with essential oils that promote hydration and restore moisture balance.
The clinical test shows that the use of the shampoo leads to a decrease in hair loss, promotes hair growth and immediately gives more volume to the hair. In conclusion, the Neofollics shampoo is the most powerful shampoo to stimulate your hair growth.
Content Neofollics Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo
The Scalp Therapy Shampoo has a content of 250ml, sufficient for 2 months of continuous use, depending on the dosage.
For who is the Neofollics Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo suitable?
The Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo is suitable for every man and woman who wants to improve the condition of the scalp. The shampoo is effective for various scalp problems such as Seborrhoeic Eczema, Flakes, Itching and Redness
Suitable product with:
- Seborrhoeic Eczema
The experiences with the Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo
Extensive clinical trials show that the Neofollics Scalp Therapy treatment improves the condition of the scalp and reduces dandruff, flaking and itching after four weeks of use. For the best results, use the Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo together with the Neofollics Scalp Therapy Mask.
Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask
The Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask by Neofollics Hair Technology is the most effective mask for improving your scalp health. It fights dandruff, flakes and itching and is also effective for scalp disorders such as seborrheic eczema and psoriasis. The mask cares for the scalp and removes impurities such as dandruff and flakes. The scalp mask contains a large number of ingredients with antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. At the same time, the mask contains caring ingredients that treat and soothe the scalp.
The Neofollics Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask is perfect for any man or woman who wants to:
- Improve the condition of the scalp
- Combat inflammation, dandruff, itching and flaking
- Cleanse the scalp of impurities, dandruff and flakes
How the Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask works
Part the hair and apply the mask directly to the scalp. Massage the mask into the scalp and do not rinse. For best results, use 3 to 4 times a week in combination with Neofollics Scalp Therapy Exfoliating Shampoo.
The clinical study shows that using the Nourishing Mask together with the Exfoliating Shampoo leads to an improvement in the overall condition of the scalp and a reduction in itching, flaking, redness and irritation. The scalp is also nourished with essential oils that promote hydration and restore the moisture balance.
Content Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask
The Scalp Therapy Mask has a content of 175ml, enough for 2 months continuous use, depending on the dosage.
For whom is the Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask suitable?
The Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask is suitable for every man and woman who wants to improve the condition of the scalp. The Mask is effective for various scalp conditions such as Seborrheic Eczema, Scalp Itch, Dandruff and Redness.
Suitable product with:
- Seborrhoeic Eczema
The experiences with the Scalp Therapy Nourishing Mask
Clinical studies show that Neofollics Scalp Therapy Mask in combination with the shampoo improves the condition of the scalp and reduces dandruff, flaking and itching after four weeks of use. For best results use the Scalp Therapy Mask in conjunction with the Scalp Therapy Shampoo. | <urn:uuid:5c21bd41-f452-4e68-abb9-fa9691ed84cf> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://neofollics.com/pages/ingredients-witch-hazel-leaf | 2024-02-22T16:39:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.926903 | 2,194 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
59,
2478,
402,
1600,
306,
1732,
1621,
203,
59,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
8470,
316,
1261,
292,
437,
261,
576,
9844,
291,
314,
455,
2793,
2365,
341,
268,
1903,
291,
316,
1743,
17,
70,
1223,
439,
16,
1743,
17,
5507,
438,
291,
7717,
17,
781,
2253,
18,
365,
1493,
1814,
289,
456,
1380,
356,
5023,
331,
261,
7970,
84,
1412,
18,
4343,
16,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
316,
261,
1380,
291,
268,
5658,
16,
11501,
291,
808,
11963,
356,
724,
352,
8701,
18,
450,
1879,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
316,
2459,
1694,
689,
717,
502,
5071,
427,
30,
8323,
76,
3766,
69,
16,
9842,
335,
7791,
9927,
16,
9630,
1364,
16,
8012,
281,
644,
1364,
16,
2199,
657,
7791,
2213,
16,
618,
1414,
16,
4792,
1913,
291,
1928,
18,
203,
9076,
456,
3492,
337,
513,
1213,
608,
268,
3143,
291,
268,
1814,
289,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
8470,
291,
1768,
362,
316,
1783,
292,
666,
352,
363,
9717,
1573,
261,
7970,
84,
2057,
18,
203,
51,
4383,
263,
289,
388,
2478,
402,
1600,
306,
1732,
1621,
203,
59,
2478,
4303,
306,
421,
44,
348,
10003,
277,
1713,
1566,
9786,
13,
316,
261,
2907,
361,
5888,
1606,
336,
316,
4289,
292,
8843,
2859,
2792,
18,
553,
375,
1943,
261,
4733,
289,
2063,
1188,
16,
518,
316,
1979,
292,
988,
16,
26,
6880,
18,
553,
4557,
288,
268,
2341,
16,
2352,
385,
927,
4601,
4557,
18,
365,
2951,
356,
724,
352,
261,
6883,
93,
292,
1590,
4095,
291,
7775,
289,
268,
1903,
18,
553,
316,
1211,
336,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
375,
437,
2563,
2600,
18,
1097,
724,
3624,
362,
375,
327,
724,
1573,
261,
7970,
84,
2057,
566,
525,
1573,
261,
1747,
6182,
361,
586,
1533,
18,
203,
5190,
289,
9708,
16,
686,
528,
712,
4097,
3064,
922,
341,
268,
2600,
289,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
18,
994,
316,
5687,
1694,
3833,
661,
10359,
336,
4515,
666,
289,
456,
8027,
316,
1995,
18,
203,
41,
457,
798,
289,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
203,
59,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
3864,
865,
6716,
1814,
341,
424,
1073,
18,
1163,
686,
316,
525,
261,
1774,
289,
11429,
336,
437,
462,
712,
6716,
18,
3481,
16,
445,
4345,
2321,
768,
528,
712,
646,
2606,
74,
1030,
6716,
291,
768,
528,
462,
2770,
712,
6716,
18,
203,
10651,
592,
292,
327,
1783,
203,
315,
100,
365,
5981,
281,
1150,
1780,
292,
3399,
8094,
16,
576,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
316,
3209,
288,
6307,
741,
89,
2329,
3942,
9520,
16,
291,
586,
1903,
459,
3096,
806,
18,
203,
315,
100,
330,
3302,
9827,
289,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
316,
1211,
292,
6545,
261,
1747,
6182,
18,
203,
315,
100,
450,
1994,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
1786,
356,
7409,
331,
1903,
4691,
16,
4095,
289,
1903,
291,
9842,
499,
7007,
5861,
16,
291,
832,
300,
595,
1271,
1054,
18,
388,
2478,
4303,
306,
291,
2951,
664,
7409,
331,
268,
1479,
466,
1412,
289,
1903,
4691,
16,
4107,
87,
16,
832,
300,
595,
1271,
1054,
16,
291,
393,
9742,
9383,
6006,
18,
203,
315,
100,
9987,
1573,
1903,
291,
7970,
84,
1533,
16,
2467,
4095,
18,
203,
315,
100,
2602,
302,
2194,
4607,
628,
288,
4845,
291,
268,
1855,
7942,
437,
3413,
336,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
8470,
2767,
579,
2759,
1573,
7023,
5021,
2676,
292,
2045,
3285,
352,
767,
352,
711,
4616,
268,
4095,
289,
2045,
10508,
18,
203,
50,
376,
6716,
421,
93,
364,
13,
292,
327,
1783,
203,
315,
100,
6703,
4104,
664,
1017,
7624,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
352,
261,
5451,
331,
1533,
1118,
9520,
16,
684,
727,
16,
4112,
9792,
8186,
16,
4792,
1913,
16,
291,
2592,
4095,
18,
388,
2478,
4303,
306,
454,
2459,
1602,
523,
292,
3399,
8094,
427,
393,
9742,
9383,
495,
18,
203,
315,
100,
1399,
1781,
958,
79,
6883,
93,
2391,
289,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
1226,
2391,
331,
1103,
6182,
16,
291,
4180,
666,
331,
8323,
76,
3766,
69,
3942,
6593,
822,
16,
6713,
665,
286,
16,
9897,
263,
3326,
3942,
291,
9510,
387,
280,
1413,
18,
203,
315,
100,
8022,
94,
7701,
291,
261,
362,
355,
93,
1903,
16,
686,
316,
688,
7524,
336,
316,
1780,
1573,
363,
362,
355,
93,
3900,
289,
424,
1903,
289,
7970,
84,
18,
203,
59,
2478,
402,
1600,
306,
1732,
1621,
331,
268,
7970,
84,
203,
44,
387,
445,
513,
1868,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
8470,
291,
606,
1814,
341,
268,
7970,
84,
288,
512,
5470,
18,
1097,
337,
3769,
268,
8470,
292,
268,
7970,
84,
362,
5676,
261,
3263,
730,
261,
2962,
422,
1705,
616,
16,
4172,
424,
7970,
84,
1702,
291,
4888,
16,
362,
427,
2657,
292,
1302,
11598,
18,
540,
316,
971,
362,
316,
363,
5981,
281,
302,
16,
518,
1486,
362,
1854,
292,
1377,
472,
506,
424,
279,
1538,
291,
2962,
628,
268,
2396,
336,
7970,
84,
1370,
3611,
5948,
18,
203,
5190,
362,
528,
712,
6716,
336,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
1854,
1573,
4095,
16,
362,
1486,
362,
1854,
3385,
1573,
363,
5722,
488,
291,
2753,
3197,
7970,
84,
18,
450,
3878,
360,
586,
5266,
16,
659,
352,
2217,
288,
268,
7970,
84,
2734,
1412,
289,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
16,
456,
513,
327,
7360,
419,
5266,
336,
1750,
586,
1533,
18,
203,
55,
73,
3528,
86,
781,
300,
295,
10018,
3326,
316,
597,
289,
268,
1533,
336,
2384,
10023,
18,
3142,
1417,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
528,
462,
712,
6716,
292,
327,
1783,
292,
6537,
1573,
268,
2235,
94,
7701,
16,
362,
375,
1590,
268,
4095,
16,
1463,
261,
949,
761,
93,
1903,
291,
949,
470,
644,
87,
419,
11912,
268,
447,
70,
408,
1506,
18,
203,
49,
1100,
689,
1627,
336,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
1780,
1573,
444,
3474,
1866,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
971,
362,
1854,
292,
1643,
1364,
7745,
288,
268,
7970,
84,
16,
10068,
3226,
3600,
292,
268,
3474,
958,
1074,
736,
16,
518,
375,
9424,
1702,
1668,
18,
3337,
16,
4095,
375,
1342,
3474,
1866,
291,
276,
2478,
4303,
306,
5658,
8470,
1854,
1783,
1573,
4095,
18,
203,
56,
554,
652,
1573,
363,
2753,
3197,
7970,
84,
203,
1461,
710,
1783,
1412,
1573,
4095,
341,
268,
1747,
316,
292,
666,
268,
1786,
289,
268,
733,
7970,
84,
2734,
2137,
427,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
18,
203,
4326,
1412,
3387,
1493,
5266,
336,
11259,
1011,
586,
292,
6537,
424,
7970,
84,
2057,
18,
553,
1854,
1573,
447,
3528,
86,
781,
300,
295,
10018,
3326,
16,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
16,
2235,
94,
7701,
291,
362,
4904,
341,
268,
7970,
84,
18,
450,
1879,
16,
362,
375,
1590,
1614,
289,
279,
9783,
4843,
277,
16,
308,
477,
270,
1200,
389,
1679,
277,
291,
958,
1074,
346,
3326,
18,
203,
29,
22,
9,
289,
2718,
1432,
363,
5336,
288,
444,
7970,
84,
291,
1763,
7451,
356,
5455,
18,
388,
487,
337,
730,
512,
1009,
35,
6276,
3487,
456,
3492,
30,
4158,
7846,
340,
19,
1999,
280,
84,
17,
411,
5514,
17,
1389,
74,
6278,
673,
17,
2683,
1705,
616,
203,
59,
2478,
402,
1600,
306,
1732,
1621,
1206,
6073,
528,
261,
1510,
2365,
1573,
10023,
1533,
289,
1079,
268,
1903,
291,
268,
7970,
84,
18,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
2600,
268,
2430,
288,
444,
733,
7970,
84,
2734,
2137,
292,
1434,
424,
3474,
2057,
291,
6537,
1575,
1533,
203,
42,
11182,
1402,
4214,
2212,
203,
55,
10500,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
203,
1461,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
427,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
402,
1244,
4666,
316,
268,
710,
1783,
422,
1705,
616,
331,
268,
5336,
289,
268,
7970,
84,
18,
553,
1666,
1378,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
16,
949,
3232,
291,
362,
4904,
291,
316,
1783,
288,
7970,
84,
1533,
659,
352,
2245,
3528,
9383,
3766,
300,
8022,
94,
7701,
291,
382,
9783,
4843,
277,
18,
365,
422,
1705,
616,
11090,
377,
74,
6278,
692,
268,
7970,
84,
291,
2615,
274,
498,
10695,
730,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
291,
949,
3232,
18,
553,
3387,
261,
3121,
7201,
289,
5266,
360,
1743,
17,
74,
2846,
280,
16,
1743,
17,
8929,
291,
1743,
17,
4063,
299,
3639,
2067,
18,
1545,
268,
1162,
669,
268,
422,
1705,
616,
3387,
576,
9844,
1493,
7875,
292,
977,
291,
7094,
268,
7970,
84,
18,
203,
1461,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
316,
3385,
331,
723,
532,
361,
4293,
650,
6204,
292,
30,
203,
17,
1434,
268,
2057,
289,
268,
7970,
84,
203,
17,
1590,
4095,
291,
561,
592,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
291,
362,
4904,
203,
17,
377,
7836,
4215,
291,
1886,
268,
7970,
84,
427,
498,
10695,
291,
949,
3232,
203,
6724,
268,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
1854,
203,
1461,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1395,
1705,
616,
316,
3848,
2978,
292,
268,
7970,
84,
360,
268,
7274,
287,
782,
361,
268,
1395,
1705,
616,
2439,
1652,
18,
2011,
268,
422,
1705,
616,
316,
11090,
2390,
2009,
291,
7006,
658,
268,
7970,
84,
291,
3474,
18,
365,
422,
1705,
616,
3387,
363,
377,
74,
6278,
673,
10345,
1984,
336,
2615,
274,
498,
10695,
18,
365,
3009,
5266,
1590,
362,
4904,
16,
949,
1634,
291,
10964,
289,
268,
7970,
84,
18,
365,
4159,
1147,
2746,
336,
268,
666,
289,
268,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
1875,
360,
268,
465,
455,
2793,
383,
3903,
4198,
292,
363,
5336,
288,
268,
2177,
2057,
289,
268,
7970,
84,
291,
261,
5032,
288,
362,
4904,
16,
949,
3232,
16,
2243,
822,
291,
10964,
18,
365,
7970,
84,
316,
525,
314,
455,
1341,
360,
1505,
7875,
336,
3290,
1613,
6991,
291,
7819,
4886,
2909,
18,
203,
1461,
4159,
1265,
2746,
336,
268,
666,
289,
268,
422,
1705,
616,
4198,
292,
261,
5032,
288,
3474,
1866,
16,
6900,
3474,
1668,
291,
4248,
3581,
512,
4765,
292,
268,
3474,
18,
450,
4190,
16,
268,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
422,
1705,
616,
316,
268,
710,
3184,
422,
1705,
616,
292,
9424,
424,
3474,
1668,
18,
203,
39,
2192,
302,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
203,
1461,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1395,
1705,
616,
528,
261,
2064,
289,
11286,
81,
80,
16,
5138,
331,
497,
2489,
289,
5674,
666,
16,
3509,
341,
268,
10248,
495,
18,
203,
8679,
650,
316,
268,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
4021,
35,
203,
1461,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
316,
4021,
331,
953,
532,
291,
4293,
650,
6204,
292,
1434,
268,
2057,
289,
268,
7970,
84,
18,
365,
422,
1705,
616,
316,
1783,
331,
1320,
7970,
84,
1626,
659,
352,
2245,
3528,
9383,
3766,
300,
8022,
94,
7701,
16,
2970,
3232,
16,
553,
4904,
291,
3292,
822,
203,
55,
1946,
541,
2430,
360,
30,
203,
17,
2245,
3528,
9383,
3766,
300,
8022,
94,
7701,
203,
1461,
2891,
360,
268,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
203,
9079,
1642,
464,
4159,
6966,
1171,
336,
268,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1412,
7304,
268,
2057,
289,
268,
7970,
84,
291,
4993,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
16,
949,
1634,
291,
362,
4904,
1003,
1958,
3461,
289,
666,
18,
906,
268,
1274,
1826,
16,
666,
268,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
1206,
74,
6278,
673,
1395,
1705,
616,
1875,
360,
268,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
383,
3903,
18,
203,
55,
10500,
84,
8573,
465,
455,
2793,
383,
3903,
203,
1461,
1449,
280,
84,
8573,
465,
455,
2793,
383,
3903,
419,
2138,
2012,
3086,
1067,
402,
1244,
4666,
316,
268,
710,
1783,
8465,
331,
3949,
424,
7970,
84,
661,
18,
553,
284,
1251,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
16,
949,
3232,
291,
362,
4904,
291,
316,
525,
1783,
331,
7970,
84,
3741,
659,
352,
447,
3528,
86,
781,
300,
2235,
94,
7701,
291,
279,
9783,
4843,
277,
18,
365,
8465,
273,
4044,
331,
268,
7970,
84,
291,
2615,
274,
498,
10695,
659,
352,
295,
481,
8263,
457,
291,
949,
3232,
18,
365,
7970,
84,
8465,
3387,
261,
1452,
1289,
289,
5266,
360,
1743,
74,
2846,
280,
16,
1743,
17,
8929,
291,
363,
473,
300,
299,
8095,
3227,
18,
1545,
268,
1162,
669,
16,
268,
8465,
3387,
10721,
5266
] |
Chapter 6. Intercolonial Rivalries, Imperial Ambitions, and the Conquest
If one looks at North American history only through the lens of British and French interests, then it is true that most of the imperial wars to 1755 began as offshoots of European conflicts. From the perspective of Indigenous histories, this was far less often the case. Certainly the War of the Austrian Succession was, in the Maritimes, much more about the ongoing Wabanaki resistance than transatlantic affairs. The Seven Years’ War provides another example of this pattern.
Conflict in the Ohio Valley
Led by George Washington (1732–1799), a scion of the Virginian gentry and shareholder in a speculative land company, a Virginian party set out in 1753 to request that the French relinquish their position in the Ohio Valley. The result was intensified French activity in the region. The following year Washington returned (once again under orders from Virginia’s governor) and ambushed a French detachment. The French response (along with several of their Indigenous allies) was to pursue and capture Washington at Fort Necessity before releasing him with a clear message for Virginia: the Ohio Valley was beyond their grasp.
To this point in time, British conflict with the French had focused on the frontiers between New England and Acadia, New York, and Canada. The other British colonies had not been involved and there were occasions, such as during the War of the Austrian Succession, where New England struggled on its own without even the help of New York. British American population and economic growth by 1754, however, had reached a point where many of the largest colonies felt friction with New France. Georgia in the south was pinched between Florida and Louisiana; Virginia was both powerful and rich as well as increasingly cramped on the tidewater side of the Appalachians; New York’s ambitions for the west, along with those of Pennsylvania, pulled it into conflict in the Ohio; New England and Nova Scotia, as we have seen, continued to wrestle with Wabanaki Confederacy attacks and uncertainty about the Acadians and the future of Louisbourg. It was, perhaps ironically, the shared French threat that first brought together the disparate and disunified 13 British American colonies in an effort to work out solutions to common problems (and thus pave the way for further collaborations in 1775).
The French and Indian War
The American name for the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) — the French and Indian War (about 1754–1763) — reflects their perception that this was a battle against two old foes, and not merely one. Despite a massive imbalance in population numbers that favoured the British colonies (there were 20 British Americans for every resident of New France), the French colonies held their own. They did so principally by having better Indigenous allies. The Council of the Three Fires — in particular, the Ottawa and the Potawatomi — were of special importance. The Haudenosaunee might have challenged French activity in the Ohio, but the British refused to support them against the expanding chain of French military/trading forts running from Lake Ontario to New Orleans.
Indeed, the Haudenosaunee were a powerful third force in the Ohio Valley. Since the Beaver Wars they had been extracting tribute from smaller client nations to the south, including the Shaawanwaki (Shawnee) and the Lenape (Delaware). Recognizing that neither the French nor the British fully respected their interest in the region, they sought to whipsaw the Europeans against one another by means of a policy of “aggressive neutrality.” This strategy presented its own challenges, not least because Haudenosaunee control of the region was gradually shifting. Decades of human depopulation and warfare had allowed some of the local ecosystem to recover, making it highly desirable hunting grounds once again. Other Indigenous peoples were, as a consequence, returning to the Haudenosaunee territories (to the chagrin of the Five Nations). These Indigenous “colonists” in the Ohio were at odds with one another, as well as with the League and the British-Americans. Shaawanwaki and Lenape resettlements in the Ohio were rubbing up against Myaamiakis (Miamis), Mascouten, and Kickapoos from west of the Great Lakes (they had shifted eastward to capitalize on trade with the British), and Wyandot (Wendat/Huron) remnants were huddled around the west end of Lake Erie. One scholar describes it as “a world of multiethnic villages outside of the French alliance and beyond the authority of the Iroquois Confederacy.” There was, therefore, little Indigenous solidarity and quite a lot of negotiable loyalties in relation to alliances with the Europeans, Canadiens, and Americans.
From 1754 to 1757 the war mostly tilted in favour of New France. For the first two years it was exclusively a colonial affair, but with the outbreak of war in Europe in 1756 new strategies emerged. The British, under Prime Minister William Pitt, believed they could tie up French armies in Europe and make use of their superior navy to harass the colonies of France abroad. France by contrast, under Louis XV, stuck to the tried-and-tested strategy of conceding little and banking on a good outcome at the treaty table. After all, return to the status quo ante bellum had worked well for France in one treaty after the next.
European War in North America
Nevertheless, France did commit regular troops to New France under the leadership of Louis-Joseph, the Marquis de Montcalm (1712–1759) in 1756. This was following a career marked by defeats and retreats in Europe. By that time the governor general of New France, the born-in-Canada Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial (1698–1778), had scored several important defensive victories against the British and the British Americans. In the Ohio and along the Great Lakes, Vaudreuil’s forces proved consistently more able than those of the British. The defeat of the British-American General Braddock in the Ohio in 1755 was a major coup for New France. Vaudreuil’s success stemmed from effective deployment of Indigenous militias. Both Vaudreuil and Montcalm’s aide-de-camp, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, promoted the use of forest combat conducted by their Indigenous allies and Canadien irregulars. As Bougainville explained, “In this sort of warfare it is necessary to adjust to their ways.” The only offensive the British and their colonists were able to mount successfully was that against Fort Beauséjour, mentioned above.
Montcalm’s arrival turned the colonial defence from a successful strategy of harrying the British with surgical strikes against their frontier to one of sit-and-wait. The new commander was more comfortable with set-piece battles, regarded Indigenous warfare as uncivilized and unworthy, and demonstrated an unwillingness to press his foot down on an enemy’s throat. By 1758 he had lost the Ohio Valley which, in any event, he regarded as secondary to the importance of securing the St. Lawrence Valley. More than that, Montcalm went out of his way to undermine the reputations of his rival Vaudreuil and his friend, the intendant François Bigot. In 1758 Montcalm’s intrigues in the palaces of Paris paid out and he was promoted to lieutenant-governor and thus placed above Vaudreuil in the command of forces in Canada.
In 1759 the Royal Navy swept up the St. Lawrence and confronted Montcalm at the citadel of Quebec. Even in this instance, Montcalm’s instincts proved flawed. He thought (wrongly) that the river itself would confound the British, who were unfamiliar with its currents and hazards. He neglected to defend the height of land across the river from Quebec, which allowed the British to bombard the city into dust.
The British forces, under the command of Major General James Wolfe (1727–1759), reached the Île d’Orléans in mid-June hoping for a quick victory. Although his army was smaller than he’d hoped, Wolfe nevertheless had some 7000 troops and the support of nearly 200 vessels. Exploratory attacks on Canadien positions failed repeatedly, as had the relentless shelling of the Lower Town. By mid-September Wolfe’s troops were burning out the Canadien farmers, destroying their crops and thousands of homes in the hope of creating pressures on Quebec that might pay off the following year. Many of his troops had deserted, morale was low, illness was depleting the ranks, freeze-up of the river was quickly approaching, and Wolfe himself was convinced that his mission was a failure. He was ready to abandon the attack and let the French and Canadiens struggle through a winter with limited food supplies, which he hoped would soften them up for a springtime assault.
The almost chance discovery of a landing point at a cove called L’Anse-au-Foulon was seized upon by Wolfe. On September 13, 1759, he assembled his troops on the . At this point, Montcalm had several options: wait for his reinforcements to arrive along Wolfe’s western flank and pin down the British; send out snipers along with Indigenous and Canadien militiamen to gun-and-run until Wolfe’s troops were depleted and/or demoralized; stay in the citadel and wait out a British force that had little appetite or ability for a long siege in the face of oncoming winter (and just hope for the arrival of the French fleet); or march out onto the field and confront Wolfe. He chose the last of these.
The Blame Game
Louis du Pont Duchambon de Vergor was born in France in the year of the Treaty of Utrecht and joined the French military in 1730. The whole of his military career was spent in New France. His principal talents were skimming money out of the colonial purse, serving as “pimp” to the intendant François Bigot, privateering a bit on the side, and underperforming spectacularly in his military duties. Mme. Élizabeth Bégon de la Cour (1696–1755), a Montreal woman of considerable influence and even more wit, described Vergor as “the most dull-witted fellow I have ever met but he knows all the angles.” This was, however, the man left in charge of Fort Beauséjour in 1754 and responsible for its fall to a British-New England force a year later. More than that, his actions played a role in precipitating the Acadian expulsion.
Low on credible troops, Vergor persuaded local Acadians to assist in the defence of the fort by promising that, if they were captured by the British, he would protect their official neutrality by claiming to have forced them into a compromised position. A two-week long siege, mutiny among the Acadians, and an exploding cannonball sealed Beauséjour’s fate: on June 16 Vergor ran up the white flag of surrender. The outcome for the Acadians who could not escape capture was exile, their participation in the battle taken by the British as confirmation that the Acadians were merely hiding behind a façade of neutrality. Vergor’s defence of Beauséjour was certainly anything but gifted. He was packed off to Canada where, in 1757, he walked away from a court martial thanks to his friend Bigot, who paid off the jury. For the next two years Vergor played a minor role in the defence of Canada, and the late summer of 1759 found him in charge of a sentry post at the Anse au Foulon. It was there, in the early hours of September 13, that Wolfe’s forces found a path from the river to the Plains of Abraham, surprised the inattentive Vergor and his men, and assembled for the battle with Montcalm. Having lost Acadia, Vergor might be blamed for the fall of Canada as well.
Victory, it must be added, was by no means guaranteed to the British troops that day. Wolfe seized on the worst position he could have selected and stayed there, despite better options. Montcalm’s insistence on attacking in columns rather than in lines, on using regular troops and set-piece tactics rather than letting loose Vaudreuil’s shock troops, cost the French dearly. It is a pivotal moment in the history of Canada, and yet it unfolds so badly that its two principal actors — Wolfe and Montcalm — were both killed or mortally wounded in battle, something that rarely happened in European warfare. Considering the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, historian William Eccles wrote many years ago that “perhaps the most overlooked determining factor in history has been stupidity.”
From Defeat to Conquest
To be sure, the war was far from over in September 1759. The bulk of the French troops retreated to Montreal where they licked their wounds. The Chevalier de Lévis, Montcalm’s successor, had 7000 troops with him in April 1760 when he confronted a much smaller and rather sickly British army at the . The French won easily but they could not retake Quebec, and the hoped-for French fleet failed to arrive (having been sent to the bottom of the sea by the Royal Navy at Quiberon Bay). Instead, British ships reached Quebec when the river ice melted and in September, one year after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Montreal fell.
A great deal has been written about this battle because it represents for many a turning point in the history of Canada. It is the moment at which Canada fell to the British; it is the moment of “the Conquest.” Of course it was not: that happened at the treaty table four years later. What Wolfe accomplished on the Plains of Abraham might well have been undone at the . Britain decided that, strategically, Canada was a better choice than one of its other prizes: the sugar colony of Guadeloupe. Keeping Canada would put an end to the hemorrhaging expense of continuous colonial war in North America. This would, of course, entail maintaining a northern colony populated by hostiles, so it was not entirely positive from the perspective of Britain. France, for its part, agreed with the decision. Canada would be hard for Britain to hold and the removal of French influence from the Ohio would be like unstopping a drain: the American colonists would become difficult to contain. Being allowed to keep the lucrative West Indian island must have seemed to the French negotiators like the best possible outcome. Besides, Quebec had fallen before in colonial struggles, and it had always been restored, a possibility that could be held out to the Canadiens and those business interests in La Rochelle and Breton whose livelihoods were closely tied to that of the colony. In other words, France had not entirely given up on Canada, nor had Canada given up entirely on France. As for the British, winning New France was one thing, but holding it was another.
The Legacy of the Seven Years’ War
First, New France was at an end. The British claimed everything north of Florida. France gave Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain’s loss to Britain of Florida (which Spain had handed to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). France held on to western Louisiana until 1803, but otherwise its colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Britain’s position as the dominant colonial power in the eastern half of North America was confirmed.
Second, French absolutism was in trouble. The war in Europe had been expensive and the country was impoverished as a result. Many factors contributed to the French Revolution in 1789, and the Seven Years’ War was one of them. This situation curtailed any hope of a restoration of French power in North America. It also led to further global conflicts and, more importantly, to the rise of secular and democratic modern society — not just in France but all around Western Europe and across the Atlantic.
Third, the outcome boded ill for Indigenous peoples. For many of the nations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong counterweight to British expansion. Most obviously the Haudenosaunee strategy of whipsawing the two European powers against one another was eliminated. Pressures increased on Native populations from the Atlantic seaboard through the Ohio and Mississippi, producing waves of refugees as one population after the next was dispossessed. These westward-moving exiles, in turn, pushed other Indigenous peoples along as well. Tensions built swiftly and produced further conflict.
Fourth, the British American colonies felt entitled to the spoils of war. The Ohio Valley lay ahead of them, unopposed by French forts (regardless of Indigenous resistance). More to the point, the British regime was not certain that it was ready to unleash colonial America from behind the Appalachian barrier. The farther the colonies spread, the more likely it was that Britain would be called on to defend them against attacks from the first peoples of the region. The cost of the Seven Years’ War was high enough and Britain’s treasury needed time to recover. As well, Britain feared that an open frontier would only make the Americans more difficult to govern.
Finally, the war had provided an opportunity for militiamen from New England through Virginia to cut their teeth on battle. George Washington, for one, had gone from a brash and inexperienced soldier at age 22 to a far more confident and mature military leader, thanks to the opportunities provided him by service to Britain. The Seven Years’ War was the first occasion in which the Thirteen Colonies had pursued common goals, and it gave a boost to their ambitions.
For Acadia and Canada the end of the war brought uncertainty and fear. Acadian society was shattered by the Expulsion. Its outposts on the western mainland of Northumberland Strait and in the new British colony of Prince Edward Island struggled to survive under the new administration. No doubt more than a few hoped for another exchange of imperial masters, but that wheel had stopped turning. The Canadiens, for their part, continued to hope for relief from France while watching nervously the deportation of the Acadians.
The “land hunger” that had propelled British Americans into the Ohio and into wars against the Wabanaki Confederacy was to have very direct consequences for Nova Scotia and Canada. Some of these would be felt immediately as migrants poured (in smallish numbers) into both colonies. The trickle, however, would become a torrent in less than a generation.
- The first intercolonial conflicts associated with the Seven Years’ War took place in the Ohio Valley and were instigated by Virginian expansionism into territory claimed for centuries by Indigenous peoples and within the French zone of influence.
- The involvement of Virginia presaged a war between New France and the whole of the British colonies, rather than just New England, Nova Scotia, or New York.
- British success was predicated mainly on a vastly larger colonial population and a significant commitment of military resources.
- The Conquest of Canada occurred at the negotiating table.
- The outcome of the Seven Years’ War had almost immediate implications for relations between Britain and its original colonies and for the French absolutist regime. It also boded ill for Indigenous peoples in the Ohio Valley and beyond.
Figure 6.15 long description: A map showing the territorial claims and disputes in North America during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), sometimes known as the American theatre of the global Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). This map shows the eastern half of North America. The westernmost territories depicted, from north to south, are the eastern half of Manitoba, then Minnesota, Iowa, and the easternmost edges of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
From west to east, north to south, the British had claims to Manitoba, part of northern Minnesota, north and northwestern Ontario, and northwestern Quebec, as well as most of Newfoundland (save the northern shore), and the Nova Scotia peninsula. The British also had claims to most of the states along the American east coast, from Maine to South Carolina, plus northern Georgia, northeastern Alabama, and eastern Tennessee.
From approximately east to west, north to south, the French had claims to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, the northern shore of Newfoundland, Labrador, eastern Quebec, and southern Ontario around the Great Lakes. The French also had claims to most of the American Midwest and parts of the South, from Minnesota to Louisiana, then east to include Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, northern Ohio, and the northwest extremes of Pennsylvania and New York.
The British and the French disputed over land in southeast Ontario, central Quebec, New Brunswick, and territory stretching southwest from western New York to Mississippi and western Alabama. This includes western Tennessee, Kentucky, western West Virginia, southeast Ohio, and northwest Pennsylvania.
The Spanish had claims to Florida, the southeast corner of Texas, and the southwest corner of Louisiana.
The Spanish and the British disputed over land in southern Georgia and southeast Alabama.
The map indicates the location of several military conflicts in the war, including:
- July 3, 1754, at Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania. French victory.
- Fort Cumberland, Maryland, which was built in the fall of 1754. Marked as a British victory because of its importance to British military strategy during the war.
- August 9, 1755: Braddock’s defeat in Pennsylvania. French victory.
- August 9, 1757, at Fort William Henry, New York. French victory.
- June 8 to July 26, 1758, at Fort Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. British victory.
- July 8, 1758, at Fort Ticonderoga, New York. French victory.
- August 27, 1758, at Fort Frontenac, Ontario. British victory.
- July 29, 1759, at Fort Niagara, New York.
Figure 6.19 long description: Map of eastern North America after the French and Indian War, sometimes known as the Seven Years’ War, which ended in 1763. This map covers the period from 1762 to 1783.
By 1762, as shown on this map, the Spanish controlled the southern and central United States from Texas and Louisiana to southern Minnesota and South Dakota.
By 1763, the British controlled all of eastern North America, from Manitoba to the Maritimes, Maine to Georgia, Florida to Mississippi, and Mississippi to the Great Lakes. In the middle of this territory was the Indian Reserve of 1763, which extended from western New York and Vermont southwest to northern Mississippi and Alabama and western Georgia.
The border between British and Spanish territory was undefined in the area overlapping Minnesota, North Dakota, and Manitoba.
The area west of Manitoba’s largest lakes (lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Winnipegosis) was unexplored.
- Fort de La Présentation © 1750 by unknown is licensed under a Public Domain license
- French and Indian War © 2011 by Hoodinski is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
- Siege of Quebec, 1759 © 1914 by Chandler B. Beach and Frank Morton McMurry is licensed under a Public Domain license
- A View of the Church of Notre-Dame de la Victoire © 1761 by Richard Short is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Map of Montreal © 1740s by unknown is licensed under a Public Domain license
- North America, 1762–1783 © 2008 by Jon Platek is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
- Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (London: Faber and Faber, 2000), 16. ↵
- Colin G. Calloway, One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West before Lewis and Clark (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), 331–332. ↵
- Ibid., 340. ↵
- W. J. Eccles, “MONTCALM, LOUIS-JOSEPH DE, Marquis de MONTCALM,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol 3 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003). Accessed January 12, 2015, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/montcalm_louis_joseph_de_3E.html . ↵
- Céline Dupré, “ROCBERT DE LA MORANDIÈRE, MARIE-ÉLISABETH,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol 3 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003). Accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/rocbert_de_la_morandiere_marie_elisabeth_3E.html . ↵
- Bernard Pothier, “DU PONT DUCHAMBON DE VERGOR, LOUIS,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003). Accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_pont_duchambon_de_vergor_louis_4E.html . ↵
- W. J. Eccles, “The Battle of Quebec: A Reappraissal,” Essays on New France (Oxford: OUP, 1987), 133. ↵
- Helen Dewar, “Canada or Guadeloupe?: French and British Perceptions of Empire, 1760–1763,” Canadian Historical Review 91, no.4 (2010): 637–660. ↵
Located near the Citadel of Quebec, it was the site of what proved to be a pivotal battle between British and French/Canadien/Indigenous forces in September 1759.
Battle on April 28, 1760, near the citadel of Quebec with the French/Canadien forces attacking the British. General Murray repeated many of the errors Montcalm made only months before. The British survived (but not without suffering more than a thousand casualties) by hunkering in the fortress until British naval reinforcements arrived.
A 1763 treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War. France ceded all of its territory east of the Mississippi (including all of Canada, Acadia, and Île Royale) to Britain and granted Louisiana and lands west of the Mississippi to its ally Spain. Britain returned to France the sugar islands of Guadeloupe. France retained St. Pierre and Miquelon, along with fishing rights on the Grand Banks. Not to be confused with the 1783 Treaty of Paris. | <urn:uuid:de08bbd0-0496-485f-b32c-6a39963cbec0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation2e/chapter/6-11-the-seven-years-war/ | 2024-02-22T17:48:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.96705 | 5,675 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
5139,
4506,
1278,
18,
3514,
5847,
266,
439,
434,
2681,
3589,
16,
2731,
468,
439,
330,
1880,
1158,
16,
291,
268,
1161,
395,
443,
203,
6164,
597,
5092,
430,
2859,
1781,
1550,
794,
734,
268,
7631,
289,
3247,
291,
3770,
5015,
16,
1023,
362,
316,
2915,
336,
710,
289,
268,
5857,
439,
10615,
292,
2493,
11151,
3035,
352,
1070,
2683,
9082,
289,
3366,
7961,
18,
2519,
268,
4785,
289,
7125,
2328,
423,
16,
456,
454,
1904,
1165,
970,
268,
1731,
18,
9254,
325,
268,
2661,
289,
268,
2901,
779,
10726,
305,
454,
16,
288,
268,
2406,
77,
2184,
16,
1111,
512,
608,
268,
5123,
388,
397,
282,
761,
77,
3696,
687,
817,
271,
80,
5730,
11854,
18,
365,
2245,
592,
5472,
87,
372,
2661,
1956,
1515,
1214,
289,
456,
2223,
18,
203,
39,
266,
74,
1074,
88,
288,
268,
10351,
7906,
203,
48,
286,
419,
6038,
5085,
421,
3929,
8748,
2453,
3929,
7447,
989,
261,
646,
305,
289,
268,
6581,
779,
7758,
1080,
291,
2538,
11988,
288,
261,
722,
346,
774,
1283,
2152,
16,
261,
6581,
779,
4982,
1075,
628,
288,
2493,
25,
23,
292,
5453,
336,
268,
3770,
711,
263,
395,
557,
444,
2669,
288,
268,
10351,
7906,
18,
365,
1636,
454,
4431,
2234,
3770,
2067,
288,
268,
2225,
18,
365,
1685,
715,
5085,
6951,
421,
266,
339,
1221,
1064,
9195,
427,
7742,
372,
87,
1334,
283,
13,
291,
4971,
11834,
261,
3770,
2169,
492,
367,
18,
365,
3770,
2629,
421,
280,
535,
360,
1520,
289,
444,
7125,
516,
423,
13,
454,
292,
9109,
291,
4169,
5085,
430,
9355,
465,
7323,
380,
1134,
1752,
1625,
1547,
360,
261,
1763,
4718,
331,
7742,
30,
268,
10351,
7906,
454,
3183,
444,
10264,
18,
203,
10702,
456,
1813,
288,
669,
16,
3247,
4734,
360,
268,
3770,
850,
4474,
341,
268,
10513,
287,
332,
858,
1525,
4516,
291,
5974,
563,
16,
1525,
3567,
16,
291,
3938,
18,
365,
586,
3247,
9949,
850,
462,
712,
2729,
291,
686,
664,
1233,
11208,
16,
659,
352,
995,
268,
2661,
289,
268,
2901,
779,
10726,
305,
16,
853,
1525,
4516,
3376,
1041,
341,
606,
1044,
1298,
919,
268,
617,
289,
1525,
3567,
18,
3247,
1781,
2196,
291,
2268,
1668,
419,
2493,
25,
24,
16,
2281,
16,
850,
5673,
261,
1813,
853,
772,
289,
268,
3747,
9949,
5714,
11899,
360,
1525,
5088,
18,
9870,
288,
268,
4706,
454,
6692,
7713,
858,
6882,
291,
7750,
9786,
31,
7742,
454,
1079,
3184,
291,
2941,
352,
767,
352,
4361,
793,
1705,
286,
341,
268,
1377,
864,
3095,
2031,
289,
268,
2537,
280,
492,
1825,
31,
1525,
3567,
372,
87,
4971,
1158,
331,
268,
6744,
16,
1910,
360,
1014,
289,
10816,
16,
4491,
1041,
362,
636,
4734,
288,
268,
10351,
31,
1525,
4516,
291,
10808,
69,
1449,
5373,
69,
16,
352,
445,
437,
2279,
16,
4336,
292,
276,
379,
1093,
360,
388,
397,
282,
761,
77,
5795,
286,
265,
1495,
4349,
291,
10134,
608,
268,
5974,
1825,
291,
268,
1571,
289,
7750,
10475,
75,
18,
553,
454,
16,
4810,
4202,
1030,
16,
268,
4244,
3770,
2456,
336,
855,
3835,
1875,
268,
10064,
381,
291,
460,
374,
2234,
3284,
3247,
1781,
9949,
288,
363,
3620,
292,
716,
628,
2931,
292,
1112,
1626,
421,
481,
3416,
279,
1284,
268,
898,
331,
1902,
2960,
500,
288,
2493,
7579,
802,
203,
1461,
3770,
291,
3479,
2661,
203,
1461,
1781,
1932,
331,
268,
2245,
592,
5472,
87,
372,
2661,
421,
3929,
25,
26,
2453,
3929,
26,
23,
13,
1691,
268,
3770,
291,
3479,
2661,
421,
397,
491,
2493,
25,
24,
2453,
3929,
26,
23,
13,
1691,
8490,
444,
7361,
336,
456,
454,
261,
5533,
1573,
881,
1662,
284,
3144,
16,
291,
462,
8209,
597,
18,
4399,
261,
5836,
8937,
515,
288,
2196,
3210,
336,
6696,
8987,
268,
3247,
9949,
421,
262,
387,
664,
731,
3247,
4104,
331,
953,
474,
1900,
289,
1525,
5088,
989,
268,
3770,
9949,
3647,
444,
1044,
18,
900,
1535,
576,
4124,
523,
419,
2054,
1326,
7125,
516,
423,
18,
365,
5357,
289,
268,
8089,
418,
1773,
1691,
288,
1510,
16,
268,
10303,
358,
10137,
291,
268,
382,
7076,
91,
7264,
77,
1691,
664,
289,
1755,
2557,
18,
365,
402,
1183,
3322,
5182,
374,
1512,
1276,
437,
1403,
2292,
3770,
2067,
288,
268,
10351,
16,
566,
268,
3247,
11849,
292,
1105,
622,
1573,
268,
9116,
4668,
289,
3770,
3588,
19,
322,
5669,
331,
340,
3876,
427,
6487,
1245,
11952,
292,
1525,
1778,
298,
504,
18,
203,
11402,
2621,
16,
268,
402,
1183,
3322,
5182,
374,
1512,
664,
261,
3184,
3472,
3160,
288,
268,
10351,
7906,
18,
3296,
268,
1367,
9758,
388,
1267,
502,
850,
712,
2108,
4252,
4824,
1490,
427,
3513,
6806,
5630,
292,
268,
4706,
16,
1118,
268,
1395,
69,
738,
282,
91,
761,
77,
421,
9351,
738,
6296,
13,
291,
268,
458,
270,
1523,
421,
40,
306,
8409,
802,
9303,
1790,
336,
8667,
268,
3770,
3112,
268,
3247,
3590,
888,
1113,
444,
1669,
288,
268,
2225,
16,
502,
7463,
292,
342,
2444,
738,
268,
1994,
504,
1573,
597,
1515,
419,
1486,
289,
261,
3079,
289,
538,
484,
6850,
5746,
941,
1053,
540,
3976,
4846,
606,
1044,
2219,
16,
462,
2144,
971,
402,
1183,
3322,
5182,
374,
1512,
1357,
289,
268,
2225,
454,
6256,
6364,
542,
18,
2968,
2306,
289,
1195,
975,
389,
1218,
291,
1718,
74,
470,
850,
4034,
579,
289,
268,
1683,
5735,
292,
5529,
16,
1355,
362,
2871,
697,
9587,
7572,
9078,
2340,
1221,
18,
3117,
7125,
8839,
664,
16,
352,
261,
10793,
16,
11219,
292,
268,
402,
1183,
3322,
5182,
374,
1512,
11470,
421,
278,
268,
392,
5080,
263,
289,
268,
418,
464,
6651,
802,
948,
7125,
538,
5847,
266,
978,
537,
288,
268,
10351,
664,
430,
11281,
360,
597,
1515,
16,
352,
767,
352,
360,
268,
1732,
6036,
291,
268,
3247,
17,
8687,
504,
18,
1395,
69,
738,
282,
91,
761,
77,
291,
458,
270,
1523,
474,
364,
1093,
652,
288,
268,
10351,
664,
5982,
4461,
644,
1573,
3491,
69,
348,
563,
79,
277,
421,
49,
4705,
277,
989,
383,
2397,
491,
270,
16,
291,
696,
868,
429,
83,
335,
427,
6744,
289,
268,
4369,
458,
3232,
421,
1381,
93,
850,
6364,
691,
1185,
544,
485,
292,
3507,
918,
341,
3631,
360,
268,
3247,
989,
291,
388,
93,
481,
376,
421,
59,
593,
271,
19,
44,
324,
266,
13,
818,
82,
862,
664,
296,
4809,
1041,
1149,
268,
6744,
1199,
289,
6487,
7564,
545,
18,
1507,
10923,
6579,
362,
352,
538,
69,
887,
289,
1726,
1983,
5530,
11185,
2856,
289,
268,
3770,
516,
3275,
291,
3183,
268,
5442,
289,
268,
334,
299,
395,
11553,
5795,
286,
265,
1495,
1053,
994,
454,
16,
3281,
16,
1936,
7125,
4236,
10994,
291,
3293,
261,
1774,
289,
7245,
541,
9784,
1235,
288,
7692,
292,
516,
7985,
360,
268,
1994,
504,
16,
3043,
77,
614,
16,
291,
4104,
18,
203,
42,
409,
2493,
25,
24,
292,
2493,
25,
27,
268,
1718,
4903,
225,
1046,
691,
288,
8907,
289,
1525,
5088,
18,
906,
268,
855,
881,
935,
362,
454,
377,
11487,
261,
8251,
1140,
1244,
16,
566,
360,
268,
9707,
289,
1718,
288,
1994,
288,
2493,
25,
26,
733,
2737,
7496,
18,
365,
3247,
16,
1064,
1706,
2472,
8956,
6076,
382,
297,
88,
16,
4254,
502,
911,
1377,
73,
644,
3770,
3299,
423,
288,
1994,
291,
804,
666,
289,
444,
8225,
3538,
93,
292,
2920,
594,
268,
9949,
289,
5088,
11984,
18,
5088,
419,
4980,
16,
1064,
7750,
2928,
58,
16,
11062,
292,
268,
6471,
17,
481,
17,
1110,
286,
3976,
289,
353,
1553,
281,
1936,
291,
10871,
341,
261,
1060,
6811,
430,
268,
977,
93,
3438,
18,
2122,
516,
16,
2608,
292,
268,
3985,
626,
83,
363,
359,
285,
467,
408,
850,
4513,
767,
331,
5088,
288,
597,
977,
93,
1003,
268,
2033,
18,
203,
41,
1937,
282,
2661,
288,
2859,
2792,
203,
50,
827,
6088,
16,
5088,
1535,
2707,
1998,
8419,
292,
1525,
5088,
1064,
268,
5217,
289,
7750,
17,
46,
335,
6405,
16,
268,
2406,
9951,
386,
8401,
10500,
81,
421,
3929,
3011,
2453,
3929,
25,
29,
13,
288,
2493,
25,
26,
18,
540,
454,
1685,
261,
4222,
6447,
419,
1175,
73,
1378,
291,
304,
956,
87,
288,
1994,
18,
1285,
336,
669,
268,
1334,
283,
2177,
289,
1525,
5088,
16,
268,
4178,
17,
263,
17,
39,
282,
7253,
382,
1242,
267,
386,
434,
333,
5079,
386,
720,
5079,
267,
89,
309,
386,
351,
548,
1599,
439,
421,
3801,
29,
28,
2453,
3929,
9329,
989,
850,
646,
2723,
1520,
851,
1175,
2201,
3463,
6913,
1573,
268,
3247,
291,
268,
3247,
4104,
18,
450,
268,
10351,
291,
1910,
268,
4369,
458,
3232,
16,
720,
5079,
267,
89,
309,
372,
87,
4157,
9105,
8270,
512,
1542,
687,
1014,
289,
268,
3247,
18,
365,
1175,
3611,
289,
268,
3247,
17,
10405,
4891,
2439,
6348,
1362,
288,
268,
10351,
288,
2493,
11151,
454,
261,
1670,
3813,
84,
331,
1525,
5088,
18,
720,
5079,
267,
89,
309,
372,
87,
1577,
5595,
4424,
427,
1783,
11843,
289,
7125,
1715,
501,
301,
18,
4449,
720,
5079,
267,
89,
309,
291,
8401,
10500,
81,
372,
87,
261,
496,
17,
864,
17,
71,
1705,
16,
7750,
854,
278,
475,
386,
391,
290,
75,
412,
7541,
16,
3192,
286,
268,
666,
289,
4578,
6537,
4404,
419,
444,
7125,
516,
423,
291,
3043,
7646,
10039,
87,
18,
760,
391,
290,
75,
412,
7541,
5892,
16,
538,
2983,
456,
5256,
289,
1718,
74,
470,
362,
316,
1990,
292,
3886,
292,
444,
1714,
1053,
365,
794,
1070,
2201,
268,
3247,
291,
444,
3391,
978,
664,
1542,
292,
293,
1252,
5655,
454,
336,
1573,
9355,
1367,
571,
3489,
78,
455,
16,
4565,
2159,
18,
203,
49,
2192,
10500,
81,
372,
87,
10907,
5322,
268,
8251,
1175,
514,
427,
261,
3369,
3976,
289,
2920,
1080,
281,
268,
3247,
360,
7868,
637,
8568,
1573,
444,
10513,
10966,
292,
597,
289,
1407,
17,
481,
17,
91,
7347,
18,
365,
733,
4229,
265,
454,
512,
5177,
360,
1075,
17,
11386,
3867,
4347,
16,
9215,
7125,
1718,
74,
470,
352,
4288,
2641,
963,
291,
543,
8664,
93,
16,
291,
7219,
363,
6752,
3287,
822,
292,
1579,
615,
3130,
1190,
341,
363,
9007,
372,
87,
8395,
18,
1285,
2493,
25,
28,
431,
850,
3673,
268,
10351,
7906,
518,
16,
288,
723,
2282,
16,
431,
9215,
352,
5900,
292,
268,
2557,
289,
805,
714,
268,
908,
18,
4392,
6973,
7906,
18,
2376,
687,
336,
16,
8401,
10500,
81,
4046,
628,
289,
615,
898,
292,
1064,
81,
475,
268,
751,
371,
500,
289,
615,
384,
2681,
720,
5079,
267,
89,
309,
291,
615,
2175,
16,
268,
288,
1425,
438,
2068,
282,
132,
105,
11553,
7319,
376,
18,
450,
2493,
25,
28,
8401,
10500,
81,
372,
87,
11360,
893,
288,
268,
4659,
1632,
289,
7102,
5826,
628,
291,
431,
454,
3192,
286,
292,
8588,
8463,
438,
17,
75,
3553,
283,
291,
3416,
4087,
2159,
720,
5079,
267,
89,
309,
288,
268,
4229,
289,
4157,
288,
3938,
18,
203,
2983,
2493,
25,
29,
268,
8181,
11395,
1370,
559,
88,
644,
268,
908,
18,
4392,
6973,
291,
1275,
1554,
691,
8401,
10500,
81,
430,
268,
273,
297,
11199,
289,
6316,
9477,
18,
3142,
288,
456,
3569,
16,
8401,
10500,
81,
372,
87,
1603,
1329,
340,
9105,
949,
738,
286,
18,
915,
2693,
421,
91,
86,
535,
325,
13,
336,
268,
4815,
2635,
830,
1275,
655,
268,
3247,
16,
650,
664,
4372,
7881,
3499,
360,
606,
1065,
11503,
291,
7721,
18,
915,
2017,
611,
691,
292,
7855,
268,
4733,
289,
1283,
1745,
268,
4815,
427,
6316,
9477,
16,
518,
4034,
268,
3247,
292,
11897,
485,
268,
2349,
636,
5993,
18,
203,
1461,
3247,
4157,
16,
1064,
268,
4229,
289,
10518,
4891,
5755,
388,
6203,
73,
421,
3929,
6872,
2453,
3929,
25,
29,
989,
5673,
268,
6426,
241,
298,
295,
372,
51,
86,
80,
3489,
504,
288,
4188,
17,
46,
1807,
5416,
281,
331,
261,
2025,
10423,
18,
2696,
615,
6738,
454,
3513,
687,
431,
372,
72,
5416,
286,
16,
388,
6203,
73,
2270,
6088,
850,
579,
1499,
1347,
8419,
291,
268,
1105,
289,
3999,
1645,
6093,
18,
4316,
283,
1692,
4349,
341,
3043,
7646,
6823,
7286,
11999,
16,
352,
850,
268,
711,
302,
1465,
422,
2515,
289,
268,
10773,
11569,
18,
1285,
4188,
17,
55,
559,
4669,
388,
6203,
73,
372,
87,
8419,
664,
6861,
628,
268,
3043,
7646,
4545,
16,
4511,
1411,
444,
5136,
291,
4389,
289,
3872,
288,
268,
3571,
289,
2435,
11588,
341
] |
If you look at most of the studies supporting Paleo, the vast majority of them were done on adults. That makes sense, because Paleo really started as a diet to combat chronic diet-and-lifestyle diseases like type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. Up until recently, the vast majority of people who got those diseases were middle-aged adults. If only adults get type 2 diabetes, then all your studies on type 2 diabetes have to be done on adults.
But today, those lifestyle diseases are showing up in younger and younger patients, including kids. Childhood obesity is the obvious case in point, but kids today are also getting diseases like type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. The root problems are basically the same: lousy food, too much stress, not enough sleep, and sedentary lifestyles. The only difference is that today, kids can eat so much sugar and junk that they're getting diseases that used to take decades. Efficiency!
The point is that kids can suffer from eating junk food just like adults do. But there's a diet specifically designed to heal those problems - or better yet, to prevent them before they ever start.
There is no one “perfect diet” for kids any more than there is for adults. But the evidence suggests that a Paleo diet absolutely can be safe and healthy for kids. It’s easy to meet any special nutritional needs of childhood with Paleo food, and yes, it's possible to get kids to eat broccoli.
Kids Don’t Miss Out on Any Essential Nutrients in Grains and Legumes.
There are no known nutrients found only in grains or legumes. Nobody ever developed a nutrient deficiency from avoiding those foods, unless they were also eating an imbalanced diet in other ways. Want fiber and antioxidants? Get them from fruits and vegetables. B vitamins? Eat meat or fish. A child eating a balanced Paleo diet won't somehow be in danger from avoiding grains or legumes.
Fresh, Whole Foods are Good for Everyone.
- A huge pile of fresh vegetables
- A moderate amount of animal protein (meat, fish, eggs)
- Healthy fats like olive oil and coconut oil
- Optionally, some fruit or nuts.
- Optionally, some starchy vegetables like sweet potatoes.
Of course, there are a thousand variations on that theme. You can do high-fat or low-fat. High-carb, medium-carb, or low-carb. Dairy or dairy-free. “Paleo” can mean all kinds of different things, all versions of Paleo are based on eating fresh, whole foods with a lot of vegetables and plenty of nutrient-dense animal foods. It's not about eating piles of meat all the time; it's about balancing reasonable amounts of animal protein with lots of other whole foods.
These foods are good for kids for the same reasons that they’re good for adults:
- High in nutritional value (yes, including the meat, and especially including the fish and the eggs)
- Low in gut irritants (which are dangerous for kids, too!)
- Low in sugar and don’t cause blood sugar spikes, so they don’t cause metabolic problems
- Don’t contribute to inflammation (kids can have systemic diet-induced inflammation just like adults)
It’s hard to even come up with a reasonable case against a Paleo plate of food. Try saying it to yourself: “no, I don’t want my child to eat vegetables, because then he might get all the nutrients he needs and that would be…bad?” Or maybe “I would rather have my child eat Lunchables with plastic ‘cheese’ and fake bologna than some leftover steak and green pepper strips.” Really? Can you say that with a straight face?
Kids and Carbs
A lot of the reluctance to put kids on a Paleo-style diet comes from the misconception that Paleo has to be low-carb. That’s just not true. Paleo can be low-carb, high-carb, or moderate-carb. It can have any amount of carbs you want.
For kids, the extreme end of the low-carb spectrum tends to be less than ideal. The ketogenic diet (extreme low-carb, high-fat) has been tested extensively in children; it’s a very effective treatment for medication-resistant childhood epilepsy. But here’s the problem: kids on the ketogenic diet routinely report very unpleasant side effects, especially gastrointestinal problems.
Other research has shown that children can safely eat a moderate-carb diet, well within Paleo norms.
In this study, 31 obese children (average age of 11) went on a 30% carb diet. The children lost weight and improved markers of heart health and insulin resistance. There were no serious side effects.
In this study, the patients were a little older, age 12-18. The study tested three diets:
- Low-fat, high-carb: 50-60% carbs, 30% fat, 20% protein
- Low-carb, low-fat. Up to 20% carbs, 30% fat, and 50% protein (that’s a lot of protein)
- Low-carb, high-fat. Up to 20% carb, 60% fat, and 20% protein
All of the groups lost weight at the same rate and there were no significant differences at the end of the study. None of the groups had any major problems: some of them got headaches or upset stomachs, but for most kids it was only once. No one diet had any more complaints than any other diet. Moderate-carb, high-fat can be just as "safe" as high-carb, low-fat.
And if you're interested in weight loss specifically, here's a review of the evidence. The authors concluded that “Current evidence suggests that improved weight status can be achieved in overweight or obese children and adolescents irrespective of the macronutrient distribution of a reduced-energy diet.” Translation: kids can lose weight no matter what percentage of their diet comes from protein, carbs, and fat.
Kids can be perfectly healthy on a moderate-carb diet, and Paleo can easily be that diet. Potatoes and sweet potatoes are your friends. Fried plantains are your friends. Super low-carb diets might not be great for kids, but that doesn’t mean Paleo is off the table.
Special Nutritional Considerations for Children
Children aren’t just adults on a smaller scale, and they do have some special nutritional needs. But it’s easily possible to fill all of those with Paleo.
Calcium is particularly important for children, especially girls (who are more likely to develop osteoporosis or other bone problems later in life). Dairy is a Paleo gray area and some kids do just fine with it. But if yours don’t, calcium from bones (bone-in salmon and sardines) and leafy green vegetables is more absorbable than calcium from dairy.
Iron deficiency is especially likely among children who are overweight or obese. On average, these children eat as much iron as anyone else, but the low-grade inflammation in their body prevents them from absorbing and using the iron. The solution isn’t more dietary iron; it’s healing the inflammation.
Low Vitamin D status is a problem for anyone who spends most of their time indoors. A child may be Vitamin D deficient even if his weight is normal. The best source of Vitamin D is sunlight: send your kids outside to play!
…OK, but How do I Get Them to Eat It?
Completely aside from nutritional concerns, another big issue with kids is the age-old problem of getting them to eat their vegetables in the first place. And what about food they get at school? Food they get at their friends’ houses? Nobody wants their kid to be known as the weirdo Paleo kid who’s never any fun because she can’t have candy.
Every kid is different, and every parent has a different set of cultural preferences and strictness and discipline choices.
Research so far supports…
- Parental modeling. Eat good food in front of your kids and make it clear that you enjoy it. Don’t treat vegetables as something gross that they have to eat to “earn” dessert.
- Involving kids in the cooking process. Let them get their hands dirty.
- Early and repeated exposure to new foods. Often a food has to be offered to a child several times before the child will try it. Offering vegetables early, right when solid foods are being introduced, increases a child’s willingness to try them later.
- Flexible rules. Making sugar an absolutely forbidden treat just makes it more attractive, and you can’t control your kids’ diet forever. This study found that prohibiting a food just made kids eat more of it when they finally got their hands on it. And kids (especially boys) who grow up in ultra-strict food households are more likely to develop eating disorders later on. Barring life-threatening allergies, it’s totally fine and normal for kids to have flexibility to enjoy social events. Let them find out for themselves how food affects their bodies and talk about it together.
But What if My Kid Has…
Food allergies? Check out some advice on:
- Paleo without eggs
- Paleo without nuts
- Paleo without fish/seafood
- When to introduce potential “problem foods” like peanuts
As always, if your kid has a serious disease, the first stop should be the doctor’s office. But there’s almost always a way to make it work with Paleo.
Hungry for more? No one post can do it all, so here are some other resources that might be helpful.
Nom Nom Paleo has a bunch of ideas for lunchboxes here.
The Paleo Parents blog has a bunch of good stuff.
Feeding Kids Paleo (Robb Wolf)
Raising your Kids on Primal Foods (Mark’s Daily Apple)
If you’re into podcasts, check out… | <urn:uuid:d6ea2f49-08f2-4442-9770-b3e21b206ba5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://paleoleap.com/paleo-kids/ | 2024-02-22T18:03:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.954447 | 2,114 | 3.015625 | 3 | [
6164,
337,
1500,
430,
710,
289,
268,
2194,
4918,
382,
1224,
83,
16,
268,
4597,
4176,
289,
622,
664,
2217,
341,
3351,
18,
2015,
1892,
2266,
16,
971,
382,
1224,
83,
2402,
3120,
352,
261,
1859,
292,
6537,
3776,
1859,
17,
481,
17,
80,
373,
3884,
2604,
730,
1517,
497,
3370,
291,
7050,
4865,
1413,
18,
4960,
2035,
4101,
16,
268,
4597,
4176,
289,
689,
650,
3864,
1014,
2604,
664,
4067,
17,
2009,
3351,
18,
829,
794,
3351,
886,
1517,
497,
3370,
16,
1023,
516,
424,
2194,
341,
1517,
497,
3370,
437,
292,
327,
2217,
341,
3351,
18,
203,
11207,
1853,
16,
1014,
4185,
2604,
356,
5526,
644,
288,
6702,
291,
6702,
1945,
16,
1118,
2896,
18,
3188,
2700,
6712,
316,
268,
5486,
1731,
288,
1813,
16,
566,
2896,
1853,
356,
525,
2657,
2604,
730,
1517,
497,
3370,
291,
7050,
4865,
1413,
18,
365,
3382,
1626,
356,
9647,
268,
1162,
30,
308,
499,
93,
934,
16,
1232,
1111,
1751,
16,
462,
1982,
1954,
16,
291,
6031,
302,
556,
2339,
443,
5636,
18,
365,
794,
2921,
316,
336,
1853,
16,
2896,
375,
2564,
576,
1111,
2980,
291,
577,
5668,
336,
502,
3707,
2657,
2604,
336,
724,
292,
1071,
4295,
18,
416,
9299,
5,
203,
1461,
1813,
316,
336,
2896,
375,
5071,
427,
3104,
577,
5668,
934,
1039,
730,
3351,
565,
18,
1163,
686,
743,
261,
1859,
4479,
2298,
292,
9196,
1014,
1626,
425,
361,
1326,
2770,
16,
292,
1463,
622,
1134,
502,
2577,
1236,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
688,
597,
538,
468,
2905,
1859,
537,
331,
2896,
723,
512,
687,
686,
316,
331,
3351,
18,
1163,
268,
2495,
4299,
336,
261,
382,
1224,
83,
1859,
10220,
375,
327,
1995,
291,
1702,
331,
2896,
18,
553,
372,
87,
2289,
292,
2148,
723,
1755,
6596,
1470,
289,
6161,
360,
382,
1224,
83,
934,
16,
291,
10412,
16,
362,
743,
1522,
292,
886,
2896,
292,
2564,
1841,
916,
6278,
18,
203,
47,
1406,
3818,
372,
88,
6437,
5579,
341,
5007,
5882,
841,
6941,
1203,
288,
2409,
1437,
291,
7773,
5848,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
688,
1261,
3600,
986,
794,
288,
7266,
361,
1418,
5848,
18,
11898,
946,
2577,
2317,
261,
5842,
7749,
427,
7042,
1014,
2334,
16,
6774,
502,
664,
525,
3104,
363,
8937,
1872,
1859,
288,
586,
1714,
18,
388,
438,
4892,
291,
8958,
35,
4114,
622,
427,
4308,
291,
4059,
18,
391,
5769,
35,
10554,
4425,
361,
2034,
18,
330,
739,
3104,
261,
5218,
382,
1224,
83,
1859,
3768,
2091,
579,
7831,
327,
288,
6877,
427,
7042,
7266,
361,
1418,
5848,
18,
203,
42,
2704,
16,
547,
2748,
11405,
356,
5501,
331,
11896,
18,
203,
17,
330,
4305,
279,
621,
289,
3525,
4059,
203,
17,
330,
7683,
1944,
289,
2990,
3106,
421,
1475,
271,
16,
2034,
16,
4334,
13,
203,
17,
9064,
6737,
730,
11535,
2396,
291,
7393,
11879,
2396,
203,
17,
480,
2530,
523,
16,
579,
3714,
361,
7526,
18,
203,
17,
480,
2530,
523,
16,
579,
471,
8642,
4059,
730,
5260,
10071,
18,
203,
51,
74,
1911,
16,
686,
356,
261,
7859,
7371,
341,
336,
7606,
18,
990,
375,
565,
695,
17,
74,
271,
361,
1488,
17,
74,
271,
18,
3194,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
5232,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
361,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
18,
413,
6574,
361,
7830,
17,
4677,
18,
538,
52,
1224,
83,
537,
375,
1555,
516,
5255,
289,
865,
1612,
16,
516,
8370,
289,
382,
1224,
83,
356,
1585,
341,
3104,
3525,
16,
2399,
2334,
360,
261,
1774,
289,
4059,
291,
6082,
289,
5842,
17,
72,
1455,
2990,
2334,
18,
553,
743,
462,
608,
3104,
279,
4760,
289,
4425,
516,
268,
669,
31,
362,
743,
608,
1978,
3113,
8810,
4175,
289,
2990,
3106,
360,
6136,
289,
586,
2399,
2334,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
2334,
356,
1060,
331,
2896,
331,
268,
1162,
3218,
336,
502,
372,
267,
1060,
331,
3351,
30,
203,
17,
3194,
288,
6596,
2003,
421,
10654,
16,
1118,
268,
4425,
16,
291,
1803,
1118,
268,
2034,
291,
268,
4334,
13,
203,
17,
6638,
288,
5298,
5722,
862,
421,
6499,
356,
4233,
331,
2896,
16,
1232,
5,
13,
203,
17,
6638,
288,
2980,
291,
1373,
372,
88,
1342,
1364,
2980,
440,
8568,
16,
576,
502,
1373,
372,
88,
1342,
9100,
1626,
203,
17,
3818,
372,
88,
2885,
292,
4095,
421,
79,
1406,
375,
437,
11225,
1859,
17,
263,
534,
286,
4095,
1039,
730,
3351,
13,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
1656,
292,
919,
1631,
644,
360,
261,
8810,
1731,
1573,
261,
382,
1224,
83,
6222,
289,
934,
18,
6512,
5390,
362,
292,
2757,
30,
538,
7263,
16,
334,
1373,
372,
88,
1333,
1290,
739,
292,
2564,
4059,
16,
971,
1023,
431,
1276,
886,
516,
268,
3600,
431,
1470,
291,
336,
830,
327,
2865,
70,
354,
5643,
1778,
8189,
538,
45,
830,
2359,
437,
1290,
739,
2564,
458,
2919,
2813,
360,
3411,
1321,
10756,
786,
372,
291,
284,
1387,
285,
631,
3862,
687,
579,
417,
74,
278,
357,
1058,
761,
291,
2278,
600,
3685,
637,
2444,
1053,
942,
523,
35,
1680,
337,
1856,
336,
360,
261,
4723,
2425,
35,
203,
47,
1406,
291,
2388,
825,
203,
37,
1774,
289,
268,
711,
9451,
515,
292,
1927,
2896,
341,
261,
382,
1224,
83,
17,
503,
2249,
1859,
1974,
427,
268,
10849,
3779,
336,
382,
1224,
83,
528,
292,
327,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
1039,
462,
2915,
18,
382,
1224,
83,
375,
327,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
695,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
361,
7683,
17,
5619,
70,
18,
553,
375,
437,
723,
1944,
289,
877,
825,
337,
1333,
18,
203,
8679,
2896,
16,
268,
4657,
1199,
289,
268,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
7201,
8814,
292,
327,
1165,
687,
3890,
18,
365,
839,
278,
1822,
300,
1859,
421,
1389,
1069,
1475,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
695,
17,
74,
271,
13,
528,
712,
5635,
3619,
2084,
288,
1024,
31,
362,
372,
87,
261,
1040,
1783,
1412,
331,
4525,
17,
10678,
6161,
3136,
621,
9466,
18,
1163,
1671,
372,
87,
268,
1676,
30,
2896,
341,
268,
839,
278,
1822,
300,
1859,
2963,
11976,
1627,
1040,
543,
700,
7780,
2031,
1814,
16,
1803,
10227,
11073,
1626,
18,
203,
51,
411,
922,
528,
2853,
336,
1024,
375,
6614,
2564,
261,
7683,
17,
5619,
70,
1859,
16,
767,
1291,
382,
1224,
83,
9613,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
1147,
16,
8201,
1124,
786,
1024,
421,
69,
2466,
1722,
289,
2912,
13,
4046,
341,
261,
2553,
9,
5985,
1859,
18,
365,
1024,
3673,
2146,
291,
3808,
1471,
332,
289,
1759,
661,
291,
6486,
3696,
18,
994,
664,
688,
2804,
2031,
1814,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
1147,
16,
268,
1945,
664,
261,
1936,
3684,
16,
1722,
2211,
17,
3202,
18,
365,
1147,
5635,
1391,
8555,
30,
203,
17,
6638,
17,
74,
271,
16,
695,
17,
5619,
70,
30,
3039,
17,
4928,
9,
877,
825,
16,
2553,
9,
2272,
16,
731,
9,
3106,
203,
17,
6638,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
1488,
17,
74,
271,
18,
4960,
292,
731,
9,
877,
825,
16,
2553,
9,
2272,
16,
291,
3039,
9,
3106,
421,
8891,
372,
87,
261,
1774,
289,
3106,
13,
203,
17,
6638,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
695,
17,
74,
271,
18,
4960,
292,
731,
9,
5985,
16,
4306,
9,
2272,
16,
291,
731,
9,
3106,
203,
37,
660,
289,
268,
2303,
3673,
2146,
430,
268,
1162,
2288,
291,
686,
664,
688,
1297,
3692,
430,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1147,
18,
11241,
289,
268,
2303,
850,
723,
1670,
1626,
30,
579,
289,
622,
3864,
9491,
361,
644,
3516,
5615,
87,
16,
566,
331,
710,
2896,
362,
454,
794,
2340,
18,
2491,
597,
1859,
850,
723,
512,
2411,
6339,
687,
723,
586,
1859,
18,
3536,
4280,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
695,
17,
74,
271,
375,
327,
1039,
352,
991,
87,
9124,
6,
352,
695,
17,
5619,
70,
16,
1488,
17,
74,
271,
18,
203,
10562,
717,
337,
3707,
4622,
288,
2146,
1866,
4479,
16,
1671,
743,
261,
2911,
289,
268,
2495,
18,
365,
5269,
9217,
336,
538,
39,
324,
1423,
2495,
4299,
336,
3808,
2146,
3985,
375,
327,
5484,
288,
658,
6302,
361,
1124,
786,
1024,
291,
11146,
2715,
379,
9640,
289,
268,
6456,
1554,
1345,
747,
4385,
289,
261,
3544,
17,
270,
983,
1859,
1053,
3526,
3532,
30,
2896,
375,
4987,
2146,
688,
2667,
768,
6729,
289,
444,
1859,
1974,
427,
3106,
16,
877,
825,
16,
291,
2272,
18,
203,
47,
1406,
375,
327,
9170,
1702,
341,
261,
7683,
17,
5619,
70,
1859,
16,
291,
382,
1224,
83,
375,
2619,
327,
336,
1859,
18,
6972,
8584,
291,
5260,
10071,
356,
424,
3295,
18,
418,
2543,
1200,
572,
87,
356,
424,
3295,
18,
8051,
1488,
17,
5619,
70,
8555,
1276,
462,
327,
1312,
331,
2896,
16,
566,
336,
2752,
372,
88,
1555,
382,
1224,
83,
316,
1070,
268,
3438,
18,
203,
55,
1084,
439,
6941,
1301,
4619,
500,
331,
4109,
203,
5139,
585,
591,
4817,
372,
88,
1039,
3351,
341,
261,
3513,
3664,
16,
291,
502,
565,
437,
579,
1755,
6596,
1470,
18,
1163,
362,
372,
87,
2619,
1522,
292,
5527,
516,
289,
1014,
360,
382,
1224,
83,
18,
203,
39,
280,
71,
1231,
316,
2467,
851,
331,
1024,
16,
1803,
5934,
421,
1624,
83,
356,
512,
1792,
292,
709,
9066,
389,
283,
2213,
361,
586,
4031,
1626,
2135,
288,
943,
802,
413,
6574,
316,
261,
382,
1224,
83,
10855,
1494,
291,
579,
2896,
565,
1039,
4787,
360,
362,
18,
1163,
717,
424,
87,
1373,
372,
88,
16,
5833,
427,
5594,
421,
11192,
17,
263,
9986,
291,
269,
485,
967,
13,
291,
5658,
93,
2278,
4059,
316,
512,
7493,
541,
687,
5833,
427,
7830,
18,
203,
45,
1554,
7749,
316,
1803,
1792,
1694,
1024,
650,
356,
658,
6302,
361,
1124,
786,
18,
1245,
2964,
16,
629,
1024,
2564,
352,
1111,
4202,
352,
4421,
3722,
16,
566,
268,
1488,
17,
7608,
4095,
288,
444,
1073,
7893,
622,
427,
3593,
4461,
291,
1001,
268,
4202,
18,
365,
2966,
3422,
372,
88,
512,
6277,
4202,
31,
362,
372,
87,
5457,
268,
4095,
18,
203,
48,
329,
6541,
413,
3985,
316,
261,
1676,
331,
4421,
650,
4417,
87,
710,
289,
444,
669,
10402,
18,
330,
739,
602,
327,
6541,
413,
4630,
747,
919,
717,
615,
2146,
316,
2910,
18,
365,
1274,
2088,
289,
6541,
413,
316,
5522,
30,
4671,
424,
2896,
2856,
292,
1152,
5,
203,
2865,
51,
47,
16,
566,
784,
565,
334,
4114,
365,
81,
292,
10554,
553,
35,
203,
39,
311,
700,
3635,
10161,
427,
6596,
3529,
16,
1515,
2104,
2682,
360,
2896,
316,
268,
1722,
17,
1063,
1676,
289,
2657,
622,
292,
2564,
444,
4059,
288,
268,
855,
1349,
18,
1256,
768,
608,
934,
502,
886,
430,
1166,
35,
4010,
502,
886,
430,
444,
3295,
372,
6538,
35,
11898,
946,
6204,
444,
4056,
292,
327,
1261,
352,
268,
445,
2415,
83,
382,
1224,
83,
4056,
650,
372,
87,
2270,
723,
1083,
971,
1353,
375,
372,
88,
437,
4281,
93,
18,
203,
41,
604,
4056,
316,
865,
16,
291,
953,
5463,
528,
261,
865,
1075,
289,
2694,
6813,
291,
7020,
822,
291,
8862,
4548,
18,
203,
11872,
2124,
576,
1904,
5333,
2865,
203,
17,
382,
1344,
1178,
9517,
18,
10554,
1060,
934,
288,
3775,
289,
424,
2896,
291,
804,
362,
1763,
336,
337,
2622,
362,
18,
3818,
372,
88,
977,
4059,
352,
1890,
319,
1248,
336,
502,
437,
292,
2564,
292,
538,
521,
82,
537,
295,
368,
3289,
18,
203,
17,
450,
90,
6156,
2896,
288,
268,
6052,
833,
18,
3023,
622,
886,
444,
3237,
295,
7682,
18,
203,
17,
5976,
291,
6443,
3285,
292,
733,
2334,
18,
7771,
261,
934,
528,
292,
327,
5251,
292,
261,
739,
1520,
1708,
1134,
268,
739,
513,
2644,
362,
18,
4820,
1489,
4059,
1568,
16,
1328,
649,
4236,
2334,
356,
1018,
4519,
16,
3675,
261,
739,
372,
87,
6464,
822,
292,
2644,
622,
2135,
18,
203,
17,
418,
2385,
801,
3566,
18,
8774,
2980,
363,
10220,
331,
70,
5477,
977,
1039,
1892,
362,
512,
8678,
16,
291,
337,
375,
372,
88,
1357,
424,
2896,
372,
1859,
11162,
18,
540,
1147,
986,
336,
7947,
1842,
261,
934,
1039,
1146,
2896,
2564,
512,
289,
362,
649,
502,
5880,
3864,
444,
3237,
341,
362,
18,
1256,
2896,
421,
274,
1695,
8827,
13,
650,
932,
644,
288,
2838,
3821,
17,
87,
4650,
934,
8492,
356,
512,
1792,
292,
709,
3104,
3741,
2135,
341,
18,
4096,
1908,
943,
17,
11692,
1981,
7470,
16,
362,
372,
87,
10801,
4787,
291,
2910,
331,
2896,
292
] |
The sun is a powerful presence in our lives, providing warmth, light, and energy. From the dawn of time, it has been a symbol of hope, strength, and renewal. It’s no wonder that the sun is often referenced in the Bible, with verses highlighting its importance in both a physical and spiritual sense.
Whether you’re seeking guidance, inspiration, or simply a deeper understanding of the sun’s significance, these Bible verses about the sun are sure to uplift and enlighten you.
Let’s take a closer look at some of these beautiful and insightful passages.
Bible Verses About the Sun
“Then God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years; and let them be for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth”; and it was so. God made the two great lights, the greater light to govern the day, and the lesser light to govern the night; He made the stars also.”
This verse highlights the creation of the sun as one of the lights in the expanse of the heavens. It emphasizes the purpose of the sun to give light on the earth and govern the day.
“Their line has gone out through all the earth, And their utterances to the end of the world. In them He has placed a tent for the sun, Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber; It rejoices as a strong man to run his course. Its rising is from one end of the heavens, And its circuit to the other end of them; And there is nothing hidden from its heat.”
This Psalm describes the sun as a magnificent part of God’s creation. It likens the sun to a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, representing its beauty and strength. The verse also emphasizes the sun’s pervasive presence and its ability to bring warmth and light to all corners of the earth.
“The sun rises and the sun sets, and hurries back to where it rises.”
This verse in Ecclesiastes acknowledges the cyclical nature of the sun’s movements. It highlights how the sun rises and sets, only to rise again. It reflects the constancy and predictability in the natural order established by God.
“But when the sun came up, the plants were scorched, and they withered because they had no root.”
In this parable shared by Jesus, the sun represents the scorching heat that withers the plants. It symbolizes the challenges and hardships that can hinder growth and spiritual development if not rooted in the truth of God’s Word.
“And He was transfigured before them; and His face shone like the sun, and His garments became as white as light.”
During the transfiguration of Jesus, His face shone like the sun, radiating divine glory. This event revealed His true nature and identity as the Son of God. It emphasizes His divine light and the radiance of His presence.
“Jesus answered, “Are there not twelve hours in the day? If anyone walks in the day, he does not stumble, because he sees the light of this world. But if anyone walks in the night, he stumbles, because the light is not in him.””
Jesus uses the analogy of the daylight to explain the importance of walking in the light of His teachings and presence. Just as the sun provides visibility and guidance during the day, following Jesus brings clarity and avoids stumbling in the darkness of the world.
“Then Jesus again spoke to them, saying, “I am the Light of the world; he who follows Me will not walk in the darkness but will have the Light of life.””
Jesus describes Himself as the Light of the world, highlighting His role in dispelling spiritual darkness and bringing eternal life. Following Jesus guarantees a life filled with His divine light, leading us away from darkness and into the truth.
“For the Lord God is a sun and shield; The Lord gives grace and glory; No good thing does He withhold from those who walk uprightly.”
In this Psalm, the Lord is compared to a sun and shield, representing His role as a source of light and protection. It assures that those who walk uprightly will receive His grace, glory, and abundant blessings.
“But for you who fear My name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings; and you will go forth and skip about like calves from the stall.”
This verse promises that for those who fear the Lord, the sun of righteousness will rise, bringing healing and restoration. It portrays the joy and freedom that comes with God’s presence, likening it to the energetic skipping of calves.
“The sun to rule by day, For His lovingkindness is everlasting.”
This Psalm recognizes the sun as one of God’s creations set to rule by day. It emphasizes that this arrangement showcases God’s eternal lovingkindness and provision for His creation.
“For the sun rises with a scorching wind and withers the grass; and its flower falls off and the beauty of its appearance is destroyed; so too the rich man in the midst of his pursuits will fade away.”
This verse uses the analogy of the sun withering the grass to illustrate the transient nature of worldly pursuits. Just as the sun fades the beauty of the grass, material wealth and earthly treasures will fade away, highlighting the temporal nature of such pursuits.
“From the rising of the sun to its setting, the name of the Lord is to be praised.”
This verse calls for the praise of the Lord from the rising of the sun to its setting. It reminds us that God’s name is worthy of constant praise and worship throughout the entire day, from dawn to dusk.
“Your sun will no longer set, nor will your moon wane; for you will have the Lord as your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning will be over.”
This verse prophesies a future state where the sun will no longer set, and the Lord will be an everlasting light. It promises that in this redeemed state, there will be no more mourning or darkness, underscoring the eternal joy and light found in God’s presence.
“Praise Him, sun and moon; praise Him, all you shining stars!”
This verse calls upon the sun, moon, and stars to join in praising the Lord. It highlights the vastness and diversity of creation that is called to worship and acknowledge the greatness of God.
“So, the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, until the nation avenged themselves of their enemies. Is it not written in the book of Jashar? And the sun stopped in the middle of the sky and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day.”
During Joshua’s battle against his enemies, the sun stood still for about a whole day, demonstrating God’s miraculous intervention. This verse showcases God’s authority and power over the heavenly bodies, emphasizing His role in fulfilling His purposes and aiding His people.
“And the city has no need of the sun or of the moon to shine on it, for the glory of God has illumined it, and its lamp is the Lamb.”
This verse describes the New Jerusalem, where the glory of God illumines the city, replacing the need for the sun or moon. It signifies the ultimate fulfillment of God’s presence, where His light is all-sufficient, making the city radiant and glorious.
2 Samuel 23:4
“He is as the light of the morning when the sun rises, a morning without clouds, When the tender grass springs out of the earth, Through sunshine after rain.”
Describing the faithfulness of God, this verse likens Him to the light of the morning when the sun rises. It portrays God’s reliability and renewing power that brings forth new life and growth, just like the tender grass after rain.
“Yours is the day, Yours also is the night; You have prepared the light and the sun.”
This verse acknowledges God’s sovereignty over both day and night. It recognizes that God is the one who has prepared the light and the sun, showcasing His role in establishing and maintaining the order and rhythm of the universe.
“But the path of the righteous is like the light of dawn, that shines brighter and brighter until the full day.”
This proverb likens the path of the righteous to the light of dawn that progressively shines brighter until the full day. It signifies the continuous growth, spiritual enlightenment, and increasing understanding that comes with following the ways of righteousness.
“so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven; for He causes His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous.”
In Jesus’ teaching on loving one’s enemies, He highlights God’s impartiality in providing for both the evil and the good. Just as the sun rises on all, regardless of their actions, God extends His blessings, such as rain, to both the righteous and unrighteous.
“You alone are the Lord. You have made the heavens, The heaven of heavens with all their host, The earth and all that is on it, The seas and all that is in them. You give life to all of them And the heavenly host bows down before You.”
This verse acknowledges God as the creator of the heavens, the earth, and everything in them. It emphasizes His power and authority over all creation, including the sun, which is a testament to His glory. The verse also highlights the celestial beings’ reverence and worship before Him.
“The Lord is high above all nations; His glory is above the heavens. Who is like the Lord our God, Who is enthroned on high, Who humbles Himself to behold The things that are in heaven and in the earth?”
These verses exalt the Lord’s greatness and supremacy above all nations and the heavens. They depict God’s humbling nature, as He still pays attention to the affairs of both heaven and earth, despite His lofty position. The sun, being part of His creation, serves as a reminder of His majestic sovereignty.
“He made the moon for the seasons; The sun knows the place of its setting.”
Psalm 104 praises God for His marvelous works in creation. This verse specifically acknowledges God’s design in creating the moon to mark the seasons and sets the sun’s position at its setting. It reveals God’s intricate planning and ordering of the celestial bodies.
“But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will be falling from heaven, and the powers in the heavens will be shaken.”
Jesus speaks about the signs preceding His coming and the end times. He describes a time of great upheaval and cosmic events, including the sun being darkened and the moon not giving its light. These events foreshadow the culmination of God’s plan and the return of Christ.
Also Read: 20+ Important Bible Verses About Acceptance
What Does the Bible Say About the Sun?
In the Bible, the sun is mentioned several times, and its significance varies throughout different passages. The sun is often used symbolically and metaphorically to convey various spiritual and moral lessons. Let’s explore what the Bible says about the sun.
1. Creation: In the book of Genesis, the Bible describes how God created the heavens and the earth, including the sun, on the fourth day of creation (Genesis 1:14-19). This creation account emphasizes the importance of the sun as the ruler of the day and the source of light.
2. Metaphorical Use: The sun is frequently used metaphorically to represent God’s glory and righteousness. In Psalm 84:11, it is said, “For the Lord God is our sun and our shield. He gives us grace and glory. The Lord will withhold no good thing from those who do what is right.” Here, the sun symbolizes God’s provision and protection.
3. Celestial Signs: In the New Testament, particularly in the Gospels, the sun is mentioned in the context of celestial signs and eschatology. In Matthew 24:29-30, Jesus speaks of the sun being darkened and the moon not giving its light as signs that will precede His second coming.
4. Healing and Restoration: In the book of Malachi, there is a reference to the “sun of righteousness” (Malachi 4:2). This phrase is often interpreted as a reference to the coming of the Messiah, who brings healing and spiritual restoration.
5. The Sun’s Role in Nature: Throughout the Bible, the sun’s role in sustaining life on Earth is acknowledged. It provides light, warmth, and the changing seasons, all of which are seen as part of God’s creation.
Overall, the Bible uses the sun to convey various spiritual and metaphorical meanings, emphasizing God’s creative power, glory, and role in sustaining life. It also alludes to the sun in the context of prophetic and eschatological events. Understanding these references helps us appreciate the rich symbolism and imagery present in biblical texts. | <urn:uuid:fefd2425-302f-4366-babd-da0458cd1811> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://prayingthegospels.com/bible-verses-about-the-sun/ | 2024-02-22T16:24:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.940279 | 2,868 | 2.75 | 3 | [
1461,
2045,
316,
261,
3184,
3550,
288,
662,
2136,
16,
2352,
2961,
262,
16,
1360,
16,
291,
1138,
18,
2519,
268,
295,
9801,
289,
669,
16,
362,
528,
712,
261,
2864,
289,
3571,
16,
2166,
16,
291,
3946,
280,
18,
553,
372,
87,
688,
5144,
336,
268,
2045,
316,
970,
2006,
2585,
288,
268,
6340,
16,
360,
2277,
274,
10975,
606,
2557,
288,
1079,
261,
1646,
291,
4678,
2266,
18,
203,
59,
781,
411,
337,
372,
267,
4840,
4587,
16,
8991,
16,
361,
2842,
261,
5037,
1616,
289,
268,
2045,
372,
87,
4489,
16,
629,
6340,
2277,
274,
608,
268,
2045,
356,
1850,
292,
10106,
2996,
291,
403,
2239,
270,
337,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
1071,
261,
5941,
1500,
430,
579,
289,
629,
4532,
291,
6818,
703,
1464,
1172,
18,
203,
38,
801,
720,
332,
274,
4844,
268,
5147,
203,
6069,
2422,
270,
2008,
1211,
16,
538,
48,
364,
686,
327,
6228,
288,
268,
771,
282,
401,
289,
268,
2695,
614,
292,
4514,
268,
1196,
427,
268,
3018,
16,
291,
2053,
622,
327,
331,
3085,
291,
331,
10502,
291,
331,
1962,
291,
935,
31,
291,
2053,
622,
327,
331,
6228,
288,
268,
771,
282,
401,
289,
268,
2695,
614,
292,
1888,
1360,
341,
268,
3239,
537,
31,
291,
362,
454,
576,
18,
2008,
1146,
268,
881,
1312,
6228,
16,
268,
2796,
1360,
292,
1334,
268,
1196,
16,
291,
268,
1165,
265,
1360,
292,
1334,
268,
3018,
31,
915,
1146,
268,
6398,
525,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
7739,
268,
4314,
289,
268,
2045,
352,
597,
289,
268,
6228,
288,
268,
771,
282,
401,
289,
268,
2695,
614,
18,
553,
10393,
268,
3094,
289,
268,
2045,
292,
1888,
1360,
341,
268,
3239,
291,
1334,
268,
1196,
18,
203,
6069,
1461,
338,
2137,
528,
7277,
628,
734,
516,
268,
3239,
16,
1256,
444,
8917,
345,
1427,
292,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
887,
18,
450,
622,
915,
528,
4087,
261,
225,
4265,
331,
268,
2045,
16,
6832,
316,
352,
261,
741,
496,
75,
2275,
4028,
628,
289,
615,
10466,
31,
553,
304,
78,
83,
974,
352,
261,
1806,
532,
292,
1673,
615,
1911,
18,
3837,
6557,
316,
427,
597,
1199,
289,
268,
2695,
614,
16,
1256,
606,
5844,
292,
268,
586,
1199,
289,
622,
31,
1256,
686,
316,
4220,
7010,
427,
606,
2164,
1053,
203,
4326,
382,
87,
280,
81,
6579,
268,
2045,
352,
261,
4275,
708,
302,
923,
289,
2008,
372,
87,
4314,
18,
553,
1611,
614,
268,
2045,
292,
261,
741,
496,
75,
2275,
4028,
628,
289,
615,
10466,
16,
9108,
606,
5115,
291,
2166,
18,
365,
2277,
73,
525,
10393,
268,
2045,
372,
87,
574,
11180,
3550,
291,
606,
1882,
292,
2477,
2961,
262,
291,
1360,
292,
516,
9992,
289,
268,
3239,
18,
203,
6069,
1461,
2045,
976,
274,
291,
268,
2045,
5275,
16,
291,
296,
324,
3589,
1103,
292,
853,
362,
976,
274,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
288,
416,
916,
736,
77,
603,
274,
8083,
940,
268,
10534,
466,
2075,
289,
268,
2045,
372,
87,
4793,
18,
553,
7739,
667,
268,
2045,
976,
274,
291,
5275,
16,
794,
292,
3573,
1221,
18,
553,
8490,
268,
353,
503,
3015,
291,
4003,
4658,
288,
268,
1493,
1544,
3413,
419,
2008,
18,
203,
6069,
11207,
649,
268,
2045,
2913,
644,
16,
268,
1648,
664,
646,
283,
7713,
16,
291,
502,
360,
2142,
971,
502,
850,
688,
3382,
1053,
203,
2983,
456,
677,
541,
4244,
419,
3912,
16,
268,
2045,
5064,
268,
646,
283,
4904,
2164,
336,
360,
332,
268,
1648,
18,
553,
2864,
2692,
268,
2219,
291,
296,
1519,
4823,
336,
375,
296,
4966,
1668,
291,
4678,
1208,
717,
462,
3382,
286,
288,
268,
4755,
289,
2008,
372,
87,
7461,
18,
203,
6069,
10562,
915,
454,
817,
74,
2833,
72,
1134,
622,
31,
291,
1869,
2425,
422,
590,
730,
268,
2045,
16,
291,
1869,
4761,
652,
2457,
352,
2398,
352,
1360,
1053,
203,
40,
714,
268,
817,
74,
333,
6386,
289,
3912,
16,
1869,
2425,
422,
590,
730,
268,
2045,
16,
9163,
673,
9569,
1062,
961,
18,
540,
2282,
6351,
1869,
2915,
2075,
291,
4328,
352,
268,
11579,
289,
2008,
18,
553,
10393,
1869,
9569,
1360,
291,
268,
2010,
3275,
289,
1869,
3550,
18,
203,
6069,
46,
3777,
2369,
2142,
16,
538,
37,
267,
686,
462,
808,
10776,
2575,
288,
268,
1196,
35,
829,
4421,
2599,
530,
288,
268,
1196,
16,
431,
1082,
462,
269,
4195,
665,
16,
971,
431,
10238,
268,
1360,
289,
456,
887,
18,
1163,
717,
4421,
2599,
530,
288,
268,
3018,
16,
431,
269,
4195,
3865,
16,
971,
268,
1360,
316,
462,
288,
1547,
1053,
537,
203,
46,
3777,
2600,
268,
10102,
93,
289,
268,
1196,
2239,
292,
4345,
268,
2557,
289,
5744,
288,
268,
1360,
289,
1869,
11858,
291,
3550,
18,
4500,
352,
268,
2045,
1956,
11882,
291,
4587,
995,
268,
1196,
16,
1685,
3912,
6044,
9371,
291,
1833,
87,
269,
4195,
4722,
288,
268,
3334,
822,
289,
268,
887,
18,
203,
6069,
2422,
270,
3912,
1221,
10662,
292,
622,
16,
5390,
16,
538,
45,
792,
268,
7029,
289,
268,
887,
31,
431,
650,
5691,
2172,
513,
462,
4429,
288,
268,
3334,
822,
566,
513,
437,
268,
7029,
289,
943,
1053,
537,
203,
46,
3777,
6579,
10062,
2046,
352,
268,
7029,
289,
268,
887,
16,
10975,
1869,
1476,
288,
4016,
2515,
4678,
3334,
822,
291,
6875,
303,
3739,
943,
18,
7890,
3912,
5748,
9704,
261,
943,
6043,
360,
1869,
9569,
1360,
16,
2469,
407,
2014,
427,
3334,
822,
291,
636,
268,
4755,
18,
203,
6069,
8679,
268,
5261,
2008,
316,
261,
2045,
291,
11980,
31,
365,
5261,
3581,
10224,
291,
1062,
961,
31,
2491,
1060,
2810,
1082,
915,
360,
3010,
427,
1014,
650,
4429,
644,
8429,
325,
1053,
203,
2983,
456,
382,
87,
280,
81,
16,
268,
5261,
316,
2973,
292,
261,
2045,
291,
11980,
16,
9108,
1869,
1476,
352,
261,
2088,
289,
1360,
291,
2759,
18,
553,
780,
889,
336,
1014,
650,
4429,
644,
8429,
325,
513,
3273,
1869,
10224,
16,
1062,
961,
16,
291,
9343,
8871,
762,
18,
203,
6069,
11207,
331,
337,
650,
3541,
3491,
1932,
16,
268,
2045,
289,
384,
396,
359,
499,
822,
513,
3573,
360,
5457,
288,
606,
9509,
31,
291,
337,
513,
679,
8141,
291,
885,
517,
608,
730,
1534,
973,
427,
268,
471,
453,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
1415,
2329,
336,
331,
1014,
650,
3541,
268,
5261,
16,
268,
2045,
289,
384,
396,
359,
499,
822,
513,
3573,
16,
6875,
5457,
291,
8369,
18,
553,
9365,
638,
268,
7276,
291,
4494,
336,
1974,
360,
2008,
372,
87,
3550,
16,
1611,
1981,
362,
292,
268,
403,
7022,
410,
885,
5566,
289,
1534,
973,
18,
203,
6069,
1461,
2045,
292,
4129,
419,
1196,
16,
906,
1869,
4111,
281,
9546,
822,
316,
2577,
80,
3261,
1053,
203,
4326,
382,
87,
280,
81,
1920,
2692,
268,
2045,
352,
597,
289,
2008,
372,
87,
847,
500,
1075,
292,
4129,
419,
1196,
18,
553,
10393,
336,
456,
11376,
7273,
936,
2008,
372,
87,
303,
3739,
4111,
281,
9546,
822,
291,
8970,
331,
1869,
4314,
18,
203,
6069,
8679,
268,
2045,
976,
274,
360,
261,
646,
283,
4904,
2206,
291,
360,
332,
268,
4594,
31,
291,
606,
6994,
7244,
1070,
291,
268,
5115,
289,
606,
4643,
316,
7809,
31,
576,
1232,
268,
2941,
532,
288,
268,
4188,
503,
289,
615,
4541,
3179,
513,
284,
783,
2014,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
2600,
268,
10102,
93,
289,
268,
2045,
360,
1489,
268,
4594,
292,
11380,
268,
817,
747,
2075,
289,
887,
325,
4541,
3179,
18,
4500,
352,
268,
2045,
284,
2306,
268,
5115,
289,
268,
4594,
16,
1193,
4740,
291,
3239,
325,
1442,
10585,
513,
284,
783,
2014,
16,
10975,
268,
9161,
280,
2075,
289,
659,
4541,
3179,
18,
203,
6069,
42,
409,
268,
6557,
289,
268,
2045,
292,
606,
2652,
16,
268,
1932,
289,
268,
5261,
316,
292,
327,
9636,
1754,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
6022,
331,
268,
9636,
758,
289,
268,
5261,
427,
268,
6557,
289,
268,
2045,
292,
606,
2652,
18,
553,
7167,
87,
407,
336,
2008,
372,
87,
1932,
316,
3760,
93,
289,
3453,
9636,
758,
291,
8945,
2309,
268,
2414,
1196,
16,
427,
295,
9801,
292,
295,
310,
79,
18,
203,
6069,
61,
455,
2045,
513,
688,
2473,
1075,
16,
3112,
513,
424,
6605,
276,
1805,
31,
331,
337,
513,
437,
268,
5261,
352,
424,
2577,
80,
3261,
1360,
16,
291,
268,
1962,
289,
424,
293,
455,
668,
513,
327,
658,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
10744,
274,
423,
261,
1571,
1247,
853,
268,
2045,
513,
688,
2473,
1075,
16,
291,
268,
5261,
513,
327,
363,
2577,
80,
3261,
1360,
18,
553,
1415,
2329,
336,
288,
456,
304,
864,
10570,
1247,
16,
686,
513,
327,
688,
512,
293,
455,
668,
361,
3334,
822,
16,
4277,
71,
2974,
268,
303,
3739,
7276,
291,
1360,
986,
288,
2008,
372,
87,
3550,
18,
203,
6069,
52,
1209,
758,
10062,
16,
2045,
291,
6605,
31,
9636,
758,
10062,
16,
516,
337,
422,
2165,
6398,
9730,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
6022,
2807,
268,
2045,
16,
6605,
16,
291,
6398,
292,
3743,
288,
9636,
2252,
268,
5261,
18,
553,
7739,
268,
4597,
822,
291,
4674,
289,
4314,
336,
316,
1478,
292,
8945,
291,
9821,
268,
1312,
822,
289,
2008,
18,
203,
6069,
55,
83,
16,
268,
2045,
10647,
1356,
16,
291,
268,
6605,
9458,
16,
2035,
268,
3501,
261,
592,
2292,
2315,
289,
444,
403,
11560,
18,
1358,
362,
462,
3245,
288,
268,
2077,
289,
596,
1219,
294,
35,
1256,
268,
2045,
9458,
288,
268,
4067,
289,
268,
6476,
291,
1535,
462,
528,
506,
292,
679,
1190,
331,
608,
261,
2399,
1196,
1053,
203,
40,
714,
6250,
76,
7698,
372,
87,
5533,
1573,
615,
403,
11560,
16,
268,
2045,
10647,
1356,
331,
608,
261,
2399,
1196,
16,
2988,
673,
2008,
372,
87,
6050,
313,
9976,
5496,
18,
540,
2277,
73,
7273,
936,
2008,
372,
87,
5442,
291,
1056,
658,
268,
10913,
325,
3910,
16,
3572,
1790,
1869,
1476,
288,
5717,
3287,
1869,
4309,
291,
261,
3642,
1869,
689,
18,
203,
6069,
10562,
268,
2349,
528,
688,
648,
289,
268,
2045,
361,
289,
268,
6605,
292,
422,
475,
341,
362,
16,
331,
268,
1062,
961,
289,
2008,
528,
1930,
408,
1451,
362,
16,
291,
606,
308,
1705,
316,
268,
458,
4335,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
6579,
268,
1525,
10542,
16,
853,
268,
1062,
961,
289,
2008,
1930,
408,
967,
268,
2349,
16,
10418,
268,
648,
331,
268,
2045,
361,
6605,
18,
553,
823,
7030,
268,
9376,
10176,
367,
289,
2008,
372,
87,
3550,
16,
853,
1869,
1360,
316,
516,
17,
7134,
3193,
16,
1355,
268,
2349,
2010,
4471,
291,
1062,
283,
702,
18,
203,
22,
5690,
2394,
5450,
30,
24,
203,
6069,
8472,
316,
352,
268,
1360,
289,
268,
5283,
649,
268,
2045,
976,
274,
16,
261,
5283,
1298,
11012,
16,
1097,
268,
11467,
4594,
4143,
762,
628,
289,
268,
3239,
16,
3797,
2045,
2683,
475,
1003,
3653,
1053,
203,
40,
274,
1696,
281,
268,
4780,
5539,
289,
2008,
16,
456,
2277,
73,
1611,
614,
10062,
292,
268,
1360,
289,
268,
5283,
649,
268,
2045,
976,
274,
18,
553,
9365,
638,
2008,
372,
87,
8331,
291,
3946,
281,
1056,
336,
6044,
8141,
733,
943,
291,
1668,
16,
1039,
730,
268,
11467,
4594,
1003,
3653,
18,
203,
6069,
61,
1913,
316,
268,
1196,
16,
663,
1913,
525,
316,
268,
3018,
31,
990,
437,
4647,
268,
1360,
291,
268,
2045,
1053,
203,
4326,
2277,
73,
8083,
940,
2008,
372,
87,
10829,
562,
658,
1079,
1196,
291,
3018,
18,
553,
1920,
2692,
336,
2008,
316,
268,
597,
650,
528,
4647,
268,
1360,
291,
268,
2045,
16,
7273,
1625,
1869,
1476,
288,
8213,
291,
3539,
268,
1544,
291,
9724,
289,
268,
6601,
18,
203,
6069,
11207,
268,
2363,
289,
268,
384,
396,
359,
499,
316,
730,
268,
1360,
289,
295,
9801,
16,
336,
422,
967,
741,
6627,
291,
741,
6627,
2035,
268,
2052,
1196,
1053,
203,
4326,
347,
357,
70,
1611,
614,
268,
2363,
289,
268,
384,
396,
359,
499,
292,
268,
1360,
289,
295,
9801,
336,
2674,
2084,
422,
967,
741,
6627,
2035,
268,
2052,
1196,
18,
553,
823,
7030,
268,
5674,
1668,
16,
4678,
403,
2239,
270,
367,
16,
291,
2204,
1616,
336,
1974,
360,
1685,
268,
1714,
289,
384,
396,
359,
499,
822,
18,
203,
6069,
510,
336,
337,
602,
327,
269,
625,
289,
424,
11179,
650,
316,
288,
10913,
31,
331,
915
] |
In an era defined by escalating environmental concerns, the pursuit of sustainable and renewable energy solutions has become paramount. Enter “Green Light Energy,” a powerful beacon of hope that promises to revolutionize the way we generate and consume power. In this blog, we embark on an enlightening journey into the world of green light energy—a realm fueled by the relentless pursuit of clean, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. As we uncover the essence of green light energy, its diverse technologies, global impact, and the transformative potential it holds for a greener future, we invite you to join us on a path of discovery and empowerment. Together, let’s explore how green light energy is shaping a brighter, more sustainable world for all.
Understanding Green Light Energy
Green light energy is a revolutionary approach to power generation that prioritizes renewable resources and sustainability. Unlike conventional fossil fuels, green light energy harnesses the power of natural elements like sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat, and organic matter to create electricity. This clean and eco-friendly energy paradigm aims to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, combat climate change, and reduce our reliance on finite resources, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy future.
1 The Importance of Renewable Resources: At the heart of green light energy lies a rich tapestry of renewable resources. Solar energy captures the sun’s rays through photovoltaic cells, while wind energy employs turbines to transform the kinetic force of the wind into electricity. Hydroelectric power harnesses the force of flowing water to generate energy, while geothermal energy taps into the Earth’s internal heat. Additionally, biomass energy converts organic materials into fuel, further expanding the array of sustainable options available for meeting our energy needs.
2 Advantages of Green Light Energy: Green light energy offers a multitude of advantages that make it a compelling alternative to conventional energy sources. Foremost, it substantially reduces carbon emissions and air pollutants, mitigating the detrimental impacts of climate change. Embracing green light energy also fosters energy security by diversifying our energy mix and lessening our dependence on imported fossil fuels. Moreover, this renewable energy revolution drives innovation and job creation, propelling economies forward while safeguarding the environment for future generations.
Key Technologies Driving Green Light Energy
1 Solar Power: Solar power stands at the forefront of green light energy technologies. Photovoltaic (PV) cells harness sunlight and convert it into electricity, generating power with minimal environmental impact. Over the years, solar panel efficiency has seen remarkable advancements, making it a viable and accessible option for homes, businesses, and even large-scale solar farms. The proliferation of solar energy not only reduces carbon emissions but also empowers individuals and communities to become self-sufficient energy producers.
2 Wind Energy: Harnessing the inexhaustible power of the wind, wind energy has emerged as a dominant force in the green energy landscape. Giant wind turbines spin gracefully, transforming wind energy into electrical power. From onshore to offshore wind farms, this technology has revolutionized electricity generation, contributing significantly to global renewable energy capacity. As wind technology continues to evolve, its potential to provide a reliable and sustainable energy source becomes increasingly evident.
3 Hydroelectric Power: Drawing energy from moving water, hydroelectric power has a long history of generating clean electricity. Whether through large dams or run-of-the-river systems, hydroelectric plants convert the kinetic energy of water into a reliable and constant power supply. By leveraging the Earth’s water resources, hydroelectric energy plays a vital role in meeting the demands of an environmentally conscious world.
4 Geothermal Energy: Capitalizing on Earth’s natural heat reservoirs, geothermal energy taps into geysers, hot springs, and even volcanic regions to generate electricity. This renewable energy source provides a stable and consistent power supply, with minimal carbon emissions. As geothermal technology advances, it holds significant potential to serve as a reliable baseload energy source for regions seeking to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels.
5 Biomass Energy: Transforming organic materials such as agricultural waste, wood, and organic matter into energy, biomass energy is a versatile solution for sustainable power generation. Biomass can be converted into biogas, biofuels, or burned directly to produce electricity and heat. By utilizing waste materials that would otherwise decompose and emit greenhouse gases, biomass energy contributes to waste reduction and cleaner energy production.
In this section, we explore the innovations and advantages of these key technologies, each playing a vital role in driving the green light energy revolution forward. As these renewable resources combine forces, they form a potent arsenal in our fight against climate change and the quest for a cleaner, greener planet.
The Green Light Energy Revolution Around the World
1 Global Initiatives and Targets: The urgency of mitigating climate change has led to a surge in global initiatives aimed at promoting green light energy adoption. International agreements like the Paris Agreement have set ambitious targets to limit global warming, encouraging nations to transition towards renewable energy sources. Governments worldwide are formulating policies and regulations to incentivize clean energy investments and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Tracking progress towards these targets is crucial in assessing the collective efforts of the global community in combating climate change.
2 Leading Countries in Green Light Energy: Several nations have taken the lead in embracing green light energy, setting impressive examples for the rest of the world. Countries like Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland have made remarkable strides in renewable energy adoption and have achieved impressive proportions of their electricity generation from renewable sources. Through innovative policies, financial incentives, and public-private partnerships, these nations have demonstrated that transitioning to green light energy is not only feasible but also economically viable.
3 Challenges and Solutions: Despite the remarkable progress, the journey towards a greener energy landscape is not without its challenges. One of the major obstacles is the intermittency of certain renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which can hinder a stable and reliable energy supply. Additionally, transitioning from fossil fuels to green light energy requires significant investments in infrastructure and technology. Nevertheless, innovative solutions, such as energy storage technologies and grid modernization, are being developed to address these challenges. Collaboration between governments, industries, and communities is crucial to surmounting obstacles and achieving a sustainable energy future.
In this section, we explore the collective efforts of nations in embracing the green light energy revolution, the exemplary achievements of leading countries, and the challenges they face. By understanding the global landscape of green light energy adoption, we gain insights into the collective impact we can make when we unite as a global community to shape a more sustainable future. Together, we can usher in a new era of clean, abundant, and environmentally responsible energy practices that will define generations to come.
Embracing Green Light Energy in Daily Life
1 Residential Solutions: Transitioning to green light energy begins at home, and there are various ways individuals can contribute to a sustainable future. Installing solar panels on rooftops enables homeowners to harness the power of the sun and reduce reliance on grid-based electricity. Energy-efficient appliances and smart home technologies further optimize energy consumption, leading to reduced carbon footprints. Embracing energy-saving habits and adopting eco-friendly practices can collectively make a significant impact on energy conservation and environmental preservation.
2 Green Light Energy for Businesses: Businesses play a pivotal role in driving sustainable practices and shaping a green future. Companies can invest in renewable energy infrastructure and adopt green energy procurement strategies to power their operations. Implementing energy-efficient practices in manufacturing processes and supply chains can reduce both costs and environmental impacts. Moreover, promoting sustainability initiatives can enhance a company’s brand image and attract environmentally conscious customers.
3 Government Policies and Incentives: Governments worldwide have a critical role in facilitating the transition to green light energy. By offering financial incentives, tax breaks, and grants to businesses and individuals investing in renewable energy, governments can accelerate adoption rates. Policy frameworks supporting net-metering and feed-in tariffs empower homeowners and businesses to sell excess energy back to the grid, fostering a more inclusive and decentralized energy landscape. Transparent regulatory environments and collaborative partnerships between public and private sectors are essential in creating an enabling environment for sustainable energy adoption.
By embracing green light energy in our daily lives, we contribute to a collective movement towards a more sustainable future. From individual households to large corporations and governments, every stakeholder plays a vital role in advancing renewable energy adoption. Together, we can unlock the full potential of green light energy, illuminating a path towards environmental preservation, energy security, and a cleaner, brighter tomorrow. The choices we make today will shape the legacy we leave for generations to come. Let’s unite in our commitment to embrace green light energy and be the catalysts for positive change in our world.
In the face of an ever-pressing climate crisis, green light energy has emerged as the beacon of hope that illuminates a path towards a sustainable and cleaner future. This revolutionary approach to power generation prioritizes renewable resources and embraces eco-friendly technologies, steering us away from the perilous path of fossil fuels. As we explored the essence of green light energy, its diverse technologies, global impact, and transformative potential, one thing became abundantly clear: the power for change lies in our hands.
Green light energy, with its solar panels glistening under the sun, wind turbines gracefully spinning, and hydroelectric dams harnessing the force of water, embodies the essence of progress and innovation. It offers us the chance to reduce carbon emissions, protect our environment, and secure energy for generations to come. From leading nations setting remarkable examples to the challenges we collectively face, we are reminded that the pursuit of a greener world requires collaboration, determination, and visionary leadership.
The revolution of green light energy is not confined to the realms of governments and industries. It starts with every individual making sustainable choices, from embracing solar power at home to advocating for green practices in workplaces. Governments must continue their support through enabling policies and incentives, empowering the growth of renewable energy infrastructure.
As we conclude this journey into the realm of green light energy, we must remember that each step we take today shapes the world we leave for future generations. Together, we have the potential to pave a brighter future—one that is resilient, sustainable, and compassionate to our planet and its inhabitants. Let us embrace green light energy as a guiding beacon, casting away the shadows of the past and igniting a vibrant, cleaner world, ablaze with the promise of hope and progress.
The time for change is now. Let’s unite in our commitment to embrace green light energy and shine forth as stewards of the Earth, steering humanity towards a destiny of harmony and balance with nature. Together, we can light up the world with the brilliance of green light energy and ensure a legacy of sustainability for generations to come.
See the video below for more explanation
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Green Light Energy
What is green light energy?
Green light energy refers to a revolutionary approach to power generation that prioritizes renewable resources and sustainable practices. It harnesses the energy of natural elements like sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat, and biomass to produce clean and eco-friendly electricity, reducing carbon emissions and environmental impact.
How does green light energy differ from traditional fossil fuels?
Unlike traditional fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to climate change, green light energy utilizes renewable resources that are abundant and naturally replenished. This eco-friendly approach reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps combat the adverse effects of burning fossil fuels on the environment.
What are the key technologies driving green light energy?
The key technologies driving green light energy include solar power, wind energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass energy. Each technology harnesses specific natural resources to generate electricity in a sustainable manner.
How does solar power work, and how can I use it at home?
Solar power utilizes photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Installing solar panels on rooftops allows homeowners to harness solar energy and reduce reliance on grid-based electricity. It’s an eco-friendly way to generate power and potentially save on energy bills.
What are the advantages of green light energy?
Green light energy offers numerous advantages, including reduced carbon emissions, improved air quality, enhanced energy security, and job creation in the renewable energy sector. Embracing green light energy also leads to a more sustainable and resilient energy future.
Are there leading countries in green light energy adoption?
Yes, several countries have made significant strides in adopting green light energy. Nations like Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland are examples of countries that have successfully incorporated renewable energy sources into their energy mix.
How can individuals contribute to the green light energy revolution?
Individuals can contribute to the green light energy revolution in various ways. This includes installing solar panels at home, using energy-efficient appliances, adopting eco-friendly practices, and advocating for sustainable energy solutions in their communities.
What challenges does green light energy face?
Green light energy does face challenges, including the intermittency of certain renewable sources, the need for energy storage solutions, and initial infrastructure costs. However, innovative technologies and supportive policies are being developed to address these challenges and facilitate the transition to a greener energy landscape.
How can governments support green light energy adoption?
Governments can support green light energy adoption through policies and incentives, such as tax breaks, grants, and feed-in tariffs for renewable energy producers. By creating a favorable regulatory environment, governments can encourage businesses and individuals to invest in sustainable energy solutions.
Why is the green light energy revolution essential for our future?
The green light energy revolution is essential for our future because it offers a pathway to combat climate change, reduce pollution, and secure energy for generations to come. Embracing green light energy is a critical step towards creating a sustainable and harmonious relationship with our planet. | <urn:uuid:9f467530-181d-40f1-8c5a-32fd3a5a3f7a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://teckyenergy.com/embracing-the-green-light-energy-revolution/ | 2024-02-22T17:17:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.903372 | 2,846 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
2983,
363,
5253,
4486,
419,
4711,
280,
673,
2100,
3529,
16,
268,
11343,
289,
2742,
291,
5068,
1138,
2931,
528,
1343,
5585,
1252,
18,
10323,
538,
43,
2264,
7029,
4673,
1272,
261,
3184,
327,
11407,
289,
3571,
336,
1415,
2329,
292,
4076,
918,
268,
898,
445,
4522,
291,
5793,
1056,
18,
450,
456,
4634,
16,
445,
11628,
341,
363,
403,
2239,
1981,
3405,
636,
268,
887,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
1447,
69,
7897,
3307,
286,
419,
268,
711,
302,
1465,
11343,
289,
1886,
16,
7530,
17,
5350,
7408,
292,
2338,
5839,
6987,
18,
760,
445,
8565,
268,
8561,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
16,
606,
3596,
3041,
16,
2106,
1393,
16,
291,
268,
11458,
1439,
362,
5738,
331,
261,
1302,
814,
1571,
16,
445,
787,
674,
337,
292,
3743,
407,
341,
261,
2363,
289,
5906,
291,
5887,
367,
18,
10710,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
2408,
667,
2278,
1360,
1138,
316,
7919,
261,
741,
6627,
16,
512,
2742,
887,
331,
516,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
4510,
7029,
4673,
203,
43,
2264,
1360,
1138,
316,
261,
10988,
1563,
292,
1056,
4015,
336,
5996,
274,
5068,
1793,
291,
4952,
18,
6597,
6071,
5839,
6987,
16,
2278,
1360,
1138,
8696,
274,
268,
1056,
289,
1493,
2880,
730,
5522,
16,
2206,
16,
770,
16,
1965,
1099,
8842,
2164,
16,
291,
3891,
2667,
292,
1408,
3666,
18,
540,
1886,
291,
7530,
17,
5350,
1138,
8882,
333,
81,
5317,
292,
5809,
5804,
2238,
3255,
16,
6537,
1907,
1317,
16,
291,
1590,
662,
711,
3275,
341,
951,
674,
1793,
16,
279,
2366,
268,
898,
331,
261,
512,
2742,
291,
9865,
1138,
1571,
18,
203,
21,
365,
9054,
289,
434,
745,
91,
541,
7851,
30,
1545,
268,
1759,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
5904,
261,
2941,
6725,
274,
891,
289,
5068,
1793,
18,
6731,
1138,
1081,
1601,
268,
2045,
372,
87,
9476,
734,
2498,
6922,
358,
300,
1828,
16,
1020,
2206,
1138,
639,
476,
7432,
7236,
967,
292,
2948,
268,
520,
475,
410,
3160,
289,
268,
2206,
636,
3666,
18,
8955,
299,
10216,
1145,
1056,
8696,
274,
268,
3160,
289,
11761,
770,
292,
4522,
1138,
16,
1020,
1965,
1099,
8842,
1138,
605,
782,
636,
268,
2780,
372,
87,
4180,
2164,
18,
2848,
16,
7449,
594,
1138,
4753,
340,
3891,
1811,
636,
3307,
16,
1902,
9116,
268,
7376,
289,
2742,
2772,
1608,
331,
4962,
662,
1138,
1470,
18,
203,
22,
3986,
1966,
940,
289,
4510,
7029,
4673,
30,
4510,
1360,
1138,
2767,
261,
1726,
567,
73,
289,
4576,
336,
804,
362,
261,
11582,
3833,
292,
6071,
1138,
2419,
18,
9287,
2240,
16,
362,
5557,
523,
4993,
2375,
3255,
291,
1294,
9767,
16,
4931,
673,
268,
10531,
9990,
3960,
289,
1907,
1317,
18,
11342,
3052,
2278,
1360,
1138,
525,
11627,
1138,
2141,
419,
9203,
5005,
662,
1138,
2698,
291,
1165,
1981,
662,
2354,
514,
341,
757,
286,
5839,
6987,
18,
4553,
16,
456,
5068,
1138,
4076,
9548,
4664,
291,
3065,
4314,
16,
2933,
2515,
9935,
3882,
1020,
8087,
281,
268,
1072,
331,
1571,
5568,
18,
203,
47,
7600,
3127,
2542,
1698,
1159,
4510,
7029,
4673,
203,
21,
6731,
5012,
30,
6731,
1056,
5435,
430,
268,
2382,
9276,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
3041,
18,
6527,
6922,
358,
300,
421,
10095,
13,
1828,
8696,
5522,
291,
8354,
362,
636,
3666,
16,
9249,
1056,
360,
7324,
2100,
1393,
18,
2730,
268,
935,
16,
2534,
6525,
3055,
528,
2279,
6689,
6718,
16,
1355,
362,
261,
10629,
291,
4881,
3465,
331,
3872,
16,
3231,
16,
291,
919,
1452,
17,
6606,
2534,
8138,
18,
365,
10244,
373,
3371,
289,
2534,
1138,
462,
794,
4993,
2375,
3255,
566,
525,
2593,
9766,
1578,
291,
2552,
292,
1343,
1817,
17,
7134,
3193,
1138,
9631,
18,
203,
22,
5502,
4673,
30,
3605,
822,
281,
268,
288,
1389,
76,
571,
5785,
1056,
289,
268,
2206,
16,
2206,
1138,
528,
7496,
352,
261,
9128,
3160,
288,
268,
2278,
1138,
4122,
18,
461,
4471,
2206,
7236,
967,
7190,
10224,
2367,
16,
11757,
2206,
1138,
636,
3924,
1056,
18,
2519,
341,
2683,
404,
292,
1070,
2683,
404,
2206,
8138,
16,
456,
1428,
528,
4076,
963,
3666,
4015,
16,
6126,
3105,
292,
2106,
5068,
1138,
3493,
18,
760,
2206,
1428,
4027,
292,
9055,
16,
606,
1439,
292,
1153,
261,
4715,
291,
2742,
1138,
2088,
3125,
4361,
9149,
18,
203,
23,
8955,
299,
10216,
1145,
5012,
30,
10682,
281,
1138,
427,
3931,
770,
16,
6624,
10216,
1145,
1056,
528,
261,
917,
1550,
289,
9249,
1886,
3666,
18,
4283,
734,
1452,
1560,
87,
361,
1673,
17,
2012,
17,
1381,
17,
6312,
1422,
16,
6624,
10216,
1145,
1648,
8354,
268,
520,
475,
410,
1138,
289,
770,
636,
261,
4715,
291,
3453,
1056,
2744,
18,
1285,
9406,
1516,
268,
2780,
372,
87,
770,
1793,
16,
6624,
10216,
1145,
1138,
3806,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
4962,
268,
6395,
289,
363,
8493,
5286,
887,
18,
203,
24,
2899,
1099,
8842,
4673,
30,
5157,
1050,
1790,
341,
2780,
372,
87,
1493,
2164,
5500,
83,
6958,
16,
1965,
1099,
8842,
1138,
605,
782,
636,
1965,
483,
332,
16,
3075,
4143,
762,
16,
291,
919,
8406,
300,
3921,
292,
4522,
3666,
18,
540,
5068,
1138,
2088,
1956,
261,
5896,
291,
4788,
1056,
2744,
16,
360,
7324,
2375,
3255,
18,
760,
1965,
1099,
8842,
1428,
8795,
16,
362,
5738,
1297,
1439,
292,
3705,
352,
261,
4715,
1518,
306,
1862,
1138,
2088,
331,
3921,
4840,
292,
1590,
444,
2354,
514,
341,
5839,
6987,
18,
203,
25,
4546,
311,
594,
4673,
30,
3526,
11324,
3891,
1811,
659,
352,
4989,
2368,
16,
2782,
16,
291,
3891,
2667,
636,
1138,
16,
7449,
594,
1138,
316,
261,
8967,
2966,
331,
2742,
1056,
4015,
18,
4546,
311,
594,
375,
327,
9480,
636,
1738,
446,
301,
16,
5281,
74,
89,
1137,
16,
361,
11224,
2978,
292,
2346,
3666,
291,
2164,
18,
1285,
8483,
2368,
1811,
336,
830,
5654,
10319,
595,
291,
9274,
5804,
7727,
16,
7449,
594,
1138,
6831,
292,
2368,
4567,
291,
11257,
1138,
1815,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
3396,
16,
445,
2408,
268,
9435,
291,
4576,
289,
629,
1558,
3041,
16,
1011,
4512,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
4462,
268,
2278,
1360,
1138,
4076,
3882,
18,
760,
629,
5068,
1793,
8979,
4157,
16,
502,
926,
261,
1076,
302,
598,
87,
270,
280,
288,
662,
3311,
1573,
1907,
1317,
291,
268,
626,
443,
331,
261,
11257,
16,
1302,
814,
3799,
18,
203,
1461,
4510,
7029,
4673,
7370,
330,
756,
268,
2461,
203,
21,
5754,
7436,
2513,
291,
10321,
5087,
30,
365,
2112,
75,
1150,
289,
4931,
673,
1907,
1317,
528,
2791,
292,
261,
7154,
288,
2106,
6281,
7351,
430,
4636,
2278,
1360,
1138,
7589,
18,
3765,
10342,
730,
268,
7102,
11881,
437,
1075,
4971,
7136,
6854,
292,
3355,
2106,
6647,
16,
7705,
5630,
292,
4992,
2547,
5068,
1138,
2419,
18,
4019,
652,
4861,
356,
926,
3939,
3838,
291,
4311,
292,
9650,
90,
918,
1886,
1138,
7445,
291,
1590,
5804,
2238,
3255,
18,
1368,
3303,
2674,
2547,
629,
6854,
316,
1821,
288,
10154,
268,
7401,
3107,
289,
268,
2106,
1686,
288,
1666,
673,
1907,
1317,
18,
203,
22,
1732,
5669,
2716,
1816,
288,
4510,
7029,
4673,
30,
7138,
5630,
437,
2459,
268,
912,
288,
10671,
2278,
1360,
1138,
16,
2652,
9154,
3324,
331,
268,
3061,
289,
268,
887,
18,
2716,
1816,
730,
4845,
16,
8720,
5569,
16,
8499,
270,
16,
291,
334,
4704,
481,
437,
1146,
6689,
637,
1701,
288,
5068,
1138,
7589,
291,
437,
5484,
9154,
6189,
508,
289,
444,
3666,
4015,
427,
5068,
2419,
18,
3797,
5120,
3838,
16,
2153,
11287,
16,
291,
1376,
17,
2044,
406,
381,
3980,
4823,
16,
629,
5630,
437,
7219,
336,
4992,
281,
292,
2278,
1360,
1138,
316,
462,
794,
10707,
801,
566,
525,
1458,
1030,
10629,
18,
203,
23,
10413,
291,
11246,
30,
4399,
268,
6689,
2674,
16,
268,
3405,
2547,
261,
1302,
814,
1138,
4122,
316,
462,
1298,
606,
2219,
18,
1507,
289,
268,
1670,
9563,
316,
268,
630,
2167,
506,
2405,
289,
1575,
5068,
1138,
2419,
16,
659,
352,
2534,
291,
2206,
16,
518,
375,
296,
4966,
261,
5896,
291,
4715,
1138,
2744,
18,
2848,
16,
4992,
281,
427,
5839,
6987,
292,
2278,
1360,
1138,
2559,
1297,
7445,
288,
3937,
291,
1428,
18,
9878,
16,
5120,
2931,
16,
659,
352,
1138,
3578,
3041,
291,
6675,
2332,
1260,
16,
356,
1018,
2317,
292,
1750,
629,
2219,
18,
9938,
318,
858,
4961,
16,
4287,
16,
291,
2552,
316,
1821,
292,
828,
81,
10241,
9563,
291,
6549,
261,
2742,
1138,
1571,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
3396,
16,
445,
2408,
268,
7401,
3107,
289,
5630,
288,
10671,
268,
2278,
1360,
1138,
4076,
16,
268,
9347,
476,
556,
10686,
289,
2469,
1933,
16,
291,
268,
2219,
502,
2425,
18,
1285,
1616,
268,
2106,
4122,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
7589,
16,
445,
3277,
4102,
636,
268,
7401,
1393,
445,
375,
804,
649,
445,
543,
674,
352,
261,
2106,
1686,
292,
3234,
261,
512,
2742,
1571,
18,
10710,
16,
445,
375,
407,
2562,
288,
261,
733,
5253,
289,
1886,
16,
9343,
16,
291,
8493,
3024,
1138,
2364,
336,
513,
6594,
5568,
292,
1631,
18,
203,
41,
81,
1048,
3052,
4510,
7029,
4673,
288,
11435,
5223,
203,
21,
1401,
4847,
11246,
30,
3526,
564,
281,
292,
2278,
1360,
1138,
5118,
430,
1311,
16,
291,
686,
356,
1320,
1714,
1578,
375,
2885,
292,
261,
2742,
1571,
18,
11875,
281,
2534,
5326,
341,
5140,
11915,
5212,
1311,
8918,
292,
8696,
268,
1056,
289,
268,
2045,
291,
1590,
711,
3275,
341,
6675,
17,
2127,
3666,
18,
4673,
17,
7664,
9609,
291,
3827,
1311,
3041,
1902,
8052,
1138,
3318,
16,
2469,
292,
3544,
2375,
3130,
2044,
9648,
18,
11342,
3052,
1138,
17,
87,
2366,
4585,
291,
10265,
7530,
17,
5350,
2364,
375,
1664,
4049,
804,
261,
1297,
1393,
341,
1138,
4246,
291,
2100,
9185,
18,
203,
22,
4510,
7029,
4673,
331,
6163,
274,
30,
6163,
274,
1152,
261,
8440,
1476,
288,
4462,
2742,
2364,
291,
7919,
261,
2278,
1571,
18,
11767,
375,
2301,
288,
5068,
1138,
3937,
291,
8580,
2278,
1138,
347,
11464,
367,
2737,
292,
1056,
444,
3670,
18,
11245,
281,
1138,
17,
7664,
2364,
288,
3964,
2618,
291,
2744,
9341,
375,
1590,
1079,
2762,
291,
2100,
3960,
18,
4553,
16,
4636,
4952,
6281,
375,
3017,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
5753,
2925,
291,
7842,
8493,
5286,
4620,
18,
203,
23,
5206,
2668,
300,
423,
291,
2965,
560,
973,
30,
4019,
652,
4861,
437,
261,
2421,
1476,
288,
4191,
673,
268,
4992,
292,
2278,
1360,
1138,
18,
1285,
4542,
2153,
11287,
16,
2745,
7649,
16,
291,
11852,
292,
3231,
291,
1578,
7922,
288,
5068,
1138,
16,
4961,
375,
5459,
4280,
7589,
3345,
18,
8765,
11247,
4918,
1647,
17,
1475,
5339,
291,
2170,
17,
263,
2259,
6003,
87,
5887,
1311,
8918,
291,
3231,
292,
6114,
3321,
1138,
1103,
292,
268,
6675,
16,
7002,
261,
512,
7452,
291,
11888,
1138,
4122,
18,
3526,
84,
4243,
7327,
4218,
291,
8739,
3980,
4823,
858,
1376,
291,
3397,
7313,
356,
1505,
288,
2435,
363,
6079,
1072,
331,
2742,
1138,
7589,
18,
203,
10646,
10671,
2278,
1360,
1138,
288,
662,
2438,
2136,
16,
445,
2885,
292,
261,
7401,
2710,
2547,
261,
512,
2742,
1571,
18,
2519,
1769,
8492,
292,
1452,
11913,
291,
4961,
16,
953,
5695,
11988,
3806,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
965,
3113,
5068,
1138,
7589,
18,
10710,
16,
445,
375,
5731,
1362,
268,
2052,
1439,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
16,
1930,
408,
4564,
261,
2363,
2547,
2100,
9185,
16,
1138,
2141,
16,
291,
261,
11257,
16,
741,
6627,
10128,
10719,
18,
365,
4548,
445,
804,
1853,
513,
3234,
268,
8277,
445,
3756,
331,
5568,
292,
1631,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
543,
674,
288,
662,
5520,
292,
8437,
2278,
1360,
1138,
291,
327,
268,
8562,
483,
340,
331,
2262,
1317,
288,
662,
887,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
2425,
289,
363,
2577,
17,
84,
7197,
1907,
4742,
16,
2278,
1360,
1138,
528,
7496,
352,
268,
327,
11407,
289,
3571,
336,
1930,
4759,
692,
261,
2363,
2547,
261,
2742,
291,
11257,
1571,
18,
540,
10988,
1563,
292,
1056,
4015,
5996,
274,
5068,
1793,
291,
4150,
1632,
7530,
17,
5350,
3041,
16,
1058,
1489,
407,
2014,
427,
268,
574,
309,
499,
2363,
289,
5839,
6987,
18,
760,
445,
9529,
268,
8561,
289,
2278,
1360,
1138,
16,
606,
3596,
3041,
16,
2106,
1393,
16,
291,
11458,
1439,
16,
597,
2810,
2457,
9343,
325,
1763,
30,
268,
1056,
331,
1317,
5904,
288,
662,
3237,
18,
203,
43,
2264,
1360,
1138,
16,
360,
606,
2534,
5326,
1062,
2071,
281,
1064,
268,
2045,
16,
2206,
7236,
967
] |
In April 1970, U.S. President Richard Nixon decided to expand the Vietnam War into neutral Cambodia in order to destroy the People’s Army of Vietnam and communist insurgents (the Viet Cong), around 40,000 troops in total. During the preceding decade, the communists had established bases of operations in the Eastern part of the country from which they repeatedly launched cross-border incursions into South Vietnam, a U.S. client state.
Nixon’s goal of the subsequent aerial bombardment and invasion by both the U.S. military and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was to buy breathing space for the South Vietnamese government, as the United States had begun the gradual withdrawal of combat troops, by decisively defeating the North’s forces in eastern Cambodia and disrupting their supply lines.
The military operations, which took place from April to July 1970, were a tactical success for the Americans and South Vietnam but ultimately proved indecisive. Over 330 Americans were killed and more than 1,500 wounded. The South Vietnamese suffered over 4,000 casualties, whereas enemy killed in action (KIA) were estimated at over 14,000 (the number most likely included civilians casualties).
Richard Nixon was the driving force behind the decision to attack neutral Cambodia. Why did he push for military escalation? Surprisingly, the answer might lie in an American epic biographical war film.
In April 1970, the U.S. president faced stiff opposition within his cabinet and, more importantly, from the American public to expand the war into Cambodia. Notably, Nixon’s Secretary of State, William P. Rogers, and his Secretary of Defense, Melvin R. Laird, were both opposed to large-scale military operations for multiple reasons including the danger of derailing ongoing peace talks in Paris between the warring parties.
Throughout the decision-making process that April, beleaguered Nixon found time to repeatedly watch the war (or rather anti-war) film Patton, which premiered in February 1970, starring George C. Scott as uncompromising, victory-loving U.S. General George S. Patton. As Henry Kissinger, then the president’s national security advisor, noted: “When he was pressed to the wall, his [Nixon’s] romantic streak surfaced and he would see himself as a beleaguered military commander in the tradition of Patton.”
The question is how much did the movie influence the president’s decision? In a 1977 interview with David Frost, Nixon denied any connection between Patton and his resolution to expand the war. He also did not mention the movie once in his memoirs. Even if the movie played a role, was it more important than classified policy briefs and other analysis on the war?
Paul Musgrave and J. Furman Daniel in 2017 examined the impact of popular culture on policy makers’ world views and how they can change or reinforce their opinions and conclusions in an academic journal. Musgrave and Daniel argue that novels, movies, and television can generate what they term “synthetic experiences,” which “reinforce, induce, and even replace identities and beliefs that affect how audiences behave in the real world.”
In the article, the two scholars show that a movie like Patton could influence a president’s decision to launch a military campaign. Among other things they write: “[G]iven that both the mass public and senior policymakers are often non-expert generalists without specialized knowledge in more than a few realms, a great many actors in world politics may prove susceptible to accepting claims presented in fiction as factual.”
In other words, there is the possible danger that policy makers, enthralled with a particular work of fiction, may be more susceptible to fighting the fictional war of their imagination, influenced by war fiction, instead of the conflict unfolding in front of them. As a result, they base their decision on a fictional rather than actual war narrative. This charge that can certainly be leveled against Richard Nixon in April and May 1970 up to a point, as I outline below.
Richard Nixon saw the movie for the first time on either April 1 or April 4, 1970 (Some scholars argue that the president may have watched the film for the first time already at the end of March.) According to the historian Philip D. Beidler, the crucial viewing, however, occurred on April 25, when Nixon and some of his aids and friends may have even watched the movie twice, which was also the date when Nixon made his final decision to invade Cambodia.
Following a week-long debate over whether or not to expand Cambodia invasion plans Nixon returned from Camp David to Washington. “There, accompanied by Kissinger, John Mitchell, and his friend Bebe Rebozo, the president took a long cruise down the Potomac on the official yacht Sequoia. Military discussions continued, now involving a good deal of alcohol (…), Beidler writes. “The river outing was not the crown of the evening, however. That role was reserved back at the White House, for special showing of Patton.”
The movie on that day had one crucial impact. Using the Musgrave and Daniel’s framework of “synthetic experience”, Patton most likely accentuated Nixon’s long-held belief that the a preponderance of U.S. military power can alter the political calculus of North Vietnam’s leadership, as long as he, as the commander in chief, demonstrates decisiveness and resolution while defying any opposition.
Interestingly, Beidler also detects Patton’s influence on Nixon during his televised address to the nation announcing the attack on Cambodia on April 30. “Decisive, beleaguered, prepared to be dismissed for a belief in the correct military option—Patton was all there,” Beidler writes. “One could almost hear the stirring music, the tapping of the drums, the rising melody of the fifes.
Buoyed by Patton, which reinforced his preexisting instincts, Nixon attended a Pentagon briefing on the following day. During that crucial meeting Nixon, in which he received updates on the ongoing military operations in Cambodia, told the assembled Joint Chiefs to “take out all the sanctuaries” and to “make whatever plans are necessary and then just do it. Knock them all out so that they can’t be used against us again. Ever”
In May, he also mentioned the movie during a meeting with business and economic leaders comparing his Cambodian incursion to Patton’s rescue of the besieged U.S. paratroopers in Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge. Beidler notes: [H]e joshingly recalled Patton’s decorating a chaplain for an apparently successful prayer for good weather, and said that every chaplain in Vietnam was now accordingly praying for rain so that the Communists could not easily move into their bulldozed sanctuaries.”
Patton’s presence in the president’s mind is further confirmed by remarks made by then U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers in May or June 1970 saying that “the movie comes up” during every Nixon conversation. Additionally, in an interesting twist, even foreign intelligence agencies noted the president’s obsession with the film. For example, in preparation for Nixon’s visit to China, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai ordered a copy of the film to better be able to predict the president’s behavior during his stay.
In his biography of Richard Nixon, the historian Stephen E. Ambrose, summed up Nixon’s attraction to Patton the following way: “Tough, decisive, self-confident, willing to take great risks for great gains, trusting his intuition, impatient of restraint, a student and practioner of the art of leadership, bold and brave in his actions, often vulgar in his language, contemptuous of his critics, Patton was the model for innumerable American men and boys, including Richard Nixon.”
Beidler’s pointed conclusion then has to be seen in the context of this general infatuation with the real Patton: “Richard Nixon spent at least the month of April 1970 in a decision-making frame of mind deeply—perhaps even obsessively—constructed by his repeated viewing of a Hollywood movie that starred the extremely gifted, protean, and controversial actor George C. Scott in the role of the equally gifted, protean, and controversial military leader George S. Patton. The result was not just the Cambodian campaign (…) the result (…) was a leadership performance in a total sense, one that became as big a comic book as the film—except that it actually killed many people.”
The influence of the movie Patton on Nixon’s decision to invade Cambodia ultimately remains hard to quantify. It certainly did not cause the invasion of the neutral country. The circumstantial evidence presented here, nevertheless, establishes that the movie was at least on the president’s mind while he was considering invasion plans. And while a causal relationship between the Cambodian invasion and Patton remains hard to establish, one cannot deny the correlation between Richard Nixon watching the movie and the subsequent increase of military pressure on North Vietnam. At the least, the movie strengthened his long-held beliefs that the only language a communist understood is military force.
A version of this article was published in the March 2017 issue of The Diplomat Magazine. | <urn:uuid:91e9227d-6e1b-4c05-81f9-58168b1b6f57> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/how-a-film-influenced-a-us-presidents-decision-to-invade-a-foreign-country/ | 2024-02-22T18:57:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.972117 | 1,957 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
2983,
4707,
7726,
16,
522,
18,
55,
18,
4609,
9248,
465,
1156,
266,
5601,
292,
3754,
268,
8719,
2661,
636,
7783,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
288,
1544,
292,
5235,
268,
3395,
372,
87,
7174,
289,
8719,
291,
903,
588,
685,
4610,
546,
421,
1381,
8382,
4694,
989,
1149,
3633,
16,
1347,
8419,
288,
2972,
18,
2942,
268,
9757,
281,
6652,
16,
268,
903,
978,
850,
3413,
285,
936,
289,
3670,
288,
268,
7909,
923,
289,
268,
1777,
427,
518,
502,
11999,
7118,
3264,
17,
70,
4714,
490,
2319,
806,
636,
2705,
8719,
16,
261,
522,
18,
55,
18,
6806,
1247,
18,
203,
50,
1156,
266,
372,
87,
3114,
289,
268,
7597,
5622,
439,
11897,
485,
367,
291,
11222,
419,
1079,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
3588,
291,
268,
7174,
289,
268,
5902,
289,
8719,
421,
3157,
58,
50,
13,
454,
292,
3992,
4887,
1846,
331,
268,
2705,
8719,
786,
1654,
16,
352,
268,
1855,
2023,
850,
10584,
268,
3000,
800,
11615,
289,
6537,
8419,
16,
419,
766,
277,
2084,
1175,
73,
673,
268,
2859,
372,
87,
4157,
288,
8379,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
291,
4571,
542,
444,
2744,
3629,
18,
203,
1461,
3588,
3670,
16,
518,
3077,
1349,
427,
4707,
292,
4808,
7726,
16,
664,
261,
7654,
962,
1577,
331,
268,
4104,
291,
2705,
8719,
566,
5406,
9105,
612,
312,
277,
464,
18,
2730,
777,
2936,
4104,
664,
5945,
291,
512,
687,
433,
16,
6950,
7717,
286,
18,
365,
2705,
8719,
786,
8732,
658,
988,
16,
1347,
7869,
800,
1235,
16,
6792,
9007,
5945,
288,
2433,
421,
47,
8041,
13,
664,
5058,
430,
658,
2967,
16,
1347,
421,
1381,
1289,
710,
1792,
3380,
3390,
1825,
7869,
800,
1235,
802,
203,
54,
477,
485,
465,
1156,
266,
454,
268,
4462,
3160,
2976,
268,
2802,
292,
3223,
7783,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
18,
2995,
1535,
431,
4017,
331,
3588,
4711,
280,
318,
35,
3911,
4423,
5052,
16,
268,
3257,
1276,
8588,
288,
363,
1781,
3136,
300,
1738,
8474,
1718,
4703,
18,
203,
2983,
4707,
7726,
16,
268,
522,
18,
55,
18,
6613,
6240,
10362,
10218,
1291,
615,
7857,
263,
364,
291,
16,
512,
10307,
16,
427,
268,
1781,
1376,
292,
3754,
268,
1718,
636,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
18,
2491,
8228,
16,
465,
1156,
266,
372,
87,
11815,
289,
3156,
16,
6076,
382,
18,
434,
446,
332,
16,
291,
615,
11815,
289,
5180,
1455,
16,
8135,
9908,
434,
18,
458,
1244,
72,
16,
664,
1079,
8754,
292,
1452,
17,
6606,
3588,
3670,
331,
2563,
3218,
1118,
268,
6877,
289,
4164,
726,
281,
5123,
3915,
11930,
288,
7102,
858,
268,
1718,
1908,
5238,
18,
203,
2422,
672,
491,
268,
2802,
17,
4757,
833,
336,
4707,
16,
327,
298,
484,
89,
2142,
465,
1156,
266,
986,
669,
292,
11999,
3668,
268,
1718,
421,
283,
2359,
1743,
17,
6919,
13,
4703,
3917,
1448,
16,
518,
5525,
1242,
286,
288,
5228,
7726,
16,
2975,
1908,
6038,
351,
18,
8194,
352,
4288,
1416,
409,
2252,
16,
10423,
17,
80,
9024,
522,
18,
55,
18,
4891,
6038,
343,
18,
3917,
1448,
18,
760,
7712,
696,
846,
4898,
16,
1023,
268,
6613,
372,
87,
2511,
2141,
7031,
283,
16,
5411,
30,
538,
7508,
431,
454,
1579,
286,
292,
268,
3132,
16,
615,
2378,
50,
1156,
266,
372,
87,
65,
10832,
5730,
471,
267,
761,
828,
74,
2276,
291,
431,
830,
901,
4605,
352,
261,
327,
298,
484,
89,
2142,
3588,
4229,
265,
288,
268,
5770,
289,
3917,
1448,
1053,
203,
1461,
2302,
316,
667,
1111,
1535,
268,
9527,
3033,
268,
6613,
372,
87,
2802,
35,
450,
261,
3495,
27,
5574,
360,
5899,
418,
299,
503,
16,
465,
1156,
266,
4327,
870,
723,
3583,
858,
3917,
1448,
291,
615,
6704,
292,
3754,
268,
1718,
18,
915,
525,
1535,
462,
3540,
268,
9527,
2340,
288,
615,
1229,
83,
6958,
18,
3142,
717,
268,
9527,
4912,
261,
1476,
16,
454,
362,
512,
851,
687,
8391,
3079,
5715,
87,
291,
586,
2286,
341,
268,
1718,
35,
203,
52,
4310,
3494,
671,
1284,
291,
596,
18,
418,
324,
1820,
11617,
288,
5030,
8653,
268,
1393,
289,
2029,
2484,
341,
3079,
527,
8008,
372,
887,
5937,
291,
667,
502,
375,
1317,
361,
11259,
444,
8415,
291,
10880,
288,
363,
3965,
4618,
18,
3494,
671,
1284,
291,
11617,
8155,
336,
4687,
87,
16,
11445,
16,
291,
9214,
375,
4522,
768,
502,
2085,
538,
10934,
4373,
2891,
1272,
518,
538,
267,
263,
3440,
16,
612,
1036,
16,
291,
919,
3987,
1264,
1235,
291,
5787,
336,
2242,
667,
11830,
1180,
1284,
288,
268,
1409,
887,
1053,
203,
2983,
268,
1989,
16,
268,
881,
6479,
1171,
336,
261,
9527,
730,
3917,
1448,
911,
3033,
261,
6613,
372,
87,
2802,
292,
4263,
261,
3588,
4750,
18,
6705,
586,
1612,
502,
3562,
30,
538,
63,
43,
65,
1527,
336,
1079,
268,
2390,
1376,
291,
7715,
1972,
2835,
5989,
356,
970,
1677,
17,
1389,
468,
88,
2177,
978,
1298,
6192,
1772,
288,
512,
687,
261,
1374,
1409,
507,
16,
261,
1312,
772,
10366,
288,
887,
7241,
602,
7262,
7977,
292,
4242,
542,
6045,
4846,
288,
10876,
352,
873,
1924,
1053,
203,
2983,
586,
2117,
16,
686,
316,
268,
1522,
6877,
336,
3079,
527,
8008,
16,
403,
262,
86,
5718,
360,
261,
1510,
716,
289,
10876,
16,
602,
327,
512,
7977,
292,
7110,
268,
284,
300,
1556,
1718,
289,
444,
8962,
16,
6291,
419,
1718,
10876,
16,
3087,
289,
268,
4734,
4372,
8543,
288,
3775,
289,
622,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
502,
3486,
444,
2802,
341,
261,
284,
300,
1556,
2359,
687,
4741,
1718,
7132,
18,
540,
4873,
336,
375,
5707,
327,
966,
286,
1573,
9248,
465,
1156,
266,
288,
4707,
291,
2924,
7726,
644,
292,
261,
1813,
16,
352,
334,
9884,
2321,
18,
203,
54,
477,
485,
465,
1156,
266,
3981,
268,
9527,
331,
268,
855,
669,
341,
2447,
4707,
433,
361,
4707,
988,
16,
7726,
421,
55,
436,
6479,
8155,
336,
268,
6613,
602,
437,
3668,
286,
268,
4703,
331,
268,
855,
669,
2226,
430,
268,
1199,
289,
4294,
3731,
2580,
292,
268,
2328,
779,
5267,
517,
413,
18,
1367,
323,
2546,
16,
268,
1821,
1889,
281,
16,
2281,
16,
6226,
341,
4707,
3457,
16,
649,
465,
1156,
266,
291,
579,
289,
615,
7891,
291,
3295,
602,
437,
919,
3668,
286,
268,
9527,
6428,
16,
518,
454,
525,
268,
3933,
649,
465,
1156,
266,
1146,
615,
3657,
2802,
292,
787,
783,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
18,
203,
42,
320,
693,
281,
261,
2569,
17,
5561,
6963,
658,
2026,
361,
462,
292,
3754,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
11222,
3855,
465,
1156,
266,
6951,
427,
7786,
5899,
292,
5085,
18,
538,
6695,
16,
8923,
419,
696,
846,
4898,
16,
3379,
383,
2478,
467,
16,
291,
615,
2175,
1367,
1330,
942,
2540,
94,
83,
16,
268,
6613,
3077,
261,
917,
793,
89,
758,
1190,
268,
9595,
1049,
313,
341,
268,
3710,
326,
492,
88,
2245,
395,
83,
563,
18,
6049,
2883,
7557,
4336,
16,
1315,
6672,
261,
1060,
3625,
289,
3449,
421,
2865,
989,
1367,
323,
2546,
9627,
18,
538,
1461,
4815,
628,
281,
454,
462,
268,
10314,
289,
268,
9356,
16,
2281,
18,
2015,
1476,
454,
5500,
286,
1103,
430,
268,
5404,
4986,
16,
331,
1755,
5526,
289,
3917,
1448,
1053,
203,
1461,
9527,
341,
336,
1196,
850,
597,
1821,
1393,
18,
3737,
268,
3494,
671,
1284,
291,
11617,
372,
87,
5018,
289,
538,
10934,
4373,
1432,
4290,
3917,
1448,
710,
1792,
765,
302,
89,
488,
465,
1156,
266,
372,
87,
917,
17,
8219,
72,
3796,
336,
268,
261,
2790,
799,
265,
515,
289,
522,
18,
55,
18,
3588,
1056,
375,
7580,
268,
2589,
2460,
346,
310,
289,
2859,
8719,
372,
87,
5217,
16,
352,
917,
352,
431,
16,
352,
268,
4229,
265,
288,
7437,
16,
10249,
766,
277,
9237,
291,
6704,
1020,
1175,
1411,
723,
10218,
18,
203,
2983,
345,
443,
5052,
16,
1367,
323,
2546,
525,
2169,
798,
3917,
1448,
372,
87,
3033,
341,
465,
1156,
266,
995,
615,
568,
3907,
1754,
1750,
292,
268,
3501,
2548,
552,
5712,
268,
3223,
341,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
341,
4707,
2553,
18,
538,
40,
312,
277,
464,
16,
327,
298,
484,
89,
2142,
16,
4647,
292,
327,
9420,
846,
286,
331,
261,
3796,
288,
268,
3045,
3588,
3465,
1447,
52,
271,
1448,
454,
516,
686,
1272,
1367,
323,
2546,
9627,
18,
538,
11375,
911,
2764,
4055,
268,
6488,
86,
1908,
2403,
16,
268,
605,
3752,
289,
268,
704,
4037,
16,
268,
6557,
4555,
946,
289,
268,
6711,
274,
18,
203,
38,
89,
905,
286,
419,
3917,
1448,
16,
518,
9452,
1553,
615,
561,
1389,
2529,
1603,
1329,
340,
16,
465,
1156,
266,
430,
2741,
261,
382,
302,
9102,
5715,
281,
341,
268,
1685,
1196,
18,
2942,
336,
1821,
4962,
465,
1156,
266,
16,
288,
518,
431,
3893,
8412,
341,
268,
5123,
3588,
3670,
288,
351,
4335,
370,
563,
16,
4225,
268,
8628,
6992,
596,
1241,
10906,
87,
292,
538,
3220,
628,
516,
268,
8957,
400,
2659,
537,
291,
292,
538,
81,
1387,
7358,
3855,
356,
1990,
291,
1023,
1039,
565,
362,
18,
696,
82,
1362,
622,
516,
628,
576,
336,
502,
375,
372,
88,
327,
724,
1573,
407,
1221,
18,
416,
357,
537,
203,
2983,
2924,
16,
431,
525,
4565,
268,
9527,
995,
261,
4962,
360,
1433,
291,
2268,
2957,
10439,
615,
351,
4335,
370,
779,
490,
2319,
305,
292,
3917,
1448,
372,
87,
11766,
289,
268,
11355,
545,
2292,
522,
18,
55,
18,
677,
271,
299,
389,
332,
288,
5034,
278,
75,
707,
995,
268,
10860,
289,
268,
8867,
369,
18,
1367,
323,
2546,
4686,
30,
2378,
44,
65,
73,
577,
335,
76,
5052,
632,
5718,
3917,
1448,
372,
87,
6681,
673,
261,
9747,
80,
412,
331,
363,
6876,
325,
3369,
9899,
331,
1060,
3266,
16,
291,
1211,
336,
953,
9747,
80,
412,
288,
8719,
454,
1315,
9571,
549,
5233,
331,
3653,
576,
336,
268,
3608,
978,
911,
462,
2619,
1454,
636,
444,
3646,
414,
83,
6912,
8957,
400,
2659,
1053,
203,
52,
271,
1448,
372,
87,
3550,
288,
268,
6613,
372,
87,
1710,
316,
1902,
8316,
419,
818,
9753,
1146,
419,
1023,
522,
18,
55,
18,
11815,
289,
3156,
6076,
382,
18,
434,
446,
332,
288,
2924,
361,
4453,
7726,
5390,
336,
538,
1381,
9527,
1974,
644,
537,
995,
953,
465,
1156,
266,
6450,
18,
2848,
16,
288,
363,
4149,
808,
588,
16,
919,
4562,
3803,
6127,
5411,
268,
6613,
372,
87,
1823,
1436,
360,
268,
4703,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
288,
6468,
331,
465,
1156,
266,
372,
87,
3487,
292,
3070,
16,
3877,
2412,
81,
1242,
1929,
76,
290,
952,
80,
2765,
9886,
261,
6989,
289,
268,
4703,
292,
1326,
327,
1542,
292,
7180,
268,
6613,
372,
87,
2197,
995,
615,
2503,
18,
203,
2983,
615,
1738,
4052,
289,
9248,
465,
1156,
266,
16,
268,
2328,
779,
2760,
9930,
416,
18,
330,
1880,
299,
401,
16,
2205,
4424,
644,
465,
1156,
266,
372,
87,
3339,
1733,
292,
3917,
1448,
268,
1685,
898,
30,
538,
56,
713,
16,
766,
277,
464,
16,
1817,
17,
11383,
1900,
16,
6464,
292,
1071,
1312,
2894,
331,
1312,
10589,
16,
432,
8163,
615,
9972,
564,
16,
498,
271,
747,
289,
474,
322,
5006,
16,
261,
2443,
291,
1106,
328,
265,
289,
268,
1699,
289,
5217,
16,
11533,
291,
741,
1284,
288,
615,
3441,
16,
970,
3617,
7021,
288,
615,
1719,
16,
2345,
755,
400,
499,
289,
615,
1909,
1187,
16,
3917,
1448,
454,
268,
2083,
331,
8151,
9887,
541,
1781,
1473,
291,
8827,
16,
1118,
9248,
465,
1156,
266,
1053,
203,
10746,
323,
2546,
372,
87,
9601,
4190,
1023,
528,
292,
327,
2279,
288,
268,
3558,
289,
456,
2177,
582,
271,
8186,
360,
268,
1409,
3917,
1448,
30,
538,
54,
477,
485,
465,
1156,
266,
5382,
430,
2144,
268,
1765,
289,
4707,
7726,
288,
261,
2802,
17,
4757,
3279,
289,
1710,
7292,
1447,
468,
3704,
919,
1823,
368,
2084,
1447,
6039,
1026,
691,
419,
615,
6443,
1889,
281,
289,
261,
4057,
325,
5774,
9527,
336,
2975,
1007,
268,
4179,
9235,
691,
16,
2308,
282,
16,
291,
11967,
426,
441,
6038,
351,
18,
8194,
288,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
7583,
9235,
691,
16,
2308,
282,
16,
291,
11967,
3588,
5666,
6038,
343,
18,
3917,
1448,
18,
365,
1636,
454,
462,
1039,
268,
351,
4335,
370,
779,
4750,
421,
2865,
13,
268,
1636,
421,
2865,
13,
454,
261,
5217,
2156,
288,
261,
2972,
2266,
16,
597,
336,
2457,
352,
2104,
261,
378,
300,
2077,
352
] |
For our final project, we designed and implemented a remote-control car with a user-controlled steering wheel interface. We wanted a user interface that was immediately intuitive and familiar, which we thought a steering wheel with an onboard accelerometer definitely accomplished. Additionally, we wanted a system that could realize reliable real-time remote communication, so we felt that an RF-controlled vehicle would be a viable way to see this through. Today, remote motion-control applications has an ever-growing presence in areas such as robotics and video games, so we thought it would be a great idea to become acquainted with this type of technology ourselves.
High Level Design
For the motion-controlled wheel, we knew that an accelerometer would be the most reliable bet when considering how to read motion input from a user. Additionally, considering the small range at which we needed to send data as well as the low complexity of the data packets themselves, we knew that the remote communication could be accomplished with a relatively cheap RF transmitter/receiver system. These types of modules tend to be unreliable and lacking in signal strengths across many applications, so we took it upon ourselves to see if we could implement it in a reliable manner.
The overall design includes two PIC32s, one of which is on the steering wheel (transmit side) and one of which is on the car (receive side). Naturally, the steering wheel has a transmitter, and the car has a receiver. The steering wheel has a button, which when pressed, allows remote communication to take place. The car also has two servo-controlled wheels that receive data from the receive-side PIC32.
The accelerometer is the first layer after the user interface; the motion from the user is detected by the accelerometer, and then sent to the PIC32 via I2C. Then, via a UART function, we put the values of the read accelerometer values onto the transmitter along with other pertinent bytes for control and termination. Then the values are sent via RF to the receiver, whose contents we read via another UART protothreads function. Upon decoding this information, we set the servos using PWM control according to the information sent in the payload (which reflects the motion input of the user).
Although the hardware modules for the transmit and receive were not expected to deliver perfect signal strength, it was inexpensive and we felt we could improve the reliability with both hardware and software considerations. For the software, there is a chance we could have come up with a novel and more effective protocol for RF communication; however, we opted to leverage existing Protothread UART library functions which worked just fine. Even so, we were able to build off of these functions and characterize them to work with our system’s needs.
We used a Kionix KMX62 3-axis accelerometer mounted on a KMX61 evaluation board to detect the motion of the steering wheel and convert the motion into driving directions for the car. The KMX62 communicates with the PIC using I2C channel 1. For our communication, we defined two helper functions to initiate reads and writes from the PIC, both of which follow the protocols in the KMX62 manual (also see our commented code in the Appendix for specific details). Both the read and write functions use external functions defined in plib.h that properly send start signals, stop signals, and perform writes on the data line. The KMX62 stores the accelerometer values recorded from all three axes in registers divided into high and low bytes. To simplify this, we defined a read_int() function that reads the high and low bytes for a given axis and returns an integer that is the concatenation of the two bytes. These bytes are then converted to represent the direction in which the steering wheel is tilted, which corresponds to a driving direction. Tilting the wheel in the –z direction corresponds to the car driving forward, while tilting it in the +z direction corresponds to the car driving backward. Similarly, rotating the wheel toward the –x direction corresponds to turning right, and rotating it in the +x direction corresponds to turning left. All of these motions have two thresholds to indicate two different speeds—a normal and a fast threshold. The absolute thresholds are defined to be 6000 and 11000 for the normal and fast speeds, respectively. When the accelerometer is not tilted in either the x or z directions past these threshold values, the transmitter will send a stop signal to turn off the servos.
Further, we included a button on the front side of the steering wheel to serve as an ignition. It is connected to pin RA2 on the PIC using an internal pull-down resistor, and causes the accelerometer to not be read unless it is pressed. Thus, until the button is pressed, the transmission side sends a stop signal to the robot. Only when the button is pressed does the transmitter send valid directions to the robot to cause it to move.
When the data read from the accelerometer is sent to the steering wheel PIC, we then used a Protothreads library (outlined in the Bruce Land’s ece4760 documentation) to send bits to the transmitter. We used a 433.92 MHz Remote Transmitter module, and a 433.92 MHz Hi Sensitivity Receiver module. When the data reaches the receiver, we used the opposing functions from the same UART library for the PIC to retrieve the data the receiver. Now, we will detail the protocol by which we processed the accelerometer data, sent it to the transmitter and, in turn, the receiver side PIC32.
As mentioned in the accelerometer description (see above), our program stipulated multiple threshold values across two axes that were key to the information we sent remotely to the system deployed on the car’s MCU. The file containing our accelerometer logic also included our transmit protocol. The transmission we are sending is run every 150 ms, and first checks for if the button on the steering wheel is being pressed. If it is, the rest of the transmit logic can follow. Our options regarding the packets of information that can be sent to the transmitter are back, forward, right, left, “fast” versions of these four, and stop. Mapped to our z-axis readings is the forward and backwards direction; if the value is above our predetermined threshold, we command “forward”, if it is above the predetermined “fast” threshold, we command “forward fast”. The negation of these values is used for the “back” and “back fast” functionality. This structure is parallel to that of the x-axis reading for left and right (left is triggered for values above positive thresholds, while right is triggered for values below the negative thresholds).
In every case, regardless of which direction we arrive on, a series of 8 bytes will be sent. First, we send 0xaa, 0xaa. The receiver inherently amplifies noise to make for a discernible signal, and so it will always output a signal of reasonable magnitude even if it actually only detecting noise. If we were to send our payload immediately, the gain factor on the receiver would obscure our data since it has very recently of working with noise. We send two bytes of 0xaa as a mechanism to allow the device to calibrate to the appropriate gain for the values we will be working with. Our 0xff byte is next in the succession to hold this newly found gain parameter to the right amount. The first byte of our start signal, 0xfa, comes next. This value is unique enough such that it will not likely be emulated by noise and therefore have the rest of the sequence be inadvertently triggered by a false positive. To take this idea one step further and make the signal even more uncharacteristic of noise, we add another 0xfa for good measure. This two byte start signal is defined on our receiver side (see below), allowing it to know where the actual pertinent payload begins. Next comes our payload. Here we have the first (and only) source of deviation between the nine options of packages being sent across the 8-byte sequence. Based off of which conditional case we are in (each corresponding to a given normal direction, fast direction, or stop), we put a specific byte next in the sequence that is hardcoded to a particular command. Each one of the nine options has a specific hard-coded byte that will remain static across the transmission to the receiver. After this byte, we transmit 0x77, which is the stop signal to let the receiver know that we are ending the transmission sequence. Finally, we send 0x00 to indicate the end of our transmission.
Across all of this processing, however, our data has not ventured to the transmitter itself. This is accomplished by the UART functions in the Protothreads libraries mentioned earlier (found in ece4760 documentation). In order for the 8-byte sequence to be sent, we needed to first print the bytes into the right buffer, which is the PT_send_buffer. This is the buffer used in the function PT_DMA_PutSerialBuffer(), which sends the information to the transmitter via UART2.
The transmitted signals are read from the receiver to the PIC through port RA1 which serves as the UART2 RX port. We used Bruce Lands Protothreads library here again to facilitate the UART communication to read values from the receiver into a buffer that could in turn by sent to the servos via PWM. Specifically, we used the GetMachineBuffer() function to retrieve the data being sent to the receiver. We made a few modifications to this function, one of which was adding a check for framing errors and exiting from the current loop. The reason for this goes back to the fact that the receiver will amplify whatever signal it receives, including noise, to what it considers a valid level. When the receiver is amplifying noise there is almost always a framing error that occurs because the noise is unstructured. Thus by checking for framing errors and timing out, we are able to essentially ignore the noise from our surroundings.
We also added in a system for timing out while trying to read characters that prevents our robot from hanging if transmission stops. If there is a timeout, we clear the information in the buffer and therefore do not send a valid value for the wheels to turn. However, in the event that the system does not timeout, we put the contents of the PT_term_buffer into our cmd variable, of which cmd contains our encoding for the direction that we want the wheels to follow. Now, we have multiple case blocks based off of this cmd value that will set the wheels according to the byte that was encoded on the transmit side. To reiterate from before, this is the value that has been maintained across the remote transmission (7th byte in the transmission package). For more information on the PWM control to the wheels, refer to the PWM section. In the transmit package, we also had a signal 0x77 that told the receiver to stop reading and processing transmitted information. This idea was implemented in the receive code with PT_terminate_char = ‘\x77’, which tells the program to terminate upon reading this signal.
To control the Parallax servos, we used two different PWM channels using Output Compare Units 2 and 3 running off of Timer 2. Timer 2 is set to time out after 53333 clock cycles, along with a prescaler of 16. These values were chosen to give approximately 20 ms between pulses, as specified in the datasheet for the servos. Since we were having trouble setting the 20 ms pause between pulses, we changed the timeout of the timer and the prescaler while observing the output of the PWM channel on the oscilloscope until we received the desired waveform. Then, we adjusted the number of clock cycles for which the PWM is high, using pwm_on_time(), to determine the pulse width of a 1 ms pulse. Once we found this to be 2500 cycles, we were able to simply modulate the servos’ motion by changing the pulse width from 1.3 ms (clockwise) to 1.7 ms (counterclockwise) by multiplying 2500 by the desired pulse width.
Transmit Side Circuitry:
The Transmit Side Schematic (shown in the Schematic Appendix) depicts all the hardware on the steering wheel side including the accelerometer, transmitter, and transmit button. The transmitter had four pins, ground, power, data input, and an antenna. We soldered on a 22 pF capacitor to the antenna pin and then a wire to create a 17 cm long antenna overall. The antenna was made to be 17cm as this is the optimal length for reliable transmissions. We used the PIC’s 3.3V as power, however we also placed a choke on the power from the MCU. This choke was just a piece of wire coiled which then acts as an inductor because at high frequencies (such as 433 MHz) this acts as a transmission line. The choke helps to filter out noise from the power supply. Ground was also connected to the PIC’s ground, the only addition here was that we placed a 10 uF capacitor between power and ground on the breadboard. We also placed a .1 uF capacitor between ground and power again but this time directly on the board for the transmit module. Lastly, the data in pin was connected to RB10 as this was the UART2 TX pin.
The KMX62 accelerometer circuit consists of a typical master-slave configuration for I2C applications as can be seen in the schematic in Appendix C. We use six pins on the accelerometer: VDD, IO_VDD, ADDR, GND, SCL, and SDA. VDD powers the device and is set to 2.6 V, sourced from a diode connected in series with a resistor and a capacitor in parallel (see the transmit schematic below). IO_VDD is the power supply for the digital communication bus and is also set to 2.6 V. ADDR can be tied to either IO_VDD or GND, allowing the user to change the slave address of the device. In this case, we drive ADDR high with 2.6 V, corresponding to read and write addresses of 0x1F and 0x1E, respectively. SCL is the serial clock for I2C that is outputted from the PIC through RB8. SDA is the serial data line over which data is sent between the master and the slave and is connected to the PIC via RB9. Both SDA and SDL are tied to 2.6 V with 5 kΩ pull-up resistors. I2C devices can only pull these lines low due to their internal hardware, so the pull-up resistors are needed to pull the lines high.
For the transmit button, since we utilized internal pulldowns we simply had to connect the button to 3.3V from the MCU and then connect the other pin of the button to RA2. This enabled us to read the button state and use this to toggle transmission.
Receive Side Circuitry
The Receive Side Schematic (shown in the Schematic Appendix) shows the hardware we implemented for the robot end of the project. This circuit included the receiver module and the two servos for robot movement.
The receiver module had three pins for ground and two pins for Vcc which we connected to the MCU ground and power. We again utilized a choke between power and ground just as with the transmit circuit in order to serve as a low pass filter for noise from the power supply. We also had a 10 uF capacitor between ground and power. The receiver module also had a pin that worked as the antenna on which we connected a 22 pF capacitor and soldered a 17cm wire. We also made sure to keep the orientation of the antennas the same on the transmit and receive ends, meaning that they were pointed in the same direction, say upwards, so that the polarization of the signal would be the same. Lastly, the receiver had a digital out pin on which is sent the signals it was reading. We connected this pin to MCU pin RA1 which was the UART2 RX pin. All of these factors in our receiver circuitry helped to improve signal strength and reliability.
The servos were also wired along with the receiver module as this was the robot end of project. The servos had three pins each, power, ground, and control. The servos required a separate power and ground as seen in the schematic above. We accomplished this by utilizing a battery pack mounted on the underside of the robot chassis. The control lines were of the servo were connected to pins RA3 and RB5 where we outputted our PWM control signals.
Our design worked well, especially considering the difficulty of using RF 434 MHz wireless transmission. We were able to achieve a range in which the car responded consistently of over a meter. This consistent response was achieved by sending data quickly so if there is a transmission miss or two, the response by the receiver was not delayed too much. However, sending the data more quickly caused the robot to jitter more often, potentially because the receiver does in fact receive data but that data has been corrupted somehow. Receiving a byte of data that does not match one of the directions simply causes the robot to stop until it received the next direction to move. This jitter can be seen in our movie below when we drive the robot, despite the fact that we increased the time between transmissions to 150 ms. We also reduced the baud rate of our data transmission from 4800 to 2400 bps to make the data transmission slower but cleaner. Other than this, it is hard to quantify the performance of our robot, for the range highly depends on the environment and the angles at which the steering wheel is pointed relative to the robot.
The main way that we ensured safety in the design was to make sure that PT_GetMachineBuffer() times out when unsuccessfully looking for a signal. Before we fixed this, when the robot would move out of range, it would continue to search for a valid data transmission until it received one. During this time, the robot would continue to move in the last valid direction that it received, making it move farther out of range. Now, when a timeout occurs, the robot will clear the command buffer and stop moving. In addition, we implemented an ignition button so the robot does not move until the button is pressed. This way, the steering wheel can be placed down without causing the robot to inadvertently move.
Since we used RF transmission, there is a possibility of RF interference with our design. We are confident that our design is tolerant to RF interference, unless of course the interference corrupts our actual data transmission. Our design uses UART to get rid of any potential errors, and then each transmission contains two start characters of 0xFA. Both start characters must be read in order to determine that any data received is valid, so the system is quite robust to other sources of RF interference. In terms of our device interfering with other designs, our range is not incredibly high so there should not be many issues. Even if we receive incorrect or corrupted data somehow, the robot will just stop moving, keeping it safe from crashing and damaging anything. Further, prudence would suggest that any other design should use a robust garbage collection technique similar to that which we implemented to only receive valid data.
Overall, we created a device that works well given the transmission device that we used. Although RF 434 transmission was difficult, it made us define our own protocol that is robust to noise and interference. We were also able to ensure that the car stops when going out of range, ensuring safety. Our design was meant to have a natural feel, with the movement of the steering wheel mimicking that of a real car’s steering wheel. Tilting the wheel forward and backward makes the car move accordingly. Usability is further improved by having two different speeds for each direction by tilting the wheel at different angles.
Our final results definitely satisfied our expectations for the project, as our desire to make an intuitive interface coupled with a responsive RC component was ultimately realized. The reliability of our system surpassed our initial expectations as we were unsure as to how consistent our transmission of signals would be. In addition, we added in two different speeds for the robot based on the angle of tilt of the steering wheel which was a convenient feature that we did not originally expect in our final results.
If we were to replicate this project or do something very similar for next time (and used 434 Mhz RF again), I think we would be more cognizant of how to deal with signal strength from the beginning. For this project, we constantly found ourselves confused during the debugging process for scoping an actual signal from RF. If we were to implement RF again, we would research what hardware measures (chokes, capacitors) to incorporate to improve our signal strength. Additionally, we would be more careful in how we checked for the signal at different stages. In other words, we often checked to see if the signal was being transmitted across without meticulously checking that the integrity of the signal was being maintained across every previous step in its path.
If we were to improve upon our project, we would probably use a transmission technology that is easier to work with and has a higher range. We mainly chose to do RF 434 because using a simpler technology would have been less interesting in terms of a classroom project. If we had not used it, we would not have learned nearly as much. Realistically, we recognize that this choice was not necessarily a choice of feasibility but rather a choice to make our project more interesting and intellectually stimulating.
We needed to keep FCC standards in mind due to our use of a transmitter. The FCC stipulates that if the use of RF is designated under “General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure” (which our project is), then we have to conform to certain standards with our power density. FCC guidelines rule that if the frequency we are working with is in the range of 300-1500 MHz, the power density must be less than f/1500. Other ethics and safety considerations are making sure that the immediate vicinity is clear of any unsuspecting persons to avoid possibly harmful collisions in addition to the safety measures explained in the Results section.
Read more: RF Motion Controlled Robot | <urn:uuid:0e2c5d76-b51d-43ad-b596-348477f0b321> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thetechprojects.com/rf-motion-controlled-robot-using-pic/ | 2024-02-22T17:19:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.957129 | 4,614 | 2.9375 | 3 | [
8679,
662,
3657,
1707,
16,
445,
2298,
291,
6399,
261,
5609,
17,
6570,
1123,
877,
360,
261,
2849,
17,
6570,
8502,
1058,
1489,
7387,
7439,
18,
924,
5171,
261,
2849,
7439,
336,
454,
4248,
9972,
1257,
291,
4973,
16,
518,
445,
2693,
261,
1058,
1489,
7387,
360,
363,
341,
4401,
8399,
10275,
8439,
11743,
18,
2848,
16,
445,
5171,
261,
892,
336,
911,
7296,
4715,
1409,
17,
2130,
5609,
2413,
16,
576,
445,
5714,
336,
363,
434,
42,
17,
6570,
8502,
4194,
830,
327,
261,
10629,
898,
292,
901,
456,
734,
18,
4120,
16,
5609,
5247,
17,
6570,
1123,
2391,
528,
363,
2577,
17,
75,
5517,
3550,
288,
1511,
659,
352,
8821,
1187,
291,
3191,
3709,
16,
576,
445,
2693,
362,
830,
327,
261,
1312,
2505,
292,
1343,
3928,
412,
691,
360,
456,
1517,
289,
1428,
5865,
18,
203,
44,
396,
7886,
4953,
203,
8679,
268,
5247,
17,
6570,
8502,
7387,
16,
445,
6964,
336,
363,
8399,
10275,
830,
327,
268,
710,
4715,
11651,
649,
5337,
667,
292,
1078,
5247,
5202,
427,
261,
2849,
18,
2848,
16,
5337,
268,
1139,
1749,
430,
518,
445,
2224,
292,
4671,
863,
352,
767,
352,
268,
1488,
7116,
289,
268,
863,
279,
11626,
2315,
16,
445,
6964,
336,
268,
5609,
2413,
911,
327,
11743,
360,
261,
4097,
9785,
434,
42,
8061,
345,
19,
267,
339,
1657,
892,
18,
948,
1640,
289,
11032,
3020,
292,
327,
543,
2230,
2627,
291,
308,
3303,
288,
4819,
8931,
1745,
772,
2391,
16,
576,
445,
3077,
362,
2807,
5865,
292,
901,
717,
445,
911,
2251,
362,
288,
261,
4715,
4901,
18,
203,
1461,
2114,
1019,
2356,
881,
382,
4033,
8748,
87,
16,
597,
289,
518,
316,
341,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
421,
7765,
2167,
2031,
13,
291,
597,
289,
518,
316,
341,
268,
877,
421,
267,
339,
464,
2031,
802,
465,
271,
4132,
16,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
528,
261,
8061,
345,
16,
291,
268,
877,
528,
261,
1723,
1657,
18,
365,
1058,
1489,
7387,
528,
261,
7787,
16,
518,
649,
1579,
286,
16,
2089,
5609,
2413,
292,
1071,
1349,
18,
365,
877,
525,
528,
881,
1043,
83,
17,
6570,
8502,
5544,
1137,
336,
3273,
863,
427,
268,
3273,
17,
5084,
382,
4033,
8748,
18,
203,
1461,
8399,
10275,
316,
268,
855,
3863,
1003,
268,
2849,
7439,
31,
268,
5247,
427,
268,
2849,
316,
8221,
419,
268,
8399,
10275,
16,
291,
1023,
2819,
292,
268,
382,
4033,
8748,
3785,
334,
22,
39,
18,
3574,
16,
3785,
261,
522,
3157,
56,
1596,
16,
445,
1927,
268,
3119,
289,
268,
1078,
8399,
10275,
3119,
5051,
268,
8061,
345,
1910,
360,
586,
574,
2432,
302,
419,
3350,
331,
1357,
291,
2085,
1277,
18,
3574,
268,
3119,
356,
2819,
3785,
434,
42,
292,
268,
1723,
1657,
16,
4060,
9672,
445,
1078,
3785,
1515,
522,
3157,
56,
8037,
262,
1189,
87,
1596,
18,
4960,
266,
766,
5724,
456,
1009,
16,
445,
1075,
268,
1043,
335,
1001,
382,
59,
49,
1357,
2310,
292,
268,
1009,
2819,
288,
268,
2032,
3400,
421,
6499,
8490,
268,
5247,
5202,
289,
268,
2849,
802,
203,
8804,
1858,
268,
6528,
11032,
331,
268,
8061,
291,
3273,
664,
462,
3650,
292,
3418,
3385,
4819,
2166,
16,
362,
454,
288,
5580,
2201,
291,
445,
5714,
445,
911,
1434,
268,
8331,
360,
1079,
6528,
291,
2436,
7651,
18,
906,
268,
2436,
16,
686,
316,
261,
3961,
445,
911,
437,
1631,
644,
360,
261,
4687,
291,
512,
1783,
8963,
331,
434,
42,
2413,
31,
2281,
16,
445,
816,
691,
292,
11374,
3614,
960,
278,
262,
1189,
522,
3157,
56,
6588,
3632,
518,
4513,
1039,
4787,
18,
3142,
576,
16,
445,
664,
1542,
292,
2115,
1070,
289,
629,
3632,
291,
1876,
918,
622,
292,
716,
360,
662,
892,
372,
87,
1470,
18,
203,
3464,
724,
261,
696,
305,
1156,
696,
49,
60,
26,
22,
777,
17,
1894,
277,
8399,
10275,
293,
8863,
341,
261,
696,
49,
60,
26,
21,
5987,
4302,
292,
4375,
268,
5247,
289,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
291,
8354,
268,
5247,
636,
4462,
8994,
331,
268,
877,
18,
365,
696,
49,
60,
26,
22,
903,
300,
692,
360,
268,
382,
4033,
1001,
334,
22,
39,
8375,
433,
18,
906,
662,
2413,
16,
445,
4486,
881,
589,
468,
3632,
292,
2101,
381,
1078,
87,
291,
9627,
427,
268,
382,
4033,
16,
1079,
289,
518,
1089,
268,
8443,
288,
268,
696,
49,
60,
26,
22,
7609,
421,
11379,
901,
662,
6547,
286,
3230,
288,
268,
2537,
593,
1156,
331,
1430,
3834,
802,
4449,
268,
1078,
291,
3562,
3632,
666,
4515,
3632,
4486,
288,
452,
449,
18,
76,
336,
3624,
4671,
1236,
5518,
16,
3399,
5518,
16,
291,
1324,
9627,
341,
268,
863,
2137,
18,
365,
696,
49,
60,
26,
22,
7242,
268,
8399,
10275,
3119,
5613,
427,
516,
1391,
6553,
274,
288,
735,
7396,
5883,
636,
695,
291,
1488,
419,
3350,
18,
1122,
4857,
3049,
456,
16,
445,
4486,
261,
1078,
67,
3478,
12,
13,
1596,
336,
1078,
87,
268,
695,
291,
1488,
419,
3350,
331,
261,
2050,
11437,
291,
8721,
363,
288,
359,
1132,
336,
316,
268,
2812,
271,
270,
318,
289,
268,
881,
419,
3350,
18,
948,
419,
3350,
356,
1023,
9480,
292,
2151,
268,
4210,
288,
518,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
316,
225,
1046,
691,
16,
518,
5720,
3502,
292,
261,
4462,
4210,
18,
307,
309,
542,
268,
7387,
288,
268,
796,
94,
4210,
5720,
3502,
292,
268,
877,
4462,
3882,
16,
1020,
225,
1046,
542,
362,
288,
268,
5799,
94,
4210,
5720,
3502,
292,
268,
877,
4462,
1103,
1032,
18,
7667,
16,
4171,
673,
268,
7387,
4094,
268,
796,
92,
4210,
5720,
3502,
292,
6438,
1328,
16,
291,
4171,
673,
362,
288,
268,
5799,
92,
4210,
5720,
3502,
292,
6438,
2294,
18,
1771,
289,
629,
683,
508,
437,
881,
10566,
5013,
292,
4938,
881,
865,
8813,
1447,
69,
2910,
291,
261,
3498,
10566,
1063,
18,
365,
9875,
10566,
5013,
356,
4486,
292,
327,
1278,
1347,
291,
2912,
1347,
331,
268,
2910,
291,
3498,
8813,
16,
8860,
18,
1097,
268,
8399,
10275,
316,
462,
225,
1046,
691,
288,
2447,
268,
4730,
361,
2174,
8994,
2323,
629,
10566,
1063,
3119,
16,
268,
8061,
345,
513,
4671,
261,
3399,
4819,
292,
1867,
1070,
268,
1043,
335,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
16,
445,
3380,
261,
7787,
341,
268,
3775,
2031,
289,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
292,
3705,
352,
363,
4592,
564,
18,
553,
316,
3947,
292,
6692,
434,
37,
22,
341,
268,
382,
4033,
1001,
363,
4180,
6128,
17,
4756,
474,
8976,
16,
291,
2384,
268,
8399,
10275,
292,
462,
327,
1078,
6774,
362,
316,
1579,
286,
18,
4387,
16,
2035,
268,
7787,
316,
1579,
286,
16,
268,
5540,
2031,
4671,
87,
261,
3399,
4819,
292,
268,
9577,
18,
6266,
649,
268,
7787,
316,
1579,
286,
1082,
268,
8061,
345,
4671,
5433,
8994,
292,
268,
9577,
292,
1342,
362,
292,
1454,
18,
203,
7508,
268,
863,
1078,
427,
268,
8399,
10275,
316,
2819,
292,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
382,
4033,
16,
445,
1023,
724,
261,
960,
278,
262,
1189,
87,
6588,
421,
491,
80,
1451,
288,
268,
2439,
1036,
6936,
372,
87,
303,
339,
10152,
4928,
9728,
13,
292,
4671,
285,
764,
292,
268,
8061,
345,
18,
924,
724,
261,
988,
7828,
18,
29,
22,
383,
44,
94,
3253,
1623,
3526,
2167,
345,
9213,
16,
291,
261,
988,
7828,
18,
29,
22,
383,
44,
94,
402,
77,
9259,
5659,
2602,
73,
1657,
9213,
18,
1097,
268,
863,
8849,
268,
1723,
1657,
16,
445,
724,
268,
1365,
2485,
3632,
427,
268,
1162,
522,
3157,
56,
6588,
331,
268,
382,
4033,
292,
8294,
1513,
268,
863,
268,
1723,
1657,
18,
3014,
16,
445,
513,
5470,
268,
8963,
419,
518,
445,
6654,
268,
8399,
10275,
863,
16,
2819,
362,
292,
268,
8061,
345,
291,
16,
288,
1867,
16,
268,
1723,
1657,
2031,
382,
4033,
8748,
18,
203,
5190,
4565,
288,
268,
8399,
10275,
7510,
421,
6135,
2159,
989,
662,
1192,
6488,
84,
3025,
2563,
10566,
1063,
3119,
1745,
881,
6553,
274,
336,
664,
1558,
292,
268,
1009,
445,
2819,
818,
376,
601,
292,
268,
892,
5984,
286,
341,
268,
877,
372,
87,
383,
39,
57,
18,
365,
3941,
6207,
662,
8399,
10275,
8782,
525,
3380,
662,
8061,
8963,
18,
365,
5540,
445,
356,
9470,
316,
1673,
953,
8048,
293,
87,
16,
291,
855,
10691,
331,
717,
268,
7787,
341,
268,
1058,
1489,
7387,
316,
1018,
1579,
286,
18,
829,
362,
316,
16,
268,
3061,
289,
268,
8061,
8782,
375,
1089,
18,
2658,
2772,
4353,
268,
279,
11626,
289,
1009,
336,
375,
327,
2819,
292,
268,
8061,
345,
356,
1103,
16,
3882,
16,
1328,
16,
2294,
16,
538,
9169,
537,
8370,
289,
629,
1958,
16,
291,
3399,
18,
383,
2188,
286,
292,
662,
2174,
17,
1894,
277,
1078,
762,
316,
268,
3882,
291,
1103,
1905,
4210,
31,
717,
268,
2003,
316,
2159,
662,
561,
864,
950,
1451,
10566,
1063,
16,
445,
4229,
538,
9685,
4290,
717,
362,
316,
2159,
268,
561,
864,
950,
1451,
538,
9169,
537,
10566,
1063,
16,
445,
4229,
538,
9685,
3498,
3362,
365,
2017,
318,
289,
629,
3119,
316,
724,
331,
268,
538,
3252,
537,
291,
538,
3252,
3498,
537,
8212,
18,
540,
2214,
316,
8184,
292,
336,
289,
268,
4730,
17,
1894,
277,
2568,
331,
2294,
291,
1328,
421,
298,
1188,
316,
11920,
331,
3119,
2159,
2262,
10566,
5013,
16,
1020,
1328,
316,
11920,
331,
3119,
2321,
268,
3047,
10566,
5013,
802,
203,
2983,
953,
1731,
16,
6779,
289,
518,
4210,
445,
11196,
341,
16,
261,
3338,
289,
1570,
419,
3350,
513,
327,
2819,
18,
3029,
16,
445,
4671,
2699,
92,
69,
69,
16,
2699,
92,
69,
69,
18,
365,
1723,
1657,
5185,
1402,
7731,
7030,
5340,
292,
804,
331,
261,
896,
1605,
801,
4819,
16,
291,
576,
362,
513,
1775,
4781,
261,
4819,
289,
8810,
11600,
919,
717,
362,
2545,
794,
4375,
281,
5340,
18,
829,
445,
664,
292,
4671,
662,
2032,
3400,
4248,
16,
268,
3277,
3488,
341,
268,
1723,
1657,
830,
1823,
11464,
662,
863,
1812,
362,
528,
1040,
4101,
289,
1795,
360,
5340,
18,
924,
4671,
881,
419,
3350,
289,
2699,
92,
69,
69,
352,
261,
6004,
292,
1059,
268,
3123,
292,
1534,
2231,
381,
292,
268,
2922,
3277,
331,
268,
3119,
445,
513,
327,
1795,
360,
18,
2658,
2699,
92,
457,
419,
359,
316,
2033,
288,
268,
1577,
305,
292,
3325,
456,
8352,
986,
3277,
677,
6401,
292,
268,
1328,
1944,
18,
365,
855,
419,
359,
289,
662,
1236,
4819,
16,
2699,
92,
74,
69,
16,
1974,
2033,
18,
540,
2003,
316,
2070,
1982,
659,
336,
362,
513,
462,
1792,
327,
639,
3025,
419,
5340,
291,
3281,
437,
268,
3061,
289,
268,
7335,
327,
288,
354,
3711,
1402,
11920,
419,
261,
7259,
2262,
18,
1122,
1071,
456,
2505,
597,
2483,
1902,
291,
804,
268,
4819,
919,
512,
543,
4232,
1223,
1784,
289,
5340,
16,
445,
769,
1515,
2699,
92,
74,
69,
331,
1060,
2074,
18,
540,
881,
419,
359,
1236,
4819,
316,
4486,
341,
662,
1723,
1657,
2031,
421,
6135,
2321,
989,
3240,
362,
292,
698,
853,
268,
4741,
574,
2432,
302,
2032,
3400,
5118,
18,
6952,
1974,
662,
2032,
3400,
18,
2011,
445,
437,
268,
855,
421,
481,
794,
13,
2088,
289,
1363,
2202,
858,
268,
5897,
2772,
289,
3170,
1172,
1018,
2819,
1745,
268,
1570,
17,
2330,
359,
7335,
18,
7950,
1070,
289,
518,
1042,
1301,
1731,
445,
356,
288,
421,
73,
492,
9010,
292,
261,
2050,
2910,
4210,
16,
3498,
4210,
16,
361,
3399,
989,
445,
1927,
261,
1430,
419,
359,
2033,
288,
268,
7335,
336,
316,
1656,
71,
10567,
292,
261,
1510,
4229,
18,
3431,
597,
289,
268,
5897,
2772,
528,
261,
1430,
1656,
17,
71,
10567,
419,
359,
336,
513,
3406,
11170,
1745,
268,
5540,
292,
268,
1723,
1657,
18,
2122,
456,
419,
359,
16,
445,
8061,
2699,
92,
9796,
16,
518,
316,
268,
3399,
4819,
292,
2053,
268,
1723,
1657,
698,
336,
445,
356,
10060,
268,
5540,
7335,
18,
4943,
16,
445,
4671,
2699,
92,
587,
292,
4938,
268,
1199,
289,
662,
5540,
18,
203,
37,
71,
1248,
516,
289,
456,
3764,
16,
2281,
16,
662,
863,
528,
462,
6995,
4581,
292,
268,
8061,
345,
2635,
18,
540,
316,
11743,
419,
268,
522,
3157,
56,
3632,
288,
268,
960,
278,
262,
1189,
87,
10030,
4565,
4235,
421,
10928,
288,
303,
339,
10152,
4928,
9728,
802,
450,
1544,
331,
268,
1570,
17,
2330,
359,
7335,
292,
327,
2819,
16,
445,
2224,
292
] |
The Properties of Driftwood: A Comparison to Tree Wood
You're about to embark on a fascinating journey into the world of driftwood. In this article, we'll explore the properties of driftwood and compare them to those of tree wood. It's an intriguing debate that has captured the attention of many. One user suggests that the water may have altered the properties of the wood by removing certain minerals.
Another user highlights the significance of driftwood in Norse mythology and claims that it possesses its own unique properties. A quote from research is shared, affirming that the properties of wood indeed change when exposed to water. On a more whimsical note, one user suggests that driftwood can be transformed into a decorative wand adorned with shells and sea glass. As the discussion draws to a close, various opinions are expressed, leaving us with a rich tapestry of thoughts on this captivating topic.
Driftwood and tree wood can often have different colors. While tree wood typically retains its natural color, driftwood tends to take on a lighter and more weathered appearance. The exposure to sun, water, and wind gradually transforms the original color of the wood, giving it a unique and aged patina. Driftwood commonly features shades of gray, white, and tan, which enhance its rustic and coastal aesthetic.
When it comes to texture, tree wood and driftwood can have noticeable differences. Tree wood generally has a smoother texture, with distinct grains and patterns. In contrast, driftwood often possesses a rougher and more weathered texture due to its exposure to the elements. The constant buffeting of waves and currents against the wood can create a unique and captivating surface, making driftwood an appealing material for various artistic and decorative purposes.
The shape of driftwood sets it apart from tree wood. While tree wood exhibits a more uniform and predictable shape, driftwood showcases an intriguing variety of forms and contours. The constant movement of water shapes and sculpts each piece of driftwood into a distinctive shape, with twists, bends, and holes that add to its charm. Its irregular and organic shapes make it a versatile medium for artists and craftsmen looking to create visually captivating and one-of-a-kind pieces.
Driftwood tends to be smaller in size compared to tree wood. The relentless action of water gradually erodes and breaks down larger pieces of wood, resulting in smaller fragments being washed ashore. However, it is important to note that the size of driftwood can vary significantly depending on the source and location. Some coastal regions may have larger driftwood pieces due to factors such as strong tides or storms. On the other hand, tree wood can be found in a wide range of sizes, from small branches to massive tree trunks, providing more versatility for construction and woodworking purposes.
The mineral content of driftwood can differ from that of tree wood. As driftwood spends a significant amount of time submerged in saltwater, it undergoes a leaching process where certain minerals are extracted or modified. This can result in a lower overall mineral content compared to tree wood, which remains rooted in the soil and absorbs essential minerals through its roots. The altered mineral composition of driftwood contributes to its unique characteristics and may affect its physical properties.
The exposure to saltwater can also impact the acid content of driftwood. The saltwater can contribute to a higher acidity level, which can have long-term effects on the wood's durability and integrity. In contrast, tree wood typically has a more balanced acidity level, as it absorbs nutrients and other substances from the soil. The differing acid content between driftwood and tree wood highlights the distinct environments in which they are found and how those environments influence their chemical makeup.
Driftwood generally has a higher moisture content than tree wood. The constant exposure to water can lead to the absorption of moisture by the wood, which contributes to its flexible nature and resistance to cracking or splitting. The higher moisture content also affects the weight of driftwood, making it lighter compared to tree wood. The unique moisture composition of driftwood plays a significant role in its durability and suitability for various applications.
Driftwood and tree wood can exhibit differences in density. Tree wood typically has a higher density due to its solid growth patterns and the presence of various layers of growth rings. In contrast, driftwood tends to have a lower density as a result of the water leaching certain elements and minerals from the wood over time. The lower density of driftwood contributes to its buoyancy and ease of manipulation, making it a desirable material for artistic purposes and creative projects.
In terms of strength, tree wood generally surpasses driftwood. The solid and intact structure of tree wood, with its natural strength and durability, gives it an inherent advantage over driftwood. While driftwood can still possess considerable strength, the continuous exposure to water, wind, and other environmental factors can weaken its overall structural integrity. However, it is important to note that the strength of driftwood can vary significantly depending on the specific wood species and its exposure history.
Driftwood is known for its flexibility, which sets it apart from tree wood. The constant movement and immersion in water contribute to the softening of the wood fibers, making it more pliable and less prone to breaking. This flexibility makes driftwood an ideal material for crafting, particularly when intricate and curved designs are desired. Tree wood, on the other hand, tends to be more rigid and less flexible, requiring additional treatment or processing to achieve similar results.
Driftwood has a higher absorption capacity compared to tree wood. Due to its exposure to water, driftwood readily absorbs moisture, which can affect its weight, density, and overall composition. The absorbent nature of driftwood makes it susceptible to swelling and contraction as it constantly adjusts to the surrounding moisture levels. Tree wood, however, exhibits less absorption as it already has sufficient water content from its growth process, primarily acquired through its roots.
The exposure to water causes driftwood to expand, further contributing to its unique physical characteristics. As driftwood absorbs moisture, it expands both in size and volume. This expansion can lead to the wood becoming more pliable, making it easier to manipulate and shape into desired forms. In contrast, tree wood has limited expansion capabilities, as it is already in a stabilized state with a lower moisture content.
The durability of driftwood can be influenced by its interaction with water. While tree wood is naturally adapted to withstand various weather conditions, driftwood faces different challenges. The constant immersion in water and exposure to moisture can cause decay, rotting, and the growth of fungi or bacteria. Despite these potential vulnerabilities, driftwood can still possess remarkable durability, especially when used in appropriate applications and provided with proper care and treatment. Regular cleaning, drying, and sealing can help preserve the durability of driftwood and enhance its longevity.
Resistance to Decay
Tree wood generally exhibits greater resistance to decay compared to driftwood. Tree wood's natural growth and composition provide inherent defenses against decay-causing organisms such as fungi and insects. In contrast, driftwood, due to its prolonged exposure to water, is more prone to decay and rot. However, some species of driftwood can display higher natural resistance to decay, imparting increased durability and longevity to the material.
Tree wood has a higher inherent resistance to weathering compared to driftwood. Due to its origin on land, tree wood has developed adaptations to withstand various weather conditions, including exposure to sun, rain, and wind. Driftwood, on the other hand, has already endured the effects of weathering during its time in the water. While this exposure can enhance its unique characteristics, such as color and texture, it can also make the wood more susceptible to further weather damage once it is exposed to the elements on land.
Tree wood typically possesses better resistance against pests such as insects than driftwood. The natural compounds present in tree wood, along with its continuous growth and repair mechanisms, act as deterrents against invasive pests. Driftwood, however, can be more vulnerable to insect infestations and other pests due to its extended exposure to water and its altered chemical composition. Proper treatment and sealing can help mitigate these risks and enhance the pest resistance of driftwood.
Both driftwood and tree wood possess their own unique natural beauty. Tree wood often showcases diverse grain patterns, colors, and textures that are appreciated for their inherent charm and allure. Driftwood, with its weathered appearance, evokes a sense of coastal tranquility and rugged beauty. The exposure to water imbues driftwood with a distinct aesthetic appeal, offering a glimpse into its journey and transformation in the marine environment.
Driftwood exhibits an array of unique patterns that distinguish it from tree wood. The constant interaction with water and the forces of nature result in striking textures, swirls, and grain patterns visible on the wood's surface. These patterns serve as a visual testament to the wood's journey, giving each piece of driftwood its own individual story and character. The distinct patterns of driftwood make it a popular choice for decorative and artistic applications.
Driftwood has a significant decorative potential due to its unique aesthetics and natural beauty. Its weathered appearance, irregular shapes, and distinct patterns make it a sought-after material for various décor styles, particularly those influenced by coastal and rustic themes. Driftwood can be used as standalone decorative pieces, incorporated into furniture and sculpture designs, or utilized in creative DIY projects. Its versatility and visually pleasing qualities make driftwood a popular choice for interior designers and homeowners looking for a touch of natural elegance.
Driftwood can be utilized in furniture design to create unique and visually captivating pieces. Its distinctive shapes and textures lend themselves well to the creation of chairs, tables, benches, and other furniture items. Driftwood furniture can add a rustic and coastal ambiance to any space, whether it be a beach house, a cabin in the woods, or a contemporary urban setting. The combination of functionality and aesthetic appeal makes driftwood furniture a popular choice for those seeking one-of-a-kind pieces.
Driftwood's natural shapes and textures make it an ideal material for sculptures. Whether it is depicting marine creatures, abstract forms, or figurative representations, driftwood provides an organic and captivating medium for artistic expression. Artists can use different techniques to assemble and manipulate driftwood pieces into visually stunning sculptures, highlighting the inherent beauty and uniqueness of the wood. Driftwood sculptures not only serve as eye-catching works of art but also contribute to the preservation and celebration of nature's wonders.
Driftwood's aesthetic qualities extend beyond furniture and sculptures, making it a versatile material for home décor. From wall hangings and mirrors to lamps and candle holders, driftwood can be incorporated into a wide range of decorative items. Its weathered appearance and distinct textures add an element of natural elegance and a touch of coastal charm to any interior design style. Driftwood decorations provide a connection to nature and the calming presence of the ocean, enhancing the overall ambiance of a space.
Apart from its decorative applications, driftwood can be used in various functional items. From coat racks and key holders to serving trays and utensils, the unique shapes and durability of driftwood make it suitable for a range of practical purposes. With a little creativity and craftsmanship, driftwood can be transformed into everyday objects that combine functionality with an aesthetic appeal. Using driftwood in functional items allows individuals to incorporate eco-friendly and sustainable materials into their daily lives.
Driftwood holds cultural significance in Norse mythology, particularly in relation to the creation of the first man and woman. According to Norse mythology, the gods shaped the first human beings, Ask and Embla, from two pieces of driftwood washed ashore. The use of driftwood in this myth highlights its association with the origins of humanity, emphasizing its symbolic connection to nature and the cyclical flow of life. This cultural significance adds to the allure and intrigue surrounding driftwood.
Driftwood carries symbolic meanings in various cultures and traditions. As a material that has traveled through water, driftwood is often associated with the concepts of adaptability, resilience, and transformation. Its journey symbolizes the ebb and flow of life, withstanding challenges and evolving over time. Additionally, in some cultures, driftwood is seen as a spiritual or sacred material, representing the interplay between the elements of earth and water. These symbolic meanings enhance the fascination and reverence people have for driftwood.
History of Use in Coastal Communities
Throughout history, coastal communities have relied on driftwood for various purposes. From building shelters and fortifications to crafting tools and utensils, driftwood provided a valuable resource for survival and sustenance. The abundance of driftwood along coastlines made it a readily accessible material for construction, providing an alternative to felling trees. The historical use of driftwood in coastal communities highlights its practicality, versatility, and the deep connection between humans and their marine environment.
Driftwood is considered a sustainable material due to its renewable and naturally sourced nature. Unlike tree wood, which requires cutting down trees and potentially depleting forests, driftwood is a byproduct of natural processes. As wood is washed into water bodies by natural forces, it becomes available for collection without causing harm to living trees or the environment. Utilizing driftwood in various applications promotes sustainable practices and reduces the demand for newly sourced wood, contributing to the conservation of natural resources.
Driftwood plays a vital role in enhancing habitats and ecological systems. Along coastlines and riverbanks, driftwood acts as natural debris, creating diverse microhabitats for countless plant and animal species. The wood provides shelter, nesting sites, and food sources for various organisms, contributing to the overall biodiversity and health of coastal ecosystems. By utilizing driftwood in a responsible manner, individuals and communities can help maintain and support these valuable habitats.
The interaction between driftwood and the marine environment serves as a crucial ecological process. Driftwood can transport nutrients and organic matter from land to water, influencing nutrient cycles and providing essential resources for aquatic life. It also helps stabilize coastlines and riverbanks, protecting them from erosion and promoting the formation of habitats for plants and animals. The ecological importance of driftwood highlights its role in sustaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and maintaining the delicate balance between land and water environments.
The debate surrounding driftwood revolves around whether it exhibits different properties from the tree it originated from or if its properties are altered by water interaction. This discussion has sparked contrasting opinions based on scientific observations, cultural significance, and personal experiences.
Opinion A: Driftwood and Tree Wood are Identical One perspective asserts that driftwood and tree wood share similar properties, as driftwood originates from trees and undergoes natural processes. According to this opinion, any variations observed in driftwood can be attributed to the effects of exposure to water, such as color changes or altered mineral content. However, proponents of this viewpoint argue that the inherent properties of the wood, such as density and strength, largely remain unchanged.
Opinion B: Driftwood Exhibits Unique Properties Another viewpoint suggests that driftwood possesses distinct properties that set it apart from tree wood. Proponents of this opinion argue that the prolonged exposure to water alters the wood's chemical composition, resulting in physical and structural differences. They highlight the weathered appearance, unique shapes, and flexibility of driftwood as evidence of its distinct properties. Additionally, the cultural significance and symbolic meanings associated with driftwood provide further support for its uniqueness.
Opinion C: Driftwood's Properties are Altered by Water Interaction A third opinion postulates that driftwood does possess different properties compared to tree wood due to its interaction with water. Advocates of this viewpoint argue that the leaching of minerals, changes in acidity, and increased moisture content all contribute to the altered physical and chemical characteristics of driftwood. They assert that these changes result in a lighter wood with enhanced flexibility and a distinct aging process, making driftwood a material with unique properties and aesthetic appeal.
In conclusion, the discussion surrounding driftwood's properties provides insights into its physical differences, chemical composition, structural variations, water interaction, durability, aesthetics, practical uses, cultural significance, and environmental impact. While some believe that driftwood and tree wood are identical, others emphasize the uniqueness of driftwood, including its altered properties from water interaction. Regardless of individual opinions, driftwood continues to inspire and captivate people with its natural beauty, intriguing patterns, and meaningful connections to nature and cultural heritage. | <urn:uuid:58aec819-5a53-43a0-ba1b-2f8cdfb5d2d1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://welovespells.net/fr/blogs/news/the-properties-of-driftwood-a-comparison-to-tree-wood | 2024-02-22T16:45:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.937092 | 3,363 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
1461,
6268,
1235,
289,
1698,
373,
544,
509,
30,
330,
2132,
294,
2613,
292,
10053,
7088,
203,
7556,
3707,
608,
292,
11628,
341,
261,
6326,
3405,
636,
268,
887,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
5789,
2408,
268,
3227,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
291,
7104,
622,
292,
1014,
289,
2907,
2782,
18,
553,
743,
363,
11360,
5980,
6963,
336,
528,
8030,
268,
2383,
289,
772,
18,
1507,
2849,
4299,
336,
268,
770,
602,
437,
11137,
268,
3227,
289,
268,
2782,
419,
6763,
1575,
5405,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
2849,
7739,
268,
4489,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
288,
4058,
401,
5620,
880,
291,
6045,
336,
362,
5929,
274,
606,
1044,
2070,
3227,
18,
330,
626,
1623,
427,
922,
316,
4244,
16,
1140,
338,
2280,
336,
268,
3227,
289,
2782,
7195,
1317,
649,
4504,
292,
770,
18,
1245,
261,
512,
342,
344,
87,
466,
3251,
16,
597,
2849,
4299,
336,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
327,
9619,
636,
261,
6681,
774,
276,
481,
478,
1620,
286,
360,
422,
4983,
291,
3542,
3840,
18,
760,
268,
5122,
2395,
87,
292,
261,
2828,
16,
1320,
8415,
356,
6925,
16,
5413,
407,
360,
261,
2941,
6725,
274,
891,
289,
4324,
341,
456,
11284,
3800,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
291,
2907,
2782,
375,
970,
437,
865,
4330,
18,
1508,
2907,
2782,
2437,
6449,
87,
606,
1493,
2191,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
8814,
292,
1071,
341,
261,
11399,
291,
512,
3266,
286,
4643,
18,
365,
3285,
292,
2045,
16,
770,
16,
291,
2206,
6256,
817,
3858,
268,
3388,
2191,
289,
268,
2782,
16,
3851,
362,
261,
2070,
291,
8602,
929,
1835,
18,
1698,
373,
544,
509,
3224,
2630,
422,
2306,
289,
10855,
16,
2398,
16,
291,
225,
8176,
16,
518,
3017,
606,
384,
310,
410,
291,
7636,
9223,
18,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
7520,
16,
2907,
2782,
291,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
437,
4204,
541,
3692,
18,
10053,
2782,
2918,
528,
261,
835,
616,
411,
7520,
16,
360,
5292,
7266,
291,
3092,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
970,
5929,
274,
261,
5602,
265,
291,
512,
3266,
286,
7520,
1504,
292,
606,
3285,
292,
268,
2880,
18,
365,
3453,
9568,
7730,
289,
6007,
291,
1065,
11503,
1573,
268,
2782,
375,
1408,
261,
2070,
291,
11284,
2248,
16,
1355,
704,
373,
544,
509,
363,
11453,
1193,
331,
1320,
7879,
291,
6681,
774,
4309,
18,
203,
1461,
3234,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
5275,
362,
6026,
427,
2907,
2782,
18,
1508,
2907,
2782,
4192,
764,
261,
512,
8802,
291,
4003,
1576,
3234,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
7273,
936,
363,
11360,
5980,
2233,
289,
2779,
291,
353,
278,
2319,
18,
365,
3453,
2710,
289,
770,
6133,
291,
8826,
340,
1011,
4032,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
636,
261,
8647,
3234,
16,
360,
808,
978,
16,
285,
6311,
16,
291,
7157,
336,
769,
292,
606,
392,
930,
18,
3837,
10039,
291,
3891,
6133,
804,
362,
261,
8967,
5232,
331,
5875,
291,
10388,
4320,
2639,
292,
1408,
10133,
11284,
291,
597,
17,
2012,
17,
69,
17,
9546,
4648,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
8814,
292,
327,
3513,
288,
2155,
2973,
292,
2907,
2782,
18,
365,
711,
302,
1465,
2433,
289,
770,
6256,
1827,
3839,
291,
7649,
1190,
3080,
4648,
289,
2782,
16,
3932,
288,
3513,
6634,
652,
1018,
4877,
286,
10080,
404,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
268,
2155,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
3360,
3105,
3509,
341,
268,
2088,
291,
3336,
18,
1399,
7636,
3921,
602,
437,
3080,
704,
373,
544,
509,
4648,
1504,
292,
1802,
659,
352,
1806,
1377,
4696,
361,
11656,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
2907,
2782,
375,
327,
986,
288,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
6567,
16,
427,
1139,
7272,
292,
5836,
2907,
432,
374,
530,
16,
2352,
512,
6747,
706,
331,
3076,
291,
2782,
7665,
4309,
18,
203,
1461,
7333,
2064,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
728,
427,
336,
289,
2907,
2782,
18,
760,
704,
373,
544,
509,
4417,
87,
261,
1297,
1944,
289,
669,
979,
81,
732,
286,
288,
2016,
544,
524,
16,
362,
4580,
3144,
261,
417,
4457,
833,
853,
1575,
5405,
356,
2108,
4473,
361,
8672,
18,
540,
375,
1636,
288,
261,
1898,
2114,
7333,
2064,
2973,
292,
2907,
2782,
16,
518,
3341,
3382,
286,
288,
268,
1976,
291,
3593,
825,
1505,
5405,
734,
606,
4543,
18,
365,
11137,
7333,
5964,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
6831,
292,
606,
2070,
3869,
291,
602,
2242,
606,
1646,
3227,
18,
203,
1461,
3285,
292,
2016,
544,
524,
375,
525,
1393,
268,
3175,
2064,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
365,
2016,
544,
524,
375,
2885,
292,
261,
1797,
3175,
380,
966,
16,
518,
375,
437,
917,
17,
950,
1814,
341,
268,
2782,
743,
10059,
291,
6751,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
2907,
2782,
2437,
528,
261,
512,
5218,
3175,
380,
966,
16,
352,
362,
3593,
825,
3600,
291,
586,
5471,
427,
268,
1976,
18,
365,
728,
281,
3175,
2064,
858,
704,
373,
544,
509,
291,
2907,
2782,
7739,
268,
5292,
4218,
288,
518,
502,
356,
986,
291,
667,
1014,
4218,
3033,
444,
2344,
804,
987,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
2918,
528,
261,
1797,
4886,
2064,
687,
2907,
2782,
18,
365,
3453,
3285,
292,
770,
375,
912,
292,
268,
8224,
289,
4886,
419,
268,
2782,
16,
518,
6831,
292,
606,
6580,
2075,
291,
3696,
292,
793,
3303,
361,
5726,
7261,
18,
365,
1797,
4886,
2064,
525,
4238,
268,
2146,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
16,
1355,
362,
11399,
2973,
292,
2907,
2782,
18,
365,
2070,
4886,
5964,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
3806,
261,
1297,
1476,
288,
606,
10059,
291,
7954,
1303,
331,
1320,
2391,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
291,
2907,
2782,
375,
7918,
3692,
288,
6321,
18,
10053,
2782,
2437,
528,
261,
1797,
6321,
1504,
292,
606,
4236,
1668,
3092,
291,
268,
3550,
289,
1320,
5936,
289,
1668,
384,
762,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
8814,
292,
437,
261,
1898,
6321,
352,
261,
1636,
289,
268,
770,
417,
4457,
1575,
2880,
291,
5405,
427,
268,
2782,
658,
669,
18,
365,
1898,
6321,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
6831,
292,
606,
803,
905,
3015,
291,
6545,
289,
6219,
1218,
16,
1355,
362,
261,
697,
9587,
1193,
331,
7879,
4309,
291,
4575,
2830,
18,
203,
2983,
2560,
289,
2166,
16,
2907,
2782,
2918,
828,
84,
6442,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
365,
4236,
291,
1295,
613,
2214,
289,
2907,
2782,
16,
360,
606,
1493,
2166,
291,
10059,
16,
3581,
362,
363,
11118,
4174,
658,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
1508,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
1356,
5929,
8411,
2166,
16,
268,
5674,
3285,
292,
770,
16,
2206,
16,
291,
586,
2100,
1802,
375,
3344,
270,
606,
2114,
6534,
6751,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
268,
2166,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
3360,
3105,
3509,
341,
268,
1430,
2782,
1678,
291,
606,
3285,
1550,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
316,
1261,
331,
606,
5960,
16,
518,
5275,
362,
6026,
427,
2907,
2782,
18,
365,
3453,
2710,
291,
8484,
305,
288,
770,
2885,
292,
268,
576,
74,
506,
281,
289,
268,
2782,
8873,
16,
1355,
362,
512,
452,
2627,
291,
1165,
8096,
292,
7652,
18,
540,
5960,
1892,
704,
373,
544,
509,
363,
3890,
1193,
331,
6983,
542,
16,
2467,
649,
7166,
291,
1065,
1027,
5403,
356,
5554,
18,
10053,
2782,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
8814,
292,
327,
512,
6343,
323,
291,
1165,
6580,
16,
8152,
2827,
1412,
361,
3764,
292,
2446,
1979,
1826,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
528,
261,
1797,
8224,
3493,
2973,
292,
2907,
2782,
18,
6642,
292,
606,
3285,
292,
770,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
9317,
3593,
825,
4886,
16,
518,
375,
2242,
606,
2146,
16,
6321,
16,
291,
2114,
5964,
18,
365,
7493,
302,
2075,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
1892,
362,
7977,
292,
7775,
291,
2020,
1733,
352,
362,
5957,
2787,
310,
340,
292,
268,
4539,
4886,
1506,
18,
10053,
2782,
16,
2281,
16,
4192,
764,
1165,
8224,
352,
362,
2226,
528,
5138,
770,
2064,
427,
606,
1668,
833,
16,
4604,
9001,
734,
606,
4543,
18,
203,
1461,
3285,
292,
770,
2384,
704,
373,
544,
509,
292,
3754,
16,
1902,
6126,
292,
606,
2070,
1646,
3869,
18,
760,
704,
373,
544,
509,
3593,
825,
4886,
16,
362,
771,
1863,
1079,
288,
2155,
291,
4765,
18,
540,
6819,
375,
912,
292,
268,
2782,
3832,
512,
452,
2627,
16,
1355,
362,
3402,
292,
6219,
2417,
291,
3234,
636,
5554,
2779,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
2907,
2782,
528,
3064,
6819,
5225,
16,
352,
362,
316,
2226,
288,
261,
8884,
963,
1247,
360,
261,
1898,
4886,
2064,
18,
203,
1461,
10059,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
327,
6291,
419,
606,
5584,
360,
770,
18,
1508,
2907,
2782,
316,
5001,
8495,
292,
9697,
1320,
3266,
1533,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
8102,
865,
2219,
18,
365,
3453,
8484,
305,
288,
770,
291,
3285,
292,
4886,
375,
1342,
7894,
16,
4171,
542,
16,
291,
268,
1668,
289,
11049,
361,
3071,
18,
4399,
629,
1439,
10487,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
1356,
5929,
6689,
10059,
16,
1803,
649,
724,
288,
2922,
2391,
291,
2756,
360,
1225,
1066,
291,
1412,
18,
5129,
4801,
16,
11244,
16,
291,
447,
2253,
375,
617,
7346,
268,
10059,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
291,
3017,
606,
10417,
18,
203,
11872,
2401,
292,
2968,
350,
203,
56,
675,
2782,
2918,
4192,
764,
2796,
3696,
292,
7894,
2973,
292,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
10053,
2782,
743,
1493,
1668,
291,
5964,
1153,
11118,
1175,
4205,
1573,
7894,
17,
71,
571,
281,
6822,
659,
352,
11049,
291,
5330,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
704,
373,
544,
509,
16,
1504,
292,
606,
9780,
3285,
292,
770,
16,
316,
512,
8096,
292,
7894,
291,
4171,
18,
1121,
16,
579,
1678,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
375,
3857,
1797,
1493,
3696,
292,
7894,
16,
498,
531,
281,
2161,
10059,
291,
10417,
292,
268,
1193,
18,
203,
56,
675,
2782,
528,
261,
1797,
11118,
3696,
292,
3266,
281,
2973,
292,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
6642,
292,
606,
3143,
341,
1283,
16,
2907,
2782,
528,
2317,
4136,
500,
292,
9697,
1320,
3266,
1533,
16,
1118,
3285,
292,
2045,
16,
3653,
16,
291,
2206,
18,
1698,
373,
544,
509,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
528,
2226,
1199,
4581,
268,
1814,
289,
3266,
281,
995,
606,
669,
288,
268,
770,
18,
1508,
456,
3285,
375,
3017,
606,
2070,
3869,
16,
659,
352,
2191,
291,
7520,
16,
362,
375,
525,
804,
268,
2782,
512,
7977,
292,
1902,
3266,
2183,
2340,
362,
316,
4504,
292,
268,
2880,
341,
1283,
18,
203,
56,
675,
2782,
2437,
5929,
274,
1326,
3696,
1573,
6907,
659,
352,
5330,
687,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
365,
1493,
5927,
1487,
288,
2907,
2782,
16,
1910,
360,
606,
5674,
1668,
291,
5541,
5576,
16,
3241,
352,
9378,
11503,
1573,
8922,
6907,
18,
1698,
373,
544,
509,
16,
2281,
16,
375,
327,
512,
5437,
292,
9468,
9740,
500,
291,
586,
6907,
1504,
292,
606,
5923,
3285,
292,
770,
291,
606,
11137,
2344,
5964,
18,
6268,
1412,
291,
447,
2253,
375,
617,
7696,
629,
2894,
291,
3017,
268,
8313,
3696,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
18,
203,
38,
763,
704,
373,
544,
509,
291,
2907,
2782,
5929,
444,
1044,
2070,
1493,
5115,
18,
10053,
2782,
970,
7273,
936,
3596,
8144,
3092,
16,
4330,
16,
291,
3462,
1601,
336,
356,
4661,
7269,
331,
444,
11118,
392,
930,
291,
516,
469,
18,
1698,
373,
544,
509,
16,
360,
606,
3266,
286,
4643,
16,
813,
83,
1151,
261,
2266,
289,
7636,
432,
282,
395,
706,
291,
384,
1010,
2292,
5115,
18,
365,
3285,
292,
770,
435,
70,
893,
704,
373,
544,
509,
360,
261,
5292,
9223,
8182,
16,
4542,
261,
1062,
8539,
401,
636,
606,
3405,
291,
7486,
288,
268,
5710,
1072,
18,
203,
40,
86,
373,
544,
509,
4192,
764,
363,
7376,
289,
2070,
3092,
336,
9765,
362,
427,
2907,
2782,
18,
365,
3453,
5584,
360,
770,
291,
268,
4157,
289,
2075,
1636,
288,
9502,
3462,
1601,
16,
1370,
338,
3205,
16,
291,
8144,
3092,
5455,
341,
268,
2782,
743,
2248,
18,
948,
3092,
3705,
352,
261,
3101,
11483,
292,
268,
2782,
743,
3405,
16,
3851,
1011,
4032,
289,
704,
373,
544,
509,
606,
1044,
1769,
2247,
291,
1876,
18
] |
True Freedom or Starvation Blues What does it mean to actually be free? Does it mean sacrificing your basic rights? Does it mean being overshadowed by fear every single day? Afraid to vote? Afraid to walk down the street? Afraid to be shot or brutally strung up for thousands to see? Afraid just because of the color of your skin? Unfortunately, after the Civil War, this was the kind of freedom awaiting the newly freed African Americans in the New South. In Richard Wright’s “Black Boy”, a detailed memoir of his childhood in the early twentieth century, this new type of “freedom” is subtly introduced in the beginning and thoroughly developed throughout the book. The horrible situations and crude treatment Wright witnesses and experiences …show more content…
When comparing country musician Jimmi Rogers’ song to blues musician Bill Broonzy’s song, Broonzy’s “Starvation Blues” is a more accurate representation of Richard Wright’s memoir “Black Boy” in many different ways. The first point of comparison is the intended audience and purpose. The New South was a time of change for everyone: mainly pertaining to the Jim Crow laws previously explained. While these laws were supposed to create separate yet equal conditions, they unfortunately condemned African Americans to inferior facilities and heinous treatment. The newly freed people of the South found themselves unemployed, drowning in poverty, unable to pay rent, and unable to keep food on the table for their families. This was not what the African Americans had in mind when they were told that they would be held separate yet equal in society, and many of them wanted to voice their opinions about the false hope of equality instilled in their minds. They wanted to share the degrading situations they faced every day. They wanted all of America to hear of the struggles they were still antagonized by even though they were supposed to be free and equal. Richard Wright’s “Black Boy” and Bill Broonzy’s “Starvation Blues” both achieved this desire to be heard. Through written accounts and musical lyrics, Wright and Broonzy shared their disheartening experiences to America showing everyone the reality of “separate but equal”. The second point of comparison is
Click here to unlock this and over one million essays
Get AccessMoreover, the document links the changing definition of freedom for whites as self-ownership. In contrast, the changing definition of freedom for blacks meant having full political rights, citizenship, and owning land. In Eric Foner’s Voices of Freedom, a former slave’s petition to the president, who took his lands away to give to the previous owners states, “[t]his is our home, we have made These lands what they are,” for he demands to the president himself that they deserve the right to own land. The treatment of black Southerners differed greatly from white Southerners due to the idea of white supremacy. Colby’s story matters because Reconstruction aimed to rebuild the South, although that did not occur for black Southerners, since black oppression continued on after this time
Blackmon provides many stories in his book about what the slaves to forced laborers went through and how they felt about the new so called “freedom” they gained. The Black Americans prior to the Emancipation Proclamation have never seen the slightest clue to what freedom could even feel like. “Some of the old slaves said they too weren’t sure what “freedom” really was”
The Harlem Renaissance was a time of revival and awakening in which the African American community produced a new form of cultural identity. After years of oppression and slavery, African Americans struggled to discover their own distinctive culture. It was through the literature and artistry of the Harlem Renaissance that the African American community began to express the suffering and resentment they truly experienced. In addition, the movement allowed them to find a way to escape their hardships. James Baldwin’s “Sonny’s Blues” and Langston Hughes’ “The Weary Blues” address the addiction, poverty, and violence that surrounded African Americans and the triumph of life that was captured in their attempt to escape the suffering.
Throughout the book, Robinson distinctively points out African consciousness that informed the commitments, insights, and politics of black radicals. He begins with the discussion of “The Coming to America” which then focuses on 'Blacks and Colonial English America ' and 'The Early Black Movements of Resistance. ' Although freedom is obviously desirable in comparison to a life in chains, free african americans were unfortunately rarely treated with the same respect of their white counterparts. There were several ways African Americans could achieve their freedom. Indentured
“Free Black people still faced danger. Many appeared in court to ask for a Certificate of Freedom. The claimant had to prove that he/she was born free or had been previously freed. If the court was satisfied, it would
This joy for African Americans soon ended when they realized that the leeway for their rights got smaller each day, as the North began focusing on other issues and Southern Democrats began slowly rising back to political power. A former slave woman in Texas recounts the violence and reality of being a freed person. She states her master made her work months after she was legally freed, and that she could see lots of former slaves hanging from trees. Her point of view, as an African American woman, is significant because she gives us insight on the price that came with being freed in the South(Document 5). Southern states learned ways to work around federal racial protection laws just to oppress and make African Americans feel like second class citizens again.
“But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free.” ( pg 261 # pgh 3 ). This quote comes from Dr. Martin Luther King jr. on I have a dream and is interesting because how they were supposed to be free when abraham lincoln along time ago but still aren't free . This person said this during the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement was “The civil rights movement was a mass popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S.” citizenship. Being in the right position. This time in history was difficult for many people because there was a lot of fighting about the rights and how blacks and whites were treated very different. During this time people
INTRO YO: Throughout history, all over the world, people have been enslaved and mistreated based on various arbitrary factors. From the slavery of cultures all over the world, to racial oppression of today, these people have been subjected to subhuman cruelty. In America, the turning point for this mistreatment was the late 19th century and early 20th century. With the civil war and the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, slaves and free African Americans gained more freedom. The best path for these African Americans of the 19th and 20th centuries is to combine the ideas of great African American leaders like Frederick Douglass, WEB DuBois, and Booker T Washington. The optimal path to freedom for the subjected people is to become educated, to value themselves, working hard, and proving to oppressors that they are equal.
Most people understand that slavery was a terrible thing, but most might not fully understand the struggles that free colored men and women endured as well. While slavery was legal, free men would often be kidnapped and forced into slavery, and sometimes slaves actually escape to freedom. If an African American was considered a free man, he or she had to get official documentations stating so. Even after the documents were given to them, some of them still found themselves as slaves. There are many different stories about slavery, but just because a slave escapes from slavery, does not mean he or she is free from a slave’s mindset. Although they were in different positions in life, slaves and free African Americans experienced the same hardships, fears, and daily struggles.
Running Head: The Rise of African- Americans From 1865 To 2012, Their Struggles To Become Free Americans
Was freedom a real thing to Free Blacks in the North? Before the civil war, slaves in the North were characterized as Free Blacks, yet they didn’t have the rights they deserved. In the North, of these Blacks 221,000 out of 476,00 were ‘free’ in the North. By looking at the Free Blacks’ political, economic, and social rights, we can see that they were free… with restrictions.
In 1850, about 1/9 of African Americans in the United States were free. In the south, while most blacks were slaves, 250,000 were free. However, they lived very restricted lives. Free southern blacks could “work for wages, own property, and legally marry” but they “could not vote and were not welcome to mix equally with the Southern white population” (essay). On the other hand, free blacks in the North are commonly believed to have more freedom than the Southern blacks. Although this may be true, free blacks in the North still didn’t have the same political, economic, and social freedoms as Northern whites. The question remains, how free were the free blacks in the North.
During Unit Two of our class discussions, we as a class pondered on the means of what is really is to be black and free. We also studied the characteristics and aims of writing during this period of Reconstruction of the New Negro Renaissance Era. When you think about what it really means to be black and free, consideration should be based on the history, background, the black experience, and the challenges of the struggles that Africans and African Americans faced to be what we are today. It is also important that we recognize the aims and characteristics that helped shaped black history and gave attention to certain rights of women and men.
Even though freedom has been our nation’s identity for its entire existence, our nation has suffered “dark ages” when the freedoms of African Americans were repressed. During the period of slavery, African Americans were forced to labor under often cruel and gruesome conditions, for their white masters. Solomon Northup, a free man forcefully made a slave, describes his thoughts on slavery in his 12 Years a Slave:
The history of African Americans in America has been a tale of relentless desire for the American Dream of freedom and prosperity. White America's reactions to that desire and the resulting struggles in different periods have been faithfully chronicled by Art, Music and Literature. Though there are numerous works recounting racial relations in America, the three assigned readings, To My Old Master, Sonny's Blues and Birmingham Sunday, give exceptional reflections of the 1860's 1950's and 1960's America by notable African Americans. | <urn:uuid:4983d399-f1ea-41ef-b36d-0ab26cc0c0de> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/True-Freedom-Or-Starvation-Blues-What-Does-P327GRKLDEHQ | 2024-02-22T17:12:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.976848 | 2,237 | 3.234375 | 3 | [
11484,
610,
4777,
3927,
361,
8500,
11803,
391,
519,
274,
1021,
1082,
362,
1555,
292,
2545,
327,
1776,
35,
5156,
362,
1555,
11691,
281,
424,
2900,
2535,
35,
5156,
362,
1555,
1018,
6290,
76,
354,
329,
286,
419,
3541,
953,
2324,
1196,
35,
1986,
10219,
292,
7924,
35,
1986,
10219,
292,
4429,
1190,
268,
7619,
35,
1986,
10219,
292,
327,
7538,
361,
741,
371,
523,
637,
2846,
644,
331,
4389,
292,
901,
35,
1986,
10219,
1039,
971,
289,
268,
2191,
289,
424,
1903,
35,
6555,
16,
1003,
268,
6283,
2661,
16,
456,
454,
268,
2066,
289,
4494,
1239,
69,
1842,
268,
8352,
1562,
286,
3602,
4104,
288,
268,
1525,
2705,
18,
450,
9248,
6975,
486,
372,
87,
538,
38,
80,
583,
391,
905,
4290,
261,
4796,
1229,
10814,
289,
615,
6161,
288,
268,
1568,
808,
560,
1983,
2254,
16,
456,
733,
1517,
289,
538,
74,
267,
3927,
537,
316,
979,
88,
325,
4519,
288,
268,
3484,
291,
8525,
2317,
2309,
268,
2077,
18,
365,
3228,
86,
801,
3887,
291,
793,
4023,
1412,
6975,
486,
5814,
274,
291,
2891,
5677,
2683,
329,
512,
2064,
2865,
203,
7508,
10439,
1777,
2403,
779,
596,
344,
6214,
434,
446,
332,
372,
4972,
292,
10590,
274,
2403,
779,
8681,
7039,
266,
94,
93,
372,
87,
4972,
16,
7039,
266,
94,
93,
372,
87,
538,
55,
1789,
11803,
391,
519,
274,
537,
316,
261,
512,
3879,
7106,
289,
9248,
6975,
486,
372,
87,
1229,
10814,
538,
38,
80,
583,
391,
905,
537,
288,
772,
865,
1714,
18,
365,
855,
1813,
289,
6890,
316,
268,
4990,
5195,
291,
3094,
18,
365,
1525,
2705,
454,
261,
669,
289,
1317,
331,
3244,
30,
4870,
574,
5045,
292,
268,
596,
344,
351,
694,
3467,
5061,
5892,
18,
1508,
629,
3467,
664,
8066,
292,
1408,
4514,
2770,
4458,
1533,
16,
502,
4372,
4495,
1042,
539,
2093,
3602,
4104,
292,
8216,
1104,
4831,
291,
431,
263,
499,
1412,
18,
365,
8352,
1562,
286,
689,
289,
268,
2705,
986,
2315,
10612,
1453,
286,
16,
295,
694,
668,
288,
5758,
16,
6320,
292,
2032,
7344,
88,
16,
291,
6320,
292,
1288,
934,
341,
268,
3438,
331,
444,
3286,
18,
540,
454,
462,
768,
268,
3602,
4104,
850,
288,
1710,
649,
502,
664,
4225,
336,
502,
830,
327,
3647,
4514,
2770,
4458,
288,
2429,
16,
291,
772,
289,
622,
5171,
292,
4922,
444,
8415,
608,
268,
7259,
3571,
289,
7962,
685,
1194,
286,
288,
444,
8143,
18,
900,
5171,
292,
2538,
268,
8275,
281,
3887,
502,
6240,
953,
1196,
18,
900,
5171,
516,
289,
2792,
292,
4055,
289,
268,
10792,
502,
664,
1356,
363,
6687,
266,
963,
419,
919,
1417,
502,
664,
8066,
292,
327,
1776,
291,
4458,
18,
9248,
6975,
486,
372,
87,
538,
38,
80,
583,
391,
905,
537,
291,
8681,
7039,
266,
94,
93,
372,
87,
538,
55,
1789,
11803,
391,
519,
274,
537,
1079,
5484,
456,
6318,
292,
327,
5193,
18,
3797,
3245,
5483,
291,
7148,
308,
3148,
1067,
16,
6975,
486,
291,
7039,
266,
94,
93,
4244,
444,
7878,
521,
506,
281,
2891,
292,
2792,
5526,
3244,
268,
3881,
289,
538,
401,
1541,
381,
566,
4458,
3362,
365,
1901,
1813,
289,
6890,
316,
203,
9362,
868,
1671,
292,
5731,
1362,
456,
291,
658,
597,
2195,
10656,
203,
43,
364,
6134,
49,
404,
1090,
16,
268,
3190,
5672,
268,
3934,
5399,
289,
4494,
331,
342,
2154,
352,
1817,
17,
8918,
1028,
18,
450,
4980,
16,
268,
3934,
5399,
289,
4494,
331,
725,
1968,
5680,
2054,
2052,
2589,
2535,
16,
4341,
1028,
16,
291,
9260,
668,
1283,
18,
450,
416,
1179,
418,
266,
265,
372,
87,
11459,
974,
289,
4777,
3927,
16,
261,
4685,
10114,
372,
87,
600,
5274,
292,
268,
6613,
16,
650,
3077,
615,
7065,
2014,
292,
1888,
292,
268,
2773,
3896,
2588,
16,
538,
63,
88,
65,
76,
277,
316,
662,
1311,
16,
445,
437,
1146,
948,
7065,
768,
502,
356,
1272,
331,
431,
6395,
292,
268,
6613,
4605,
336,
502,
697,
2331,
268,
1328,
292,
1044,
1283,
18,
365,
1412,
289,
2541,
5452,
411,
2350,
728,
286,
5822,
427,
2398,
5452,
411,
2350,
1504,
292,
268,
2505,
289,
2398,
390,
5408,
81,
1495,
18,
1810,
2330,
372,
87,
2247,
6753,
971,
2602,
625,
1948,
7351,
292,
304,
5242,
585,
268,
2705,
16,
3781,
336,
1535,
462,
1595,
331,
2541,
5452,
411,
2350,
16,
1812,
2541,
1365,
1610,
4336,
341,
1003,
456,
669,
203,
38,
80,
583,
2701,
1956,
772,
3817,
288,
615,
2077,
608,
768,
268,
10172,
292,
5773,
3333,
332,
4046,
734,
291,
667,
502,
5714,
608,
268,
733,
576,
1478,
538,
74,
267,
3927,
537,
502,
6504,
18,
365,
3454,
4104,
2676,
292,
268,
2733,
797,
517,
318,
960,
1215,
348,
318,
437,
2270,
2279,
268,
4416,
443,
273,
2633,
292,
768,
4494,
911,
919,
1350,
730,
18,
538,
55,
436,
289,
268,
1662,
10172,
1211,
502,
1232,
276,
265,
270,
372,
88,
1850,
768,
538,
74,
267,
3927,
537,
2402,
454,
537,
203,
1461,
3605,
298,
81,
434,
6930,
10407,
454,
261,
669,
289,
1658,
2681,
291,
1239,
761,
1981,
288,
518,
268,
3602,
1781,
1686,
3141,
261,
733,
926,
289,
2694,
4328,
18,
2122,
935,
289,
1365,
1610,
291,
8582,
16,
3602,
4104,
3376,
1041,
292,
2677,
444,
1044,
8647,
2484,
18,
553,
454,
734,
268,
4800,
291,
1699,
3530,
289,
268,
3605,
298,
81,
434,
6930,
10407,
336,
268,
3602,
1781,
1686,
3035,
292,
2917,
268,
5315,
291,
474,
302,
367,
502,
5562,
3936,
18,
450,
1879,
16,
268,
2710,
4034,
622,
292,
1255,
261,
898,
292,
7640,
444,
296,
1519,
4823,
18,
5755,
5362,
72,
6962,
372,
87,
538,
55,
266,
6130,
372,
87,
391,
519,
274,
537,
291,
458,
620,
11171,
402,
6016,
274,
372,
538,
1461,
388,
521,
93,
391,
519,
274,
537,
1750,
268,
5890,
16,
5758,
16,
291,
4662,
336,
10599,
3602,
4104,
291,
268,
432,
1231,
902,
289,
943,
336,
454,
8030,
288,
444,
5661,
292,
7640,
268,
5315,
18,
203,
2422,
672,
491,
268,
2077,
16,
6794,
7873,
7438,
4049,
3097,
628,
3602,
8697,
336,
4443,
268,
2707,
652,
16,
4102,
16,
291,
7241,
289,
2541,
7943,
87,
18,
915,
5118,
360,
268,
5122,
289,
538,
1461,
351,
2982,
292,
2792,
537,
518,
1023,
5835,
341,
3036,
38,
80,
1968,
291,
11991,
439,
2525,
2792,
3036,
291,
3036,
1461,
5976,
3454,
9308,
652,
289,
1401,
2401,
18,
3036,
2696,
4494,
316,
5486,
325,
697,
9587,
288,
6890,
292,
261,
943,
288,
9341,
16,
1776,
8894,
1179,
282,
792,
6374,
504,
664,
4372,
4495,
8170,
4257,
360,
268,
1162,
3856,
289,
444,
2398,
4459,
10818,
18,
994,
664,
1520,
1714,
3602,
4104,
911,
2446,
444,
4494,
18,
1154,
302,
4581,
203,
6069,
42,
675,
3454,
689,
1356,
6240,
6877,
18,
2255,
6845,
288,
4766,
292,
2379,
331,
261,
5364,
3404,
381,
289,
4777,
3927,
18,
365,
2952,
438,
850,
292,
7262,
336,
431,
19,
87,
781,
454,
4178,
1776,
361,
850,
712,
5061,
1562,
286,
18,
829,
268,
4766,
454,
4735,
870,
16,
362,
830,
203,
4326,
7276,
331,
3602,
4104,
3444,
8223,
649,
502,
9840,
336,
268,
417,
1015,
350,
331,
444,
2535,
3864,
3513,
1011,
1196,
16,
352,
268,
2859,
3035,
6496,
341,
586,
1659,
291,
7789,
8344,
1378,
3035,
6104,
6557,
1103,
292,
2589,
1056,
18,
330,
4685,
10114,
4293,
288,
6195,
632,
2766,
268,
4662,
291,
3881,
289,
1018,
261,
1562,
286,
959,
18,
2623,
2588,
954,
4296,
1146,
954,
716,
2489,
1003,
1353,
454,
1418,
523,
1562,
286,
16,
291,
336,
1353,
911,
901,
6136,
289,
4685,
10172,
296,
4099,
427,
2998,
18,
3603,
1813,
289,
1889,
16,
352,
363,
3602,
1781,
4293,
16,
316,
1297,
971,
1353,
3581,
407,
6818,
341,
268,
3636,
336,
2913,
360,
1018,
1562,
286,
288,
268,
2705,
12,
40,
415,
1799,
1016,
802,
7789,
2588,
4574,
1714,
292,
716,
1149,
4173,
7670,
2759,
3467,
1039,
292,
1365,
550,
291,
804,
3602,
4104,
1350,
730,
1901,
1280,
4341,
1221,
18,
203,
6069,
11207,
597,
6946,
935,
2135,
16,
268,
11033,
299,
1356,
316,
462,
1776,
1053,
421,
279,
75,
5866,
21,
4487,
279,
472,
777,
225,
802,
540,
626,
1623,
1974,
427,
1698,
18,
9084,
6758,
411,
3432,
577,
86,
18,
341,
334,
437,
261,
5369,
291,
316,
4149,
971,
667,
502,
664,
8066,
292,
327,
1776,
649,
459,
1209,
6158,
308,
1329,
10093,
1910,
669,
3656,
566,
1356,
4817,
2091,
1776,
2353,
540,
959,
1211,
456,
995,
268,
6283,
6543,
11979,
18,
365,
6283,
6543,
11979,
454,
538,
1461,
3390,
2535,
2710,
454,
261,
2390,
2029,
2710,
292,
3447,
331,
3602,
4104,
4458,
1310,
292,
291,
2824,
331,
268,
2900,
9547,
940,
291,
2535,
289,
522,
18,
55,
1053,
4341,
1028,
18,
6860,
288,
268,
1328,
2669,
18,
540,
669,
288,
1550,
454,
2203,
331,
772,
689,
971,
686,
454,
261,
1774,
289,
7110,
608,
268,
2535,
291,
667,
725,
1968,
291,
342,
2154,
664,
4257,
1040,
865,
18,
2942,
456,
669,
689,
203,
3746,
56,
6807,
663,
51,
30,
9910,
1550,
16,
516,
658,
268,
887,
16,
689,
437,
712,
1126,
80,
8171,
291,
293,
588,
267,
488,
1585,
341,
1320,
598,
11788,
556,
1802,
18,
2519,
268,
8582,
289,
5077,
516,
658,
268,
887,
16,
292,
7670,
1365,
1610,
289,
1853,
16,
629,
689,
437,
712,
2783,
286,
292,
979,
76,
8716,
793,
2394,
562,
18,
450,
2792,
16,
268,
6438,
1813,
331,
456,
293,
588,
554,
367,
454,
268,
3329,
789,
262,
2254,
291,
1568,
731,
262,
2254,
18,
1440,
268,
3390,
1718,
291,
268,
8024,
289,
268,
3284,
262,
16,
2967,
262,
16,
291,
2063,
262,
2581,
593,
652,
292,
268,
7753,
16,
10172,
291,
1776,
3602,
4104,
6504,
512,
4494,
18,
365,
1274,
2363,
331,
629,
3602,
4104,
289,
268,
789,
262,
291,
731,
262,
4932,
316,
292,
8979,
268,
2854,
289,
1312,
3602,
1781,
2957,
730,
11812,
265,
868,
8620,
4794,
594,
16,
388,
41,
38,
8206,
38,
11553,
16,
291,
6676,
265,
307,
5085,
18,
365,
5023,
2363,
292,
4494,
331,
268,
2783,
286,
689,
316,
292,
1343,
11573,
16,
292,
2003,
2315,
16,
1795,
1656,
16,
291,
680,
281,
292,
1365,
550,
753,
336,
502,
356,
4458,
18,
203,
49,
511,
689,
992,
336,
8582,
454,
261,
7736,
801,
2810,
16,
566,
710,
1276,
462,
3590,
992,
268,
10792,
336,
1776,
11381,
1473,
291,
1565,
1199,
4581,
352,
767,
18,
1508,
8582,
454,
2953,
16,
1776,
1473,
830,
970,
327,
4056,
82,
2188,
286,
291,
5773,
636,
8582,
16,
291,
2903,
10172,
2545,
7640,
292,
4494,
18,
829,
363,
3602,
1781,
454,
2221,
261,
1776,
532,
16,
431,
361,
1353,
850,
292,
886,
3710,
3190,
500,
471,
673,
576,
18,
3142,
1003,
268,
5545,
664,
2050,
292,
622,
16,
579,
289,
622,
1356,
986,
2315,
352,
10172,
18,
994,
356,
772,
865,
3817,
608,
8582,
16,
566,
1039,
971,
261,
10114,
4711,
5762,
427,
8582,
16,
1082,
462,
1555,
431,
361,
1353,
316,
1776,
427,
261,
10114,
372,
87,
9589,
18,
2696,
502,
664,
288,
865,
6823,
288,
943,
16,
10172,
291,
1776,
3602,
4104,
3936,
268,
1162,
296,
1519,
4823,
16,
11282,
16,
291,
2438,
10792,
18,
203,
54,
7491,
8177,
30,
365,
434,
758,
289,
3602,
17,
4104,
2519,
7209,
25,
1122,
6056,
16,
3367,
3455,
3099,
736,
1122,
3213,
436,
6656,
4104,
203,
59,
301,
4494,
261,
1409,
2810,
292,
6656,
1964,
1968,
288,
268,
2859,
35,
4386,
268,
3390,
1718,
16,
10172,
288,
268,
2859,
664,
6360,
352,
6656,
1964,
1968,
16,
2770,
502,
4529,
372,
88,
437,
268,
2535,
502,
697,
678,
286,
18,
450,
268,
2859,
16,
289,
629,
1964,
1968,
5188,
21,
16,
1347,
628,
289,
988,
9382,
16,
587,
664,
1321,
4677,
372,
288,
268,
2859,
18,
1285,
2639,
430,
268,
6656,
1964,
1968,
372,
2589,
16,
2268,
16,
291,
1234,
2535,
16,
445,
375,
901,
336,
502,
664,
1776,
2865,
360,
8028,
18,
203,
2983,
1398,
2520,
16,
608,
433,
19,
29,
289,
3602,
4104,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
664,
1776,
18,
450,
268,
4706,
16,
1020,
710,
725,
1968,
664,
10172,
16,
11286,
16,
1347,
664,
1776,
18,
1121,
16,
502,
5361,
1040,
10067,
2136,
18,
6656,
6255,
725,
1968,
911,
538,
1450,
331,
11420,
16,
1044,
3278,
16,
291,
1418,
523,
1491,
1080,
537,
566,
502,
538,
71,
487,
462,
7924,
291,
664,
462,
10574,
292,
2698,
7583,
360,
268,
7789,
2398,
2196,
537,
421,
368
] |
Some of the important types of Biogeochemical Cycles: Hydrologic Cycle, Gaseous Cycles and Sedimentary Cycles!
Nearly 30 to 40 elements are required for proper growth and development of living organisms.
Most important of these are C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe, Mg, B, Zn, CI, Mo, Co, I and F. These materials flow from abiotic to biotic components and back to the non-living component again in a more or less cyclic manner.
This is known as the biogeochemical cycle or inorganic-organic cycle. The flow of these elements through the ecosystem must be cyclic, with matter being consistently reused. Because the flow involves not only the living organisms but also a series of chemical reactions in the abiotic environments, these cycles are called biogeochemical cycles.
There are three types of biogeochemical cycles:
(1) Hydrologic cycle or water cycle,
(2) Gaseous cycles, and
(3) Sedimentary cycles.
Interchange of water between atmosphere, land and sea and between living organisms and their environment is accomplished through water cycle. Water cycle or hydrologic cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, cloud formation and precipitation. Water of atmosphere reaches the earth surface through precipitation and from the earth surface it reaches the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. The amount of water available for evaporation is determined by the amount supplied by precipitation and condensation. Between rainfall input and evaporation output there lies a precarious water balance (Fig. 3.16).
Oxygen is found in free state in atmosphere and in dissolved state in water It is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis and is utilized in respiration by the plants and animals. When the living organisms respire, CO2 is liberated which is utilized by green plants as an essential raw material for carbohydrate synthesis. In this way, a simple yet vital O cycle IS maintained in the ecosystem (Fig. 3.17).
Carbon is the basic constituent of all organic compounds. Since energy transfer occurs in the consumption and storage of carbohydrates and fats, carbon moves to the ecosystem with flow of energy The source of nearly all carbon found in the living organisms is CO2 which is found in free state in atmosphere and in dissolved state in the water on the earth. Green plants (producers) use CO2 through photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight and carbohydrate is formed. Later on, complex fats and polysaccharides are formed in plants which are utilized by animals.
Flesh eating animals (carnivores) feed on herbivores and the carbon compounds are again digested and converted into the other forms. Carbon is released to the atmosphere directly as CO2 in respiration of both plants and animals.
Bacteria and fungi attack the dead remains of plants and animals. They degrade the complex organic compounds into simple substances which are then available for other cycles. Part of the organic carbon is incorporated into the earth’s crust as coal, gas, petroleum, limestone and coral reef Carbon from such deposits may be liberated after a long period of time (Fig. 3.18).
Of all the elements which plants absorb from the soil, nitrogen is the most important for plant growth. This is required in greatest quantity. Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of amino acid, proteins, enzymes, chlorophylls, nucleic acids, etc.
Green plants obtain nitrogen from the soil solution in the form of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite ions and the main source of all these nitrogen compounds is the atmospheric nitrogen. The atmospheric nitrogen is not directly available to the organisms with the exception of some prokaryotes like blue green algae and nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Nitrogen cycle consists of the following steps:
(1) Nitrogen fixation,
(2) Nitrogen assimilation,
(5) Denitrification, and
1. Nitrogen fixation:
Conversion of free nitrogen of atmosphere into the biologically acceptable form or nitrogenous compounds is referred to as nitrogen fixation.
This process is of two types:
(a) Physicochemical or non-biological nitrogen fixation
(b) Biological nitrogen fixation.
In physicochemical process of nitrogen fixation, atmospheric nitrogen combines with oxygen (as ozone) during lightning or electrical discharges in the clouds and produces different nitrogen oxides:
The nitrogen oxides get dissolved in rain water and on reaching earth surface they react with mineral compounds to form nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds:
Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes. Some blue-green algae fix significant amounts of nitrogen in the oceans, lakes and soils. Symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium) inhabiting the root nodules of legumes (Fig. 3.19) and also the species of alder, buck brush and a number of other non-leguminous genera and symbiotic blue-green algae (species of Nostoc Anabaena, etc.) found in free state or in the thalli of Anthoceros, Salvenia, Azolla, coralloid roots of Cycas fix atmospheric nitrogen. The relation is mutualistic because the microbes use energy from the plants to fix nitrogen that is made available to the host plants and other plants of the community.
Certain free living nitrogen fixing bacteria, such as Azotobacter, Clostridium Beijermckia. Derxia. Rhodospirillium also fix free nitrogen of atmosphere in the soil. Frankia an actmomycetous fungus found in the roots of Alnus, Percia, Casuarina, etc. also fixes nitrogen. Nitrogen fixing organisms combine the gaseous nitrogen of atmosphere with hydrogen obtained from respiratory pathway to form ammonia which then reacts with organic acids to form aminoacids. Biological nitrogen fixation is the major source of fixed nitrogen upto 140—700 mg/m2/year as against 35 mg/m2/year by electrical discharge and photochemical fixation.
2. Nitrogen assimilation:
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of nitrates, nitrites and ammonia is absorbed by the green plants and converted into nitrogenous organic compounds. Nitrates are first converted into ammonia which combines with organic acids to form amino acids. Amino acids are used in the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, chlorophylls, nucleic acids, etc. Animals derive their nitrogen requirement from the plant proteins. Plant proteins are not directly utilized by the animals. They are first broken down into amino acids during digestion and then the amino acids are absorbed and manipulated into animal proteins, nucleic acids, etc.
The dead organic remains of plants and animals and excreta of animals are acted upon by a number of microorganisms especially actinomycetes and bacilli (Bacillus ramosus, B. vulgaris, B. mesenterilus). These organisms utilize organic compounds in their metabolism and release ammonia.
Certain bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrococcus, Nitrosogloea and Nitrospira in oceans and soils convert ammonia into nitrites and then nitrites into nitrates. These bacteria primarily use the energy of dead organic matter in their metabolism.
2NH4++ 202 →NO2– + 2H2O + energy
Conversion of nitrites to nitrates is brought about by several microbes like Penicillium species, Nitrobacter, Nitrocystis etc. Nitrocystis oceanus is the common marine autotroph which performs nitrification for obtaining energy.
2NO-2 + O2 → 2NO3– + energy
Some nitrates are also made available through weathering of nitrate containing rocks.
Ammonia and nitrates are converted into free nitrogen by certain microbes. This process is referred to as de-nitrification. Thiobacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus de-nitrificans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the common examples of denitrifying bacteria.
2NO-3→ 2NO-2→2NO→ N2O→N2
Nitrates of the soil are washed down to the sea or leached deep into the earth along with percolating water. Nitrates thus lost from the soil surface are locked up in the rocks. This is sedimentation of nitrogen. Nitrogen of rock is released only when the rocks are exposed and weathered.
Thus a large part of nitrogen is fixed up and stored in plants, animals, and microbes. Nitrogen leaves the living system in the same amount it is taken in from the atmosphere and the input and outflow of nitrogen are balanced in the ecosystem. The overall nitrogen cycle in nature v presented in Fig. 3.20.
3. Sedimentary Cycles:
Mineral elements required by living organisms are obtained initially from inorganic sources. Available forms occur as salts dissolved in soil water.
Mineral cycles essentially consist of two phases:
(i) The salt solution phase, and
(ii) Rock phase.
Mineral salts come directly from earth crust by weathering. Soluble salts then enter the water cycle. By movement of water minerals move from the soil to streams, lakes and ultimately to sea where they remain permanently. Other salts return to the earth’s crust through sedimentation. They become incorporated into sediments or rock beds and after weathering of rocks they again enter the cycle.
Plants and some animals take minerals in the form of mineral solution from their habitats. After the death of living organisms the nutrients return to the soil and water through the action of decomposers (bacteria and fungi) and transformers. Green plants at one end and decomposers at the other play very important role in circulation of nutrients.
Plants and animals obtain phosphorus from the environment. Phosphorus is a component of nucleic acids, ADP, ATP, NADP, phospholipids etc. It occurs in the soil as rock phosphate, apatite or calcium phosphate, fluorapatite [Ca10Fe2 (PO4)6], iron phosphate or aluminium phosphate. Soils derived from the rock beds rich in phosphates are rich in phosphorus.
Phosphorus occurs in the soil in five forms P1 (stable organic), P2 (labile organic), P3 (labile inorganic), P4 (soluble) and P5 (mineral form) and of these forms, P3 and P4 are in equilibrium and entry of phosphorus in the green plants is considered to occur via labile inorganic pool.
The dissolved phosphorus is absorbed by plants and converted into organic form. From plants it travels to various trophic levels in the form of organic phosphates. When the plants and animals die the decomposers attack them and liberate phosphorus to the environment. Thus, this process proceeds in cyclic way. A general picture of the phosphorus cycling is presented in Fig. 3.21.
Phosphorus along with many other mineral elements reaches the oceans and settles down as sediment. A good proportion of phosphorus leaches down to deep layers of soil. In this way, major proportion of phosphate becomes lost to this cycle by physical processes, such as sedimentation and leaching. Biological processes such as formation of teeth and bones also keep phosphorus locked up for some time.
Sulphur cycle links soil, water and air. Sulphur occurs in the soil and rocks as sulphides (FeS, ZnS, etc.) and crystalline sulphates. In the atmosphere sulphur occurs in the form of SO2 and H2S. SO2 gas is formed during combustion of fossil fuels or as a result of decomposition. H2S or hydrogen sulphide gas is released to the atmosphere from water logged soils, continental shelf, lakes and springs. The organic and inorganic sulphur and SO2 are formed through oxidation of H2S in the atmosphere.
A small amount of sulphur occurs in dissolved state in rain water and through rains it reaches earth surface. Except a few organisms which need organic form of sulphur as amino acids and cysteine, most of the organisms take sulphur as inorganic sulphates. Most of the biologically incorporated sulphur is produced in the soil from aerobic breakdown of proteins by bacteria and fungi. Under an aerobic condition, however, sulphur may be reduced directly to sulphides, including H2S.
Green and purple photosynthetic bacteria use hydrogen of H2S as the oxygen acceptor in reducing carbon dioxide. Green bacteria are able to oxidise sulphide to elemental sulphur whereas the purple bacteria can carry oxidation to sulphate stage. In the ecosystems, sulphur is transferred from autotrophs to animals, then to decomposers and finally it returns to environment through the decay of dead organic remains (Fig. 3.22).
Sedimentary aspect of sulphur cycling involves precipitation of sulphur in presence of iron under anaerobic conditions. Sulphides of iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt are insoluble in neutral and alkaline water and consequently sulphur is bound to limit the amount of these elements. Thus, sulphur cycle affords an excellent example of interaction and complex biochemical regulation between the different mineral cycles.
The study of biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem makes it clear that the abiotic components of ecosystem are transformed into biotic structures through metabolic processes and locked up in the biomass for some time depending upon the turnover rate. In lower plants with soft tissues the turnover rate is quicker than in higher plants and animals. The materials held up in the biomass are released to the environment by decomposing activities.
The nutrient cycle is not a close circuit within an ecosystem. The nutrients are continuously being imported as well as carried out of the ecosystem. Appreciable quantities of plant nutrients are brought to ecosystem by rain and snow. Small quantity of nutrients is carried to the forest by rains. The gain nutrients to the ecosystem from precipitation, extraneous material and mineral weathering is offset by losses.
Water draining away from forest carries with it more mineral matter than supplied through precipitation. Considerable quantities of nutrients in the forest are locked up in the trees and the humus layer. When trees and vegetation are removed sufficient amounts of nutrient are removed. Intensive forestry and agriculture on some soils may reduce the nutrient reserves to such an extent that soils become unfertile. Ecosystem can remain productive only It the nutrients withdrawn are balanced by an inflow or replacement. | <urn:uuid:d45cd607-7318-4ddf-b41b-29db443f1a58> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.biologydiscussion.com/ecology/biogeochemical-cycles-hydrologic-gaseous-and-sedimentary-cycles/6717 | 2024-02-22T16:59:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.921765 | 2,993 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
55,
436,
289,
268,
851,
1640,
289,
10767,
369,
6095,
6262,
6029,
3216,
30,
8955,
5538,
300,
6029,
1587,
16,
461,
575,
499,
6029,
3216,
291,
343,
286,
5284,
556,
6029,
3216,
5,
203,
50,
521,
325,
2553,
292,
3633,
2880,
356,
2207,
331,
1225,
1668,
291,
1208,
289,
2299,
6822,
18,
203,
49,
511,
851,
289,
629,
356,
351,
16,
402,
16,
480,
16,
382,
16,
696,
16,
465,
16,
343,
16,
11086,
16,
3155,
16,
383,
75,
16,
391,
16,
1929,
82,
16,
351,
45,
16,
3551,
16,
2959,
16,
334,
291,
418,
18,
948,
1811,
1617,
427,
459,
6665,
292,
5281,
410,
3008,
291,
1103,
292,
268,
1677,
17,
80,
1159,
4391,
1221,
288,
261,
512,
361,
1165,
1735,
71,
1074,
4901,
18,
203,
4326,
316,
1261,
352,
268,
5281,
369,
6095,
6262,
3853,
361,
288,
5928,
300,
17,
5928,
300,
3853,
18,
365,
1617,
289,
629,
2880,
734,
268,
5735,
1204,
327,
1735,
71,
1074,
16,
360,
2667,
1018,
8270,
304,
3950,
18,
3428,
268,
1617,
2675,
462,
794,
268,
2299,
6822,
566,
525,
261,
3338,
289,
2344,
5798,
288,
268,
459,
6665,
4218,
16,
629,
8890,
356,
1478,
5281,
369,
6095,
6262,
8890,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
1391,
1640,
289,
5281,
369,
6095,
6262,
8890,
30,
203,
12,
21,
13,
8955,
5538,
300,
3853,
361,
770,
3853,
16,
203,
12,
22,
13,
461,
575,
499,
8890,
16,
291,
203,
12,
23,
13,
343,
286,
5284,
556,
8890,
18,
203,
2983,
345,
9373,
289,
770,
858,
4828,
16,
1283,
291,
3542,
291,
858,
2299,
6822,
291,
444,
1072,
316,
11743,
734,
770,
3853,
18,
3386,
3853,
361,
3027,
5538,
300,
3853,
2675,
813,
429,
4165,
16,
5214,
6198,
16,
4732,
5017,
291,
10572,
2470,
18,
3386,
289,
4828,
8849,
268,
3239,
2248,
734,
10572,
2470,
291,
427,
268,
3239,
2248,
362,
8849,
268,
4828,
734,
813,
429,
4165,
291,
5214,
6198,
18,
365,
1944,
289,
770,
1608,
331,
813,
429,
4165,
316,
5108,
419,
268,
1944,
3970,
870,
419,
10572,
2470,
291,
11954,
318,
18,
8356,
9682,
5202,
291,
813,
429,
4165,
4781,
686,
5904,
261,
2326,
294,
702,
770,
2909,
421,
42,
333,
18,
777,
18,
3801,
802,
203,
51,
92,
3694,
316,
986,
288,
1776,
1247,
288,
4828,
291,
288,
9916,
1027,
1247,
288,
770,
553,
316,
7185,
488,
352,
419,
17,
7846,
88,
289,
2498,
10934,
6825,
291,
316,
7673,
288,
5114,
318,
419,
268,
1648,
291,
2312,
18,
1097,
268,
2299,
6822,
888,
569,
16,
2187,
22,
316,
7185,
488,
518,
316,
7673,
419,
2278,
1648,
352,
363,
1505,
5300,
1193,
331,
7366,
381,
10633,
18,
450,
456,
898,
16,
261,
2208,
2770,
3226,
480,
3853,
5703,
7784,
288,
268,
5735,
421,
42,
333,
18,
777,
18,
3929,
802,
203,
39,
294,
1906,
316,
268,
2900,
8205,
302,
289,
516,
3891,
5927,
18,
3296,
1138,
3807,
3606,
288,
268,
3318,
291,
3578,
289,
8930,
291,
6737,
16,
2375,
7477,
292,
268,
5735,
360,
1617,
289,
1138,
365,
2088,
289,
3999,
516,
2375,
986,
288,
268,
2299,
6822,
316,
2187,
22,
518,
316,
986,
288,
1776,
1247,
288,
4828,
291,
288,
9916,
1027,
1247,
288,
268,
770,
341,
268,
3239,
18,
4510,
1648,
421,
7846,
332,
13,
666,
2187,
22,
734,
2498,
10934,
6825,
288,
268,
3550,
289,
5522,
291,
7366,
381,
316,
4538,
18,
10210,
341,
16,
1874,
6737,
291,
867,
483,
313,
4232,
1701,
356,
4538,
288,
1648,
518,
356,
7673,
419,
2312,
18,
203,
42,
736,
76,
3104,
2312,
421,
5619,
82,
406,
1538,
13,
2170,
341,
8027,
406,
1538,
291,
268,
2375,
5927,
356,
1221,
1537,
7293,
291,
9480,
636,
268,
586,
2779,
18,
9906,
316,
4795,
292,
268,
4828,
2978,
352,
2187,
22,
288,
5114,
318,
289,
1079,
1648,
291,
2312,
18,
203,
38,
1223,
563,
291,
11049,
3223,
268,
3751,
3341,
289,
1648,
291,
2312,
18,
900,
386,
7608,
268,
1874,
3891,
5927,
636,
2208,
5471,
518,
356,
1023,
1608,
331,
586,
8890,
18,
4363,
289,
268,
3891,
2375,
316,
9793,
636,
268,
3239,
372,
87,
793,
599,
352,
5587,
16,
2238,
16,
3561,
299,
298,
408,
16,
1481,
10277,
291,
10973,
10049,
9906,
427,
659,
10598,
602,
327,
7185,
488,
1003,
261,
917,
1604,
289,
669,
421,
42,
333,
18,
777,
18,
3202,
802,
203,
51,
74,
516,
268,
2880,
518,
1648,
7493,
427,
268,
1976,
16,
7375,
316,
268,
710,
851,
331,
1380,
1668,
18,
540,
316,
2207,
288,
6188,
7900,
18,
465,
297,
3169,
316,
2207,
331,
268,
10633,
289,
9247,
3175,
16,
5073,
16,
9042,
16,
7497,
2005,
93,
660,
87,
16,
8506,
300,
5656,
16,
2801,
18,
203,
43,
2264,
1648,
3456,
7375,
427,
268,
1976,
2966,
288,
268,
926,
289,
792,
2701,
1231,
16,
5259,
86,
381,
291,
5259,
86,
674,
225,
806,
291,
268,
939,
2088,
289,
516,
629,
7375,
5927,
316,
268,
11006,
7375,
18,
365,
11006,
7375,
316,
462,
2978,
1608,
292,
268,
6822,
360,
268,
8238,
289,
579,
347,
79,
556,
7545,
730,
3909,
2278,
9903,
291,
7375,
3648,
281,
3071,
18,
203,
50,
297,
3169,
3853,
5347,
289,
268,
1685,
2845,
30,
203,
12,
21,
13,
465,
297,
3169,
3648,
318,
16,
203,
12,
22,
13,
465,
297,
3169,
780,
344,
309,
318,
16,
203,
12,
25,
13,
8720,
9234,
2843,
16,
291,
203,
21,
18,
465,
297,
3169,
3648,
318,
30,
203,
39,
266,
1414,
305,
289,
1776,
7375,
289,
4828,
636,
268,
1738,
9863,
10105,
926,
361,
7375,
499,
5927,
316,
4612,
292,
352,
7375,
3648,
318,
18,
203,
4326,
833,
316,
289,
881,
1640,
30,
203,
12,
69,
13,
4623,
300,
6095,
6262,
361,
1677,
17,
4655,
1496,
7375,
3648,
318,
203,
12,
70,
13,
4546,
1496,
7375,
3648,
318,
18,
203,
2983,
5198,
6095,
6262,
833,
289,
7375,
3648,
318,
16,
11006,
7375,
11138,
360,
3971,
421,
301,
272,
10556,
13,
995,
1360,
668,
361,
3924,
460,
4232,
940,
288,
268,
11012,
291,
5948,
865,
7375,
2754,
1701,
30,
203,
1461,
7375,
2754,
1701,
886,
9916,
1027,
288,
3653,
770,
291,
341,
7257,
3239,
2248,
502,
9230,
360,
7333,
5927,
292,
926,
5259,
86,
692,
291,
586,
7375,
499,
5927,
30,
203,
38,
77,
1496,
7375,
3648,
318,
316,
4607,
628,
419,
1575,
347,
79,
556,
7545,
18,
1399,
3909,
17,
10017,
9903,
3648,
1297,
4175,
289,
7375,
288,
268,
10007,
16,
10099,
291,
9482,
18,
3537,
1880,
6665,
3071,
421,
54,
76,
482,
875,
1231,
13,
7049,
1842,
268,
3382,
314,
370,
2125,
289,
1418,
5848,
421,
42,
333,
18,
777,
18,
1689,
13,
291,
525,
268,
1678,
289,
366,
1120,
16,
11698,
5410,
291,
261,
1289,
289,
586,
1677,
17,
6309,
4759,
499,
947,
69,
291,
928,
1880,
6665,
3909,
17,
10017,
9903,
421,
6909,
423,
289,
465,
335,
3016,
854,
397,
69,
6930,
16,
2801,
3731,
986,
288,
1776,
1247,
361,
288,
268,
264,
453,
77,
289,
854,
262,
415,
265,
335,
16,
5029,
592,
563,
16,
9654,
3086,
69,
16,
1109,
453,
1246,
4543,
289,
6029,
71,
301,
3648,
11006,
7375,
18,
365,
7692,
316,
10389,
1784,
971,
268,
2778,
4359,
666,
1138,
427,
268,
1648,
292,
3648,
7375,
336,
316,
1146,
1608,
292,
268,
4239,
1648,
291,
586,
1648,
289,
268,
1686,
18,
203,
39,
265,
572,
1776,
2299,
7375,
3648,
281,
3071,
16,
659,
352,
9654,
1861,
70,
1223,
16,
1559,
335,
322,
323,
1231,
1367,
5294,
1348,
1919,
563,
18,
413,
265,
92,
563,
18,
9471,
370,
2544,
338,
399,
1231,
525,
3648,
1776,
7375,
289,
4828,
288,
268,
1976,
18,
7797,
563,
363,
3241,
81,
311,
93,
339,
278,
310,
10493,
310,
986,
288,
268,
4543,
289,
996,
82,
310,
16,
382,
1325,
563,
16,
351,
301,
89,
294,
1835,
16,
2801,
18,
525,
3648,
274,
7375,
18,
465,
297,
3169,
3648,
281,
6822,
8979,
268,
319,
575,
499,
7375,
289,
4828,
360,
5616,
6259,
427,
5768,
11886,
292,
926,
792,
2701,
563,
518,
1023,
304,
2149,
360,
3891,
5656,
292,
926,
9247,
313,
1406,
18,
4546,
1496,
7375,
3648,
318,
316,
268,
1670,
2088,
289,
6169,
7375,
644,
278,
2967,
20,
1447,
27,
587,
9377,
19,
81,
22,
19,
4103,
352,
1573,
6573,
9377,
19,
81,
22,
19,
4103,
419,
3924,
9021,
291,
2498,
9891,
3648,
318,
18,
203,
22,
18,
465,
297,
3169,
780,
344,
309,
318,
30,
203,
2983,
5928,
300,
7375,
288,
268,
926,
289,
5259,
86,
692,
16,
5259,
907,
274,
291,
792,
2701,
563,
316,
10339,
419,
268,
2278,
1648,
291,
9480,
636,
7375,
499,
3891,
5927,
18,
465,
9234,
692,
356,
855,
9480,
636,
792,
2701,
563,
518,
11138,
360,
3891,
5656,
292,
926,
9247,
5656,
18,
330,
2048,
83,
5656,
356,
724,
288,
268,
10633,
289,
5073,
16,
9042,
16,
7497,
2005,
93,
660,
87,
16,
8506,
300,
5656,
16,
2801,
18,
11559,
645,
4164,
464,
444,
7375,
8244,
427,
268,
1380,
5073,
18,
6081,
5073,
356,
462,
2978,
7673,
419,
268,
2312,
18,
900,
356,
855,
6246,
1190,
636,
9247,
5656,
995,
8612,
291,
1023,
268,
9247,
5656,
356,
10339,
291,
6219,
3025,
636,
2990,
5073,
16,
8506,
300,
5656,
16,
2801,
18,
203,
1461,
3751,
3891,
3341,
289,
1648,
291,
2312,
291,
1870,
267,
358,
289,
2312,
356,
426,
691,
2807,
419,
261,
1289,
289,
11447,
1803,
426,
2432,
311,
93,
339,
3350,
291,
285,
313,
399,
77,
421,
38,
313,
399,
310,
384,
348,
335,
310,
16,
391,
18,
3617,
7021,
277,
16,
391,
18,
7823,
11103,
309,
310,
802,
948,
6822,
7759,
3891,
5927,
288,
444,
8014,
291,
4133,
792,
2701,
563,
18,
203,
39,
265,
572,
3071,
16,
659,
352,
465,
297,
1012,
311,
266,
301,
16,
465,
297,
8125,
8200,
310,
16,
465,
297,
1012,
446,
80,
3766,
69,
291,
465,
297,
1012,
84,
338,
69,
288,
10007,
291,
9482,
8354,
792,
2701,
563,
636,
5259,
907,
274,
291,
1023,
5259,
907,
274,
636,
5259,
86,
692,
18,
948,
3071,
4604,
666,
268,
1138,
289,
3751,
3891,
2667,
288,
444,
8014,
18,
203,
22,
50,
44,
24,
15,
15,
2001,
4464,
233,
245,
50,
51,
22,
2453,
5799,
497,
44,
22,
51,
5799,
1138,
203,
39,
266,
1414,
305,
289,
5259,
907,
274,
292,
5259,
86,
692,
316,
3835,
608,
419,
1520,
2778,
4359,
730,
8708,
300,
399,
1231,
1678,
16,
465,
297,
299,
70,
1223,
16,
465,
297,
8125,
4725,
277,
2801,
18,
465,
297,
8125,
4725,
277,
4782,
310,
316,
268,
1112,
5710,
6229,
4981,
76,
518,
574,
3858,
5259,
86,
2843,
331,
3456,
281,
1138,
18,
203,
22,
50,
51,
17,
22,
5799,
480,
22,
4464,
233,
245,
497,
50,
51,
23,
2453,
5799,
1138,
203,
55,
436,
5259,
86,
692,
356,
525,
1146,
1608,
734,
3266,
281,
289,
5259,
86,
381,
6207,
7871,
18,
203,
37,
81,
2701,
563,
291,
5259,
86,
692,
356,
9480,
636,
1776,
7375,
419,
1575,
2778,
4359,
18,
540,
833,
316,
4612,
292,
352,
386,
17,
82,
9234,
2843,
18,
321,
77,
875,
313,
399,
310,
4327,
9234,
708,
504,
16,
5698,
71,
8200,
310,
386,
17,
82,
9234,
708,
504,
16,
382,
401,
1327,
311,
266,
301,
5622,
1010,
263,
5182,
356,
268,
1112,
3324,
289,
4327,
9234,
5005,
3071,
18,
203,
22,
50,
51,
17,
23,
163,
233,
245,
497,
50,
51,
17,
22,
163,
233,
245,
22,
50,
51,
163,
233,
245,
465,
22,
51,
163,
233,
245,
50,
22,
203,
50,
9234,
692,
289,
268,
1976,
356,
4877,
286,
1190,
292,
268,
3542,
361,
417,
11502,
2295,
636,
268,
3239,
1910,
360,
574,
5847,
673,
770,
18,
465,
9234,
692,
3416,
3673,
427,
268,
1976,
2248,
356,
7679,
286,
644,
288,
268,
7871,
18,
540,
316,
11066,
318,
289,
7375,
18,
465,
297,
3169,
289,
4216,
316,
4795,
794,
649,
268,
7871,
356,
4504,
291,
3266,
286,
18,
203,
2422,
310,
261,
1452,
923,
289,
7375,
316,
6169,
644,
291,
5290,
288,
1648,
16,
2312,
16,
291,
2778,
4359,
18,
465,
297,
3169,
2951,
268,
2299,
892,
288,
268,
1162,
1944,
362,
316,
2459,
288,
427,
268,
4828,
291,
268,
5202,
291,
628,
4681,
289,
7375,
356,
5218,
288,
268,
5735,
18,
365,
2114,
7375,
3853,
288,
2075,
385,
4846,
288,
10842,
18,
777,
18,
1388,
18,
203,
23,
18,
343,
286,
5284,
556,
6029,
3216,
30,
203,
49,
263,
2004,
2880,
2207,
419,
2299,
6822,
356,
6259,
7623,
427,
288,
5928,
300,
2419,
18,
3643
] |
For all its vast emptiness, the universe hums with activity in the form of gravitational waves. Produced by extreme astrophysical phenomena, these reverberations ripple forth and shake the fabric of space-time, like the clang of a cosmic bell.
Now researchers have detected a signal from what may be the most massive black hole merger yet to be observed in gravitational waves. The product of the merger represents the first clear detection of an "intermediate-mass" black hole, with a mass between 100 and 1,000 times that of the sun.
The signal, which has been labeled GW190521, was detected on May 21, 2019, with the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), a pair of identical 4-kilometer-long interferometers in the United States, and Virgo, a 3-kilometer-long detector in Italy.
The signal resembles about four short wiggles and is extremely brief in duration, lasting less than one-tenth of a second. From what the researchers can tell, GW190521 was generated by a source located roughly 5 gigaparsecs away, and thus occurred when the universe was about half its age, making it one of the most distant gravitational-wave sources detected so far.
What produced this signal? Based on a powerful suite of state-of-the-art computational and modeling tools, scientists think that GW190521 was most likely generated by a binary black hole merger with unusual properties.
Almost every confirmed gravitational-wave signal to date has been from the merger of a binary pair of objects—either two black holes or two neutron stars. This newest merger appears to be the most massive yet and involved a pair of black holes with 85 and 66 times the mass of the sun that spiraled toward each other and coalesced.
The LIGO–Virgo team has also measured each black hole's spin and discovered that as the black holes were circling ever closer together, they could have been spinning about their own axes at angles that were out of alignment with the axis of their orbit. The black holes' misaligned spins likely caused their orbits to wobble, or "precess," as the two Goliaths spiraled toward each other.
The new signal likely represents the instant that the two black holes merged. The merger created an even more massive black hole of about 142 solar masses, and released an enormous amount of energy, equivalent to around eight solar masses, that spread across the universe in the form of gravitational waves.
"This doesn't look much like a 'chirp,' which is what we typically detect," says Virgo member Nelson Christensen, a researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Compared to the signal to LIGO's first detection of gravitational waves in 2015, he says, "this is more like something that goes 'bang,' and it's the most massive signal LIGO and Virgo have seen."
The international team of scientists, who make up the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) and the Virgo Collaboration, has reported their findings in two papers published today. One, appearing in Physical Review Letters, details the discovery, and the other, in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, discusses the signal's physical properties and astrophysical implications.
"LIGO once again surprises us not just with the detection of black holes in sizes that are difficult to explain but doing it using techniques that were not designed specifically for stellar mergers," says Pedro Marronetti, program director for gravitational physics at the NSF. "This is of tremendous importance since it showcases the instrument's ability to detect signals from completely unforeseen astrophysical events. LIGO shows that it can also observe the unexpected."
In the mass gap
The uniquely large masses of the two colliding black holes, as well as the final black hole, have raised a slew of questions about their formation.
All of the black holes observed to date fit within one of two categories: stellar-mass black holes, which measure from a few solar masses up to tens of solar masses and are thought to form when massive stars die, or supermassive black holes, such as the one at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, which range from hundreds of thousands to billions of times the mass of our sun.
However, the final 142-solar-mass black hole produced by the GW190521 merger lies within an intermediate-mass range between stellar-mass and supermassive black holes, and is the first of its kind ever detected.
The two progenitor black holes that produced the final black hole also seem to be unique with respect to their size. They are so massive that scientists suspect one or both of them may not have formed from a collapsing star, as do most stellar-mass black holes.
According to the physics of stellar evolution, outward pressure from the photons and gas in a star's core support it against the force of gravity pushing inward so that the star is stable, like the sun. After the core of a massive star fuses atomic nuclei that are as heavy as iron, it can no longer produce enough pressure to support the star's outer layers. When this outward pressure is less than gravity, the star collapses under its own weight triggering an explosion called a core-collapse supernova, which can leave behind a black hole.
This process can explain how stars as massive as 130 solar masses can produce black holes that are as much as 65 solar masses. But for heavier stars, a phenomenon known as pair instability is thought to kick in. When the core's photons become extremely energetic, they can morph into an electron and antielectron pair. These pairs generate less pressure than photons, causing the star to become unstable against gravitational collapse. The resulting explosion is so powerful that nothing is left behind. Even more massive stars, those above 200 solar masses, would eventually collapse directly into a black hole of at least 120 solar masses. A collapsing star, then, should not be able to produce a black hole between approximately 65 and 120 solar masses, a range that is known as the pair instability mass gap.
But in the current detection, the heavier of the two black holes that produced the GW190521 signal, at 85 solar masses, is the first to be detected that falls within the pair instability mass gap.
"The fact that we're seeing a black hole in this mass gap will make a lot of astrophysicists scratch their heads and try to figure out how these black holes were made," says Christensen, who is the director of the Artemis Laboratory at the Nice Observatory in France.
One possibility, which the researchers consider in their second paper, is a hierarchical merger, in which the two progenitor black holes each first formed from the merger of two even smaller black holes; this pair of newly formed black holes then migrated together and eventually also merged.
"This event opens more questions than it provides answers," says LIGO member Alan Weinstein, professor of physics at Caltech. "From the perspective of discovery physics, it's a very exciting thing."
There are many remaining questions regarding GW190521.
As LIGO and Virgo detectors listen for gravitational waves passing through Earth, automated searches comb through the incoming data for interesting signals. These searches can use two different methods: algorithms that pick out specific wave patterns in the data that may have been produced by compact binary systems and more general "burst" searches, which essentially look for anything out of the ordinary.
LIGO member Salvatore Vitale, assistant professor of physics at MIT, likens compact binary searches to "passing a comb through data, that will catch things in a certain spacing," in contrast to burst searches that are more of a catch-all approach.
In the case of GW190521, a burst search picked up the signal slightly more clearly, opening the very small chance that the gravitational waves arose from something other than a binary merger.
"The bar for asserting we've discovered something new is very high," Weinstein says. "We typically apply Occam's razor: the simpler solution is the better one, which in this case is a binary black hole."
But what if something entirely new produced these gravitational waves? It is a tantalizing prospect, and in their paper, the scientists briefly consider other sources in the universe that might have produced the signal they detected. For instance, the gravitational waves might have been emitted by a collapsing star in our galaxy. The signal could also arise from a cosmic string produced just after the universe inflated in its earliest moments. But neither of these exotic possibilities matches the data as well as a binary merger.
"Since we first turned on LIGO, everything we've observed with confidence has been a collision of black holes or neutron stars," Weinstein says. "This is the one event where our analysis allows the possibility that this event is not such a collision. Although this event is consistent with being from an exceptionally massive binary black hole merger, and alternative explanations are disfavored, it is pushing the boundaries of our confidence. And that potentially makes it extremely exciting, because we have all been hoping for something new, something unexpected, that could challenge what we've learned already. This event has the potential for doing that."
This research was funded by the NSF.
LIGO is funded by the NSF and operated by Caltech and MIT, which conceived of LIGO and lead the project. Financial support for the Advanced LIGO project was led by the NSF with Germany (Max Planck Society), the U.K. (Science and Technology Facilities Council), and Australia (Australian Research Council-OzGrav) making significant commitments and contributions to the project. Approximately 1,300 scientists from around the world participate in the effort through the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, which includes the GEO Collaboration. A list of additional partners is available at https://my.ligo.org/census.php.
The Virgo Collaboration is currently composed of approximately 520 members from 99 institutes in 11 different countries including Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. The European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) hosts the Virgo detector near Pisa in Italy, and is funded by Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in France, the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy, and Nikhef in the Netherlands. A list of the Virgo Collaboration groups can be found at http://public.virgo-gw.eu/the-virgo-collaboration/. More information is available on the Virgo website at http://www.virgo-gw.eu. | <urn:uuid:d04b1a2a-c566-4697-b2cc-d97521775778> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/a-bang-in-ligovirgo-detectors-signals-most-massive-gravitational-wave-source-yet | 2024-02-22T18:15:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.959341 | 2,220 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
8679,
516,
606,
4597,
2593,
88,
1127,
16,
268,
6601,
931,
87,
360,
2067,
288,
268,
926,
289,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
18,
5895,
286,
419,
4657,
352,
4981,
76,
483,
466,
10712,
16,
629,
11491,
657,
500,
384,
2099,
298,
8141,
291,
422,
1387,
268,
5621,
289,
1846,
17,
2130,
16,
730,
268,
551,
620,
289,
261,
2257,
4063,
285,
467,
18,
203,
50,
329,
2360,
437,
8221,
261,
4819,
427,
768,
602,
327,
268,
710,
5836,
2541,
7016,
293,
732,
265,
2770,
292,
327,
4626,
288,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
18,
365,
2430,
289,
268,
293,
732,
265,
5064,
268,
855,
1763,
5637,
289,
363,
991,
263,
950,
2086,
381,
17,
81,
594,
6,
2541,
7016,
16,
360,
261,
2390,
858,
2881,
291,
433,
16,
1347,
1708,
336,
289,
268,
2045,
18,
203,
1461,
4819,
16,
518,
528,
712,
6513,
286,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
16,
454,
8221,
341,
2924,
4440,
16,
4586,
16,
360,
268,
2113,
3308,
5965,
743,
421,
8384,
42,
13,
458,
5445,
3514,
529,
10275,
2409,
548,
297,
778,
17,
91,
1284,
11839,
1692,
421,
48,
8521,
51,
989,
261,
7083,
289,
10794,
988,
17,
79,
309,
10275,
17,
5561,
630,
529,
311,
3824,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
16,
291,
4208,
2738,
16,
261,
777,
17,
79,
309,
10275,
17,
5561,
2169,
5093,
288,
7553,
18,
203,
1461,
4819,
8132,
3865,
608,
1958,
1912,
276,
333,
75,
736,
291,
316,
4179,
5715,
288,
7377,
16,
8196,
1165,
687,
597,
17,
506,
262,
289,
261,
1901,
18,
2519,
768,
268,
2360,
375,
2565,
16,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
454,
5491,
419,
261,
2088,
3586,
8230,
1016,
319,
333,
429,
1267,
312,
87,
2014,
16,
291,
3416,
6226,
649,
268,
6601,
454,
608,
2947,
606,
1722,
16,
1355,
362,
597,
289,
268,
710,
10450,
11319,
297,
778,
17,
91,
1284,
2419,
8221,
576,
1904,
18,
203,
4688,
3141,
456,
4819,
35,
7950,
341,
261,
3184,
390,
674,
289,
1247,
17,
2012,
17,
1381,
17,
531,
4342,
778,
291,
9517,
2133,
16,
3152,
1779,
336,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
454,
710,
1792,
5491,
419,
261,
285,
2749,
2541,
7016,
293,
732,
265,
360,
7926,
3227,
18,
203,
8804,
2240,
953,
8316,
11319,
297,
778,
17,
91,
1284,
4819,
292,
3933,
528,
712,
427,
268,
293,
732,
265,
289,
261,
285,
2749,
7083,
289,
3582,
1447,
73,
2081,
881,
2541,
7157,
361,
881,
5746,
266,
6398,
18,
540,
733,
443,
293,
732,
265,
4826,
292,
327,
268,
710,
5836,
2770,
291,
2729,
261,
7083,
289,
2541,
7157,
360,
11568,
291,
1278,
26,
1708,
268,
2390,
289,
268,
2045,
336,
2887,
3975,
4094,
1011,
586,
291,
742,
2771,
1553,
18,
203,
1461,
458,
8521,
51,
2453,
58,
338,
2738,
1675,
528,
525,
5859,
1011,
2541,
7016,
743,
7190,
291,
4266,
336,
352,
268,
2541,
7157,
664,
273,
338,
4163,
2577,
5941,
1875,
16,
502,
911,
437,
712,
7190,
668,
608,
444,
1044,
6553,
274,
430,
11862,
336,
664,
628,
289,
11070,
360,
268,
11437,
289,
444,
8941,
18,
365,
2541,
7157,
11,
2305,
280,
9877,
440,
1054,
1792,
2494,
444,
361,
3634,
292,
276,
875,
665,
16,
361,
991,
5408,
555,
3203,
352,
268,
881,
461,
320,
563,
9564,
2887,
3975,
4094,
1011,
586,
18,
203,
1461,
733,
4819,
1792,
5064,
268,
8015,
336,
268,
881,
2541,
7157,
293,
732,
286,
18,
365,
293,
732,
265,
2370,
363,
919,
512,
5836,
2541,
7016,
289,
608,
2967,
22,
2534,
2390,
274,
16,
291,
4795,
363,
9151,
1944,
289,
1138,
16,
7501,
292,
1149,
5153,
2534,
2390,
274,
16,
336,
2458,
1745,
268,
6601,
288,
268,
926,
289,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
18,
203,
6,
4326,
2752,
2091,
1500,
1111,
730,
261,
3036,
355,
338,
84,
16,
11,
518,
316,
768,
445,
2437,
4375,
3203,
1977,
4208,
2738,
4147,
465,
1137,
266,
3163,
1642,
270,
16,
261,
8532,
430,
268,
3770,
2113,
8093,
331,
10310,
2374,
421,
39,
50,
10382,
802,
2132,
1287,
292,
268,
4819,
292,
458,
8521,
51,
743,
855,
5637,
289,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
288,
5041,
16,
431,
1977,
16,
991,
262,
277,
316,
512,
730,
1890,
336,
3677,
3036,
70,
620,
16,
11,
291,
362,
743,
268,
710,
5836,
4819,
458,
8521,
51,
291,
4208,
2738,
437,
2279,
2555,
203,
1461,
3006,
1675,
289,
3152,
16,
650,
804,
644,
268,
458,
8521,
51,
10310,
9938,
318,
421,
48,
8188,
13,
291,
268,
4208,
2738,
9938,
318,
16,
528,
3446,
444,
4224,
288,
881,
7540,
2808,
1853,
18,
1507,
16,
1951,
281,
288,
7145,
7183,
3023,
1736,
16,
3834,
268,
5906,
16,
291,
268,
586,
16,
288,
365,
330,
503,
6423,
483,
466,
5341,
3023,
1736,
16,
1868,
274,
268,
4819,
743,
1646,
3227,
291,
352,
4981,
76,
483,
466,
5926,
18,
203,
6,
48,
8521,
51,
2340,
1221,
5856,
274,
407,
462,
1039,
360,
268,
5637,
289,
2541,
7157,
288,
6567,
336,
356,
2203,
292,
4345,
566,
2776,
362,
1001,
2377,
336,
664,
462,
2298,
4479,
331,
471,
467,
294,
293,
732,
332,
3203,
1977,
382,
286,
299,
2406,
1554,
364,
287,
16,
1192,
6235,
331,
11319,
297,
778,
7542,
430,
268,
465,
55,
42,
18,
991,
4326,
316,
289,
11266,
499,
2557,
1812,
362,
7273,
936,
268,
5039,
743,
1882,
292,
4375,
5518,
427,
3686,
4372,
1538,
820,
352,
4981,
76,
483,
466,
2616,
18,
458,
8521,
51,
2746,
336,
362,
375,
525,
6969,
268,
8707,
2555,
203,
2983,
268,
2390,
6216,
203,
1461,
543,
1102,
601,
1452,
2390,
274,
289,
268,
881,
2042,
3642,
2541,
7157,
16,
352,
767,
352,
268,
3657,
2541,
7016,
16,
437,
5546,
261,
10537,
91,
289,
2212,
608,
444,
5017,
18,
203,
37,
660,
289,
268,
2541,
7157,
4626,
292,
3933,
3082,
1291,
597,
289,
881,
6707,
30,
471,
467,
294,
17,
81,
594,
2541,
7157,
16,
518,
2074,
427,
261,
1374,
2534,
2390,
274,
644,
292,
8167,
289,
2534,
2390,
274,
291,
356,
2693,
292,
926,
649,
5836,
6398,
3787,
16,
361,
2643,
81,
594,
464,
2541,
7157,
16,
659,
352,
268,
597,
430,
268,
3795,
289,
268,
6049,
4835,
9629,
8769,
93,
16,
518,
1749,
427,
5971,
289,
4389,
292,
5665,
806,
289,
1708,
268,
2390,
289,
662,
2045,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
268,
3657,
2967,
22,
17,
87,
7142,
17,
81,
594,
2541,
7016,
3141,
419,
268,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
293,
732,
265,
5904,
1291,
363,
10217,
381,
17,
81,
594,
1749,
858,
471,
467,
294,
17,
81,
594,
291,
2643,
81,
594,
464,
2541,
7157,
16,
291,
316,
268,
855,
289,
606,
2066,
2577,
8221,
18,
203,
1461,
881,
347,
1822,
1808,
2541,
7157,
336,
3141,
268,
3657,
2541,
7016,
525,
3003,
292,
327,
2070,
360,
3856,
292,
444,
2155,
18,
900,
356,
576,
5836,
336,
3152,
10384,
597,
361,
1079,
289,
622,
602,
462,
437,
4538,
427,
261,
2042,
1881,
281,
2975,
16,
352,
565,
710,
471,
467,
294,
17,
81,
594,
2541,
7157,
18,
203,
37,
916,
1400,
292,
268,
7542,
289,
471,
467,
294,
4414,
16,
628,
1032,
1987,
427,
268,
719,
376,
625,
291,
2238,
288,
261,
2975,
743,
4144,
1105,
362,
1573,
268,
3160,
289,
9257,
10577,
288,
1032,
576,
336,
268,
2975,
316,
5896,
16,
730,
268,
2045,
18,
2122,
268,
4144,
289,
261,
5836,
2975,
284,
6559,
8374,
300,
8506,
77,
336,
356,
352,
4112,
352,
4202,
16,
362,
375,
688,
2473,
2346,
1982,
1987,
292,
1105,
268,
2975,
743,
7814,
5936,
18,
1097,
456,
628,
1032,
1987,
316,
1165,
687,
9257,
16,
268,
2975,
2042,
1881,
274,
1064,
606,
1044,
2146,
5048,
281,
363,
1008,
6827,
1478,
261,
4144,
17,
71,
3086,
7585,
2643,
2179,
69,
16,
518,
375,
3756,
2976,
261,
2541,
7016,
18,
203,
4326,
833,
375,
4345,
667,
6398,
352,
5836,
352,
433,
2936,
2534,
2390,
274,
375,
2346,
2541,
7157,
336,
356,
352,
1111,
352,
8581,
2534,
2390,
274,
18,
1163,
331,
2695,
1242,
6398,
16,
261,
6902,
1261,
352,
7083,
685,
4658,
316,
2693,
292,
520,
868,
288,
18,
1097,
268,
4144,
743,
719,
376,
625,
1343,
4179,
403,
7022,
410,
16,
502,
375,
11497,
636,
363,
10136,
291,
1743,
10216,
322,
266,
7083,
18,
948,
10289,
4522,
1165,
1987,
687,
719,
376,
625,
16,
3736,
268,
2975,
292,
1343,
4000,
1576,
1573,
11319,
297,
778,
10697,
18,
365,
3932,
1008,
6827,
316,
576,
3184,
336,
4220,
316,
2294,
2976,
18,
3142,
512,
5836,
6398,
16,
1014,
2159,
1645,
2534,
2390,
274,
16,
830,
4456,
10697,
2978,
636,
261,
2541,
7016,
289,
430,
2144,
10851,
2534,
2390,
274,
18,
330,
2042,
1881,
281,
2975,
16,
1023,
16,
788,
462,
327,
1542,
292,
2346,
261,
2541,
7016,
858,
4745,
8581,
291,
10851,
2534,
2390,
274,
16,
261,
1749,
336,
316,
1261,
352,
268,
7083,
685,
4658,
2390,
6216,
18,
203,
11207,
288,
268,
1619,
5637,
16,
268,
2695,
1242,
289,
268,
881,
2541,
7157,
336,
3141,
268,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
4819,
16,
430,
11568,
2534,
2390,
274,
16,
316,
268,
855,
292,
327,
8221,
336,
7244,
1291,
268,
7083,
685,
4658,
2390,
6216,
18,
203,
6,
1461,
1975,
336,
445,
3707,
6124,
261,
2541,
7016,
288,
456,
2390,
6216,
513,
804,
261,
1774,
289,
352,
4981,
76,
483,
300,
978,
8691,
444,
8542,
291,
2644,
292,
4382,
628,
667,
629,
2541,
7157,
664,
1146,
3203,
1977,
3163,
1642,
270,
16,
650,
316,
268,
6235,
289,
268,
1155,
8018,
277,
10894,
430,
268,
465,
690,
11839,
1692,
288,
5088,
18,
203,
11375,
6145,
16,
518,
268,
2360,
1119,
288,
444,
1901,
2237,
16,
316,
261,
9703,
750,
466,
293,
732,
265,
16,
288,
518,
268,
881,
347,
1822,
1808,
2541,
7157,
1011,
855,
4538,
427,
268,
293,
732,
265,
289,
881,
919,
3513,
2541,
7157,
31,
456,
7083,
289,
8352,
4538,
2541,
7157,
1023,
3908,
488,
1875,
291,
4456,
525,
293,
732,
286,
18,
203,
6,
4326,
2282,
9841,
512,
2212,
687,
362,
1956,
6141,
3203,
1977,
458,
8521,
51,
4147,
996,
282,
924,
1054,
6388,
16,
5688,
289,
7542,
430,
2628,
6217,
18,
991,
42,
409,
268,
4785,
289,
5906,
7542,
16,
362,
743,
261,
1040,
6427,
2810,
2555,
203,
6695,
356,
772,
6533,
2212,
4353,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
18,
203,
5190,
458,
8521,
51,
291,
4208,
2738,
2169,
7671,
3757,
331,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
7561,
734,
2780,
16,
9137,
3093,
274,
1666,
734,
268,
490,
2982,
863,
331,
4149,
5518,
18,
948,
3093,
274,
375,
666,
881,
865,
2222,
30,
5262,
336,
4568,
628,
1430,
6159,
3092,
288,
268,
863,
336,
602,
437,
712,
3141,
419,
11479,
285,
2749,
1422,
291,
512,
2177,
991,
8264,
503,
6,
3093,
274,
16,
518,
7841,
1500,
331,
3784,
628,
289,
268,
9187,
18,
203,
48,
8521,
51,
4147,
5029,
90,
271,
404,
720,
1050,
73,
16,
10650,
5688,
289,
7542,
430,
383,
4393,
16,
1611,
614,
11479,
285,
2749,
3093,
274,
292,
991,
9175,
281,
261,
1666,
734,
863,
16,
336,
513,
5277,
1612,
288,
261,
1575,
440,
3052,
3203,
288,
4980,
292,
2837,
503,
3093,
274,
336,
356,
512,
289,
261,
5277,
17,
453,
1563,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
1731,
289,
461,
59,
1689,
11968,
5716,
16,
261,
2837,
503,
3093,
4568,
286,
644,
268,
4819,
5332,
512,
4859,
16,
6191,
268,
1040,
1139,
3961,
336,
268,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
261,
299,
401,
427,
1890,
586,
687,
261,
285,
2749,
293,
732,
265,
18,
203,
6,
1461,
2404,
331,
780,
265,
542,
445,
6673,
4266,
1890,
733,
316,
1040,
695,
3203,
924,
1054,
6388,
1977,
18,
991,
3464,
2437,
3769,
10016,
348,
743,
384,
1600,
283,
30,
268,
4857,
265,
2966,
316,
268,
1326,
597,
16,
518,
288,
456,
1731,
316,
261,
285,
2749,
2541,
7016,
2555,
203,
11207,
768,
717,
1890,
6023,
733,
3141,
629,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
35,
553,
316,
261,
225,
88,
438,
280,
1790,
10680,
493,
16,
291,
288,
444,
2237,
16,
268,
3152,
5715,
325,
1119,
586,
2419,
288,
268,
6601,
336,
1276,
437,
3141,
268,
4819,
502,
8221,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
268,
11319,
297,
778,
6007,
1276,
437,
712,
9274,
691,
419,
261,
2042,
1881,
281,
2975,
288,
662,
8769,
93,
18,
365,
4819,
911,
525,
7534,
427,
261,
2257,
4063,
7221,
3141,
1039,
1003,
268,
6601,
2753,
488,
288,
606,
8797,
9269,
18,
1163,
8667,
289,
629,
377,
6070,
6957,
4285,
274,
268,
863,
352,
767,
352,
261,
285,
2749,
293,
732
] |
Addison’s disease, an endocrine disorder, bears the name of the doctor that first diagnosed the condition in humans, Dr Thomas Addison of Guy’s Hospital, London. He originally recorded the condition in 1855 and referred to it as a progressive destruction of the adrenal glands, the result being a deficiency in the secretion of hormones produced by the two adrenal glands. This condition is not to be confused with Cushing’s disease or hyperadrenocorticism which also affects the adrenal glands. In this situation, there is an excess secretion of the hormone cortisol rather than a lack of it, therefore Addison’s disease is the hormonal opposite of Cushing’s disease.
The disease, also called hypoadrenocorticism or adrenal insufficiency, also occurs in dogs where it affects certain breeds in particular, Standard Poodles, Great Danes, Bearded Collies, Portuguese Water Dogs and Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers. Most of the affected dogs are young to middle aged females, however, the disease can affect any dog of any age or sex. Addison’s disease is rare, although it is possibly undiagnosed in a fair number of dogs.
THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
All dogs have two adrenal glands, one positioned by each of the kidneys. Each is made up of two distinct layers, the outer cortex and the inner layer called the medulla. The cortex, which is generally the part affected by Addison’s disease, secretes two important hormones, cortisol (a glucocorticoid type hormone, also called hydrocortisone) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid hormone). The release of these hormones is regulated by the pituitary gland through secretion of a hormone referred to as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The medulla in contrast, is involved with the sympathetic nervous system, secretes only adrenaline which is involved in the fight and flight reaction amongst other things.
THE ROLE OF CORTISOL & ALDOSTERONE
Both of these hormones are needed for a number of vital functions in the body.
Cortisol, is involved in some important functions within the body:
- Modulating the immune system and inflammation
- Maintenance of blood pressure
- Regulating the action of insulin in controlling blood sugar levels
- The metabolism of glucose
- Regulating how the body uses protein, fats and carbohydrates
- Helping the body cope with stress
Aldosterone plays an altogether different function, acting through the kidneys to:
- Increase the reabsorption of sodium
- Increase the secretion of potassium
- Increase the reabsorption of water, helping to retain water within the body thereby increasing blood pressure
- Help regulate blood pressure in conjunction with other hormone systems which lower blood pressure
TYPES OF ADDISON’S DISEASE
There two of Addison’s disease:
- Primary or Typical
- Secondary or Atypical
In the first type, the hormone secreting cells of the cortex are damaged by an immune mediated reaction where the amimal’s own immune system attacks the cells of the adrenal cortex. This results in a failure to secrete both cortisol and aldosterone in the normal amounts needed to maintain good health so both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid functions are affected.
Secondary Addison’s disease in contrast, arises from a failure of the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands with ACTH, normally through lack of production of ACTH. Only glucocorticoid function is affected so there is no risk of the acute condition occurring referred to as an Addisonian crisis. However some dogs with the secondary form of the disease do progress to the primary form due to ultimate lack of aldosterone production.
Knowing which form of the disease your dog has is important as it influences the type of treatment which will be prescribed.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of ADDISON’S DISEASE
The symptoms of Addison’s disease are often vague or indefinite and may come and go making diagnosis difficult. The signs may also occur in a wide variety of other conditions causing additional problems with diagnosis. In Addison’s disease however, the symptoms reflect the roles which the hormones cortisol and aldosterone play in the body. When insufficient amounts of these hormones are secreted, signs which you might see include:
- Lethargy or lack of energy
- Signs of depression
- Poor or picky appetite
- Muscle weakness
- Muscle tremors
- Pain originating from around the back leg region
- Gastrointestinal upsets including vomiting or diarrhoea
Less common symptoms include:
- Inability to maintain blood sugar/glucose levels possibly leading to epileptic fits
- Interference with nerve function particularly affecting the oesophagus
If the illness continues undiagnosed and treated, then eventually the adrenal glands will not be able to produce sufficient hormones for the body to function. This leads to a set of acute symptoms known as an Addisonian crisis which occurs when the body is not able to react physiologically to stress. Signs to look out for include:
- Sudden collapse
- A fall in blood pressure
- Abnormal heart rhythm
- Evidence of dehydration
In addition blood samples may reveal:
- A fall in blood sugar levels
- A rise in the level of potassium in the blood and a fall in the level of sodium
- A rise in blood urea and creatinine levels, waste products excreted by the kidneys
DIAGNOSING ADDISON’S DISEASE
Addison’s disease can imitate so many other conditions that it is often very difficult to diagnose from both physical symptoms and from blood samples. In fact around 30% of dogs are first diagnosed at the crisis stage which shows just how difficult the disease is to pick up routinely. Routine blood screens may pick up abnormal levels of both Sodium and Potassium but are not diagnostic in their own right. The only definitive way of diagnosing the disease is to carry out a very specific tear called an ACTH stimulation test.
ACTH is normally produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal gland to produce the hormone cortisol. To diagnose Addison’s disease, a synthetic form of ACTH, called Synacthen, is injected after having taken a blood sample to measure the normal resting level of cortisol (which is fairly easy to measure). One hour later another sample is taken to determine the response of the adrenal gland to the injection of Synacthen. In normal dogs, the level of cortisol should rise in response to the injection. In cases of Addison’s Disease, then the cortisol level will barely rise or possible show no change at all. Some drugs can affect the results of the test, especially some steroid type drugs such as prednisolone.
TREATING ADDISON’S DISEASE
Dogs in Addisonian Crisis need immediate care as the condition can be life-threatening. Prompt treatment with intravenous fluids and injections of cortisone usually provides rapid improvement reversing the signs of dehydration, normalising blood pressure and heart rhythm and stabilising the levels of both sodium and potassium.
Addison’s Disease needs long-term management as the condition is not curable. This is normally done by using synthetic steroids in the form of tablets to compensate for or replacing the natural steroids that are not being produced by the animal’s own adrenal glands. Steroid drugs commonly used for treating both primary and secondary Addison’s Disease include:
- Hydrocortisone tablets
- Prednisolone tablets
- Prednisone tablets
In cases of secondary Addison’s Disease there is an underproduction of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone as well, in which case a special steroid drug is prescribed as well:
- Fludrocortisone acetate tablets (trade name Florinef)
HOW DENES CAN HELP
Most dogs with Addison’s disease will do well with conventional medication, although there may an increase in both thirst and appetite as side effects from the drugs. Specific herbal and homeopathic support is available but would need to be under the guidance of a vet that specialises in alternative medicine.
Denes products which offer general support for Addison’s patients include:
Aloe has many benefits for the body including:
- Immune system support
Aloe optimises the immune system helping it to function more effectively and efficiently by increasing the activity of the white blood cells in fighting infection.
- Anti-inflammatory effects
One of the main benefits of aloe is its ability to reduce inflammation and the symptoms which accompany it.
Detoxification of the tissues generally provides some benefit in making both animals and people feel better and improving general health.
- Support for the digestive system
Aloe vera is particularly good for the digestive system. It is known to help with absorption of nutrients from the gut and to promote peristalsis, the natural rhythmical motion of the bowel which propels food along.
- As a source of essential nutrients
Containing a wide range of vitamins, minerals and amino acids, aloe provides good background support in conjunction with feeding good diet.
- Antioxidant actions
Aloe can protect the cells of the body against damage from free radicals, which disrupt the body’s ability to repair and detoxify itself.
All-in-One contains several plant based ingredients which can support the health of the body during times of illness:
Seaweed, or Kelp, is widely used as a herbal remedy and as a general supplement. It is particularly good for encouraging the growth of the hair and in improving the condition of the coat. Seaweed is a good source of iodine and, consequently, acts as a tonic for the thyroid gland.
Wheatgrass is derived from wheat plants, which are harvested early in growth when the green plant is only a few inches tall. The harvested plants contain a wide range of vitamins and nearly all of the minerals needed for good health as well as chlorophyll and a range of enzymes. The health benefits are varied and include cleansing the lymphatic system, acting as a blood tonic, removing toxins from cells and supporting the liver and kidneys. In particular, chlorophyll has a reputation as a healer and in supporting the immune system.
Barleygrass is a little like wheatgrass and nutritionally is very similar in composition although said to be more balanced in the range of nutrients it contains. The health benefits are broadly similar, but barleygrass can also help with cell repair, scavenge damaging free radicals from the blood, reduce inflammation, improve the condition of the coat and skin and enhance overall vitality.
Familiar to all of us, spinach is a green vegetable superfood with a multitude of health benefits. It is a rich source of minerals, vitamins and phytonutrients beneficial for a number of vital functions. It supports the health of the eyes (helping prevent cataracts), nervous system, cardiovascular system (in particular heart muscle), skin, bones and muscles.
- Alfalfa Leaf
Alfalfa is Arabic for the “father of plants”, based on its reputation in having extensive roots, which reach deep into the soil, bringing up nutrients from deep below including an extensive range of trace minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron and zinc. It also contains a wide range of vitamins. As a herbal remedy it has a reputation in helping with kidney problems, diabetes, arthritis, stroke prevention and with supporting the digestive and musculoskeletal systems.
This powdered combination of herbs soothes and protects the lining of the digestive tract and firms up the contents so it is an ideal product to help solve diarrhoea and vomiting issues with dogs with Addison’s Disease.
Other Denes Fact Sheets to read: | <urn:uuid:3057eb99-c4df-4a16-bf9e-34ca11caf642> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.denes.com/advice/addisons-disease | 2024-02-22T19:06:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.933588 | 2,499 | 3.5 | 4 | [
37,
8560,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
16,
363,
1199,
3426,
475,
3706,
16,
10162,
268,
1932,
289,
268,
3040,
336,
855,
6522,
268,
2057,
288,
2943,
16,
1698,
6938,
2076,
2613,
289,
2750,
93,
372,
87,
9417,
16,
5159,
18,
915,
6980,
5613,
268,
2057,
288,
9135,
25,
291,
4612,
292,
362,
352,
261,
10451,
7621,
289,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
16,
268,
1636,
1018,
261,
7749,
288,
268,
7764,
328,
289,
7129,
3141,
419,
268,
881,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
18,
540,
2057,
316,
462,
292,
327,
11384,
360,
351,
9348,
372,
87,
1413,
361,
5063,
354,
591,
415,
283,
410,
997,
518,
525,
4238,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
18,
450,
456,
3118,
16,
686,
316,
363,
3321,
7764,
328,
289,
268,
6494,
273,
442,
277,
320,
2359,
687,
261,
2850,
289,
362,
16,
3281,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
316,
268,
11851,
6896,
289,
351,
9348,
372,
87,
1413,
18,
203,
1461,
1413,
16,
525,
1478,
3973,
1862,
591,
415,
283,
410,
997,
361,
478,
591,
280,
10578,
9299,
16,
525,
3606,
288,
3335,
853,
362,
4238,
1575,
9893,
288,
1510,
16,
9226,
382,
509,
736,
16,
4369,
413,
5861,
16,
1367,
8604,
6686,
423,
16,
10387,
2531,
786,
3386,
9746,
291,
1426,
1188,
2959,
488,
547,
3611,
270,
6293,
11703,
18,
2620,
289,
268,
3328,
3335,
356,
2129,
292,
4067,
8602,
8164,
16,
2281,
16,
268,
1413,
375,
2242,
723,
1762,
289,
723,
1722,
361,
2935,
18,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
316,
3679,
16,
3781,
362,
316,
6761,
641,
77,
1599,
1485,
288,
261,
3819,
1289,
289,
3335,
18,
203,
9670,
41,
434,
51,
8068,
7578,
6949,
4899,
5597,
2522,
48,
461,
48,
3940,
7368,
203,
37,
660,
3335,
437,
881,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
16,
597,
2669,
286,
419,
1011,
289,
268,
11064,
18,
3431,
316,
1146,
644,
289,
881,
5292,
5936,
16,
268,
7814,
1109,
9430,
291,
268,
5817,
3863,
1478,
268,
845,
1369,
69,
18,
365,
1109,
9430,
16,
518,
316,
2918,
268,
923,
3328,
419,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
16,
6849,
274,
881,
851,
7129,
16,
273,
442,
277,
320,
421,
69,
6181,
415,
283,
410,
1246,
1517,
6494,
16,
525,
1478,
6624,
71,
442,
277,
590,
13,
291,
366,
72,
3401,
590,
421,
69,
7333,
415,
283,
410,
1246,
6494,
802,
365,
4133,
289,
629,
7129,
316,
11312,
419,
268,
9207,
1946,
556,
11315,
734,
7764,
328,
289,
261,
6494,
4612,
292,
352,
478,
591,
415,
283,
410,
376,
849,
300,
6494,
421,
3897,
9670,
802,
365,
845,
1369,
69,
288,
4980,
16,
316,
2729,
360,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
6593,
892,
16,
6849,
274,
794,
478,
591,
280,
475,
518,
316,
2729,
288,
268,
3311,
291,
6193,
4866,
10057,
586,
1612,
18,
203,
9670,
41,
434,
51,
8068,
7578,
2187,
54,
56,
3476,
9015,
1884,
330,
48,
40,
4537,
56,
2798,
4279,
41,
203,
38,
763,
289,
629,
7129,
356,
2224,
331,
261,
1289,
289,
3226,
3632,
288,
268,
1073,
18,
203,
39,
442,
277,
320,
16,
316,
2729,
288,
579,
851,
3632,
1291,
268,
1073,
30,
203,
17,
3536,
3939,
268,
3182,
892,
291,
4095,
203,
17,
4550,
3353,
289,
1364,
1987,
203,
17,
2480,
3939,
268,
2433,
289,
6486,
288,
7987,
1364,
2980,
1506,
203,
17,
365,
8014,
289,
6719,
203,
17,
2480,
3939,
667,
268,
1073,
2600,
3106,
16,
6737,
291,
8930,
203,
17,
4470,
5028,
268,
1073,
9120,
360,
1751,
203,
37,
414,
3401,
590,
3806,
363,
366,
11512,
865,
1596,
16,
8980,
734,
268,
11064,
292,
30,
203,
17,
6202,
575,
268,
304,
8183,
283,
2530,
289,
8572,
203,
17,
6202,
575,
268,
7764,
328,
289,
9061,
203,
17,
6202,
575,
268,
304,
8183,
283,
2530,
289,
770,
16,
3763,
292,
6449,
770,
1291,
268,
1073,
7628,
2204,
1364,
1987,
203,
17,
7092,
7075,
1364,
1987,
288,
7944,
4268,
360,
586,
6494,
1422,
518,
1898,
1364,
1987,
203,
56,
61,
52,
3214,
7578,
4899,
40,
3476,
4279,
372,
55,
413,
3476,
41,
2815,
41,
203,
6695,
881,
289,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
30,
203,
17,
11347,
361,
3652,
466,
203,
17,
5056,
556,
361,
330,
811,
466,
203,
2983,
268,
855,
1517,
16,
268,
6494,
7764,
542,
1828,
289,
268,
1109,
9430,
356,
6005,
419,
363,
3182,
845,
7269,
4866,
853,
268,
792,
6414,
372,
87,
1044,
3182,
892,
4349,
268,
1828,
289,
268,
478,
591,
280,
1109,
9430,
18,
540,
1826,
288,
261,
4396,
292,
805,
4325,
1079,
273,
442,
277,
320,
291,
366,
72,
3401,
590,
288,
268,
2910,
4175,
2224,
292,
1638,
1060,
661,
576,
1079,
7333,
415,
283,
410,
1246,
291,
6181,
415,
283,
410,
1246,
3632,
356,
3328,
18,
203,
55,
312,
799,
556,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
288,
4980,
16,
598,
2329,
427,
261,
4396,
289,
268,
9207,
1946,
556,
11315,
292,
9424,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
360,
5460,
9670,
16,
6342,
734,
2850,
289,
1815,
289,
5460,
9670,
18,
6266,
6181,
415,
283,
410,
1246,
1596,
316,
3328,
576,
686,
316,
688,
1238,
289,
268,
8139,
2057,
8160,
4612,
292,
352,
363,
2076,
2613,
779,
4742,
18,
1121,
579,
3335,
360,
268,
5900,
926,
289,
268,
1413,
565,
2674,
292,
268,
2818,
926,
1504,
292,
9376,
2850,
289,
366,
72,
3401,
590,
1815,
18,
203,
47,
619,
281,
518,
926,
289,
268,
1413,
424,
1762,
528,
316,
851,
352,
362,
7796,
268,
1517,
289,
1412,
518,
513,
327,
8044,
18,
203,
55,
8521,
8384,
1884,
343,
61,
49,
5183,
51,
5513,
289,
4899,
40,
3476,
4279,
372,
55,
413,
3476,
41,
2815,
41,
203,
1461,
1614,
289,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
356,
970,
385,
6036,
361,
612,
4727,
263,
674,
291,
602,
1631,
291,
679,
1355,
4291,
2203,
18,
365,
3085,
602,
525,
1595,
288,
261,
2816,
2233,
289,
586,
1533,
3736,
2827,
1626,
360,
4291,
18,
450,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
2281,
16,
268,
1614,
5295,
268,
5535,
518,
268,
7129,
273,
442,
277,
320,
291,
366,
72,
3401,
590,
1152,
288,
268,
1073,
18,
1097,
11933,
4175,
289,
629,
7129,
356,
7764,
691,
16,
3085,
518,
337,
1276,
901,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
1732,
262,
294,
10410,
361,
2850,
289,
1138,
203,
17,
11078,
289,
3663,
203,
17,
11289,
361,
4568,
93,
9399,
203,
17,
3494,
1587,
6953,
203,
17,
3494,
1587,
8729,
753,
203,
17,
7385,
3143,
673,
427,
1149,
268,
1103,
1418,
2225,
203,
17,
461,
8235,
11073,
644,
401,
340,
1118,
9630,
361,
8323,
76,
3766,
69,
203,
48,
368,
1112,
1614,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
450,
1303,
292,
1638,
1364,
2980,
19,
4794,
405,
595,
1506,
6761,
2469,
292,
3136,
621,
11353,
11927,
203,
17,
3514,
3701,
360,
5908,
1596,
2467,
6467,
268,
272,
274,
2005,
11759,
203,
6164,
268,
3545,
4027,
641,
77,
1599,
1485,
291,
4257,
16,
1023,
4456,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
513,
462,
327,
1542,
292,
2346,
5138,
7129,
331,
268,
1073,
292,
1596,
18,
540,
4198,
292,
261,
1075,
289,
8139,
1614,
1261,
352,
363,
2076,
2613,
779,
4742,
518,
3606,
649,
268,
1073,
316,
462,
1542,
292,
9230,
8069,
9863,
292,
1751,
18,
11078,
292,
1500,
628,
331,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
10649,
3322,
10697,
203,
17,
330,
2341,
288,
1364,
1987,
203,
17,
2605,
5868,
1759,
9724,
203,
17,
3875,
1690,
289,
9198,
6991,
203,
2983,
1879,
1364,
5612,
602,
7901,
30,
203,
17,
330,
2341,
288,
1364,
2980,
1506,
203,
17,
330,
3573,
288,
268,
966,
289,
9061,
288,
268,
1364,
291,
261,
2341,
288,
268,
966,
289,
8572,
203,
17,
330,
3573,
288,
1364,
448,
267,
69,
291,
1308,
263,
475,
1506,
16,
2368,
1786,
1870,
267,
691,
419,
268,
11064,
203,
40,
8041,
43,
50,
4537,
7015,
4899,
40,
3476,
4279,
372,
55,
413,
3476,
41,
2815,
41,
203,
37,
8560,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
375,
435,
8872,
576,
772,
586,
1533,
336,
362,
316,
970,
1040,
2203,
292,
9047,
427,
1079,
1646,
1614,
291,
427,
1364,
5612,
18,
450,
1975,
1149,
2553,
9,
289,
3335,
356,
855,
6522,
430,
268,
4742,
3282,
518,
2746,
1039,
667,
2203,
268,
1413,
316,
292,
4568,
644,
2963,
11976,
18,
434,
491,
475,
1364,
10540,
602,
4568,
644,
6920,
1506,
289,
1079,
343,
370,
1231,
291,
6972,
8004,
566,
356,
462,
8674,
288,
444,
1044,
1328,
18,
365,
794,
3259,
1257,
898,
289,
2307,
2485,
268,
1413,
316,
292,
3375,
628,
261,
1040,
1430,
10175,
1478,
363,
5460,
9670,
10753,
1265,
18,
203,
3897,
9670,
316,
6342,
3141,
419,
268,
9207,
1946,
556,
11315,
291,
6760,
692,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11315,
292,
2346,
268,
6494,
273,
442,
277,
320,
18,
1122,
9047,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
16,
261,
8311,
926,
289,
5460,
9670,
16,
1478,
10026,
313,
262,
270,
16,
316,
288,
8703,
1003,
2054,
2459,
261,
1364,
4829,
292,
2074,
268,
2910,
474,
542,
966,
289,
273,
442,
277,
320,
421,
6499,
316,
8353,
2289,
292,
2074,
802,
1507,
5305,
2135,
1515,
4829,
316,
2459,
292,
2747,
268,
2629,
289,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11315,
292,
268,
9684,
289,
10026,
313,
262,
270,
18,
450,
2910,
3335,
16,
268,
966,
289,
273,
442,
277,
320,
788,
3573,
288,
2629,
292,
268,
9684,
18,
450,
1934,
289,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
6328,
16,
1023,
268,
273,
442,
277,
320,
966,
513,
9673,
325,
3573,
361,
1522,
1171,
688,
1317,
430,
516,
18,
1399,
3843,
375,
2242,
268,
1826,
289,
268,
1265,
16,
1803,
579,
5432,
1246,
1517,
3843,
659,
352,
2061,
82,
277,
320,
590,
18,
203,
56,
5597,
3151,
7015,
4899,
40,
3476,
4279,
372,
55,
413,
3476,
41,
2815,
41,
203,
40,
6356,
288,
2076,
2613,
779,
351,
1532,
277,
648,
5572,
1066,
352,
268,
2057,
375,
327,
943,
17,
11692,
1981,
18,
7801,
3918,
1412,
360,
4746,
548,
3935,
9552,
291,
2059,
2143,
289,
273,
442,
277,
590,
1840,
1956,
3306,
5336,
9953,
281,
268,
3085,
289,
9198,
6991,
16,
2910,
2252,
1364,
1987,
291,
1759,
9724,
291,
8884,
2252,
268,
1506,
289,
1079,
8572,
291,
9061,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2613,
372,
87,
6328,
1470,
917,
17,
950,
1794,
352,
268,
2057,
316,
462,
1065,
541,
18,
540,
316,
6342,
2217,
419,
1001,
8311,
5432,
6006,
288,
268,
926,
289,
11664,
292,
7084,
381,
331,
361,
10418,
268,
1493,
5432,
6006,
336,
356,
462,
1018,
3141,
419,
268,
2990,
372,
87,
1044,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
18,
343,
345,
1246,
3843,
3224,
724,
331,
6307,
1079,
2818,
291,
5900,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
6328,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
8955,
8125,
442,
277,
590,
11664,
203,
17,
382,
1007,
82,
277,
320,
590,
11664,
203,
17,
382,
1007,
82,
277,
590,
11664,
203,
2983,
1934,
289,
5900,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
6328,
686,
316,
363,
1064,
84,
7103,
289,
268,
7333,
415,
283,
410,
1246,
366,
72,
3401,
590,
352,
767,
16,
288,
518,
1731,
261,
1755,
5432,
1246,
2325,
316,
8044,
352,
767,
30,
203,
17,
10378,
72,
8125,
442,
277,
590,
261,
339,
88,
381,
11664,
421,
322,
783,
1932,
6285,
475,
74,
13,
203,
6897,
59,
413,
4413,
3214,
351,
3940,
402,
5831,
52,
203,
49,
511,
3335,
360,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1413,
513,
565,
767,
360,
6071,
4525,
16,
3781,
686,
602,
363,
1643,
288,
1079,
264,
773,
291,
9399,
352,
2031,
1814,
427,
268,
3843,
18,
3990,
708,
954,
3639,
291,
1311,
389,
749,
300,
1105,
316,
1608,
566,
830,
648,
292,
327,
1064,
268,
4587,
289,
261,
10523,
336,
1755,
2329,
288,
3833,
4014,
18,
203,
40,
270,
274,
1786,
518,
1529,
2177,
1105,
331,
2076,
2613,
372,
87,
1945,
1226,
30,
203,
8804,
3766,
528,
772,
1716,
331,
268,
1073,
1118,
30,
203,
17,
7210,
1807,
892,
1105,
203,
8804,
3766,
2516,
2329,
268,
3182,
892,
3763,
362,
292,
1596,
512,
2992,
291,
6106,
419,
2204,
268,
2067,
289,
268,
2398,
1364,
1828,
288,
7110,
2937,
18,
203,
17,
6440,
17,
8929,
1814,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
939,
1716,
289,
366,
3766,
316,
606,
1882,
292,
1590,
4095,
291,
268,
1614,
518,
11731,
362,
18,
203,
40,
73,
7512,
2843,
289,
268,
6272,
2918,
1956,
579,
3145,
288,
1355,
1079,
2312,
291,
689,
1350,
1326,
291,
3949,
2177,
661,
18,
203,
17,
6475,
331,
268,
6142,
892,
203,
8804,
3766,
2514,
69,
316,
2467,
1060,
331,
268,
6142,
892,
18,
553,
316,
1261,
292,
617,
360,
8224,
289,
3600,
427,
268,
5298
] |
As we step into the world of flood control initiatives, we find ourselves amidst a complex tapestry of interconnected efforts and collaborations. Imagine a landscape where government agencies, local communities, and innovative thinkers come together, working hand in hand to navigate the challenges posed by flooding. In this series of interviews, we delve into the minds of key partners who have dedicated their expertise and resources towards finding effective solutions. From implementing water management systems to building resilience in flood-prone areas, these conversations offer insights into the current state of affairs and the future directions that lie ahead. So, come join us as we uncover the stories and strategies behind flood control initiatives, leaving you eager to explore the intricate web of partnerships that shape our battle against this natural phenomenon.
- Government regulations play a crucial role in flood control initiatives, including establishing and enforcing regulations related to flood control and setting standards for construction and development in flood-prone areas.
- Collaboration and engagement with local communities and stakeholders are essential for the success of flood control initiatives, as they can provide support, expertise, and valuable local knowledge.
- Innovative solutions, such as utilizing smart technology for real-time information gathering and implementing flood forecasting, can significantly improve flood control measures and communication with communities during flood events.
- Effective water management systems, including enhancing water infrastructure, updating drainage systems, and embracing green infrastructure, are key components of comprehensive flood control strategies.
The Role of Government Agencies
Government agencies play a critical role in implementing and coordinating flood control initiatives. As partners in flood control efforts, these agencies have the responsibility of ensuring that government regulations are followed and that funding sources are properly utilized. Through their involvement, government agencies are able to enforce policies and guidelines that aim to mitigate the impact of floods and protect communities.
One of the main functions of government agencies is to establish and enforce government regulations related to flood control. These regulations set standards for construction and development in flood-prone areas, ensuring that buildings and infrastructure are designed to withstand flooding and minimize damage. By implementing and enforcing these regulations, government agencies contribute to the overall resilience and preparedness of communities facing flood risks.
Additionally, government agencies play a crucial role in securing funding sources for flood control initiatives. They collaborate with various stakeholders, including local governments, non-profit organizations, and private entities, to identify and secure funding for projects aimed at flood prevention, mitigation, and response. This involves identifying grant opportunities, facilitating partnerships, and advocating for adequate funding to address the complex challenges posed by floods.
Furthermore, government agencies are responsible for coordinating the efforts of different stakeholders involved in flood control initiatives. They act as intermediaries between local communities, scientists, engineers, and other relevant parties, ensuring effective communication and collaboration. This coordination is essential to ensure that all stakeholders are working towards a common goal and that resources are allocated efficiently.
Collaborating With Local Communities
After establishing and enforcing government regulations and securing funding sources, the next crucial step in flood control initiatives involves collaborating with local communities. Engaging stakeholders and implementing community-driven initiatives are essential for the success of any flood control project. Here are four key reasons why collaborating with local communities is vital:
- Local knowledge and expertise: Local communities possess invaluable knowledge about their area, including historical flood patterns, vulnerable areas, and potential solutions. Engaging them in the decision-making process ensures that their expertise is utilized, leading to more effective and innovative flood control measures.
- Increased support and participation: When local communities are actively involved in flood control initiatives, they become more invested in the outcomes. By engaging stakeholders, such as residents, businesses, and community organizations, a sense of ownership and responsibility is fostered. This increases support for the project and encourages active participation, leading to better implementation and long-term maintenance.
- Customized solutions: Each community has unique characteristics and requirements when it comes to flood control. By collaborating with local communities, solutions can be tailored to their specific needs and challenges. This approach ensures that the flood control measures implemented are not only effective but also sustainable in the long run.
- Building trust and resilience: Collaborating with local communities fosters a sense of trust between government agencies and residents. It demonstrates a commitment to working together and valuing the input of the community. This trust is crucial in times of crisis, as it enables effective communication and coordination, leading to more resilient communities in the face of flooding events.
Innovative Solutions for Flood Control
To address the challenges of flood control, our team has been exploring innovative solutions that prioritize community involvement and resilience. We understand that traditional methods may not always be effective in dealing with the increasing frequency and intensity of floods. Therefore, we have turned to smart technology and flood forecasting to develop cutting-edge solutions.
Smart technology plays a crucial role in flood control initiatives. By utilizing sensors and data analytics, we can gather real-time information about water levels, weather conditions, and drainage systems. This data allows us to make more informed decisions and respond quickly to potential flood risks. Additionally, smart technology enables us to communicate with communities in a timely manner, providing them with vital information and guidance during flood events.
Flood forecasting is another innovative solution that we are focusing on. By analyzing historical data, weather patterns, and hydrological models, we can predict the likelihood and severity of floods in specific areas. This forecasting enables us to implement proactive measures, such as constructing flood barriers or diverting water flow, to minimize potential damage. Furthermore, it empowers communities to take necessary precautions and evacuate if needed, ensuring their safety and well-being.
Our team recognizes the importance of community involvement in flood control initiatives. We believe that involving local residents in decision-making processes and providing them with the necessary tools and knowledge is crucial for building resilience. Through workshops, educational programs, and interactive platforms, we aim to empower communities to actively participate in flood control efforts.
Implementing Effective Water Management Systems
Building on our exploration of innovative solutions for flood control, we now shift our focus to the implementation of effective water management systems. As we continue to tackle the challenges of flood control, it is crucial to improve our water infrastructure and implement integrated flood management strategies. Here are four key steps to consider:
- Enhancing Water Infrastructure: Investing in modernizing and upgrading our water infrastructure is essential for effective flood control. This includes updating aging drainage systems, constructing reservoirs, and improving the capacity of existing canals and channels. By implementing state-of-the-art technologies and efficient water management systems, we can better regulate water flow and mitigate the risk of flooding.
- Implementing Integrated Flood Management: Flood control cannot be achieved through isolated efforts. It requires a holistic approach that integrates various aspects of water management, such as land use planning, floodplain management, and river basin management. By adopting an integrated approach, we can address the root causes of flooding and develop comprehensive strategies that encompass prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
- Embracing Green Infrastructure: Green infrastructure, such as wetlands, green roofs, and permeable pavements, can play a significant role in managing stormwater and reducing flood risk. These nature-based solutions not only provide effective water management but also offer additional benefits, such as improving water quality, enhancing biodiversity, and creating green spaces for communities.
- Leveraging Technology and Innovation: Advancements in technology and innovation offer immense potential for improving water management systems. From real-time monitoring and predictive modeling to automated flood control mechanisms, embracing technological solutions can enhance our ability to respond swiftly and effectively to flood events.
The Importance of Data Collection and Analysis
Data collection and analysis play a crucial role in understanding and effectively addressing the challenges of flood control. In today’s rapidly evolving world, where innovation is key, harnessing the power of data has become more important than ever. By collecting and analyzing relevant data, we can gain valuable insights into the patterns and trends of flooding, enabling us to develop innovative solutions that can mitigate its impact.
When it comes to flood control initiatives, data collection serves as the foundation for informed decision-making. By gathering data on rainfall patterns, water levels, and soil moisture, we can better understand the factors that contribute to flooding. This information allows us to identify vulnerable areas and prioritize our efforts accordingly. Additionally, data collection helps us monitor the effectiveness of implemented measures and adjust them as needed.
Data analysis, on the other hand, allows us to make sense of the collected data and derive actionable insights. By employing advanced analytics techniques, such as machine learning and predictive modeling, we can uncover patterns, identify potential risks, and forecast future flood events with greater accuracy. This enables us to optimize our resource allocation, plan preventive measures, and respond more effectively during emergencies.
Furthermore, data analysis can help us identify and address the underlying causes of flooding. By examining historical data and conducting root cause analysis, we can identify factors such as inadequate infrastructure, urbanization, or climate change that contribute to flooding. Armed with this knowledge, we can develop comprehensive strategies that address these root causes, making our flood control initiatives more sustainable and resilient.
Public-Private Partnerships in Flood Control
Public-private partnerships play a crucial role in addressing the challenges of flood control. By combining the resources, expertise, and innovative approaches of both public and private entities, collaborative approaches can effectively mitigate the risks associated with floods. It is important to examine successful partnership examples to understand how these collaborations have yielded positive outcomes. Through public-private collaboration, we can leverage the strengths of each sector, foster knowledge sharing, and implement comprehensive strategies for flood control.
Collaborative Approaches for Flood Control
In our pursuit of effective flood control measures, we are exploring collaborative approaches through public-private partnerships. By leveraging the collective expertise and resources of both the public and private sectors, we can develop innovative solutions to mitigate flood risks and protect communities. Here are four key ways in which collaborative approaches are revolutionizing flood control:
- Collaborative research: Public-private partnerships enable us to conduct research that combines the strengths of academia, government agencies, and private industry. This collaborative research approach allows for the development of cutting-edge technologies and strategies to better understand and assess flood risks.
- Flood risk assessment: Through collaborative efforts, we can enhance flood risk assessment methodologies by integrating data and expertise from various stakeholders. This collaborative approach ensures a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of flood hazards, enabling us to make informed decisions and implement effective flood control measures.
- Innovation and technology transfer: Public-private partnerships foster innovation by facilitating the transfer of knowledge and technologies between different sectors. This exchange of ideas and expertise leads to the development of novel flood control solutions that are more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable.
- Community engagement: Collaborative approaches involve engaging with local communities to understand their unique flood control needs and preferences. By involving community members in the decision-making process, we can develop flood control initiatives that are tailored to their specific circumstances, increasing their effectiveness and acceptance.
Through public-private partnerships and collaborative approaches, we can revolutionize flood control measures, ensuring the resilience and safety of our communities in the face of increasing flood risks.
Successful Partnership Examples
As we explore successful partnership examples in flood control, we can see how collaborative approaches have revolutionized the way public and private sectors work together to protect communities from flood risks. Building partnerships and implementing successful initiatives have become crucial in addressing the challenges posed by climate change and increasing urbanization.
One notable example of a successful partnership is the collaboration between the government and engineering firms in implementing flood control measures. By combining the expertise of engineers with the resources and support of the government, innovative solutions have been developed to mitigate flood risks effectively. This partnership has led to the construction of advanced flood control infrastructure, such as levees, floodwalls, and drainage systems, which have significantly reduced the impact of flooding on communities.
Another successful initiative is the partnership between technology companies and local governments. By utilizing advanced data analytics and remote sensing technologies, these collaborations have enabled real-time monitoring and early warning systems, allowing for proactive response and timely evacuation of at-risk areas.
Benefits of Public-Private Collaboration
By collaborating with private entities, we have unlocked numerous benefits in flood control initiatives. Public-private partnerships have proven to be effective in addressing the challenges posed by flooding, and have brought about innovative solutions that would not have been possible through traditional approaches. Here are four key benefits of public-private collaboration in flood control:
- Enhanced expertise and knowledge sharing: Collaborating with private entities allows for the exchange of specialized knowledge and expertise, leading to a better understanding of flood control strategies and improved outcomes.
- Increased funding opportunities: Public-private partnerships provide access to additional financial resources, enabling the implementation of comprehensive flood control measures that may have been otherwise unattainable.
- Accelerated innovation: Through collaborative strategies, public and private entities can pool their resources and ideas, fostering innovation and the development of cutting-edge technologies for effective flood control.
- Greater community engagement and support: By involving private entities in flood control initiatives, there is a higher likelihood of community support and involvement, as the private sector often brings a fresh perspective, local connections, and a vested interest in the community’s well-being.
Public-private collaboration in flood control not only brings about tangible benefits but also paves the way for future advancements and long-term sustainability in managing flood risks.
Strategies for Flood Risk Assessment
Our approach to assessing flood risk involves utilizing advanced technology and collaborating closely with local communities and experts. We believe that by combining the use of remote sensing technology and community-based flood mapping, we can effectively identify and evaluate areas at high risk of flooding.
To achieve this, we employ state-of-the-art remote sensing technology, such as satellite imagery and aerial surveys, to gather data on various factors that contribute to flooding. This includes rainfall patterns, topography, land use, and infrastructure. By analyzing this data, we can gain valuable insights into the potential risks and vulnerabilities of different areas.
In addition to remote sensing, we place great importance on engaging with local communities and experts. By working closely with residents, businesses, and organizations in flood-prone areas, we can gather firsthand knowledge and experiences that inform our risk assessments. This collaborative approach ensures that our assessments are grounded in the realities and needs of the communities we aim to protect.
Through our innovative approach to flood risk assessment, we aim to provide actionable insights and solutions that empower communities to better prepare for and mitigate the impact of floods. By leveraging advanced technology and fostering collaboration, we can build resilience and safeguard lives and livelihoods against the devastating effects of flooding.
Enhancing Infrastructure for Flood Prevention
To effectively prevent floods, we are focused on enhancing infrastructure in flood-prone areas. Our goal is to implement innovative solutions that will not only mitigate the risk of floods but also create sustainable and resilient communities. Here are four key initiatives we are undertaking to enhance flood prevention infrastructure:
- Improving Drainage Systems: We are investing in state-of-the-art drainage systems that can efficiently handle heavy rainfall and prevent water from accumulating in flood-prone areas. By upgrading and expanding our drainage networks, we can effectively manage excess water flow and reduce the risk of flooding.
- Flood Resistant Building Design: We are promoting the use of flood-resistant building design techniques that can withstand the impact of floods and minimize damage. This includes elevating structures, using flood-resistant materials, and incorporating proper water management systems. By integrating these design principles, we can create buildings that are resilient to flood events.
- Smart Infrastructure Monitoring: We are leveraging technology to monitor the condition of our flood prevention infrastructure in real-time. By using sensors, data analytics, and predictive modeling, we can detect potential vulnerabilities and proactively address them before they lead to flooding. This proactive approach ensures the reliability and effectiveness of our infrastructure.
- Community Engagement and Education: We believe that community participation and education are crucial in enhancing flood prevention infrastructure. We are actively engaging with local communities to raise awareness about flood risks and the importance of infrastructure enhancements. By empowering communities with knowledge and involving them in decision-making processes, we can create a collective effort towards flood prevention.
Harnessing Technology for Flood Control
Technology plays a pivotal role in our efforts to control and prevent floods, allowing us to employ innovative solutions and effectively mitigate the risks associated with flooding. In our quest for innovative flood control measures, we are harnessing the power of smart flood sensors and remote monitoring systems.
These cutting-edge technologies enable us to gather real-time data on water levels, rainfall, and weather conditions. By strategically placing smart flood sensors in flood-prone areas, we can collect accurate and timely information about potential flood risks. These sensors are equipped with advanced capabilities such as water level measurement, temperature sensing, and even predictive algorithms that help us anticipate and respond to flood events more efficiently.
To visualize the impact of these technologies, consider the following table:
Smart Flood Sensors | Remote Monitoring Systems | |
Purpose | Detect flood conditions and monitor water levels | Monitor weather conditions and provide early warnings |
Key Features | Real-time data collection | Continuous monitoring of multiple locations |
Benefits | Timely flood alerts | Enhanced preparedness and response capabilities |
Cost-effectiveness | Lower maintenance costs | Reduction in damage costs and emergency response expenses |
Scalability | Easily scalable to cover large areas | Ability to monitor vast regions for potential flood risks |
With smart flood sensors and remote monitoring systems, we can take a proactive approach to flood control. By leveraging technology, we can minimize the impact of flooding on communities, protect lives and properties, and build a more resilient future. Embracing these innovative solutions is crucial for a society that desires effective flood prevention and management.
Sustainable Approaches to Flood Management
As we explore sustainable approaches to flood management, we must consider the implementation of green infrastructure solutions. These solutions involve utilizing natural systems, such as wetlands and green roofs, to manage stormwater and reduce the risk of flooding. Additionally, natural floodplain restoration plays a crucial role in flood management by allowing floodwaters to spread out and be absorbed, minimizing the impact on communities. Lastly, community-based flood resilience initiatives, which involve engaging and empowering local communities, can help build resilience and enhance preparedness for future flood events.
Green Infrastructure Solutions
Implementing sustainable approaches to flood management, such as green infrastructure solutions, is crucial for effective flood control initiatives. These innovative solutions not only help mitigate the impact of floods but also contribute to a more sustainable and resilient environment. Here are four key green infrastructure solutions that are revolutionizing flood management:
- Green Roofs: These vegetated rooftops absorb rainwater, reducing runoff and alleviating the strain on stormwater systems. They also provide insulation, improve air quality, and create habitats for wildlife.
- Rainwater Harvesting: By collecting rainwater and storing it for later use, this approach reduces the burden on urban drainage systems during heavy rainfall. It can be used for irrigation, flushing toilets, and other non-potable water needs.
- Permeable Pavement: This type of pavement allows rainwater to infiltrate the ground, replenishing groundwater and reducing runoff. It also helps to filter pollutants and prevent localized flooding.
- Bioswales and Rain Gardens: These vegetated areas collect and filter stormwater, reducing the volume and velocity of runoff. They also enhance biodiversity and create visually appealing green spaces.
Incorporating these green infrastructure solutions into flood control initiatives not only provides effective flood management but also promotes sustainability and innovation.
Natural Floodplain Restoration
To further enhance sustainable flood management practices, let’s now explore the realm of natural floodplain restoration. Restoring ecosystems and ensuring floodplain connectivity are crucial components of this approach. By allowing floodwaters to naturally spread across floodplains, we can recreate the natural hydrological processes that have been disrupted by human activities. This restoration not only helps reduce the risk of flooding but also brings numerous environmental benefits. Restoring ecosystems in floodplains promotes biodiversity, enhances water quality, and provides habitat for various species. It also helps to recharge groundwater and maintain stream flow during dry periods. By prioritizing natural floodplain restoration, we can achieve a more resilient and sustainable flood management system that works in harmony with nature.
Community-Based Flood Resilience
What are the sustainable approaches to flood management that empower communities to build flood resilience? In our quest for innovative solutions, we have discovered that community participation and grassroots initiatives play a crucial role in building flood resilience. Here are four key strategies that have shown promising results:
- Community-led flood risk mapping: By involving local residents in the process of mapping flood-prone areas, communities gain a deeper understanding of their vulnerability and can develop tailored mitigation strategies.
- Capacity-building programs: Empowering community members with the knowledge and skills to respond effectively to floods enhances their resilience. Training sessions on early warning systems, emergency preparedness, and evacuation plans can save lives and reduce damage.
- Nature-based solutions: Encouraging communities to implement nature-based solutions, such as wetland restoration and green infrastructure, helps absorb and retain floodwaters, reducing the impact on residential areas.
- Collaborative governance: Establishing platforms for collaboration between community members, local authorities, and other stakeholders ensures that flood management decisions are inclusive and responsive to the needs and concerns of the community.
Lessons Learned From Past Flooding Events
Throughout our experiences with past flooding events, we have gained invaluable insights and learned valuable lessons that have shaped our flood control initiatives. These lessons have not only helped us understand the economic impact of flooding but also guided us in developing effective strategies for community recovery.
One crucial lesson we have learned from past flooding events is the importance of assessing the economic impact of such disasters. Floods can cause significant damage to infrastructure, businesses, and homes, leading to substantial financial losses for communities. By understanding the economic consequences of flooding, we have been able to allocate resources more effectively and develop targeted interventions to mitigate the impact on local economies.
Another lesson we have learned is the need for a comprehensive approach to community recovery. Flooding events often leave communities devastated, with houses destroyed, essential services disrupted, and residents displaced. In response, we have developed initiatives that focus not only on rebuilding infrastructure but also on supporting the psychological and emotional well-being of affected individuals. By addressing the holistic needs of communities, we have seen a more rapid and sustainable recovery.
Furthermore, our experiences have shown us the importance of innovation in flood control initiatives. We have embraced new technologies and approaches to enhance our flood forecasting and early warning systems. By utilizing advanced data analytics and predictive modeling, we have been able to provide more accurate and timely information to communities, allowing them to take proactive measures to safeguard their assets and reduce the impact of flooding.
Community Engagement in Flood Preparedness
As we continue our efforts to address the lessons learned from past flooding events, we recognize the crucial role of community engagement in flood preparedness. Building a resilient community requires active participation and collaboration from all members. Here are four innovative ways community engagement can enhance flood preparedness:
- Education and Awareness: By providing the community with information about flood risks, prevention strategies, and emergency response plans, we empower individuals to take proactive measures to protect themselves and their properties. This can be done through workshops, online resources, and community outreach programs.
- Volunteer Programs: Engaging community members in volunteer activities related to flood preparedness not only builds a sense of ownership and responsibility, but also enhances the community’s capacity to respond effectively during emergencies. Volunteers can assist in activities such as sandbagging, debris removal, and evacuation support.
- Collaborative Planning: Involving community members in the planning and decision-making process fosters a sense of ownership and ensures that flood preparedness initiatives align with the specific needs and priorities of the community. This can be achieved through community forums, focus groups, and participatory workshops.
- Technology and Innovation: Leveraging technological advancements can enhance community participation in flood preparedness. For example, utilizing mobile apps and online platforms can enable real-time communication, provide access to flood alerts and updates, and facilitate reporting of flood-related issues.
Building Resilience in Flood-Prone Areas
We are implementing strategies to enhance the resilience of flood-prone areas. Our goal is to develop innovative solutions that can withstand the challenges posed by flooding. One of the key strategies we are focusing on is building flood barriers. These barriers act as a physical barrier against rising floodwaters, protecting the surrounding areas from inundation. We are exploring new materials and construction techniques to build more effective and efficient flood barriers.
In addition to flood barriers, we are also investing in flood-resistant building designs. These designs incorporate features and materials that can withstand the damaging effects of flooding. For example, we are exploring the use of elevated foundations, waterproofing materials, and flood-resistant windows and doors. By integrating these features into building designs, we can minimize the impact of flooding on structures and ensure their long-term durability.
Furthermore, we are leveraging technology to enhance the resilience of flood-prone areas. We are utilizing advanced modeling and simulation tools to assess flood risks and design appropriate flood control measures. These tools help us analyze flood patterns, predict potential areas of vulnerability, and optimize the design of flood barriers and flood-resistant buildings.
To promote innovation and collaboration, we are actively engaging with experts, researchers, and stakeholders in the field of flood control. We are fostering partnerships to share knowledge, exchange ideas, and develop cutting-edge solutions that can better protect flood-prone areas. By working together, we can build a more resilient future and mitigate the devastating impacts of flooding.
International Cooperation in Flood Control Efforts
Global collaboration is crucial in flood control efforts as floods do not respect national borders. By working together, countries can share knowledge, resources, and best practices to effectively prevent and manage floods. Cross-border flood prevention measures, such as building joint infrastructure and implementing coordinated early warning systems, can help mitigate the impact of floods and protect vulnerable communities.
Global Collaboration in Flood Control
International collaboration plays a crucial role in effectively managing flood control efforts worldwide. In an era where innovation is key, global knowledge sharing and funding mechanisms are vital for tackling the challenges of flood control. Here are four ways in which global collaboration is driving innovation in flood control:
- Exchange of expertise: Through international partnerships, countries can share their knowledge, experiences, and best practices in flood control. This exchange of expertise allows for the development of innovative solutions and strategies.
- Research and development: Collaborative efforts enable the pooling of resources and expertise to support research and development in flood control technologies. This leads to the creation of cutting-edge tools and systems that enhance flood management.
- Joint funding initiatives: Global collaboration facilitates the establishment of funding mechanisms that provide financial support for flood control projects. This enables countries to access the necessary resources to implement innovative flood control measures.
- Policy coordination: International cooperation promotes policy coordination and harmonization in flood control efforts. This ensures that strategies and regulations are aligned, leading to more effective and efficient flood management on a global scale.
Cross-Border Flood Prevention
As we explore the realm of flood control initiatives, an important aspect to consider is cross-border flood prevention through international cooperation. In today’s interconnected world, addressing the challenges of floods requires collaboration beyond national borders. Cross-border collaboration enables countries to pool their resources, share knowledge, and develop unified strategies to mitigate the risks posed by floods. One of the key components of this collaboration is the adoption of effective flood risk assessment strategies. By conducting comprehensive assessments, countries can identify vulnerable areas, analyze potential flood scenarios, and develop targeted action plans. This approach not only enhances the efficiency of flood prevention efforts but also promotes innovation in flood control. Through cross-border collaboration and the implementation of robust flood risk assessment strategies, we can pave the way for a safer and more resilient future, free from the devastating impacts of floods.
Future Directions in Flood Control Initiatives
Our team is excited to explore the future directions of flood control initiatives and continue working with our key partners to develop innovative solutions. As we look ahead, we envision a future where cutting-edge technologies and active community involvement play a pivotal role in flood prevention and management. Here are four key areas that we believe will shape the future of flood control initiatives:
- Advanced Monitoring Systems: With the rapid advancement of technology, we anticipate the development of sophisticated monitoring systems that can provide real-time data on weather patterns, water levels, and potential flood risks. These systems will enable us to detect and respond to flood threats more efficiently, allowing for proactive measures to be taken.
- Smart Infrastructure: In the future, infrastructure will become smarter and more adaptable to changing weather conditions. This includes the integration of sensors and actuators into flood control structures, such as dams and levees, enabling them to automatically adjust their operations based on real-time data. These smart systems will help optimize flood control measures and minimize the potential for damage.
- Data Analytics and Predictive Modeling: The use of advanced data analytics and predictive modeling will revolutionize flood control initiatives. By analyzing vast amounts of historical and real-time data, we can gain insights into flood patterns, develop accurate flood forecasts, and enhance our preparedness and response strategies.
- Community Engagement and Education: Engaging and empowering communities is crucial for effective flood control initiatives. In the future, we envision the development of innovative educational programs and community-driven initiatives that promote flood awareness, preparedness, and resilience. By actively involving the community, we can foster a culture of responsibility and collaboration in flood prevention efforts.
The future of flood control initiatives holds immense potential for innovation and progress. By harnessing the power of future technologies and embracing community involvement, we can create a safer and more resilient future for all. | <urn:uuid:2f469d96-0e1a-4be7-aed2-ba5e220103b9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.floodcontrol2015.com/interviews-with-key-partners-in-flood-control-initiatives/ | 2024-02-22T17:54:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.926395 | 6,127 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
5190,
445,
2483,
636,
268,
887,
289,
4527,
1357,
6281,
16,
445,
1255,
5865,
792,
323,
503,
261,
1874,
6725,
274,
891,
289,
11022,
3107,
291,
2960,
500,
18,
11080,
261,
4122,
853,
1654,
6127,
16,
1683,
2552,
16,
291,
5120,
1779,
332,
1631,
1875,
16,
1795,
1129,
288,
1129,
292,
5881,
268,
2219,
754,
286,
419,
10149,
18,
450,
456,
3338,
289,
11292,
16,
445,
7315,
636,
268,
8143,
289,
1558,
3980,
650,
437,
5312,
444,
5689,
291,
1793,
2547,
2697,
1783,
2931,
18,
2519,
5932,
770,
1794,
1422,
292,
1649,
5752,
288,
4527,
17,
2044,
590,
1511,
16,
629,
7976,
1529,
4102,
636,
268,
1619,
1247,
289,
11854,
291,
268,
1571,
8994,
336,
8588,
5916,
18,
1426,
16,
1631,
3743,
407,
352,
445,
8565,
268,
3817,
291,
2737,
2976,
4527,
1357,
6281,
16,
5413,
337,
303,
4411,
292,
2408,
268,
7166,
3236,
289,
3980,
4823,
336,
3234,
662,
5533,
1573,
456,
1493,
6902,
18,
203,
17,
5206,
4311,
1152,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
4527,
1357,
6281,
16,
1118,
8213,
291,
403,
1346,
5712,
4311,
2336,
292,
4527,
1357,
291,
2652,
3319,
331,
3076,
291,
1208,
288,
4527,
17,
2044,
590,
1511,
18,
203,
17,
9938,
318,
291,
5956,
360,
1683,
2552,
291,
6993,
356,
1505,
331,
268,
1577,
289,
4527,
1357,
6281,
16,
352,
502,
375,
1153,
1105,
16,
5689,
16,
291,
3435,
1683,
1772,
18,
203,
17,
8851,
774,
2931,
16,
659,
352,
8483,
3827,
1428,
331,
1409,
17,
2130,
1009,
10221,
291,
5932,
4527,
2382,
11455,
16,
375,
3105,
1434,
4527,
1357,
2877,
291,
2413,
360,
2552,
995,
4527,
2616,
18,
203,
17,
9987,
770,
1794,
1422,
16,
1118,
6411,
770,
3937,
16,
3802,
673,
8630,
1422,
16,
291,
10671,
2278,
3937,
16,
356,
1558,
3008,
289,
3724,
4527,
1357,
2737,
18,
203,
1461,
8673,
289,
5206,
3215,
3195,
203,
43,
3553,
367,
6127,
1152,
261,
2421,
1476,
288,
5932,
291,
4667,
4564,
4527,
1357,
6281,
18,
760,
3980,
288,
4527,
1357,
3107,
16,
629,
6127,
437,
268,
4593,
289,
3171,
336,
1654,
4311,
356,
4138,
291,
336,
5393,
2419,
356,
3624,
7673,
18,
3797,
444,
8745,
16,
1654,
6127,
356,
1542,
292,
403,
3440,
3838,
291,
4640,
336,
2517,
292,
7696,
268,
1393,
289,
4527,
87,
291,
2000,
2552,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
939,
3632,
289,
1654,
6127,
316,
292,
3577,
291,
403,
3440,
1654,
4311,
2336,
292,
4527,
1357,
18,
948,
4311,
1075,
3319,
331,
3076,
291,
1208,
288,
4527,
17,
2044,
590,
1511,
16,
3171,
336,
4189,
291,
3937,
356,
2298,
292,
9697,
10149,
291,
5809,
2183,
18,
1285,
5932,
291,
403,
1346,
5712,
629,
4311,
16,
1654,
6127,
2885,
292,
268,
2114,
5752,
291,
4647,
822,
289,
2552,
6232,
4527,
2894,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
1654,
6127,
1152,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
805,
714,
5393,
2419,
331,
4527,
1357,
6281,
18,
900,
11446,
360,
1320,
6993,
16,
1118,
1683,
4961,
16,
1677,
17,
9750,
3187,
16,
291,
3397,
9978,
16,
292,
2423,
291,
3447,
5393,
331,
2830,
7351,
430,
4527,
5076,
16,
11878,
16,
291,
2629,
18,
540,
2675,
5678,
8198,
2824,
16,
4191,
673,
3980,
4823,
16,
291,
5110,
673,
331,
5901,
5393,
292,
1750,
268,
1874,
2219,
754,
286,
419,
4527,
87,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
1654,
6127,
356,
3024,
331,
4667,
4564,
268,
3107,
289,
865,
6993,
2729,
288,
4527,
1357,
6281,
18,
900,
3241,
352,
10217,
2659,
858,
1683,
2552,
16,
3152,
16,
6726,
16,
291,
586,
3888,
5238,
16,
3171,
1783,
2413,
291,
4917,
18,
540,
8611,
316,
1505,
292,
1530,
336,
516,
6993,
356,
1795,
2547,
261,
1112,
3114,
291,
336,
1793,
356,
516,
9423,
6106,
18,
203,
39,
3086,
1583,
673,
1440,
9032,
3608,
647,
203,
37,
837,
8213,
291,
403,
1346,
5712,
1654,
4311,
291,
805,
714,
5393,
2419,
16,
268,
2033,
1821,
2483,
288,
4527,
1357,
6281,
2675,
2960,
673,
360,
1683,
2552,
18,
1581,
1516,
6993,
291,
5932,
1686,
17,
8452,
6281,
356,
1505,
331,
268,
1577,
289,
723,
4527,
1357,
1707,
18,
2011,
356,
1958,
1558,
3218,
1768,
2960,
673,
360,
1683,
2552,
316,
3226,
30,
203,
17,
9032,
1772,
291,
5689,
30,
9032,
2552,
5929,
11635,
1772,
608,
444,
1494,
16,
1118,
3607,
4527,
3092,
16,
5437,
1511,
16,
291,
1439,
2931,
18,
1581,
1516,
622,
288,
268,
2802,
17,
4757,
833,
4698,
336,
444,
5689,
316,
7673,
16,
2469,
292,
512,
1783,
291,
5120,
4527,
1357,
2877,
18,
203,
17,
10272,
1105,
291,
6571,
30,
1097,
1683,
2552,
356,
6315,
2729,
288,
4527,
1357,
6281,
16,
502,
1343,
512,
2301,
286,
288,
268,
4041,
18,
1285,
4797,
6993,
16,
659,
352,
5427,
16,
3231,
16,
291,
1686,
3187,
16,
261,
2266,
289,
7826,
291,
4593,
316,
4322,
286,
18,
540,
3675,
1105,
331,
268,
1707,
291,
7265,
3009,
6571,
16,
2469,
292,
1326,
5359,
291,
917,
17,
950,
3809,
18,
203,
17,
9037,
1049,
963,
2931,
30,
3431,
1686,
528,
2070,
3869,
291,
3091,
649,
362,
1974,
292,
4527,
1357,
18,
1285,
2960,
673,
360,
1683,
2552,
16,
2931,
375,
327,
8254,
292,
444,
1430,
1470,
291,
2219,
18,
540,
1563,
4698,
336,
268,
4527,
1357,
2877,
6399,
356,
462,
794,
1783,
566,
525,
2742,
288,
268,
917,
1673,
18,
203,
17,
6473,
3847,
291,
5752,
30,
9938,
673,
360,
1683,
2552,
11627,
261,
2266,
289,
3847,
858,
1654,
6127,
291,
5427,
18,
553,
10249,
261,
5520,
292,
1795,
1875,
291,
2986,
281,
268,
5202,
289,
268,
1686,
18,
540,
3847,
316,
1821,
288,
1708,
289,
4742,
16,
352,
362,
5212,
1783,
2413,
291,
8611,
16,
2469,
292,
512,
9865,
2552,
288,
268,
2425,
289,
10149,
2616,
18,
203,
2983,
2179,
774,
11246,
331,
2970,
509,
5372,
203,
10702,
1750,
268,
2219,
289,
4527,
1357,
16,
662,
1675,
528,
712,
5772,
5120,
2931,
336,
8253,
1686,
8745,
291,
5752,
18,
924,
992,
336,
2338,
2222,
602,
462,
1775,
327,
1783,
288,
6485,
360,
268,
2204,
4876,
291,
7122,
289,
4527,
87,
18,
3481,
16,
445,
437,
5322,
292,
3827,
1428,
291,
4527,
2382,
11455,
292,
709,
4433,
17,
7355,
2931,
18,
203,
55,
81,
531,
1428,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
4527,
1357,
6281,
18,
1285,
8483,
6000,
291,
863,
8968,
16,
445,
375,
4201,
1409,
17,
2130,
1009,
608,
770,
1506,
16,
3266,
1533,
16,
291,
8630,
1422,
18,
540,
863,
2089,
407,
292,
804,
512,
4443,
3073,
291,
3780,
2640,
292,
1439,
4527,
2894,
18,
2848,
16,
3827,
1428,
5212,
407,
292,
4883,
360,
2552,
288,
261,
10168,
4901,
16,
2352,
622,
360,
3226,
1009,
291,
4587,
995,
4527,
2616,
18,
203,
42,
80,
509,
2382,
11455,
316,
1515,
5120,
2966,
336,
445,
356,
6496,
341,
18,
1285,
7956,
3607,
863,
16,
3266,
3092,
16,
291,
3027,
8915,
3159,
16,
445,
375,
7180,
268,
8153,
291,
7365,
289,
4527,
87,
288,
1430,
1511,
18,
540,
2382,
11455,
5212,
407,
292,
2251,
9323,
2877,
16,
659,
352,
4211,
542,
4527,
6616,
361,
11053,
542,
770,
1617,
16,
292,
5809,
1439,
2183,
18,
4343,
16,
362,
2593,
9766,
2552,
292,
1071,
1990,
10302,
291,
813,
313,
5742,
717,
2224,
16,
3171,
444,
2030,
291,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
10013,
1675,
1920,
2692,
268,
2557,
289,
1686,
8745,
288,
4527,
1357,
6281,
18,
924,
2979,
336,
6672,
1683,
5427,
288,
2802,
17,
4757,
2618,
291,
2352,
622,
360,
268,
1990,
2133,
291,
1772,
316,
1821,
331,
1649,
5752,
18,
3797,
10587,
16,
3409,
2583,
16,
291,
6237,
4997,
16,
445,
2517,
292,
5887,
2552,
292,
6315,
5824,
288,
4527,
1357,
3107,
18,
203,
45,
81,
700,
367,
281,
9987,
3386,
4895,
7843,
203,
38,
89,
4764,
341,
662,
6061,
289,
5120,
2931,
331,
4527,
1357,
16,
445,
1315,
5327,
662,
1459,
292,
268,
5359,
289,
1783,
770,
1794,
1422,
18,
760,
445,
2609,
292,
9661,
268,
2219,
289,
4527,
1357,
16,
362,
316,
1821,
292,
1434,
662,
770,
3937,
291,
2251,
6252,
4527,
1794,
2737,
18,
2011,
356,
1958,
1558,
2845,
292,
1119,
30,
203,
17,
8540,
3113,
3386,
4582,
3700,
30,
9528,
281,
288,
2332,
1790,
291,
644,
4352,
281,
662,
770,
3937,
316,
1505,
331,
1783,
4527,
1357,
18,
540,
2356,
3802,
673,
7605,
8630,
1422,
16,
4211,
542,
5500,
83,
6958,
16,
291,
3949,
268,
3493,
289,
3614,
375,
645,
291,
8727,
18,
1285,
5932,
1247,
17,
2012,
17,
1381,
17,
531,
3041,
291,
2632,
770,
1794,
1422,
16,
445,
375,
1326,
7075,
770,
1617,
291,
7696,
268,
1238,
289,
10149,
18,
203,
17,
11245,
281,
7858,
488,
2970,
509,
4895,
30,
2970,
509,
1357,
2362,
327,
5484,
734,
8829,
3107,
18,
553,
2559,
261,
8494,
1563,
336,
2134,
692,
1320,
3378,
289,
770,
1794,
16,
659,
352,
1283,
666,
3434,
16,
4527,
476,
412,
1794,
16,
291,
4815,
1518,
263,
1794,
18,
1285,
10265,
363,
6252,
1563,
16,
445,
375,
1750,
268,
3382,
2384,
289,
10149,
291,
709,
3724,
2737,
336,
11734,
5076,
16,
4647,
822,
16,
2629,
16,
291,
4209,
18,
203,
17,
11342,
3052,
4510,
4582,
3700,
30,
4510,
3937,
16,
659,
352,
4996,
3452,
16,
2278,
5140,
87,
16,
291,
574,
1475,
541,
279,
1284,
652,
16,
375,
1152,
261,
1297,
1476,
288,
4641,
7362,
3095,
291,
2860,
4527,
1238,
18,
948,
2075,
17,
2127,
2931,
462,
794,
1153,
1783,
770,
1794,
566,
525,
1529,
2827,
1716,
16,
659,
352,
3949,
770,
1630,
16,
6411,
6548,
16,
291,
2435,
2278,
5004,
331,
2552,
18,
203,
17,
458,
827,
1516,
4666,
291,
8851,
318,
30,
3986,
515,
652,
288,
1428,
291,
4664,
1529,
10338,
1439,
331,
3949,
770,
1794,
1422,
18,
2519,
1409,
17,
2130,
3816,
291,
4003,
656,
9517,
292,
9137,
4527,
1357,
5576,
16,
10671,
5973,
2931,
375,
3017,
662,
1882,
292,
3780,
1370,
2996,
325,
291,
2992,
292,
4527,
2616,
18,
203,
1461,
9054,
289,
3655,
1810,
7414,
291,
7848,
203,
40,
776,
3792,
291,
2286,
1152,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
1616,
291,
2992,
5693,
268,
2219,
289,
4527,
1357,
18,
450,
1853,
372,
87,
5208,
8613,
887,
16,
853,
4664,
316,
1558,
16,
8696,
281,
268,
1056,
289,
863,
528,
1343,
512,
851,
687,
2577,
18,
1285,
9390,
291,
7956,
3888,
863,
16,
445,
375,
3277,
3435,
4102,
636,
268,
3092,
291,
5374,
289,
10149,
16,
6079,
407,
292,
709,
5120,
2931,
336,
375,
7696,
606,
1393,
18,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
4527,
1357,
6281,
16,
863,
3792,
5155,
352,
268,
4762,
331,
4443,
2802,
17,
4757,
18,
1285,
10221,
863,
341,
9682,
3092,
16,
770,
1506,
16,
291,
1976,
4886,
16,
445,
375,
1326,
992,
268,
1802,
336,
2885,
292,
10149,
18,
540,
1009,
2089,
407,
292,
2423,
5437,
1511,
291,
8253,
662,
3107,
9571,
18,
2848,
16,
863,
3792,
1780,
407,
2591,
268,
5377,
289,
6399,
2877,
291,
3886,
622,
352,
2224,
18,
203,
40,
776,
2286,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
2089,
407,
292,
804,
2266,
289,
268,
5351,
863,
291,
4164,
464,
2433,
541,
4102,
18,
1285,
1798,
281,
3599,
8968,
2377,
16,
659,
352,
3032,
1217,
291,
4003,
656,
9517,
16,
445,
375,
8565,
3092,
16,
2423,
1439,
2894,
16,
291,
2382,
6092,
1571,
4527,
2616,
360,
2796,
5078,
18,
540,
5212,
407,
292,
8052,
662,
3895,
516,
6604,
16,
1200,
10233,
2877,
16,
291,
3780,
512,
2992,
995,
2351,
3195,
18,
203,
42,
1501,
3443,
16,
863,
2286,
375,
617,
407,
2423,
291,
1750,
268,
4908,
2384,
289,
10149,
18,
1285,
10549,
3607,
863,
291,
9101,
3382,
1342,
2286,
16,
445,
375,
2423,
1802,
659,
352,
11704,
3937,
16,
4013,
1260,
16,
361,
1907,
1317,
336,
2885,
292,
10149,
18,
1155,
4424,
360,
456,
1772,
16,
445,
375,
709,
3724,
2737,
336,
1750,
629,
3382,
2384,
16,
1355,
662,
4527,
1357,
6281,
512,
2742,
291,
9865,
18,
203,
52,
3172,
17,
52,
86,
406,
381,
4363,
2350,
4823,
288,
2970,
509,
5372,
203,
52,
3172,
17,
2044,
406,
381,
3980,
4823,
1152,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
5693,
268,
2219,
289,
4527,
1357,
18,
1285,
10375,
268,
1793,
16,
5689,
16,
291,
5120,
4693,
289,
1079,
1376,
291,
3397,
9978,
16,
8739,
4693,
375,
2992,
7696,
268,
2894,
2062,
360,
4527,
87,
18,
553,
316,
851,
292,
6422,
3369,
8773,
3324,
292,
992,
667,
629,
2960,
500,
437,
6788,
286,
2262,
4041,
18,
3797,
1376,
17,
2044,
406,
381,
4917,
16,
445,
375,
11374,
268,
8931,
289,
1011,
4135,
16,
4322,
1772,
5135,
16,
291,
2251
] |
Anatol Țăranu | |
As a rule, the debate on the Iasi-Chisinau operation – one of the quickest and violent offensive in the history of World War II - returns to the public sphere of the Republic of Moldova in August. Started by the Soviets on August 20, 1944, this offensive went down in history as one of the shortest offensives that yet changed the ratio of forces on the southern segment of the Soviet-German front and, consequently, in the Balkans. The result of this battle was the removal of Romania (August 23) from the war and its joining of the Allies and also the re-annexation of Bessarabia by the Eastern empire for another 47 years.
Pompousness and truncated truth in Soviet style up to now
Soviet historiography, following the command of the Communist propaganda, eulogized in the superlative terms the pace and results of this military operation of the Soviet army in the terminal phase of the war against Nazi Germany. The offensive of the Soviets on Moldova’s territory in August 1944 ended with a remarkable military success. But the real price paid by the Soviet troops and the civil population for this military success has been hidden from the public, while the story of this military operation remains mostly hostage to the old Soviet propagandistic narrative.
In the Republic of Moldova, the pro-Moscow political parties exploit to the maximum the Iasi-Chisinau operation, extoling in collective memory the role of the Soviet army and, by extension, of the Soviet political regime in the war against Nazi Germany. This way, the Communist and Socialist governments for years had stages broad and pompous events on the occasion of different anniversaries of what they called “one of the brightest dates in the history of the Moldovan nation: liberation from the German-Fascist occupation”. As a rule, commemorative events with the participation of officials are held at the Military Glory Memorial in Chisinau and the inauguration of the memorial complex “Șerpeni Bridgehead” in Anenii Noi district was one of the most important events for the Communist authorities.
In the August events held at this memorial, the version of Soviet historiography about the Iasi-Chisinau operation is reiterated in the speeches of the Communist and Socialist political leaders. They speak about the heroism of the Soviet soldier in the fight against German and Romanian fascism, about liberation by restoration of the Soviet power in Moldova eastward the Prut. They yet prudently hide the surroundings that led to the creation by the Soviets of the bridgehead in Șerpeni in the spring of 1944, which at that moment actually hid an unsuccessful offensive of the Soviets that ended with great losses for the Soviet troops in Moldova. This truth is intentionally removed from the Soviet mythology of the so-called great patriotic war, 1944 being considered the year of “the five blows of Stalin“ in accordance with the perceptions of Soviet historiography.
8th army of general Chuikov was destroyed first
The creation and maintaining of the bridgehead in Șerpeni represented a very costly operation for the Soviets, which ended with many failures, but this truth didn’t suit and does not suit the eulogistic narrative about the successes of the Soviet army in 1944 and affect the image of the annual events to commemorate the Iasi-Chisinau offensive. This way, the German counteroffensive of May 11-12 on the Șerpeni plateau destroyed practically the whole 8th army led by the famous general Chuikov, while the bridgehead formed back at the start of spring turned into a piece of swamp of the winding Nistru, which was situated right under the high bank of the other side and could be easily shelled by the German artillery. In those battles of the spring of 1944, the Soviets stuffed heavy losses, with the number of the injured, the dead and prisoners exceeding 7,000.
Infuriated at the disorderly withdrawal of his units from the Butor-Șerpeni plateau, Chuikov, in the style of the Soviet generals of that war, ordered to send as punishment by two officers from each unit that withdrew from the battlefield to the penal battalion. Shortly afterward, to what remained of the Șerpeni bridgehead, which was an easy target for the German units, more penal companies were brought, including sailors, from all over the front, including soldiers and officers released from German captivity in Belarus and Poland. The latter went through NKVD filtration camps and, even if the security guards didn’t find discrediting facts in their past, the Soviet homeland doubted the loyalty of these people and wanted to test their faithfulness with blood.
German and Soviet soldiers were then sacrificed together
The penal Soviet units were sent to the most dangerous battlegrounds. The Șerpeni bridgehead met all the criteria of a military danger, while the Soviet officers and soldiers from penal companies died almost fully in the battles on this bridgehead. They were consciously sacrificed by the Soviet command as they didn’t have big chances of survival, being in case of withdrawal shoot from behind by the so-called “protective detachments” (which punished those who withdrew without being ordered to).
The picture of the massacre in Șerpeni was made whole on the night of August 18, 1944, when the soldiers of penal battalions were brought a barrel of vodka and each of them got by two cups of vodka. Early in the morning, without artillery preparation, the penal units launched an offensive on the positions of the 6th German Army through mined fields. This attack was swiftly repelled by the Germans, the attacking Soviet troops having to withdraw to a narrow land strip along the Nistru. To maintain the situation under control, the Soviet command attacked the Șerpeni bridgehead by a continuous artillery and air offensive, the bullets and bombs hitting both the German troops and the Soviets. This way, many of the Soviet soldiers who were buried on the Șerpeni plateau were killed not by Germans, but by the own artillery and aviation. This is a painful truth avoided by the Soviet propaganda and by all its successors.
They speculate on Soviet nostalgia, including at electoral level
In the discussions on the consequences of the Iasi-Chisinau operation, the Soviet viewpoint continues to prevail in the Republic of Moldova. Even if an increasing number of people consider that it cannot be said that Bessarabia was liberated by the Soviets in August 1944, there are yet too many people who pompously celebrate the victory of the Soviet Army. Despite the different opinions, the Iasi-Chisinau operation continues to be in Chisinau the most evident expression of the association of the victory against Nazism with the liberation of the Moldovans from foreign occupation. The maintaining in collective memory of the distorted recollections of the great victory and of the “liberation” is consciously cultivated by the pro-imperial forces that speculate on the Soviet nostalgia, including at electoral level.
Direct and indirect effects of Iasi-Chisinau operation on Moldovans
The actions to discretionarily glorify the role of the Soviet army in the anti-Hitler war are not sufficiently substantiated and tinted by the unfavorable consequences of the establishment of the pro-Moscow regimes in the Soviet occupation areas. In this regard, it is sufficiently relevant the fact that in Moldova eastward the Prut, together with the termination of the Iasi-Chisinau operation and the return of the Soviet administration, about 150,000 men from Bessarabia were mobilized and sent to fight in the most difficult theaters of the Soviet-German war during the first following months. Each third of them didn’t return home, dying on the battlefield. According to historians, these people didn’t have sufficient military training as they were taken in a hurry from their homes and used as cannon fodder in battles. At the same time, for many of the Bessarabians the war didn’t end on May 9, 1945. They remained to fight against Japan that hadn’t yet surrendered. Others were sent to take part in the reconstruction of Soviet towns destroyed in the war. After the war, a not less difficult period for the republic’s population started, with the organized famine of 1946-47 and the wave of deportations as part of which 90,000 people were deported overnight. That was a real genocide against the population’s republic aimed at Sovietizing it faster.
The most surprising fact in this situation is that sociological polls show that almost half of the population of the Republic of Moldova wants the Soviet state, which committed, without gross exaggeration, abominable crimes against the republic’s population, to be restored. In the absence of state policies centered on the propagation of the historical truth about the essence of the Soviet regime and state, of the non-truncated role of the Soviet army in World War II, considerable segments of voters in the Republic of Moldova remain vulnerably predisposed to the Soviet nostalgia and this way make the European development course of the state and of Moldovan society vulnerable too. In this connection, the dominant attitude in Moldovan society to the truth about the Iasi-Chisinau operation and its consequences for the postwar history of Moldova eastward the Prut become a real test for the political class and the citizens of the Republic of Moldova concerning their attachment to the Europeanization policy that cannot be successful in the absence of a profound process of de-Sovietization of Moldovan society.
IPN publishes in the Op-Ed rubric opinion pieces submitted by authors not affiliated with our editorial board. The opinions expressed in these articles do not necessarily coincide with the opinions of our editorial board. | <urn:uuid:30683de0-1957-4fe7-8938-96a7829455de> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipn.md/en/iasi-chisinau-operation-between-soviet-nostalgia-and-europeanization-policy-op-7978_1091511.html | 2024-02-22T18:52:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.966597 | 2,046 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
7353,
271,
320,
225,
137,
253,
133,
230,
10250,
89,
869,
869,
203,
5190,
261,
4129,
16,
268,
6963,
341,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
796,
597,
289,
268,
2025,
443,
291,
10066,
1070,
2201,
288,
268,
1550,
289,
2461,
2661,
3595,
425,
8721,
292,
268,
1376,
440,
6817,
289,
268,
5902,
289,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
288,
4724,
18,
5550,
286,
419,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
341,
4724,
731,
16,
3805,
24,
16,
456,
1070,
2201,
4046,
1190,
288,
1550,
352,
597,
289,
268,
1912,
443,
1070,
614,
1022,
336,
2770,
4339,
268,
6387,
289,
4157,
341,
268,
6255,
9706,
289,
268,
7490,
17,
43,
10436,
3775,
291,
16,
3352,
1402,
16,
288,
268,
391,
4789,
504,
18,
365,
1636,
289,
456,
5533,
454,
268,
6424,
289,
4466,
563,
421,
37,
1010,
599,
5450,
13,
427,
268,
1718,
291,
606,
11817,
289,
268,
1771,
423,
291,
525,
268,
304,
17,
282,
707,
92,
318,
289,
391,
368,
294,
397,
563,
419,
268,
7909,
11866,
331,
1515,
988,
27,
935,
18,
203,
52,
1416,
499,
822,
291,
432,
4942,
488,
4755,
288,
7490,
3836,
644,
292,
1315,
203,
55,
878,
775,
2328,
77,
4052,
16,
1685,
268,
4229,
289,
268,
3608,
588,
8185,
6645,
16,
303,
346,
446,
963,
288,
268,
2643,
80,
774,
2560,
268,
8280,
291,
1826,
289,
456,
3588,
4531,
289,
268,
7490,
6738,
288,
268,
2085,
1420,
4503,
289,
268,
1718,
1573,
9052,
77,
4845,
18,
365,
1070,
2201,
289,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
341,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
372,
87,
7211,
288,
4724,
3805,
24,
8223,
360,
261,
6689,
3588,
1577,
18,
1163,
268,
1409,
3636,
5826,
419,
268,
7490,
8419,
291,
268,
3390,
2196,
331,
456,
3588,
1577,
528,
712,
7010,
427,
268,
1376,
16,
1020,
268,
2247,
289,
456,
3588,
4531,
3341,
4903,
11156,
3056,
292,
268,
1662,
7490,
8185,
481,
1784,
7132,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
5902,
289,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
16,
268,
347,
17,
49,
335,
71,
329,
2589,
5238,
6323,
297,
292,
268,
5213,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
16,
377,
278,
1667,
288,
7401,
3354,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
7490,
6738,
291,
16,
419,
9130,
16,
289,
268,
7490,
2589,
10428,
288,
268,
1718,
1573,
9052,
77,
4845,
18,
540,
898,
16,
268,
3608,
588,
291,
4081,
588,
4961,
331,
935,
850,
5046,
3121,
291,
279,
1416,
499,
2616,
341,
268,
5820,
289,
865,
2548,
866,
2659,
289,
768,
502,
1478,
538,
590,
289,
268,
4812,
443,
7635,
288,
268,
1550,
289,
268,
383,
1063,
878,
282,
3501,
30,
7185,
318,
427,
268,
4026,
17,
42,
2397,
588,
4240,
318,
3362,
760,
261,
4129,
16,
580,
9742,
774,
2616,
360,
268,
6571,
289,
6564,
356,
3647,
430,
268,
6049,
2883,
3199,
961,
6119,
283,
439,
288,
654,
277,
263,
1183,
291,
268,
288,
69,
1010,
6386,
289,
268,
7260,
439,
1874,
538,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
2439,
3410,
3429,
537,
288,
854,
270,
6625,
2491,
77,
6903,
454,
597,
289,
268,
710,
851,
2616,
331,
268,
3608,
588,
5970,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
4724,
2616,
3647,
430,
456,
7260,
439,
16,
268,
4408,
289,
7490,
2328,
77,
4052,
608,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
316,
304,
3072,
488,
288,
268,
4203,
274,
289,
268,
3608,
588,
291,
4081,
588,
2589,
2957,
18,
900,
3534,
608,
268,
10186,
997,
289,
268,
7490,
3826,
1242,
288,
268,
3311,
1573,
4026,
291,
4466,
779,
4716,
997,
16,
608,
7185,
318,
419,
8369,
289,
268,
7490,
1056,
288,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
1185,
544,
485,
268,
1706,
371,
18,
900,
2770,
549,
1327,
1402,
10281,
268,
9292,
336,
2791,
292,
268,
4314,
419,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
289,
268,
6632,
3429,
288,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
288,
268,
4362,
289,
3805,
24,
16,
518,
430,
336,
3841,
2545,
296,
323,
363,
4000,
8533,
703,
1070,
2201,
289,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
336,
8223,
360,
1312,
7426,
331,
268,
7490,
8419,
288,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
18,
540,
4755,
316,
8700,
523,
4936,
427,
268,
7490,
5620,
880,
289,
268,
576,
17,
7714,
1312,
929,
634,
6070,
1718,
16,
3805,
24,
1018,
2221,
268,
715,
289,
538,
1381,
2584,
7459,
87,
289,
908,
280,
263,
6069,
288,
11756,
360,
268,
574,
6795,
289,
7490,
2328,
77,
4052,
18,
203,
28,
262,
6738,
289,
2177,
654,
89,
2246,
878,
454,
7809,
855,
203,
1461,
4314,
291,
3539,
289,
268,
6632,
3429,
288,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
7281,
261,
1040,
9768,
4531,
331,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
16,
518,
8223,
360,
772,
11587,
16,
566,
456,
4755,
4529,
372,
88,
7954,
291,
1082,
462,
7954,
268,
303,
346,
446,
1784,
7132,
608,
268,
1577,
274,
289,
268,
7490,
6738,
288,
3805,
24,
291,
2242,
268,
2925,
289,
268,
5187,
2616,
292,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
1070,
2201,
18,
540,
898,
16,
268,
4026,
4459,
4710,
2201,
289,
2924,
2912,
17,
3011,
341,
268,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
6222,
1183,
7809,
1952,
523,
268,
2399,
1570,
262,
6738,
2791,
419,
268,
4572,
2177,
654,
89,
2246,
878,
16,
1020,
268,
6632,
3429,
4538,
1103,
430,
268,
1236,
289,
4362,
5322,
636,
261,
4032,
289,
1370,
1705,
289,
268,
2293,
526,
465,
2708,
89,
16,
518,
454,
1967,
488,
1328,
1064,
268,
695,
4850,
289,
268,
586,
2031,
291,
911,
327,
2619,
422,
5834,
419,
268,
4026,
598,
1194,
2504,
18,
450,
1014,
3867,
4347,
289,
268,
4362,
289,
3805,
24,
16,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
8564,
286,
4112,
7426,
16,
360,
268,
1289,
289,
268,
10117,
16,
268,
3751,
291,
6785,
332,
377,
11109,
1499,
16,
1347,
18,
203,
2983,
74,
324,
7269,
430,
268,
3706,
325,
11615,
289,
615,
5117,
427,
268,
3681,
441,
17,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
6222,
1183,
16,
654,
89,
2246,
878,
16,
288,
268,
3836,
289,
268,
7490,
947,
645,
289,
336,
1718,
16,
9886,
292,
4671,
352,
11111,
419,
881,
8738,
427,
1011,
4249,
336,
360,
72,
4390,
427,
268,
5533,
6836,
292,
268,
9422,
3867,
1178,
305,
18,
9455,
325,
1003,
1032,
16,
292,
768,
6341,
289,
268,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
6632,
3429,
16,
518,
454,
363,
2289,
2886,
331,
268,
4026,
5117,
16,
512,
9422,
2499,
664,
3835,
16,
1118,
701,
309,
753,
16,
427,
516,
658,
268,
3775,
16,
1118,
6937,
291,
8738,
4795,
427,
4026,
1081,
2862,
288,
4631,
294,
310,
291,
2668,
481,
18,
365,
7364,
4046,
734,
465,
47,
58,
40,
1741,
6639,
11555,
291,
16,
919,
717,
268,
2141,
1164,
1519,
4529,
372,
88,
1255,
896,
1007,
1842,
5265,
288,
444,
2323,
16,
268,
7490,
5440,
306,
481,
6180,
691,
268,
9784,
562,
289,
629,
689,
291,
5171,
292,
1265,
444,
4780,
5539,
360,
1364,
18,
203,
43,
10436,
291,
7490,
6937,
664,
1023,
11691,
286,
1875,
203,
1461,
9422,
7490,
5117,
664,
2819,
292,
268,
710,
4233,
5533,
3398,
87,
18,
365,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
6632,
3429,
1757,
516,
268,
6820,
289,
261,
3588,
6877,
16,
1020,
268,
7490,
8738,
291,
6937,
427,
9422,
2499,
4719,
2764,
3590,
288,
268,
3867,
4347,
341,
456,
6632,
3429,
18,
900,
664,
5286,
325,
11691,
286,
419,
268,
7490,
4229,
352,
502,
4529,
372,
88,
437,
2104,
6094,
289,
5421,
16,
1018,
288,
1731,
289,
11615,
422,
2019,
427,
2976,
419,
268,
576,
17,
7714,
538,
3012,
88,
1216,
2169,
492,
652,
537,
421,
6499,
6483,
1341,
1014,
650,
360,
72,
4390,
1298,
1018,
9886,
292,
802,
203,
1461,
4378,
289,
268,
2390,
313,
267,
288,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
454,
1146,
2399,
341,
268,
3018,
289,
4724,
1398,
16,
3805,
24,
16,
649,
268,
6937,
289,
9422,
3867,
1178,
806,
664,
3835,
261,
2404,
2230,
289,
385,
370,
6628,
291,
1011,
289,
622,
3864,
419,
881,
273,
5090,
289,
385,
370,
6628,
18,
5976,
288,
268,
5283,
16,
1298,
598,
1194,
2504,
6468,
16,
268,
9422,
5117,
7118,
363,
1070,
2201,
341,
268,
6823,
289,
268,
1278,
262,
4026,
7174,
734,
1029,
286,
4161,
18,
540,
3223,
454,
1370,
2996,
325,
751,
5834,
419,
268,
2566,
504,
16,
268,
1760,
3303,
7490,
8419,
2054,
292,
7763,
292,
261,
6799,
1283,
9853,
1910,
268,
465,
2708,
89,
18,
1122,
1638,
268,
3118,
1064,
1357,
16,
268,
7490,
4229,
3223,
286,
268,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
6632,
3429,
419,
261,
5674,
598,
1194,
2504,
291,
1294,
1070,
2201,
16,
268,
3646,
5407,
291,
11285,
825,
5230,
542,
1079,
268,
4026,
8419,
291,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
18,
540,
898,
16,
772,
289,
268,
7490,
6937,
650,
664,
9885,
341,
268,
225,
137,
251,
265,
84,
270,
77,
6222,
1183,
664,
5945,
462,
419,
2566,
504,
16,
566,
419,
268,
1044,
598,
1194,
2504,
291,
972,
2202,
18,
540,
316,
261,
7946,
4755,
10208,
419,
268,
7490,
8185,
6645,
291,
419,
516,
606,
1577,
753,
18,
203,
10968,
722,
2417,
341,
7490,
314,
511,
280,
75,
563,
16,
1118,
430,
1115,
9690,
966,
203,
2983,
268,
7557,
341,
268,
4162,
289,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
16,
268,
7490,
1889,
6714,
4027,
292,
1035,
726,
288,
268,
5902,
289,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
18,
3142,
717,
363,
2204,
1289,
289,
689,
1119,
336,
362,
2362,
327,
1211,
336,
391,
368,
294,
397,
563,
454,
7185,
488,
419,
268,
6988,
545,
340,
288,
4724,
3805,
24,
16,
686,
356,
2770,
1232,
772,
689,
650,
279,
1416,
3343,
7434,
268,
10423,
289,
268,
7490,
7174,
18,
4399,
268,
865,
8415,
16,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
4027,
292,
327,
288,
654,
277,
263,
1183,
268,
710,
9149,
5026,
289,
268,
7703,
289,
268,
10423,
1573,
9052,
997,
360,
268,
7185,
318,
289,
268,
383,
1063,
878,
504,
427,
4562,
4240,
318,
18,
365,
3539,
288,
7401,
3354,
289,
268,
10498,
691,
632,
320,
611,
508,
289,
268,
1312,
10423,
291,
289,
268,
538,
80,
2554,
318,
537,
316,
5286,
325,
4884,
488,
419,
268,
347,
17,
344,
468,
439,
4157,
336,
722,
2417,
341,
268,
7490,
314,
511,
280,
75,
563,
16,
1118,
430,
1115,
9690,
966,
18,
203,
40,
6846,
291,
8608,
1814,
289,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
341,
383,
1063,
878,
504,
203,
1461,
3441,
292,
896,
267,
328,
2873,
1062,
283,
3049,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
7490,
6738,
288,
268,
1743,
17,
44,
297,
2546,
1718,
356,
462,
5138,
325,
5557,
488,
291,
4629,
691,
419,
268,
4372,
2839,
541,
4162,
289,
268,
9025,
289,
268,
347,
17,
49,
335,
71,
329,
735,
4927,
288,
268,
7490,
4240,
318,
1511,
18,
450,
456,
2521,
16,
362,
316,
5138,
325,
3888,
268,
1975,
336,
288,
383,
1063,
878,
69,
1185,
544,
485,
268,
1706,
371,
16,
1875,
360,
268,
2085,
1277,
289,
268,
334,
301,
77,
17,
5139,
277,
263,
1183,
4531,
291,
268,
2608,
289,
268,
7490,
6375,
16,
608,
8048,
16,
1347,
1473,
427,
391,
368,
294,
397,
563,
664,
3305,
309,
963,
291,
2819,
292,
3311,
288,
268,
710,
2203,
268,
4488,
289,
268,
7490,
17,
43,
10436,
1718,
995,
268,
855,
1685,
2489,
18,
3431,
3472,
289,
622,
4529,
372,
88,
2608,
1311,
16,
11045,
341,
268,
5533,
6836,
18,
2580,
292,
2328,
1825,
16,
629,
689,
4529,
372,
88,
437,
5138,
3588,
2041,
352,
502,
664,
2459,
288,
261,
296,
324,
1080,
427,
444,
3872,
291,
724,
352,
375,
82,
266,
284,
370,
1120,
288,
3867,
4347,
18,
1545,
268,
1162,
669,
16,
331,
772,
289,
268,
391,
368,
294,
397,
1825,
268,
1718,
4529,
372,
88,
1199,
341,
2924,
1717,
16,
3805,
25,
18,
900,
6341,
292,
3311,
1573,
3116,
336,
850,
82,
372,
88,
2770,
828,
267,
275,
2142,
18,
9588,
664,
2819,
292,
1071,
923,
288,
268,
9184,
1948,
289,
7490,
9080,
7809,
288,
268,
1718,
18,
2122,
268,
1718,
16,
261,
462,
1165,
2203,
1604,
331,
268,
751,
3172,
372,
87,
2196,
3120,
16,
360,
268,
6469,
1077,
475,
289,
3805,
26,
17,
10152,
291,
268,
6159,
289,
975,
442,
500,
352,
923,
289,
518,
5354,
16,
1347,
689,
664,
975,
442,
286,
658,
8501,
18,
2015,
454,
261,
1409,
2451
] |
NNEPC Medical Director Dr. Mark Neavyn joins our host, Chris, for a discussion of carbon monoxide. What makes this poisonous gas so dangerous? Where does carbon monoxide come from and why are CO poisonings more prevalent in winter? What should I do if my carbon monoxide alarm is going off? Dr. Neavyn addresses these questions and more in our February episode.
Karlee: Poison Center Pointers is brought to you by the Northern New England Poison Center. This podcast is not to replace timely advice or recommendations. If you have an actual poisoning emergency, scenario, or question, contact the Northern New England Poison Center by calling 1-800-222-1222, text the word POISON to 85511, or chat online at nnepc.org.
Chris: Welcome to Poison Center Pointers, a podcast presented to you by the Northern New England Poison Center.
Chris: Hello and welcome back to Poison Center Pointers. My name is Chris. Today, I am not joined by Karlee and Carolyn, but instead we have a special guest for you today. I’m joined by Dr. Mark J. Neavyn. Mark, thanks for being here.
Dr. Neavyn: Thanks for having me, Chris!
Chris: So, Mark is the medical director here at the Northern New England Poison Center. He is also an emergency physician, and we are very thankful and honored to have his time. We figured since we have his time, we would talk about one of the more important topics we encounter this time of year: carbon monoxide. Mark, do you have a lot of experience with carbon monoxide?
Dr. Neavyn: Uh, I do and I hate it so, so, so much. You have no idea. Carbon monoxide is the worst. It really is.
Chris: The worst. What’s your justification for that?
Dr. Neavyn: Well, you know it’s this thing that forms for who knows why? It’s something about combustion and, you know, it’s invisible. You can’t smell it. It’s not like gas from your stove where you smell something. You can’t smell it at all. You don’t know it’s there unless you have a working carbon monoxide detector and—
Chris: Oh, we’re going to hit on that pretty heavily today.
Dr. Neavyn: —I don’t know about you, but I’m paranoid about smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors and… I don’t know. Are they working? Are they not working? I feel like I have to constantly remind myself to change the batteries.
Chris: I am certain mine are working because I’ve changed every battery in every carbon monoxide detector in my house over the last year, and they always seem to go off at three in the morning. I don’t know if that happens to you, too? It turns into a nightmare.
Dr. Neavyn: Yep. Yeah that little reminder beep that happens every 6 1/2 minutes.
Chris: You have to convince yourself you didn’t actually hear it the first couple times?
Dr. Neavyn: Right. Yeah, oh, that must have been the house down the street. That couldn’t be our house.
Chris: Well, so, as Mark hinted at, what exactly is carbon monoxide? It is an odorless, colorless gas that is produced through combustion or burning things that contain carbon. What do we commonly encounter that contains carbon that we would be burning? Fuels.
Dr. Neavyn: Charcoal.
Chris: Natural gas. A lot of our heating systems, right? And carbon monoxide is produced when it’s in this sort of system, some sort of engine where active combustion is occurring, but it doesn’t have enough oxygen in it to create CO2 as a byproduct, otherwise known as carbon dioxide; instead we end up with carbon monoxide. And just a little brief overview as to what exactly it is, but why are we talking about it today?
Dr. Neavyn: Well, I mean, typically, Chris, winter time is the time for carbon monoxide cases to come to my attention. In particular, not only through working with the poison center, but also in my own clinical practice as an emergency physician. And some of the most tragic cases that I have involve carbon monoxide. Mostly because nobody means for that to happen. Nobody means to be sleeping and not realize that there’s carbon monoxide leaking from your generator or your furnace. And so it can be really tragic, and it can be really life threatening.
Chris: Yes, and as you’re kind of alluding to, it is kind of a common poisoning and a leading cause of toxicological death. I found some data that’s a little bit older, about a decade old, that suggested that CO exposure results in nearly 400 or so deaths yearly in the United States, up to 2,000 hospitalizations, and more than 20,000 emergency department visits. Now, some newer data from the CDC suggests that could be more like 40-50,000. You did kind of hint at some sources of exposure, and a lot of them are residential. Are there any kind of common sources of exposure that you’ve encountered so far in your practice?
Dr. Neavyn: I think the most common cases for me have either involved a furnace, a charcoal grill, a generator, or a blockage of an automobile exhaust. So, I can think of pretty tragic cases in all those scenarios, and often times it has to do with poor ventilation. In particular, in the winter months, what I really worry about is one, electricity going out and people using generators that are poorly ventilated, particularly if you’re putting the generator in your basement or in your garage and allowing that exhaust to seep into your home. The other situation that is particularly tragic is when somebody is trying to shovel out their car in these New England winters, and the snow bank has kind of blocked off their muffler. When that happens, the typical catalytic converter that all these cars have can’t kind of wash out your carbon monoxide, and so the carbon monoxide will back up into the cabin of the car and lead to really high levels of carbon monoxide for whoever might be waiting inside the car while the car warms up.
Chris: Some excellent points. Just to kind of list off a couple more common calls that we do receive here in poison center as to a potential source of exposure—and those are the major ones—again, he hit on heating systems, so whether it’s your home furnace, water boiler, as he said generator. Even fuel-powered space heaters can be a problem, as well. So, kerosene space heaters are a common one. House fires can be a source. It’s not really something that we’re going to touch on much today. Again, he brought up grills, even gas powered appliances, wood stoves, so even cooking appliances to some degree. Again, automobiles. And there are other odd exposures that are a little less common; those are the big heavy hitters.
Dr. Neavyn: And it’s not to say that winter is the only time you can get carbon monoxide poisoning. I’ve definitely seen it in the summer time, too. Either, like, you get a rainy day and you bring your charcoal grill into your garage so you can continue that grill-out, or one of the other common things with us being in lake country around here is boating. Boat, the motor boats can also off-gas carbon monoxide. So we have had some pretty bad cases in the news over the past couple of years of small children who are water skiing who are exposed to large amounts of carbon monoxide while they’re water skiing, which is not something that people would anticipate.
Chris: One of the things I love since having you come on as our medical director here is your ability to teach complex topics and simplify them in ways that I can understand them. And I thought it’d be great to kind of hear your thoughts on what exactly it is that carbon monoxide does inside the body. Why is it a concern? Why is it toxic?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah. Well, thank you. I guess the reason why I like to simplify things is ’cause I’m a pretty simple person myself. *laughter* I don’t really like to clutter my brain with too much complicated information. But there is a lot of research on carbon monoxide, in particular in the way it poisons the brain and poisons the heart. But, basically, the way I think about carbon monoxide is it is taking up a space on your oxygen transportation. So, it prevents oxygen from getting transported to vital tissues. So, for example, somebody exposed to carbon monoxide may develop a heart attack, or they may develop stroke like symptoms. Those are in severe cases. The more difficult cases that I find are cases with lower level exposures over a long period of time who are developing these more vague symptoms like headache, nausea, vomiting. All of these things that really, if they didn’t know they were exposed to carbon monoxide, it would be hard for even an experienced ER doc to recognize those symptoms as being carbon monoxide poisoning.
Chris: I think you used the term “vagary” when you described it? I like that.
Dr. Neavyn: Yes, yes. The long list of vagary that happens with carbon monoxide, especially when kids are sleeping in the home—the carbon monoxide detectors have run out of juice and the child wakes up with a headache or wakes up with nausea. Your first instinct is to think, oh, that’s just a viral bug or something. It’s not really on our kind of—it’s not really at the top of our differential, so to speak, for what could be causing those symptoms. So around this time of year is when I start really reminding my trainees and emergency departments and in the poison center that, you know, if somebody is complaining of headache or nausea or some of these vague symptoms, it’s a good idea to just ask about whether they have carbon monoxide detectors and whether they have any risks.
Chris: So I polled some colleagues in the poison center as to what are commonly encountered calls that we get, and I came up with a couple scenarios here. Figured we could kind of just run through them and think about what the next best steps are—what exactly is the concern here? How should we address it? ‘Cause I think these are questions that some people who are listening at home might have if they were ever to run into a situation like this, and obviously the most common one—my detector, my carbon monoxide detector, is going off in my house and I don’t know why. What should I do?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, I mean if a detector is going off in your house, you want to get out of the house. You don’t want to continue to be exposed to carbon monoxide if it’s in the house and these carbon monoxide detectors—I think we’ll get into it a little bit later, but they do have cutoffs of when they start to alert you to carbon monoxide, and if it’s going off, it means there could be an exposure and you want to stop that exposure as soon as possible.
Chris: Can’t ever assume that it’s not functioning, and we never want people to ignore a carbon monoxide alarm, so get the family together, children, pets. Leave the house and alert emergency services, right? The fire department has equipment exactly for this sort of scenario where they can ensure that the house is safe. They can determine what level of carbon monoxide is present in the house. So really, the best thing to do is to get out of the source of exposure.
Dr. Neavyn: Exactly, exactly.
Chris: This is one that sounds like you’ve probably encountered in the emergency department, as well, but we’ve had a variation of similar calls where the caller is concerned because their car or even their tractor, or they had what would normally be an outside grill running inside the garage. The garage is connected to the house and the caller is concerned because family is reporting that they feel a little bit lightheaded, maybe a little bit nauseous. Could carbon monoxide make its way into the house?
Dr. Neavyn: Absolutely. Oh. this is a classic one, especially with, like I said before, charcoal grills or generators running on fuel for this to happen, and people might not recognize that that’s an issue because they’re not going to, again, they’re not going to smell the carbon monoxide. They’re not going to see it, it’s not smoke. It’s not like you can see smoke coming into your house, right? It’s a gas, so it’s invisible. And it’s lighter than air actually, so it will dissipate through the house pretty easily. It’s not one of these other types of gases that is heavy and goes to the lowest ground point. This is lighter than air. Colorless, odorless, invisible to the eye and if people start developing symptoms, particularly, I would say if a group of people all have similar symptoms, that’s a concern to me that there’s multiple people getting exposed at the same time.
Chris: And I like to bring it up. Regrettably, I recently traded in cars and I no longer have a remote start on my car and when it’s, you know, negative 2 degrees in the morning before trying to get into work early. I know a lot of people like to start up their car, warm it up, right? I found a study that was done through Iowa State that found just warming up your vehicle for only two minutes with, you know, an overhead garage door open raised CO concentrations in the garage up to 500 parts per million. And what does that number mean? It’s enough that if you’re exposed to it, it’s going to produce symptoms and potential toxicity with prolonged exposure, so even just having the garage door open is not enough. We don’t want it in any sort of partially enclosed area. Another one I know I’ve got, another scenario I know I’ve got quite a few calls on—someone reporting that for the last couple weeks is every time they get in their car to drive to work or, you know, they have errands to run and they’re in the car for more than a couple of minutes, they start feeling dizzy and lightheaded. Do you have any thoughts on that? Is there ever really a potential for CO exposure in the car if it’s not a situation where, as you mentioned, the snow embankment clogs up the ventilation for the exhaust?
Dr. Neavyn: Typically, automobiles nowadays have really efficient catalytic converters that can kind of wash away your carbon monoxide that’s getting formed by your combustion engine. You know, it’s always possible that that system where air is flowing through can get blocked in some way, so if you’re starting to notice those types of symptoms while your car is running, it might be a good idea to get your car checked out to make sure that everything is functioning appropriately.
Chris: Another scenario I personally have had quite a few calls—someone calling after reporting that they’re running their space heater inside of the house. They’ll call and they’ll complain that they’re starting to feel weird—they have a headache, they’ve been nauseous, they actually vomited. Have you ever encountered any scenarios like that in the emergency department?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, yes, a lot of these space heaters run on kerosene and if there’s not adequate ventilation, you will get carbon monoxide building up, and I think the population at risk that I’ve seen tends to be construction workers where they potentially are working in a home that maybe has no electricity to it yet, or doesn’t have heating running quite yet, so they use these kerosene heaters to warm the home while they’re constructing it, and I’ve seen that a few times actually, so, that’s something to keep in mind that those kerosene heaters can really cause problems if you don’t have adequate ventilation.
Chris: Right. And even just keeping a couple windows and doors open might not be enough, as we had said, with keeping cars or tractors or grills in the garage. Last scenario I have here—we’ll just go with the classic. It’s something we’ve already mentioned a couple times here. I am working on having a generator installed and want to make sure we are safe from the exhaust that comes with the generator. How exactly do we go about this? I found online that, through some research, that the rule of thumb is to keep your generator 20 feet away from the house?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, I would definitely err on the side of caution with these things, and also, sounds obvious in retrospect, but close your windows. Oftentimes people will have a window open in one room when it’s getting warm in that particular room and they don’t realize that the fumes from whatever it is that’s causing the carbon monoxide is just kind of drifting right into that window.
Chris: Similar to having exhaust from your car blocked up—say it gets a little snowy, a little bit icy—we can have that issue with ventilation for generators, too, as well. So, the best way to go from here, considering that we have an emergency physician on the podcast, can you walk us through what management might be like in a situation where a patient has to come in to the hospital for evaluation?
Dr. Neavyn: Well, I think, first and foremost—so carbon monoxide poisoning is really a spectrum. So you can have mild symptoms, but you can also have pretty major symptoms—like symptoms of a heart attack, so you can develop chest pain, you can faint—if you have any of those serious symptoms you need to call 911 immediately because we do not want to delay getting you the care that you need. If you have mild symptoms and drive yourself in, I guess that’s appropriate in some cases, but if there’s any question of the symptoms being more severe, I would always say err on the side of calling 911 and getting to the emergency department as fast as possible. And actually, you know, the primary treatment for carbon monoxide is oxygen therapy, and so calling 911 gets you connected to oxygen as soon as that ambulance arrives at your home, which is super important.
Chris: And just to throw it in there, we’re always available as a resource. If you’re questioning whether or not you do require evaluation in the hospital, obviously emergency services is there, but so is the poison center—we’re all trained for this certain topic. So if there’s ever any sort of shadow of a doubt you can always give us a ring. I think probably the most important thing we can talk about today, much like a lot of the other podcasts here: helpful prevention tips. What can you do to make sure your family, your loved ones, even just yourself, that you’re healthy and you’re not exposed to CO?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, we’ve talked about it before, but carbon monoxide detectors are the single most important way to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. ‘Cause there’s so many different ways carbon monoxide can build up in a home, and we will not know it unless we have a detector.
Chris: A couple helpful hints on maintenance and management of carbon monoxide detectors: generally recommended to check or replace batteries one to two times yearly—not always a good idea to wait till that annoying beep wakes you up at 3:00 in the morning, right? They say to replace the unit generally every five years or so. A couple key points I wanted to get into is placement of the car monoxide detector. As Mark previously pointed out, it’s lighter than air. It can diffuse throughout the house with ease, and it’s not going to stay down at ground level since it’s lighter than air. So generally we recommend having carbon monoxide detectors high on the wall. We want them on all levels of the home. Best not to put it next to any heating vents or have it covered by furniture or drapes. And we want it in all hallways where there’s people that are sleeping. Another key piece is making sure that you have a quality product. Generally they’ll run you somewhere in the 30 to 50 dollar range. We like to recommend products that have a UL mark on the back—that stands for Underwriters Laboratories. And that just means it was third-party tested to show that it meets the standards of what is recommended for the reliability of these products. For home use, look for a statement that says single station carbon monoxide alarm and make sure it’s battery powered, or if it’s electric, it has a battery backup in case of loss of power. Any other helpful hints that you have stored away for us there that we haven’t already mentioned?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, I think the big one is not ignoring that alarm and not assuming that if you open the windows, everything is going to be fine because that carbon monoxide detector is just detecting the carbon monoxide in its little area and you don’t know if the carbon monoxide levels where you’re sleeping might be higher and not only that, like you don’t know, if there’s children in the home, how much carbon monoxide exposure they’ve had. And I really worry about children because you know they’re still developing. Their brains are growing like crazy, and anything that might affect that brain development really needs to be treated appropriately. So I would say don’t blow off an alarm—if the alarm is going off, get your kids out of the house, get the family and dogs out of the house, and you know, make sure the fire department comes to your house and determines the carbon monoxide levels in your home and make sure that it’s safe to return. The other thing is, you know, if you have one of these mixed use detectors that detect smoke and carbon monoxide at the same time—I know my smoke detectors go off all the time because of my terrible cooking.
Dr. Neavyn: And so, like, don’t be tempted, just don’t be tempted to take the battery out. You need to have that functioning carbon monoxide detector, even if occasionally you’re burning stuff on the stove.
Chris: That’s right. Couple other prevention tips: having your heating system and water heater serviced yearly; if you have a chimney, making sure that you have it cleaned and serviced every year ’cause that flue can get all gunked up, or the ventilation can have issues; as I previously mentioned, having a mechanic check the exhaust system in your car and truck yearly; big one is not to use your oven appliances as a heating source. Again, all the other recommendations we previously made: not bringing your generator inside, your space heater, grill—those are the heavy hitters that we can think of from calls that we receive here. I don’t know if you had any last pointers or important information you wanted to get across to our listeners regarding carbon monoxide?
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, I think for me the key points that I want everybody to really recognize is that carbon monoxide is the silent killer, in the winter months particularly, but all year round. We don’t know it’s there unless you have a detector. And if you have symptoms like headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting—more significantly, if the rest of your family is having the same symptoms at the same time—that could be a sign that you’re having carbon monoxide issues. So if in doubt, call your local fire department to have your home assessed for carbon monoxide levels if you’re not sure if your carbon monoxide detector is working.
Chris: Definitely want to say thank you again for taking the time to chat with us. We appreciate you being here with us, Mark.
Dr. Neavyn: Yeah, thanks for having me, Chris. This was fun.
Chris: Hope to have you again soon. Maybe we’ll have a less scary topic next time because Mark is full of all sorts incredible factoids and stuff you would never know otherwise, so.
Dr. Neavyn: Well, poisonings are always scary, but, uh, hopefully I can help kind of explain stuff in in a less scary way next time.
Chris: Absolutely. Well, we want to say thanks again for all our listeners out there for checking in to this episode of Poison Center Pointers. You can like, share, and subscribe to us on Facebook and Twitter, and visit our website at nnepc.org. Remember, if you have an actual poisoning emergency, scenario, or even just a question, contact the Northern New England Poison Center by calling 1-800-222-1222; text the word POISON to 85511; or chat online at nnepc.org. Thanks again for listening.
Dr. Neavyn: Thanks, everybody! | <urn:uuid:86f7c6e1-250f-49d4-bd68-3975ae608a93> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nnepc.org/regional-news/poison-center-pointers-carbon-monoxide-ft-dr-mark-neavyn | 2024-02-22T18:52:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.958148 | 5,495 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
50,
50,
7728,
39,
5392,
8119,
1698,
18,
5105,
2138,
548,
2121,
3743,
87,
662,
4239,
16,
3163,
16,
331,
261,
5122,
289,
2375,
1025,
11320,
18,
1021,
1892,
456,
6971,
499,
2238,
576,
4233,
35,
5145,
1082,
2375,
1025,
11320,
1631,
427,
291,
1768,
356,
2187,
6971,
762,
512,
9168,
288,
3645,
35,
1021,
788,
334,
565,
717,
1290,
2375,
1025,
11320,
11400,
316,
2118,
1070,
35,
1698,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
7805,
629,
2212,
291,
512,
288,
662,
5228,
7326,
1899,
18,
203,
47,
294,
298,
73,
30,
9595,
2613,
3842,
11299,
332,
316,
3835,
292,
337,
419,
268,
7638,
1525,
4516,
9595,
2613,
3842,
18,
540,
8874,
6092,
316,
462,
292,
3987,
10168,
4371,
361,
5903,
18,
829,
337,
437,
363,
4741,
11625,
4380,
16,
8055,
16,
361,
2302,
16,
2624,
268,
7638,
1525,
4516,
9595,
2613,
3842,
419,
8855,
433,
17,
28,
587,
17,
5062,
22,
17,
3011,
5062,
16,
2631,
268,
2594,
382,
51,
3476,
4279,
292,
1570,
11151,
3667,
16,
361,
8276,
2049,
430,
314,
82,
559,
71,
18,
3206,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
11998,
4074,
292,
9595,
2613,
3842,
11299,
332,
16,
261,
8874,
6092,
4846,
292,
337,
419,
268,
7638,
1525,
4516,
9595,
2613,
3842,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
402,
467,
83,
291,
10574,
1103,
292,
9595,
2613,
3842,
11299,
332,
18,
3491,
1932,
316,
3163,
18,
4120,
16,
334,
792,
462,
7920,
419,
8321,
298,
73,
291,
7208,
2121,
16,
566,
3087,
445,
437,
261,
1755,
1164,
443,
331,
337,
1853,
18,
334,
372,
81,
7920,
419,
1698,
18,
5105,
596,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
18,
5105,
16,
6771,
331,
1018,
1671,
18,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
8360,
331,
2054,
479,
16,
3163,
5,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
1426,
16,
5105,
316,
268,
1804,
6235,
1671,
430,
268,
7638,
1525,
4516,
9595,
2613,
3842,
18,
915,
316,
525,
363,
4380,
8346,
16,
291,
445,
356,
1040,
10550,
703,
291,
3943,
2723,
292,
437,
615,
669,
18,
924,
4382,
72,
1812,
445,
437,
615,
669,
16,
445,
830,
3357,
608,
597,
289,
268,
512,
851,
4702,
445,
7863,
456,
669,
289,
715,
30,
2375,
1025,
11320,
18,
5105,
16,
565,
337,
437,
261,
1774,
289,
1432,
360,
2375,
1025,
11320,
35,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
522,
76,
16,
334,
565,
291,
334,
296,
381,
362,
576,
16,
576,
16,
576,
1111,
18,
990,
437,
688,
2505,
18,
9906,
1025,
11320,
316,
268,
8592,
18,
553,
2402,
316,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
365,
8592,
18,
1021,
372,
87,
424,
7874,
8852,
331,
336,
35,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
5231,
16,
337,
698,
362,
372,
87,
456,
2810,
336,
2779,
331,
650,
7342,
1768,
35,
553,
372,
87,
1890,
608,
11468,
291,
16,
337,
698,
16,
362,
372,
87,
787,
277,
801,
18,
990,
375,
372,
88,
7847,
362,
18,
553,
372,
87,
462,
730,
2238,
427,
424,
1227,
317,
853,
337,
7847,
1890,
18,
990,
375,
372,
88,
7847,
362,
430,
516,
18,
990,
1373,
372,
88,
698,
362,
372,
87,
686,
6774,
337,
437,
261,
1795,
2375,
1025,
11320,
2169,
5093,
291,
1447,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
8142,
16,
445,
372,
267,
2118,
292,
5230,
341,
336,
6540,
7318,
1853,
18,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
1691,
45,
1373,
372,
88,
698,
608,
337,
16,
566,
334,
372,
81,
677,
282,
1246,
608,
6536,
2169,
7671,
291,
2375,
1025,
11320,
2169,
7671,
291,
2865,
334,
1373,
372,
88,
698,
18,
2987,
502,
1795,
35,
2987,
502,
462,
1795,
35,
334,
1350,
730,
334,
437,
292,
5957,
7167,
10334,
292,
1317,
268,
5734,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
334,
792,
1575,
9469,
356,
1795,
971,
334,
372,
317,
4339,
953,
3905,
288,
953,
2375,
1025,
11320,
2169,
5093,
288,
1290,
2189,
658,
268,
1887,
715,
16,
291,
502,
1775,
3003,
292,
679,
1070,
430,
1391,
288,
268,
5283,
18,
334,
1373,
372,
88,
698,
717,
336,
4301,
292,
337,
16,
1232,
35,
553,
6805,
636,
261,
3018,
81,
470,
18,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
663,
559,
18,
663,
73,
1469,
336,
1936,
10140,
327,
559,
336,
4301,
953,
1278,
433,
19,
22,
3373,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
990,
437,
292,
5047,
1268,
2757,
337,
4529,
372,
88,
2545,
4055,
362,
268,
855,
6080,
1708,
35,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
7817,
18,
663,
73,
1469,
16,
272,
76,
16,
336,
1204,
437,
712,
268,
2189,
1190,
268,
7619,
18,
2015,
10367,
372,
88,
327,
662,
2189,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
5231,
16,
576,
16,
352,
5105,
296,
263,
691,
430,
16,
768,
4743,
316,
2375,
1025,
11320,
35,
553,
316,
363,
5248,
283,
1465,
16,
2191,
1465,
2238,
336,
316,
3141,
734,
11468,
361,
6861,
1612,
336,
1462,
2375,
18,
1021,
565,
445,
3224,
7863,
336,
3387,
2375,
336,
445,
830,
327,
6861,
35,
418,
89,
1137,
18,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
3698,
4552,
280,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
6112,
2238,
18,
330,
1774,
289,
662,
5810,
1422,
16,
1328,
35,
1256,
2375,
1025,
11320,
316,
3141,
649,
362,
372,
87,
288,
456,
5256,
289,
892,
16,
579,
5256,
289,
2097,
853,
3009,
11468,
316,
8160,
16,
566,
362,
2752,
372,
88,
437,
1982,
3971,
288,
362,
292,
1408,
2187,
22,
352,
261,
419,
7846,
88,
16,
5654,
1261,
352,
2375,
6491,
31,
3087,
445,
1199,
644,
360,
2375,
1025,
11320,
18,
1256,
1039,
261,
1936,
5715,
8341,
352,
292,
768,
4743,
362,
316,
16,
566,
1768,
356,
445,
5750,
608,
362,
1853,
35,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
5231,
16,
334,
1555,
16,
2437,
16,
3163,
16,
3645,
669,
316,
268,
669,
331,
2375,
1025,
11320,
1934,
292,
1631,
292,
1290,
2383,
18,
450,
1510,
16,
462,
794,
734,
1795,
360,
268,
6971,
3795,
16,
566,
525,
288,
1290,
1044,
4159,
2060,
352,
363,
4380,
8346,
18,
1256,
579,
289,
268,
710,
432,
11901,
1934,
336,
334,
437,
3820,
2375,
1025,
11320,
18,
2620,
325,
971,
688,
5784,
1486,
331,
336,
292,
4106,
18,
11898,
946,
1486,
292,
327,
8287,
291,
462,
7296,
336,
686,
372,
87,
2375,
1025,
11320,
417,
1634,
427,
424,
10787,
361,
424,
6257,
570,
18,
1256,
576,
362,
375,
327,
2402,
432,
11901,
16,
291,
362,
375,
327,
2402,
943,
2456,
1981,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
5132,
16,
291,
352,
337,
372,
267,
2066,
289,
516,
89,
526,
292,
16,
362,
316,
2066,
289,
261,
1112,
11625,
291,
261,
2469,
1342,
289,
4821,
1496,
2145,
18,
334,
986,
579,
863,
336,
372,
87,
261,
1936,
3263,
3684,
16,
608,
261,
6652,
1662,
16,
336,
6254,
336,
2187,
3285,
1826,
288,
3999,
8806,
361,
576,
6068,
715,
325,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
16,
644,
292,
497,
16,
1347,
5095,
2578,
16,
291,
512,
687,
731,
16,
1347,
4380,
7217,
8974,
18,
3014,
16,
579,
733,
265,
863,
427,
268,
10298,
4299,
336,
911,
327,
512,
730,
3633,
17,
2520,
16,
1347,
18,
990,
1535,
2066,
289,
296,
3478,
430,
579,
2419,
289,
3285,
16,
291,
261,
1774,
289,
622,
356,
8526,
18,
2987,
686,
723,
2066,
289,
1112,
2419,
289,
3285,
336,
337,
372,
317,
5699,
4518,
576,
1904,
288,
424,
2060,
35,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
334,
1779,
268,
710,
1112,
1934,
331,
479,
437,
2447,
2729,
261,
6257,
570,
16,
261,
1160,
4552,
280,
785,
399,
16,
261,
10787,
16,
361,
261,
2834,
495,
289,
363,
2625,
8695,
7535,
88,
18,
1426,
16,
334,
375,
1779,
289,
6540,
432,
11901,
1934,
288,
516,
1014,
7610,
16,
291,
970,
1708,
362,
528,
292,
565,
360,
2890,
9596,
18,
450,
1510,
16,
288,
268,
3645,
2489,
16,
768,
334,
2402,
5958,
608,
316,
597,
16,
3666,
2118,
628,
291,
689,
1001,
947,
1721,
336,
356,
11765,
8150,
80,
488,
16,
2467,
717,
337,
372,
267,
6576,
268,
10787,
288,
424,
3486,
367,
361,
288,
424,
4761,
495,
291,
3240,
336,
7535,
88,
292,
447,
559,
636,
424,
1311,
18,
365,
586,
3118,
336,
316,
2467,
432,
11901,
316,
649,
579,
5784,
316,
3738,
292,
422,
83,
489,
628,
444,
877,
288,
629,
1525,
4516,
2293,
1736,
16,
291,
268,
5610,
4850,
528,
2066,
289,
2834,
286,
1070,
444,
293,
10898,
2546,
18,
1097,
336,
4301,
16,
268,
5418,
2313,
3852,
410,
4753,
345,
336,
516,
629,
5379,
437,
375,
372,
88,
2066,
289,
4877,
628,
424,
2375,
1025,
11320,
16,
291,
576,
268,
2375,
1025,
11320,
513,
1103,
644,
636,
268,
7857,
263,
289,
268,
877,
291,
912,
292,
2402,
695,
1506,
289,
2375,
1025,
11320,
331,
650,
827,
1276,
327,
8289,
3004,
268,
877,
1020,
268,
877,
1718,
507,
644,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
1399,
4139,
3097,
18,
4500,
292,
2066,
289,
2455,
1070,
261,
6080,
512,
1112,
6022,
336,
445,
565,
3273,
1671,
288,
6971,
3795,
352,
292,
261,
1439,
2088,
289,
3285,
1447,
481,
1014,
356,
268,
1670,
3001,
1447,
484,
412,
16,
431,
5230,
341,
5810,
1422,
16,
576,
2026,
362,
372,
87,
424,
1311,
6257,
570,
16,
770,
10762,
265,
16,
352,
431,
1211,
10787,
18,
3142,
3307,
17,
8737,
1846,
2164,
332,
375,
327,
261,
1676,
16,
352,
767,
18,
1426,
16,
520,
265,
335,
745,
1846,
2164,
332,
356,
261,
1112,
597,
18,
4986,
8307,
375,
327,
261,
2088,
18,
553,
372,
87,
462,
2402,
1890,
336,
445,
372,
267,
2118,
292,
3727,
341,
1111,
1853,
18,
8497,
16,
431,
3835,
644,
785,
1240,
16,
919,
2238,
10714,
9609,
16,
2782,
1227,
973,
16,
576,
919,
6052,
9609,
292,
579,
3791,
18,
8497,
16,
2625,
875,
4760,
18,
1256,
686,
356,
586,
5248,
72,
771,
335,
889,
336,
356,
261,
1936,
1165,
1112,
31,
1014,
356,
268,
2104,
4112,
5230,
1736,
18,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
1256,
362,
372,
87,
462,
292,
1856,
336,
3645,
316,
268,
794,
669,
337,
375,
886,
2375,
1025,
11320,
11625,
18,
334,
372,
317,
8439,
2279,
362,
288,
268,
3672,
669,
16,
1232,
18,
416,
2081,
16,
730,
16,
337,
886,
261,
3653,
93,
1196,
291,
337,
2477,
424,
1160,
4552,
280,
785,
399,
636,
424,
4761,
495,
576,
337,
375,
2609,
336,
785,
399,
17,
491,
16,
361,
597,
289,
268,
586,
1112,
1612,
360,
407,
1018,
288,
8537,
1777,
1149,
1671,
316,
1337,
673,
18,
4312,
271,
16,
268,
4213,
1337,
1378,
375,
525,
1070,
17,
75,
301,
2375,
1025,
11320,
18,
1426,
445,
437,
850,
579,
6540,
3276,
1934,
288,
268,
3359,
658,
268,
2323,
6080,
289,
935,
289,
1139,
1024,
650,
356,
770,
885,
77,
281,
650,
356,
4504,
292,
1452,
4175,
289,
2375,
1025,
11320,
1020,
502,
372,
267,
770,
885,
77,
281,
16,
518,
316,
462,
1890,
336,
689,
830,
7785,
381,
18,
203,
5139,
1532,
30,
1507,
289,
268,
1612,
334,
2680,
1812,
2054,
337,
1631,
341,
352,
662,
1804,
6235,
1671,
316,
424,
1882,
292,
1292,
1874,
4702,
291,
4857,
3049,
622,
288,
1714,
336,
334,
375,
992,
622,
18,
1256,
334,
2693,
362,
372,
72,
327,
1312,
292,
2066,
289,
4055,
424,
4324,
341,
768,
4743,
362,
316,
336,
2375,
1025,
11320,
1082,
3004,
268,
1073,
18,
2995,
316,
362,
261,
4621,
35,
2995,
316,
362,
4821,
35,
203,
40,
86,
18,
2138,
548,
2121,
30,
663,
73,
1469,
18,
5231,
16,
10550,
337,
18,
334,
9465,
268,
2190,
1768,
334,
730,
292,
4857,
3049,
1612,
316,
225,
372,
71,
699,
334,
372,
81,
261,
6540,
2208,
959,
10334,
18,
5319,
80,
6218,
14,
334,
1373,
372,
88,
2402,
730,
292,
551,
371,
345,
1290,
1860,
360,
1232,
1111,
7017,
1009,
18,
1163,
686,
316,
261,
1774,
289,
922,
341,
2375,
1025,
11320,
16,
288,
1510,
288,
268,
898,
362,
2462,
11633,
268,
1860,
291,
2462,
11633,
268,
1759,
18,
1163,
16,
9647,
16,
268,
898,
334,
1779,
608,
2375,
1025,
11320,
316,
362,
316,
2265,
644,
261,
1846,
341,
424,
3971,
4902,
18,
1426,
16,
362,
7893,
3971,
427,
2657,
2799,
286,
292,
3226,
6272,
18,
1426,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
579,
5784,
4504,
292,
2375,
1025,
11320,
602,
709,
261,
1759,
3223,
16,
361,
502,
602,
709,
6558,
730,
1614,
18,
5611,
356,
288,
3103,
1934,
18,
365,
512,
2203,
1934,
336,
334,
1255,
356,
1934,
360,
1898
] |
Since its 2015 debut, the hip-hop Broadway show, Hamilton: An American Musical, has exploded into a cultural phenomenon unlike any musical before it. It has won every theatrical prize, broken all box office records and been heralded as a ground-breaking and innovative show that you simply must see. Audiences have raved about the show, even describing it as a life changing experience.
After dominating America for the past two and a half years, Hamilton arrived in London in December 2017, receiving rave reviews and standing ovations.
Why does this new musical connect with audiences so deeply? I believe Hamilton serves as a modern day parable, offering audiences a potentially transformative, spiritual experience.
The show is based on the life of Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) and the remarkable events of the early American Republic. He grew up in poverty on the island of Nevis in the West Indies but managed to scrape together enough money to attend university in America, where he arrived during the birth of the American Revolution.
For the next several years, he displayed an uncanny ability to find himself at the centre of major events. He caught the attention of George Washington and served on his staff throughout the war. His command of the decisive battle against the British at Yorktown earned him a hero’s reputation after the war. As the new American government took shape, Washington invited Hamilton onto his cabinet as the secretary of Treasury, giving him a unique opportunity to shape the new nation.
In his personal life, Hamilton experienced both remarkable accomplishments and heartbreaking failure. He grew from a poor, orphan kid from the Caribbean to one of the most powerful men in the new nation.
Hamilton was a Christian who wrote hymns in his early life and married Eliza Schuyler, an extraordinary woman from a wealthy and prominent family. But a decade later, Hamilton had an affair, paying the cheated husband blackmail money in order to keep him quiet. It didn’t work, and America’s first government sex scandal came to pass.
Not all of the tragedy that Hamilton experienced was selfinflicted. His son, Philip, was shot and killed in a duel defending his father’s honour, resulting in Hamilton’s daughter suffering a mental breakdown. Hamilton himself died at the age of 47, also in a duel with political enemy and sitting Vice President Aaron Burr.
Hamilton serves as a modern-day parable
Alexander Hamilton spent over two centuries as a forgotten Founding Father, a mere footnote in American history. But that changed after the composer and playwright Lin-Manuel Miranda picked up a copy of a biography of Hamilton in 2008 and was immediately inspired to bring this historical figure to life on the stage.
Moments of Transcendence
It’s unprecedented for a Broadway musical to include hip-hop in the way that Hamilton does. Jeremy McCarter, who co-authored Hamilton, describes it as “the music of ambition, the soundtrack of defiance”, suggesting it is the perfect genre for a musical about the American Revolution and the life of Hamilton.
The lyrics and music are indeed genius. “You have no idea how lyrically amazing this show is from a rap perspective,” gushes performance artist Lemon Anderson. The songs resonate with audiences long after the curtain closes. The original recording became the first Broadway cast album to reach number one on the Rap Album chart. It was also awarded ‘Best Musical Theatre Album’ at the 2016 Grammys.
Hamilton’s story uniquely intersects with a number of important social issues of our time, including race and gender equality, immigration and diversity. Black and minority ethnic actors play the roles of the Founding Fathers, a casting decision that turns audience expectations upside down as soon as the musical starts.
After seeing Hamilton more than 15 times, the actress Rosie O’Donnell described it as “a religious experience, a spiritual cleansing…Hamilton is medicine that I need for my soul. It is vital to me; it feels like going to church”. I have to agree.
The night I saw the show in New York I found myself unexpectedly drawn into the presence of God. This musical teems with moments of transcendence – where a powerful scene occurs on stage, and the atmosphere in the theatre changes. The audience collectively feels a weight, a tension, a presence – perhaps even the presence of God.
Deeply spiritual themes saturate the musical. Hamilton’s story begins with an act of grace. The businessmen in the Caribbean generously give him money to travel to America and get his education. Hamilton’s character sings about this experience, reflecting on how this grace changed the direction of his life. Everything that Hamilton became, every opportunity afforded to him in America, was made possible by this generous gift. Hamilton built his life on the foundation of grace. What is true of Hamilton is true of all of us. Where would any of us be without the grace of God? The foundation of each of our lives is built squarely on God’s grace alone.
The second act highlights one of Hamilton’s greatest personal failures – his affair with Maria Reynolds. Hamilton’s wife, Eliza, was obviously devastated. In an act that revealed her hurt and anger, she burned the letters that she had written to Alexander over the years. The letters must have been one of Alexander’s most treasured possessions, and this act displays the intense level of betrayal that Eliza felt.
But as the story moves on, the Hamiltons slowly try to restore their marriage. They move uptown into a new house that Hamilton builds for his family. In one of the most powerful songs in the entire musical, ‘It’s quiet uptown’, Hamilton sings to his wife, imploring her to give him another chance.
Whether it was wartime letters while on George Washington’s staff, government and financial papers while serving as America’s first secretary of Treasury, or love letters to his wife Eliza, Hamilton’s life is marked by a huge amount of writing.
During his teen years, Hamilton wrote various hymns, including ‘The soul ascending into bliss’:
Hark! Hark! A voice from yonder sky, Methinks I hear my Saviour cry, Come gentle spirit come away, Come to thy Lord without delay; For thee the gates of bliss unbar’d Thy constant virtue to reward.
I come oh Lord! I mount, I fly, On rapid wings I cleave the sky; Stretch out thine arm and aid my flight; For oh! I long to gain that height, Where all celestial beings sing Eternal praises to their king.
O Lamb of God! Thrice gracious Lord Now, now I feel how true thy word; Translated to this happy place, This blessed vision of thy face; My soul shall all thy steps attend In songs of triumph without end.
As Hamilton sings to Eliza, her body language is still cold and distant. She flinches when he reaches out to touch her. But as the song continues, Eliza softens. Finally, she takes her husband’s hand and sings with him again. She has found it in her heart to forgive. The entire chorus, in a spine-tingling moment of transcendence for everyone in the theatre, sings out, “Forgiveness, can you imagine?”
This moment continues to inspire and challenge me today. Will I offer forgiveness to those who hurt me? When I feel betrayed, do I hold a grudge, seek revenge or punish my offender? Or do I allow Eliza’s example to resonate deeply, asking God to transform my life and lead me into a life of forgiveness?
The final scene of Hamilton offers one of the most moving moments of the production. Hamilton has been shot and killed in his duel with Aaron Burr. Eliza, devastated and heartbroken, must figure out how to live the rest of her life without her beloved husband. After a season of intense and overwhelming grief, she receives a call from God to establish an orphanage in New York City.
Alexander had been an orphan since the age of eleven. His father had abandoned their family and his mother died when he was young. Hamilton’s orphan status surely was one of his greatest sources of pain and sorrow. It was a pain that any loving spouse would have shared and carried with their partner.
I found myself unexpectedly drawn into the presence of God
But Eliza takes that greatest source of brokenness from Alexander’s life, and makes it beautiful. She gives herself to the taxing and overwhelming work of this orphanage, and in the process, brings hope to children. In the musical, she sings about how she sees her husband in each of these orphans that she cares for. To this day, the organisation Eliza created continues to serve the people of New York, now under the name of Graham Windham (see box, p21). They are changing the entire trajectory of families’ lives through their sacrificial work.
Eliza gives the rest of her life to partner with God in his project of redeeming the world. God looks down at this creation, and wherever he sees hurt, pain or suffering, he longs to bring healing and redemption. In the book of Revelation, Jesus, who sits on the throne, declares, “See, I am making all things new” (NRSV). Eliza’s orphanage confronts my life and forces me to ask how I am partnering with God in his redemptive purposes. Am I giving my life to bring hope and healing to the places where I see brokenness? Am I serving the poor, the needy, the vulnerable?
Stories matter. They have the power to fundamentally change the way that we see the world and live our lives.
They can inspire us to be the people God created us to be. Members of the Hamilton cast perform the show with this belief in the transformative power of the story they tell. Before each performance, Chris Jackson, who played George Washington in the original Broadway cast, led the Hamilton team in a prayer circle. He viewed each performance as a deeply spiritual, and potentially transformative, experience.
Jackson says: “Theatre has an inherent spirituality to it. To so many people, theatre is their church. It’s an opportunity to feel something with other folks…I can’t think of many things that facilitate that kind of gathering and communal experience. There’s a lot of mention of God… That’s why I don’t take it lightly.”
McCarter describes Jackson’s hopes as he leads the cast in prayer: “He closes with the hope that everybody – in the audience, on the stage, and in the orchestra pit – will leave the theatre a better person than they walked in.” This, without question, describes my experience, and the experience of countless others. This is why the show connects so deeply with us. Such is the power of Hamilton.
Kevin Cloud is a pastor, church planter and author living in Kansas City. His book, God and Hamilton: Spiritual Themes from the Life of Alexander Hamilton and the Broadway Musical He Inspired will be released later this year. For more information visit godandhamilton.com
Hamilton: an American musical is playing at The Victoria Palace Theatre, London. For tickets visit hamiltonmusical.com/London | <urn:uuid:0e167d9f-dcb8-4997-9930-6e6417372e45> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.premierchristianity.com/home/god-and-hamilton-the-spiritual-messages-behind-the-musical-everyones-talking-about/2420.article | 2024-02-22T18:28:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.966279 | 2,359 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
55,
1268,
606,
5041,
2914,
371,
16,
268,
9646,
17,
76,
389,
391,
5802,
2523,
1171,
16,
402,
7881,
1448,
30,
854,
1781,
3494,
466,
16,
528,
1008,
10567,
636,
261,
2694,
6902,
9410,
723,
7148,
1134,
362,
18,
553,
528,
3768,
953,
268,
271,
86,
466,
11844,
16,
6246,
516,
4001,
4501,
4606,
291,
712,
954,
280,
3531,
352,
261,
2107,
17,
10885,
291,
5120,
1171,
336,
337,
2842,
1204,
901,
18,
9617,
4376,
437,
384,
8171,
608,
268,
1171,
16,
919,
11539,
362,
352,
261,
943,
3934,
1432,
18,
203,
37,
837,
3115,
4564,
2792,
331,
268,
2323,
881,
291,
261,
2947,
935,
16,
402,
7881,
1448,
8016,
288,
5159,
288,
5101,
5030,
16,
6722,
384,
1284,
9947,
291,
6631,
7795,
500,
18,
203,
59,
2626,
1082,
456,
733,
7148,
3728,
360,
11830,
576,
7292,
35,
334,
2979,
402,
7881,
1448,
5155,
352,
261,
2332,
1196,
677,
541,
16,
4542,
11830,
261,
4113,
11458,
16,
4678,
1432,
18,
203,
1461,
1171,
316,
1585,
341,
268,
943,
289,
10951,
402,
7881,
1448,
421,
3929,
25,
27,
17,
3202,
20,
24,
13,
291,
268,
6689,
2616,
289,
268,
1568,
1781,
5902,
18,
915,
7655,
644,
288,
5758,
341,
268,
5426,
289,
2138,
6684,
288,
268,
4075,
1154,
423,
566,
5922,
292,
3280,
1523,
1875,
1982,
2232,
292,
6926,
6878,
288,
2792,
16,
853,
431,
8016,
995,
268,
3475,
289,
268,
1781,
7370,
18,
203,
8679,
268,
2033,
1520,
935,
16,
431,
9599,
363,
4288,
2586,
93,
1882,
292,
1255,
4605,
430,
268,
7807,
289,
1670,
2616,
18,
915,
8394,
268,
2383,
289,
6038,
5085,
291,
5389,
341,
615,
3889,
2309,
268,
1718,
18,
1869,
4229,
289,
268,
766,
277,
464,
5533,
1573,
268,
3247,
430,
3567,
9068,
10995,
1547,
261,
10186,
372,
87,
8546,
1003,
268,
1718,
18,
760,
268,
733,
1781,
1654,
3077,
3234,
16,
5085,
787,
1006,
402,
7881,
1448,
5051,
615,
7857,
263,
364,
352,
268,
6849,
556,
289,
7802,
301,
1366,
16,
3851,
1547,
261,
2070,
3249,
292,
3234,
268,
733,
3501,
18,
203,
2983,
615,
1845,
943,
16,
402,
7881,
1448,
3936,
1079,
6689,
9094,
652,
291,
1759,
10885,
4396,
18,
915,
7655,
427,
261,
2890,
16,
361,
902,
282,
4056,
427,
268,
11861,
9688,
292,
597,
289,
268,
710,
3184,
1473,
288,
268,
733,
3501,
18,
203,
44,
7881,
1448,
454,
261,
4297,
650,
4802,
1613,
81,
1950,
288,
615,
1568,
943,
291,
8705,
9696,
69,
2096,
89,
93,
2546,
16,
363,
10627,
4293,
427,
261,
4740,
93,
291,
7404,
1588,
18,
1163,
261,
6652,
2135,
16,
402,
7881,
1448,
850,
363,
1140,
1244,
16,
8040,
268,
4086,
488,
8693,
2541,
81,
726,
2232,
288,
1544,
292,
1288,
1547,
8342,
18,
553,
4529,
372,
88,
716,
16,
291,
2792,
372,
87,
855,
1654,
2935,
646,
481,
280,
2913,
292,
1464,
18,
203,
50,
376,
516,
289,
268,
432,
2009,
93,
336,
402,
7881,
1448,
3936,
454,
1817,
8645,
1074,
691,
18,
1869,
4945,
16,
5267,
517,
16,
454,
7538,
291,
5945,
288,
261,
295,
2394,
1175,
1753,
615,
4818,
372,
87,
3943,
455,
16,
3932,
288,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
8245,
5315,
261,
1993,
10669,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
4605,
4719,
430,
268,
1722,
289,
988,
27,
16,
525,
288,
261,
295,
2394,
360,
2589,
9007,
291,
7697,
720,
690,
4609,
330,
294,
266,
7231,
86,
18,
203,
44,
7881,
1448,
5155,
352,
261,
2332,
17,
1286,
677,
541,
203,
37,
2385,
5760,
402,
7881,
1448,
5382,
658,
881,
4932,
352,
261,
7693,
11911,
4768,
281,
11179,
16,
261,
10267,
3130,
82,
1623,
288,
1781,
1550,
18,
1163,
336,
4339,
1003,
268,
8448,
265,
291,
1152,
91,
8429,
7972,
17,
49,
282,
2394,
383,
338,
6645,
4568,
286,
644,
261,
6989,
289,
261,
1738,
4052,
289,
402,
7881,
1448,
288,
6867,
291,
454,
4248,
7668,
292,
2477,
456,
3607,
4382,
292,
943,
341,
268,
3282,
18,
203,
49,
311,
546,
289,
3526,
7981,
514,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
11457,
331,
261,
391,
5802,
2523,
7148,
292,
1226,
9646,
17,
76,
389,
288,
268,
898,
336,
402,
7881,
1448,
1082,
18,
596,
387,
4617,
4852,
39,
6393,
16,
650,
742,
17,
6843,
2723,
402,
7881,
1448,
16,
6579,
362,
352,
538,
1381,
2403,
289,
4971,
564,
16,
268,
2162,
322,
583,
289,
1175,
3275,
4290,
10696,
362,
316,
268,
3385,
2451,
267,
331,
261,
7148,
608,
268,
1781,
7370,
291,
268,
943,
289,
402,
7881,
1448,
18,
203,
1461,
308,
3148,
1067,
291,
2403,
356,
7195,
2451,
4154,
18,
538,
7556,
437,
688,
2505,
667,
308,
3148,
1030,
7604,
456,
1171,
316,
427,
261,
384,
429,
4785,
1272,
319,
1652,
274,
2156,
7392,
458,
539,
266,
1256,
3301,
18,
365,
8896,
8317,
381,
360,
11830,
917,
1003,
268,
1065,
572,
3044,
274,
18,
365,
3388,
7481,
2457,
268,
855,
391,
5802,
2523,
6408,
366,
70,
408,
292,
1943,
1289,
597,
341,
268,
434,
429,
996,
70,
408,
7612,
18,
553,
454,
525,
11205,
1321,
38,
443,
3494,
466,
365,
271,
267,
996,
70,
408,
372,
430,
268,
5066,
2409,
1724,
483,
18,
203,
44,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
2247,
543,
1102,
601,
7822,
798,
360,
261,
1289,
289,
851,
1234,
1659,
289,
662,
669,
16,
1118,
5201,
291,
4146,
7962,
16,
6227,
318,
291,
4674,
18,
3454,
291,
10673,
6928,
10366,
1152,
268,
5535,
289,
268,
4768,
281,
418,
7427,
16,
261,
273,
3261,
2802,
336,
6805,
5195,
6680,
644,
5084,
1190,
352,
3444,
352,
268,
7148,
5398,
18,
203,
37,
837,
6124,
402,
7881,
1448,
512,
687,
2063,
1708,
16,
268,
3241,
550,
10917,
545,
480,
372,
40,
7982,
467,
4168,
362,
352,
538,
69,
3849,
1432,
16,
261,
4678,
1108,
504,
281,
2865,
44,
7881,
1448,
316,
4014,
336,
334,
648,
331,
1290,
8570,
18,
553,
316,
3226,
292,
479,
31,
362,
7661,
730,
2118,
292,
4948,
3362,
334,
437,
292,
3419,
18,
203,
1461,
3018,
334,
3981,
268,
1171,
288,
1525,
3567,
334,
986,
10334,
8707,
325,
7582,
636,
268,
3550,
289,
2008,
18,
540,
7148,
568,
3330,
360,
9269,
289,
817,
7981,
514,
796,
853,
261,
3184,
7192,
3606,
341,
3282,
16,
291,
268,
4828,
288,
268,
268,
271,
267,
1703,
18,
365,
5195,
1664,
4049,
7661,
261,
2146,
16,
261,
7614,
16,
261,
3550,
796,
4810,
919,
268,
3550,
289,
2008,
18,
203,
40,
73,
559,
325,
4678,
8129,
2651,
324,
381,
268,
7148,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
2247,
5118,
360,
363,
3241,
289,
10224,
18,
365,
1433,
4320,
288,
268,
11861,
9688,
947,
3343,
1888,
1547,
2232,
292,
2868,
292,
2792,
291,
886,
615,
1637,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
1876,
269,
762,
608,
456,
1432,
16,
11391,
341,
667,
456,
10224,
4339,
268,
4210,
289,
615,
943,
18,
3899,
1107,
336,
402,
7881,
1448,
2457,
16,
953,
3249,
5025,
286,
292,
1547,
288,
2792,
16,
454,
1146,
1522,
419,
456,
947,
499,
9349,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
2825,
615,
943,
341,
268,
4762,
289,
10224,
18,
1021,
316,
2915,
289,
402,
7881,
1448,
316,
2915,
289,
516,
289,
407,
18,
5145,
830,
723,
289,
407,
327,
1298,
268,
10224,
289,
2008,
35,
365,
4762,
289,
1011,
289,
662,
2136,
316,
2825,
5757,
325,
341,
2008,
372,
87,
10224,
3773,
18,
203,
1461,
1901,
3241,
7739,
597,
289,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
6188,
1845,
11587,
796,
615,
1140,
1244,
360,
2406,
563,
942,
2121,
5013,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
6866,
16,
9696,
69,
16,
454,
5486,
325,
8607,
488,
18,
450,
363,
3241,
336,
6351,
954,
9839,
291,
8733,
16,
1353,
11224,
268,
6077,
336,
1353,
850,
3245,
292,
10951,
658,
268,
935,
18,
365,
6077,
1204,
437,
712,
597,
289,
10951,
372,
87,
710,
1442,
301,
4581,
1148,
5109,
16,
291,
456,
3241,
9518,
268,
6611,
966,
289,
327,
322,
350,
280,
336,
9696,
69,
5714,
18,
203,
11207,
352,
268,
2247,
7477,
341,
16,
268,
402,
7881,
6047,
6104,
2644,
292,
7819,
444,
7024,
18,
900,
1454,
644,
9068,
636,
261,
733,
2189,
336,
402,
7881,
1448,
10826,
331,
615,
1588,
18,
450,
597,
289,
268,
710,
3184,
8896,
288,
268,
2414,
7148,
16,
1321,
4077,
372,
87,
8342,
644,
9068,
6335,
402,
7881,
1448,
269,
762,
292,
615,
6866,
16,
3098,
2974,
954,
292,
1888,
1547,
1515,
3961,
18,
203,
59,
781,
411,
362,
454,
1718,
2130,
6077,
1020,
341,
6038,
5085,
372,
87,
3889,
16,
1654,
291,
2153,
7540,
1020,
6914,
352,
2792,
372,
87,
855,
6849,
556,
289,
7802,
301,
1366,
16,
361,
2680,
6077,
292,
615,
6866,
9696,
69,
16,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
943,
316,
6447,
419,
261,
4305,
1944,
289,
2445,
18,
203,
40,
714,
615,
6429,
935,
16,
402,
7881,
1448,
4802,
1320,
1613,
81,
1950,
16,
1118,
1321,
1461,
8570,
352,
71,
1753,
636,
725,
846,
372,
30,
203,
44,
844,
5,
402,
844,
5,
330,
4922,
427,
326,
799,
265,
6476,
16,
383,
1983,
3274,
334,
4055,
1290,
11513,
77,
455,
793,
93,
16,
351,
436,
8575,
3358,
1631,
2014,
16,
351,
436,
292,
264,
93,
5261,
1298,
9396,
31,
906,
268,
73,
268,
319,
692,
289,
725,
846,
543,
8569,
372,
72,
321,
93,
3453,
9861,
73,
292,
6154,
18,
203,
45,
1631,
272,
76,
5261,
5,
334,
293,
1252,
16,
334,
6592,
16,
1245,
3306,
9509,
334,
1108,
1284,
268,
6476,
31,
908,
1963,
355,
628,
264,
475,
3299,
291,
4282,
1290,
6193,
31,
906,
272,
76,
5,
334,
917,
292,
3277,
336,
4733,
16,
5145,
516,
273,
5176,
5164,
7689,
1973,
416,
3739,
9636,
2329,
292,
444,
4088,
18,
203,
51,
458,
4335,
289,
2008,
5,
321,
86,
690,
785,
313,
702,
5261,
3014,
16,
1315,
334,
1350,
667,
2915,
264,
93,
2594,
31,
3526,
80,
488,
292,
456,
5474,
1349,
16,
540,
8871,
286,
3548,
289,
264,
93,
2425,
31,
3491,
8570,
4035,
516,
264,
93,
2845,
6926,
450,
8896,
289,
432,
1231,
902,
1298,
1199,
18,
203,
5190,
402,
7881,
1448,
269,
762,
292,
9696,
69,
16,
954,
1073,
1719,
316,
1356,
3302,
291,
10450,
18,
2623,
949,
263,
1957,
649,
431,
8849,
628,
292,
3727,
954,
18,
1163,
352,
268,
4972,
4027,
16,
9696,
69,
576,
74,
1642,
18,
4943,
16,
1353,
2844,
954,
8693,
372,
87,
1129,
291,
269,
762,
360,
1547,
1221,
18,
2623,
528,
986,
362,
288,
954,
1759,
292,
7693,
464,
18,
365,
2414,
392,
9575,
16,
288,
261,
8710,
17,
542,
1667,
3841,
289,
817,
7981,
514,
331,
3244,
288,
268,
268,
271,
267,
16,
269,
762,
628,
16,
538,
42,
3206,
9237,
16,
375,
337,
7806,
5643,
203,
4326,
3841,
4027,
292,
8935,
291,
3659,
479,
1853,
18,
3716,
334,
1529,
7693,
9237,
292,
1014,
650,
9839,
479,
35,
1097,
334,
1350,
327,
322,
6224,
16,
565,
334,
3325,
261,
785,
1327,
369,
16,
3772,
304,
592,
369,
361,
6483,
557,
1290,
1070,
2806,
35,
1778,
565,
334,
1059,
9696,
69,
372,
87,
1214,
292,
8317,
381,
7292,
16,
7100,
2008,
292,
2948,
1290,
943,
291,
912,
479,
636,
261,
943,
289,
7693,
9237,
35,
203,
1461,
3657,
7192,
289,
402,
7881,
1448,
2767,
597,
289,
268,
710,
3931,
9269,
289,
268,
1815,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
528,
712,
7538,
291,
5945,
288,
615,
295,
2394,
360,
330,
294,
266,
7231,
86,
18,
9696,
69,
16,
8607,
488,
291,
1759,
70,
299,
1651,
16,
1204,
4382,
628,
667,
292,
2180,
268,
3061,
289,
954,
943,
1298,
954,
1004,
9695,
8693,
18,
2122,
261,
3243,
289,
6611,
291,
9504,
785,
1711,
16,
1353,
9330,
261,
1117,
427,
2008,
292,
3577,
363,
361,
902,
282,
495,
288,
1525,
3567,
4497,
18,
203,
37,
2385,
5760,
850,
712,
363,
361,
902,
282,
1812,
268,
1722,
289,
1939,
592,
18,
1869,
4818,
850,
11451,
444,
1588,
291,
615,
3974,
4719,
649,
431,
454,
2129,
18,
402,
7881,
1448,
372,
87,
361,
902,
282,
3985,
1850,
325,
454,
597,
289,
615,
6188,
2419,
289,
1293,
291,
269,
10719,
18,
553,
454,
261,
1293,
336,
723,
4111,
281,
440,
1386,
830,
437,
4244,
291,
4607,
360,
444,
5640,
18,
203,
45,
986,
10334,
8707,
325,
7582,
636,
268,
3550,
289,
2008,
203,
11207,
9696,
69,
2844,
336,
6188,
2088,
289,
6246,
822,
427,
10951,
372,
87,
943,
16,
291,
1892,
362,
4532,
18,
2623,
3581,
11031,
292,
268,
2745,
281,
291,
9504,
716,
289,
456,
361,
902,
282,
495,
16,
291,
288,
268
] |
Using a drill may make your task much easier and more efficient. Power tools may assist you in making accurate cuts and drilling to meet your vision in a location.
However, there are situations when employing these strong instruments will result in an accident. There are various safeguards to take, although it does happen from time to time. That is why it is critical to take every precaution to avoid any harm that it may give you.
What you Should Do if you Damage your Hand when Drilling
🟢 First Step
Apply direct pressure to the wound until the bleeding stops.
🟢 Second Step
Remove any jewelry that might hinder blood flow or compress nerves if edema occurs later.
🟢 Third Step
Warm water and soap should be used to clean the area.
🟢 Fourth Step
Put antibiotic ointment and a sterile bandage on the wound.
🟢 Fifth Step
To minimize swelling, use ice and elevate the hand.
🟢 Sixth Step
If a finger or part of a finger has been severed, gather all pieces and tissue and place them in an ice-filled plastic bag for transfer to the hospital.
🟢 Seventh Step
If you have a deep cut, see a doctor right away. It is critical to schedule a follow-up consultation with a specialist.
Precautions to Take When Operating Your Power Drill
A power drill is a useful instrument that preserves a lot of time and work. It is made up of a number of drill bits that may be used interchangeably.
Power drills are electric tools that can be corded or cordless. On materials such as wood and metal, you may use this powerful tool to drill holes or in place of a screwdriver. Since this is a strong instrument, you must exercise extreme caution when using and storing it.
👍🏻 Wear Gloves
Power drills produce severe vibrations, especially when using high torque. Due to the sheer collision and friction, they can also have high temperatures.
Wear dense gloves at all times to ensure safe tool handling. This is also handy for avoiding contact with a hot surface while changing drill bits or loosening the chuck.
👍🏻 Wear Safety Goggles
Tiny materials from the target surface may fly out into the surrounding area while using a power drill.
If such a particle gets into your eye, it may be difficult to remove, causing pain and suffering. Wearing strong safety goggles that protect your eyes is the best way to safeguard yourself.
👍🏻 Wear Protective Clothing
Wear a heavy jacket to shield yourself when using a power drill. Long garments that might become entangled in the work surface should be avoided. Avoid wearing jewelry and keep long hair pulled back and out of the way.
👍🏻 Before Changing Drill Bits, Turn off the Drill
Turn off the power and unhook the power cable after each drilling process. Never replace drill bits while the power source is still plugged in.
You might be badly wounded if you unintentionally push the power button. Also, remember to activate the security lock when the drill is not in use. This feature is included in the majority of power drills.
👍🏻 Check that the Chuck is Tight
The chick acts as a restraining device, keeping the drill in position. A power drill’s chuck can be keyed or keyless. A keyed chuck requires a specific key to spin it and tighten it, whereas a keyless chuck may be tightened by hand.
After finishing a drilling work, disconnect the drill, ease the chuck, and remove the drill bit before inserting a fresh drill bit or tip.
A sloppy chuck is dangerous because it does not keep the drill bit in place. If a drill bit comes undone and bolts off in the middle of an operation, it can endanger anyone around.
👍🏻 Use the Proper Drill Bit
Relying on the work and the material, use the appropriate drill bit. Using the incorrect bit will result in a poor job that will necessitate the application of considerable force. It may potentially cause harm to the power drill over time.
👍🏻 Avoid Clogging
When drilling into metal, drill bits might become clogged with wood dust or bind. To avoid this, withdraw the drill when you detect an obstruction and clean it before continuing. If your power drill has reverse torque, it might make the removal procedure easier.
Setting up the Drill Correctly
To keep yourself safe, it is critical that you understand how to properly set the drill.
✔️ Fill up the Battery Pack
The power drill’s replaceable battery pack is positioned at the bottom. The battery or charging station should feature an LED indicator that indicates whether the battery is completely charged or low on power.
Before using the drill, ensure that the battery is completely charged. If you’re operating a corded drill, you’ll need to keep the cable plugged into the wall the entire time you’re using it. This restricts your field of motion.
✔️ Examine the Control
Look along the edges of the drill body, near the trigger, for a little button that allows you to switch the direction of the spinning bit between “forward” and “reverse.”
The button will be about 1/4 inch long, with a directional arrow form printed next to it. When the button is not pushed, the drill rotates clockwise. The drill will revolve counterclockwise if you click the button.
✔️ Set the Drill to the Appropriate Pace
A switch that controls the drill’s speed should be located on the top or side of the main drill body. Drive screws and do other low-torque operations using the low-speed setting, and drill with the higher-speed setting.
Most drills feature two speeds, which are marked with a “1” and “2” next to the appropriate settings. Some exercises may have three different speeds. When the chuck is not rotating, only change the drill’s speed. Otherwise, you risk damaging the drill’s internal workings.
✔️ Choose the Right Mode
To drive screws, set the drill to high torque and low speed. Note whether the screw you’ll be driving has a standard or Phillips head, then insert the correct drill bit into the chuck’s head.
Then, align the screw with the desired location and slowly push it in with the power drill. To prevent the possibility of the screw falling off the driver’s head, screwdriver heads are frequently magnetic.
✔️ Adjust the Clutch
A ring marked 1–10 or 1–20 can be found where the drill body completes the base of the chuck. You may adjust this clutch to change the torque of the drill depending on whether you’re working on a project that demands high or low torque.
Torque is the piece of twisting force or power applied by the drill. A higher torque causes the drill to spin at a slower pace.
Start your drill at the slowest speed possible and drill until the screw no longer goes in. Then, gradually increase the torque until the screw is firmly embedded in the wall.
How to Operate a Power Drill Correctly
A power drill is a handy instrument that most homeowners or do-it-yourself builders may need to employ for a variety of activities. To avoid future accidents, it is critical to know how to use it correctly.
➖ Apply Consistent Pressure
Position your hands such that your dominant hand grips the drill’s handle and your other hand is on the drill’s base or around its body.
When drilling a hole in any material, be sure the bit is perpendicular to the surface you plan to drill through. Squeeze the trigger slowly and softly, allowing the drill bit to settle into the substance you’re drilling.
➖ Limit the Hole’s Depth
In certain circumstances, you may not need to drill as far as the bit allows. Utilize the reverse button to assist you to bring the drill back out of the material you’re working into if you want to restrict the depth of the hole.
When you’ve drilled deep adequately, reverse the drill and rotate the bit backward to assist you to remove the bit. If you are only required to drill to a certain deepness, wrap a strip of electrical tape around the bit. The tape will save you from drilling too deeply by accident.
➖ Make a Pilot Hole for Screws
If you’re working with viscous wood or another material that’s too dense to drive a screw straight through, you’ll need to drill a pilot hole. Drill the pilot hole using a drill bit that is slightly smaller in size than the screw, so the screw does not come free in the hole.
Hold the drill bit in front of the screw to determine the right drill bit size. The drill bit should cover the screw’s body, but the threading should be seeable over and below the drill bit.
➖ Drill a Pilot Hole to Make Large Holes
Make a pilot hole using one of the smallest drill bits. Drill down to the depth of the finished hole.
Then, insert the bigger drill bit’s tip into the pilot hole and use it as a guide. If you drill a big hole in hardwood without first drilling a pilot hole, you risk splitting it in half.
Changing the Bit the Right Way
🔩 Loosen the Chuck’s Tip
The chuck’s tip is designed to snugly fit around the shank or base of any drill or screwdriver bit you insert. You’ll need to loosen the chuck to remove one piece and insert another.
Hold the front of the chuck firmly and spin it counterclockwise. The three prongs that hold the bit in position release and rescind into the chuck.
🔩 Choose the Bit or Tool that you Wish to Use
Most power drills come with a basic set of drill bits, but depending on the work at hand, many additional varieties may be purchased at your local hardware shop.
🔩 Install the Bit and Tighten the Chuck’s Tip
After you’ve decided on the bit for your project, the shank of the bit is approximately 34 of an inch into the tip of the chuck.
After that, tighten the chuck. Tighten until the three metal prongs appear from the chuck and are securely fastened around the shank.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is the best way to treat a hand injury?
A: If you have an acute hand injury, you should rest your hand for 24 to 48 hours. To minimize inflammation, apply cold packs for 15-20 minutes at a time every few hours.
Q: How long does it take to recover from hand trauma?
A: If your injury is minor, you might be back to normal in a matter of weeks. If you have a more serious injury that necessitates a cast or surgery, you will most likely require physical therapy.
Q: What is the drilling operation’s safety procedure?
A: Keep your hands and fingers away from moving parts. Hands should not be used to obstruct or cover the motor ventilation holes. Allow the drill to attain operating speed before progressively applying weight.
Q: What are the risks associated with using a drill?
A: The ubiquitous usage of portable power drills nowadays involves the danger of electric shock, puncture wounds, cuts, burns from hot drill bits, and eye damage.
Q: What protective equipment should be used during drilling?
A: When using a drill, the only piece of equipment that is essential is a pair of high-quality, shatter-proof goggles with side shields. Metal shards or debris discharged from beneath the drill have been reported to cause eye injuries.
If the wounded individual has not received a tetanus shot in the last five years and the wound is deep or unclean, your doctor may advise a booster. The booster shot should be administered within 48 hours following the injury.
To avoid injuries, it is critical that you understand how to use a drill before utilizing it. Even a minor error in putting the bits might cause significant damage. That is why it is critical that you understand the fundamentals of using a power drill. This can have a significant influence on the safe operation of the power drill. | <urn:uuid:1ef5a794-9771-4c86-a2a9-d0d01d3db534> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.rotary-tools.com/what-to-do-if-you-drill-your-hand/ | 2024-02-22T17:01:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.924207 | 2,582 | 2.90625 | 3 | [
57,
87,
281,
261,
704,
399,
602,
804,
424,
3718,
1111,
3402,
291,
512,
2632,
18,
5012,
2133,
602,
3690,
337,
288,
1355,
3879,
9520,
291,
704,
3287,
292,
2148,
424,
3548,
288,
261,
3336,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
686,
356,
3887,
649,
1798,
281,
629,
1806,
6009,
513,
1636,
288,
363,
7139,
18,
994,
356,
1320,
1995,
2531,
1519,
292,
1071,
16,
3781,
362,
1082,
4106,
427,
669,
292,
669,
18,
2015,
316,
1768,
362,
316,
2421,
292,
1071,
953,
2326,
69,
1068,
292,
1833,
723,
2150,
336,
362,
602,
1888,
337,
18,
203,
4688,
337,
7637,
2094,
717,
337,
9446,
495,
424,
8105,
649,
1698,
3287,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
3029,
5651,
203,
37,
398,
325,
1938,
1987,
292,
268,
7717,
2035,
268,
8094,
11094,
18,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
5056,
5651,
203,
54,
539,
1057,
723,
10910,
1080,
336,
1276,
296,
4966,
1364,
1617,
361,
9827,
9857,
717,
937,
7701,
3606,
2135,
18,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
10414,
5651,
203,
59,
930,
770,
291,
10670,
788,
327,
724,
292,
1886,
268,
1494,
18,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
8266,
262,
5651,
203,
52,
371,
11243,
272,
3478,
367,
291,
261,
5432,
621,
5946,
495,
341,
268,
7717,
18,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
418,
373,
262,
5651,
203,
10702,
5809,
7775,
16,
666,
4036,
291,
5210,
381,
268,
1129,
18,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
11696,
262,
5651,
203,
6164,
261,
7274,
361,
923,
289,
261,
7274,
528,
712,
1157,
286,
16,
4201,
516,
4648,
291,
3923,
291,
1349,
622,
288,
363,
4036,
17,
74,
2579,
3411,
5331,
331,
3807,
292,
268,
5095,
18,
203,
10268,
258,
100,
2245,
592,
262,
5651,
203,
6164,
337,
437,
261,
2295,
2333,
16,
901,
261,
3040,
1328,
2014,
18,
553,
316,
2421,
292,
5806,
261,
1089,
17,
987,
10532,
360,
261,
8078,
18,
203,
52,
3356,
9104,
292,
4786,
1097,
7788,
673,
2073,
5012,
1698,
399,
203,
37,
1056,
704,
399,
316,
261,
3209,
5039,
336,
5349,
274,
261,
1774,
289,
669,
291,
716,
18,
553,
316,
1146,
644,
289,
261,
1289,
289,
704,
399,
285,
764,
336,
602,
327,
724,
630,
9373,
2090,
18,
203,
52,
746,
704,
1240,
356,
2297,
2133,
336,
375,
327,
8548,
286,
361,
8548,
1465,
18,
1245,
1811,
659,
352,
2782,
291,
3691,
16,
337,
602,
666,
456,
3184,
1438,
292,
704,
399,
7157,
361,
288,
1349,
289,
261,
10781,
72,
6312,
18,
3296,
456,
316,
261,
1806,
5039,
16,
337,
1204,
2671,
4657,
10507,
649,
1001,
291,
10992,
362,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
388,
521,
3199,
8596,
203,
52,
746,
704,
1240,
2346,
3103,
4969,
500,
16,
1803,
649,
1001,
695,
4862,
3610,
18,
6642,
292,
268,
1353,
265,
2042,
1446,
291,
11899,
16,
502,
375,
525,
437,
695,
3798,
18,
203,
59,
521,
9525,
11874,
430,
516,
1708,
292,
1530,
1995,
1438,
6439,
18,
540,
316,
525,
1129,
93,
331,
7042,
2624,
360,
261,
3075,
2248,
1020,
3934,
704,
399,
285,
764,
361,
2709,
335,
1981,
268,
392,
2993,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
388,
521,
6225,
461,
446,
75,
736,
203,
56,
8273,
1811,
427,
268,
2886,
2248,
602,
6592,
628,
636,
268,
4539,
1494,
1020,
1001,
261,
1056,
704,
399,
18,
203,
6164,
659,
261,
10437,
4354,
636,
424,
2592,
16,
362,
602,
327,
2203,
292,
3556,
16,
3736,
1293,
291,
5315,
18,
388,
8199,
1806,
2030,
319,
446,
75,
736,
336,
2000,
424,
3229,
316,
268,
1274,
898,
292,
8087,
2757,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
388,
521,
5099,
1216,
1559,
9844,
203,
59,
521,
261,
4112,
577,
583,
364,
292,
11980,
2757,
649,
1001,
261,
1056,
704,
399,
18,
5801,
4761,
652,
336,
1276,
1343,
1543,
620,
1041,
288,
268,
716,
2248,
788,
327,
10208,
18,
5276,
7548,
10910,
1080,
291,
1288,
917,
3474,
4491,
1041,
1103,
291,
628,
289,
268,
898,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
4386,
654,
4099,
1698,
399,
391,
764,
16,
10616,
1070,
268,
1698,
399,
203,
56,
1002,
1070,
268,
1056,
291,
543,
76,
838,
268,
1056,
8803,
1003,
1011,
704,
3287,
833,
18,
7087,
3987,
704,
399,
285,
764,
1020,
268,
1056,
2088,
316,
1356,
9678,
2292,
288,
18,
203,
7556,
1276,
327,
3276,
325,
7717,
286,
717,
337,
11002,
1926,
523,
4017,
268,
1056,
7787,
18,
3337,
16,
3283,
292,
1088,
381,
268,
2141,
7679,
649,
268,
704,
399,
316,
462,
288,
666,
18,
540,
3810,
316,
3380,
288,
268,
4176,
289,
1056,
704,
1240,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
5146,
336,
268,
654,
2993,
316,
307,
486,
203,
1461,
5476,
5676,
352,
261,
474,
322,
1441,
3123,
16,
4172,
268,
704,
399,
288,
2669,
18,
330,
1056,
704,
399,
372,
87,
392,
2993,
375,
327,
1558,
286,
361,
1558,
1465,
18,
330,
1558,
286,
392,
2993,
2559,
261,
1430,
1558,
292,
7190,
362,
291,
1377,
472,
506,
362,
16,
6792,
261,
1558,
1465,
392,
2993,
602,
327,
1377,
472,
506,
286,
419,
1129,
18,
203,
37,
837,
951,
2793,
261,
704,
3287,
716,
16,
896,
7982,
493,
268,
704,
399,
16,
6545,
268,
392,
2993,
16,
291,
3556,
268,
704,
399,
3263,
1134,
685,
265,
542,
261,
3525,
704,
399,
3263,
361,
8527,
18,
203,
37,
1580,
389,
84,
93,
392,
2993,
316,
4233,
971,
362,
1082,
462,
1288,
268,
704,
399,
3263,
288,
1349,
18,
829,
261,
704,
399,
3263,
1974,
641,
590,
291,
285,
320,
340,
1070,
288,
268,
4067,
289,
363,
4531,
16,
362,
375,
1199,
8518,
4421,
1149,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
2932,
268,
6268,
1698,
399,
6369,
203,
54,
601,
281,
341,
268,
716,
291,
268,
1193,
16,
666,
268,
2922,
704,
399,
3263,
18,
3737,
268,
10813,
3263,
513,
1636,
288,
261,
2890,
3065,
336,
513,
1639,
8872,
268,
2889,
289,
8411,
3160,
18,
553,
602,
4113,
1342,
2150,
292,
268,
1056,
704,
399,
658,
669,
18,
203,
10268,
244,
240,
10268,
242,
124,
5276,
1559,
446,
1893,
203,
7508,
704,
3287,
636,
3691,
16,
704,
399,
285,
764,
1276,
1343,
551,
446,
2292,
360,
2782,
5993,
361,
11041,
18,
1122,
1833,
456,
16,
7763,
268,
704,
399,
649,
337,
4375,
363,
1823,
1948,
291,
1886,
362,
1134,
9304,
18,
829,
424,
1056,
704,
399,
528,
8387,
4862,
3610,
16,
362,
1276,
804,
268,
6424,
4445,
3402,
18,
203,
55,
364,
542,
644,
268,
1698,
399,
4286,
8305,
325,
203,
10702,
1288,
2757,
1995,
16,
362,
316,
2421,
336,
337,
992,
667,
292,
3624,
1075,
268,
704,
399,
18,
203,
163,
255,
247,
176,
121,
242,
418,
399,
644,
268,
391,
1397,
93,
382,
583,
203,
1461,
1056,
704,
399,
372,
87,
3987,
541,
3905,
3170,
316,
2669,
286,
430,
268,
4689,
18,
365,
3905,
361,
8337,
5867,
788,
3810,
363,
7657,
10904,
336,
6271,
2026,
268,
3905,
316,
3686,
8788,
361,
1488,
341,
1056,
18,
203,
10746,
852,
1001,
268,
704,
399,
16,
1530,
336,
268,
3905,
316,
3686,
8788,
18,
829,
337,
372,
267,
4579,
261,
8548,
286,
704,
399,
16,
337,
372,
660,
648,
292,
1288,
268,
8803,
9678,
2292,
636,
268,
3132,
268,
2414,
669,
337,
372,
267,
1001,
362,
18,
540,
4038,
340,
424,
2092,
289,
5247,
18,
203,
163,
255,
247,
176,
121,
242,
4483,
475,
268,
5372,
203,
48,
838,
1910,
268,
9914,
289,
268,
704,
399,
1073,
16,
1834,
268,
5048,
16,
331,
261,
1936,
7787,
336,
2089,
337,
292,
4956,
268,
4210,
289,
268,
7190,
668,
3263,
858,
538,
9685,
537,
291,
538,
267,
4929,
1053,
203,
1461,
7787,
513,
327,
608,
433,
19,
24,
10340,
917,
16,
360,
261,
4210,
280,
598,
694,
926,
8274,
2033,
292,
362,
18,
1097,
268,
7787,
316,
462,
11449,
16,
268,
704,
399,
4171,
692,
9011,
3644,
18,
365,
704,
399,
513,
10619,
317,
4459,
1215,
1362,
3644,
717,
337,
5329,
268,
7787,
18,
203,
163,
255,
247,
176,
121,
242,
5662,
268,
1698,
399,
292,
268,
2537,
9923,
382,
570,
203,
37,
4956,
336,
6693,
268,
704,
399,
372,
87,
2999,
788,
327,
3586,
341,
268,
1479,
361,
2031,
289,
268,
939,
704,
399,
1073,
18,
1698,
464,
10781,
87,
291,
565,
586,
1488,
17,
441,
3610,
3670,
1001,
268,
1488,
17,
2685,
2621,
2652,
16,
291,
704,
399,
360,
268,
1797,
17,
2685,
2621,
2652,
18,
203,
49,
511,
704,
1240,
3810,
881,
8813,
16,
518,
356,
6447,
360,
261,
538,
21,
537,
291,
538,
22,
537,
2033,
292,
268,
2922,
4894,
18,
1399,
4941,
602,
437,
1391,
865,
8813,
18,
1097,
268,
392,
2993,
316,
462,
4171,
673,
16,
794,
1317,
268,
704,
399,
372,
87,
2999,
18,
3117,
3644,
16,
337,
1238,
10177,
268,
704,
399,
372,
87,
4180,
1795,
87,
18,
203,
163,
255,
247,
176,
121,
242,
7853,
268,
7817,
383,
1899,
203,
10702,
4048,
10781,
87,
16,
1075,
268,
704,
399,
292,
695,
4862,
3610,
291,
1488,
2999,
18,
6754,
2026,
268,
10781,
337,
372,
660,
327,
4462,
528,
261,
2786,
361,
1629,
399,
2444,
1747,
16,
1023,
685,
3289,
268,
3045,
704,
399,
3263,
636,
268,
392,
2993,
372,
87,
1747,
18,
203,
2422,
270,
16,
4394,
268,
10781,
360,
268,
5554,
3336,
291,
6104,
4017,
362,
288,
360,
268,
1056,
704,
399,
18,
1122,
1463,
268,
6145,
289,
268,
10781,
7883,
1070,
268,
7226,
372,
87,
1747,
16,
10781,
72,
6312,
8542,
356,
3983,
6561,
18,
203,
163,
255,
247,
176,
121,
242,
1167,
9279,
268,
1559,
7576,
203,
37,
7559,
6447,
433,
2453,
2316,
361,
433,
2453,
1388,
375,
327,
986,
853,
268,
704,
399,
1073,
1034,
3350,
268,
3486,
289,
268,
392,
2993,
18,
990,
602,
3886,
456,
551,
7576,
292,
1317,
268,
4862,
3610,
289,
268,
704,
399,
3509,
341,
2026,
337,
372,
267,
1795,
341,
261,
1707,
336,
6395,
695,
361,
1488,
4862,
3610,
18,
203,
56,
283,
3610,
316,
268,
4032,
289,
808,
2529,
3160,
361,
1056,
3848,
419,
268,
704,
399,
18,
330,
1797,
4862,
3610,
2384,
268,
704,
399,
292,
7190,
430,
261,
11661,
8280,
18,
203,
11644,
531,
424,
704,
399,
430,
268,
2634,
443,
2999,
1522,
291,
704,
399,
2035,
268,
10781,
688,
2473,
3677,
288,
18,
3574,
16,
6256,
1643,
268,
4862,
3610,
2035,
268,
10781,
316,
5464,
325,
9993,
288,
268,
3132,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
7788,
381,
261,
5012,
1698,
399,
4286,
8305,
325,
203,
37,
1056,
704,
399,
316,
261,
1129,
93,
5039,
336,
710,
1311,
8918,
361,
565,
17,
297,
17,
93,
1913,
884,
2115,
332,
602,
648,
292,
1798,
331,
261,
2233,
289,
1740,
18,
1122,
1833,
1571,
7466,
16,
362,
316,
2421,
292,
698,
667,
292,
666,
362,
6248,
18,
203,
163,
257,
249,
2537,
325,
1895,
6153,
5625,
469,
203,
52,
3511,
424,
3237,
659,
336,
424,
9128,
1129,
785,
2444,
268,
704,
399,
372,
87,
4739,
291,
424,
586,
1129,
316,
341,
268,
704,
399,
372,
87,
3486,
361,
1149,
606,
1073,
18,
203,
7508,
704,
3287,
261,
7016,
288,
723,
1193,
16,
327,
1850,
268,
3263,
316,
574,
84,
593,
300,
705,
292,
268,
2248,
337,
1200,
292,
704,
399,
734,
18,
10536,
1512,
2879,
268,
5048,
6104,
291,
4775,
325,
16,
3240,
268,
704,
399,
3263,
292,
5838,
636,
268,
5148,
337,
372,
267,
704,
3287,
18,
203,
163,
257,
249,
6742,
297,
268,
402,
2748,
372,
87,
2673,
262,
203,
2983,
1575,
5523,
16,
337,
602,
462,
648,
292,
704,
399,
352,
1904,
352,
268,
3263,
2089,
18,
11739,
918,
268,
8387,
7787,
292,
3690,
337,
292,
2477,
268,
704,
399,
1103,
628,
289,
268,
1193,
337,
372,
267,
1795,
636,
717,
337,
1333,
292,
4038,
88,
268,
4893,
289,
268,
7016,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
372,
317,
704,
2579,
2295,
4959,
1300,
16,
8387,
268,
704,
399,
291,
4171,
381,
268,
3263,
1103,
1032,
292,
3690,
337,
292,
3556,
268,
3263,
18,
829,
337,
356,
794,
2207,
292,
704,
399,
292,
261,
1575,
2295,
822,
16,
2111,
429,
261,
9853,
289,
3924,
11001,
1149,
268,
3263,
18,
365,
11001,
513,
3831,
337,
427,
704,
3287,
1232,
7292,
419,
7139,
18,
203,
163,
257,
249,
4007,
261,
382,
309,
376,
402,
2748,
331,
1449,
4390,
87,
203,
6164,
337,
372,
267,
1795,
360,
1094,
71,
499,
2782,
361,
1515,
1193,
336,
372,
87,
1232,
9525,
292,
4048,
261,
10781,
4723,
734,
16,
337,
372,
660,
648,
292,
704,
399
] |
For many years now, Maarten Loonen has seen first-hand how the climate has changed on Spitsbergen. He can talk for hours about geese, reindeer, glaciers and the immeasurable, still undiscovered nature on the Norwegian island. His main concern, though, is the ticking of the climate clock.
Text: Eelco Salverda, Communication UG
His room looks like a private museum. Two boots sporting a sticker: ‘transport, M. Loonen’, three papier maché Arctic terns on the ceiling, piles of egg boxes filled with teabags, a home-made penguin on two large freezers. Two freezers? Loonen opens them: three dead geese wrapped in plastic, blood samples for immune system research. ‘Yes, I keep everything here that we’ve ever collected. A proper storage system would be nice,’ he says, laughing apologetically.
The teabags are part of a worldwide study into the decomposition of plant material. They’ve spent a year in the Spitsbergen earth. Maarten Loonen has been visiting the Ny Ålesund research village in Spitsbergen for thirty years now, researching various subjects, including geese. He remembers what struck him most on his first visit. ‘The mind-blowing wilderness. The fjord near the village – the mouth of six glaciers. A nature that is beyond our knowledge. Did you know that the polar bear is the only animal apart from the tiger that regards humans as prey? They can creep up on you silently without you noticing. Or it seems as though they’re interested in something else, and then, when they’re close enough, they’ll suddenly charge at you. If that happens, you don’t stand a chance.’ As an ecologist, he tries to decipher what we’re seeing around us. That’s quite a challenge on Spitsbergen. ‘This place is unfathomable. The nature has a layeredness beyond our scope of knowledge; you keep discovering things.’ Loonen was to discover many things in recent years which didn’t make him happy.
A conversation with Loonen soon turns to climate change and its consequences. ‘All the glaciers have shrunk by about three kilometres. When I visit now, I see mountains and sail past islands that always used to be covered in ice. Not so very long ago, you would hear a thunderous sound in the village whenever a chunk of a glacier fell off into the sea. Now, there is silence.’ During our conversation, Loonen frequently bends over his computer to show statistics and graphs. Temperature, ice quantities, a map showing Spitsbergen as a dark red mark in the Arctic region. ‘Here, you can see that the temperature on Spitsbergen is rising much more quickly than elsewhere. I’m obsessed with these graphs. I look at them all day. The worst thing, in my opinion, is that we can hardly imagine what it used to be like. Climate statistics often show an average over the past 30 years, but that camouflages part of the warming effect, shifting your reference framework.’
Initially, Loonen was not overly concerned about climate change. ‘In 1990, a glaciologist told me that Spitsbergen wouldn’t be too badly affected. I think some politicians were on the ball before I was,’ he jokes. His vision changed in 2006. ‘For the first time in the existence of Ny Ålesund – since 1917 – the fjord hadn’t frozen over.’ A single incident became a permanent feature: the fjord has never again frozen over. And that’s not the only change Loonen has seen. Geese came to breed earlier in the year, and polar bears turned up in the village looking for food. Glaciers crumbled, and ringed seals disappeared, making way for common seals. The number of weeks when the temperature remained above zero increased by a third, on average. ‘There had always been small changes, but ten years ago, the changes suddenly became seismic. Now, the temperature is sometimes above freezing even in the winter. And then there are heavy rains, followed by freezing. That has a massive impact on the tundra and the life there. Reindeer cannot access food because of the frozen rain. On Spitsbergen, there are houses that have become uninhabitable due to landslides, and new buildings have to be shored up. Imagine that your house is no longer safe. Apart from war and disease, that’s about the worst thing that can happen to anyone.’
As a researcher, Loonen had always worked with models and forecasts. That doesn’t work anymore, he says. ‘You don’t know what direction things are going in now. Global warming doesn’t mean we’ll be getting a pleasant French summer here. It means unpredictability.’ Can’t he view the developments with some kind of scientific curiosity? ‘No, not any more,’ he says with conviction. ‘It’s fear. The thought that what I’m seeing there can happen here, too. That things happen very slowly at first, and then irreversibly fast.’ The image of the polar bear comes to mind – lulling you to sleep, biding its time, and then attacking. Climate as a silent killer.
Loonen’s face reddens, tears well up in the corners of his eyes. This happens again later on in the conversation, when he talks about the damage to the Great Barrier Reef and the words of Ban Ki Moon, honorary doctor of the University of Groningen: ‘We are the last generation that can end climate change’. He continues, almost bitterly: ‘We used to speak of the consequences for our grandchildren. Now we’re going to experience it ourselves. There have been warnings for fifteen years, but we have made no progress at all.’ He apologises for the tearfulness. Why is he so sensitive? Is he sometimes accused of appealing to emotion? ‘No, it makes an impression, and luckily, it has an effect. But I would like it to stop. I would rather convince with facts than with feelings. I was determined to stay dry-eyed for this conversation, but I sometimes get overwhelmed by panic when I talk about these things.’ Loonen has become a man of experience rather than models. He wants to be a witness. He says, ‘I’m a farmer and a teacher. A farmer because I love animals and have a broad interest in the nature around me, and a teacher because I want to convey a message.’
Conducting research on Spitsbergen is no easy matter. The cunning hunting tactics of the polar bear is one reason Loonen and his colleagues are always well-prepared when they leave the village to do fieldwork. Take a shooting course, follow safety instructions, never go out alone. Always have a gun with you, binoculars and a radio. ‘Ny Ålesund is a research village, owned by a company. There are a hundred and thirty people there during the summer, and thirty in the winter. You hire a place to stay, and the company takes care of food, waste disposal, logistics and infrastructure.‘ Researchers from the University of Groningen have been manning two cabins for decades. This is funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because the presence of researchers is also geopolitically important. He laughs, ‘I’ve been called the Netherlands’ cheapest ambassador.’
Thirty years away from home from mid-June to mid-August. What is that like? ‘The first five years were amazing. After that, you start to realise that you are missing things at home. Summer in the Netherlands, your family. I couldn’t stay away for more than two months. And some of the awe has worn off after all those years. A while ago, some students shouted that they’d spotted a whale. I said ‘Hurry, go and look’, but stayed inside myself. I’d missed a sighting of a rare Greenland whale!’
Has Loonen ever considering going during the winter? ‘No, I’m an outdoor person, a field biologist. Nature shuts down during the winter. I want to see nature in her full glory! My work there is an inextricable part of my identity. I always look forward to going there. I’ve even come to belong there. When I arrive, the permanent residents know that summer has come.’ Loonen, the swallow that heralds summer. And that’s about the best news that Spitsbergen can expect for the foreseeable future...
George Azzopardi, associate professor of Pattern Recognition at the Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, balances his time equally between fundamental and applied research. As theme coordinator of...
PhD candidates Raoul Buurke, Hedwig Sekeres, and Lourens Visser from the Faculty of Arts of the University of Groningen have developed a board game: Streektaalstrijd.
In language education, do not limit yourself to just Dutch and English; instead, embrace multilingualism. That is the core message of multilingualism professor of Second Language Acquisition, Prof Marije Michel.
The UG website uses functional and anonymous analytics cookies. Please answer the question of whether you want to accept or reject other cookies (such as tracking cookies). If no choice is made, only basic cookies will be stored. More information | <urn:uuid:eedfa57e-1526-4b92-a43f-ed0436ae5e5d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.rug.nl/news/2019/02/het-klimaatverdriet-van-maarten-loonen | 2024-02-22T17:33:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.959934 | 2,073 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
8679,
772,
935,
1315,
16,
4954,
294,
506,
458,
4642,
270,
528,
2279,
855,
17,
6906,
667,
268,
1907,
528,
4339,
341,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
18,
915,
375,
3357,
331,
2575,
608,
1965,
786,
16,
304,
578,
73,
265,
16,
11107,
3560,
291,
268,
1299,
73,
301,
11944,
16,
1356,
641,
3219,
1090,
286,
2075,
341,
268,
4058,
2878,
75,
779,
5426,
18,
1869,
939,
4621,
16,
1417,
16,
316,
268,
8599,
505,
289,
268,
1907,
9011,
18,
203,
56,
73,
1098,
30,
416,
306,
4552,
5029,
357,
72,
69,
16,
8981,
522,
43,
203,
44,
277,
3090,
5092,
730,
261,
3397,
7800,
18,
5383,
285,
9082,
6336,
281,
261,
5925,
265,
30,
1321,
7765,
2120,
16,
383,
18,
458,
4642,
270,
6335,
1391,
279,
429,
1242,
2018,
3489,
9505,
225,
843,
87,
341,
268,
2410,
4454,
16,
279,
4760,
289,
6546,
10019,
6043,
360,
568,
397,
484,
87,
16,
261,
1311,
17,
7363,
4911,
2531,
263,
341,
881,
1452,
1776,
94,
332,
18,
5383,
1776,
94,
332,
35,
458,
4642,
270,
9841,
622,
30,
1391,
3751,
1965,
786,
276,
1209,
3742,
288,
3411,
16,
1364,
5612,
331,
3182,
892,
922,
18,
1321,
61,
274,
16,
334,
1288,
3423,
1671,
336,
445,
372,
317,
2577,
5351,
18,
330,
1225,
3578,
892,
830,
327,
10235,
10179,
431,
1977,
16,
308,
4228,
281,
3158,
320,
83,
369,
7503,
18,
203,
1461,
568,
397,
484,
87,
356,
923,
289,
261,
4861,
1147,
636,
268,
10319,
3511,
289,
1380,
1193,
18,
900,
372,
317,
5382,
261,
715,
288,
268,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
3239,
18,
4954,
294,
506,
458,
4642,
270,
528,
712,
9086,
268,
465,
93,
6426,
232,
736,
1096,
922,
7048,
288,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
331,
264,
7682,
935,
1315,
16,
922,
281,
1320,
5469,
16,
1118,
1965,
786,
18,
915,
818,
539,
1392,
768,
1497,
79,
1547,
710,
341,
615,
855,
3487,
18,
1321,
1461,
1710,
17,
640,
9847,
2587,
265,
822,
18,
365,
284,
78,
791,
1834,
268,
7048,
796,
268,
3552,
289,
2984,
11107,
3560,
18,
330,
2075,
336,
316,
3183,
662,
1772,
18,
8322,
337,
698,
336,
268,
8704,
6245,
316,
268,
794,
2990,
6026,
427,
268,
1377,
1132,
336,
735,
1519,
2943,
352,
7345,
35,
900,
375,
847,
559,
644,
341,
337,
3124,
1402,
1298,
337,
8226,
281,
18,
1778,
362,
3959,
352,
1417,
502,
372,
267,
4622,
288,
1890,
3722,
16,
291,
1023,
16,
649,
502,
372,
267,
2828,
1982,
16,
502,
372,
660,
9859,
4873,
430,
337,
18,
829,
336,
4301,
16,
337,
1373,
372,
88,
1323,
261,
3961,
6783,
760,
363,
2235,
4728,
16,
431,
432,
423,
292,
766,
517,
2562,
768,
445,
372,
267,
6124,
1149,
407,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
3293,
261,
3659,
341,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
18,
1321,
4326,
1349,
316,
4372,
749,
311,
541,
18,
365,
2075,
528,
261,
2131,
2142,
822,
3183,
662,
7598,
289,
1772,
31,
337,
1288,
2677,
281,
1612,
6783,
458,
4642,
270,
454,
292,
2677,
772,
1612,
288,
2650,
935,
518,
4529,
372,
88,
804,
1547,
5474,
18,
203,
37,
6450,
360,
458,
4642,
270,
3444,
6805,
292,
1907,
1317,
291,
606,
4162,
18,
1321,
37,
660,
268,
11107,
3560,
437,
5888,
5668,
419,
608,
1391,
8577,
364,
379,
18,
1097,
334,
3487,
1315,
16,
334,
901,
9145,
291,
701,
309,
2323,
8809,
336,
1775,
724,
292,
327,
4738,
288,
4036,
18,
3217,
576,
1040,
917,
3656,
16,
337,
830,
4055,
261,
264,
1096,
2241,
2162,
288,
268,
7048,
9117,
261,
392,
5668,
289,
261,
11107,
1242,
7586,
1070,
636,
268,
3542,
18,
3014,
16,
686,
316,
3124,
514,
6783,
2942,
662,
6450,
16,
458,
4642,
270,
3983,
285,
6311,
658,
615,
2496,
292,
1171,
7639,
291,
4134,
87,
18,
5397,
10937,
16,
4036,
9103,
16,
261,
4517,
5526,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
352,
261,
3334,
2243,
1471,
288,
268,
9505,
2225,
18,
1321,
44,
387,
16,
337,
375,
901,
336,
268,
2263,
341,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
316,
6557,
1111,
512,
2640,
687,
10046,
18,
334,
372,
81,
1823,
368,
286,
360,
629,
4134,
87,
18,
334,
1500,
430,
622,
516,
1196,
18,
365,
8592,
2810,
16,
288,
1290,
6514,
16,
316,
336,
445,
375,
1656,
325,
7806,
768,
362,
724,
292,
327,
730,
18,
5920,
7639,
970,
1171,
363,
2964,
658,
268,
2323,
2553,
935,
16,
566,
336,
3570,
290,
3381,
1172,
923,
289,
268,
6647,
2365,
16,
6364,
542,
424,
5137,
5018,
6783,
203,
2983,
501,
523,
16,
458,
4642,
270,
454,
462,
658,
325,
5790,
608,
1907,
1317,
18,
1321,
2983,
7240,
16,
261,
11107,
77,
4728,
4225,
479,
336,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
9543,
372,
88,
327,
1232,
3276,
325,
3328,
18,
334,
1779,
579,
9929,
1825,
664,
341,
268,
3654,
1134,
334,
454,
10179,
431,
577,
83,
1151,
18,
1869,
3548,
4339,
288,
8195,
18,
1321,
8679,
268,
855,
669,
288,
268,
5682,
289,
465,
93,
6426,
232,
736,
1096,
796,
1812,
789,
3929,
796,
268,
284,
78,
791,
850,
82,
372,
88,
10981,
658,
6783,
330,
2324,
8627,
2457,
261,
6273,
3810,
30,
268,
284,
78,
791,
528,
2270,
1221,
10981,
658,
18,
1256,
336,
372,
87,
462,
268,
794,
1317,
458,
4642,
270,
528,
2279,
18,
2899,
786,
2913,
292,
6057,
4235,
288,
268,
715,
16,
291,
8704,
10162,
5322,
644,
288,
268,
7048,
2639,
331,
934,
18,
3199,
313,
3560,
793,
408,
6992,
16,
291,
7559,
286,
447,
645,
6146,
73,
1287,
16,
1355,
898,
331,
1112,
447,
645,
18,
365,
1289,
289,
3461,
649,
268,
2263,
6341,
2159,
6270,
2161,
419,
261,
3472,
16,
341,
2964,
18,
1321,
6695,
850,
1775,
712,
1139,
1703,
16,
566,
2725,
935,
3656,
16,
268,
1703,
9859,
2457,
447,
997,
300,
18,
3014,
16,
268,
2263,
316,
2903,
2159,
1776,
4253,
919,
288,
268,
3645,
18,
1256,
1023,
686,
356,
4112,
384,
1437,
16,
4138,
419,
1776,
4253,
18,
2015,
528,
261,
5836,
1393,
341,
268,
2199,
275,
1209,
291,
268,
943,
686,
18,
942,
578,
73,
265,
2362,
1310,
934,
971,
289,
268,
10981,
3653,
18,
1245,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
16,
686,
356,
6538,
336,
437,
1343,
11002,
4108,
2855,
1504,
292,
7065,
80,
1701,
16,
291,
733,
4189,
437,
292,
327,
422,
2723,
644,
18,
11080,
336,
424,
2189,
316,
688,
2473,
1995,
18,
11937,
427,
1718,
291,
1413,
16,
336,
372,
87,
608,
268,
8592,
2810,
336,
375,
4106,
292,
4421,
6783,
203,
5190,
261,
8532,
16,
458,
4642,
270,
850,
1775,
4513,
360,
3159,
291,
2382,
11645,
18,
2015,
2752,
372,
88,
716,
723,
3443,
16,
431,
1977,
18,
1321,
7556,
1373,
372,
88,
698,
768,
4210,
1612,
356,
2118,
288,
1315,
18,
5754,
6647,
2752,
372,
88,
1555,
445,
372,
660,
327,
2657,
261,
3034,
7780,
3770,
3672,
1671,
18,
553,
1486,
8175,
9901,
4658,
6783,
1680,
372,
88,
431,
1889,
268,
8033,
360,
579,
2066,
289,
3181,
10146,
35,
1321,
50,
83,
16,
462,
723,
512,
10179,
431,
1977,
360,
5047,
2597,
18,
1321,
4077,
372,
87,
3541,
18,
365,
2693,
336,
768,
334,
372,
81,
6124,
686,
375,
4106,
1671,
16,
1232,
18,
2015,
1612,
4106,
1040,
6104,
430,
855,
16,
291,
1023,
10581,
1414,
3749,
3498,
6783,
365,
2925,
289,
268,
8704,
6245,
1974,
292,
1710,
796,
308,
1369,
281,
337,
292,
1954,
16,
285,
3642,
606,
669,
16,
291,
1023,
1760,
3303,
18,
5920,
352,
261,
3124,
302,
5320,
265,
18,
203,
48,
4642,
270,
372,
87,
2425,
2243,
72,
614,
16,
568,
1267,
767,
644,
288,
268,
9992,
289,
615,
3229,
18,
540,
4301,
1221,
2135,
341,
288,
268,
6450,
16,
649,
431,
11930,
608,
268,
2183,
292,
268,
4369,
4096,
7933,
942,
4727,
291,
268,
2117,
289,
10621,
696,
77,
8232,
16,
7856,
556,
3040,
289,
268,
1832,
289,
461,
1554,
281,
270,
30,
1321,
3464,
356,
268,
1887,
4015,
336,
375,
1199,
1907,
1317,
5494,
915,
4027,
16,
2764,
3263,
345,
325,
30,
1321,
3464,
724,
292,
3534,
289,
268,
4162,
331,
662,
6206,
11239,
591,
18,
3014,
445,
372,
267,
2118,
292,
1432,
362,
5865,
18,
994,
437,
712,
6344,
87,
331,
6711,
4644,
935,
16,
566,
445,
437,
1146,
688,
2674,
430,
516,
6783,
915,
3158,
631,
2329,
331,
268,
10175,
5539,
18,
2995,
316,
431,
576,
4476,
35,
1358,
431,
2903,
765,
3950,
289,
11453,
292,
7500,
35,
1321,
50,
83,
16,
362,
1892,
363,
11514,
16,
291,
8567,
883,
16,
362,
528,
363,
2365,
18,
1163,
334,
830,
730,
362,
292,
3399,
18,
334,
830,
2359,
5047,
1268,
360,
5265,
687,
360,
4197,
18,
334,
454,
5108,
292,
2503,
2962,
17,
7600,
286,
331,
456,
6450,
16,
566,
334,
2903,
886,
6697,
4424,
419,
11173,
649,
334,
3357,
608,
629,
1612,
6783,
458,
4642,
270,
528,
1343,
261,
532,
289,
1432,
2359,
687,
3159,
18,
915,
6204,
292,
327,
261,
5814,
18,
915,
1977,
16,
1321,
45,
372,
81,
261,
1904,
815,
291,
261,
3898,
18,
330,
1904,
815,
971,
334,
2680,
2312,
291,
437,
261,
3121,
1669,
288,
268,
2075,
1149,
479,
16,
291,
261,
3898,
971,
334,
1333,
292,
7495,
261,
4718,
6783,
203,
39,
266,
534,
542,
922,
341,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
316,
688,
2289,
2667,
18,
365,
273,
7491,
7572,
7654,
1187,
289,
268,
8704,
6245,
316,
597,
2190,
458,
4642,
270,
291,
615,
7140,
356,
1775,
767,
17,
84,
4528,
1287,
649,
502,
3756,
268,
7048,
292,
565,
2092,
1450,
18,
4786,
261,
422,
8757,
1911,
16,
1089,
2030,
5424,
16,
2270,
679,
628,
3773,
18,
8735,
437,
261,
6727,
360,
337,
16,
10795,
415,
705,
87,
291,
261,
5170,
18,
1321,
50,
93,
6426,
232,
736,
1096,
316,
261,
922,
7048,
16,
9733,
419,
261,
2152,
18,
994,
356,
261,
6946,
291,
264,
7682,
689,
686,
995,
268,
3672,
16,
291,
264,
7682,
288,
268,
3645,
18,
990,
296,
569,
261,
1349,
292,
2503,
16,
291,
268,
2152,
2844,
1066,
289,
934,
16,
2368,
8984,
16,
2866,
2502,
291,
3937,
18,
9809,
7120,
427,
268,
1832,
289,
461,
1554,
281,
270,
437,
712,
532,
668,
881,
7857,
1054,
331,
4295,
18,
540,
316,
9984,
419,
268,
9626,
289,
9287,
533,
7331,
4276,
16,
971,
268,
3550,
289,
2360,
316,
525,
1965,
389,
6278,
7503,
851,
18,
915,
308,
4228,
87,
16,
1321,
45,
372,
317,
712,
1478,
268,
11971,
372,
9785,
443,
4971,
594,
11226,
6783,
203,
2422,
7682,
935,
2014,
427,
1311,
427,
4188,
17,
46,
1807,
292,
4188,
17,
37,
1010,
599,
18,
1021,
316,
336,
730,
35,
1321,
1461,
855,
2584,
935,
664,
7604,
18,
2122,
336,
16,
337,
1236,
292,
1409,
758,
336,
337,
356,
7052,
1612,
430,
1311,
18,
6140,
815,
288,
268,
11971,
16,
424,
1588,
18,
334,
10367,
372,
88,
2503,
2014,
331,
512,
687,
881,
2489,
18,
1256,
579,
289,
268,
1239,
73,
528,
9603,
1070,
1003,
516,
1014,
935,
18,
330,
1020,
3656,
16,
579,
1052,
422,
491,
286,
336,
502,
372,
72,
4337,
691,
261,
342,
1224,
18,
334,
1211,
1321,
44,
324,
1080,
16,
679,
291,
1500,
6335,
566,
2503,
286,
3004,
10334,
18,
334,
372,
72,
3873,
286,
261,
6694,
281,
289,
261,
3679,
4510,
1169,
342,
1224,
5,
372,
203,
44,
301,
458,
4642,
270,
2577,
5337,
2118,
995,
268,
3645,
35,
1321,
50,
83,
16,
334,
372,
81,
363,
6502,
959,
16,
261,
2092,
1738,
4728,
18,
6304,
422,
1557,
1190,
995,
268,
3645,
18,
334,
1333,
292,
901,
2075,
288,
954,
2052,
1062,
961,
5,
3491,
716,
686,
316,
363,
288,
1389,
1145,
541,
923,
289,
1290,
4328,
18,
334,
1775,
1500,
3882,
292,
2118,
686,
18,
334,
372,
317,
919,
1631,
292,
4749,
686,
18,
1097,
334,
11196,
16,
268,
6273,
5427,
698,
336,
3672,
528,
1631,
6783,
458,
4642,
270,
16,
268,
10709,
336,
954,
280,
727,
3672,
18,
1256,
336,
372,
87,
608,
268,
1274,
3359,
336,
1384,
764,
657,
1822,
375,
3176,
331,
268,
2876,
1512,
541,
1571,
3547,
203,
43,
73,
5288,
330,
4427,
389,
485,
77,
16,
9324,
5688,
289,
3917,
843,
9303,
564,
430,
268,
391,
1605,
290,
660,
77,
3767,
331,
6129,
4018,
1067,
16,
9367,
3308,
291,
9131,
8805,
16,
1978,
1427,
615,
669,
7583,
858,
4615,
291,
3848,
922,
18,
760,
7606,
4667,
11269,
289,
3547,
203,
8670,
40,
9608,
11431,
6921,
3681,
324,
394,
16,
402,
286,
91,
333,
2245,
7249,
274,
16,
291,
6683
] |
According to the 2022: Hackers Powered Security Report, 92% of hackers say they can find vulnerabilities that scanners cannot. In 2022 alone, hackers found 65,000 vulnerabilities that might be used to steal information from organizations worldwide. This only reiterates how organizations need to work on their information security posture. Every organization requires a company-wide security policy that will protect its data and other information assets.
Establishing an infosec policy throughout the organization is not an easy ask, but it is certainly the need of the hour. If you want to form your infosec policy or review what you have missed to include in your policy, you are in the right place. In this article, we will discuss the components as well as the purpose of establishing a company-wide information security policy, along with a step-by-step guide on how to implement it.
What is information security policy?
Information security, also called infosec for convenience, is a sum-total of the actions taken to protect digital or physical information as well as prevent unauthorized disclosure, disruption, access, use, and modification of an organization’s data. It also contains detail on how to mitigate information risks.
This information includes, but is not limited to, the following:
- Personally identifiable information (PII) of stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, and investors
- Intellectual property (IP)
- Internal or external communication
- Financial information
However, let us first clarify the difference between infosec policy and infosec procedure. Infosec policy is the policy designed to protect the organization’s data assets, while procedures are the actions recommended to follow the policy. On the other hand, infosec tools are the software, hardware, and applications used to protect information.
What is the purpose of infosec policy?
Every organization has its own infosec policy, created after keeping in mind the data the organization stores, the size of the organization, etc.
But the important question is why an organization requires an infosec policy. Let’s discuss some of the purposes a robust infosec policy fulfills:
Infosec policy provides a framework for the organization to protect its information from unauthorized access and security threats. It describes all the aspects of security controls, including access control, encryption requirements, and data handling processes to ensure the security of information.
Information security policy helps the organization minimize the risk associated with data processing. It describes the policies and procedures to deal with risk assessment, detection, mitigation, and incident response. Therefore, the employees are aware of what is expected of them in every situation. Documentation of the policy helps in the detection of vulnerabilities and mitigation of risk rather quickly. It also helps in minimizing the effects of a security incident.
With the help of an infosec policy, the organization can ensure compliance procedures throughout the organization. Compliance regulations and frameworks like HIPAA, GDPR, SOX, and FISMA have specific expectations regarding data security, access control, and data breach. A well-formed infosec policy helps you meet compliance requirements.
An infosec policy can help employees know what is expected from them on a day-to-day basis with regard to data protection. Access control helps the organization in limiting data sharing on a need-to-know basis. The employees are also aware that only the information they need to perform their duties will be shared with them. Moreover, the infosec policy also mentions the actions to be taken against the employees if the policy is not followed. Thus, they will behave accordingly.
Infosec policy provides the stakeholders the assurance that the organization takes the security of their data seriously and is doing everything possible to protect it. The policy has guidelines for every type of situation, including security incidents, data backup, and recovery. Therefore, if the organization is breached, the organization doesn’t waste time deciding what to do but follows the policy instantly.
What are the components of infosec policy?
There are nine components of infosec policy:
Purpose and scope
As we discussed in the previous section, the purpose of infosec policy is different for every organization. However, the organization should mention its goals at the very beginning of the policy.
Following this purpose, the scope of the document must be shared as well. Scope refers to the parties it applies to as well as the department it doesn’t cover.
For example, if an organization has two divisions – manufacturing and research & development (R&D), the infosec policies for both departments might be different. Hence, the policy of the manufacturing department should mention that the employees of the R&D division are not included in the scope and vice versa.
Information security objectives
Information security policy must state its objectives clearly. Information security focuses on the well-known CIA triad as described below
- Confidentiality: The information should remain confidential unless an individual needs it to perform their duties. For example, a product manager does not need to disclose their data to a security guard.
This principle applies even if we are talking about loyal employees who have been in service for years. The reason is humans are susceptible to errors and might give out the information inappropriately to others. Did you know Verizon found that 82% of the breaches involved the human element? Hence, maintaining confidentiality is paramount in the infosec policy.
- Integrity: Integrity means that the data should not have been tampered with in any manner. It should be complete, intact, and accurate. A person accessing the data should be able to rely on it.
For example, if a doctor has recommended some tests and the laboratory gives back only a part of those tests or changes the data on the test results, the patient’s life might be at risk. The same applies to all kinds of data.
- Availability: The data should be available when an authorized person needs it. If the data is not available on time, it loses its validity.
For instance, if a CEO makes a strategic decision without real-time data, the decision might ricochet.
Access control policy
Access control policy restricts data access to unauthorized users. But who will decide who is authorized and who is not? The organization’s management can decide on someone with authority to decide the access.
However, organizations often must follow the rules and regulations set up by the government and other authorities, like GDPR, CRPA, or HIPAA. The organizations can only share information that they are allowed to share; otherwise, they might face penalties and fines.
In addition to this, some organizations, such as suppliers or customers, are contractually obligated to keep the information private.
Network security policy
The network security policy is the policy to access the networks and servers of the company. It also includes a password policy, authentication policy, multi-factor authentication, biometrics, or ID cards.
For instance, the company can direct the employees to reset their passwords quarterly or allows a limited number of employees to access the servers.
Every organization must have specific guidelines to classify the data, called data stewardship. Access must be given on a need-to-know basis. Meaning if you do not need it, you do not get access to information. Generally, data is classified into four categories for granting access.
- Public information: This type of information is accessible to the general public. Sometimes such information is recommended by the government to be disclosed to the public. For example, public companies must disclose their financial information to the general public.
- Confidential information: Access to confidential data is restricted to a very limited number of people. There might be legal restrictions about sharing confidential information too. For instance, HIPAA in the US bans sharing patients’ health information.
- Sensitive information: Sensitive information is highly sensitive information that might prove harmful to the organization or its stakeholders if it were leaked. This information might even prove harmful to the state or country.
- Personal information: Personally identifiable information (PII) is information that can reveal the identity of the person it belongs to. This is why PII cannot be shared with anyone not legally authorized.
Data support and operations
This component of data security describes how the data should be stored and transferred.
- Data protection: Inherently, all data should be treated as confidential and protected. However, PII and other sensitive data must be protected by implementing stricter policies. Data-at-rest refers to the data that is stored – temporarily or permanently – on a drive or a cloud. This data should be encrypted to protect it from unauthorized access.
- Data movement: When data is transferred from one node to another, it is called data in motion. Data in motion must be secured using SSL/TLS certificates to protect it from cyber attacks, including man-in-the-middle attacks. An organization must restrict the use of open, public networks for accessing data.
- Data backup: Infosec policy must include the process of taking backups of all the data. The backup should be stored in a different location from the main data to secure it from physical damage such as fire or flooding. Backups must not be stored on the same device and network. As a result, if there is a ransomware attack and the organization is unable to access its data, it can use the backup.
Security awareness training
If your employees do not follow the infosec policies, your information is not safe at all. The infosec policy must be communicated to all employees regardless of their posts. Secondly, they must be trained to follow hygienic practices to access data.
They should be made aware of social engineering techniques frequently used by the actors in order to protect the organization’s data. They must also be educated on what a cyber attack looks like.
The employees who handle sensitive information must be trained over and above the regular employees.
All employees must follow the clean desk policy. Meaning no papers should be left on the desk at the end of the working day. Laptops must be locked in, and computers shut properly.
An organization can blocklist websites that are known for phishing, including porn and gambling sites. No employee should be able to access these websites.
Also, the employees must be held accountable for their actions. They must be penalized if they do not follow the infosec policy set up by the organization.
The infosec policy of the organization should clearly mention the steps to be taken in case of a breach. The initial response plan should be in place and communicated to all employees. They should know who to contact if they find an intruder in their system.
Verification of policy compliance
In this section, an organization should mention the tests and procedures to verify whether the policy is followed throughout the organization. Some examples of verification are penetration testing, assessments, and exercises.
A step-by-step guide to preparing an infosec policy
To sum up
A policy formed by an organization to protect the information it generates, collects, and transfers are called the information security policy, also called the infosec policy. We saw the benefits of the infosec policy and how to form a robust policy. However, every organization’s requirement is different; therefore, you are the best judge of what you should include in your infosec policy.
Employee awareness training is one of the most important aspects of the infosec policy of an organization. Scrut can help you in training your employees through different programs. You can also keep an eye on how they are performing via an automated dashboard.
Information security or infosec refers to the protection of information generated, collected, processed, or transmitted by an organization from unauthorized access. Every organization has a tailor-made information security policy to protect its physical and digital information.
The infosec policy refers to the protection of both – physical and digital – information from unauthorized access. The information that is stored on papers and diaries is called physical information, while the information stored on a cloud or the internet is called digital information.
Data can be divided into four categories depending on its relevance:
1. Public data
2. Confidential data
3. Sensitive data
4. Personal data | <urn:uuid:a35c03d2-fd59-46d1-a3b7-7c21305dd06f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.scrut.io/post/how-to-establish-a-company-wide-infosec-policy | 2024-02-22T18:35:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.940636 | 2,519 | 2.546875 | 3 | [
37,
916,
1400,
292,
268,
5008,
30,
402,
583,
332,
5012,
286,
6111,
7373,
16,
1717,
22,
9,
289,
8686,
332,
1856,
502,
375,
1255,
10487,
336,
6040,
2350,
2362,
18,
450,
5008,
3773,
16,
8686,
332,
986,
8581,
16,
1347,
10487,
336,
1276,
327,
724,
292,
1058,
280,
1009,
427,
3187,
4861,
18,
540,
794,
304,
3072,
692,
667,
3187,
648,
292,
716,
341,
444,
1009,
2141,
9774,
18,
3899,
3272,
2559,
261,
2152,
17,
3622,
2141,
3079,
336,
513,
2000,
606,
863,
291,
586,
1009,
5508,
18,
203,
41,
87,
1466,
2793,
363,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
2309,
268,
3272,
316,
462,
363,
2289,
2379,
16,
566,
362,
316,
5707,
268,
648,
289,
268,
5305,
18,
829,
337,
1333,
292,
926,
424,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
361,
2911,
768,
337,
437,
3873,
286,
292,
1226,
288,
424,
3079,
16,
337,
356,
288,
268,
1328,
1349,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
513,
1868,
268,
3008,
352,
767,
352,
268,
3094,
289,
8213,
261,
2152,
17,
3622,
1009,
2141,
3079,
16,
1910,
360,
261,
2483,
17,
2330,
17,
10890,
3233,
341,
667,
292,
2251,
362,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
1009,
2141,
3079,
35,
203,
2983,
4105,
2141,
16,
525,
1478,
582,
335,
312,
331,
10841,
16,
316,
261,
2205,
17,
278,
1178,
289,
268,
3441,
2459,
292,
2000,
2256,
361,
1646,
1009,
352,
767,
352,
1463,
11853,
963,
10132,
2777,
16,
4571,
328,
16,
1310,
16,
666,
16,
291,
874,
2843,
289,
363,
3272,
372,
87,
863,
18,
553,
525,
3387,
5470,
341,
667,
292,
7696,
1009,
2894,
18,
203,
4326,
1009,
2356,
16,
566,
316,
462,
3064,
292,
16,
268,
1685,
30,
203,
17,
382,
3301,
523,
1564,
2627,
1009,
421,
5766,
45,
13,
289,
6993,
16,
1118,
4620,
16,
11339,
16,
291,
7431,
203,
17,
6452,
5647,
1924,
3278,
421,
7071,
13,
203,
17,
2490,
280,
361,
4515,
2413,
203,
17,
9033,
1009,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
2053,
407,
855,
5949,
3049,
268,
2921,
858,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
291,
582,
335,
312,
4445,
18,
4582,
335,
312,
3079,
316,
268,
3079,
2298,
292,
2000,
268,
3272,
372,
87,
863,
5508,
16,
1020,
4632,
356,
268,
3441,
3505,
292,
1089,
268,
3079,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
582,
335,
312,
2133,
356,
268,
2436,
16,
6528,
16,
291,
2391,
724,
292,
2000,
1009,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
268,
3094,
289,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
35,
203,
41,
604,
3272,
528,
606,
1044,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
16,
2370,
1003,
4172,
288,
1710,
268,
863,
268,
3272,
7242,
16,
268,
2155,
289,
268,
3272,
16,
2801,
18,
203,
11207,
268,
851,
2302,
316,
1768,
363,
3272,
2559,
363,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
1868,
579,
289,
268,
4309,
261,
6338,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
5717,
1240,
30,
203,
2983,
74,
335,
312,
3079,
1956,
261,
5018,
331,
268,
3272,
292,
2000,
606,
1009,
427,
11853,
963,
1310,
291,
2141,
5141,
18,
553,
6579,
516,
268,
3378,
289,
2141,
6693,
16,
1118,
1310,
1357,
16,
9816,
3091,
16,
291,
863,
6439,
2618,
292,
1530,
268,
2141,
289,
1009,
18,
203,
2983,
4105,
2141,
3079,
1780,
268,
3272,
5809,
268,
1238,
2062,
360,
863,
3764,
18,
553,
6579,
268,
3838,
291,
4632,
292,
3625,
360,
1238,
4152,
16,
5637,
16,
11878,
16,
291,
8627,
2629,
18,
3481,
16,
268,
4043,
356,
2337,
289,
768,
316,
3650,
289,
622,
288,
953,
3118,
18,
6380,
1799,
318,
289,
268,
3079,
1780,
288,
268,
5637,
289,
10487,
291,
11878,
289,
1238,
2359,
2640,
18,
553,
525,
1780,
288,
9895,
268,
1814,
289,
261,
2141,
8627,
18,
203,
59,
349,
268,
617,
289,
363,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
16,
268,
3272,
375,
1530,
7009,
4632,
2309,
268,
3272,
18,
3448,
476,
3275,
4311,
291,
11247,
730,
402,
45,
3638,
37,
16,
461,
40,
5972,
16,
343,
51,
60,
16,
291,
418,
3476,
8583,
437,
1430,
6680,
4353,
863,
2141,
16,
1310,
1357,
16,
291,
863,
1017,
492,
18,
330,
767,
17,
10035,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
1780,
337,
2148,
7009,
3091,
18,
203,
7353,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
375,
617,
4043,
698,
768,
316,
3650,
427,
622,
341,
261,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
3762,
360,
2521,
292,
863,
2759,
18,
6134,
1357,
1780,
268,
3272,
288,
10082,
863,
5135,
341,
261,
648,
17,
278,
17,
2788,
3762,
18,
365,
4043,
356,
525,
2337,
336,
794,
268,
1009,
502,
648,
292,
1324,
444,
10135,
513,
327,
4244,
360,
622,
18,
4553,
16,
268,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
525,
1473,
508,
268,
3441,
292,
327,
2459,
1573,
268,
4043,
717,
268,
3079,
316,
462,
4138,
18,
4387,
16,
502,
513,
1180,
1284,
9571,
18,
203,
2983,
74,
335,
312,
3079,
1956,
268,
6993,
268,
780,
3549,
336,
268,
3272,
2844,
268,
2141,
289,
444,
863,
9479,
291,
316,
2776,
3423,
1522,
292,
2000,
362,
18,
365,
3079,
528,
4640,
331,
953,
1517,
289,
3118,
16,
1118,
2141,
10454,
16,
863,
1103,
987,
16,
291,
4209,
18,
3481,
16,
717,
268,
3272,
316,
1017,
11502,
16,
268,
3272,
2752,
372,
88,
2368,
669,
766,
3642,
768,
292,
565,
566,
5691,
268,
3079,
8015,
325,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
3008,
289,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
35,
203,
6695,
356,
5897,
3008,
289,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
30,
203,
52,
324,
2536,
291,
7598,
203,
5190,
445,
5709,
288,
268,
2773,
3396,
16,
268,
3094,
289,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
316,
865,
331,
953,
3272,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
3272,
788,
3540,
606,
3002,
430,
268,
1040,
3484,
289,
268,
3079,
18,
203,
42,
320,
693,
281,
456,
3094,
16,
268,
7598,
289,
268,
3190,
1204,
327,
4244,
352,
767,
18,
1449,
1838,
4080,
292,
268,
5238,
362,
9296,
292,
352,
767,
352,
268,
7217,
362,
2752,
372,
88,
1955,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
717,
363,
3272,
528,
881,
3436,
2392,
796,
3964,
291,
922,
1884,
1208,
421,
54,
10,
40,
989,
268,
582,
335,
312,
3838,
331,
1079,
11116,
1276,
327,
865,
18,
8315,
16,
268,
3079,
289,
268,
3964,
7217,
788,
3540,
336,
268,
4043,
289,
268,
434,
10,
40,
8166,
356,
462,
3380,
288,
268,
7598,
291,
11606,
2277,
69,
18,
203,
2983,
4105,
2141,
6233,
203,
2983,
4105,
2141,
3079,
1204,
1247,
606,
6233,
4859,
18,
5931,
2141,
5835,
341,
268,
767,
17,
4091,
351,
8041,
432,
77,
354,
352,
4168,
2321,
203,
17,
5795,
4847,
380,
30,
365,
1009,
788,
3406,
11922,
6774,
363,
1769,
1470,
362,
292,
1324,
444,
10135,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
261,
2430,
8101,
1082,
462,
648,
292,
10132,
595,
444,
863,
292,
261,
2141,
7412,
18,
203,
4326,
5725,
9296,
919,
717,
445,
356,
5750,
608,
9784,
4043,
650,
437,
712,
288,
2468,
331,
935,
18,
365,
2190,
316,
2943,
356,
7977,
292,
6249,
291,
1276,
1888,
628,
268,
1009,
288,
2188,
2343,
1300,
292,
1548,
18,
8322,
337,
698,
7932,
5425,
986,
336,
1570,
22,
9,
289,
268,
1017,
4024,
2729,
268,
1195,
4156,
35,
8315,
16,
3539,
11922,
380,
316,
5585,
1252,
288,
268,
582,
335,
312,
3079,
18,
203,
17,
7858,
380,
30,
7858,
380,
1486,
336,
268,
863,
788,
462,
437,
712,
225,
88,
348,
468,
286,
360,
288,
723,
4901,
18,
553,
788,
327,
2821,
16,
1295,
613,
16,
291,
3879,
18,
330,
959,
1310,
281,
268,
863,
788,
327,
1542,
292,
5534,
341,
362,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
717,
261,
3040,
528,
3505,
579,
3265,
291,
268,
6826,
3581,
1103,
794,
261,
923,
289,
1014,
3265,
361,
1703,
268,
863,
341,
268,
1265,
1826,
16,
268,
2474,
372,
87,
943,
1276,
327,
430,
1238,
18,
365,
1162,
9296,
292,
516,
5255,
289,
863,
18,
203,
17,
3643,
726,
1303,
30,
365,
863,
788,
327,
1608,
649,
363,
2036,
963,
959,
1470,
362,
18,
829,
268,
863,
316,
462,
1608,
341,
669,
16,
362,
308,
3814,
606,
1033,
4451,
18,
203,
8679,
3569,
16,
717,
261,
351,
7489,
1892,
261,
6630,
2802,
1298,
1409,
17,
2130,
863,
16,
268,
2802,
1276,
384,
300,
6095,
364,
18,
203,
37,
71,
555,
1357,
3079,
203,
37,
71,
555,
1357,
3079,
4038,
340,
863,
1310,
292,
11853,
963,
2718,
18,
1163,
650,
513,
5841,
650,
316,
2036,
963,
291,
650,
316,
462,
35,
365,
3272,
372,
87,
1794,
375,
5841,
341,
2711,
360,
5442,
292,
5841,
268,
1310,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
3187,
970,
1204,
1089,
268,
3566,
291,
4311,
1075,
644,
419,
268,
1654,
291,
586,
5970,
16,
730,
461,
40,
5972,
16,
10720,
3638,
16,
361,
402,
45,
3638,
37,
18,
365,
3187,
375,
794,
2538,
1009,
336,
502,
356,
4034,
292,
2538,
31,
5654,
16,
502,
1276,
2425,
9422,
1235,
291,
951,
274,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
292,
456,
16,
579,
3187,
16,
659,
352,
11339,
361,
4620,
16,
356,
2020,
313,
2198,
6586,
488,
292,
1288,
268,
1009,
3397,
18,
203,
50,
364,
1450,
2141,
3079,
203,
1461,
2465,
2141,
3079,
316,
268,
3079,
292,
1310,
268,
4526,
291,
9633,
289,
268,
2152,
18,
553,
525,
2356,
261,
8682,
3079,
16,
10839,
3079,
16,
1726,
17,
74,
6560,
10839,
16,
1738,
436,
10539,
16,
361,
9008,
6595,
18,
203,
8679,
3569,
16,
268,
2152,
375,
1938,
268,
4043,
292,
474,
364,
444,
11293,
9222,
325,
361,
2089,
261,
3064,
1289,
289,
4043,
292,
1310,
268,
9633,
18,
203,
41,
604,
3272,
1204,
437,
1430,
4640,
292,
1280,
3049,
268,
863,
16,
1478,
863,
1058,
1905,
1028,
18,
6134,
1204,
327,
2050,
341,
261,
648,
17,
278,
17,
2788,
3762,
18,
6531,
281,
717,
337,
565,
462,
648,
362,
16,
337,
565,
462,
886,
1310,
292,
1009,
18,
8992,
16,
863,
316,
8391,
636,
1958,
6707,
331,
8198,
281,
1310,
18,
203,
17,
5252,
1009,
30,
540,
1517,
289,
1009,
316,
4881,
292,
268,
2177,
1376,
18,
5811,
659,
1009,
316,
3505,
419,
268,
1654,
292,
327,
10132,
1485,
292,
268,
1376,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
1376,
2499,
1204,
10132,
595,
444,
2153,
1009,
292,
268,
2177,
1376,
18,
203,
17,
5795,
4847,
1009,
30,
6134,
292,
11922,
863,
316,
10067,
292,
261,
1040,
3064,
1289,
289,
689,
18,
994,
1276,
327,
2953,
8028,
608,
5135,
11922,
1009,
1232,
18,
906,
3569,
16,
402,
45,
3638,
37,
288,
268,
2065,
285,
504,
5135,
1945,
372,
661,
1009,
18,
203,
17,
9259,
1257,
1009,
30,
9259,
1257,
1009,
316,
2871,
4476,
1009,
336,
1276,
7262,
4121,
292,
268,
3272,
361,
606,
6993,
717,
362,
664,
417,
7584,
18,
540,
1009,
1276,
919,
7262,
4121,
292,
268,
1247,
361,
1777,
18,
203,
17,
8781,
1009,
30,
382,
3301,
523,
1564,
2627,
1009,
421,
5766,
45,
13,
316,
1009,
336,
375,
7901,
268,
4328,
289,
268,
959,
362,
4749,
87,
292,
18,
540,
316,
1768,
382,
6034,
2362,
327,
4244,
360,
4421,
462,
1418,
523,
2036,
963,
18,
203,
40,
776,
1105,
291,
3670,
203,
4326,
4391,
289,
863,
2141,
6579,
667,
268,
863,
788,
327,
5290,
291,
9956,
18,
203,
17,
3655,
2759,
30,
450,
2562,
1402,
16,
516,
863,
788,
327,
4257,
352,
11922,
291,
5075,
18,
1121,
16,
382,
6034,
291,
586,
4476,
863,
1204,
327,
5075,
419,
5932,
637,
300,
345,
3838,
18,
3655,
17,
271,
17,
6666,
4080,
292,
268,
863,
336,
316,
5290,
796,
9161,
2873,
361,
5200,
1402,
796,
341,
261,
4048,
361,
261,
4732,
18,
540,
863,
788,
327,
6982,
691,
292,
2000,
362,
427,
11853,
963,
1310,
18,
203,
17,
3655,
2710,
30,
1097,
863,
316,
9956,
427,
597,
11639,
292,
1515,
16,
362,
316,
1478,
863,
288,
5247,
18,
3655,
288,
5247,
1204,
327,
3447,
72,
1001,
9190,
48,
19,
56,
9231,
5166,
692,
292,
2000,
362,
427,
5577,
4349,
16,
1118,
532,
17,
263,
17,
1381,
17,
81,
2950,
4349,
18,
854,
3272,
1204,
4038,
88,
268,
666,
289,
1591,
16,
1376,
4526,
331,
1310,
281,
863,
18,
203,
17,
3655,
1103,
987,
30,
4582,
335,
312,
3079,
1204,
1226,
268,
833,
289,
2265,
1103,
5090,
289,
516,
268,
863,
18,
365,
1103,
987,
788,
327,
5290,
288,
261,
865,
3336,
427,
268,
939,
863,
292,
3447,
362,
427,
1646,
2183,
659,
352,
2551,
361,
10149,
18,
6793,
5090,
1204,
462,
327,
5290,
341,
268,
1162,
3123,
291,
2465,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
717,
686,
316,
261,
384,
504,
311,
3270,
3223,
291,
268,
3272,
316,
6320,
292,
1310,
606,
863,
16,
362,
375,
666
] |
Heirloom Apple Trees at The Coves
The Coves Heirloom Apple Trees by John Lemke & Bill Karr
The original pioneer settlers challenged these mountains and forests by making farms on our steep slopes. Like all the early pioneers of young America, subsistence farming and self reliance was the rule of life. They brought with them apples from the old country (Europe and the British Isles). Apple orchards were immediately planted for survival. Between 1750 and 1900 all people of these Western Mountain regions relied on their fruit orchards.
In the early 1900’s, roads improved and produce was made available even to the people of the Appalachian Mountains. Many local people moved to cities in search of better “cash jobs”. Slowly the mountain farms and their orchards began to be neglected. By 1900 there were possibly as many as 1,500 different apple varieties in the Southeastern US on family farms. These apples were described by the father of the Heirloom apple movement, Lee Calhoun and his wife, Edith, in their 1995 book “Old Southern Apples”. About half of these 1,500 apple varieties have been lost during the 1900s.
With a heart for history Doug Hundley and others at the Avery County Extension Office began locating the most important heirloom apples of AveryCounty. One result is the apple trees which are planted around the gazebo. This will help those of you who want to pass on to your children and their children the living history of their Mountain Culture.
Enjoy the Good Old Days
This book became an instant classic when it first appeared in 1995. Old Southern Apples is an indispensable reference for fruit lovers everywhere, especially those who live in the southern United States. Out of print for several years, this newly revised and expanded edition now features descriptions of some 1,800 apple varieties that either originated in the South or were widely grown there before 1928.
Old Southern Apples: A Comprehensive History and Description of Varieties for Collectors, Growers, and Fruit Enthusiasts, 2nd Edition
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 1. CAROLINA RED JUNE
Ripens: June to July
AKA: Blush June, Georgia June, Knight’s Red June, Red Harvest, Jones June, Jones Early Harvest, Summer Red, Everbearing Red June, Red June, Red Juneating, Carolina Red, Improved Red June, Sheepnose Crab
Circa: Early 1800s in Tennessee.
This long-time Southern favorite has long been highly valued for its early ripening qualities. Unlike most early season varieties, which fail to develop a full balance of flavors in their short ripening period, Carolina Red June has a high quality flavor making it a first choice for pie making and fresh eating. A cute, small to medium apple, its beauty is exceptional for such an early apple. It was prized for its cooking quality as well. The fruit ripens over a period of several weeks. The tree is very productive and has an unusual habit of occasionally blooming twice in the same season, producing a second smaller crop of apples in the Fall.
Fruit is small to medium with smooth, dark red skin and is quite oblong or conical in appearance. The flesh is white, fine grained, tender, juicy, and briskly subacid. This apple has extraordinary flavor and sweetness for an early ripening apple.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 2. WILLIAM’S FAVORITE
Circa: About 1750 in Massachusetts
This apple became known as an excellent apple when grown in the South. This prized, early season apple is absolutely beautiful. Conical in shape and medium to large in size, its bright red apples catch the eye of friends and neighbors each July. The apples are of outstanding quality.
The apples are excellent for cooking and eating. The flesh is moderately firm, mostly white,juicy,and mildly subacid. This apple has extraordinary flavor and sweetness for a spring time apple. It tastes more like a mid-season apple variety.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 3. SUMMER RAMBO
Ripens: July through August
AKA: Summer Rambour, Rambour Franc
Circa: 16th Century in France. This apple is one of the first grown in early America.
Summer Rambo is a 16th century French apple popular with American colonists. Rambour is a French name given to certain varieties of red apples of a large size. In the states it was originally referred to as Summer Rambour and Rambour Franc evolving to its current name by 1850’s. In France, where there are a dozen or more Rambour varieties, it is known as Rambour d’Ete. Rambour is thought to have originated in the village of Rambures in Picardy.
It was probably brought to American by the Virginia Tidewater Plantation owners who included such notables as Jefferson and Washington.
Summer Rambo is crisp, very juicy, yellow, breaking flesh. It is a great apple for early season eating out of hand. It is excellent for sauce and as it ripens further. Large red fruit, bright striped. Cold-hardy.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 4. RAY APPLE
AKA: Munson Sweet, Orange Sweet, Meacham Sweet, Orange, Northern Sweet, Rag Apple, Bramley Seedling
Circa: Before 1849 in Massachusetts
The quality of the fruit is such that people from our local community line up to get every last one of these apples every year. Vida Carpenter, a local resident in Avery County, says “her father had several Ray apple trees years ago and Bill’s is the only one left”. It is an extraordinary apple which to some degree fits the description of the Munson Sweet, which was sold by several southern nurseries at the turn of the century.
Fruit is medium to large, round oblate to oblate. The skin has beautiful streaks of orange, red, bronze and yellow. The flesh is yellowish, fine-grained, tender, moderately juicy and very sweet. It has excellent balance of acidity and sweet.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 5. RED SHEEPNOSE
AKA: Black Gilliflower, Red Gilliflower, Old Time Sheepnose, Crow Egg, Black Annie, Black Sheepnose
Circa: 18th Century in Connecticut
It’s most distinct feature is its shape – being very oblong and tapering down to a narrow point at the blossom end.
The fruit is medium to large, very conical; skin is dark, dull red and obscurely striped; flesh is greenish white, firm, rather course and moderately juicy, though becoming dry when overripe. This apple has a distinct banana aroma and highly desirable taste though not really very sweet. Cold-hardy. It is a prized apple for baking and desserts!
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 6. MR. GURNEY’S DELICIOUS
AKA: Original Delicious variety, Hawkeye Circa: Before 1870 in Peru, Iowa
Hawkeye started as a small insignificant seedling in Jesse Hiatt’s Peru, Iowa orchard. The original Delicious, Hawkeye, was not welcomed at the time and was cut down several times because the seedling wasn’t growing in the row of Bellflower apple trees as desired. Nonetheless, Mr. Hiatt admired the tenacity of the seedling and gave it a chance to fruit. After many years he finally had an opportunity to sample the determined seedling. Taking out his pocket knife he carefully sliced into the only apple. In great excitement, Jesse told his wife, “Ma, this is the best apple in the whole world!” He never changed his mind. Hawkeye is the original Delicious, the one that earned the name.
This genuine original strain of the world’s most widely grown apple has never been improved on as far as eating quality. It is superior in flavor to all Red Delicious strains. Sweet, juicy and tender. The apple is medium to large with a clear, smooth, glossy yellow skin covered with red shading and striping, with fine grained crisp and juicy flesh. It is more flavorful than the Red Delicious. It keeps well through Christmas.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 7. MOTHER BUD
Ripens: September to November
AKA: Mother apple, Gardener’s apple, Queen Anne, American Mother Circa: From Massachusetts
This apple is well adapted to the south and very popular in Central North Carolina at the turn of the century. The apples are remembered as very sweet by local folks and are described in literature as ripens all at once, good for fresh eating and cooking but will become bland if left on the tree too long.
The skin is rather dull golden color nearly covered with red and deeper red stripes. Flesh is described as yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid with a distinct aroma. It is a superb dessert quality eating apple.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 8. FALLAWATER
AKA: Tulpehocken, Talpahawkins, Formwalder, Mountain Pippin, Green Mountain Pippin, Prim’s Beauty of the West, Pine’s Beauty of the West, Pound, Winter Blush, Kelly, Brubaker, Molly Whopper, Pharawater, Fornwalder, Stump of the World.
Circa: Before 1842 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Beach in Apples of New York, Volume I, Page 125, in 1905 wrote: “Color red tinged with yellow. Origin Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Hovey referred to it in 1856 as having been known and cultivated for many years.” It was described in 1842. The tree is a vigorous grower, the bark is a dark-red, and the coarse, shiny and large leaves are sharply serrated.
The exact origin the Fallawater and meaning of its strange name are not known, but theories abound! A standard story is the first seedling Fallawater tree grew on the banks of the Tulpehocken creek in 1842 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. A good story is how the fruit was first discovered floating down the creek having “Fallen in the Water”. Great story anyway.
Large in size and globular in form, usually the skin is flushed a dull-red to a bright-red with russet dots, and the white flesh is tinged green. Very mild in flavor, the flesh of this dessert apple is coarse, crisp and tender, with a slight sweetness. A triploid, it is a regular bearer, and there have been reports that under very favorable conditions, the fruit will grow to 6 inches in diameter.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 9. AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET
Ripens: September through October
Circa: Before 1800
Recently home gardens and small orchards have renewed interest in the Golden Russet for its distinctive appearance and intense flavor. The “champagne” of old-time cider apples is delicious for eating and drying.
It is grey-green to golden bronze with a coppery orange cheek; heavily splotched with light brown russet. Crisp, highly flavored, fine-textured, yellow flesh makes very sugary juice. They are high in sugar, acid and tannins, which make them a good pair with almost any apple for eating, cooking or cider.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 10. VIRGINIA WINESAP
AKA: American Wine Sop, Banana, Hendrick’s Sweet, Holland’s Red Winter, Pot Pie Apple, Potpie, Red Sweet Wine Sop, Royal Red of Kentucky, Texan Red, Winter Wine
Circa: 1922 in Troutville, VA
A redder sport of Winesap. But gorgeous as Virginia Winesap apples are to look at, they’re even better to eat – tart, tangy, juicy, and extra firm.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 11. SWISS LIMBERTWIG
AKA: There are many different types of Limbertwigs, numbering around twenty. Most are named so because of the drooping nature of their limbs. Most limbertwigs have a distinctive taste, a little acidic, yet still sweet. Many simply reply: “Tastes like an old apple variety should”.
Circa: Cumberland Mountains
The apple is wonderfully colored. It has the most unusual color of purplish maroon with dots. It is firm, sweet, and very crisp. It originated with Swiss settlers in the Cumberland Mountains. It has medium size and is a very good apple for fresh eating. A truly great apple.
When refrigerated, this apple will keep until March. It keeps its shape in a pie and has splendid tart sweet pie flavor.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES 12. MAMMOTH BLACKTWIG
AKA: Blacktwig, Paragon, Arkansas Circa: 1830 in Tennessee
This old Tennessee variety was introduced around 1830 as a seedling on the farm of Major Rankin Toole. This apple is of unparalleled fresh eating quality. It was said to be Andrew Jackson’s favorite apple. Once thought to be a synonym of Winesap, it is known to be the seedling of Winesap. The Black Twig is the ultimate in a tart apple; excellent for fresh eating and tannic acid which adds body to cider.
Fruit is large, conical with skin that is yellowish and covered almost entirely with dark red spots and indistinct red striping. Its flesh is white, almost yellow, firm, juicy, and mildly subacid. The fruit of the Mammoth Blacktwig tends to be rather tart when picked, but mellows to a luscious mild sub acid flavor reminiscent of Winesap when stored a couple of months. Great for eating fresh or cooking, this apple is an excellent keeper and should be stored in the refrigerator for peak flavor.
This apple is known as one of the very best apple for pies. It continues to increase in sweetness through the Christmas holidays. It will keep until March when it is in the refrigerator. It keeps its shape in a pie and has a splendid tart sweet pie flavor.
HEIRLOOM APPLE TREES
Our apple trees will grow to about 15’ – 20’ high and need to be spaced 20’ apart.
DESIGN & PLANTING
5342 Oak Crest Lane Lenoir, NC 28645 [email protected]
5222 Sunset Creek Lane
Lenoir, NC 28645 [email protected]
Avery County Extension Center [email protected]
The Coves Mountain River Club in Lenoir, NC 28645
©2016 John D. Lemke
Exploring the area for the first time?
Let us know & ask for our 70 page Complimentary Magazine. | <urn:uuid:05f679e3-9ce3-425e-9ec2-bff9f7247537> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thecovesnc.com/heirloom-apple-trees-coves/ | 2024-02-22T18:56:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.955927 | 3,176 | 3.234375 | 3 | [
8472,
338,
80,
5239,
9433,
307,
3916,
430,
365,
351,
8596,
203,
1461,
351,
8596,
915,
338,
80,
5239,
9433,
307,
3916,
419,
3379,
458,
539,
394,
1884,
8681,
696,
2888,
203,
1461,
3388,
9385,
265,
9871,
6451,
1403,
2292,
629,
9145,
291,
5918,
419,
1355,
8138,
341,
662,
1058,
559,
1580,
389,
274,
18,
4467,
516,
268,
1568,
9385,
332,
289,
2129,
2792,
16,
3062,
4535,
5919,
291,
1817,
711,
3275,
454,
268,
4129,
289,
943,
18,
900,
3835,
360,
622,
558,
736,
427,
268,
1662,
1777,
421,
41,
1937,
291,
268,
3247,
1358,
736,
802,
9433,
361,
355,
1519,
664,
4248,
9089,
331,
5421,
18,
8356,
2493,
2520,
291,
789,
587,
516,
689,
289,
629,
4925,
8079,
3921,
711,
870,
341,
444,
3714,
361,
355,
1519,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
1568,
789,
587,
372,
87,
16,
7476,
3808,
291,
2346,
454,
1146,
1608,
919,
292,
268,
689,
289,
268,
2537,
280,
492,
779,
8079,
87,
18,
2255,
1683,
689,
5381,
292,
4083,
288,
3093,
289,
1326,
538,
71,
1219,
4849,
3362,
343,
693,
325,
268,
4778,
8138,
291,
444,
361,
355,
1519,
3035,
292,
327,
2017,
611,
691,
18,
1285,
789,
587,
686,
664,
6761,
352,
772,
352,
433,
16,
6950,
865,
11436,
6756,
288,
268,
5452,
1381,
301,
843,
2065,
341,
1588,
8138,
18,
948,
558,
736,
664,
4168,
419,
268,
4818,
289,
268,
915,
338,
80,
5239,
11436,
2710,
16,
10692,
2628,
76,
552,
291,
615,
6866,
16,
3469,
349,
16,
288,
444,
2464,
25,
2077,
538,
51,
414,
7789,
2537,
736,
3362,
4844,
2947,
289,
629,
433,
16,
6950,
11436,
6756,
437,
712,
3673,
995,
268,
789,
587,
87,
18,
203,
59,
349,
261,
1759,
331,
1550,
8620,
75,
402,
1096,
2702,
291,
1548,
430,
268,
330,
604,
5391,
1206,
4879,
7156,
3035,
980,
673,
268,
710,
851,
431,
338,
80,
5239,
558,
736,
289,
330,
604,
39,
552,
562,
18,
1507,
1636,
316,
268,
11436,
2998,
518,
356,
9089,
1149,
268,
319,
10271,
2540,
18,
540,
513,
617,
1014,
289,
337,
650,
1333,
292,
1464,
341,
292,
424,
1024,
291,
444,
1024,
268,
2299,
1550,
289,
444,
8079,
10432,
18,
203,
9453,
2501,
268,
5501,
6089,
413,
638,
203,
4326,
2077,
2457,
363,
8015,
8557,
649,
362,
855,
6845,
288,
2464,
25,
18,
6089,
7789,
2537,
736,
316,
363,
612,
10304,
614,
541,
5137,
331,
3714,
4111,
332,
9662,
16,
1803,
1014,
650,
2180,
288,
268,
6255,
1855,
2023,
18,
5579,
289,
6598,
331,
1520,
935,
16,
456,
8352,
1658,
1754,
291,
8621,
10118,
1315,
2630,
697,
8498,
289,
579,
433,
16,
28,
587,
11436,
6756,
336,
2447,
11029,
288,
268,
2705,
361,
664,
4004,
5303,
686,
1134,
789,
6757,
18,
203,
51,
414,
7789,
2537,
736,
30,
330,
2132,
2617,
2201,
4221,
291,
2284,
3662,
289,
7184,
4317,
331,
1810,
611,
909,
16,
461,
694,
332,
16,
291,
2068,
1946,
952,
5967,
77,
3720,
16,
497,
275,
3469,
564,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
433,
18,
351,
3157,
9015,
45,
2522,
434,
3740,
596,
9803,
41,
203,
54,
517,
614,
30,
4453,
292,
4808,
203,
37,
47,
37,
30,
1964,
1652,
4453,
16,
9870,
4453,
16,
696,
8501,
372,
87,
3292,
4453,
16,
3292,
3605,
3616,
16,
596,
1661,
4453,
16,
596,
1661,
5976,
3605,
3616,
16,
6140,
815,
3292,
16,
416,
357,
70,
8199,
3292,
4453,
16,
3292,
4453,
16,
3292,
4453,
673,
16,
8711,
3292,
16,
5598,
1027,
3292,
4453,
16,
2623,
559,
82,
595,
3978,
397,
203,
39,
1737,
69,
30,
5976,
1398,
587,
87,
288,
9255,
822,
1512,
18,
203,
4326,
917,
17,
2130,
7789,
6577,
528,
917,
712,
2871,
11378,
331,
606,
1568,
384,
517,
1981,
7998,
18,
6597,
710,
1568,
3243,
6756,
16,
518,
2335,
292,
709,
261,
2052,
2909,
289,
11543,
288,
444,
1912,
384,
517,
1981,
1604,
16,
8711,
3292,
4453,
528,
261,
695,
1630,
6521,
1355,
362,
261,
855,
3185,
331,
279,
545,
1355,
291,
3525,
3104,
18,
330,
273,
1490,
16,
1139,
292,
5232,
11436,
16,
606,
5115,
316,
10269,
331,
659,
363,
1568,
11436,
18,
553,
454,
549,
963,
331,
606,
6052,
1630,
352,
767,
18,
365,
3714,
384,
517,
614,
658,
261,
1604,
289,
1520,
3461,
18,
365,
2907,
316,
1040,
8456,
291,
528,
363,
7926,
2997,
289,
10492,
11663,
2982,
6428,
288,
268,
1162,
3243,
16,
5519,
261,
1901,
3513,
5591,
289,
558,
736,
288,
268,
418,
453,
18,
203,
42,
11789,
316,
1139,
292,
5232,
360,
5036,
16,
3334,
2243,
1903,
291,
316,
3293,
5849,
535,
361,
353,
466,
288,
4643,
18,
365,
11798,
76,
316,
2398,
16,
4787,
785,
1953,
16,
11467,
16,
5777,
4915,
16,
291,
741,
6131,
325,
979,
313,
323,
18,
540,
11436,
528,
10627,
6521,
291,
5260,
822,
331,
363,
1568,
384,
517,
1981,
11436,
18,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
497,
18,
388,
8718,
48,
45,
4940,
372,
55,
10751,
58,
4264,
4393,
41,
203,
39,
1737,
69,
30,
4844,
2493,
2520,
288,
11058,
203,
4326,
11436,
2457,
1261,
352,
363,
4139,
11436,
649,
5303,
288,
268,
2705,
18,
540,
549,
963,
16,
1568,
3243,
11436,
316,
10220,
4532,
18,
1161,
466,
288,
3234,
291,
5232,
292,
1452,
288,
2155,
16,
606,
4812,
2243,
558,
736,
5277,
268,
2592,
289,
3295,
291,
6327,
753,
1011,
4808,
18,
365,
558,
736,
356,
289,
2424,
11790,
1630,
18,
203,
1461,
558,
736,
356,
4139,
331,
6052,
291,
3104,
18,
365,
11798,
76,
316,
874,
265,
1300,
5464,
16,
4903,
2398,
16,
78,
89,
4915,
16,
481,
5497,
325,
979,
313,
323,
18,
540,
11436,
528,
10627,
6521,
291,
5260,
822,
331,
261,
4362,
669,
11436,
18,
553,
225,
88,
603,
274,
512,
730,
261,
4188,
17,
401,
1431,
11436,
2233,
18,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
777,
18,
343,
57,
49,
49,
2798,
434,
4940,
38,
51,
203,
54,
517,
614,
30,
4808,
734,
4724,
203,
37,
47,
37,
30,
6140,
815,
434,
4335,
455,
16,
434,
4335,
455,
6858,
203,
39,
1737,
69,
30,
2648,
262,
2126,
1366,
288,
5088,
18,
540,
11436,
316,
597,
289,
268,
855,
5303,
288,
1568,
2792,
18,
203,
55,
408,
815,
9031,
2540,
316,
261,
2648,
262,
2254,
3770,
11436,
2029,
360,
1781,
3391,
978,
18,
434,
4335,
455,
316,
261,
3770,
1932,
2050,
292,
1575,
6756,
289,
2243,
558,
736,
289,
261,
1452,
2155,
18,
450,
268,
2588,
362,
454,
6980,
4612,
292,
352,
6140,
815,
434,
4335,
455,
291,
434,
4335,
455,
6858,
8613,
292,
606,
1619,
1932,
419,
1398,
2520,
372,
87,
18,
450,
5088,
16,
853,
686,
356,
261,
565,
6837,
361,
512,
434,
4335,
455,
6756,
16,
362,
316,
1261,
352,
434,
4335,
455,
295,
372,
41,
359,
18,
434,
4335,
455,
316,
2693,
292,
437,
11029,
288,
268,
7048,
289,
434,
4335,
889,
288,
9659,
485,
93,
18,
203,
4077,
454,
3591,
3835,
292,
1781,
419,
268,
7742,
307,
496,
3095,
6081,
318,
3896,
650,
3380,
659,
688,
3678,
352,
10558,
3301,
291,
5085,
18,
203,
55,
408,
815,
9031,
2540,
316,
4397,
84,
16,
1040,
5777,
4915,
16,
4601,
16,
7652,
11798,
76,
18,
553,
316,
261,
1312,
11436,
331,
1568,
3243,
3104,
628,
289,
1129,
18,
553,
316,
4139,
331,
701,
1036,
291,
352,
362,
384,
517,
614,
1902,
18,
10947,
2243,
3714,
16,
4812,
9853,
286,
18,
10448,
17,
76,
485,
93,
18,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
988,
18,
434,
37,
61,
11424,
52,
8068,
203,
37,
47,
37,
30,
383,
374,
6682,
343,
2878,
364,
16,
1778,
807,
343,
2878,
364,
16,
2172,
492,
348,
343,
2878,
364,
16,
1778,
807,
16,
7638,
343,
2878,
364,
16,
434,
484,
9433,
16,
2439,
348,
2702,
2245,
286,
1667,
203,
39,
1737,
69,
30,
4386,
1398,
10198,
288,
11058,
203,
1461,
1630,
289,
268,
3714,
316,
659,
336,
689,
427,
662,
1683,
1686,
2137,
644,
292,
886,
953,
1887,
597,
289,
629,
558,
736,
953,
715,
18,
720,
5299,
2388,
84,
11103,
16,
261,
1683,
474,
1900,
288,
330,
604,
5391,
16,
1977,
538,
2562,
4818,
850,
1520,
434,
350,
11436,
2998,
935,
3656,
291,
8681,
372,
87,
316,
268,
794,
597,
2294,
3362,
553,
316,
363,
10627,
11436,
518,
292,
579,
3791,
11927,
268,
7510,
289,
268,
383,
374,
6682,
343,
2878,
364,
16,
518,
454,
3826,
419,
1520,
6255,
5280,
5236,
430,
268,
1867,
289,
268,
2254,
18,
203,
42,
11789,
316,
5232,
292,
1452,
16,
5243,
5849,
381,
292,
5849,
381,
18,
365,
1903,
528,
4532,
471,
267,
3377,
289,
8633,
16,
2243,
16,
10052,
2879,
291,
4601,
18,
365,
11798,
76,
316,
4601,
557,
16,
4787,
17,
671,
1953,
16,
11467,
16,
874,
265,
1300,
5777,
4915,
291,
1040,
5260,
18,
553,
528,
4139,
2909,
289,
3175,
380,
291,
5260,
18,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
1016,
18,
434,
3740,
343,
44,
41,
7728,
50,
4537,
41,
203,
37,
47,
37,
30,
3454,
461,
399,
373,
693,
265,
16,
3292,
461,
399,
373,
693,
265,
16,
6089,
5894,
2623,
559,
82,
595,
16,
351,
694,
4166,
75,
16,
3454,
8350,
545,
16,
3454,
2623,
559,
82,
595,
203,
39,
1737,
69,
30,
1398,
262,
2126,
1366,
288,
6384,
9397,
371,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
710,
5292,
3810,
316,
606,
3234,
796,
1018,
1040,
5849,
535,
291,
605,
468,
281,
1190,
292,
261,
6799,
1813,
430,
268,
725,
1181,
311,
1199,
18,
203,
1461,
3714,
316,
5232,
292,
1452,
16,
1040,
353,
466,
31,
1903,
316,
3334,
16,
295,
1369,
2243,
291,
1823,
11464,
325,
9853,
286,
31,
11798,
76,
316,
2278,
557,
2398,
16,
5464,
16,
2359,
1911,
291,
874,
265,
1300,
5777,
4915,
16,
1417,
3832,
2962,
649,
658,
86,
7119,
18,
540,
11436,
528,
261,
5292,
3212,
3256,
10862,
69,
291,
2871,
697,
9587,
5367,
1417,
462,
2402,
1040,
5260,
18,
10448,
17,
76,
485,
93,
18,
553,
316,
261,
549,
963,
11436,
331,
11566,
291,
295,
368,
8168,
5,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
1278,
18,
383,
54,
18,
461,
11249,
50,
41,
61,
372,
55,
413,
5831,
4033,
45,
51,
8020,
203,
37,
47,
37,
30,
7494,
1420,
5376,
5121,
2233,
16,
7247,
5019,
73,
10034,
69,
30,
4386,
1398,
6155,
288,
2955,
89,
16,
334,
329,
69,
203,
44,
738,
5019,
73,
3120,
352,
261,
1139,
685,
533,
708,
438,
4635,
1667,
288,
596,
368,
73,
402,
5307,
88,
372,
87,
2955,
89,
16,
334,
329,
69,
361,
355,
485,
18,
365,
3388,
5376,
5121,
16,
7247,
5019,
73,
16,
454,
462,
4269,
1896,
286,
430,
268,
669,
291,
454,
2333,
1190,
1520,
1708,
971,
268,
4635,
1667,
7403,
372,
88,
2574,
288,
268,
6940,
289,
391,
467,
4681,
265,
11436,
2998,
352,
5554,
18,
11241,
6088,
16,
5363,
18,
402,
5307,
88,
8158,
2160,
268,
2725,
313,
380,
289,
268,
4635,
1667,
291,
4934,
362,
261,
3961,
292,
3714,
18,
2122,
772,
935,
431,
5880,
850,
363,
3249,
292,
4829,
268,
5108,
4635,
1667,
18,
8964,
628,
615,
279,
11710,
5304,
812,
431,
5104,
269,
1074,
286,
636,
268,
794,
11436,
18,
450,
1312,
1870,
674,
367,
16,
596,
368,
73,
4225,
615,
6866,
16,
538,
49,
69,
16,
456,
316,
268,
1274,
11436,
288,
268,
2399,
887,
9730,
915,
2270,
4339,
615,
1710,
18,
7247,
5019,
73,
316,
268,
3388,
5376,
5121,
16,
268,
597,
336,
10995,
268,
1932,
18,
203,
4326,
11813,
3388,
6910,
289,
268,
887,
372,
87,
710,
4004,
5303,
11436,
528,
2270,
712,
3808,
341,
352,
1904,
352,
3104,
1630,
18,
553,
316,
8225,
288,
6521,
292,
516,
3292,
5376,
5121,
10689,
18,
343,
2878,
364,
16,
5777,
4915,
291,
11467,
18,
365,
11436,
316,
5232,
292,
1452,
360,
261,
1763,
16,
5036,
16,
1062,
1181,
93,
4601,
1903,
4738,
360,
2243,
422,
5669,
291,
9853,
281,
16,
360,
4787,
785,
1953,
4397,
84,
291,
5777,
4915,
11798,
76,
18,
553,
316,
512,
6521,
703,
687,
268,
3292,
5376,
5121,
18,
553,
7483,
767,
734,
7111,
18,
203,
44,
41,
9063,
48,
51,
9328,
11424,
52,
8068,
307,
5597,
3214,
1499,
18,
383,
5995,
44,
2798,
391,
57,
40,
203,
54,
517,
614,
30,
4878
] |
- Introduction to Creatine: What Is It and How Does It Work?
- The Science Behind Creatine: Understanding Its Role in the Body
- The Athletic Edge: How Creatine Boosts Exercise Performance
- Creatine for Muscle Growth: Separating Fact from Fiction
- Optimal Creatine Dosage: Guidelines for Maximum Efficacy
- Timing Matters: When to Take Creatine for Best Results
- Creatine Varieties: Monohydrate vs. HCL vs. Ethyl Ester
- Who Can Benefit from Creatine: Demystifying Common Myths
- Potential Side Effects of Creatine Supplementation
- Creatine and Hydration: The Importance of Water Intake
- Creatine Interactions: Combinations with Other Supplements
- The Long-Term: Analyzing the Safety of Prolonged Creatine Use
- Preparing for Consumption: How to Choose a Quality Creatine Supplement
- FAQs: Debunking Common Concerns About Creatine
- Conclusion: Summing Up the Ultimate Guide to Creatine
Introduction to Creatine: What Is It and How Does It Work?
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound found in small quantities within various foods and synthesized by the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It plays a crucial role in the production and maintenance of the body's energy currency, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is essential for muscular contraction and overall cellular function.
- Chemically, creatine is known as a tripeptide, comprising three amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine.
- In the human body, approximately 95% of creatine is stored in skeletal muscle tissue, with the remainder found in the brain, heart, and other tissues.
Once ingested or produced, creatine is transported to muscle cells. Here's how it works:
- Creatine enters muscle cells and becomes phosphorylated to form creatine phosphate.
- During short, intense bursts of activity, such as lifting weights or sprinting, the body relies on ATP for immediate energy.
- The energy stored in ATP is released when it loses a phosphate group, becoming adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
- Creatine phosphate donates its phosphate group to ADP, regenerating it back into ATP, thereby replenishing the body's energy stores rapidly.
- This mechanism allows for a greater output of energy during high-intensity exercises and can lead to improved muscle strength, power, and size when supported by adequate training and nutrition.
- Moreover, creatine enhances the cell's ability to handle high-energy demands by buffering pH changes due to lactic acid production, potentially reducing fatigue.
In conclusion, creatine is a pivotal supplement that augments energy production, primarily within muscle cells, essential for high-intensity exercises and athletic performance. Understanding its function can help individuals optimize their use of creatine for improved workout capacity and recovery.
The Science Behind Creatine: Understanding Its Role in the Body
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound synthesized from amino acids in the human body, primarily in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It plays a crucial role in energy production, particularly in muscle cells. Creatine is stored in muscles in the form of phosphocreatine, which is used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of the cell.
- When the body engages in high-intensity, short-duration activities like weightlifting or sprinting, ATP is rapidly depleted. To sustain energy, the body must resynthesize ATP, a process in which phosphocreatine donates a phosphate group, facilitating the quick replenishment of ATP.
- This mechanism allows athletes to maintain a higher output for a longer period during strenuous exercise, leading to increased strength, muscle mass, and performance.
The human body naturally produces about 1-2 grams of creatine per day. Dietary sources, especially meats and fish, can provide additional creatine. However, for those looking to maximize creatine stores, dietary supplementation is a popular option.
Supplemental creatine increases the phosphocreatine reserve within the muscles, potentially enhancing the body's ability to perform high-intensity work. Moreover, creatine draws water into muscle cells, possibly influencing muscle hypertrophy. Additionally, creatine has been shown to stimulate certain pathways that promote muscle growth, such as the activation of satellite cells that play a part in muscle repair and new muscle fiber formation.
While the use of creatine is most commonly associated with muscle and strength gains, emerging research suggests it may confer neurological benefits and support cognitive function, leveraging its energy-modulating effects beyond muscle tissue.
The Athletic Edge: How Creatine Boosts Exercise Performance
Creatine is a natural substance that plays a crucial role in energy production within the body, specifically in muscle cells. When engaging in high-intensity exercises, creatine enhances performance in several noteworthy ways:
- Increased Energy Supply: Creatine replenishes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy carrier in cells. During short bursts of intense activity, such as sprinting or weightlifting, supplemented creatine allows for more ATP to be available, translating to stronger and more prolonged muscle contractions.
- Enhanced Muscle Volumization: Creatine causes muscles to retain more water, which can lead to an increase in muscle size, often referred to as "cell volumization." This not only contributes to a more muscular appearance but could also provide a slight mechanical advantage during exercises.
- Improved Workload Capacity: Regular creatine users often experience an ability to perform more reps or lift heavier weights during their training sessions. This increase in workload capacity can lead to greater strength and muscle gains over time.
- Reduced Fatigue and Faster Recovery: Creatine supplementation has been associated with a reduction in the perception of fatigue. Athletes report feeling less tired and note a quicker recovery between sets and post-exercise, enabling them to maintain high intensity throughout their workouts.
- Buffering Lactic Acid Production: During high-intensity exercise, creatine can help buffer the buildup of lactic acid in muscles, potentially delaying the onset of muscle soreness and fatigue. This allows athletes to push harder and for longer durations before exhaustion sets in.
It is evident that creatine confers a competitive advantage by boosting exercise performance across various parameters. These enhancements are particularly relevant to athletes participating in sports requiring quick bursts of effort or power-oriented movements.
Creatine for Muscle Growth: Separating Fact from Fiction
The benefits of creatine supplementation for muscle growth are often shrouded in myths and misconceptions. It's essential to dispel the fiction and focus on the scientifically supported facts.
- Fact: Creatine enhances muscular strength and power. Research consistently shows that creatine supplementation can improve maximum power and performance in high-intensity anaerobic repetitive work by 5 to 15%.
- Fact: Creatine promotes muscle cell hydration. It draws water into the muscle cell, which is not just beneficial for the visual aspect of muscle size but also for the anabolic processes that lead to muscle growth.
- Fact: Creatine increases workout capacity. By replenishing ATP stores more efficiently during exercise, creatine enables athletes to perform more reps at higher intensities, which can lead to increased muscle size over time.
Contrary to common misconceptions, creatine does not:
- Cause harmful organ damage when taken as directed. Clinical studies have shown that long-term creatine use does not adversely affect the kidneys, liver, or other organs in healthy individuals.
- Lead to water retention in a way that 'bloats' the body. The water retention happens primarily inside the muscle cells, contributing to muscle growth rather than edema.
Meanwhile, some other notions need clarification:
- Creatine is not a quick fix; it requires consistent use and is most effective when paired with resistance training.
- Not everyone responds to creatine supplementation equally due to variances in the natural creatine storage capacity of their muscles.
In reviewing the evidence, it's clear that creatine can be a potent ally for muscle growth when used responsibly and in conjunction with proper training and nutrition.
Optimal Creatine Dosage: Guidelines for Maximum Efficacy
Determining the most effective creatine dosage involves understanding the different supplementation strategies that have been studied. Traditionally, a loading phase is recommended, followed by a maintenance phase. However, research also supports lower, steady doses without a loading phase for building creatine levels in muscles over time.
The loading phase is designed to quickly increase muscle creatine stores. The general guideline includes:
- Consuming approximately 20 grams of creatine monohydrate per day
- Dividing the dosage into 4 servings of 5 grams, spaced throughout the day
- Following this regimen for 5-7 days
After the loading phase, a lower daily dose helps maintain elevated creatine levels. The maintenance dosage generally consists of:
- 3-5 grams of creatine monohydrate per day
- For those who prefer not to load, starting directly with this maintenance dose is an option
Alternatively, some opt to skip the loading phase and start with lower doses. This approach leads to gradual saturation over a longer period:
- Taking 3-5 grams of creatine daily from the outset
- Consistent supplementation over a month or more to achieve muscle saturation
- It is often advised to take creatine with a meal or with carbohydrates and protein to enhance its uptake.
- Hydration is crucial during creatine supplementation due to its muscle water retention effects.
- Individual responses to creatine can vary; adjusting dosage based on body weight might be beneficial, with some recommendations suggesting 0.03 grams per kilogram of body weight.
Adherence to these guidelines generally results in maximum efficacy while minimizing potential side effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort prevalent with higher doses. Professional consultation is recommended to tailor supplementation to individual needs and health conditions.
Timing Matters: When to Take Creatine for Best Results
Optimizing the timing of creatine supplementation can enhance its efficacy in increasing muscle mass, strength, and overall athletic performance. While research does not pinpoint an exact optimal time that applies to everyone, there are general guidelines that one can follow for effective results.
Pre-Workout vs. Post-Workout
- Pre-Workout: Some studies suggest that taking creatine before a workout can prepare the muscles with an immediate energy boost, potentially improving performance during high-intensity, short-duration exercises like sprinting and weightlifting.
- Post-Workout: Post-workout supplementation may be more effective for muscle recovery and growth. Consuming creatine after exercise can take advantage of the body's heightened state of nutrient absorption, replenishing creatine stores that have been depleted during workout.
Any Time of Day
- While specific timing can play a role, consistency is key. For those not adhering to a rigid workout schedule, taking creatine at a set time every day can help maintain steady creatine levels in the muscles.
- Individuals may choose to split their dosage, taking half before and half after their workout to combine the benefits of both timings.
Loading Phase vs. Maintenance Phase
- Loading Phase: During the initial loading phase, when the objective is to saturate the muscles quickly with creatine, timing is less critical. Small, divided doses taken throughout the day are recommended.
- Maintenance Phase: Once in the maintenance phase, the timing can be more strategic, aligning with either pre or post-workout routines as preferred.
In conclusion, while research is still evolving on the best time to take creatine, the most consistent results are seen when the supplement is taken daily around workout times, whether before or after exercise. Implementing these strategies ensures that the muscles have a steady supply of creatine for both performance enhancement and recovery.
Creatine Varieties: Monohydrate vs. HCL vs. Ethyl Ester
Creatine supplementation has become a staple for athletes and fitness enthusiasts seeking to enhance performance and muscle growth. Among the varieties available, three stand out: Creatine Monohydrate, Creatine Hydrochloride (HCL), and Creatine Ethyl Ester.
- Creatine Monohydrate is the most researched form of creatine and is considered the gold standard. Offering a combination of affordability, effectiveness, and safety, it has stood the test of time. This form typically requires a loading phase, followed by a maintenance phase, and has been scientifically shown to increase strength and muscle mass.
- Creatine Hydrochloride (HCL) is known for its superior solubility. Due to its high absorption rate, lower doses are often required, which can reduce the potential for bloating and gastrointestinal distress often associated with monohydrate. Despite lesser research backing than monohydrate, HCL is gaining popularity for its convenience and reduced side effects.
- Creatine Ethyl Ester, claimed to be even more effective than monohydrate or HCL due to its ability to penetrate muscle cells more efficiently, has some backing in theory. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is scarce, and some research suggests it may actually be less effective than monohydrate once ingested due to its rapid conversion to an inactive substance called creatinine.
Each form has its proponents, and the choice often comes down to individual preference, tolerance, and goals. While monohydrate remains the most recommended due to extensive research and proven results, HCL and Ethyl Ester offer alternatives that might be preferable for those seeking different benefits or experiencing side effects with monohydrate. Regardless of the choice, quality and purity of the supplement should be a priority to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Who Can Benefit from Creatine: Demystifying Common Myths
Creatine is a supplement often associated with bodybuilders and athletes. However, a wide range of people can benefit from its use. Here are some groups that may see improvements by incorporating creatine into their regimen:
- Athletes and Bodybuilders: They can experience enhanced strength, increased muscle mass, and quicker recovery times.
- Older Adults: As natural creatine levels decline with age, supplementation can help maintain muscle mass and strength, supporting physical function.
- Individuals on Plant-based Diets: Those who do not consume meat, a natural source of creatine, may notice cognitive and physical performance benefits from supplementation.
- Students and Professionals: There is evidence suggesting creatine may aid cognitive function, proving beneficial for tasks requiring memory and intelligence.
Demystifying the myths surrounding creatine is essential:
Myth: Creatine is a steroid and can be harmful.
- Fact: Creatine is not a steroid; it's a naturally occurring compound in the body and certain foods, researched extensively for its safety.
Myth: Only male athletes can reap the benefits of creatine.
- Fact: Creatine is effective for both men and women looking to improve physical performance and muscle health.
Myth: Creatine supplementation causes dehydration and kidney damage.
- Fact: Studies have not consistently shown any links between creatine use and these health issues in healthy individuals when consumed at recommended dosages.
Myth: Creatine is only useful for muscle size and has no other benefits.
- Fact: Beyond muscle mass, creatine has been shown to assist with muscle endurance, brain function, and may have therapeutic applications for certain health conditions.
Understanding who can benefit from creatine and dispelling these myths encourages more informed decisions about its use. It's clear that creatine's advantages extend beyond the realm of sports, offering various health and cognitive perks for diverse populations.
Potential Side Effects of Creatine Supplementation
While creatine is generally considered safe for most individuals when taken at recommended doses, some people may experience side effects. It's important to recognize that these side effects are usually mild and reversible with cessation or reduction of intake. Potential side effects may include:
- Weight Gain: Creatine can cause water retention, which may result in temporary weight gain. This is often a desirable effect for bodybuilders looking to increase muscle mass, but it can be a concern for athletes in weight-sensitive sports.
- Digestive Issues: Some individuals might experience stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, or bloating when they start taking creatine supplements. These symptoms can often be reduced by taking creatine with meals or using a micronized form of creatine that is more easily absorbed.
- Muscle Cramping: There have been anecdotal reports of increased muscle cramping in individuals taking creatine supplements, though scientific studies have not found a consistent link.
- Dehydration and Heat Intolerance: Creatine supplementation may potentially lead to dehydration and reduced ability to regulate body temperature due to the increased water retention in muscles. Consuming adequate fluids is crucial to mitigate these risks.
- Kidney Stress: In those with preexisting kidney issues, there is concern that creatine supplementation could exacerbate their condition due to the increased workload on the kidneys to filter the extra creatine.
It’s worth noting that the majority of research indicates that creatine is safe when used responsibly. Long-term safety, however, is less clear, and more research is needed, especially for higher doses. An individual considering creatine supplementation should consult with a healthcare provider, particularly if they have any preexisting health conditions or are taking other medications.
Creatine and Hydration: The Importance of Water Intake
When integrating creatine into a fitness regime, hydration becomes a critical component that cannot be overlooked. Creatine, a popular supplement among athletes and bodybuilders, helps to increase muscle mass, strength, and exercise performance. However, it also influences the body's water distribution.
Creatine is known to draw water into muscle cells, enhancing protein synthesis and muscle fiber growth. This process is beneficial for muscle gains, but it necessitates an ample water supply to maintain equilibrium. Inadequate hydration can lead to an imbalance where muscle cells are deprived of the essential fluids they need for optimal function.
The potential consequences of not consuming enough water while taking creatine include:
- Digestive discomfort
- Kidney stress
To prevent these side effects, it's recommended to:
- Increase daily water intake, especially during exercise and in hot climates
- Monitor urine color, aiming for light yellow to ensure proper hydration
- Ingest fluids regularly throughout the day, not just during workouts
The exact amount of water an individual needs can vary based on factors like body weight, activity level, and environmental conditions. Nonetheless, a general guideline suggests drinking an additional 3-5 cups of water above normal intake when supplementing with creatine.
Staying well-hydrated is essential for everyone, but it takes on added significance for those supplementing with creatine. By maintaining proper water consumption, the benefits of creatine can be safely enjoyed without compromising the body's hydration status.
Creatine Interactions: Combinations with Other Supplements
When incorporating creatine into a supplement regimen, it's important to understand how it interacts with other supplements. Here are some notable combinations:
- Protein Supplements: Combining creatine with protein supplements, such as whey or casein, may enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains due to their synergistic effects on muscle protein synthesis.
- Beta-Alanine: Beta-alanine, known for its role in increasing carnosine concentrations in muscles, may have a synergistic relationship with creatine. When used together, they can potentially lead to greater improvements in performance and lean muscle mass.
- Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs): BCAAs, primarily leucine, isoleucine, and valine, support muscle recovery and growth. Though creatine and BCAAs have different primary roles, they can be supplemented together without negative interactions and may support greater protein synthesis.
- Caffeine: There is mixed evidence regarding the interaction between caffeine and creatine. Some studies suggest that caffeine may counteract the ergogenic benefits of creatine, possibly by affecting its absorption or muscle uptake. Users might consider timing their caffeine intake separately from creatine to avoid potential interference.
- Carbohydrates: Consuming creatine with a carbohydrate source may enhance its uptake due to insulin's role in driving creatine into muscle cells. This can be especially effective post-workout when muscle sensitivity to insulin is increased.
Understanding the interactions between creatine and other supplements can help users optimize their supplement stack and avoid combinations that could diminish the effectiveness of creatine or other products. As with any dietary supplements, consult with a healthcare provider before making significant changes to one's supplement strategy.
The Long-Term: Analyzing the Safety of Prolonged Creatine Use
Creatine supplementation has been extensively studied, with a focus on not only its performance-enhancing benefits but also its long-term safety profile. Despite initial concerns, a growing body of research suggests that prolonged creatine use is generally safe for healthy individuals when taken in recommended amounts.
Observational studies have provided insight into the effects of long-term creatine use:
- Individuals consuming creatine for multiple years have reported no adverse health effects, according to self-assessments and clinical evaluations.
- Long-term supplementation has not shown a detrimental impact on kidney function in healthy adults. Regular monitoring in individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions is advised.
- Studies looking at hepatic function have not demonstrated significant harmful outcomes related to prolonged creatine intake.
- The gastrointestinal discomfort sometimes associated with creatine use tends to be dose-dependent and can often be mitigated by consuming creatine with meals or using micronized forms.
Research aiming to explore the link between creatine and various conditions has revealed the following:
- No correlation has been established between chronic creatine supplementation and the development of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, or neurological disorders.
- Professional organizations, such as the International Society of Sports Nutrition, deem long-term creatine usage as safe, suggesting that it does not lead to any deleterious health implications.
It's important to note that most studies have involved adults, and less is known about the long-term safety of creatine use in adolescents. Due to the lack of data in this demographic, a cautious approach is recommended. Moreover, while creatine is widely considered safe, adherence to manufacturer guidelines and consulting with healthcare providers before initiating long-term use is prudent.
Preparing for Consumption: How to Choose a Quality Creatine Supplement
When selecting a high-quality creatine supplement, individuals should consider several crucial factors to ensure they get the best product for their needs. The following guidelines can help in making an informed decision:
- Type of Creatine: The most researched and commonly used form is creatine monohydrate. It has a strong track record for safety and effectiveness. Other forms such as creatine ethyl ester or creatine hydrochloride claim to have better absorption rates but lack the extensive research backing of monohydrate.
- Purity: Opt for supplements that specify 'Creapure®' on the label, which is a patented form of creatine monohydrate known for its purity and quality. Check that the supplement contains no unnecessary fillers or additives.
- Manufacturing Standards: Look for products manufactured in facilities that are compliant with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). This ensures that the supplement is produced under strict quality control.
- Third-Party Testing: Supplements that have been tested by a third party, like NSF International or Informed-Choice, provide additional assurance that the product meets high-quality standards and does not contain any banned substances.
- Brand Reputation: Research the brand behind the creatine supplement. Established brands with a history of positive reviews and customer satisfaction are generally more reliable.
- Cost Factor: While price shouldn’t be the only consideration, it's important to be wary of products that are priced significantly lower than others. This could be an indicator of poor quality or substandard ingredients.
- Micronized Creatine: Look for micronized creatine, which is more finely ground than regular creatine. This form dissolves better in liquid and may be easier on the stomach.
By carefully assessing these factors, one can select a creatine supplement that is effective, reliable, and suited to their dietary and performance goals.
FAQs: Debunking Common Concerns About Creatine
- Is creatine safe for the kidneys? Creatine is generally safe for most people when taken at recommended dosages. However, those with pre-existing kidney conditions should consult with a healthcare provider before beginning supplementation.
- Does creatine cause dehydration and cramps? Research has shown that creatine does not cause dehydration or cramping. In fact, it can actually help maintain hydration and muscle fluid levels.
- Will creatine lead to weight gain? Creatine can cause weight gain due to increased muscle mass and water retention within the muscles. It is not typically associated with increased fat.
- Can creatine turn into creatinine and harm the body? Creatine naturally converts to creatinine at a very low rate, which is then excreted in urine. This normal byproduct of creatine metabolism is not harmful in healthy individuals.
- Is creatine just for bodybuilders? Creatine offers benefits for a range of activities beyond bodybuilding, including endurance sports and cognitive function, making it versatile for various types of athletes and individuals.
- Does creatine cause baldness? No scientific evidence directly links creatine consumption to hair loss or baldness. The myth may stem from a single study that suggested a rise in a hormone that could be associated with hair loss, but causality was not established.
- Can teenagers safely take creatine? While creatine is commonly used by adult athletes, adolescents should speak with a healthcare provider to assess the potential risks and benefits, as their bodies are still developing.
This section addresses common questions and rebuttals regarding the use of creatine, providing clarity for those considering its supplementation. It's always recommended to seek advice from health professionals before starting any new supplement regimen.
Conclusion: Summing Up the Ultimate Guide to Creatine
In the comprehensive journey through the world of creatine, we have unpacked its myriad benefits, delved into the recommended dosages, and scrutinized potential side effects. We've learned that creatine, naturally produced by the body and also found in certain foods, stands as a supplement par excellence for augmenting muscle mass, strength, and exercise performance. Its role in improving high-intensity training outcomes and aiding recovery has been well documented through robust scientific inquiry.
- The benefits of creatine, from supporting lean muscle gain to enhancing mental acuity, showcase its versatility beyond merely the confines of sports nutrition.
- Dosage recommendations emphasize a loading phase of 20 grams per day, followed by a maintenance phase of 3-5 grams daily, although variations exist based on individual needs and the absence of a loading phase.
- The safety profile of creatine is reassuringly robust; however, awareness of potential side effects and contraindications ensures responsible use.
The discourses on the timing of intake—whether pre-or post-workout—add a layer of nuance for those seeking optimized results. The compatibility with other supplements, like whey protein and beta-alanine, has also been addressed, providing a holistic view of creatine within the broader supplement regimen.
In conclusion, creatine emerges as a potent and safe supplement with a wide array of applications that extend beyond the typical gym-goer to encompass athletes of various disciplines and individuals seeking cognitive and overall health enhancements. With continued research and an informed, individualized approach to supplementation, creatine can be a valuable addition to one's nutritional arsenal.
| | Creatine Monohydrate | 300g | 60 Servings________________________________________________________________Introducing Thor Supplements' Creatine Monohydrate 300g – Your Ultimate Power Boost!Unleash your true potential with Thor Supplements' Creatine Monohydrate 300g, the premium fuel your muscles crave for exceptional performance and rapid gains.Key Features:Pure and Potent: Our Creatine Monohydrate is of the highest quality, 100% pure and free from fillers or additives, ensuring maximum effectiveness and bioavailability.Explosive Energy: Experience a surge in energy and endurance levels as Creatine Monohydrate drives ATP production, the body's primary energy source for intense activities.Enhanced Muscle Growth: Unlock your true muscle-building potential as this product promotes protein synthesis and volumization of muscle cells, leading to faster recovery and visible gains.Improved Performance: Whether you're a powerlifter, bodybuilder, or athlete, expect enhanced performance, increased power output, and improved overall athletic capacity.Unflavored Versatility: Mixes effortlessly with any of your favorite beverages, making it a versatile addition to your pre-workout, post-workout, or daily supplement routine.Lab-Tested Purity: Rigorously tested for quality and safety, you can trust Thor Supplements' Creatine Monohydrate to be a reliable and effective choice.Take your fitness journey to new heights with Thor Supplements' Creatine Monohydrate 300g. Unleash the power within, and push past your limits like never before. Maximize your gains and achieve your fitness goals with the ultimate power boost in a single tub! | | :---: | :--- | | Creatine Monohydrate | 300g | View Product | | GBP 18.5 | | | <urn:uuid:7646b6d6-84a7-47db-9fde-4ede23e5bd0c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thorsupplements.co.uk/blogs/news/the-ultimate-guide-to-creatine-benefits-dosage-and-side-effects | 2024-02-22T17:14:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.936207 | 5,938 | 3.25 | 3 | [
17,
10279,
292,
5378,
475,
30,
1021,
1358,
553,
291,
784,
5156,
553,
4776,
35,
203,
17,
365,
3308,
1367,
76,
578,
5378,
475,
30,
3793,
3837,
8673,
288,
268,
10189,
203,
17,
365,
9125,
298,
410,
3469,
369,
30,
784,
5378,
475,
4312,
6939,
9660,
2955,
9201,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
331,
3494,
1587,
11507,
30,
3984,
294,
673,
418,
613,
427,
418,
2597,
203,
17,
3392,
473,
280,
5378,
475,
413,
335,
495,
30,
11328,
3729,
331,
9265,
344,
408,
416,
1848,
1495,
203,
17,
8299,
281,
6732,
1736,
30,
1097,
292,
4786,
5378,
475,
331,
7478,
1401,
1339,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
7184,
4317,
30,
3221,
6612,
381,
6138,
18,
402,
39,
48,
6138,
18,
5618,
2713,
3439,
345,
203,
17,
5889,
1680,
5446,
6015,
427,
5378,
475,
30,
5227,
483,
2940,
1411,
4717,
3491,
9564,
203,
17,
6972,
841,
343,
496,
11061,
289,
5378,
475,
4117,
1484,
318,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
291,
4452,
6991,
30,
365,
9054,
289,
3386,
450,
3220,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
3514,
2244,
30,
10427,
5049,
360,
3117,
4117,
4923,
203,
17,
365,
5801,
17,
56,
1348,
30,
9834,
4253,
268,
6225,
289,
960,
5561,
286,
5378,
475,
2932,
203,
17,
2412,
1541,
281,
331,
1895,
2047,
328,
30,
784,
292,
7853,
261,
8523,
5378,
475,
4117,
1484,
203,
17,
10751,
53,
87,
30,
1354,
70,
374,
505,
4717,
1161,
1000,
1950,
4844,
5378,
475,
203,
17,
1161,
3393,
30,
6140,
2280,
4960,
268,
6505,
6669,
7193,
292,
5378,
475,
203,
2983,
88,
7103,
292,
5378,
475,
30,
1021,
1358,
553,
291,
784,
5156,
553,
4776,
35,
203,
39,
554,
475,
316,
261,
5001,
8160,
7389,
986,
288,
1139,
9103,
1291,
1320,
2334,
291,
3048,
6863,
963,
419,
268,
4865,
16,
9815,
267,
301,
16,
291,
11064,
18,
553,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
268,
1815,
291,
3809,
289,
268,
1073,
743,
1138,
7691,
16,
478,
270,
335,
475,
6075,
76,
2712,
381,
421,
3151,
52,
13,
518,
316,
1505,
331,
1197,
10079,
2020,
1733,
291,
2114,
9219,
1596,
18,
203,
17,
654,
539,
1030,
16,
1308,
475,
316,
1261,
352,
261,
6075,
559,
287,
864,
16,
7953,
281,
1391,
9247,
5656,
30,
598,
1566,
475,
16,
9147,
71,
475,
16,
291,
6974,
305,
475,
18,
203,
17,
450,
268,
1195,
1073,
16,
4745,
10664,
9,
289,
1308,
475,
316,
5290,
288,
7818,
298,
1178,
3504,
3923,
16,
360,
268,
3406,
1120,
986,
288,
268,
1860,
16,
1759,
16,
291,
586,
6272,
18,
203,
9076,
339,
3267,
7293,
361,
3141,
16,
1308,
475,
316,
2799,
286,
292,
3504,
1828,
18,
2011,
743,
667,
362,
1854,
30,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
11736,
3504,
1828,
291,
3125,
7700,
961,
80,
488,
292,
926,
1308,
475,
7700,
381,
18,
203,
17,
2942,
1912,
16,
6611,
285,
2319,
340,
289,
2067,
16,
659,
352,
2339,
542,
445,
1251,
361,
4143,
263,
542,
16,
268,
1073,
10283,
341,
330,
8343,
331,
5572,
1138,
18,
203,
17,
365,
1138,
5290,
288,
330,
8343,
316,
4795,
649,
362,
308,
3814,
261,
7700,
381,
1730,
16,
3832,
478,
270,
335,
475,
295,
7082,
2712,
381,
421,
5165,
52,
802,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
7700,
381,
1373,
692,
606,
7700,
381,
1730,
292,
4899,
52,
16,
9334,
673,
362,
1103,
636,
330,
8343,
16,
7628,
2227,
270,
2793,
268,
1073,
743,
1138,
7242,
5208,
18,
203,
17,
540,
6004,
2089,
331,
261,
2796,
4781,
289,
1138,
995,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
4941,
291,
375,
912,
292,
3808,
3504,
2166,
16,
1056,
16,
291,
2155,
649,
5287,
419,
5901,
2041,
291,
4920,
18,
203,
17,
4553,
16,
1308,
475,
7803,
268,
1259,
743,
1882,
292,
4739,
695,
17,
270,
983,
6395,
419,
9568,
1489,
7105,
1703,
1504,
292,
10976,
410,
3175,
1815,
16,
4113,
2860,
6670,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
1308,
475,
316,
261,
8440,
5297,
336,
938,
9854,
1138,
1815,
16,
4604,
1291,
3504,
1828,
16,
1505,
331,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
4941,
291,
5588,
298,
410,
2156,
18,
3793,
606,
1596,
375,
617,
1578,
8052,
444,
666,
289,
1308,
475,
331,
3808,
716,
491,
3493,
291,
4209,
18,
203,
1461,
3308,
1367,
76,
578,
5378,
475,
30,
3793,
3837,
8673,
288,
268,
10189,
203,
39,
554,
475,
316,
261,
5001,
8160,
7389,
3048,
6863,
963,
427,
9247,
5656,
288,
268,
1195,
1073,
16,
4604,
288,
268,
4865,
16,
9815,
267,
301,
16,
291,
11064,
18,
553,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
1138,
1815,
16,
2467,
288,
3504,
1828,
18,
5378,
475,
316,
5290,
288,
4177,
288,
268,
926,
289,
7700,
415,
554,
475,
16,
518,
316,
724,
292,
4522,
478,
270,
335,
475,
6075,
76,
2712,
381,
421,
3151,
52,
989,
268,
2818,
1138,
7691,
289,
268,
1259,
18,
203,
17,
1097,
268,
1073,
1201,
1172,
288,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
16,
1912,
17,
72,
6386,
1740,
730,
2146,
80,
373,
542,
361,
4143,
263,
542,
16,
330,
8343,
316,
5208,
11516,
691,
18,
1122,
1844,
1138,
16,
268,
1073,
1204,
474,
2121,
6863,
918,
330,
8343,
16,
261,
833,
288,
518,
7700,
415,
554,
475,
1373,
692,
261,
7700,
381,
1730,
16,
4191,
673,
268,
2025,
2227,
270,
6530,
289,
330,
8343,
18,
203,
17,
540,
6004,
2089,
8425,
292,
1638,
261,
1797,
4781,
331,
261,
2473,
1604,
995,
471,
591,
6810,
2671,
16,
2469,
292,
2161,
2166,
16,
3504,
2390,
16,
291,
2156,
18,
203,
1461,
1195,
1073,
5001,
5948,
608,
433,
17,
22,
9843,
289,
1308,
475,
574,
1196,
18,
8554,
556,
2419,
16,
1803,
479,
1378,
291,
2034,
16,
375,
1153,
2827,
1308,
475,
18,
1121,
16,
331,
1014,
2639,
292,
9522,
1308,
475,
7242,
16,
6277,
5297,
318,
316,
261,
2029,
3465,
18,
203,
55,
89,
398,
1484,
280,
1308,
475,
3675,
268,
7700,
415,
554,
475,
474,
2331,
1291,
268,
4177,
16,
4113,
6411,
268,
1073,
743,
1882,
292,
1324,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
716,
18,
4553,
16,
1308,
475,
2395,
87,
770,
636,
3504,
1828,
16,
6761,
1852,
3535,
3504,
5063,
4981,
2626,
18,
2848,
16,
1308,
475,
528,
712,
2853,
292,
9424,
1575,
9915,
336,
3290,
3504,
1668,
16,
659,
352,
268,
1088,
318,
289,
7908,
1828,
336,
1152,
261,
923,
288,
3504,
5541,
291,
733,
3504,
4892,
5017,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
268,
666,
289,
1308,
475,
316,
710,
3224,
2062,
360,
3504,
291,
2166,
10589,
16,
7000,
922,
4299,
362,
602,
353,
529,
11027,
1716,
291,
1105,
4085,
1596,
16,
9406,
1516,
606,
1138,
17,
9831,
3939,
1814,
3183,
3504,
3923,
18,
203,
1461,
9125,
298,
410,
3469,
369,
30,
784,
5378,
475,
4312,
6939,
9660,
2955,
9201,
203,
39,
554,
475,
316,
261,
1493,
5148,
336,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
1138,
1815,
1291,
268,
1073,
16,
4479,
288,
3504,
1828,
18,
1097,
4797,
288,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
4941,
16,
1308,
475,
7803,
2156,
288,
1520,
3251,
8664,
93,
1714,
30,
203,
17,
10272,
4673,
4117,
325,
30,
5378,
475,
2227,
270,
8656,
478,
270,
335,
475,
6075,
76,
2712,
381,
421,
3151,
52,
989,
268,
2818,
1138,
877,
7933,
288,
1828,
18,
2942,
1912,
285,
2319,
340,
289,
6611,
2067,
16,
659,
352,
4143,
263,
542,
361,
2146,
80,
373,
542,
16,
5297,
286,
1308,
475,
2089,
331,
512,
330,
8343,
292,
327,
1608,
16,
4713,
673,
292,
6551,
291,
512,
9780,
3504,
2020,
2244,
18,
203,
17,
8540,
1872,
3494,
1587,
6035,
408,
1260,
30,
5378,
475,
2384,
4177,
292,
6449,
512,
770,
16,
518,
375,
912,
292,
363,
1643,
288,
3504,
2155,
16,
970,
4612,
292,
352,
991,
8723,
1873,
408,
1260,
2555,
540,
462,
794,
6831,
292,
261,
512,
1197,
10079,
4643,
566,
911,
525,
1153,
261,
4416,
6167,
4174,
995,
4941,
18,
203,
17,
5598,
1027,
4776,
3400,
5157,
313,
380,
30,
5129,
1308,
475,
2718,
970,
1432,
363,
1882,
292,
1324,
512,
751,
87,
361,
10593,
2695,
1242,
445,
1251,
995,
444,
2041,
6575,
18,
540,
1643,
288,
716,
3400,
3493,
375,
912,
292,
2796,
2166,
291,
3504,
10589,
658,
669,
18,
203,
17,
7291,
286,
11477,
5843,
291,
418,
1764,
2602,
2690,
30,
5378,
475,
5297,
318,
528,
712,
2062,
360,
261,
4567,
288,
268,
7361,
289,
6670,
18,
9125,
7593,
1627,
3900,
1165,
10350,
291,
3251,
261,
2025,
265,
4209,
858,
5275,
291,
2215,
17,
1389,
1325,
758,
16,
6079,
622,
292,
1638,
695,
7122,
2309,
444,
716,
6816,
18,
203,
17,
3681,
457,
1489,
458,
313,
410,
2058,
323,
5895,
328,
30,
2942,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
2671,
16,
1308,
475,
375,
617,
9568,
265,
268,
2115,
987,
289,
10976,
410,
3175,
288,
4177,
16,
4113,
1404,
5233,
268,
10356,
289,
3504,
10999,
822,
291,
6670,
18,
540,
2089,
8425,
292,
4017,
7386,
291,
331,
2473,
4141,
500,
1134,
7535,
328,
5275,
288,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
9149,
336,
1308,
475,
1275,
332,
261,
7089,
4174,
419,
4663,
281,
2671,
2156,
1745,
1320,
7248,
18,
948,
3017,
652,
356,
2467,
3888,
292,
8425,
9114,
288,
4603,
8152,
2025,
285,
2319,
340,
289,
3620,
361,
1056,
17,
10665,
286,
4793,
18,
203,
39,
554,
475,
331,
3494,
1587,
11507,
30,
3984,
294,
673,
418,
613,
427,
418,
2597,
203,
1461,
1716,
289,
1308,
475,
5297,
318,
331,
3504,
1668,
356,
970,
422,
463,
3531,
288,
5620,
87,
291,
10849,
6795,
18,
553,
743,
1505,
292,
4016,
306,
268,
10876,
291,
1459,
341,
268,
646,
2606,
74,
1030,
5287,
5265,
18,
203,
17,
418,
613,
30,
5378,
475,
7803,
1197,
10079,
2166,
291,
1056,
18,
2374,
8270,
2746,
336,
1308,
475,
5297,
318,
375,
1434,
5213,
1056,
291,
2156,
288,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
363,
69,
265,
9649,
8454,
656,
716,
419,
1016,
292,
2063,
7113,
203,
17,
418,
613,
30,
5378,
475,
6900,
3504,
1259,
1613,
6991,
18,
553,
2395,
87,
770,
636,
268,
3504,
1259,
16,
518,
316,
462,
1039,
4070,
331,
268,
3101,
4437,
289,
3504,
2155,
566,
525,
331,
268,
363,
397,
4065,
2618,
336,
912,
292,
3504,
1668,
18,
203,
17,
418,
613,
30,
5378,
475,
3675,
716,
491,
3493,
18,
1285,
2227,
270,
2793,
330,
8343,
7242,
512,
6106,
995,
2671,
16,
1308,
475,
5212,
8425,
292,
1324,
512,
751,
87,
430,
1797,
4431,
647,
16,
518,
375,
912,
292,
2161,
3504,
2155,
658,
669,
18,
203,
39,
266,
322,
556,
292,
1112,
10849,
6795,
16,
1308,
475,
1082,
462,
30,
203,
17,
351,
699,
4121,
1087,
2183,
649,
2459,
352,
9180,
18,
10902,
2194,
437,
2853,
336,
917,
17,
950,
1308,
475,
666,
1082,
462,
10613,
601,
2242,
268,
11064,
16,
4865,
16,
361,
586,
6509,
288,
1702,
1578,
18,
203,
17,
7413,
292,
770,
10396,
288,
261,
898,
336,
3036,
640,
83,
1378,
11,
268,
1073,
18,
365,
770,
10396,
4301,
4604,
3004,
268,
3504,
1828,
16,
6126,
292,
3504,
1668,
2359,
687,
937,
7701,
18,
203,
49,
9405,
7357,
16,
579,
586,
688,
508,
648,
5949,
2843,
30,
203,
17,
5378,
475,
316,
462,
261,
2025,
3648,
31,
362,
2559,
4788,
666,
291,
316,
710,
1783,
649,
279,
7307,
360,
3696,
2041,
18,
203,
17,
3217,
3244,
2381,
727,
292,
1308,
475,
5297,
318,
7583,
1504,
292,
832,
7985,
288,
268,
1493,
1308,
475,
3578,
3493,
289,
444,
4177,
18,
203,
2983,
2911,
281,
268,
2495,
16,
362,
743,
1763,
336,
1308,
475,
375,
327,
261,
1076,
302,
366,
325,
331,
3504,
1668,
649,
724,
1650,
3749,
291,
288,
7944,
4268,
360,
1225,
2041,
291,
4920,
18,
203,
51,
84,
473,
280,
5378,
475,
413,
335,
495,
30,
11328,
3729,
331,
9265,
344,
408,
416,
1848,
1495,
203,
40,
73,
950,
2165,
268,
710,
1783,
1308,
475,
10248,
495,
2675,
1616,
268,
865,
5297,
318,
2737,
336,
437,
712,
6074,
18,
6740,
2479,
16,
261,
3687,
281,
4503,
316,
3505,
16,
4138,
419,
261,
3809,
4503,
18,
1121,
16,
922,
525,
5333,
1898,
16,
10326,
9755,
1298,
261,
3687,
281,
4503,
331,
1649,
1308,
475,
1506,
288,
4177,
658,
669,
18,
203,
1461,
3687,
281,
4503,
316,
2298,
292,
2640,
1643,
3504,
1308,
475,
7242,
18,
365,
2177,
2426,
4633,
2356,
30,
203,
17,
1895,
7374,
4745,
731,
9843,
289,
1308,
475,
1025,
6612,
381,
574,
1196,
203,
17,
413,
927,
281,
268,
10248,
495,
636,
988,
1043,
762,
289,
1016,
9843,
16,
440,
2276,
2309,
268,
1196,
203,
17,
7890,
456,
735,
9867,
331,
1016,
17,
27,
1962,
203,
37,
837,
268,
3687,
281,
4503,
16,
261,
1898
] |
The 27th of Nisan is observed in Israel as Yom Hashoah, a memorial day for the six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. It also commemorates the strength and resistance shown during that period.
But the very establishment of Yom Hashoah was the subject of much discussion and debate, and was historically met with great opposition by some leading rabbinic authorities.
By 1942, the gravity of the tragedy taking place in Europe reached the shores of pre-State Palestine. In response, Chief Rabbi Yitzchak Herzog enlisted the support of leading rabbis to establish a day of mourning, fasting and prayer. Among those he approached was Rabbi Yitzchak Ze’ev Soloveichik, the ‘Brisker Rav’ also known as ‘Rav Velvel,’ who had himself only recently escaped from Europe, settling in Jerusalem. Rav Velvel was vehemently opposed to adding a new day of mourning and fasting to the Jewish calendar. He reasoned that it is inappropriate – even prohibited – to create a new day of mourning as we already have a national day of mourning, the 9th of Av, which commemorates the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and other national calamities and tragedies throughout Jewish history.
In his Teshuvot V’hanhagot (2:721), Rabbi Moshe Shternbuch records the fateful meeting between rabbis Herzog and Soloveitchik: Rav Velvel pointed to Would that my Head Were Water, one of the lamentations traditionally recited on the 9th of Av, which describes the destruction of the German communities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz during the First Crusades of 1096. In his lamentation, the author, Kalonymous ben Yehudah of Speyer, writes, “…One may not add a time to [commemorate] destruction and inferno… therefore today [the 9th of Av] I will arouse my grief and lament and wail and cry with bitter soul…” The author singles out the 9th of Av as the day to remember a tragedy that took place in the Rhineland, over 1,000 years after the destruction of the Holy Temple! According to Rav Velvel, “it is explicit that even though holy congregations suffered and met cruel deaths, nevertheless they did not institute days of mourning, rather they pushed them off to the 9th of Av, since it is prohibited to establish new days of mourning.”
Other rabbis too would voice similar objections.
When asked about Yom Hashoah, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein responded that it is not permissible to create a new day of mourning (Igrot Moshe, YD 4:57:11), as did Rav Velvel’s nephew, Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (See Nefesh Harav, p. 197-198).
In an interesting footnote to Israeli history, Prime Minister Menachem Begin would seek to move Yom Hashoah to the 9th of Av following his meeting with Rabbi Soloveitchik in 1977.
Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz, the revered Chazon Ish, opposed establishing a fast day to commemorate the Shoah. He explained that we do not have the authority to establish fast days today, as fasts may only be established by the Prophets (Kovetz Igrot 1:97).
But establishing a day of mourning and fasting – in addition to the 9th of Av – is not without precedent. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 580:1) lists days “on which tragedies befell our forefathers, and it is proper to fast on them.” Among those listed are tragic events which occurred after the destruction of the Holy Temple.
In response to all of the opposition, Chief Rabbi Herzog pointed to specific communities that had established days of fasting and mourning and even received rabbinic approval (Teshuvot Heichal Yitzchak, Orach Chayim 61). In fact, the communities of Worms and Mainz – the very source for much of the opposition – observed a fast day to commemorate the destruction of their communities during the Crusades! And later, fasts would be established to commemorate the burning of the Talmud in France in 1242 and the Chmielnicki Massacres, which decimated Polish Jewry in the 17th Century (See Magen Avraham, Orach Chayim 580:8).
Some argued that while the 9th of Av is indeed our national day of mourning, some tragedies are so devastating – so monumental – they require their own day of commemoration. That would certainly be the case with the Holocaust. The Slonimer Rebbe, Rabbi Shalom Noach Berezovsky, for example, was deeply pained that a special day was not established to mourn the tragedies of the Shoah (See his Kuntres Haharugah Alecha).
In the early days of Statehood it was proposed that two(!) days be created to commemorate the Holocaust: One day to commemorate the heroism and bravery, which would coincide with the day the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising began, and one day to mourn the tragic events, to be observed on 9th of Av.
But in an attempt to reach a compromise between the secular government and religious community – and in hopes of appeasing some of the opposing rabbis – the Chief Rabbinate established the fast of the 10th of Tevet as Yom Hakaddish Haklali, a day for the recital of Kaddish, the memorial prayer, for those martyrs whose date of death is unknown and those who left no family behind to mourn them. In addition to Kaddish, they decided the day should be observed like a Yahrtzeit, with the lighting of a memorial candle, the recitation of Kel Maleh Rachamim, and the study of Mishna.
Choosing a day to recite Kaddish is also not without precedent. The Magen Avraham (Orach Chayim 568:20, citing the Maharshal), rules that one who does not know the anniversary of his father’s death may choose any day on which to observe the Yahrtzeit.
The choice of the 10th of Tevet was not accidental. By choosing the 10th of Tevet – which commemorates the siege of Jerusalem in 589 BCE by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar, one of ‘Four Fasts’ established by the sages to mourn the destruction of the Holy Temple – the Chief Rabbinate sought to imbue the day with a religious character and quiet those voices who opposed the creation of a ‘new’ memorial day.
During the first Yom Hakaddish Haklali in December of 1949, the remains of thousands of Jews from the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp near Munich were buried together with desecrated Torah scrolls in Jerusalem, and special prayers were recited for the martyrs.
Following much debate, on September 1, 1951, the Knesset passed a resolution establishing the 27th of Nisan as Yom Hashoah U’mered Haghettot. Later, on April 8, 1959, the Knesset passed a law officially establishing Yom Hazikaron La’shoah Ve’lag’vurah, Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day, as an annual “commemoration of the disaster which the Nazis and their collaborators brought upon the Jewish people and the acts of heroism and revolt performed.” The law stipulates that the day be observed by a two-minute silence bringing the entire country to a halt, along with memorial gatherings and commemorative events.
Some rabbinic authorities objected to the choice of the month of Nisan, as some customs of mourning are prohibited the entire month because of the holiday of Passover. In addition, some opposed ‘secular’ commemorations like sirens and moments of silence – practices they deemed not be ‘Jewish.’
But with time, Yom Hashoah was accepted by most of Israeli society as a day of reflection and mourning, and today is widely observed.
Rabbi Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg, who himself had survived the horrors of the Holocaust, defended the establishment of Yom Hashoah. In a preface to one of his responsa, he provides a compelling argument for the observance of such a day: “In my opinion it is proper to establish a special day of mourning and remembrance to remember the rabbis and holy Jews who were murdered, butchered, and burned in the sanctification of God’s Holy Name, and to remember on this day the souls of these martyrs. We must do so not just because of the honor due these martyrs alone, but because of future generations that they not forgot what our people lost when the evil, murderous darkness covered over Europe” (Seridei Eish, new edition 1:31). | <urn:uuid:4a6f163e-2ee7-4613-9eab-3e602f6d9bec> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/yom-hashoah-in-halacha-history/ | 2024-02-24T00:24:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.959927 | 1,883 | 3.375 | 3 | [
1461,
5778,
262,
289,
465,
277,
282,
316,
4626,
288,
4979,
352,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
16,
261,
7260,
439,
1196,
331,
268,
2984,
2195,
6524,
650,
574,
1341,
288,
268,
4057,
415,
571,
88,
18,
553,
525,
580,
9742,
692,
268,
2166,
291,
3696,
2853,
995,
336,
1604,
18,
203,
11207,
268,
1040,
9025,
289,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
454,
268,
2783,
289,
1111,
5122,
291,
6963,
16,
291,
454,
11914,
1757,
360,
1312,
10218,
419,
579,
2469,
6750,
70,
263,
300,
5970,
18,
203,
10646,
3805,
22,
16,
268,
9257,
289,
268,
432,
2009,
93,
2265,
1349,
288,
1994,
5673,
268,
422,
1538,
289,
561,
17,
11644,
381,
9658,
475,
18,
450,
2629,
16,
10906,
10214,
4655,
663,
6301,
355,
761,
3603,
94,
446,
403,
80,
7232,
268,
1105,
289,
2469,
6750,
70,
277,
292,
3577,
261,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
16,
284,
3261,
291,
9899,
18,
6705,
1014,
431,
1563,
286,
454,
10214,
4655,
663,
6301,
355,
761,
1929,
73,
372,
4708,
3688,
1057,
477,
2246,
16,
268,
1321,
38,
1532,
7249,
434,
548,
372,
525,
1261,
352,
1321,
54,
548,
720,
306,
489,
10179,
650,
850,
4605,
794,
4101,
4711,
6434,
427,
1994,
16,
9871,
1667,
288,
10542,
18,
434,
548,
720,
306,
489,
454,
1271,
781,
367,
325,
8754,
292,
4654,
261,
733,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
291,
284,
3261,
292,
268,
5086,
11140,
18,
915,
2190,
286,
336,
362,
316,
288,
11327,
796,
919,
7947,
1006,
796,
292,
1408,
261,
733,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
352,
445,
2226,
437,
261,
2511,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
16,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
16,
518,
580,
9742,
692,
268,
7621,
289,
268,
8402,
9994,
288,
10542,
291,
586,
2511,
1534,
348,
647,
291,
432,
2009,
423,
2309,
5086,
1550,
18,
203,
2983,
615,
11783,
76,
10914,
376,
720,
372,
76,
282,
76,
484,
376,
421,
22,
30,
27,
5716,
989,
10214,
4655,
10438,
781,
1395,
843,
70,
872,
4606,
268,
284,
381,
703,
4962,
858,
6750,
70,
277,
3603,
94,
446,
291,
3688,
1057,
2478,
2246,
30,
434,
548,
720,
306,
489,
9601,
292,
388,
487,
336,
1290,
8177,
388,
387,
3386,
16,
597,
289,
268,
308,
3081,
500,
11014,
632,
1006,
341,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
16,
518,
6579,
268,
7621,
289,
268,
4026,
2552,
289,
7467,
8914,
16,
1598,
507,
16,
291,
4550,
94,
995,
268,
3029,
3978,
310,
2306,
289,
1474,
29,
26,
18,
450,
615,
308,
3081,
318,
16,
268,
2036,
16,
696,
280,
11237,
7074,
663,
73,
76,
1327,
1469,
289,
7467,
8914,
16,
9627,
16,
538,
2865,
11375,
602,
462,
769,
261,
669,
292,
2378,
71,
998,
9742,
381,
65,
7621,
291,
8216,
7263,
2865,
3281,
1853,
2378,
1381,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
65,
334,
513,
261,
463,
401,
1290,
785,
1711,
291,
308,
3081,
291,
276,
726,
291,
793,
93,
360,
3263,
345,
8570,
2865,
537,
365,
2036,
1973,
736,
628,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
352,
268,
1196,
292,
3283,
261,
432,
2009,
93,
336,
3077,
1349,
288,
268,
9471,
263,
306,
481,
16,
658,
433,
16,
1347,
935,
1003,
268,
7621,
289,
268,
8402,
9994,
5,
2580,
292,
434,
548,
720,
306,
489,
16,
538,
297,
316,
8916,
336,
919,
1417,
11722,
353,
5628,
500,
8732,
291,
1757,
793,
2394,
6068,
16,
2270,
6088,
502,
1535,
462,
685,
2981,
1962,
289,
293,
455,
668,
16,
2359,
502,
11449,
622,
1070,
292,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
16,
1812,
362,
316,
7947,
1006,
292,
3577,
733,
1962,
289,
293,
455,
668,
1053,
203,
51,
411,
6750,
70,
277,
1232,
830,
4922,
1979,
3613,
2143,
18,
203,
7508,
4214,
608,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
16,
10214,
4655,
10438,
781,
3155,
1054,
6388,
3780,
286,
336,
362,
316,
462,
8074,
846,
801,
292,
1408,
261,
733,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
421,
45,
75,
9049,
10438,
781,
16,
663,
40,
988,
30,
25,
27,
30,
3667,
989,
352,
1535,
434,
548,
720,
306,
489,
372,
87,
428,
84,
781,
91,
16,
10214,
4655,
8076,
391,
18,
3688,
1057,
2478,
2246,
421,
55,
1512,
2138,
74,
274,
76,
3605,
548,
16,
279,
18,
3495,
17,
1689,
28,
802,
203,
2983,
363,
4149,
3130,
82,
1623,
292,
4435,
3860,
1550,
16,
1706,
2472,
8956,
7569,
492,
539,
10130,
830,
3772,
292,
1454,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
292,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
1685,
615,
4962,
360,
10214,
4655,
3688,
1057,
2478,
2246,
288,
3495,
27,
18,
203,
54,
397,
4655,
3643,
1209,
6158,
5132,
76,
10147,
696,
470,
80,
6301,
16,
268,
11491,
286,
654,
7397,
1358,
76,
16,
8754,
8213,
261,
3498,
1196,
292,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
1395,
83,
1469,
18,
915,
5892,
336,
445,
565,
462,
437,
268,
5442,
292,
3577,
3498,
1962,
1853,
16,
352,
284,
3720,
602,
794,
327,
3413,
419,
268,
9919,
781,
340,
421,
47,
1057,
88,
94,
334,
75,
9049,
433,
30,
29,
27,
802,
203,
11207,
8213,
261,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
291,
284,
3261,
796,
288,
1879,
292,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
796,
316,
462,
1298,
9757,
302,
18,
365,
1395,
346,
355,
282,
1155,
872,
421,
51,
86,
492,
654,
350,
344,
1016,
5222,
30,
21,
13,
9655,
1962,
538,
266,
518,
432,
2009,
423,
327,
74,
467,
662,
2382,
74,
7427,
16,
291,
362,
316,
1225,
292,
3498,
341,
622,
1053,
6705,
1014,
6583,
356,
432,
11901,
2616,
518,
6226,
1003,
268,
7621,
289,
268,
8402,
9994,
18,
203,
2983,
2629,
292,
516,
289,
268,
10218,
16,
10906,
10214,
4655,
3603,
94,
446,
9601,
292,
1430,
2552,
336,
850,
3413,
1962,
289,
284,
3261,
291,
293,
455,
668,
291,
919,
3893,
6750,
70,
263,
300,
10293,
421,
56,
274,
76,
10914,
376,
915,
477,
280,
663,
6301,
355,
761,
16,
1778,
492,
654,
350,
344,
1278,
21,
802,
450,
1975,
16,
268,
2552,
289,
1598,
507,
291,
4550,
94,
796,
268,
1040,
2088,
331,
1111,
289,
268,
10218,
796,
4626,
261,
3498,
1196,
292,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
7621,
289,
444,
2552,
995,
268,
3978,
310,
2306,
5,
1256,
2135,
16,
284,
3720,
830,
327,
3413,
292,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
6861,
289,
268,
9752,
81,
1327,
288,
5088,
288,
2211,
11085,
291,
268,
654,
81,
1184,
82,
868,
77,
6565,
313,
379,
16,
518,
766,
344,
488,
2668,
557,
3372,
1080,
288,
268,
2493,
262,
2126,
1366,
421,
55,
1512,
6924,
270,
3643,
1209,
6158,
16,
1778,
492,
654,
350,
344,
1016,
5222,
30,
28,
802,
203,
55,
436,
10024,
336,
1020,
268,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
316,
7195,
662,
2511,
1196,
289,
293,
455,
668,
16,
579,
432,
2009,
423,
356,
576,
10859,
796,
576,
11524,
280,
796,
502,
1131,
444,
1044,
1196,
289,
580,
539,
4165,
18,
2015,
830,
5707,
327,
268,
1731,
360,
268,
4057,
415,
571,
88,
18,
365,
6062,
266,
344,
265,
942,
70,
1330,
16,
10214,
4655,
1395,
280,
311,
2491,
492,
391,
387,
94,
878,
87,
4835,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
454,
7292,
1293,
286,
336,
261,
1755,
1196,
454,
462,
3413,
292,
293,
455,
82,
268,
432,
2009,
423,
289,
268,
1395,
83,
1469,
421,
55,
1512,
615,
696,
8210,
379,
402,
1469,
294,
1010,
1469,
330,
298,
355,
69,
802,
203,
2983,
268,
1568,
1962,
289,
3156,
2700,
362,
454,
5684,
336,
881,
12,
5,
13,
1962,
327,
2370,
292,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
4057,
415,
571,
88,
30,
1507,
1196,
292,
580,
9742,
381,
268,
10186,
997,
291,
741,
7289,
16,
518,
830,
742,
1329,
496,
360,
268,
1196,
268,
388,
1267,
738,
9493,
364,
278,
522,
4423,
281,
3035,
16,
291,
597,
1196,
292,
293,
455,
82,
268,
432,
11901,
2616,
16,
292,
327,
4626,
341,
1717,
262,
289,
3643,
18,
203,
11207,
288,
363,
5661,
292,
1943,
261,
11624,
858,
268,
805,
705,
1654,
291,
3849,
1686,
796,
291,
288,
10779,
289,
3712,
1625,
579,
289,
268,
1365,
2485,
6750,
70,
277,
796,
268,
10906,
10214,
70,
5704,
3413,
268,
3498,
289,
268,
1474,
262,
289,
2595,
317,
88,
352,
663,
311,
402,
761,
6348,
557,
402,
761,
80,
11323,
16,
261,
1196,
331,
268,
632,
1050,
289,
696,
6348,
557,
16,
268,
7260,
439,
9899,
16,
331,
1014,
293,
531,
3148,
87,
4060,
3933,
289,
2145,
316,
6766,
291,
1014,
650,
2294,
688,
1588,
2976,
292,
293,
455,
82,
622,
18,
450,
1879,
292,
696,
6348,
557,
16,
502,
5601,
268,
1196,
788,
327,
4626,
730,
261,
663,
1469,
86,
88,
2879,
297,
16,
360,
268,
6243,
289,
261,
7260,
439,
4281,
298,
16,
268,
632,
2470,
289,
696,
306,
383,
1224,
76,
434,
492,
348,
344,
16,
291,
268,
1147,
289,
383,
557,
3862,
18,
203,
5139,
83,
2485,
261,
1196,
292,
632,
674,
696,
6348,
557,
316,
525,
462,
1298,
9757,
302,
18,
365,
6924,
270,
3643,
1209,
6158,
421,
51,
86,
492,
654,
350,
344,
1016,
26,
28,
30,
1388,
16,
273,
1842,
268,
7960,
5567,
280,
989,
3566,
336,
597,
650,
1082,
462,
698,
268,
2548,
866,
556,
289,
615,
4818,
372,
87,
2145,
602,
2869,
723,
1196,
341,
518,
292,
6969,
268,
663,
1469,
86,
88,
2879,
297,
18,
203,
1461,
3185,
289,
268,
1474,
262,
289,
2595,
317,
88,
454,
462,
765,
323,
1130,
18,
1285,
5930,
268,
1474,
262,
289,
2595,
317,
88,
796,
518,
580,
9742,
692,
268,
269,
545,
369,
289,
10542,
288,
1016,
11779,
6177,
41,
419,
268,
7237,
11791,
779,
3432,
2138,
70,
872,
354,
707,
4427,
294,
16,
597,
289,
1321,
42,
455,
418,
3720,
372,
3413,
419,
268,
269,
1172,
292,
293,
455,
82,
268,
7621,
289,
268,
8402,
9994,
796,
268,
10906,
10214,
70,
5704,
7463,
292,
435,
70,
610,
268,
1196,
360,
261,
3849,
1876,
291,
8342,
1014,
10701,
650,
8754,
268,
4314,
289,
261,
1321,
2794,
372,
7260,
439,
1196,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
855,
663,
311,
402,
761,
6348,
557,
402,
761,
80,
11323,
288,
5101,
289,
3805,
29,
16,
268,
3341,
289,
4389,
289,
6524,
427,
268,
2970,
1181,
270,
70,
8571,
86,
75,
1161,
3059,
318,
7786,
1834,
383,
374,
477,
664,
9885,
1875,
360,
697,
312,
86,
488,
6648,
1469,
646,
2250,
87,
288,
10542,
16,
291,
1755,
549,
10738,
664,
632,
1006,
331,
268,
293,
531,
3148,
87,
18,
203,
42,
320,
693,
281,
1111,
6963,
16,
341,
4878,
433,
16,
5641,
21,
16,
268,
696,
822,
364,
4645,
261,
6704,
8213,
268,
5778,
262,
289,
465,
277,
282,
352,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
522,
372,
815,
286,
8965,
472,
364,
278,
88,
18,
10210,
16,
341,
4707,
1570,
16,
5641,
29,
16,
268,
696,
822,
364,
4645,
261,
1536,
11305,
8213,
663,
311,
402,
1600,
2246,
294,
266,
5342,
372,
2683,
83,
1469,
5592,
372,
80,
484,
372,
90,
324,
1469,
16,
4057,
415,
571,
88,
291,
3603,
83,
997,
3253,
539,
1048,
515,
3424,
16,
352,
363,
5187,
538,
71,
998,
539,
4165,
289,
268,
7645,
518,
268,
9052,
277,
291,
444,
2960,
1721,
3835,
2807,
268,
5086,
689,
291,
268,
5676,
289,
10186,
997,
291,
10619,
88,
4588,
1053,
365,
1536,
6488,
84,
9134,
336,
268,
1196,
327,
4626,
419,
261,
881,
17,
2048,
1490,
3124,
514,
6875,
268,
2414,
1777,
292,
261,
7914,
88,
16,
1910,
360,
7260,
439,
4201,
762,
291,
580,
9742,
774,
2616,
18,
203,
55,
436,
6750,
70,
263,
300,
5970,
3904,
286,
292,
268,
3185,
289,
268,
1765,
289,
465,
277,
282,
16,
352,
579,
11341,
289,
293,
455,
668,
356,
7947,
1006,
268,
2414,
1765,
971,
289,
268,
8173,
289,
11848,
510,
357,
18,
450,
1879,
16,
579,
8754,
1321,
11422,
705,
372,
580,
9742,
500,
730,
269,
569,
1950,
291,
9269,
289,
3124,
514,
796,
2364,
502,
386,
10570,
462,
327,
1321,
46,
1015,
557,
6783,
203,
11207,
360,
669,
16,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
454,
6784,
419,
710,
289,
4435,
3860,
2429,
352,
261,
1196,
289,
8898,
291,
293,
455,
668,
16,
291,
1853,
316,
4004,
4626,
18,
203,
54,
397,
4655,
663,
635,
1184,
663,
69,
761,
878,
924,
263,
6830,
16,
650,
4605,
850,
2720,
1665,
268,
3228,
5089,
289,
268,
4057,
415,
571,
88,
16,
1175,
5614,
268,
9025,
289,
663,
311,
402,
1219,
83,
1469,
18,
450,
261,
561,
1830,
292,
597,
289,
615,
1650,
69,
16,
431
] |
What is Sampling Theorem?
By BYJU'S Exam Prep
Updated on: September 25th, 2023
By using the sampling theorem, we convert the continuous-time analog signal into a discrete-time signal, then the amplitude of the discrete-time signal is quantized and coded to the binary sequence to allow the computer to process the signal, then transmitted to the far end receiver then it is converted back to the original signal.
In this way, sampling has a fair share of importance in the development of digital processing and advanced control operations. In this article we will discuss the sampling theorem, to understand the sampling theorem, we must have a basic knowledge of what is sampling in signal processing, and along with that, we will discuss the Nyquist sampling theorem and the significance of sampling.
What is the Sampling Theorem?
The sampling theorem states that a continuous-time signal needs to be uniformly sampled at a minimum rate in order to recover or reconstruct the original signal.
Sampling Theorem Statement
The sampling theorem states that if a signal is sampled at regular intervals, then the sequence of samples can be reconstructed to recreate the original signal.
Most of the signals that we use frequently in communication and control operations are analog signals. Even though it is easier to handle analog signals in a simple operation like a simple telephone system where we convert the sound signal into its analogous electrical signal in the form of voltage, where the amplitude of the voice signal reflects in the voltage of the electrical signal and transmitted at the velocity equal to that of the light. But if they are to be sent to longer distances, the strength of the signal decreases and leads to an increase in noise levels. Hence modern telephonic systems have employed the concept of digital processing of the voice, in which the signal is converted into digital code that can be handled by a computer. If we wish to process the signal with digital equipment like a computer it involves various processes called sampling, quantizing, and coding.
Sampling Theorem Formula
If x(t) is a low-pass continuous-time signal with a band limit such that
𝑥(ω)=0 for ω≥ωmax
is represented in the form of its samples.
Then x(t) can be recovered in its original form if the sampling frequency is greater than or equal to twice the maximum frequency of the message signal x(t).
If ωs≥2ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Nyquist sampling rate condition);
x(nTs) = x(t), n=0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ……
Here Ts is the sampling period (sec/sample).
The Nyquist sampling rate condition can also be written as 𝑓𝑠=1𝑇𝑠≥𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥𝜋
Here fsis the sampling frequency (sample/second).
- If the Nyquist sampling rate condition is satisfied, then the original signal x(t) can be recovered by passing the sampled signal through an ideal low pass filter with the frequency response H(ω)=Ts; when -ωs/2<ω<ωs/2and equal to zero elsewhere.
Important Aspects of Sampling Theorem
In the process of sampling an analog signal, one must choose an extremely small value for the sampling period to make sure that there is no significant difference between the analog signal and discrete signal in the perspective of information contained as well as visual appearance. In such representation, in discrete form, some redundant values may come across, but we can spare them without losing the information in the original signal. In case we opt for a large value of sampling it may help us in data compression, but it comes with the significant risk of losing the information in the original signal.
Hence choosing the appropriate value of sampling is a vital measure in recovering the information from the message signal, the sampling theory and some other results introduced by Nyquist and Shannon constitute the bridge between analog and digital signals.
What are the Types of Sampling?
To convert the continuous-time analog signal into the appropriate discrete signal the initial step is to consider the samples of the given analog signal x(t) at uniform times 𝑡=𝑛𝑇𝑠
x(nTs) = x(t)|t=nTs; n is an integer
Here Ts is the sampling period.
We can do the sampling in different ways like
- Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), and
- Ideal impulse sampling.
Pulse Amplitude Sampling
Pulse amplitude sampling is a basic approach in digital communication. In this method of sampling, the message signal is modulated with a pulse train to acquire a sequence of narrow pulses having a similar amplitude to the continuous-time signal in the pulse.
Thus, the pulse amplitude modulation is the multiplication of the continuous-time signal x(t) by a periodic signal p(t) that consists of the pulses of the width W, amplitude 1𝑊, and period 𝑇𝑠. The discrete form of the original signal xPAM(t) with a small pulse width W, and the amplitude of the pulses being x(mTs), then
xPAM(t) = x(t)p(t) ≈ 1W∑x (mTs)[u(t-mTs)-u(t-mTs-W)]
As p(t) is a periodic signal we can represent it by Fourier series as p(t)=∑Pkejkω0tk; ω0=2ΠTs
Here Pk is the Fourier series coefficient.
Hence the pulse amplitude modulated signal can be expressed as xPAM(t) = ∑Pkx(t)ejkw0tk
The Fourier transform of the signal is xPAM (ω)=∑PkX(ω-kω0)k
Ideal Impulse Sampling
This sampling is called ideal sampling because the impulse signal has zero width and captures the signal value at any instant as per our need.
If the pulse width of the periodic pulse train p(t) is much smaller than the sampling period(Ts), then p(t) can be replaced by a periodic impulse train δTs(t), with a period of Ts. This development will considerably simplify the analysis and makes the results easier to grasp.
The sampling function is δTs(t)=∑δ(t-nTs)n
The sampled signal is given by xs(t)=∑x(nTs)δ(t-nTs)n
If X(ω) is the Fourier transform of the signal x(t) then the Fourier signal of xs(t) is Xs(ω)=1Ts∑x(ω-kωs)k
In the frequency domain, the spectrum of the sampled signal contains the copies of the spectrum of the continuous-time signal x(t) repeating at the regular intervals of 𝜔𝑠(sampling frequency. Practically impulse functions are not available hence we use the 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 function in sampling applications.
If x(t) is a band-limited signal with a lowpass spectrum of finite support, that is x(ω)=0 for ω>ωmax as shown below.
Case (1): ωs≥2ωmax
In this case, the spectrum of the sampled signal consists of shifted non-overlapping versions of (1Ts)X(ω). It is possible by obeying Nyquist’s sampling rate condition. In this case, we can recover X(ω) or x(t) from Xs(ω) or Xs(t).
In this case, the spectra of X(ω) are overlapped as the sampling rate is less than that of the Nyquist rate, hence it is not possible to recover the original signal from sampled signal. Due to overlapping of the spectra some frequency components of the original signal will acquire a different frequency, this phenomenon is called frequency aliasing.
What is the Aliasing Effect in Sampling?
If the sampling frequency is less than Nyquist’s standard frequency (ωs<2ωmax), then high-frequency components of the spectra take the identity of low-frequency components, this phenomenon is known as aliasing. Due to this, it is not possible to reconstruct the original continuous-time signal that has undergone sampling. | <urn:uuid:dcedde1b-9a67-4151-8c76-cf88bab74421> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://byjusexamprep.com/gate-eee/sampling-theorem | 2024-02-24T00:46:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.920928 | 1,797 | 4.5625 | 5 | [
4688,
316,
5690,
8281,
365,
404,
81,
35,
203,
10646,
391,
61,
46,
57,
11,
55,
4483,
11940,
203,
57,
84,
72,
488,
341,
30,
4878,
3457,
262,
16,
5325,
203,
10646,
1001,
268,
11565,
7837,
81,
16,
445,
8354,
268,
5674,
17,
2130,
10102,
4819,
636,
261,
896,
4325,
17,
2130,
4819,
16,
1023,
268,
7731,
5194,
289,
268,
896,
4325,
17,
2130,
4819,
316,
3952,
6912,
291,
273,
10567,
292,
268,
285,
2749,
7335,
292,
1059,
268,
2496,
292,
833,
268,
4819,
16,
1023,
8886,
292,
268,
1904,
1199,
1723,
1657,
1023,
362,
316,
9480,
1103,
292,
268,
3388,
4819,
18,
203,
2983,
456,
898,
16,
11565,
528,
261,
3819,
2538,
289,
2557,
288,
268,
1208,
289,
2256,
3764,
291,
3599,
1357,
3670,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
445,
513,
1868,
268,
11565,
7837,
81,
16,
292,
992,
268,
11565,
7837,
81,
16,
445,
1204,
437,
261,
2900,
1772,
289,
768,
316,
11565,
288,
4819,
3764,
16,
291,
1910,
360,
336,
16,
445,
513,
1868,
268,
465,
93,
395,
588,
11565,
7837,
81,
291,
268,
4489,
289,
11565,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
268,
5690,
8281,
365,
404,
81,
35,
203,
1461,
11565,
7837,
81,
2588,
336,
261,
5674,
17,
2130,
4819,
1470,
292,
327,
8802,
325,
2826,
9340,
430,
261,
5642,
2288,
288,
1544,
292,
5529,
361,
9184,
1026,
88,
268,
3388,
4819,
18,
203,
55,
348,
8281,
365,
404,
81,
3156,
367,
203,
1461,
11565,
7837,
81,
2588,
336,
717,
261,
4819,
316,
2826,
9340,
430,
1998,
630,
11634,
16,
1023,
268,
7335,
289,
5612,
375,
327,
9184,
1026,
691,
292,
8358,
381,
268,
3388,
4819,
18,
203,
49,
511,
289,
268,
5518,
336,
445,
666,
3983,
288,
2413,
291,
1357,
3670,
356,
10102,
5518,
18,
3142,
1417,
362,
316,
3402,
292,
4739,
10102,
5518,
288,
261,
2208,
4531,
730,
261,
2208,
7554,
7382,
892,
853,
445,
8354,
268,
2162,
4819,
636,
606,
10102,
499,
3924,
4819,
288,
268,
926,
289,
5955,
16,
853,
268,
7731,
5194,
289,
268,
4922,
4819,
8490,
288,
268,
5955,
289,
268,
3924,
4819,
291,
8886,
430,
268,
11236,
4458,
292,
336,
289,
268,
1360,
18,
1163,
717,
502,
356,
292,
327,
2819,
292,
2473,
9896,
16,
268,
2166,
289,
268,
4819,
10237,
291,
4198,
292,
363,
1643,
288,
5340,
1506,
18,
8315,
2332,
7554,
902,
2761,
1422,
437,
6745,
268,
3313,
289,
2256,
3764,
289,
268,
4922,
16,
288,
518,
268,
4819,
316,
9480,
636,
2256,
3230,
336,
375,
327,
1129,
1041,
419,
261,
2496,
18,
829,
445,
5648,
292,
833,
268,
4819,
360,
2256,
2857,
730,
261,
2496,
362,
2675,
1320,
2618,
1478,
11565,
16,
3952,
4253,
16,
291,
8925,
18,
203,
55,
348,
8281,
365,
404,
81,
6445,
3829,
203,
6164,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
316,
261,
1488,
17,
9175,
5674,
17,
2130,
4819,
360,
261,
5946,
3355,
659,
336,
203,
177,
256,
244,
103,
12,
144,
236,
13,
33,
20,
331,
225,
144,
236,
163,
236,
103,
144,
236,
81,
1894,
203,
277,
7281,
288,
268,
926,
289,
606,
5612,
18,
203,
2422,
270,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
375,
327,
5529,
286,
288,
606,
3388,
926,
717,
268,
11565,
4876,
316,
2796,
687,
361,
4458,
292,
6428,
268,
5213,
4876,
289,
268,
4718,
4819,
4730,
12,
88,
802,
203,
6164,
225,
144,
236,
87,
163,
236,
103,
22,
144,
236,
177,
256,
244,
253,
177,
256,
244,
241,
177,
256,
244,
103,
421,
50,
93,
395,
588,
11565,
2288,
2057,
6834,
203,
92,
12,
82,
56,
87,
13,
4267,
4730,
12,
88,
989,
314,
33,
20,
16,
3288,
114,
21,
16,
3288,
114,
22,
16,
3288,
114,
23,
16,
5677,
2865,
203,
44,
387,
307,
87,
316,
268,
11565,
1604,
421,
11422,
19,
87,
8157,
802,
203,
1461,
465,
93,
395,
588,
11565,
2288,
2057,
375,
525,
327,
3245,
352,
225,
177,
256,
244,
246,
177,
256,
244,
259,
33,
21,
177,
256,
244,
234,
177,
256,
244,
259,
163,
236,
103,
177,
256,
255,
247,
177,
256,
244,
253,
177,
256,
244,
241,
177,
256,
244,
103,
177,
256,
255,
238,
203,
44,
387,
284,
7198,
268,
11565,
4876,
421,
87,
8157,
19,
11422,
799,
802,
203,
17,
829,
268,
465,
93,
395,
588,
11565,
2288,
2057,
316,
4735,
870,
16,
1023,
268,
3388,
4819,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
375,
327,
5529,
286,
419,
7561,
268,
2826,
9340,
4819,
734,
363,
3890,
1488,
1464,
6171,
360,
268,
4876,
2629,
402,
12,
144,
236,
13,
33,
56,
87,
31,
649,
425,
144,
236,
87,
19,
22,
32,
144,
236,
32,
144,
236,
87,
19,
22,
481,
4458,
292,
6270,
10046,
18,
203,
45,
755,
442,
438,
760,
84,
798,
289,
5690,
8281,
365,
404,
81,
203,
2983,
268,
833,
289,
11565,
363,
10102,
4819,
16,
597,
1204,
2869,
363,
4179,
1139,
2003,
331,
268,
11565,
1604,
292,
804,
1850,
336,
686,
316,
688,
1297,
2921,
858,
268,
10102,
4819,
291,
896,
4325,
4819,
288,
268,
4785,
289,
1009,
7905,
352,
767,
352,
3101,
4643,
18,
450,
659,
7106,
16,
288,
896,
4325,
926,
16,
579,
2243,
1096,
438,
3119,
602,
1631,
1745,
16,
566,
445,
375,
440,
470,
622,
1298,
8019,
268,
1009,
288,
268,
3388,
4819,
18,
450,
1731,
445,
11733,
331,
261,
1452,
2003,
289,
11565,
362,
602,
617,
407,
288,
863,
10821,
16,
566,
362,
1974,
360,
268,
1297,
1238,
289,
8019,
268,
1009,
288,
268,
3388,
4819,
18,
203,
44,
514,
5930,
268,
2922,
2003,
289,
11565,
316,
261,
3226,
2074,
288,
5529,
281,
268,
1009,
427,
268,
4718,
4819,
16,
268,
11565,
3580,
291,
579,
586,
1826,
4519,
419,
465,
93,
395,
588,
291,
1395,
2586,
266,
573,
2981,
268,
6632,
858,
10102,
291,
2256,
5518,
18,
203,
4688,
356,
268,
7308,
289,
5690,
8281,
35,
203,
10702,
8354,
268,
5674,
17,
2130,
10102,
4819,
636,
268,
2922,
896,
4325,
4819,
268,
4388,
2483,
316,
292,
1119,
268,
5612,
289,
268,
2050,
10102,
4819,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
430,
8802,
1708,
225,
177,
256,
244,
99,
33,
177,
256,
244,
254,
177,
256,
244,
234,
177,
256,
244,
259,
203,
92,
12,
82,
56,
87,
13,
4267,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
96,
88,
33,
82,
56,
87,
31,
314,
316,
363,
288,
359,
1132,
203,
44,
387,
307,
87,
316,
268,
11565,
1604,
18,
203,
3464,
375,
565,
268,
11565,
288,
865,
1714,
730,
203,
17,
382,
346,
401,
7731,
5194,
874,
1218,
421,
3638,
49,
989,
291,
203,
17,
8900,
280,
498,
346,
401,
11565,
18,
203,
52,
346,
401,
2581,
476,
5194,
5690,
8281,
203,
52,
346,
401,
7731,
5194,
11565,
316,
261,
2900,
1563,
288,
2256,
2413,
18,
450,
456,
1336,
289,
11565,
16,
268,
4718,
4819,
316,
874,
3025,
360,
261,
4491,
401,
4909,
292,
9620,
261,
7335,
289,
6799,
4491,
3956,
2054,
261,
1979,
7731,
5194,
292,
268,
5674,
17,
2130,
4819,
288,
268,
4491,
401,
18,
203,
2422,
310,
16,
268,
4491,
401,
7731,
5194,
874,
1218,
316,
268,
10997,
1457,
289,
268,
5674,
17,
2130,
4819,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
419,
261,
1604,
300,
4819,
279,
12,
88,
13,
336,
5347,
289,
268,
4491,
3956,
289,
268,
11026,
388,
16,
7731,
5194,
433,
177,
256,
244,
237,
16,
291,
1604,
225,
177,
256,
244,
234,
177,
256,
244,
259,
18,
365,
896,
4325,
926,
289,
268,
3388,
4819,
4730,
3638,
49,
12,
88,
13,
360,
261,
1139,
4491,
401,
11026,
388,
16,
291,
268,
7731,
5194,
289,
268,
4491,
3956,
1018,
4730,
12,
81,
56,
87,
989,
1023,
203,
92,
3638,
49,
12,
88,
13,
4267,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
84,
12,
88,
13,
4464,
236,
235,
433,
59,
163,
235,
244,
92,
421,
81,
56,
87,
13,
63,
89,
12,
88,
17,
81,
56,
87,
13,
17,
89,
12,
88,
17,
81,
56,
87,
17,
59,
13,
65,
203,
5190,
279,
12,
88,
13,
316,
261,
1604,
300,
4819,
445,
375,
2151,
362,
419,
8266,
1242,
3338,
352,
279,
12,
88,
13,
33,
163,
235,
244,
52,
394,
78,
79,
144,
236,
20,
88,
79,
31,
225,
144,
236,
20,
33,
22,
143,
259,
56,
87,
203,
44,
387,
382,
79,
316,
268,
8266,
1242,
3338,
742,
7664,
18,
203,
44,
514,
268,
4491,
401,
7731,
5194,
874,
3025,
4819,
375,
327,
6925,
352,
4730,
3638,
49,
12,
88,
13,
4267,
4464,
235,
244,
52,
79,
92,
12,
88,
13,
73,
78,
79,
91,
20,
88,
79,
203,
1461,
8266,
1242,
2948,
289,
268,
4819,
316,
4730,
3638,
49,
421,
144,
236,
13,
33,
163,
235,
244,
52,
79,
60,
12,
144,
236,
17,
79,
144,
236,
20,
13,
79,
203,
45,
864,
280,
2670,
346,
401,
5690,
8281,
203,
4326,
11565,
316,
1478,
3890,
11565,
971,
268,
498,
346,
401,
4819,
528,
6270,
11026,
291,
1081,
1601,
268,
4819,
2003,
430,
723,
8015,
352,
574,
662,
648,
18,
203,
6164,
268,
4491,
401,
11026,
289,
268,
1604,
300,
4491,
401,
4909,
279,
12,
88,
13,
316,
1111,
3513,
687,
268,
11565,
1604,
12,
56,
87,
989,
1023,
279,
12,
88,
13,
375,
327,
6829,
419,
261,
1604,
300,
498,
346,
401,
4909,
7958,
117,
56,
87,
12,
88,
989,
360,
261,
1604,
289,
307,
87,
18,
540,
1208,
513,
1119,
2090,
4857,
3049,
268,
2286,
291,
1892,
268,
1826,
3402,
292,
10264,
18,
203,
1461,
11565,
1596,
316,
7958,
117,
56,
87,
12,
88,
13,
33,
163,
235,
244,
143,
117,
12,
88,
17,
82,
56,
87,
13,
82,
203,
1461,
2826,
9340,
4819,
316,
2050,
419,
4730,
87,
12,
88,
13,
33,
163,
235,
244,
92,
12,
82,
56,
87,
13,
143,
117,
12,
88,
17,
82,
56,
87,
13,
82,
203,
6164,
2928,
12,
144,
236,
13,
316,
268,
8266,
1242,
2948,
289,
268,
4819,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
1023,
268,
8266,
1242,
4819,
289,
4730,
87,
12,
88,
13,
316,
2928,
87,
12,
144,
236,
13,
33,
21,
56,
87,
163,
235,
244,
92,
12,
144,
236,
17,
79,
144,
236,
87,
13,
79,
203,
2983,
268,
4876,
6894,
16,
268,
7201,
289,
268,
2826,
9340,
4819,
3387,
268,
11392,
289,
268,
7201,
289,
268,
5674,
17,
2130,
4819,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
5211,
673,
430,
268,
1998,
630,
11634,
289,
225,
177,
256,
255,
247,
177,
256,
244,
259,
12,
87,
348,
8281,
4876,
18,
5024,
7503,
498,
346,
401,
3632,
356,
462,
1608,
8396,
445,
666,
268,
225,
177,
256,
244,
259,
177,
256,
244,
249,
177,
256,
244,
254,
177,
256,
244,
243,
1596,
288,
11565,
2391,
18,
203,
6164,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
316,
261,
5946,
17,
4498,
1006,
4819,
360,
261,
1488,
9175,
7201,
289,
951,
674,
1105,
16,
336,
316,
4730,
12,
144,
236,
13,
33,
20,
331,
225,
144,
236,
34,
144,
236,
81,
1894,
352,
2853,
2321,
18,
203,
39,
575,
421,
21,
3868,
225,
144,
236,
87,
163,
236,
103,
22,
144,
236,
81,
1894,
203,
2983,
456,
1731,
16,
268,
7201,
289,
268,
2826,
9340,
4819,
5347,
289,
6364,
691,
1677,
17,
1090,
80,
8534,
8370,
289,
421,
21,
56,
87,
13,
60,
12,
144,
236,
802,
553,
316,
1522,
419,
1124,
73,
1411,
465,
93,
395,
588,
372,
87,
11565,
2288,
2057,
18,
450,
456,
1731,
16,
445,
375,
5529,
2928,
12,
144,
236,
13,
361,
4730,
12,
88,
13,
427,
2928,
87,
12,
144,
236,
13,
361,
2928,
87,
12,
88,
802,
203,
2983,
456,
1731,
16,
268,
722,
3821,
289,
2928,
12,
144,
236,
13,
356,
5912,
2188,
286,
352,
268,
11565,
2288,
316,
1165,
687,
336,
289,
268,
465,
93,
395,
588,
2288,
16,
8396,
362,
316,
462,
1522,
292,
5529,
268,
3388,
4819,
427,
2826,
9340,
4819,
18,
6642,
292,
5912,
8534,
289,
268,
722,
3821,
579,
4876,
3008,
289,
268,
3388,
4819,
513,
9620,
261,
865,
4876,
16,
456,
6902,
316,
1478,
4876,
366,
77,
1625,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
268,
996,
77,
1625,
4913,
493,
288,
5690,
8281,
35,
203,
6164,
268,
11565,
4876,
316,
1165,
687,
465,
93,
395,
588,
372,
87,
2786,
4876,
421,
144,
236,
87,
32,
22,
144,
236,
81,
1894,
989,
1023,
695,
17,
74,
11182,
1150,
3008,
289,
268,
722,
3821,
1071,
268,
4328,
289,
1488,
17,
74,
11182,
1150,
3008,
16,
456,
6902,
316,
1261,
352,
366,
77,
1625,
18,
6642,
292,
456,
16,
362,
316,
462,
1522,
292,
9184,
1026,
88,
268,
3388,
5674,
17,
2130
] |
- A semantic layer translates complex data into business-friendly terms, simplifying data analysis.
- It is central to consistent and efficient BI reporting across various data sources. By presenting data through common business terms, a semantic layer empowers you to make data-driven decisions more efficiently
- Semantic layers enhance the accessibility of data-driven insights for non-technical users.
A semantic layer is a component in data management and business intelligence (BI) that translates complex data into terms that are understandable for end users.
It functions as an intermediary that simplifies interactions with data by encapsulating the technical details of where and how data is stored.
Essentially, it provides a business-focused model that names and defines data in a way that is familiar to its users, offering them a way to query and report on data without needing technical expertise in databases or data structures.
Understanding Semantic Layers
In the ever-evolving landscape of data management, your ability to make informed decisions relies heavily on how data is presented. The semantic layer serves as a vital bridge between raw data and actionable insights.
Definition and Purpose of Semantic Layer
A semantic layer is an abstraction layer that simplifies the complexity of underlying data structures. It’s a critical component for transforming data into a business representation that uses common business terms.
This simplification lets you interact with data using familiar language without needing to comprehend the intricate database schemas or relationships.
This layer plays a dual role by providing both an abstraction of the data and a semantic model which outlines the relationships and meanings within that data.
Explanation of Semantic Layers in the Context of Data Modeling
In data modeling, a semantic layer functions as a metadata framework that defines and maps the data in a way that makes sense for business users. Think of it as a virtualization layer that stands between the raw data and the end-users.
Image source: dbt Semantic Layers
It means that when you query the data, you’re interacting with entities like “customer” or “sales” instead of complex database terms.
Role and Purpose of Semantic Layers in Data Analytics
In data analytics, the semantic layer’s role is to streamline the discovery and utilization of data. It provides a unified and consolidated view across various data sources, ensuring consistency and accuracy in reporting.
By dealing with entities like “revenue” or “product,” you can easily interpret and analyze data pertinent to your business goals.
This abstraction layer not only increases efficiency but also enhances the accessibility of data, allowing users with different levels of technical expertise to drive data-driven decisions. Ultimately, this means quicker and more reliable insights for you.
Key Components of Semantic Layers
A semantic layer plays a crucial role in simplifying data complexity for end-users, so understanding its key components is essential for leveraging its full potential.
a. Data Sources and Integration
Data Sources are the foundational element, where the semantic layer connects to various data storage systems like databases, data warehouses, or data lakes. Integration involves linking these sources with the semantic layer to ensure seamless data retrieval and consolidation.
Retrieving and Integrating Diverse Data Sources into a Unified Layer
A semantic layer brings together diverse data sources – whether it’s sales numbers from spreadsheets, customer feedback from surveys, or operational stats from databases – and combines them into a single, unified layer.
Here’s how it works:
- Connecting the Dots: The semantic layer connects to various data sources, regardless of where they are or how they’re formatted.
- Harmonizing Data: It then harmonizes this data, which means it converts different data formats, units, and structures into a standard format that can be easily understood and used.
- Creating a Single Source of Truth: By integrating data in this way, the semantic layer creates a ‘single source of truth’ that users can rely on for accurate insights.
Ensuring Consistency, Accuracy, and Quality of Integrated Data
Maintaining the quality of data within the semantic layer is essential. Here’s how consistency, accuracy, and quality are ensured:
- Data Cleaning: The process often starts with data cleaning, which involves removing or correcting any inaccurate or irrelevant data.
- Validation Processes: Data is then put through validation processes to check for consistency and accuracy, ensuring that any data used for analysis can be trusted.
- Regular Audits: Regular audits and updates are conducted to maintain data quality over time, adapting to any changes in data sources or business needs.
b. Business Logic and Definitions
This component refers to Business Logic, the set of rules that govern data analysis, and Definitions, which are the business-oriented terms applied to data. They provide context to the raw data, transforming it into meaningful information that aligns with business objectives.
Defining Business Rules, Calculations, and Transformations Within the Layer
Just like a recipe that tells you how to mix ingredients to bake a cake, the semantic layer uses business rules and calculations to mix and transform data into something valuable. Here’s how it’s done:
- Crafting Business Rules: These are the ‘recipes’ for handling data – they define how data should be interpreted and processed according to business needs.
- Performing Calculations: Whether it’s summing up sales figures or averaging customer ratings, the semantic layer handles all sorts of calculations that turn raw numbers into understandable metrics.
- Data Transformation: This is akin to chopping and preparing your ingredients; data is transformed into a format or structure that is more suitable for analysis and reporting.
Facilitating Easier Interpretation and Analysis by Business Users
The beauty of a semantic layer is that it doesn’t just crunch numbers in the background; it presents them in a way that’s easy to understand, even if you’re not a data scientist. Here’s how it helps business users:
- Using Familiar Terms: The semantic layer translates technical data fields into business terms that are familiar to users, like ‘Quarterly Sales’ instead of ‘Q1_Rev_Total’.
- Simplifying Complex Concepts: It simplifies complex data relationships and calculations, so users don’t need advanced technical skills to interpret the data.
- Enabling Self-Service: With the heavy lifting done by the semantic layer, business users can easily explore data, create reports, and gain insights without always relying on IT or data teams.
c. Metadata Management
Metadata Management is the process of handling data about other data. It enables you to classify and organize the information within the semantic layer, making it easier to locate, use, and manage data across different business applications.
Capturing Metadata to Provide Contextual Information About the Data Elements
In the semantic layer, metadata provides:
- Descriptive Tags: It includes tags that describe what the data represents, like naming a column ‘Customer Age’ rather than something vague like ‘Column 1’.
- Data Lineage: Metadata captures the history or lineage of the data, telling you where it came from and how it’s been altered over time.
- Usage Guidelines: It can also include instructions or guidelines on how the data should be used, ensuring that everyone is on the same page.
Enabling Better Understanding and Governance Over the Underlying Data
Metadata management ensures that this data is not just used, but used responsibly:
- Clarity and Transparency: Metadata provides clarity and transparency about the data, which is crucial for trust and accountability in the information you’re using.
- Data Governance: It supports data governance by documenting the data’s origins, purpose, and quality, which is essential for compliance and ethical use of data.
- Searchability and Accessibility: Metadata makes data more searchable and accessible, allowing users to find and understand the data they need quickly and easily.
Benefits of Semantic Layers
Semantic layers offer you a powerful means to access, manage, and understand your data with greater ease and efficiency.
1. Improved Self-Service Analytics
One of the top benefits you’ll experience with a semantic layer is the ease of self-service analytics. You gain the ability to define metrics and dimensional hierarchies like time, product, and geography, simplifying complex data into user-friendly formats. This transformation allows your business users to conduct analytics without constantly relying on IT support.
Enabling Non-Technical Users to Access and Analyze Complex Datasets Easily
Here’s what it does for non-technical users:
- User-Friendly Interface: Semantic layers provide a straightforward interface that hides the complexity of underlying data structures, making them user-friendly.
- Drag-and-Drop Tools: They often come with drag-and-drop tools that let users interact with data without writing a single line of code.
- Democratizing Data: By simplifying the data access, semantic layers democratize data analytics, allowing more people within an organization to make data-driven decisions.
Allowing Users to Create Personalized Reports Without Relying on IT Support
Gone are the days when you had to submit a request to IT and wait for days to get a report. Semantic layers empower users to:
- Create Reports on the Fly: Users can create their own reports and dashboards on the fly, exactly how they want them, without getting stuck in a queue for IT support.
- Explore Data Independently: With the ability to explore data independently, users can follow their curiosity, ask their own questions, and find the answers in the data.
- Faster Decision Making: This autonomy not only saves time but also leads to faster and more informed decision-making across the organization.
2. Data Consistency and Governance
A semantic layer ensures data consistency by standardizing how data is interpreted across your organization. It plays a key role in data governance by applying uniform security and access rules, which helps maintain accuracy and trustworthiness in your data assets.
Ensuring Consistent Reporting Across an Organization
Uniformity in data reporting is as crucial as having a common language in a global company. With a semantic layer in place:
- Unified Data View: It provides a unified view of all the data, which means that no matter who in the organization is looking at the data, they’re seeing the same numbers.
- Standardized Metrics: Semantic layers ensure that metrics are standardized, so when different departments talk about ‘customer satisfaction,’ they’re all referring to the same metric.
- Trustworthy Data: This consistency builds trust in the data, as users can be confident that the reports they rely on are accurate and up-to-date.
Maintaining Centralized Control Over Definitions, Calculations, Etc.
Just as a conductor leads an orchestra to create harmony, a semantic layer helps maintain centralized control over data definitions and calculations:
- Central Repository: It acts as a central repository for all business logic, definitions, and calculations, ensuring that changes made are reflected across all reports and analyses.
- Controlled Access: Semantic layers can control who has access to what data, ensuring that sensitive information is protected and that data quality is not compromised by too many hands in the pot.
- Compliance and Auditing: With centralized control, it’s easier to enforce compliance with data regulations and to conduct audits, as there’s a clear trail of how data is defined and used.
3. Accelerated Decision-Making
Lastly, a robust semantic layer can lead to quicker decision-making. By presenting data in a unified and understandable manner, it bridges the gap between IT and business needs, allowing for faster insights and responses to market changes. This agility can give you a significant competitive advantage.
Reducing Time Spent on Manual Data Preparation Tasks
Manual data preparation can be a tedious and time-consuming task. Semantic layers, however, act like a magical detangling spray by:
- Automating Data Wrangling: They automate the grunt work of sorting and organizing data, which means less time spent on manual tasks and more time for analysis.
- Streamlining Data Flows: Semantic layers streamline the flow of data from various sources, making it ready-to-use for anyone who needs it.
- Simplifying Data Access: They simplify the way users access data, cutting down the steps needed to get from raw data to actionable insights.
Providing Real-Time or Near-Real-Time Insights for Quick Decision-Making
In today’s fast-paced world, waiting for insights is like waiting for a dial-up connection in the age of fiber broadband. Semantic layers eliminate the wait by:
- Enabling Real-Time Analysis: They make it possible to analyze data as it’s being generated, giving you the power to make decisions based on the very latest information.
- Empowering Proactive Responses: With real-time insights, companies can be more proactive and less reactive, spotting opportunities and addressing issues as they happen.
- Boosting Competitive Edge: The ability to make quick decisions gives businesses a competitive edge, allowing them to adapt swiftly to market changes and customer needs.
Integration with Technology
As you dive deeper into the digital world, the significance of semantic layers in enhancing and simplifying your interaction with complex data systems becomes apparent.
Semantic Layers in AI and Machine Learning
Semantic layers play a pivotal role in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and machine learning. By defining relationships and meanings, they enable machines to comprehend data similarly to how you do.
This facilitates AI algorithms to parse big data more effectively, leading to more accurate predictions and insights.
Your machine learning models will benefit significantly from a well-structured semantic layer, as it helps in simplifying the data preprocessing step, which is essential for accurate model training.
Database Management and Data Warehousing
When it comes to database management and data warehousing, semantic layers act as a bridge, translating complex database schemas into something that’s much more understandable.
Whether you’re dealing with relational databases or cloud data warehouses, the semantic layer ensures that your data is not only accessible but also meaningful.
In essence, it enables a unified data view regardless of the underlying technology, giving you a friendly user interface to interact with your complex data sets.
Role of Semantic Layer in Business Intelligence (BI)
In the realm of Business Intelligence (BI), a semantic layer is your silent guardian. It democratizes data access within your organization, allowing even those without technical expertise to gain insights from big data.
By abstracting the technical aspects of data structures and focusing on business terminologies, semantic layers empower your team to conduct self-service analytics efficiently, without needing to understand the intricacies of data management.
This key component defines how data from data warehouses and diverse sources is leveraged to provide actionable business intelligence.
By weaving semantic layers into your technology stack, you’re essentially adding a layer of intelligence that streamlines your interactions with complex data systems and unlocks the full potential of your data-driven initiatives.
Future of Semantic Layers
The use of semantic layers are rapidly becoming indispensable, facilitating a dynamic and user-friendly bridge between complex data infrastructures and actionable business insights.
Developing Trends in Semantic Technology
In the realm of semantic technology trends, you’ll come across innovations designed to make data even more accessible and comprehensible for you, the end user.
An important aspect of these trends is the enhancement of metadata management, ensuring that your data’s context is clear and usable within your applications.
Additionally, watch for advancements that streamline the integration of various data sources—this is key to a well-functioning semantic layer within your modern data stack.
Universal Semantic Layer and Data Mesh Concepts
Moving on to the end game for many organizations: the implementation of a universal semantic layer. This concept aims to standardize how data is viewed and accessed across an organization, regardless of the underlying technology.
By doing so, you’ll gain the power to handle future data workloads with greater ease and agility.
The data mesh, another forward-thinking approach, is gaining traction as a complementary framework to the universal semantic layer.
Data mesh focuses on a decentralized socio-technical structure, treating data as a product, which can boost your organization’s speed and quality of data insights. Embracing both the universal semantic layer and data mesh concepts could radically reshape your understanding and use of data in the future.
What is a Semantic Layer?: A Recap
Semantic Layers can be described as the bridge between raw data and meaningful insights, ensuring that everyone across an organization speaks the same data language.
With semantic layers, data becomes more than just numbers and figures; it becomes the storyteller that guides strategic decisions, fosters innovation, and drives businesses forward.
Key Takeaways: Semantic Layers in Data Analytics
- User-Friendly Data Access: Semantic layers make it easy for non-technical users to dive into data analysis without getting lost in the technicalities.
- Consistency is Key: They ensure that everyone in the organization is looking at the same data and making decisions based on the same truths.
- Governance and Compliance: By centralizing control over data definitions and calculations, semantic layers uphold data governance and facilitate compliance with regulations.
- Speedy Decisions: They cut down the time spent on manual data prep and provide real-time insights, leading to faster and more informed decision-making.
- Empowerment Through Data: Semantic layers empower all users, regardless of their technical expertise, to explore, analyze, and leverage data for their specific needs.
FAQ: Semantic Layers in Business Analysis
How does a semantic layer simplify data interaction?
A semantic layer acts as an intermediary, translating complicated data into easily understood business terms. This abstraction enables users to interact with the data more effectively without having to understand the underlying technical complexities.
Can you provide an example of a semantic layer in a business intelligence tool like Power BI?
In Power BI, the semantic layer is typically represented by the data model, which includes tables, columns, and measures that organize and present the data in a way that makes sense for business analysis.
What contrasts can be found between a semantic layer and a data mart?
A semantic layer acts as an overarching translation component applicable across various platforms and tools, while a data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that focuses on a specific business line or team.
In what ways does a semantic layer differ from a presentation layer?
The semantic layer focuses on the meaning and organization of data, while the presentation layer is concerned with how data is displayed or presented to the end-user through reports or dashboards.
Could you explain the process of constructing a semantic layer within a data environment?
Constructing a semantic layer involves defining business terms and measures, mapping them to underlying data sources, and establishing relationships within the data to ensure that it can be accessed in an intuitive and seamless manner by end-users. | <urn:uuid:6da9e8b4-c7d6-4ef0-ba84-20c1cf36fac4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://datarundown.com/semantic-layers/ | 2024-02-24T00:48:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.897228 | 3,997 | 2.921875 | 3 | [
17,
330,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
4713,
692,
1874,
863,
636,
1433,
17,
5350,
2560,
16,
4857,
5005,
863,
2286,
18,
203,
17,
553,
316,
3327,
292,
4788,
291,
2632,
391,
45,
7202,
1745,
1320,
863,
2419,
18,
1285,
11717,
863,
734,
1112,
1433,
2560,
16,
261,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
2593,
9766,
337,
292,
804,
863,
17,
8452,
3073,
512,
6106,
203,
17,
343,
539,
5730,
5936,
3017,
268,
8756,
289,
863,
17,
8452,
4102,
331,
1677,
17,
819,
466,
2718,
18,
203,
37,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
316,
261,
4391,
288,
863,
1794,
291,
1433,
3803,
421,
10844,
13,
336,
4713,
692,
1874,
863,
636,
2560,
336,
356,
992,
541,
331,
1199,
2718,
18,
203,
4077,
3632,
352,
363,
10217,
556,
336,
4857,
7030,
5119,
360,
863,
419,
1593,
1881,
3939,
268,
4419,
3834,
289,
853,
291,
667,
863,
316,
5290,
18,
203,
41,
11101,
3019,
16,
362,
1956,
261,
1433,
17,
74,
1372,
286,
2083,
336,
4600,
291,
10748,
863,
288,
261,
898,
336,
316,
4973,
292,
606,
2718,
16,
4542,
622,
261,
898,
292,
626,
2504,
291,
1627,
341,
863,
1298,
648,
281,
4419,
5689,
288,
10360,
361,
863,
3702,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
10738,
203,
2983,
268,
2577,
17,
4708,
6156,
4122,
289,
863,
1794,
16,
424,
1882,
292,
804,
4443,
3073,
10283,
7318,
341,
667,
863,
316,
4846,
18,
365,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
5155,
352,
261,
3226,
6632,
858,
5300,
863,
291,
2433,
541,
4102,
18,
203,
40,
4727,
263,
564,
291,
8528,
2536,
289,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
5428,
203,
37,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
316,
363,
1996,
322,
1733,
3863,
336,
4857,
7030,
268,
7116,
289,
4908,
863,
3702,
18,
553,
372,
87,
261,
2421,
4391,
331,
11757,
863,
636,
261,
1433,
7106,
336,
2600,
1112,
1433,
2560,
18,
203,
4326,
4857,
2843,
417,
340,
337,
5828,
360,
863,
1001,
4973,
1719,
1298,
648,
281,
292,
2923,
593,
268,
7166,
5786,
944,
539,
301,
361,
3559,
18,
203,
4326,
3863,
3806,
261,
11640,
1476,
419,
2352,
1079,
363,
1996,
322,
1733,
289,
268,
863,
291,
261,
447,
1820,
410,
2083,
518,
5417,
967,
268,
3559,
291,
10854,
1291,
336,
863,
18,
203,
9079,
476,
282,
318,
289,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
10738,
288,
268,
1161,
10400,
289,
3655,
3536,
5031,
203,
2983,
863,
9517,
16,
261,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
3632,
352,
261,
1757,
354,
776,
5018,
336,
10748,
291,
7485,
268,
863,
288,
261,
898,
336,
1892,
2266,
331,
1433,
2718,
18,
8876,
289,
362,
352,
261,
4520,
1260,
3863,
336,
5435,
858,
268,
5300,
863,
291,
268,
1199,
17,
310,
332,
18,
203,
45,
81,
495,
2088,
30,
295,
70,
88,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
10738,
203,
4077,
1486,
336,
649,
337,
626,
2504,
268,
863,
16,
337,
372,
267,
630,
4252,
360,
9978,
730,
538,
71,
310,
278,
815,
537,
361,
538,
87,
2771,
537,
3087,
289,
1874,
5786,
2560,
18,
203,
54,
2748,
291,
8528,
2536,
289,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
10738,
288,
3655,
9834,
1187,
203,
2983,
863,
8968,
16,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
372,
87,
1476,
316,
292,
4045,
1279,
268,
5906,
291,
11910,
289,
863,
18,
553,
1956,
261,
543,
2234,
291,
573,
10242,
488,
1889,
1745,
1320,
863,
2419,
16,
3171,
9605,
291,
5078,
288,
7202,
18,
203,
10646,
6485,
360,
9978,
730,
538,
267,
5827,
537,
361,
538,
7846,
88,
1272,
337,
375,
2619,
4834,
291,
5590,
863,
574,
2432,
302,
292,
424,
1433,
3002,
18,
203,
4326,
1996,
322,
1733,
3863,
462,
794,
3675,
3055,
566,
525,
7803,
268,
8756,
289,
863,
16,
3240,
2718,
360,
865,
1506,
289,
4419,
5689,
292,
4048,
863,
17,
8452,
3073,
18,
10453,
16,
456,
1486,
2025,
265,
291,
512,
4715,
4102,
331,
337,
18,
203,
47,
7600,
2132,
9165,
289,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
10738,
203,
37,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
4857,
5005,
863,
7116,
331,
1199,
17,
310,
332,
16,
576,
1616,
606,
1558,
3008,
316,
1505,
331,
9406,
1516,
606,
2052,
1439,
18,
203,
69,
18,
3655,
343,
1202,
291,
7858,
318,
203,
40,
776,
343,
1202,
356,
268,
986,
778,
4156,
16,
853,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
11845,
292,
1320,
863,
3578,
1422,
730,
10360,
16,
863,
276,
470,
76,
9553,
16,
361,
863,
10099,
18,
7858,
318,
2675,
308,
1914,
629,
2419,
360,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
292,
1530,
7677,
1465,
863,
8294,
7743,
291,
573,
10242,
318,
18,
203,
8594,
322,
4616,
291,
7858,
673,
413,
2645,
3655,
343,
1202,
636,
261,
860,
2234,
458,
5428,
203,
37,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
6044,
1875,
3596,
863,
2419,
796,
2026,
362,
372,
87,
6333,
3210,
427,
10588,
7317,
16,
4790,
4964,
427,
10184,
16,
361,
8136,
471,
1378,
427,
10360,
796,
291,
11138,
622,
636,
261,
2324,
16,
543,
2234,
3863,
18,
203,
44,
387,
372,
87,
667,
362,
1854,
30,
203,
17,
6384,
7109,
268,
413,
1618,
30,
365,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
11845,
292,
1320,
863,
2419,
16,
6779,
289,
853,
502,
356,
361,
667,
502,
372,
267,
5127,
691,
18,
203,
17,
402,
930,
266,
1790,
3655,
30,
553,
1023,
10469,
2692,
456,
863,
16,
518,
1486,
362,
4753,
340,
865,
863,
926,
1378,
16,
5117,
16,
291,
3702,
636,
261,
2786,
5127,
336,
375,
327,
2619,
6209,
291,
724,
18,
203,
17,
9197,
261,
6501,
298,
8255,
289,
1368,
2719,
30,
1285,
11396,
863,
288,
456,
898,
16,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
4944,
261,
1321,
87,
281,
298,
2088,
289,
4755,
372,
336,
2718,
375,
5534,
341,
331,
3879,
4102,
18,
203,
41,
1950,
714,
1895,
8124,
16,
2109,
324,
1495,
16,
291,
8523,
289,
7858,
488,
3655,
203,
49,
412,
5045,
268,
1630,
289,
863,
1291,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
316,
1505,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
667,
9605,
16,
5078,
16,
291,
1630,
356,
1530,
72,
30,
203,
17,
3655,
7168,
281,
30,
365,
833,
970,
5398,
360,
863,
4801,
16,
518,
2675,
6763,
361,
11048,
542,
723,
288,
1942,
324,
381,
361,
10581,
3907,
438,
863,
18,
203,
17,
4145,
323,
318,
6899,
274,
30,
3655,
316,
1023,
1927,
734,
5433,
318,
2618,
292,
2373,
331,
9605,
291,
5078,
16,
3171,
336,
723,
863,
724,
331,
2286,
375,
327,
10679,
18,
203,
17,
5129,
9617,
764,
30,
5129,
2664,
764,
291,
8412,
356,
4404,
292,
1638,
863,
1630,
658,
669,
16,
2508,
542,
292,
723,
1703,
288,
863,
2419,
361,
1433,
1470,
18,
203,
70,
18,
6163,
10008,
300,
291,
11492,
1158,
203,
4326,
4391,
4080,
292,
6163,
10008,
300,
16,
268,
1075,
289,
3566,
336,
1334,
863,
2286,
16,
291,
11492,
1158,
16,
518,
356,
268,
1433,
17,
10665,
286,
2560,
3848,
292,
863,
18,
900,
1153,
3558,
292,
268,
5300,
863,
16,
11757,
362,
636,
6664,
1009,
336,
4394,
87,
360,
1433,
6233,
18,
203,
40,
4727,
2165,
6163,
434,
2125,
16,
10933,
2158,
16,
291,
3526,
840,
500,
8892,
268,
458,
5428,
203,
46,
599,
730,
261,
5234,
73,
336,
6797,
337,
667,
292,
2698,
5266,
292,
285,
1387,
261,
273,
1387,
16,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
2600,
1433,
3566,
291,
10442,
292,
2698,
291,
2948,
863,
636,
1890,
3435,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
667,
362,
372,
87,
2217,
30,
203,
17,
351,
1209,
74,
542,
6163,
434,
2125,
30,
948,
356,
268,
1321,
3356,
517,
274,
372,
331,
6439,
863,
796,
502,
6594,
667,
863,
788,
327,
7267,
691,
291,
6654,
2310,
292,
1433,
1470,
18,
203,
17,
2955,
11324,
10933,
2158,
30,
4283,
362,
372,
87,
2205,
2280,
644,
6333,
6239,
361,
261,
357,
1516,
4790,
8998,
87,
16,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
1129,
736,
516,
269,
1316,
289,
10442,
336,
1867,
5300,
3210,
636,
992,
541,
479,
10539,
18,
203,
17,
3655,
3526,
4105,
30,
540,
316,
261,
6363,
292,
392,
389,
5028,
291,
7994,
424,
5266,
31,
863,
316,
9619,
636,
261,
5127,
361,
2214,
336,
316,
512,
4021,
331,
2286,
291,
7202,
18,
203,
42,
313,
3626,
673,
6010,
1242,
3514,
84,
1963,
318,
291,
7848,
419,
6163,
2407,
332,
203,
1461,
5115,
289,
261,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
316,
336,
362,
2752,
372,
88,
1039,
793,
2919,
3210,
288,
268,
4247,
31,
362,
6887,
622,
288,
261,
898,
336,
372,
87,
2289,
292,
992,
16,
919,
717,
337,
372,
267,
462,
261,
863,
8505,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
667,
362,
1780,
1433,
2718,
30,
203,
17,
3737,
5515,
309,
3499,
6293,
507,
30,
365,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
4713,
692,
4419,
863,
4161,
636,
1433,
2560,
336,
356,
4973,
292,
2718,
16,
730,
1321,
53,
89,
6393,
325,
343,
2771,
372,
3087,
289,
1321,
53,
21,
67,
54,
4708,
67,
56,
6194,
5494,
203,
17,
3323,
476,
5005,
8010,
92,
1161,
969,
340,
30,
553,
4857,
7030,
1874,
863,
3559,
291,
10442,
16,
576,
2718,
1373,
372,
88,
648,
3599,
4419,
1607,
292,
4834,
268,
863,
18,
203,
17,
952,
397,
1667,
7616,
17,
55,
678,
690,
30,
1440,
268,
4112,
2339,
542,
2217,
419,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
16,
1433,
2718,
375,
2619,
2408,
863,
16,
1408,
4524,
16,
291,
3277,
4102,
1298,
1775,
304,
2173,
341,
6563,
361,
863,
5751,
18,
203,
71,
18,
7468,
354,
776,
4895,
203,
49,
364,
354,
776,
4895,
316,
268,
833,
289,
6439,
863,
608,
586,
863,
18,
553,
5212,
337,
292,
1280,
3049,
291,
10620,
268,
1009,
1291,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
16,
1355,
362,
3402,
292,
11738,
16,
666,
16,
291,
3102,
863,
1745,
865,
1433,
2391,
18,
203,
39,
8662,
714,
7468,
354,
776,
292,
10796,
1161,
9430,
1924,
5931,
4844,
268,
3655,
416,
4923,
203,
2983,
268,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
16,
1757,
354,
776,
1956,
30,
203,
17,
2284,
2322,
656,
307,
484,
87,
30,
553,
2356,
605,
2318,
336,
5094,
768,
268,
863,
5064,
16,
730,
314,
6733,
261,
7882,
1321,
39,
310,
278,
815,
7251,
372,
2359,
687,
1890,
385,
6036,
730,
1321,
39,
320,
5179,
433,
5494,
203,
17,
3655,
10306,
495,
30,
7468,
354,
776,
1081,
1601,
268,
1550,
361,
2137,
495,
289,
268,
863,
16,
9445,
337,
853,
362,
2913,
427,
291,
667,
362,
372,
87,
712,
11137,
658,
669,
18,
203,
17,
2407,
495,
11328,
3729,
30,
553,
375,
525,
1226,
5424,
361,
4640,
341,
667,
268,
863,
788,
327,
724,
16,
3171,
336,
3244,
316,
341,
268,
1162,
3492,
18,
203,
41,
6948,
1667,
11141,
3793,
291,
4019,
515,
2730,
268,
6125,
2173,
3655,
203,
49,
364,
354,
776,
1794,
4698,
336,
456,
863,
316,
462,
1039,
724,
16,
566,
724,
1650,
3749,
30,
203,
17,
1559,
10994,
291,
3526,
84,
7889,
30,
7468,
354,
776,
1956,
9371,
291,
8800,
608,
268,
863,
16,
518,
316,
1821,
331,
3847,
291,
11277,
288,
268,
1009,
337,
372,
267,
1001,
18,
203,
17,
3655,
4019,
515,
30,
553,
5333,
863,
9216,
419,
3190,
281,
268,
863,
372,
87,
8118,
16,
3094,
16,
291,
1630,
16,
518,
316,
1505,
331,
7009,
291,
5321,
666,
289,
863,
18,
203,
17,
11771,
1303,
291,
6134,
1767,
30,
7468,
354,
776,
1892,
863,
512,
3093,
541,
291,
4881,
16,
3240,
2718,
292,
1255,
291,
992,
268,
863,
502,
648,
2640,
291,
2619,
18,
203,
38,
745,
5226,
289,
343,
539,
5730,
458,
10738,
203,
55,
539,
5730,
5936,
1529,
337,
261,
3184,
1486,
292,
1310,
16,
3102,
16,
291,
992,
424,
863,
360,
2796,
6545,
291,
3055,
18,
203,
21,
18,
5598,
1027,
7616,
17,
55,
678,
690,
9834,
1187,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
1479,
1716,
337,
372,
660,
1432,
360,
261,
447,
1820,
410,
3863,
316,
268,
6545,
289,
1817,
17,
87,
678,
690,
8968,
18,
990,
3277,
268,
1882,
292,
6594,
479,
10539,
291,
5216,
8975,
9703,
750,
423,
730,
669,
16,
2430,
16,
291,
1965,
4052,
16,
4857,
5005,
1874,
863,
636,
2849,
17,
5350,
926,
1378,
18,
540,
7486,
2089,
424,
1433,
2718,
292,
5581,
8968,
1298,
5957,
304,
2173,
341,
6563,
1105,
18,
203,
41,
6948,
1667,
7332,
17,
56,
748,
466,
2407,
332,
292,
6134,
291,
9834,
2879,
8010,
92,
413,
271,
575,
340,
6010,
883,
203,
44,
387,
372,
87,
768,
362,
1082,
331,
1677,
17,
819,
466,
2718,
30,
203,
17,
2407,
265,
17,
42,
4947,
3514,
1830,
30,
343,
539,
5730,
5936,
1153,
261,
10636,
7439,
336,
296,
1701,
268,
7116
] |
Table of Contents
The craft beer movement refers to the trend of small, independent breweries producing unique and flavorful beers using traditional brewing methods and high-quality ingredients. This movement has gained popularity in recent years as consumers seek out more diverse and interesting beer options beyond the mass-produced offerings of large commercial breweries. Craft beer is often associated with experimentation, creativity, and a focus on local and sustainable practices.
The History of Craft Beer
Craft beer has become a popular beverage choice for many beer enthusiasts around the world. The craft beer movement has been gaining momentum over the past few decades, and it has become a significant part of the beer industry. But what exactly is craft beer, and how did it come to be?
The history of craft beer can be traced back to the 1970s when a group of beer enthusiasts in the United States started experimenting with brewing their own beer. These individuals were dissatisfied with the mass-produced beer that dominated the market and wanted to create something unique and flavorful. They began brewing beer in small batches, using traditional brewing methods and high-quality ingredients.
The term “craft beer” was first used in the 1980s to describe these small-batch, independently brewed beers. The craft beer movement gained popularity in the United States in the 1990s, and it has since spread to other parts of the world.
Craft beer is defined as beer that is brewed by small, independent breweries using traditional brewing methods and high-quality ingredients. Craft breweries typically produce less than six million barrels of beer per year and are independently owned and operated. Craft beer is often characterized by its unique flavors and styles, which are created through the use of different brewing techniques and ingredients.
Craft beer has become a significant part of the beer industry, with craft breweries accounting for a growing share of the market. In the United States, craft beer now accounts for over 25% of the beer market, and the industry continues to grow.
One of the reasons for the popularity of craft beer is the emphasis on quality and flavor. Craft breweries use high-quality ingredients, such as hops, malt, and yeast, to create unique and flavorful beers. They also use traditional brewing methods, such as barrel aging and bottle conditioning, to create complex and nuanced flavors.
Another factor contributing to the popularity of craft beer is the sense of community and culture that surrounds it. Craft breweries often serve as gathering places for beer enthusiasts, offering a unique and welcoming atmosphere. Many craft breweries also host events, such as beer tastings and brewery tours, which allow customers to learn more about the brewing process and the history of craft beer.
The craft beer movement has also had a significant impact on the beer industry as a whole. Large beer companies have taken notice of the growing popularity of craft beer and have started to produce their own craft-style beers. This has led to increased competition in the market and has given consumers more options when it comes to choosing a beer.
In conclusion, the craft beer movement has become a significant part of the beer industry, offering unique and flavorful beers brewed using traditional methods and high-quality ingredients. Craft beer has gained popularity due to its emphasis on quality and flavor, as well as the sense of community and culture that surrounds it. The craft beer movement has also had a significant impact on the beer industry, leading to increased competition and giving consumers more options when it comes to choosing a beer.
The Different Types of Craft Beer
Craft beer is a term that has been gaining popularity in recent years. It refers to beer that is brewed using traditional methods, with a focus on quality ingredients and unique flavors. The craft beer movement has been growing steadily, with more and more people seeking out these artisanal brews. In this article, we will explore the different types of craft beer and what makes them unique.
One of the most popular types of craft beer is the India Pale Ale (IPA). This style of beer originated in England in the 19th century and was brewed with extra hops to help preserve it during long sea voyages to India. Today, IPAs are known for their bold, hoppy flavor and are a favorite among craft beer enthusiasts. There are many different variations of IPAs, including West Coast IPAs, New England IPAs, and Double IPAs.
Another popular style of craft beer is the Stout. Stouts are dark, rich beers that are brewed with roasted malts, giving them a distinct coffee or chocolate flavor. They are often served on nitro, which gives them a creamy, smooth texture. Some popular variations of stouts include Milk Stouts, Imperial Stouts, and Oatmeal Stouts.
Sours are another type of craft beer that has been gaining popularity in recent years. These beers are brewed with wild yeast or bacteria, giving them a tart, acidic flavor. Sours can be quite complex, with flavors ranging from fruity to funky. Some popular variations of sours include Goses, Berliner Weisses, and Lambics.
Belgian-style beers are also a favorite among craft beer enthusiasts. These beers are brewed using traditional Belgian methods, with a focus on unique yeast strains and spices. Belgian-style beers can range from light and refreshing to dark and complex. Some popular variations of Belgian-style beers include Saisons, Dubbels, and Tripels.
Finally, there are the Barrel-Aged beers. These beers are aged in barrels that previously held whiskey, wine, or other spirits. This aging process gives the beer a unique flavor and aroma, with notes of oak, vanilla, and caramel. Barrel-aged beers can be quite strong, with alcohol content ranging from 8% to 15% or higher.
In addition to these main styles of craft beer, there are many other variations and hybrids. For example, a Black IPA combines the hoppy bitterness of an IPA with the dark, roasted malts of a Stout. A Sour IPA combines the tartness of a Sour with the hoppy bitterness of an IPA. The possibilities are endless, and craft brewers are constantly experimenting with new flavors and techniques.
One of the things that sets craft beer apart from mass-produced beer is the focus on quality ingredients. Craft brewers often use locally sourced hops and grains, and they may experiment with unique ingredients like fruit, spices, or even coffee. This focus on quality and creativity has helped to fuel the growth of the craft beer movement.
Craft beer is not just a drink – it is a culture. Craft beer enthusiasts are passionate about their brews, and they often seek out new and unique flavors. Many craft breweries offer tours and tastings, allowing visitors to learn more about the brewing process and sample different beers. Craft beer festivals are also popular events, where people can try a wide variety of brews from different breweries.
In conclusion, the craft beer movement is all about quality, creativity, and passion. There are many different types of craft beer,
The Benefits of Drinking Craft Beer
Craft beer has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more people opting for a pint of locally brewed beer over a mass-produced lager. The craft beer movement has taken the world by storm, and for good reason. Not only does it offer a unique taste experience, but it also has a range of benefits that make it a great choice for beer lovers.
One of the main benefits of drinking craft beer is the variety of flavors available. Unlike mass-produced beers, which often have a uniform taste, craft beers are brewed in small batches and can have a range of flavors and aromas. From fruity IPAs to rich stouts, there is a craft beer to suit every taste preference. This variety means that beer lovers can experiment with different styles and flavors, discovering new favorites along the way.
Another benefit of drinking craft beer is the quality of the ingredients used. Craft breweries often use high-quality, locally sourced ingredients, which can result in a better-tasting beer. Many craft breweries also use traditional brewing methods, which can add to the complexity and depth of flavor in the beer. This attention to detail and commitment to quality is what sets craft beer apart from mass-produced beers.
Craft beer is also a great way to support local businesses. Many craft breweries are small, independently owned businesses that rely on the support of their local community. By drinking craft beer, you are not only enjoying a delicious beverage, but you are also supporting local jobs and businesses. This can have a positive impact on the local economy and help to create a sense of community.
In addition to the taste and quality of craft beer, there are also health benefits to consider. Craft beer is often made with natural ingredients and fewer additives than mass-produced beers. This can make it a healthier choice for those who are conscious of what they are putting into their bodies. Craft beer also contains antioxidants, which can help to reduce inflammation and improve overall health.
Finally, drinking craft beer can be a social experience. Many craft breweries have taprooms or tasting rooms where you can sample different beers and meet other beer enthusiasts. This can be a great way to connect with like-minded people and learn more about the craft beer industry. Craft beer festivals and events are also popular, providing an opportunity to try a range of different beers and meet the people behind the breweries.
In conclusion, the craft beer movement offers a range of benefits that make it a great choice for beer lovers. From the variety of flavors available to the quality of the ingredients used, craft beer is a unique and delicious beverage that is worth exploring. By supporting local businesses and enjoying a healthier, more natural beverage, you can be a part of the growing craft beer community. So why not raise a glass to the craft beer movement and discover your new favorite brew?
The Impact of Craft Beer on the Beer Industry
The craft beer movement has been gaining momentum over the past few decades, and it has had a significant impact on the beer industry. Craft beer is a term used to describe beer that is brewed in small batches using traditional methods and high-quality ingredients. The craft beer movement has been driven by a desire for unique and flavorful beers that are not mass-produced.
One of the most significant impacts of the craft beer movement has been on the beer industry as a whole. The rise of craft beer has led to a shift in consumer preferences, with many people now seeking out unique and flavorful beers rather than the mass-produced options that dominated the market for so long. This shift has forced large beer companies to adapt and offer more diverse options to consumers.
Another impact of the craft beer movement has been on the economy. Craft breweries have been popping up all over the country, creating jobs and contributing to local economies. According to the Brewers Association, the craft beer industry contributed $79.1 billion to the U.S. economy in 2018 and supported more than 500,000 jobs.
The craft beer movement has also had an impact on the way beer is marketed and sold. Craft breweries often rely on word-of-mouth and social media to promote their products, rather than traditional advertising methods. This has led to a more personal and authentic connection between breweries and consumers.
In addition to the economic impact, the craft beer movement has also had a cultural impact. Craft breweries have become gathering places for communities, offering a space for people to come together and enjoy a unique and flavorful beer. Many craft breweries also host events and live music, further contributing to the cultural impact of the movement.
The craft beer movement has also led to a renewed interest in traditional brewing methods and ingredients. Many craft breweries use traditional brewing techniques and high-quality ingredients, such as locally sourced hops and barley. This focus on quality and tradition has helped to elevate the status of beer as a beverage that can be enjoyed and appreciated in the same way as wine.
Overall, the craft beer movement has had a significant impact on the beer industry, the economy, and culture. It has led to a shift in consumer preferences, created jobs and contributed to local economies, and changed the way beer is marketed and sold. The movement has also helped to elevate the status of beer as a beverage that can be enjoyed and appreciated in the same way as wine. As the craft beer movement continues to grow, it will be interesting to see how it continues to shape the beer industry and culture as a whole.
The Future of Craft Beer
Craft beer has been gaining popularity in recent years, and it’s not hard to see why. With its unique flavors and brewing techniques, craft beer has become a favorite among beer enthusiasts and casual drinkers alike. But what exactly is the craft beer movement, and what does the future hold for this growing industry?
The craft beer movement is a response to the mass-produced, standardized beers that dominate the market. Craft brewers focus on creating unique, high-quality beers that are made in small batches using traditional brewing methods. These beers often feature unusual ingredients and flavors, and they are typically more expensive than mass-produced beers.
One of the defining characteristics of the craft beer movement is its emphasis on local and independent breweries. Craft brewers are often small businesses that are owned and operated by passionate beer enthusiasts. They take pride in their work and are dedicated to creating beers that reflect their unique vision and style.
The craft beer movement has been growing steadily over the past few decades, and it shows no signs of slowing down. In fact, the industry is projected to continue growing at a rapid pace in the coming years. According to a report by Grand View Research, the global craft beer market is expected to reach $502.9 billion by 2025, with a compound annual growth rate of 22.3%.
One of the reasons for this growth is the increasing demand for unique and high-quality beers. Consumers are becoming more discerning in their tastes, and they are willing to pay a premium for beers that are made with care and attention to detail. Craft beer also appeals to younger consumers who are looking for new and exciting experiences.
Another factor driving the growth of the craft beer industry is the rise of the “beer tourism” trend. Many craft breweries offer tours and tastings, and some have even become destinations in their own right. This has led to a boom in local economies, as tourists flock to these breweries and spend money on food, lodging, and other activities.
Despite its success, the craft beer movement faces some challenges in the coming years. One of the biggest challenges is competition from larger breweries that are starting to produce their own craft-style beers. These breweries have the advantage of scale and distribution, which can make it difficult for smaller craft breweries to compete.
Another challenge is the increasing regulation of the industry. As craft beer becomes more popular, governments are starting to take notice and impose new regulations on breweries. This can be a burden for small businesses that don’t have the resources to comply with complex regulations.
Despite these challenges, the future looks bright for the craft beer industry. As long as there are passionate brewers and consumers who appreciate unique and high-quality beers, the craft beer movement will continue to thrive. Whether you’re a beer enthusiast or just someone who enjoys a good drink, there’s never been a better time to explore the world of craft beer.
1. What is the craft beer movement?
The craft beer movement is a trend in the beer industry that emphasizes small, independent breweries that produce unique and flavorful beers.
2. When did the craft beer movement begin?
The craft beer movement began in the 1970s in the United States, but it has since spread to other countries around the world.
3. What sets craft beer apart from traditional beer?
Craft beer is typically made with high-quality ingredients and unique flavor combinations, and it is often brewed in small batches by independent breweries.
4. How has the craft beer movement impacted the beer industry?
The craft beer movement has led to increased competition in the beer industry and has given consumers more options for unique and flavorful beers.
5. What are some popular styles of craft beer?
Some popular styles of craft beer include India Pale Ales (IPAs), stouts, porters, sour beers, and Belgian-style ales.
The craft beer movement is a trend in the beer industry that emphasizes small, independent breweries that produce unique and flavorful beers. These breweries often use traditional brewing methods and high-quality ingredients to create beers that are distinct from mass-produced, commercial beers. The movement has gained popularity in recent years, with craft beer sales increasing and new breweries opening across the world. Overall, the craft beer movement represents a shift towards more diverse and creative beer options for consumers. | <urn:uuid:ba37c99e-91a7-45a7-8db3-55b54a6e267a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://deviantspirits.com/what-is-the-craft-beer-movement/ | 2024-02-24T00:17:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.970984 | 3,398 | 3.25 | 3 | [
56,
541,
289,
11545,
203,
1461,
8875,
11439,
2710,
4080,
292,
268,
3674,
289,
1139,
16,
4729,
1017,
91,
5236,
5519,
2070,
291,
6521,
703,
327,
332,
1001,
2338,
1017,
7624,
2222,
291,
695,
17,
5279,
5266,
18,
540,
2710,
528,
6504,
6765,
288,
2650,
935,
352,
5059,
3772,
628,
512,
3596,
291,
4149,
11439,
2772,
3183,
268,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
1529,
762,
289,
1452,
4082,
1017,
91,
5236,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
316,
970,
2062,
360,
4684,
318,
16,
5692,
16,
291,
261,
1459,
341,
1683,
291,
2742,
2364,
18,
203,
1461,
4221,
289,
351,
6879,
1367,
265,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
528,
1343,
261,
2029,
327,
2466,
3185,
331,
772,
11439,
10747,
1149,
268,
887,
18,
365,
8875,
11439,
2710,
528,
712,
9318,
3841,
408,
658,
268,
2323,
1374,
4295,
16,
291,
362,
528,
1343,
261,
1297,
923,
289,
268,
11439,
1997,
18,
1163,
768,
4743,
316,
8875,
11439,
16,
291,
667,
1535,
362,
1631,
292,
327,
35,
203,
1461,
1550,
289,
8875,
11439,
375,
327,
432,
2276,
1103,
292,
268,
7726,
87,
649,
261,
1730,
289,
11439,
10747,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
3120,
4684,
281,
360,
1017,
7624,
444,
1044,
11439,
18,
948,
1578,
664,
4613,
271,
4251,
870,
360,
268,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
11439,
336,
3115,
4231,
268,
1877,
291,
5171,
292,
1408,
1890,
2070,
291,
6521,
703,
18,
900,
3035,
1017,
7624,
11439,
288,
1139,
285,
1421,
274,
16,
1001,
2338,
1017,
7624,
2222,
291,
695,
17,
5279,
5266,
18,
203,
1461,
2085,
538,
5559,
11439,
537,
454,
855,
724,
288,
268,
7844,
87,
292,
5094,
629,
1139,
17,
70,
1421,
16,
9800,
1017,
91,
286,
327,
332,
18,
365,
8875,
11439,
2710,
6504,
6765,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
288,
268,
7240,
87,
16,
291,
362,
528,
1812,
2458,
292,
586,
2287,
289,
268,
887,
18,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
316,
4486,
352,
11439,
336,
316,
1017,
91,
286,
419,
1139,
16,
4729,
1017,
91,
5236,
1001,
2338,
1017,
7624,
2222,
291,
695,
17,
5279,
5266,
18,
351,
6879,
1017,
91,
5236,
2437,
2346,
1165,
687,
2984,
2195,
2404,
11203,
289,
11439,
574,
715,
291,
356,
9800,
9733,
291,
10935,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
316,
970,
6360,
419,
606,
2070,
11543,
291,
6572,
16,
518,
356,
2370,
734,
268,
666,
289,
865,
1017,
7624,
2377,
291,
5266,
18,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
528,
1343,
261,
1297,
923,
289,
268,
11439,
1997,
16,
360,
8875,
1017,
91,
5236,
7450,
331,
261,
2574,
2538,
289,
268,
1877,
18,
450,
268,
1855,
2023,
16,
8875,
11439,
1315,
5483,
331,
658,
3457,
9,
289,
268,
11439,
1877,
16,
291,
268,
1997,
4027,
292,
932,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
3218,
331,
268,
6765,
289,
8875,
11439,
316,
268,
7747,
341,
1630,
291,
6521,
18,
351,
6879,
1017,
91,
5236,
666,
695,
17,
5279,
5266,
16,
659,
352,
296,
3533,
16,
3733,
88,
16,
291,
11618,
16,
292,
1408,
2070,
291,
6521,
703,
327,
332,
18,
900,
525,
666,
2338,
1017,
7624,
2222,
16,
659,
352,
2404,
2230,
7605,
291,
9205,
11594,
16,
292,
1408,
1874,
291,
8722,
1872,
11543,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
3488,
6126,
292,
268,
6765,
289,
8875,
11439,
316,
268,
2266,
289,
1686,
291,
2484,
336,
3137,
87,
362,
18,
351,
6879,
1017,
91,
5236,
970,
3705,
352,
10221,
3508,
331,
11439,
10747,
16,
4542,
261,
2070,
291,
4269,
6319,
4828,
18,
2255,
8875,
1017,
91,
5236,
525,
4239,
2616,
16,
659,
352,
11439,
1791,
542,
87,
291,
1017,
91,
2504,
292,
2319,
16,
518,
1059,
4620,
292,
1213,
512,
608,
268,
1017,
7624,
833,
291,
268,
1550,
289,
8875,
11439,
18,
203,
1461,
8875,
11439,
2710,
528,
525,
850,
261,
1297,
1393,
341,
268,
11439,
1997,
352,
261,
2399,
18,
10947,
11439,
2499,
437,
2459,
4204,
289,
268,
2574,
6765,
289,
8875,
11439,
291,
437,
3120,
292,
2346,
444,
1044,
8875,
17,
503,
2249,
327,
332,
18,
540,
528,
2791,
292,
2161,
6332,
288,
268,
1877,
291,
528,
2050,
5059,
512,
2772,
649,
362,
1974,
292,
5930,
261,
11439,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
268,
8875,
11439,
2710,
528,
1343,
261,
1297,
923,
289,
268,
11439,
1997,
16,
4542,
2070,
291,
6521,
703,
327,
332,
1017,
91,
286,
1001,
2338,
2222,
291,
695,
17,
5279,
5266,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
528,
6504,
6765,
1504,
292,
606,
7747,
341,
1630,
291,
6521,
16,
352,
767,
352,
268,
2266,
289,
1686,
291,
2484,
336,
3137,
87,
362,
18,
365,
8875,
11439,
2710,
528,
525,
850,
261,
1297,
1393,
341,
268,
11439,
1997,
16,
2469,
292,
2161,
6332,
291,
3851,
5059,
512,
2772,
649,
362,
1974,
292,
5930,
261,
11439,
18,
203,
1461,
7107,
7308,
289,
351,
6879,
1367,
265,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
316,
261,
2085,
336,
528,
712,
9318,
6765,
288,
2650,
935,
18,
553,
4080,
292,
11439,
336,
316,
1017,
91,
286,
1001,
2338,
2222,
16,
360,
261,
1459,
341,
1630,
5266,
291,
2070,
11543,
18,
365,
8875,
11439,
2710,
528,
712,
2574,
1058,
354,
883,
16,
360,
512,
291,
512,
689,
4840,
628,
629,
1699,
277,
282,
280,
1017,
91,
87,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
513,
2408,
268,
865,
1640,
289,
8875,
11439,
291,
768,
1892,
622,
2070,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
710,
2029,
1640,
289,
8875,
11439,
316,
268,
2510,
382,
1224,
330,
298,
421,
45,
3638,
802,
540,
3836,
289,
11439,
11029,
288,
4516,
288,
268,
789,
262,
2254,
291,
454,
1017,
91,
286,
360,
3485,
296,
3533,
292,
617,
7346,
362,
995,
917,
3542,
385,
905,
1172,
292,
2510,
18,
4120,
16,
334,
3638,
87,
356,
1261,
331,
444,
11533,
16,
5416,
84,
93,
6521,
291,
356,
261,
6577,
1694,
8875,
11439,
10747,
18,
994,
356,
772,
865,
7371,
289,
334,
3638,
87,
16,
1118,
4075,
9325,
334,
3638,
87,
16,
1525,
4516,
334,
3638,
87,
16,
291,
8620,
665,
334,
3638,
87,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
2029,
3836,
289,
8875,
11439,
316,
268,
11398,
371,
18,
11398,
1557,
356,
3334,
16,
2941,
327,
332,
336,
356,
1017,
91,
286,
360,
633,
603,
286,
3733,
340,
16,
3851,
622,
261,
5292,
4867,
361,
9039,
6521,
18,
900,
356,
970,
5389,
341,
5259,
299,
16,
518,
3581,
622,
261,
8903,
93,
16,
5036,
7520,
18,
1399,
2029,
7371,
289,
1227,
1557,
1226,
6049,
79,
11398,
1557,
16,
2731,
468,
439,
11398,
1557,
16,
291,
480,
271,
1475,
280,
11398,
1557,
18,
203,
55,
1913,
356,
1515,
1517,
289,
8875,
11439,
336,
528,
712,
9318,
6765,
288,
2650,
935,
18,
948,
327,
332,
356,
1017,
91,
286,
360,
2587,
11618,
361,
3071,
16,
3851,
622,
261,
225,
88,
531,
16,
11669,
6521,
18,
343,
1913,
375,
327,
3293,
1874,
16,
360,
11543,
7660,
427,
968,
9971,
292,
1083,
4835,
18,
1399,
2029,
7371,
289,
269,
1913,
1226,
461,
3814,
16,
11962,
265,
924,
846,
274,
16,
291,
458,
4335,
1067,
18,
203,
38,
306,
75,
779,
17,
503,
2249,
327,
332,
356,
525,
261,
6577,
1694,
8875,
11439,
10747,
18,
948,
327,
332,
356,
1017,
91,
286,
1001,
2338,
4631,
75,
779,
2222,
16,
360,
261,
1459,
341,
2070,
11618,
10689,
291,
440,
974,
18,
4631,
75,
779,
17,
503,
2249,
327,
332,
375,
1749,
427,
1360,
291,
1210,
2704,
281,
292,
3334,
291,
1874,
18,
1399,
2029,
7371,
289,
4631,
75,
779,
17,
503,
2249,
327,
332,
1226,
11471,
11633,
16,
413,
1606,
70,
1137,
16,
291,
1368,
517,
1137,
18,
203,
42,
263,
523,
16,
686,
356,
268,
4096,
2230,
17,
37,
2292,
327,
332,
18,
948,
327,
332,
356,
8602,
288,
2404,
11203,
336,
5061,
3647,
342,
277,
5019,
16,
7391,
16,
361,
586,
2887,
764,
18,
540,
7605,
833,
3581,
268,
11439,
261,
2070,
6521,
291,
10862,
69,
16,
360,
4686,
289,
272,
761,
16,
9615,
8881,
16,
291,
877,
10003,
18,
4096,
2230,
17,
2009,
327,
332,
375,
327,
3293,
1806,
16,
360,
3449,
2064,
7660,
427,
1570,
9,
292,
2063,
9,
361,
1797,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
292,
629,
939,
6572,
289,
8875,
11439,
16,
686,
356,
772,
586,
7371,
291,
1613,
1048,
1406,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
261,
3454,
334,
3638,
11138,
268,
5416,
84,
93,
3263,
345,
822,
289,
363,
334,
3638,
360,
268,
3334,
16,
633,
603,
286,
3733,
340,
289,
261,
11398,
371,
18,
330,
343,
455,
334,
3638,
11138,
268,
225,
88,
531,
822,
289,
261,
343,
455,
360,
268,
5416,
84,
93,
3263,
345,
822,
289,
363,
334,
3638,
18,
365,
6957,
356,
1199,
1465,
16,
291,
8875,
1017,
91,
332,
356,
5957,
4684,
281,
360,
733,
11543,
291,
2377,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
1612,
336,
5275,
8875,
11439,
6026,
427,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
11439,
316,
268,
1459,
341,
1630,
5266,
18,
351,
6879,
1017,
91,
332,
970,
666,
11016,
9593,
1553,
296,
3533,
291,
7266,
16,
291,
502,
602,
4684,
360,
2070,
5266,
730,
3714,
16,
440,
974,
16,
361,
919,
4867,
18,
540,
1459,
341,
1630,
291,
5692,
528,
4822,
292,
3307,
268,
1668,
289,
268,
8875,
11439,
2710,
18,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
316,
462,
1039,
261,
4946,
796,
362,
316,
261,
2484,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
10747,
356,
6985,
381,
608,
444,
1017,
91,
87,
16,
291,
502,
970,
3772,
628,
733,
291,
2070,
11543,
18,
2255,
8875,
1017,
91,
5236,
1529,
292,
2319,
291,
1791,
542,
87,
16,
3240,
6544,
292,
1213,
512,
608,
268,
1017,
7624,
833,
291,
4829,
865,
327,
332,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
7395,
645,
356,
525,
2029,
2616,
16,
853,
689,
375,
2644,
261,
2816,
2233,
289,
1017,
91,
87,
427,
865,
1017,
91,
5236,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
268,
8875,
11439,
2710,
316,
516,
608,
1630,
16,
5692,
16,
291,
6985,
18,
994,
356,
772,
865,
1640,
289,
8875,
11439,
16,
203,
1461,
6172,
289,
1698,
1914,
351,
6879,
1367,
265,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
528,
1343,
4361,
2029,
288,
2650,
935,
16,
360,
512,
291,
512,
689,
816,
542,
331,
261,
279,
3478,
289,
11016,
1017,
91,
286,
11439,
658,
261,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
308,
4411,
18,
365,
8875,
11439,
2710,
528,
2459,
268,
887,
419,
7362,
16,
291,
331,
1060,
2190,
18,
3217,
794,
1082,
362,
1529,
261,
2070,
5367,
1432,
16,
566,
362,
525,
528,
261,
1749,
289,
1716,
336,
804,
362,
261,
1312,
3185,
331,
11439,
4111,
332,
18,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
939,
1716,
289,
4699,
8875,
11439,
316,
268,
2233,
289,
11543,
1608,
18,
6597,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
327,
332,
16,
518,
970,
437,
261,
8802,
5367,
16,
8875,
327,
332,
356,
1017,
91,
286,
288,
1139,
285,
1421,
274,
291,
375,
437,
261,
1749,
289,
11543,
291,
10862,
301,
18,
2519,
968,
9971,
334,
3638,
87,
292,
2941,
1227,
1557,
16,
686,
316,
261,
8875,
11439,
292,
7954,
953,
5367,
11818,
18,
540,
2233,
1486,
336,
11439,
4111,
332,
375,
4684,
360,
865,
6572,
291,
11543,
16,
2677,
281,
733,
4128,
2154,
1910,
268,
898,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
3145,
289,
4699,
8875,
11439,
316,
268,
1630,
289,
268,
5266,
724,
18,
351,
6879,
1017,
91,
5236,
970,
666,
695,
17,
5279,
16,
11016,
9593,
1553,
5266,
16,
518,
375,
1636,
288,
261,
1326,
17,
1712,
542,
11439,
18,
2255,
8875,
1017,
91,
5236,
525,
666,
2338,
1017,
7624,
2222,
16,
518,
375,
769,
292,
268,
7116,
291,
4893,
289,
6521,
288,
268,
11439,
18,
540,
2383,
292,
5470,
291,
5520,
292,
1630,
316,
768,
5275,
8875,
11439,
6026,
427,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
327,
332,
18,
203,
39,
6879,
11439,
316,
525,
261,
1312,
898,
292,
1105,
1683,
3231,
18,
2255,
8875,
1017,
91,
5236,
356,
1139,
16,
9800,
9733,
3231,
336,
5534,
341,
268,
1105,
289,
444,
1683,
1686,
18,
1285,
4699,
8875,
11439,
16,
337,
356,
462,
794,
2622,
281,
261,
10072,
327,
2466,
16,
566,
337,
356,
525,
4918,
1683,
4849,
291,
3231,
18,
540,
375,
437,
261,
2262,
1393,
341,
268,
1683,
3473,
291,
617,
292,
1408,
261,
2266,
289,
1686,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
292,
268,
5367,
291,
1630,
289,
8875,
11439,
16,
686,
356,
525,
661,
1716,
292,
1119,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
316,
970,
1146,
360,
1493,
5266,
291,
6132,
769,
10987,
687,
2390,
17,
7846,
286,
327,
332,
18,
540,
375,
804,
362,
261,
6361,
3185,
331,
1014,
650,
356,
5286,
289,
768,
502,
356,
6576,
636,
444,
3910,
18,
351,
6879,
11439,
525,
3387,
8958,
16,
518,
375,
617,
292,
1590,
4095
] |
In the fitness world, hormones shape our bodies, influence our performance, and determine our overall well-being. From building lean muscle mass to regulating metabolism and recovery, hormones are the silent orchestrators behind our fitness journey. Understanding the intricate interplay between hormones and fitness is the key to unlocking our true potential and achieving remarkable results. This article will delve into the fascinating realm of hormonal balance and its profound impact on physical development and exercise outcomes. So, if you’ve ever wondered how hormones shape our fitness journey, prepare to uncover the secrets behind “The Role of Hormones in Fitness.”
In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the remarkable influence of hormones on exercise and physical development. We will explore how hormones affect our training, performance, and body composition. Additionally, we will address the user intent by providing actionable insights and practical tips on optimizing hormonal balance for enhanced fitness results. Whether you are a dedicated athlete, fitness enthusiast, or someone simply striving to improve your well-being, understanding the role of hormones in fitness is a game-changer. So, let’s dive in and unlock the extraordinary potential that lies within the intricate relationship between hormones and fitness.
Hormones: The Driving Force of Training Adaptation
Regarding athletic performance, certain hormones play a pivotal role in shaping our body’s response to training and physical development. Understanding these key hormones can provide valuable insights into maximizing our fitness potential. Let’s explore five crucial hormones that act as the driving force behind athletic performance:
Growth Hormone (GH):
- GH is an anabolic hormone that promotes tissue growth, muscle repair, and fat metabolism.
- It is released primarily during deep sleep and high-intensity exercise.
- Strategies to optimize GH levels include getting enough sleep, engaging in strength training, and consuming a balanced protein-rich diet.
- T4 is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and energy production in the body.
- Adequate T4 levels are essential for maintaining optimal body weight, muscle mass, and athletic performance.
- Strategies for maintaining T4 levels include managing stress levels, consuming a balanced diet rich in iodine and selenium, and supplementing with T4 medication if necessary.
- Oestrogen plays a vital role in both men and women, influencing bone health, muscle growth, and exercise performance.
- Adequate oestrogen levels are essential for maintaining bone density, preventing injury, and promoting muscle hypertrophy.
- Strategies for maintaining oestrogen levels include consuming a balanced diet rich in phytoestrogens, engaging in weight-bearing exercise, and supplementing with hormone replacement therapy if necessary.
- Testosterone is the quintessential hormone for muscle growth and strength, but it also plays a crucial role in other bodily functions, including bone health and cognitive function.
- Both men and women require adequate testosterone levels for optimal health and fitness.
- Strategies for optimizing testosterone levels include strength training, consuming a balanced diet rich in protein and healthy fats, and reducing stress levels.
- Cortisol is a stress hormone that plays a critical role in the body’s stress response system.
- When cortisol levels are elevated for extended periods, it can lead to muscle breakdown, fatigue, and hindered recovery.
- Strategies for managing cortisol levels include engaging in stress-reducing activities, consuming a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep.
Understanding the Impact of Hormones on Training and Physical Development
These hormones uniquely influence our body’s response to training stimuli and physical development. By understanding how they interact and affect our physiology, we can tailor our training and lifestyle choices to optimize performance and achieve our fitness goals.
- Discover how these hormones influence muscle growth, strength gains, and fat loss.
- Uncover the impact of hormonal balance on recovery, injury prevention, and overall well-being.
- Learn practical strategies to support hormonal balance through nutrition, supplementation, and lifestyle adjustments.
We can unleash our true athletic potential by harnessing the power of hormones and aligning our training and lifestyle choices accordingly. So, let’s dive deeper into the fascinating world of hormones and unlock the driving force behind training adaptation.
Exercise and Hormones: 8 Hormones Involved in Exercise
Engaging in regular exercise has a profound impact on our hormonal balance, leading to various physiological adaptations and improvements in fitness. Let’s explore eight essential hormones that come into play during exercise:
- Epinephrine, or adrenaline, is a hormone released by the adrenal glands during physical exertion.
- It increases heart rate, blood flow, and oxygen delivery to muscles, enhancing performance and preparing the body for intense activity.
- Epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and fatty acids, providing an immediate energy source during exercise.
- Optimal epinephrine response is crucial for maximizing athletic performance and achieving optimal training adaptations.
- Norepinephrine works alongside epinephrine to regulate the body’s response to physical activity.
- It increases heart rate and blood pressure, promoting blood flow to muscles and improving oxygen delivery.
- Norepinephrine also enhances focus, alertness, and reaction time during exercise, optimizing performance.
- Maintaining balanced norepinephrine levels is essential for optimal physical performance and overall exercise outcomes.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF):
- IGF is a hormone that plays a crucial role in muscle growth, repair, and regeneration.
- Exercise stimulates the release of IGF, which promotes protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy.
- IGF also aids in the repair of damaged tissues, including muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
- Optimizing IGF levels through appropriate exercise programming and nutrition supports muscle development and recovery.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF):
- BDNF is a protein that supports the growth and survival of brain cells.
- Exercise stimulates the release of BDNF, which enhances neuroplasticity, cognition, and mood.
- Increased BDNF levels contribute to improved learning, memory, and mental well-being.
- Regular exercise is a powerful tool for increasing BDNF production and optimizing brain health.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH):
- HGH is a hormone responsible for cell regeneration, protein synthesis, and muscle growth.
- Exercise triggers the release of HGH, leading to enhanced muscle development and recovery.
- HGH also plays a role in regulating metabolism and body composition.
- Maximizing HGH production through proper exercise selection and intensity can support muscle growth and overall fitness.
- Glucagon is a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels during exercise.
- It promotes the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver, providing glucose for energy.
- Glucagon also stimulates the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue to fuel working muscles.
- Maintaining appropriate glucagon levels is crucial for sustaining energy during prolonged exercise and maintaining blood glucose homeostasis.
How Exercise Helps Balance Hormones and Optimize Function
Regular exercise is pivotal in maintaining hormonal balance and optimizing their functions. By engaging in physical activity, we can:
- Reduce cortisol levels and combat the adverse effects of chronic stress.
- Enhance the sensitivity and responsiveness of hormone receptors in our cells.
- Improve insulin sensitivity, aiding in glucose regulation and energy utilization.
- Boost the production of anabolic hormones like growth factors and testosterone, facilitating muscle growth and repair.
Highlighting Exercises to Boost Hormone Levels
Specific exercises and training techniques have shown promise in boosting hormone levels. Consider incorporating the following exercises into your routine to optimize hormonal responses:
- Compound movements: Squats, deadlifts, bench presses, and rows engage multiple muscle groups, triggering a robust hormonal response.
- High-intensity interval training (HIIT): Alternating between intense bursts of exercise and short recovery periods stimulates hormone release and fat burning.
- Resistance training: Lifting weights or using resistance bands promotes muscle growth and stimulates the release of anabolic hormones.
- Sprint training: Short, intense sprints activate hormone production, particularly testosterone and growth hormone.
By strategically incorporating these exercises into your training regimen, you can harness the power of hormones to enhance performance, body composition, and overall fitness.
As we’ve explored the intricate relationship between exercise and hormones, it’s evident that physical activity catalyzes hormonal balance and optimization.
How Does Exercise Affect Your Hormones?
Regarding balancing hormones through exercise, certain forms of physical activity have shown remarkable benefits. Consider incorporating the following exercises into your routine to optimize hormone levels:
- Activities like running, cycling, swimming, and brisk walking help regulate hormones by reducing stress and improving overall cardiovascular health.
- Explore how aerobic exercises positively impact hormone balance and contribute to overall well-being.
- Engaging in resistance training, such as weightlifting or bodyweight exercises, promotes the release of anabolic hormones like testosterone and growth hormone.
- Learn about the transformative effects of strength training on hormonal balance and muscle development.
Yoga and Mind-Body Practices:
- Practices like yoga, tai chi, and meditation have been shown to reduce stress hormones, such as cortisol, and promote relaxation.
- Discover how these mindful exercises contribute to hormonal balance and foster a sense of well-being.
Effects of Exercise on Hormone Levels
- Increased production of endorphins: Exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, known as “feel-good” hormones, which elevate mood and alleviate stress and anxiety.
- Reduction in stress hormones: Physical activity helps regulate stress hormones like cortisol, preventing chronic elevation and its detrimental effects on the body.
- Enhanced insulin sensitivity: Regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity, allowing cells to utilize glucose and maintain stable blood sugar levels effectively.
- Increased risk of hormonal disorders: Lack of exercise can contribute to hormonal imbalances, increasing the risk of conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypothyroidism.
- Weight management challenges: Inadequate exercise can impede weight management efforts, as hormonal imbalances affect appetite regulation and metabolism.
- Mood and energy disruptions: Insufficient exercise can lead to imbalances in mood-regulating hormones, resulting in low energy, decreased motivation, and fatigue.
Outcomes of Insufficient Exercise on Hormonal Balance
- Increased risk of hormonal disorders: Lack of exercise can contribute to hormonal imbalances, raising the likelihood of developing conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypothyroidism.
- Weight management challenges: Insufficient exercise can hinder weight management as hormonal imbalances affect appetite regulation and metabolism.
- Mood and energy disruptions: Lack of exercise can disrupt the balance of mood-regulating hormones, leading to low energy levels, decreased motivation, and feelings of fatigue.
Integrating Exercise into a Hormone Balancing Plan
Integrating exercise into a hormone-balancing plan is crucial for optimizing hormonal health and overall well-being. Consider the following steps to incorporate exercise effectively:
- Please consult with a healthcare professional: Before starting any exercise regimen, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure it aligns with your individual needs and health conditions.
- Choose the right types of exercise: Select exercises suitable for hormone balancings, such as strength training, cardiovascular exercises, and activities that promote flexibility and mobility.
- Prioritize consistency: Consistency is critical when reaping the benefits of exercise on hormonal balance. Aim for regular workouts, ideally incorporating aerobic and resistance training, to support hormone regulation.
- Gradually increase intensity: Start with moderate-intensity workouts and gradually increase the intensity over time. This progressive approach allows your body to adapt and avoids excessive stress on your hormones.
- Include stress-reducing activities: Engage in activities like yoga, meditation, or tai chi alongside your exercise routine. These activities can help regulate stress hormones and promote hormonal equilibrium.
- Listen to your body: How your body responds to exercise. If you experience excessive fatigue, prolonged soreness, or any adverse effects, adjust your workout intensity or seek guidance from a fitness professional.
- Prioritize recovery: Adequate rest and recovery periods are essential for hormone balance. Allow your body time to recover between workouts to optimize hormonal adaptations and prevent overtraining.
Role of Hormones: Insights from Strength Training
The human body is a complex system regulated by many hormones, which act as chemical messengers to facilitate communication between cells, tissues, and organs. Hormones are vital in numerous physiological processes, including metabolism, growth and development, reproductive functions, and immune responses.
In strength training, hormones profoundly influence muscle growth, repair, and adaptation. Here are some key hormones involved in the strength training process:
Growth Hormone (GH):
- GH stimulates protein synthesis, promoting muscle growth and repair.
- It also helps to mobilize fat for energy utilization during exercise.
- GH is released primarily during deep sleep and intense exercise.
- Testosterone is a predominant male sex hormone but also in females in smaller amounts.
- It plays a crucial role in muscle protein synthesis, enhancing muscle mass and strength.
- Testosterone is responsible for developing masculine characteristics, such as increased bone density and facial hair growth.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1):
- IGF-1 works synergistically with GH to stimulate muscle growth and repair.
- It enhances protein synthesis, leading to hypertrophy and improved muscle function.
- IGF-1 is often referred to as a key mediator of the anabolic effects of growth hormones.
- Cortisol is a stress hormone released in response to physical and psychological stressors.
- In moderate amounts, cortisol promotes muscle protein breakdown for energy mobilization.
- However, chronically elevated cortisol levels can have catabolic effects, leading to muscle wasting and hindered recovery.
These hormones are dynamically regulated during strength training to support muscle adaptation and growth. Intense resistance exercise, mainly compound movements that engage multiple muscle groups, has been shown to elicit an acute hormonal response. This response is characterized by an increase in anabolic hormones (e.g., testosterone, GH, IGF-1) and a transient elevation in cortisol.
Hormonal responses to strength training can vary among individuals due to genetics, training status, age, and sex. Moreover, nutrition, rest, and recovery also play crucial roles in optimizing hormonal balance and maximizing the benefits of strength training.
Understanding the interplay between hormones and strength training provides valuable insights into the mechanisms behind muscle hypertrophy and adaptation. By harnessing the influence of hormones through strategic training protocols, individuals can optimize their strength and physique goals.
The role of hormones in fitness is undeniable. These potent chemical messengers orchestrate a symphony within our bodies, influencing everything from muscle growth and repair to energy metabolism and mood regulation. Understanding the impact of hormones on our fitness journey empowers us to take control of our training and overall well-being.
By harnessing the knowledge of hormones, we can strategically design our workouts, nutrition plans, and lifestyle choices to optimize hormonal balance. Regular exercise, especially strength training, stimulates the release of growth-promoting hormones like growth hormone and testosterone, leading to increased muscle mass, strength, and overall fitness.
Balancing our hormones through exercise enhances physical performance and supports mental well-being. The release of endorphins during exercise contributes to a positive mood, reduced stress, and improved mental clarity. By integrating exercise into our daily lives, we can experience the holistic benefits of hormonal equilibrium.
At Educate Fitness, we recognize the importance of understanding hormones in achieving fitness goals. Our comprehensive training courses equip aspiring fitness professionals with the knowledge and skills to guide others on their fitness journeys. Whether you’re passionate about becoming a personal trainer or pursuing a career in gym instructing, our courses provide the foundation to excel in the dynamic fitness field.
BECOME A PERSONAL TRAINER
EDUCATE FITNESS – HOME OF THE UK’s TOP PERSONAL TRAINERS | <urn:uuid:6e31ec66-8071-4452-94ee-f8e34c5a4d4a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://educatefitness.co.uk/the-role-of-hormones-in-fitness-exploring-the-power-of-hormonal-balance/ | 2024-02-24T00:44:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.903805 | 3,322 | 2.875 | 3 | [
2983,
268,
7188,
887,
16,
7129,
3234,
662,
3910,
16,
3033,
662,
2156,
16,
291,
2747,
662,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
2519,
1649,
9283,
3504,
2390,
292,
11912,
8014,
291,
4209,
16,
7129,
356,
268,
3124,
302,
361,
1957,
322,
1721,
2976,
662,
7188,
3405,
18,
3793,
268,
7166,
630,
8632,
858,
7129,
291,
7188,
316,
268,
1558,
292,
5731,
6523,
662,
2915,
1439,
291,
6549,
6689,
1826,
18,
540,
1989,
513,
7315,
636,
268,
6326,
7897,
289,
11851,
2909,
291,
606,
6234,
1393,
341,
1646,
1208,
291,
2671,
4041,
18,
1426,
16,
717,
337,
372,
317,
2577,
3630,
2142,
667,
7129,
3234,
662,
7188,
3405,
16,
5060,
292,
8565,
268,
7764,
340,
2976,
538,
1461,
8673,
289,
402,
536,
1661,
288,
418,
4991,
1053,
203,
2983,
456,
3724,
3233,
16,
445,
513,
2408,
268,
6689,
3033,
289,
7129,
341,
2671,
291,
1646,
1208,
18,
924,
513,
2408,
667,
7129,
2242,
662,
2041,
16,
2156,
16,
291,
1073,
5964,
18,
2848,
16,
445,
513,
1750,
268,
2849,
1295,
302,
419,
2352,
2433,
541,
4102,
291,
4183,
3651,
341,
2516,
1790,
11851,
2909,
331,
7360,
7188,
1826,
18,
4283,
337,
356,
261,
5312,
5588,
8380,
16,
7188,
7885,
603,
16,
361,
2711,
2842,
637,
1159,
292,
1434,
424,
767,
17,
2722,
16,
1616,
268,
1476,
289,
7129,
288,
7188,
316,
261,
2800,
17,
355,
8518,
18,
1426,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
8938,
288,
291,
5731,
1362,
268,
10627,
1439,
336,
5904,
1291,
268,
7166,
2051,
858,
7129,
291,
7188,
18,
203,
44,
536,
1661,
30,
365,
1698,
1159,
10074,
289,
7642,
1167,
8662,
318,
203,
8594,
75,
485,
281,
5588,
298,
410,
2156,
16,
1575,
7129,
1152,
261,
8440,
1476,
288,
7919,
662,
1073,
372,
87,
2629,
292,
2041,
291,
1646,
1208,
18,
3793,
629,
1558,
7129,
375,
1153,
3435,
4102,
636,
3565,
1790,
662,
7188,
1439,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
2408,
2584,
1821,
7129,
336,
3241,
352,
268,
4462,
3160,
2976,
5588,
298,
410,
2156,
30,
203,
43,
8372,
402,
536,
590,
421,
43,
44,
3868,
203,
17,
461,
44,
316,
363,
363,
397,
4065,
6494,
336,
6900,
3923,
1668,
16,
3504,
5541,
16,
291,
2272,
8014,
18,
203,
17,
553,
316,
4795,
4604,
995,
2295,
1954,
291,
695,
17,
11749,
380,
2671,
18,
203,
17,
7230,
423,
292,
8052,
461,
44,
1506,
1226,
2657,
1982,
1954,
16,
4797,
288,
2166,
2041,
16,
291,
7687,
261,
5218,
3106,
17,
4432,
1859,
18,
203,
17,
307,
24,
316,
261,
8373,
6494,
336,
5172,
692,
8014,
291,
1138,
1815,
288,
268,
1073,
18,
203,
17,
330,
864,
8940,
307,
24,
1506,
356,
1505,
331,
3539,
5023,
1073,
2146,
16,
3504,
2390,
16,
291,
5588,
298,
410,
2156,
18,
203,
17,
7230,
423,
331,
3539,
307,
24,
1506,
1226,
4641,
1751,
1506,
16,
7687,
261,
5218,
1859,
2941,
288,
225,
1332,
475,
291,
269,
306,
270,
1231,
16,
291,
5297,
281,
360,
307,
24,
4525,
717,
1990,
18,
203,
17,
480,
443,
3169,
3806,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
1079,
1473,
291,
1565,
16,
1852,
3535,
4031,
661,
16,
3504,
1668,
16,
291,
2671,
2156,
18,
203,
17,
330,
864,
8940,
272,
443,
3169,
1506,
356,
1505,
331,
3539,
4031,
6321,
16,
4888,
4051,
16,
291,
4636,
3504,
5063,
4981,
2626,
18,
203,
17,
7230,
423,
331,
3539,
272,
443,
3169,
1506,
1226,
7687,
261,
5218,
1859,
2941,
288,
719,
93,
278,
443,
8835,
614,
16,
4797,
288,
2146,
17,
70,
8199,
2671,
16,
291,
5297,
281,
360,
6494,
7930,
2734,
717,
1990,
18,
203,
17,
11783,
4455,
10086,
316,
268,
626,
3478,
368,
841,
6494,
331,
3504,
1668,
291,
2166,
16,
566,
362,
525,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
586,
11590,
883,
3632,
16,
1118,
4031,
661,
291,
4085,
1596,
18,
203,
17,
4449,
1473,
291,
1565,
1131,
5901,
6661,
4455,
10086,
1506,
331,
5023,
661,
291,
7188,
18,
203,
17,
7230,
423,
331,
2516,
1790,
6661,
4455,
10086,
1506,
1226,
2166,
2041,
16,
7687,
261,
5218,
1859,
2941,
288,
3106,
291,
1702,
6737,
16,
291,
2860,
1751,
1506,
18,
203,
17,
351,
442,
277,
320,
316,
261,
1751,
6494,
336,
3806,
261,
2421,
1476,
288,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
1751,
2629,
892,
18,
203,
17,
1097,
273,
442,
277,
320,
1506,
356,
9541,
331,
5923,
4676,
16,
362,
375,
912,
292,
3504,
10669,
16,
6670,
16,
291,
11123,
2142,
4209,
18,
203,
17,
7230,
423,
331,
4641,
273,
442,
277,
320,
1506,
1226,
4797,
288,
1751,
17,
267,
534,
281,
1740,
16,
7687,
261,
5218,
1859,
16,
291,
2657,
1982,
1954,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
268,
7160,
289,
402,
536,
1661,
341,
7642,
291,
7145,
4480,
203,
2422,
786,
7129,
543,
1102,
601,
3033,
662,
1073,
372,
87,
2629,
292,
2041,
6760,
77,
291,
1646,
1208,
18,
1285,
1616,
667,
502,
5828,
291,
2242,
662,
8069,
880,
16,
445,
375,
4329,
283,
662,
2041,
291,
4185,
4548,
292,
8052,
2156,
291,
2446,
662,
7188,
3002,
18,
203,
17,
10312,
667,
629,
7129,
3033,
3504,
1668,
16,
2166,
10589,
16,
291,
2272,
1866,
18,
203,
17,
860,
71,
1090,
268,
1393,
289,
11851,
2909,
341,
4209,
16,
4051,
5076,
16,
291,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
17,
5203,
4183,
2737,
292,
1105,
11851,
2909,
734,
4920,
16,
5297,
318,
16,
291,
4185,
9277,
18,
203,
3464,
375,
543,
298,
1219,
662,
2915,
5588,
298,
410,
1439,
419,
8696,
281,
268,
1056,
289,
7129,
291,
4394,
281,
662,
2041,
291,
4185,
4548,
9571,
18,
1426,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
8938,
5037,
636,
268,
6326,
887,
289,
7129,
291,
5731,
1362,
268,
4462,
3160,
2976,
2041,
9041,
18,
203,
9079,
1325,
758,
291,
402,
536,
1661,
30,
1570,
402,
536,
1661,
450,
6922,
1027,
288,
9660,
203,
9453,
75,
1516,
288,
1998,
2671,
528,
261,
6234,
1393,
341,
662,
11851,
2909,
16,
2469,
292,
1320,
11040,
4136,
500,
291,
7451,
288,
7188,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
2408,
5153,
1505,
7129,
336,
1631,
636,
1152,
995,
2671,
30,
203,
17,
8248,
475,
902,
86,
475,
16,
361,
478,
591,
280,
475,
16,
316,
261,
6494,
4795,
419,
268,
478,
591,
280,
11864,
995,
1646,
377,
265,
328,
18,
203,
17,
553,
3675,
1759,
2288,
16,
1364,
1617,
16,
291,
3971,
5605,
292,
4177,
16,
6411,
2156,
291,
7994,
268,
1073,
331,
6611,
2067,
18,
203,
17,
8248,
475,
902,
86,
475,
6760,
692,
268,
10669,
289,
9147,
71,
5133,
291,
7050,
5656,
16,
2352,
363,
5572,
1138,
2088,
995,
2671,
18,
203,
17,
3392,
473,
280,
3136,
475,
902,
86,
475,
2629,
316,
1821,
331,
3565,
1790,
5588,
298,
410,
2156,
291,
6549,
5023,
2041,
4136,
500,
18,
203,
17,
465,
404,
84,
475,
902,
86,
475,
1854,
7752,
3136,
475,
902,
86,
475,
292,
7075,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
2629,
292,
1646,
2067,
18,
203,
17,
553,
3675,
1759,
2288,
291,
1364,
1987,
16,
4636,
1364,
1617,
292,
4177,
291,
3949,
3971,
5605,
18,
203,
17,
465,
404,
84,
475,
902,
86,
475,
525,
7803,
1459,
16,
9155,
822,
16,
291,
4866,
669,
995,
2671,
16,
2516,
1790,
2156,
18,
203,
17,
11797,
5218,
314,
404,
84,
475,
902,
86,
475,
1506,
316,
1505,
331,
5023,
1646,
2156,
291,
2114,
2671,
4041,
18,
203,
45,
1950,
5245,
17,
48,
1514,
11507,
5412,
441,
421,
8521,
42,
3868,
203,
17,
334,
43,
42,
316,
261,
6494,
336,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
3504,
1668,
16,
5541,
16,
291,
9334,
318,
18,
203,
17,
9660,
6760,
692,
268,
4133,
289,
334,
43,
42,
16,
518,
6900,
3106,
10633,
291,
3504,
5063,
4981,
2626,
18,
203,
17,
334,
43,
42,
525,
7891,
288,
268,
5541,
289,
6005,
6272,
16,
1118,
4177,
16,
3020,
625,
16,
291,
11201,
10490,
18,
203,
17,
3392,
473,
1790,
334,
43,
42,
1506,
734,
2922,
2671,
5328,
291,
4920,
5333,
3504,
1208,
291,
4209,
18,
203,
38,
4841,
17,
40,
265,
1665,
2138,
8913,
4981,
2361,
5412,
441,
421,
38,
40,
50,
42,
3868,
203,
17,
391,
40,
50,
42,
316,
261,
3106,
336,
5333,
268,
1668,
291,
5421,
289,
1860,
1828,
18,
203,
17,
9660,
6760,
692,
268,
4133,
289,
391,
40,
50,
42,
16,
518,
7803,
6448,
476,
2185,
380,
16,
273,
1396,
564,
16,
291,
5215,
18,
203,
17,
10272,
391,
40,
50,
42,
1506,
2885,
292,
3808,
1217,
16,
3354,
16,
291,
1993,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
17,
5129,
2671,
316,
261,
3184,
1438,
331,
2204,
391,
40,
50,
42,
1815,
291,
2516,
1790,
1860,
661,
18,
203,
44,
8716,
11507,
402,
536,
590,
421,
44,
43,
44,
3868,
203,
17,
402,
43,
44,
316,
261,
6494,
3024,
331,
1259,
9334,
318,
16,
3106,
10633,
16,
291,
3504,
1668,
18,
203,
17,
9660,
8969,
268,
4133,
289,
402,
43,
44,
16,
2469,
292,
7360,
3504,
1208,
291,
4209,
18,
203,
17,
402,
43,
44,
525,
3806,
261,
1476,
288,
11912,
8014,
291,
1073,
5964,
18,
203,
17,
9265,
344,
1790,
402,
43,
44,
1815,
734,
1225,
2671,
5782,
291,
7122,
375,
1105,
3504,
1668,
291,
2114,
7188,
18,
203,
17,
3199,
405,
9102,
316,
261,
6494,
336,
1780,
7075,
1364,
6719,
1506,
995,
2671,
18,
203,
17,
553,
6900,
268,
10669,
289,
9147,
71,
5133,
5290,
288,
268,
4865,
16,
2352,
6719,
331,
1138,
18,
203,
17,
3199,
405,
9102,
525,
6760,
692,
268,
4133,
289,
7050,
5656,
427,
478,
517,
595,
3923,
292,
3307,
1795,
4177,
18,
203,
17,
11797,
2922,
6181,
9102,
1506,
316,
1821,
331,
1844,
281,
1138,
995,
9780,
2671,
291,
3539,
1364,
6719,
1311,
511,
11659,
18,
203,
6724,
9660,
4470,
782,
5362,
515,
402,
536,
1661,
291,
3392,
473,
918,
11112,
203,
8594,
75,
705,
2671,
316,
8440,
288,
3539,
11851,
2909,
291,
2516,
1790,
444,
3632,
18,
1285,
4797,
288,
1646,
2067,
16,
445,
375,
30,
203,
17,
3292,
1036,
273,
442,
277,
320,
1506,
291,
6537,
268,
7781,
1814,
289,
3776,
1751,
18,
203,
17,
8540,
515,
268,
6965,
291,
1650,
9237,
289,
6494,
11209,
288,
662,
1828,
18,
203,
17,
10959,
6486,
6965,
16,
261,
3642,
288,
6719,
6743,
291,
1138,
11910,
18,
203,
17,
4312,
511,
268,
1815,
289,
363,
397,
4065,
7129,
730,
1668,
1802,
291,
6661,
4455,
10086,
16,
4191,
673,
3504,
1668,
291,
5541,
18,
203,
44,
396,
2239,
281,
8109,
2329,
292,
4312,
511,
402,
536,
590,
7886,
87,
203,
55,
1084,
708,
4941,
291,
2041,
2377,
437,
2853,
8247,
288,
4663,
281,
6494,
1506,
18,
4619,
6855,
268,
1685,
4941,
636,
424,
4485,
292,
8052,
11851,
5729,
30,
203,
17,
2132,
655,
4793,
30,
10536,
1378,
16,
3751,
80,
373,
340,
16,
7074,
355,
1579,
274,
16,
291,
6940,
87,
4151,
2563,
3504,
2303,
16,
5048,
281,
261,
6338,
11851,
2629,
18,
203,
17,
3194,
17,
11749,
380,
630,
3477,
2041,
421,
44,
45,
4393,
3868,
8541,
673,
858,
6611,
285,
2319,
340,
289,
2671,
291,
1912,
4209,
4676,
6760,
692,
6494,
4133,
291,
2272,
6861,
18,
203,
17,
1401,
2401,
2041,
30,
11700,
542,
445,
1251,
361,
1001,
3696,
285,
1863,
6900,
3504,
1668,
291,
6760,
692,
268,
4133,
289,
363,
397,
4065,
7129,
18,
203,
17,
1384,
86,
3478,
2041,
30,
9455,
16,
6611,
4143,
9648,
1088,
381,
6494,
1815,
16,
2467,
6661,
4455,
10086,
291,
1668,
6494,
18,
203,
10646,
1734,
1030,
6855,
629,
4941,
636,
424,
2041,
735,
9867,
16,
337,
375,
8696,
268,
1056,
289,
7129,
292,
3017,
2156,
16,
1073,
5964,
16,
291,
2114,
7188,
18,
203,
5190,
445,
372,
317,
9529,
268,
7166,
2051,
858,
2671,
291,
7129,
16,
362,
372,
87,
9149,
336,
1646,
2067,
2313,
3852,
94,
274,
11851,
2909,
291,
2516,
1260,
18,
203,
6724,
5156,
9660,
7331,
493,
2073,
402,
536,
1661,
35,
203,
8594,
75,
485,
281,
1978,
3113,
7129,
734,
2671,
16,
1575,
2779,
289,
1646,
2067,
437,
2853,
6689,
1716,
18,
4619,
6855,
268,
1685,
4941,
636,
424,
4485,
292,
8052,
6494,
1506,
30,
203,
17,
9700,
647,
730,
3876,
16,
11423,
16,
8389,
16,
291,
741,
6131,
5744,
617,
7075,
7129,
419,
2860,
1751,
291,
3949,
2114,
6568,
661,
18,
203,
17,
10661,
667,
5622,
9649,
4941,
10443,
1393,
6494,
2909,
291,
2885,
292,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
17,
1581,
1516,
288,
3696,
2041,
16,
659,
352,
2146,
80,
373,
542,
361,
1073,
6302,
4941,
16,
6900,
268,
4133,
289,
363,
397,
4065,
7129,
730,
6661,
4455,
10086,
291,
1668,
6494
] |
A microwave oven is one of the most used appliances in most homes today. It offers a quick and convenient way to reheat, defrost or cook food. However, like any other home appliance, the microwave can develop faults over time. One of the most common issues is a faulty magnetron.
The magnetron is responsible for generating the microwave energy that cooks or heats the food. When it fails, you will notice the microwave power reduces significantly or stops heating altogether. Before replacing this crucial component, it’s important to accurately test and confirm the magnetron is faulty.
This guide provides a step-by-step walkthrough on how to properly test a microwave magnetron using a digital multimeter (DMM). We also cover safety tips, magnetron basics, troubleshooting steps and frequently asked questions.
What is a Magnetron and How Does it Work?
The magnetron is essentially a high-powered vacuum tube that converts electrical energy into microwaves using electromagnetic radiation. It consists of:
- A cylindrical anode (positive electrode)
- A cathode (negative electrode) filament
- Permanent magnets surrounding the filament
- Antennae to emit the microwaves
Inside the tube, the cathode filament is heated to release electrons. The electrons are then attracted to the positively charged anode but get deflected by the magnetic field. This results in the electrons spinning around rapidly and generating high-frequency electromagnetic microwave energy.
The microwaves are channeled through the antenna into the oven cavity where they agitate and heat up food molecules. The magnetron needs high voltage (around 2000V) from a transformer to operate.
Safety Tips When Testing a Magnetron
Working with a microwave and its high voltage components can be dangerous if safety precautions are not followed:
- Unplug the microwave – This should be the first step before opening or working on the appliance. Ensure it’s unplugged at all times during testing.
- Discharge capacitor – The high voltage capacitor holds dangerous levels of electricity even when unplugged. Discharge it safely using an insulated resistor.
- No power – Do not have the microwave plugged in when testing the magnetron.
- Avoid microwave radiation – Never operate the oven with an open door or damaged door screen. The radiation can be hazardous.
- Don’t touch components – Many parts like the capacitor, diode, transformer and magnetron itself can give dangerous electrical shocks.
- Use insulation – When necessary to touch components, use insulated tools and gloves to avoid shocks.
- Reassemble properly – Once done, refit the case and parts correctly to prevent microwave energy leakage.
How to Test a Microwave Magnetron
To properly diagnose a faulty microwave magnetron, you need:
- A digital multimeter capable of measuring ohms, voltage and continuity
- Basic toolkit including insulated screwdrivers, gloves, etc.
Follow these steps:
1. Unplug Microwave and Discharge Capacitor
Unplug the microwave from the power outlet. If there is an in-line fuse, remove it as well.
Use a 20,000 ohm, 10 watt resistor to safely discharge the high voltage capacitor. Touch the resistor leads across the capacitor terminals until it is fully discharged.
2. Remove Outer Case
The magnetron is located on the top or side of the oven cavity. You’ll need to remove the outer case to expose it. The case is held in place with screws or plastic tabs.
Be careful when removing the case – the inner components and wires are still connected. Avoid tugging too hard.
3. Locate and Label Magnetron Wires
The magnetron will have 2 or more wires connected to terminals on its body. These include:
- Filament wires – Heats the cathode filament and usually labeled F1 and F2.
- Antenna wire – Emits microwave energy into oven.
- High voltage wire – Provides 2000V to 4000V DC from the transformer.
If loose, label these wires so you can reconnect properly later. Detach the wires if necessary but remember their positions.
4. Check Filament Continuity
Set your multimeter to the continuity or ohms setting. Touch the probes to the two filament terminals – you should get a reading around 1 ohm. This confirms filament continuity.
If no reading or infinity, the filament may be burnt or broken. Note – older magnetrons may have more than 1 filament.
5. Test Filament to Chassis Resistance
Now set your multimeter to the lowest resistance range, usually 200 ohms. Place one probe on a filament terminal, and the other probe on a metal ground point like the chassis.
You should get a very low resistance, usually below 1 ohm. Higher than a few ohms indicates a short circuit, while infinity means an open circuit. Repeat test for the other filament terminal.
6. Check Antenna Continuity
Test continuity between the antenna terminal and chassis ground. You should get 0 ohms. If no continuity, the antenna coil is likely damaged.
7. Measure High Voltage Terminal
Finally, switch your multimeter to the highest resistance range, usually 20M ohms. Test between the high voltage terminal and a ground point.
A healthy magnetron will show no continuity, indicating an open circuit. Any reading means a short circuit, and the magnetron is faulty.
If all tests check out fine, the magnetron is likely working properly. Reassemble the microwave and test. If it still doesn’t heat, the issue may lie elsewhere like the high voltage components.
Troubleshooting Magnetron Issues
Here are some common problems and troubleshooting tips if your magnetron tests reveal issues:
No heating, low power:
- Burnt or broken filament – Check filament continuity. Replace magnetron if open circuit.
- Loss of emission – If filament is ok but resistance tests show shorts, emission ability is reduced. Replace magnetron.
- Faulty high voltage components – Check diode, capacitor and transformer if magnetron tests fine.
Noisy operation, humming:
- Failing filament or cathode – Conduct resistance tests between filament and chassis to diagnose.
- Arcing in tube – Carefully inspect magnetron for dark burnt marks indicating arcing. Replace if present.
- Bad mounting – Check magnetron is positioned properly on chassis. Tighten mounting screws.
Overheating, burning smell:
- Blocked cooling vents – Ensure clear space around oven for ventilation. Clean out obstructions.
- Failing magnetron – Short circuits in tube can lead to overheating. Conduct resistance tests.
- Improper door seal – Check condition and fit of door gasket. Replace if loose or damaged.
When to Replace a Magnetron
In most cases, if the continuity and resistance tests indicate any results other than the expected values, the magnetron will need replacement.
Some signs that clearly confirm a faulty, end-of-life magnetron:
- Visible cracks, burns or damages on the magnetron body.
- Open circuit in the filament when checking continuity.
- Short circuit between filament and chassis.
- Zero ohms resistance between high voltage terminal and ground.
To extend the magnetron lifespan, avoid operating an empty microwave, keep the vents clear of dust and debris and don’t exceed the oven wattage.
What tools do I need to test a magnetron?
You will need a digital multimeter, an insulated resistor (10k ohm 10 watt), insulated gloves, basic toolkits including screwdrivers, wire cutters, etc. Use insulated tools when possible.
How can I tell if my magnetron is bad?
If the microwave is not heating, check for a faulty magnetron. Visual signs include burns or cracks on the tube. Use a multimeter to test filament continuity, resistance values and antenna continuity as explained.
Can I repair a magnetron?
No, if a microwave magnetron is found to be faulty through testing, it cannot be repaired and needs complete replacement. Do not try to service or fix the magnetron yourself.
What happens if I operate the microwave without the magnetron?
Without the magnetron to generate the microwaves, the oven will not be able to cook or heat anything. Operating it like this could also damage other components.
How much does it cost to replace a magnetron?
The replacement cost for most microwave magnetrons ranges from $30 to $180. The exact price depends on the specific oven make and model. Match the part number when ordering a replacement.
What safety precautions should I take?
Always unplug the microwave and discharge the capacitor before testing. Use insulated tools, don’t touch components unnecessarily, avoid microwave radiation exposure and reconnect parts correctly.
Testing a microwave magnetron is an essential troubleshooting step if you suspect a fault. While not overly complicated, it does require care and the right tools. Follow the continuity and resistance test steps outlined above to accurately diagnose the magnetron.
Pay close attention to the expected readings versus the actual values. Refer to the troubleshooting tips if you encounter any issues while testing. And replace the magnetron promptly once confirmed to extend the life of your microwave. | <urn:uuid:9d079833-d1c1-413f-a694-dce2c3471628> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kitchenapplianceanswer.com/how-to-test-a-microwave-magnetron/ | 2024-02-23T22:18:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.859899 | 1,912 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
37,
2039,
694,
1284,
272,
592,
316,
597,
289,
268,
710,
724,
9609,
288,
710,
3872,
1853,
18,
553,
2767,
261,
2025,
291,
8039,
898,
292,
304,
781,
271,
16,
1175,
299,
503,
361,
4608,
934,
18,
1121,
16,
730,
723,
586,
1311,
2769,
3275,
16,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
375,
709,
3208,
1339,
658,
669,
18,
1507,
289,
268,
710,
1112,
1659,
316,
261,
3208,
3665,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
18,
203,
1461,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
3024,
331,
9249,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
1138,
336,
273,
1991,
361,
431,
1378,
268,
934,
18,
1097,
362,
11730,
16,
337,
513,
4204,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
1056,
4993,
3105,
361,
11094,
5810,
366,
11512,
18,
4386,
10418,
456,
1821,
4391,
16,
362,
372,
87,
851,
292,
6857,
1265,
291,
5125,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
3208,
3665,
18,
203,
4326,
3233,
1956,
261,
2483,
17,
2330,
17,
10890,
4429,
8220,
341,
667,
292,
3624,
1265,
261,
2039,
694,
1284,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
1001,
261,
2256,
1540,
2130,
345,
421,
40,
49,
49,
802,
924,
525,
1955,
2030,
3651,
16,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
9538,
16,
11129,
76,
8757,
2845,
291,
3983,
4214,
2212,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
261,
6924,
707,
322,
266,
291,
784,
5156,
362,
4776,
35,
203,
1461,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
7841,
261,
695,
17,
8737,
10468,
7571,
336,
4753,
340,
3924,
1138,
636,
2039,
694,
1847,
1001,
11084,
9965,
5021,
18,
553,
5347,
289,
30,
203,
17,
330,
9523,
578,
86,
466,
363,
1899,
421,
2027,
1257,
5603,
864,
13,
203,
17,
330,
9998,
1899,
421,
707,
75,
774,
5603,
864,
13,
1741,
3081,
203,
17,
382,
10436,
302,
3262,
707,
340,
4539,
268,
1741,
3081,
203,
17,
854,
506,
82,
2471,
292,
9274,
268,
2039,
694,
1847,
203,
45,
1950,
496,
268,
7571,
16,
268,
9998,
1899,
1741,
3081,
316,
11670,
292,
4133,
9945,
18,
365,
9945,
356,
1023,
11496,
292,
268,
10443,
8788,
363,
1899,
566,
886,
1175,
611,
691,
419,
268,
6561,
2092,
18,
540,
1826,
288,
268,
9945,
7190,
668,
1149,
5208,
291,
9249,
695,
17,
74,
11182,
1150,
11084,
9965,
2039,
694,
1284,
1138,
18,
203,
1461,
2039,
694,
1847,
356,
8375,
286,
734,
268,
11643,
3862,
636,
268,
272,
592,
11011,
853,
502,
737,
8872,
291,
2164,
644,
934,
6286,
18,
365,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
1470,
695,
5955,
421,
294,
655,
6431,
58,
13,
427,
261,
2948,
265,
292,
5733,
18,
203,
55,
1621,
1728,
7973,
1097,
9964,
261,
6924,
707,
322,
266,
203,
59,
283,
505,
360,
261,
2039,
694,
1284,
291,
606,
695,
5955,
3008,
375,
327,
4233,
717,
2030,
10302,
356,
462,
4138,
30,
203,
17,
860,
476,
1010,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
796,
540,
788,
327,
268,
855,
2483,
1134,
6191,
361,
1795,
341,
268,
2769,
3275,
18,
9072,
362,
372,
87,
543,
476,
1010,
2292,
430,
516,
1708,
995,
2872,
18,
203,
17,
2080,
6667,
3069,
1808,
796,
365,
695,
5955,
3069,
1808,
5738,
4233,
1506,
289,
3666,
919,
649,
543,
476,
1010,
2292,
18,
2080,
6667,
362,
6614,
1001,
363,
685,
3025,
474,
8976,
18,
203,
17,
2491,
1056,
796,
2094,
462,
437,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
9678,
2292,
288,
649,
2872,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
18,
203,
17,
5276,
2039,
694,
1284,
5021,
796,
7087,
5733,
268,
272,
592,
360,
363,
1591,
6436,
361,
6005,
6436,
4420,
18,
365,
5021,
375,
327,
9245,
18,
203,
17,
3818,
372,
88,
3727,
3008,
796,
2255,
2287,
730,
268,
3069,
1808,
16,
1135,
1899,
16,
2948,
265,
291,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
2635,
375,
1888,
4233,
3924,
422,
4250,
18,
203,
17,
2932,
8364,
796,
1097,
1990,
292,
3727,
3008,
16,
666,
685,
3025,
2133,
291,
11874,
292,
1833,
422,
4250,
18,
203,
17,
942,
301,
9692,
665,
3624,
796,
3126,
2217,
16,
1210,
297,
268,
1731,
291,
2287,
6248,
292,
1463,
2039,
694,
1284,
1138,
8972,
495,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
4478,
261,
4771,
694,
1284,
6924,
707,
322,
266,
203,
10702,
3624,
9047,
261,
3208,
3665,
2039,
694,
1284,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
16,
337,
648,
30,
203,
17,
330,
2256,
1540,
2130,
345,
5401,
289,
7283,
272,
76,
507,
16,
5955,
291,
2269,
380,
203,
17,
11929,
1438,
79,
297,
1118,
685,
3025,
10781,
2095,
866,
16,
11874,
16,
2801,
18,
203,
42,
320,
693,
629,
2845,
30,
203,
21,
18,
860,
476,
1010,
4771,
694,
1284,
291,
2080,
6667,
5157,
313,
1808,
203,
10015,
476,
1010,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
427,
268,
1056,
628,
2642,
18,
829,
686,
316,
363,
288,
17,
1279,
284,
2013,
16,
3556,
362,
352,
767,
18,
203,
57,
401,
261,
731,
16,
1347,
272,
76,
81,
16,
1474,
276,
5493,
474,
8976,
292,
6614,
9021,
268,
695,
5955,
3069,
1808,
18,
307,
290,
355,
268,
474,
8976,
4198,
1745,
268,
3069,
1808,
10232,
645,
2035,
362,
316,
3590,
460,
4232,
2292,
18,
203,
22,
18,
3253,
1057,
480,
1916,
10943,
203,
1461,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
3586,
341,
268,
1479,
361,
2031,
289,
268,
272,
592,
11011,
18,
990,
372,
660,
648,
292,
3556,
268,
7814,
1731,
292,
771,
595,
362,
18,
365,
1731,
316,
3647,
288,
1349,
360,
10781,
87,
361,
3411,
605,
825,
18,
203,
10746,
6220,
649,
6763,
268,
1731,
796,
268,
5817,
3008,
291,
11213,
356,
1356,
3947,
18,
5276,
2199,
75,
1893,
1232,
1656,
18,
203,
23,
18,
458,
11079,
291,
6060,
306,
6924,
707,
322,
266,
388,
1773,
203,
1461,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
513,
437,
497,
361,
512,
11213,
3947,
292,
10232,
645,
341,
606,
1073,
18,
948,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
8466,
3081,
11213,
796,
915,
1378,
268,
9998,
1899,
1741,
3081,
291,
1840,
6513,
286,
418,
21,
291,
418,
22,
18,
203,
17,
854,
506,
3862,
5112,
796,
2733,
764,
2039,
694,
1284,
1138,
636,
272,
592,
18,
203,
17,
3194,
5955,
5112,
796,
4854,
1701,
6431,
58,
292,
988,
1347,
58,
8824,
427,
268,
2948,
265,
18,
203,
6164,
9346,
16,
6513,
629,
11213,
576,
337,
375,
632,
7982,
493,
3624,
2135,
18,
9958,
492,
268,
11213,
717,
1990,
566,
3283,
444,
6823,
18,
203,
24,
18,
5146,
8466,
3081,
7182,
9971,
203,
55,
364,
424,
1540,
2130,
345,
292,
268,
2269,
380,
361,
272,
76,
507,
2652,
18,
307,
290,
355,
268,
2570,
274,
292,
268,
881,
1741,
3081,
10232,
645,
796,
337,
788,
886,
261,
2568,
1149,
433,
272,
76,
81,
18,
540,
1275,
7931,
1741,
3081,
2269,
380,
18,
203,
6164,
688,
2568,
361,
582,
7294,
16,
268,
1741,
3081,
602,
327,
4107,
88,
361,
6246,
18,
6754,
796,
3684,
3262,
707,
322,
625,
602,
437,
512,
687,
433,
1741,
3081,
18,
203,
25,
18,
4478,
8466,
3081,
292,
654,
594,
277,
1401,
2401,
203,
50,
329,
1075,
424,
1540,
2130,
345,
292,
268,
9590,
3696,
1749,
16,
1840,
1645,
272,
76,
507,
18,
8623,
597,
347,
1330,
341,
261,
1741,
3081,
2085,
1420,
16,
291,
268,
586,
347,
1330,
341,
261,
3691,
2107,
1813,
730,
268,
392,
594,
277,
18,
203,
7556,
788,
886,
261,
1040,
1488,
3696,
16,
1840,
2321,
433,
272,
76,
81,
18,
3194,
265,
687,
261,
1374,
272,
76,
507,
6271,
261,
1912,
5844,
16,
1020,
582,
7294,
1486,
363,
1591,
5844,
18,
2735,
3611,
1265,
331,
268,
586,
1741,
3081,
2085,
1420,
18,
203,
26,
18,
5146,
854,
506,
3862,
7182,
9971,
203,
56,
443,
2269,
380,
858,
268,
11643,
3862,
2085,
1420,
291,
392,
594,
277,
2107,
18,
990,
788,
886,
2699,
272,
76,
507,
18,
829,
688,
2269,
380,
16,
268,
11643,
3862,
742,
309,
316,
1792,
6005,
18,
203,
27,
18,
2172,
5886,
3194,
6035,
3056,
307,
1348,
1420,
203,
42,
263,
523,
16,
4956,
424,
1540,
2130,
345,
292,
268,
4406,
3696,
1749,
16,
1840,
731,
49,
272,
76,
507,
18,
4478,
858,
268,
695,
5955,
2085,
1420,
291,
261,
2107,
1813,
18,
203,
37,
1702,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
513,
1171,
688,
2269,
380,
16,
10353,
363,
1591,
5844,
18,
5007,
2568,
1486,
261,
1912,
5844,
16,
291,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
3208,
3665,
18,
203,
6164,
516,
3265,
2373,
628,
4787,
16,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
1792,
1795,
3624,
18,
942,
301,
9692,
665,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
291,
1265,
18,
829,
362,
1356,
2752,
372,
88,
2164,
16,
268,
2682,
602,
8588,
10046,
730,
268,
695,
5955,
3008,
18,
203,
56,
463,
3865,
76,
8757,
6924,
707,
322,
266,
9934,
893,
203,
44,
387,
356,
579,
1112,
1626,
291,
11129,
76,
8757,
3651,
717,
424,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
3265,
7901,
1659,
30,
203,
50,
83,
5810,
16,
1488,
1056,
30,
203,
17,
391,
1002,
88,
361,
6246,
1741,
3081,
796,
5146,
1741,
3081,
2269,
380,
18,
942,
3977,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
717,
1591,
5844,
18,
203,
17,
10717,
289,
10863,
796,
829,
1741,
3081,
316,
272,
79,
566,
3696,
3265,
1171,
422,
1316,
16,
10863,
1882,
316,
3544,
18,
942,
3977,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
18,
203,
17,
418,
69,
3665,
695,
5955,
3008,
796,
5146,
1135,
1899,
16,
3069,
1808,
291,
2948,
265,
717,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
3265,
4787,
18,
203,
50,
11553,
93,
4531,
16,
931,
2280,
30,
203,
17,
418,
726,
281,
1741,
3081,
361,
9998,
1899,
796,
1161,
534,
88,
3696,
3265,
858,
1741,
3081,
291,
392,
594,
277,
292,
9047,
18,
203,
17,
1155,
5712,
288,
7571,
796,
4977,
2367,
2852,
493,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
331,
3334,
4107,
88,
7613,
10353,
598,
5712,
18,
942,
3977,
717,
1487,
18,
203,
17,
11521,
293,
10241,
796,
5146,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
2669,
286,
3624,
341,
392,
594,
277,
18,
307,
486,
270,
293,
10241,
10781,
87,
18,
203,
51,
357,
781,
673,
16,
6861,
7847,
30,
203,
17,
9158,
286,
6370,
385,
546,
796,
9072,
1763,
1846,
1149,
272,
592,
331,
9596,
18,
7168,
628,
1823,
1026,
508,
18,
203,
17,
418,
726,
281,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
796,
9455,
11147,
288,
7571,
375,
912,
292,
658,
781,
673,
18,
1161,
534,
88,
3696,
3265,
18,
203,
17,
5598,
468,
6436,
9111,
796,
5146,
2057,
291,
3082,
289,
6436,
2238,
8262,
18,
942,
3977,
717,
9346,
361,
6005,
18,
203,
7508,
292,
942,
3977,
261,
6924,
707,
322,
266,
203,
2983,
710,
1934,
16,
717,
268,
2269,
380,
291,
3696,
3265,
4938,
723,
1826,
586,
687,
268,
3650,
3119,
16,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
513,
648,
7930,
18,
203,
55,
436,
3085,
336,
4859,
5125,
261,
3208,
3665,
16,
1199,
17,
2012,
17,
3316,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
30,
203,
17,
5027,
801,
793,
1968,
16,
4107,
87,
361,
11403,
341,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
1073,
18,
203,
17,
5815,
5844,
288,
268,
1741,
3081,
649,
9679,
2269,
380,
18,
203,
17,
9455,
5844,
858,
1741,
3081,
291,
392,
594,
277,
18,
203,
17,
1929,
4071,
272,
76,
507,
3696,
858,
695,
5955,
2085,
1420,
291,
2107,
18,
203,
10702,
7012,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
8997,
16,
1833,
4579,
363,
8606,
2039,
694,
1284,
16,
1288,
268,
385,
546,
1763,
289,
5993,
291,
8003,
291,
1373,
372,
88,
10044,
268,
272,
592,
276,
271,
3056,
18,
203,
4688,
2133,
565,
334,
648,
292,
1265,
261,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
35,
203,
7556,
513,
648,
261,
2256,
1540,
2130,
345,
16,
363,
685,
3025,
474,
8976,
421,
2316,
79,
272,
76,
81,
1474,
276,
5493,
989,
685,
3025,
11874,
16,
2900,
1438,
79,
764,
1118,
10781,
2095,
866,
16,
5112,
2333,
1736,
16,
2801,
18,
2932,
685,
3025,
2133,
649,
1522,
18,
203,
6724,
375,
334,
2565,
717,
1290,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
3276,
35,
203,
6164,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
316,
462,
5810,
16,
2373,
331,
261,
3208,
3665,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
18,
10509,
3085,
1226,
4107,
87,
361,
793,
1968,
341,
268,
7571,
18,
2932,
261,
1540,
2130,
345,
292,
1265,
1741,
3081,
2269,
380,
16,
3696,
3119,
291,
11643,
3862,
2269,
380,
352,
5892,
18,
203,
39,
282,
334,
5541,
261,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
35,
203,
50,
83,
16,
717,
261,
2039,
694,
1284,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
316,
986,
292,
327,
3208,
3665,
734,
2872,
16,
362,
2362,
327,
751,
7307,
291,
1470,
2821,
7930,
18,
2094,
462,
2644,
292,
2468,
361,
3648,
268,
3262,
707,
322,
266,
2757,
18,
203,
4688,
4301,
717,
334,
5733,
268,
2039,
694,
1284,
1298
] |
What Is MRA In Banking
Published: October 11, 2023
Discover the meaning of MRA in banking and its significance in the world of finance. Explore the role of MRA in monitoring risk and enhancing regulatory compliance.
(Many of the links in this article redirect to a specific reviewed product. Your purchase of these products through affiliate links helps to generate commission for LiveWell, at no extra cost. Learn more)
Table of Contents
In the world of banking and finance, ensuring the safety and soundness of institutions is of paramount importance. One key aspect of maintaining this stability is the implementation of effective risk management. This is where MRAs, or Matters Requiring Attention, come into play.
MRAs are an essential component in the regulatory framework of banks and financial institutions. They are findings or concerns identified by regulatory agencies during audits or examinations. These findings highlight areas where banks need to improve in order to comply with regulations, strengthen their risk management practices, and ultimately safeguard the financial system.
The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of what MRAs are in banking and why they are significant. We will explore the different types of MRAs, the process involved in addressing them, and the challenges and limitations associated with their implementation.
By the end of this article, readers will have a clear grasp of the role MRAs play in the world of banking and the importance of addressing them to maintain a healthy and resilient financial system.
Definition of MRA in Banking
MRA stands for Matters Requiring Attention, which refers to findings or concerns that are identified by regulatory agencies during audits or examinations of banks and financial institutions. These findings highlight areas where the institutions need to improve their risk management practices, internal controls, or compliance with regulations.
When regulatory agencies conduct examinations, they assess the institutions’ adherence to various regulatory frameworks and guidelines. If they identify any deficiencies or weaknesses in an institution’s operations, they issue MRAs. These MRAs are essentially recommendations or directives for the institution to take corrective action to address the identified issues.
MRAs typically focus on areas such as risk management, compliance, internal controls, governance, and operational efficiency. They are intended to ensure that financial institutions are operating in a safe and sound manner, minimizing risk, and protecting the interests of stakeholders.
It is important to note that MRAs are not regulatory enforcement actions or fines. Instead, they are a means for regulatory agencies to communicate their concerns and expectations to the institutions and to work with them in rectifying any identified deficiencies.
Financial institutions are required to address MRAs promptly and effectively. This may involve developing and implementing action plans to mitigate the identified risks, improving internal controls and processes, enhancing compliance practices, or making necessary changes to their risk management frameworks.
Throughout the process, institutions are expected to maintain open communication and cooperation with the regulatory agencies. They are also required to provide progress updates and evidence of remediation efforts to demonstrate their commitment to addressing the MRAs.
In summary, MRAs in banking are findings or concerns raised by regulatory agencies during audits or examinations. They serve as directives for financial institutions to address identified deficiencies in areas such as risk management, compliance, and internal controls.
Importance of MRA in Banking
The implementation of effective risk management practices is crucial for the stability and resilience of the banking industry. MRAs play a vital role in achieving this objective by highlighting areas where banks need to improve their risk management processes, compliance with regulations, and overall operational efficiency. Here are some key reasons why MRAs are important in banking:
- Enhancing Risk Management: MRAs provide valuable insights into potential risks and vulnerabilities within financial institutions. By addressing these findings, banks can strengthen their risk management frameworks and ensure they have adequate controls in place to mitigate risks effectively.
- Promoting Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with various regulations and guidelines is essential for banks to operate lawfully and ethically. MRAs help banks identify any shortcomings in their compliance practices and facilitate the necessary adjustments to meet regulatory expectations.
- Safeguarding Financial Stability: The financial crisis of 2008 highlighted the importance of strong risk management practices. MRAs enable regulatory agencies to identify and rectify potential weaknesses within banks, contributing to the overall stability of the financial system.
- Protecting Stakeholder Interests: Financial institutions have a responsibility to protect the interests of their stakeholders, including depositors, shareholders, and customers. Addressing MRAs ensures that banks are operating in a manner that safeguards these interests and maintains the confidence of stakeholders.
- Improving Corporate Governance: MRAs often focus on governance concerns within financial institutions, such as board oversight and management practices. By addressing these findings, banks can enhance their corporate governance structures, leading to better decision-making and accountability.
- Promoting Operational Efficiency: MRAs may identify inefficiencies or operational gaps within banks. By addressing these issues, institutions can streamline their operations and processes, reducing costs and enhancing efficiency.
Overall, MRAs in banking are essential for improving risk management practices, promoting regulatory compliance, safeguarding financial stability, protecting stakeholder interests, and enhancing operational efficiency. By diligently addressing and remedying the identified concerns, banks can maintain a strong foundation that supports their long-term success and resilience in a complex and ever-changing financial landscape.
Types of MRAs in Banking
MRAs in banking can vary in their nature and focus. Each MRA represents a specific area where a financial institution needs to improve or address concerns. Here are some common types of MRAs that regulatory agencies may issue:
- Compliance MRAs: These MRAs address non-compliance with laws, regulations, or internal policies. They may pertain to issues such as anti-money laundering (AML) procedures, consumer protection, or data privacy.
- Risk Management MRAs: These MRAs relate to deficiencies in a bank’s risk management practices. They may cover areas such as credit risk, market risk, operational risk, or liquidity risk. The purpose is to ensure that banks have robust risk management frameworks in place.
- Cybersecurity MRAs: With the increasing importance of cybersecurity, these MRAs focus on identifying weaknesses or vulnerabilities in a bank’s information security infrastructure. They aim to ensure that banks are adequately protecting customer data and mitigating cyber threats.
- Internal Control MRAs: These MRAs highlight weaknesses in a bank’s internal control framework. They may include issues related to segregation of duties, reconciliation processes, or the control environment. The objective is to enhance the effectiveness of internal controls.
- Capital Adequacy MRAs: These MRAs evaluate a bank’s compliance with capital adequacy requirements. They assess whether a bank has sufficient capital to absorb potential losses and maintain stability. Capital adequacy MRAs focus on aspects such as capital ratios, capital planning, and stress testing.
- Operational MRAs: These MRAs deal with deficiencies in a bank’s operational processes and procedures. They may relate to areas such as document management, vendor management, or the quality of customer service. The aim is to ensure smooth operations and minimize operational risks.
- Governance MRAs: Governance MRAs address concerns related to board oversight, management practices, or the overall corporate governance structure. They aim to improve decision-making, accountability, and transparency within the institution.
It is important to note that these are just some examples of the types of MRAs that may exist in banking. The specific types and focus of MRAs can vary depending on factors such as the regulatory environment, the size and complexity of the institution, and emerging risks within the financial industry.
MRA Process in Banking
The MRA process in banking involves a series of steps that financial institutions must follow to address the identified MRAs. This process typically includes the following stages:
- Identification: The first step in the MRA process is the identification of MRAs by regulatory agencies during audits or examinations. This occurs when examiners identify deficiencies or concerns regarding the institution’s risk management practices, compliance, or internal controls.
- Communication: Once identified, the regulatory agency communicates the MRAs to the financial institution. This communication can take the form of a formal letter or report that outlines the specific areas of concern, the regulatory requirements or expectations, and any required corrective actions.
- Assessment: Upon receipt of MRAs, the financial institution assesses the findings and implications. This involves reviewing the identified deficiencies, analyzing the potential impact on the institution, and determining the priority and resources required to address the MRAs effectively.
- Action Plan: The next step is the development of an action plan to address the identified MRAs. The action plan outlines the specific steps, timelines, responsible parties, and resources needed to mitigate the identified deficiencies and meet the regulatory expectations.
- Implementation: Once the action plan is in place, the financial institution starts implementing the necessary changes and improvements. This may involve updating policies and procedures, enhancing risk management frameworks, strengthening internal controls, or enhancing compliance practices.
- Monitoring and Reporting: Throughout the MRA process, the institution monitors the progress and effectiveness of the implemented changes. Regular reporting to the regulatory agency is often required to provide updates on the remediation efforts and demonstrate the institution’s commitment to addressing the MRAs.
- Validation: When the regulatory agency deems that the financial institution has satisfactorily addressed the MRAs, a validation or closure process occurs. This process involves the regulatory agency reviewing the institution’s actions and determining if the deficiencies have been adequately remediated.
It is important to note that the MRA process may involve ongoing monitoring and periodic assessments to ensure sustained compliance and continuous improvement. Effective communication and collaboration between the financial institution and the regulatory agency are essential throughout the process.
By following the MRA process diligently, financial institutions can effectively address the identified deficiencies, mitigate risk, strengthen their operations, and demonstrate their commitment to regulatory compliance and sound risk management practices.
Addressing MRAs in Banking
Addressing MRAs in banking is a crucial step for financial institutions to demonstrate their commitment to regulatory compliance and strengthen their risk management practices. Here are some key considerations and actions that institutions should undertake when addressing MRAs:
- Evaluation and Prioritization: Financial institutions should carefully evaluate each MRA and prioritize them based on the level of risk and potential impact. This involves assessing the severity of the identified deficiencies and determining the resources and timelines required to address them effectively.
- Action Plan: Developing a comprehensive action plan is essential to systematically address the identified MRAs. The plan should outline specific tasks, responsibilities, timelines, and resources needed to rectify the deficiencies and meet regulatory expectations. It should be aligned with the institution’s overall risk management and compliance frameworks.
- Internal Controls Enhancement: Strengthening internal controls is often a key focus when addressing MRAs. Financial institutions should identify areas where internal controls can be enhanced to prevent or detect deficiencies. This may involve revising policies and procedures, improving segregation of duties, enhancing documentation and record-keeping practices, or implementing technology solutions.
- Compliance Measures: Compliance with regulatory requirements is a critical aspect of addressing MRAs. Financial institutions should review and enhance their compliance programs to ensure adherence to relevant laws, regulations, and guidelines. This may include conducting additional training, improving monitoring and reporting processes, and establishing robust frameworks for AML, consumer protection, or data privacy.
- Risk Management Strategies: MRAs often highlight deficiencies in risk management practices. Financial institutions should revise and improve their risk management frameworks to address the identified risks and vulnerabilities. This may involve enhancing credit risk assessment processes, implementing more robust market risk controls, or strengthening operational risk mitigation strategies.
- Communication and Cooperation: Open and effective communication with regulatory agencies is crucial throughout the MRA addressing process. Financial institutions should maintain regular contact with regulators, providing progress updates on the implementation of action plans and remediation efforts. They should also address any queries or concerns raised by the regulatory agencies promptly and transparently.
- Continuous Monitoring and Improvement: Once the MRAs have been addressed, financial institutions should establish mechanisms for ongoing monitoring and improvement. This includes periodically reviewing and assessing the effectiveness of the implemented changes, conducting internal audits or assessments, and making adjustments as necessary to ensure sustained compliance and risk management practices.
By undertaking these actions, financial institutions can effectively address MRAs, strengthen their risk management practices, enhance compliance, and foster a culture of continuous improvement. This not only helps in meeting regulatory expectations but also contributes to the overall stability, resilience, and reputation of the institution.
Challenges and Limitations of MRA in Banking
While MRAs serve as valuable tools for regulatory agencies and financial institutions, there are several challenges and limitations that need to be considered. These challenges can impact the effectiveness and efficiency of the MRA process. Here are some common challenges and limitations of MRAs in banking:
- Subjectivity: MRAs can sometimes be subjective, as they rely on the judgments and interpretations of regulatory examiners. Different examiners may have varying perspectives on the severity and urgency of identified deficiencies, which can lead to inconsistency in how MRAs are issued and addressed.
- Resource Constraints: Addressing MRAs can be resource-intensive for financial institutions, particularly smaller ones. Implementing the necessary changes and enhancements may require significant time, effort, and financial investment. This can pose challenges for institutions with limited resources and may impact their ability to address multiple MRAs simultaneously.
- Complexity: Some MRAs may involve complex issues that require expertise and specialized knowledge. Financial institutions may need to engage external consultants or experts to help address these challenges, further adding to the complexity and costs involved.
- Regulatory Burden: Financial institutions must comply with numerous regulatory requirements and guidelines, beyond the MRAs identified during examinations. This overall regulatory burden can pose challenges for banks in terms of managing and prioritizing various compliance and risk management initiatives.
- Timeliness: The process of addressing MRAs can sometimes be time-consuming, leading to delays in implementing necessary changes. The longer it takes to address MRAs, the greater the potential for the identified deficiencies to persist and pose risks to the institution and its stakeholders.
- Changing Regulatory Landscape: Regulatory requirements and expectations can change over time, requiring financial institutions to adapt and evolve their practices continually. This dynamic regulatory landscape can make it challenging for institutions to keep up with evolving MRAs and the associated remediation efforts.
- Interactions with Multiple Regulators: Financial institutions often interact with multiple regulators, each with their own set of expectations and requirements. Coordinating and aligning responses to MRAs from different regulatory agencies can be complex and time-consuming for institutions operating across multiple jurisdictions.
Despite these challenges and limitations, financial institutions recognize the importance of addressing MRAs and the value they bring in strengthening their risk management processes and compliance practices. By proactively managing these challenges and implementing sound strategies, banks can navigate the MRA process more effectively and ensure a resilient and compliant operating environment.
Matters Requiring Attention (MRAs) play a critical role in the regulatory framework of banks and financial institutions. They serve as important tools for identifying and addressing deficiencies in risk management practices, compliance, internal controls, and operational efficiency. By addressing MRAs, institutions can strengthen their operations, safeguard stakeholder interests, and contribute to overall financial stability.
In this article, we explored the definition of MRAs in banking, highlighting their purpose and significance. We discussed the importance of MRAs in enhancing risk management, promoting regulatory compliance, and protecting stakeholder interests. Additionally, we examined the different types of MRAs that regulatory agencies may issue, the process involved in addressing MRAs, and the challenges and limitations that financial institutions may face.
Addressing MRAs requires thorough evaluation, the development of action plans, strengthening internal controls, enhancing compliance practices, and continuous monitoring and improvement. Financial institutions must also navigate challenges such as subjectivity in MRAs, resource constraints, complexity, and the changing regulatory landscape.
By effectively addressing MRAs, financial institutions can demonstrate their commitment to regulatory compliance, strengthen their risk management practices, and maintain a resilient and trustworthy reputation. Through ongoing cooperation and communication with regulatory agencies, proactive measures, and a focus on continuous improvement, institutions can ensure a safe and sound operating environment while protecting the interests of their stakeholders.
In conclusion, MRAs in banking are valuable tools that promote risk management, regulatory compliance, and the health of the financial system. By addressing MRAs diligently and implementing necessary changes, financial institutions can contribute to a resilient and stable banking sector, ensuring their continued success in a dynamic and evolving industry. | <urn:uuid:a8567cf8-fdf1-4b8b-b9fd-78a65383e7e1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://livewell.com/finance/what-is-mra-in-banking/ | 2024-02-23T22:50:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.928581 | 3,381 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
4688,
1358,
383,
8081,
450,
10621,
505,
203,
52,
914,
1341,
30,
4958,
2912,
16,
5325,
203,
40,
3219,
1090,
268,
2442,
289,
383,
8081,
288,
10871,
291,
606,
4489,
288,
268,
887,
289,
7056,
18,
10661,
268,
1476,
289,
383,
8081,
288,
3816,
1238,
291,
6411,
7327,
7009,
18,
203,
12,
49,
1100,
289,
268,
5672,
288,
456,
1989,
2243,
6846,
292,
261,
1430,
11537,
2430,
18,
2073,
5388,
289,
629,
1786,
734,
1140,
309,
4215,
5672,
1780,
292,
4522,
8300,
331,
458,
464,
59,
467,
16,
430,
688,
3485,
1923,
18,
5203,
512,
13,
203,
56,
541,
289,
11545,
203,
2983,
268,
887,
289,
10871,
291,
7056,
16,
3171,
268,
2030,
291,
2162,
822,
289,
4422,
316,
289,
5585,
1252,
2557,
18,
1507,
1558,
4437,
289,
3539,
456,
5348,
316,
268,
5359,
289,
1783,
1238,
1794,
18,
540,
316,
853,
383,
54,
5190,
16,
361,
6732,
1736,
9524,
3407,
1545,
1926,
16,
1631,
636,
1152,
18,
203,
49,
54,
5190,
356,
363,
1505,
4391,
288,
268,
7327,
5018,
289,
6762,
291,
2153,
4422,
18,
900,
356,
4224,
361,
3529,
4090,
419,
7327,
6127,
995,
2664,
764,
361,
879,
5049,
18,
948,
4224,
4596,
1511,
853,
6762,
648,
292,
1434,
288,
1544,
292,
11935,
360,
4311,
16,
7133,
444,
1238,
1794,
2364,
16,
291,
5406,
8087,
268,
2153,
892,
18,
203,
1461,
3094,
289,
456,
1989,
316,
292,
1153,
261,
3724,
1616,
289,
768,
383,
54,
5190,
356,
288,
10871,
291,
1768,
502,
356,
1297,
18,
924,
513,
2408,
268,
865,
1640,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
16,
268,
833,
2729,
288,
5693,
622,
16,
291,
268,
2219,
291,
6610,
2062,
360,
444,
5359,
18,
203,
10646,
268,
1199,
289,
456,
1989,
16,
5250,
513,
437,
261,
1763,
10264,
289,
268,
1476,
383,
54,
5190,
1152,
288,
268,
887,
289,
10871,
291,
268,
2557,
289,
5693,
622,
292,
1638,
261,
1702,
291,
9865,
2153,
892,
18,
203,
40,
4727,
263,
564,
289,
383,
8081,
288,
10621,
505,
203,
49,
8081,
5435,
331,
6732,
1736,
9524,
3407,
1545,
1926,
16,
518,
4080,
292,
4224,
361,
3529,
336,
356,
4090,
419,
7327,
6127,
995,
2664,
764,
361,
879,
5049,
289,
6762,
291,
2153,
4422,
18,
948,
4224,
4596,
1511,
853,
268,
4422,
648,
292,
1434,
444,
1238,
1794,
2364,
16,
4180,
6693,
16,
361,
7009,
360,
4311,
18,
203,
7508,
7327,
6127,
5581,
879,
5049,
16,
502,
2123,
268,
4422,
372,
478,
2562,
514,
292,
1320,
7327,
11247,
291,
4640,
18,
829,
502,
2423,
723,
4630,
9989,
361,
11997,
288,
363,
8725,
372,
87,
3670,
16,
502,
2682,
383,
54,
5190,
18,
948,
383,
54,
5190,
356,
7841,
5903,
361,
3557,
3300,
331,
268,
8725,
292,
1071,
11048,
656,
2433,
292,
1750,
268,
4090,
1659,
18,
203,
49,
54,
5190,
2437,
1459,
341,
1511,
659,
352,
1238,
1794,
16,
7009,
16,
4180,
6693,
16,
9216,
16,
291,
8136,
3055,
18,
900,
356,
4990,
292,
1530,
336,
2153,
4422,
356,
4579,
288,
261,
1995,
291,
2162,
4901,
16,
9895,
1238,
16,
291,
5953,
268,
5015,
289,
6993,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
383,
54,
5190,
356,
462,
7327,
8982,
3441,
361,
951,
274,
18,
4507,
16,
502,
356,
261,
1486,
331,
7327,
6127,
292,
4883,
444,
3529,
291,
6680,
292,
268,
4422,
291,
292,
716,
360,
622,
288,
632,
2940,
1411,
723,
4090,
4630,
9989,
18,
203,
42,
263,
1970,
4422,
356,
2207,
292,
1750,
383,
54,
5190,
11969,
291,
2992,
18,
540,
602,
3820,
2528,
291,
5932,
2433,
3855,
292,
7696,
268,
4090,
2894,
16,
3949,
4180,
6693,
291,
2618,
16,
6411,
7009,
2364,
16,
361,
1355,
1990,
1703,
292,
444,
1238,
1794,
11247,
18,
203,
2422,
672,
491,
268,
833,
16,
4422,
356,
3650,
292,
1638,
1591,
2413,
291,
8017,
360,
268,
7327,
6127,
18,
900,
356,
525,
2207,
292,
1153,
2674,
8412,
291,
2495,
289,
818,
2086,
318,
3107,
292,
6425,
444,
5520,
292,
5693,
268,
383,
54,
5190,
18,
203,
2983,
7648,
16,
383,
54,
5190,
288,
10871,
356,
4224,
361,
3529,
5546,
419,
7327,
6127,
995,
2664,
764,
361,
879,
5049,
18,
900,
3705,
352,
3557,
3300,
331,
2153,
4422,
292,
1750,
4090,
4630,
9989,
288,
1511,
659,
352,
1238,
1794,
16,
7009,
16,
291,
4180,
6693,
18,
203,
45,
755,
442,
515,
289,
383,
8081,
288,
10621,
505,
203,
1461,
5359,
289,
1783,
1238,
1794,
2364,
316,
1821,
331,
268,
5348,
291,
5752,
289,
268,
10871,
1997,
18,
383,
54,
5190,
1152,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
6549,
456,
6433,
419,
10975,
1511,
853,
6762,
648,
292,
1434,
444,
1238,
1794,
2618,
16,
7009,
360,
4311,
16,
291,
2114,
8136,
3055,
18,
2011,
356,
579,
1558,
3218,
1768,
383,
54,
5190,
356,
851,
288,
10871,
30,
203,
17,
8540,
3113,
8449,
4895,
30,
383,
54,
5190,
1153,
3435,
4102,
636,
1439,
2894,
291,
10487,
1291,
2153,
4422,
18,
1285,
5693,
629,
4224,
16,
6762,
375,
7133,
444,
1238,
1794,
11247,
291,
1530,
502,
437,
5901,
6693,
288,
1349,
292,
7696,
2894,
2992,
18,
203,
17,
7801,
10131,
2480,
346,
1692,
3448,
476,
3275,
30,
3448,
476,
3275,
360,
1320,
4311,
291,
4640,
316,
1505,
331,
6762,
292,
5733,
1536,
2367,
291,
2784,
1030,
18,
383,
54,
5190,
617,
6762,
2423,
723,
1912,
1896,
762,
288,
444,
7009,
2364,
291,
6840,
268,
1990,
9277,
292,
2148,
7327,
6680,
18,
203,
17,
10830,
6815,
281,
9033,
343,
4658,
30,
365,
2153,
4742,
289,
6867,
10336,
268,
2557,
289,
1806,
1238,
1794,
2364,
18,
383,
54,
5190,
4660,
7327,
6127,
292,
2423,
291,
632,
8329,
1439,
11997,
1291,
6762,
16,
6126,
292,
268,
2114,
5348,
289,
268,
2153,
892,
18,
203,
17,
5099,
7109,
343,
3220,
11988,
3514,
1704,
30,
9033,
4422,
437,
261,
4593,
292,
2000,
268,
5015,
289,
444,
6993,
16,
1118,
6492,
3759,
16,
2538,
5560,
16,
291,
4620,
18,
2076,
7197,
383,
54,
5190,
4698,
336,
6762,
356,
4579,
288,
261,
4901,
336,
1995,
2531,
1519,
629,
5015,
291,
1638,
87,
268,
5124,
289,
6993,
18,
203,
17,
5598,
1005,
10575,
381,
4019,
515,
30,
383,
54,
5190,
970,
1459,
341,
9216,
3529,
1291,
2153,
4422,
16,
659,
352,
4302,
6290,
486,
291,
1794,
2364,
18,
1285,
5693,
629,
4224,
16,
6762,
375,
3017,
444,
8617,
9216,
3702,
16,
2469,
292,
1326,
2802,
17,
4757,
291,
11277,
18,
203,
17,
7801,
10131,
7788,
778,
416,
9299,
30,
383,
54,
5190,
602,
2423,
288,
73,
1848,
9989,
361,
8136,
8441,
1291,
6762,
18,
1285,
5693,
629,
1659,
16,
4422,
375,
4045,
1279,
444,
3670,
291,
2618,
16,
2860,
2762,
291,
6411,
3055,
18,
203,
51,
357,
453,
16,
383,
54,
5190,
288,
10871,
356,
1505,
331,
3949,
1238,
1794,
2364,
16,
4636,
7327,
7009,
16,
8087,
281,
2153,
5348,
16,
5953,
5695,
11988,
5015,
16,
291,
6411,
8136,
3055,
18,
1285,
7792,
333,
1402,
5693,
291,
6883,
1411,
268,
4090,
3529,
16,
6762,
375,
1638,
261,
1806,
4762,
336,
5333,
444,
917,
17,
950,
1577,
291,
5752,
288,
261,
1874,
291,
2577,
17,
355,
4099,
2153,
4122,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
274,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
288,
10621,
505,
203,
49,
54,
5190,
288,
10871,
375,
3360,
288,
444,
2075,
291,
1459,
18,
3431,
383,
8081,
5064,
261,
1430,
1494,
853,
261,
2153,
8725,
1470,
292,
1434,
361,
1750,
3529,
18,
2011,
356,
579,
1112,
1640,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
336,
7327,
6127,
602,
2682,
30,
203,
17,
3448,
476,
3275,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
948,
383,
54,
5190,
1750,
1677,
17,
1896,
476,
3275,
360,
3467,
16,
4311,
16,
361,
4180,
3838,
18,
900,
602,
574,
572,
292,
1659,
659,
352,
1743,
17,
81,
1839,
2803,
1096,
1489,
421,
4940,
48,
13,
4632,
16,
5792,
2759,
16,
361,
863,
5624,
18,
203,
17,
8449,
4895,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
948,
383,
54,
5190,
10028,
292,
4630,
9989,
288,
261,
4850,
372,
87,
1238,
1794,
2364,
18,
900,
602,
1955,
1511,
659,
352,
4350,
1238,
16,
1877,
1238,
16,
8136,
1238,
16,
361,
4011,
4451,
1238,
18,
365,
3094,
316,
292,
1530,
336,
6762,
437,
6338,
1238,
1794,
11247,
288,
1349,
18,
203,
17,
6029,
7415,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
1440,
268,
2204,
2557,
289,
8614,
16,
629,
383,
54,
5190,
1459,
341,
5678,
11997,
361,
10487,
288,
261,
4850,
372,
87,
1009,
2141,
3937,
18,
900,
2517,
292,
1530,
336,
6762,
356,
4959,
1300,
5953,
4790,
863,
291,
4931,
673,
5577,
5141,
18,
203,
17,
2490,
280,
5372,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
948,
383,
54,
5190,
4596,
11997,
288,
261,
4850,
372,
87,
4180,
1357,
5018,
18,
900,
602,
1226,
1659,
2336,
292,
447,
10110,
289,
10135,
16,
10725,
4093,
2202,
2618,
16,
361,
268,
1357,
1072,
18,
365,
6433,
316,
292,
3017,
268,
5377,
289,
4180,
6693,
18,
203,
17,
5157,
1050,
330,
864,
395,
1495,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
948,
383,
54,
5190,
5992,
261,
4850,
372,
87,
7009,
360,
3507,
4959,
1495,
3091,
18,
900,
2123,
2026,
261,
4850,
528,
5138,
3507,
292,
7493,
1439,
7426,
291,
1638,
5348,
18,
5157,
1050,
4959,
1495,
383,
54,
5190,
1459,
341,
3378,
659,
352,
3507,
4338,
3408,
16,
3507,
3434,
16,
291,
1751,
2872,
18,
203,
17,
7788,
778,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
948,
383,
54,
5190,
3625,
360,
4630,
9989,
288,
261,
4850,
372,
87,
8136,
2618,
291,
4632,
18,
900,
602,
10028,
292,
1511,
659,
352,
3190,
1794,
16,
385,
593,
283,
1794,
16,
361,
268,
1630,
289,
4790,
2468,
18,
365,
2517,
316,
292,
1530,
5036,
3670,
291,
5809,
8136,
2894,
18,
203,
17,
4019,
515,
383,
54,
5190,
30,
4019,
515,
383,
54,
5190,
1750,
3529,
2336,
292,
4302,
6290,
486,
16,
1794,
2364,
16,
361,
268,
2114,
8617,
9216,
2214,
18,
900,
2517,
292,
1434,
2802,
17,
4757,
16,
11277,
16,
291,
8800,
1291,
268,
8725,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
629,
356,
1039,
579,
3324,
289,
268,
1640,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
336,
602,
3953,
288,
10871,
18,
365,
1430,
1640,
291,
1459,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
375,
3360,
3509,
341,
1802,
659,
352,
268,
7327,
1072,
16,
268,
2155,
291,
7116,
289,
268,
8725,
16,
291,
7000,
2894,
1291,
268,
2153,
1997,
18,
203,
49,
8081,
6899,
288,
10621,
505,
203,
1461,
383,
8081,
833,
288,
10871,
2675,
261,
3338,
289,
2845,
336,
2153,
4422,
1204,
1089,
292,
1750,
268,
4090,
383,
54,
5190,
18,
540,
833,
2437,
2356,
268,
1685,
5046,
30,
203,
17,
6184,
6253,
30,
365,
855,
2483,
288,
268,
383,
8081,
833,
316,
268,
7458,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
419,
7327,
6127,
995,
2664,
764,
361,
879,
5049,
18,
540,
3606,
649,
879,
263,
332,
2423,
4630,
9989,
361,
3529,
4353,
268,
8725,
372,
87,
1238,
1794,
2364,
16,
7009,
16,
361,
4180,
6693,
18,
203,
17,
8981,
30,
3126,
4090,
16,
268,
7327,
6959,
903,
300,
692,
268,
383,
54,
5190,
292,
268,
2153,
8725,
18,
540,
2413,
375,
1071,
268,
926,
289,
261,
5979,
5131,
361,
1627,
336,
5417,
967,
268,
1430,
1511,
289,
4621,
16,
268,
7327,
3091,
361,
6680,
16,
291,
723,
2207,
11048,
656,
3441,
18,
203,
17,
9932,
30,
4960,
266,
1723,
517,
88,
289,
383,
54,
5190,
16,
268,
2153,
8725,
2123,
274,
268,
4224,
291,
5926,
18,
540,
2675,
2911,
281,
268,
4090,
4630,
9989,
16,
7956,
268,
1439,
1393,
341,
268,
8725,
16,
291,
7078,
268,
7735,
291,
1793,
2207,
292,
1750,
268,
383,
54,
5190,
2992,
18,
203,
17,
9300,
4521,
30,
365,
2033,
2483,
316,
268,
1208,
289,
363,
2433,
1200,
292,
1750,
268,
4090,
383,
54,
5190,
18,
365,
2433,
1200,
5417,
967,
268,
1430,
2845,
16,
584,
3729,
16,
3024,
5238,
16,
291,
1793,
2224,
292,
7696,
268,
4090,
4630,
9989,
291,
2148,
268,
7327,
6680,
18,
203,
17,
9375,
8193,
30,
3126,
268,
2433,
1200,
316,
288,
1349,
16,
268,
2153,
8725,
5398,
5932,
268,
1990,
1703,
291,
7451,
18,
540,
602,
3820,
3802,
673,
3838,
291,
4632,
16,
6411,
1238,
1794,
11247,
16,
11250,
4180,
6693,
16,
361,
6411,
7009,
2364,
18,
203,
17,
11231,
291,
7373,
281,
30,
9910,
268,
383,
8081,
833,
16,
268,
8725,
1025,
3759,
268,
2674,
291,
5377,
289,
268,
6399,
1703,
18,
5129,
7202,
292,
268,
7327,
6959,
316,
970,
2207,
292,
1153,
8412,
341,
268,
818,
2086,
318,
3107,
291,
6425,
268,
8725,
372,
87,
5520,
292,
5693,
268,
383,
54,
5190,
18,
203,
17,
4145
] |
What is Saccharomyces Boulardii?
Saccharomyces boulardii refers to a species of tropical yeast found in fruits endemic to Southeast Asia, South America, and parts of the Southeastern United States. French biologist Henri Boulard first extracted the product from the lychee fruit, a tropical tree indigenous to the Fuangdong and Fuijan provinces of China, as well as numerous other countries in Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent, in 1923. The lychee tree bears several small, roughly textured pinkish fruits, which have fleshy interiors. Though the exterior of the fruit is indigestible, its interior is known to be sweet and highly perfumed. Saccharomyces boulardii can also be isolated from the fruit of the mangosteen tree, which refers to a tropical evergreen tree indigenous to the Malaysian archipelago and the Maluku Islands of Indonesia (though these types of trees are also known to grow as far West as Puerto Rico and Florida).
Saccharomyces boulardii is known for behaving like a probiotic in the body, though it is characterized as yeast as opposed to live bacteria. Probiotics, which benefit the human digestive system by positively influencing the intestinal microbial balance, can be classified into two primary groups: lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. The first is the most common, and is easily accessible through yogurt products and other fermented foods. They are considered beneficial for gut health and can be utilized to alleviate diarrhea and other symptoms of gastrointestinal distress. The latter type is also found in dairy products and can be ingested to combat symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and infectious diseases impacting the gut.
When ingested, the microorganism Saccharomyces boulardii passes through the human digestive system without binding to the mucosa, the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall. This is a particularly coveted characteristic in probiotics, as gastrointestinal distress is commonly caused by inflammation in the mucosal walls of the gut. Further, the digestive tract often impedes the bioavailability of many microorganisms that would function as effective probiotics if they were able to make it through the human digestive tract intact. This is not the case with Saccharomyces boulardii, which is resistant to stomach and bilic acids and immune to antibiotics. For this reason, the yeast microbe is often used in the treatment of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD). It has also been clinically proven to alleviate traveler’s diarrhea and Helicobacter pylori infection, and is believed to be effective in the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Crohn’s Disease.
Saccharomyces Boulardii Benefits and Uses
Candida, or Candida albicans, refers to a type of opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is naturally occurring in the human body. Typically, the fungus Candida exists in miniscule amounts on the skin and nails, within the mouth, and in the human gut flora without issue. However, when health and environmental factors are conducive, Candida can spread and proliferate, causing a fungal infection called candidiasis. This infection is typical in immunocompromised patients, and is characterized by digestive issues, chronic fatigue or fibromyalgia, skin and nail fungal infections, difficulty concentrating or lack of focus, eczema, psoriasis, and/or rashes, and genital or urinary tract infections. Fortunately, candidiasis is easily treated with the appropriate medications.
Research has indicated that Saccharomyces boulardii is likely effective in the treatment and alleviation of candidiasis symptoms. In a study published by the Annales de Microbiologie in 1982, researchers examined the impact of Saccharomyces boulardii in the digestive tracts of mice harboring complex flora of human origin. They observed an antagonistic effect exerted by S. boulardii on various strains of candida (effective against Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. pseudotropicalis, but ineffective against C. tropicalis). Later in 1993, researchers at the University of Chicago came upon similar results. They found that S. boulardii decreased C. albicans translocation to the mensenteric lymph node, liver, spleen, and kidneys in immunosupressed mice. Finally, in 2007, researchers found that S. boulardii significantly decreased intestinal colonization of C. albicans in mice suffering from colitis.
It has long been suspected that the bacteria in the human gut impacts body weight, and that improvement in the digestion and efficient absorption of nutrients is beneficial towards weight management. As the worldwide prevalence of obesity has more than doubled since 1980, many researchers have turned to probiotics in the prevention and treatment of obesity. However, it was not until 2014 that researchers at the Université Catholique de Louvain in Brussels, Belgium examined the antiobesity properties probiotic yeasts. Specifically, they found that S. boulardii reduced body weight and fat mass in overweight and type 2 diabetic mice, and altered gut microbiota composition by decreasing negative phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes. Though research specifically addressing S. boulardii and its ability to regulate body weight and aid in fat loss is relatively limited and recent, findings recommend further investigation.
Small Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) refers to a condition in which a dangerous amount of bacteria proliferates within the small intestine. This syndrome is common in intestinal failure, and can contribute to gastrointestinal-mucosal injury and malnutrition. In the worst cases, the translocation of bacteria across the intestinal epithelium can contribute to systematic sepsis. Therefore it is very important to treat the condition itself as well as the nutritional deficiencies that arise as a result of SIBO. Research indicates that Saccharomyces boulardii supplementation may be effective in the treatment of SIBO. In a study conducted by the Hôpital Lariboisère Saint Lazare in Clichy, France, patients with bacterial overgrowth-related diarrhea underwent antibiotic treatment as well as S. boulardii treatment (1500 mg/day for seven days). Results yielded that S. boulardii (as well as norfloxacin and amoxiclllin-clauvanic acid) was effective in the treatment of SIBO-related diarrhea. This 1999 study is arguably the most frequently cited in discussions regarding S. boulardii’s potential role in SIBO treatment. The microorganism’s known capacity to regulate intestinal gut flora and the aforementioned research recommend further investigation in S. boulardii’s ability to alleviate SIBO and its symptoms.
Research related to S. boulardii’s ability to treat and alleviate chronic acne is very limited. However, advocates of S. boulardii often cite acne treatment as one of its many beneficial actions, based primarily on the relationship between intestinal microflora and systematic inflammation of the skin. For example, in a study published by the journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, researchers found that various probiotics markedly suppressed overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal skin bacterium that contributes to acne vulgaris, in mice. This and similar research indicates the validity of the “gut-brain-skin axis,” or the hypothesis that emotional states, intestinal microbiota, and skin inflammation systematically and cyclically impact one another. However, more research related to S. boulardii in acne treatment specifically is needed to validate this theory.
There is an abundance of research indicating S. boulardii’s effectiveness in treating various kinds of diarrhea, from traveler’s to antibiotic-associated to acute diarrhea in children. In 1989, researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study addressing S. boulardii and its effectiveness in treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea. They found that, of 180 patients, the 22% receiving placebo experienced diarrhea compared with the 9.5% of patients receiving S. boulardii. Later, in 2005, researchers at the University of Warsaw conducted a similar study with a total of 269 children (aged 6 months to 14 years) being treated for otitis media and/or respiratory tract infections. Results indicated that patients receiving S. boulardii had a significantly lower prevalence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea when compared with placebo, with no adverse effects observed. In 1993, a study published with the Austrian medical journal Fortschritte der Medizin , indicated that S. boulardii showed “promising results” in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3,000 Austrians traveling to distant regions. Researchers noted a significant reduction in the incidence of traveler’s diarrhea among patients, particularly among those traveling to North Africa and the Near East.
Blastocystis hominis refers to a microorganism found in the human digestive tract that has caused some controversy in terms of its classification – researchers have argued for its status as a yeast, fungus, and ameboid, flagellated, or sporozoan protozoa. Though the microorganism is still being evaluated, researchers suspect that its proliferation can cause an infection characterized by diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, hives, and/or fatigue. Some Blastocystis hominis infections can actually be asymptomatic and clear up on their own, but for persistent symptomatic infections, evidence indicates that Saccharomyces boulardii may be effective in treatment. A randomized, placebo-controlled study published by the journal of Parasitology Research examined S. boulardii’s efficacy in treating children with symptomatic Blastocystis hominis infections. Results indicated that both the antibiotic metronidazole and S. boulardii have potential beneficial effects in alleviating Blastocystis hominis-related diarrhea. However, more research is needed to confirm both S. boulardii’s efficacy in B. hominis treatment and B hominis’s mechanism of action in the human digestive system.
Clostridium difficile (or C. diff) refers to a potentially fatal bacterial infection that can cause severe inflammation of the colon, also known as colitis. C. diff bacteria typically lives in small quantities in the human intestines without causing any issue, but it can be very dangerous if it proliferates. This kind of infection is often spread in health care facilities, and it can actually be caused by antibiotic use, specifically when an antibiotic kills too many healthy bacteria. There has been some research conducted addressing S. boulardii’s complementary role in the treatment of this illness. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial study published by the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1994, researchers examined a combination treatment of S. boulardii alongside standard antibiotics in the treatment of adults hospitalized from C. diff infections. Results indicated that the efficacy of S. boulardii in combination with antibiotic supplementation was significant in comparison to placebo. Further, there were no serious adverse reactions associated with S. boulardii. A very similar study was conducted again in 2000 (published by the Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases). Findings indicated that a combination treatment of vancomycin and S. boulardii was highly effective in the treatment of C. diff infections in immunosuppressed adults.
Crohn’s disease refers to a condition that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to chronic diarrhea, chronic fatigue, malnutrition, and severe abdominal pain. To date there is no cure for the disease, but there are numerous therapies and medical treatments that can bring about long-term remission and aid increased functionality in affected patients. In a study published by the journal of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, thirty-two patients with Crohn’s disease in clinical remission were treated with mesalamine three times a day or mesalamine two times a day with a preparation of S. boulardii once daily. Researchers found that clinical relapses occurred in 37.5% of patients receiving the mesalamine thrice daily, and 6.25% in patients treated with both mesalamine and S. boulardii. However, in a later study conducted among various hospital research groups in France performed a similar study in which Crohn’s patients in remission received S. boulardii once per day or placebo for fifty-two weeks. 38 patients in the S. boulardii group relapsed in comparison to 42 in the placebo group, which was classified as an insignificant difference. Based on these and similar data it can be hypothesized that, while Saccharomyces boulardii is not able to prevent relapse in Crohn’s patients, it may be effective as a non-primary treatment alongside antibiotics.
Ulcerative colitis refers to a condition that causes inflammation and ulcerative sores in the lining of the large intestine. Typically, the lower colon and rectum are most significantly impacted in incidences of ulcerative colitis, but in severe cases the entire large intestine can be affected. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. As Saccharomyces boulardii is well known for its effectiveness in diarrheal diseases, there has been some research dedicated to the microorganism’s ability to treat symptoms of ulcerative colitis. In a 2003 pilot study published by the European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, researchers evaluated patients with ulcerative colitis receiving 250 mg of S. boulardii three times a day for four weeks. Of the twenty-four patients who completed the study, seventeen attained clinical remission, and the researchers confirmed that further controlled studies were warranted to confirm S. boulardii’s efficacy.
IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a relatively common illness that affects the large intestine, characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, bloating, excessive gas, and abdominal pain. Though the exact cause of IBS is unknown, researchers have verified that the condition can be managed via lifestyle and dietary regimentation, as well as various medications and/or supplementation. In a study conducted by researchers at Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, and University of Ulsan College of Medicine in Seoul, South Korea, researchers examined the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on quality of life (QOL) and symptoms in patients with diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Findings indixated that all eight domains of the IBS-QOL framework were significantly improved in the S. boulardii group. However, researchers noted that bowel frequency and stool consistency was not significantly different between the S. boulardii and placebo groups. In a study conducted at the Agha Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, researchers examined more closely the mechanisms of action of the probiotic S. boulardii on inflammatory cytokines in patients with diarrhea-dominant IBS. Again, researchers found that, though blood and tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines did not vary significantly between the S. boulardii and placebo groups, overall QOL improvement was more marked in the S. boulardii group. Evidence points to S. boulardii as playing a productive role in overall health-related IBS-QOL, though its impact on the frequency and quality of bowel symptoms may be limited.
Freeze Dried (Lyo) vs Heat Dried: Which is Better?
Saccharomyces boulardii can be isolated in two ways: heat-drying and lyophilization. Lyophilization refers to the freeze-drying of bacterial cultures, and is particularly efficient in preserving biological material. Many microorganisms, including Saccharomyces boulardii, easily survive the freeze-drying process and are efficiently rehydrated after extended periods in storage. Conversely, heat-dried biological material loses its potency much more rapidly and is unstable at room temperature.
Saccharomyces Boulardii Dosage
In adults, an appropriate dosage of Saccharomyces boulardii is typically 5 billion CFU/g once or twice daily on an empty stomach, taken with a glass of water. It’s important to note you cannot dose by the size of the capsule because different brands have different bacteria per gram. It is essential you read the supplement facts and dose by bacteria.
Saccharomyces Boulardii Side Effects, Safety, Dangers, Contraindications and Warnings
Saccharomyces boulardii is generally associated with very minimal side effects. The most commonly reported side effects in healthy adults include constipation, flatulence, increased thirst, and bloating. However, this supplement is not considered safe for individuals who are using intravascular catheters.
In individuals with weakened immune systems and in pregnant women, cases of fungemia (the presence of yeast in the bloodstream) have been reported. Please consult your physician before starting a supplement regime if S. boulardii. Further, individuals allergic to yeast could suffer a dangerous reaction to S. boulardii supplementation.
Constipation: In general, Saccharomyces boulardii is well-tolerated in the human body and effective in the treatment of various diarrheal disorders. However, in human studies some individuals have reported constipation as a side effect of taking the supplement (as well as bloating and increased thirst). Clinical evidence points to S. boulardii as effective in the treatment of acute diarrhea and gastrointestinal infections, as opposed to alleviating constipation. In sensitive individuals, S. boulardii may actually cause constipation.
Warning: If you have a vascular catheter do not consume Saccharomyces boulardii. It is suggested there might be some sort of contamination of the air, hands or environment that has led to extremely rare cases of fungemia.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can Saccharomyces boulardii cause yeast infections?
Saccharomyces boulardii has been demonstrated to be beneficial in the treatment of Candida albicans (also a type of yeast) infections. Given its yeast-against-yeast capabilities, it has been hypothesized that S.boulardii might be efficacious in the treatment of other types of yeast infections. However, research into the microorganism’s protective capacities against types of yeast infections other than candidiasis is very limited. In rare cases, there have been reported incidences of fungemia (inappropriate amounts of yeast in the bloodstream) in immunocompromised patients and in patients with intravenous catheters who were taking S. boulardii supplements. Here is more reading if you’re looking for more information on probitiocs specific to yeast infections.
Can Babies or Infants take Saccharomyces boulardii?
There have been some clinical studies examining S. boulardii’s efficacy in treating infants and children with acute diarrhea. In a research study conducted at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 186 infants (from 6 to 48 months old) hospitalized for acute diarrhea were treated with S. boulardii. Of the 176 infants who completed the trial, the 90 treated with the supplement showed a significant reduction in diarrhea duration in comparison to the placebo group with no adverse side effects. However, parents should exercise caution and consult with a physician before administering any type of probiotic to an infant or a child.
Can you take Saccharomyces boulardii with other probiotics?
Saccharomyces boulardii has no known specific contraindications with other probiotics. However, an excess of probiotic supplementation can cause diarrhea or constipation, flatulence, bloating, abdominal pain, rashes and skin inflammation, and acne outbreaks. Therefore it is inadvisable to “megadose” with numerous probiotics at once.
Can Saccharomyces boulardii cause diarrhea?
Saccharomyces boulardii is known to be effective in the treatment and prevention of diarrheal illnesses. It is very unlikely to cause diarrhea; on the contrary, in sensitive individuals it may cause constipation.
How to take Saccharomyces boulardii:
Saccharomyces boulardii is available in capsule or powder form. To ingest S. boulardii as a powder, individuals will typically blend a packet’s worth into at least four ounces of water, juice, or milk, or into a serving of yogurt or applesauce. It is inadvisable to mix probiotic powder or capsules with hot or acidic foods or beverages. S. boulardii should be stored at room temperature, protected from excess moisture or heat.
Is Saccharomyces boulardii a probiotic?
Yes, Saccharomyces boulardii is considered a probiotic. This is because its activity in the human digestive system resembles the protective effects of healthy gut flora. However, instead of being a bacterial probiotic, S. boulardii is a probiotic yeast.
Does Saccharomyces boulardii need to be refrigerated?
No, in fact the highest quality products (freeze dried or lyo) recommend you do not refrigerate them as they are already stable. If a product does suggest refrigeration it’s a good indicator that it is a heat dried Saccharomyces boulardii and is of the lowest quality.
Does Saccharomyces boulardii lose bacteria over time?
Yes, over time the bacteria in Saccharomyces boulardii does die. However; it only loses about 15% of its bacteria a year, which is considerably less than other probiotics that lose 50% a year. Some manufacturers put a higher amount of bacteria in their product in order to make up for this gradual die off of bacteria.
Should I take a Prebiotic with Saccharomyces boulardii?
Personally I’d recommend you don’t take Saccharomyces boulardii with a prebiotic. There is virtually no evidence to suggest a prebiotic is needed with Saccharomyces boulardii. What is interesting though, is that Saccharomyces boulardii on it’s own might have prebiotic characteristics, so it might not hurt. | <urn:uuid:34bbaa0a-1c97-4b11-bce7-9a4c2ad6c50e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://medicinalherbals.net/saccharomyces-boulardii/ | 2024-02-23T23:06:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.922433 | 4,744 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
4688,
316,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
391,
6921,
485,
6625,
35,
203,
55,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
4080,
292,
261,
1678,
289,
8100,
11618,
986,
288,
4308,
1199,
2320,
292,
5452,
8072,
5257,
16,
2705,
2792,
16,
291,
2287,
289,
268,
5452,
1381,
301,
843,
1855,
2023,
18,
3770,
1738,
4728,
6498,
634,
391,
6921,
485,
855,
2108,
4473,
268,
2430,
427,
268,
308,
93,
355,
1512,
3714,
16,
261,
8100,
2907,
7761,
292,
268,
418,
89,
620,
72,
535,
291,
418,
89,
5294,
282,
680,
263,
607,
289,
3070,
16,
352,
767,
352,
3682,
586,
1933,
288,
5452,
8072,
5257,
291,
268,
3479,
5480,
1037,
2432,
302,
16,
288,
789,
5458,
18,
365,
308,
93,
355,
1512,
2907,
10162,
1520,
1139,
16,
8230,
7520,
72,
9498,
557,
4308,
16,
518,
437,
11798,
2626,
630,
9533,
18,
6008,
268,
377,
5743,
289,
268,
3714,
316,
612,
333,
274,
5785,
16,
606,
8511,
316,
1261,
292,
327,
5260,
291,
2871,
10483,
8400,
18,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
375,
525,
327,
8829,
427,
268,
3714,
289,
268,
532,
75,
335,
4644,
2907,
16,
518,
4080,
292,
261,
8100,
2577,
10017,
2907,
7761,
292,
268,
4858,
638,
779,
2300,
517,
306,
6352,
291,
268,
383,
2236,
79,
89,
10597,
289,
11510,
421,
1858,
629,
1640,
289,
2998,
356,
525,
1261,
292,
932,
352,
1904,
4075,
352,
9106,
265,
278,
434,
300,
83,
291,
6882,
802,
203,
55,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
316,
1261,
331,
1546,
281,
730,
261,
2570,
6665,
288,
268,
1073,
16,
1417,
362,
316,
6360,
352,
11618,
352,
8754,
292,
2180,
3071,
18,
960,
70,
5220,
16,
518,
3145,
268,
1195,
6142,
892,
419,
10443,
1852,
3535,
268,
7091,
1420,
2778,
8095,
2909,
16,
375,
327,
8391,
636,
881,
2818,
2303,
30,
10976,
278,
70,
313,
399,
310,
291,
285,
373,
323,
875,
1223,
1231,
18,
365,
855,
316,
268,
710,
1112,
16,
291,
316,
2619,
4881,
734,
11676,
4994,
1786,
291,
586,
2805,
9263,
2334,
18,
900,
356,
2221,
4070,
331,
5298,
661,
291,
375,
327,
7673,
292,
9204,
9414,
291,
586,
1614,
289,
10227,
11073,
9782,
18,
365,
7364,
1517,
316,
525,
986,
288,
7830,
1786,
291,
375,
327,
3267,
7293,
292,
6537,
1614,
289,
4428,
907,
541,
391,
329,
306,
3537,
4805,
421,
45,
8405,
13,
291,
9689,
2604,
498,
4252,
268,
5298,
18,
203,
7508,
3267,
7293,
16,
268,
2778,
5928,
997,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
9806,
734,
268,
1195,
6142,
892,
1298,
10526,
292,
268,
9842,
5182,
16,
268,
5817,
2240,
3863,
289,
268,
10227,
11073,
3132,
18,
540,
316,
261,
2467,
742,
317,
691,
8432,
288,
2570,
5220,
16,
352,
10227,
11073,
9782,
316,
3224,
2494,
419,
4095,
288,
268,
9842,
335,
280,
5240,
289,
268,
5298,
18,
3515,
16,
268,
6142,
8009,
970,
498,
286,
274,
268,
5281,
548,
726,
1303,
289,
772,
11447,
336,
830,
1596,
352,
1783,
2570,
5220,
717,
502,
664,
1542,
292,
804,
362,
734,
268,
1195,
6142,
8009,
1295,
613,
18,
540,
316,
462,
268,
1731,
360,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
16,
518,
316,
8451,
292,
5615,
291,
285,
309,
300,
5656,
291,
3182,
292,
7620,
18,
906,
456,
2190,
16,
268,
11618,
2778,
1330,
316,
970,
724,
288,
268,
1412,
289,
11243,
2062,
9414,
421,
37,
5165,
802,
553,
528,
525,
712,
3165,
1030,
6716,
292,
9204,
2868,
265,
372,
87,
9414,
291,
4470,
300,
875,
1223,
279,
2713,
11970,
2937,
16,
291,
316,
4254,
292,
327,
1783,
288,
268,
1412,
289,
4428,
907,
541,
391,
329,
306,
3537,
4805,
291,
351,
299,
76,
82,
372,
87,
6328,
18,
203,
55,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
391,
6921,
485,
6625,
6172,
291,
2407,
274,
203,
39,
481,
5299,
16,
361,
351,
481,
5299,
366,
70,
300,
504,
16,
4080,
292,
261,
1517,
289,
1829,
1784,
2363,
9370,
11618,
336,
316,
5001,
8160,
288,
268,
1195,
1073,
18,
10640,
16,
268,
10493,
310,
351,
481,
5299,
7280,
288,
1029,
3219,
1984,
4175,
341,
268,
1903,
291,
314,
4933,
16,
1291,
268,
3552,
16,
291,
288,
268,
1195,
5298,
949,
6629,
1298,
2682,
18,
1121,
16,
649,
661,
291,
2100,
1802,
356,
2290,
464,
16,
351,
481,
5299,
375,
2458,
291,
10244,
373,
4280,
16,
3736,
261,
1083,
3585,
2937,
1478,
6025,
4843,
277,
18,
540,
2937,
316,
5418,
288,
5358,
415,
1416,
409,
1754,
1945,
16,
291,
316,
6360,
419,
6142,
1659,
16,
3776,
6670,
361,
4558,
409,
7991,
75,
563,
16,
1903,
291,
314,
726,
1083,
3585,
3786,
16,
5478,
3174,
673,
361,
2850,
289,
1459,
16,
2235,
94,
7701,
16,
279,
9783,
4843,
277,
16,
291,
19,
283,
384,
9005,
16,
291,
2451,
1050,
361,
2112,
2749,
8009,
3786,
18,
11005,
16,
6025,
4843,
277,
316,
2619,
4257,
360,
268,
2922,
4167,
18,
203,
11872,
2124,
528,
8330,
336,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
316,
1792,
1783,
288,
268,
1412,
291,
7755,
2202,
289,
6025,
4843,
277,
1614,
18,
450,
261,
1147,
2808,
419,
268,
854,
2590,
274,
386,
5698,
4655,
631,
545,
288,
3361,
22,
16,
2360,
8653,
268,
1393,
289,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
288,
268,
6142,
432,
2149,
289,
7880,
2920,
70,
2974,
1874,
949,
6629,
289,
1195,
3143,
18,
900,
4626,
363,
363,
6687,
266,
1784,
2365,
377,
9359,
419,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
341,
1320,
10689,
289,
4281,
5299,
421,
7816,
1573,
351,
481,
5299,
366,
70,
300,
504,
16,
351,
18,
520,
86,
2013,
77,
16,
291,
351,
18,
279,
401,
1327,
376,
849,
466,
277,
16,
566,
288,
7816,
1573,
351,
18,
8100,
277,
802,
10210,
288,
2464,
23,
16,
2360,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
9091,
2913,
2807,
1979,
1826,
18,
900,
986,
336,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
7419,
351,
18,
366,
70,
300,
504,
4713,
6604,
292,
268,
293,
614,
302,
6374,
8355,
11639,
16,
4865,
16,
440,
298,
270,
16,
291,
11064,
288,
5358,
335,
987,
5142,
7880,
18,
4943,
16,
288,
7634,
16,
2360,
986,
336,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
3105,
7419,
7091,
1420,
3391,
1260,
289,
351,
18,
366,
70,
300,
504,
288,
7880,
5315,
427,
684,
3326,
18,
203,
4077,
528,
917,
712,
4115,
1113,
336,
268,
3071,
288,
268,
1195,
5298,
3960,
1073,
2146,
16,
291,
336,
5336,
288,
268,
8612,
291,
2632,
8224,
289,
3600,
316,
4070,
2547,
2146,
1794,
18,
760,
268,
4861,
10000,
289,
6712,
528,
512,
687,
3342,
6992,
1812,
7844,
16,
772,
2360,
437,
5322,
292,
2570,
5220,
288,
268,
5076,
291,
1412,
289,
6712,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
454,
462,
2035,
5558,
336,
2360,
430,
268,
10815,
297,
3489,
5549,
320,
1552,
386,
6683,
90,
412,
288,
2439,
1270,
1137,
16,
4631,
75,
1231,
8653,
268,
1743,
875,
6617,
3227,
2570,
6665,
8677,
3720,
18,
3990,
4040,
16,
502,
986,
336,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
3544,
1073,
2146,
291,
2272,
2390,
288,
658,
6302,
291,
1517,
497,
1135,
10772,
7880,
16,
291,
11137,
5298,
2778,
70,
981,
358,
5964,
419,
11924,
3047,
719,
2713,
69,
418,
2841,
300,
1985,
16,
960,
359,
875,
1223,
563,
16,
291,
307,
814,
300,
1985,
18,
6008,
922,
4479,
5693,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
291,
606,
1882,
292,
7075,
1073,
2146,
291,
4282,
288,
2272,
1866,
316,
4097,
3064,
291,
2650,
16,
4224,
1921,
1902,
8038,
18,
203,
55,
81,
453,
450,
10608,
7674,
658,
75,
8372,
421,
55,
45,
38,
51,
13,
203,
55,
81,
453,
7091,
1420,
7674,
658,
75,
8372,
421,
55,
45,
38,
51,
13,
4080,
292,
261,
2057,
288,
518,
261,
4233,
1944,
289,
3071,
10244,
11486,
692,
1291,
268,
1139,
7091,
475,
18,
540,
5771,
316,
1112,
288,
7091,
1420,
4396,
16,
291,
375,
2885,
292,
10227,
11073,
17,
81,
405,
335,
280,
4051,
291,
3733,
82,
1345,
564,
18,
450,
268,
8592,
1934,
16,
268,
4713,
6604,
289,
3071,
1745,
268,
7091,
1420,
3136,
349,
306,
1231,
375,
2885,
292,
9940,
447,
782,
277,
18,
3481,
362,
316,
1040,
851,
292,
977,
268,
2057,
2635,
352,
767,
352,
268,
6596,
4630,
9989,
336,
7534,
352,
261,
1636,
289,
343,
45,
38,
51,
18,
2374,
6271,
336,
343,
313,
4232,
311,
93,
607,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
5297,
318,
602,
327,
1783,
288,
268,
1412,
289,
343,
45,
38,
51,
18,
450,
261,
1147,
4404,
419,
268,
402,
132,
117,
84,
1050,
7669,
449,
11553,
132,
106,
267,
10010,
458,
1600,
470,
288,
1559,
477,
93,
16,
5088,
16,
1945,
360,
7674,
658,
75,
8372,
17,
3621,
9414,
1064,
91,
302,
11243,
1412,
352,
767,
352,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
1412,
421,
3546,
587,
9377,
19,
1286,
331,
4554,
1962,
802,
1401,
1339,
6788,
286,
336,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
421,
301,
767,
352,
3112,
3381,
1947,
313,
263,
291,
792,
1947,
300,
660,
5067,
17,
1215,
1183,
6841,
300,
3175,
13,
454,
1783,
288,
268,
1412,
289,
343,
45,
38,
51,
17,
3621,
9414,
18,
540,
10591,
1147,
316,
5111,
2090,
268,
710,
3983,
273,
1006,
288,
7557,
4353,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
372,
87,
1439,
1476,
288,
343,
45,
38,
51,
1412,
18,
365,
2778,
5928,
997,
372,
87,
1261,
3493,
292,
7075,
7091,
1420,
5298,
949,
6629,
291,
268,
261,
852,
4320,
328,
286,
922,
1921,
1902,
8038,
288,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
9204,
343,
45,
38,
51,
291,
606,
1614,
18,
203,
11872,
2124,
2336,
292,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
977,
291,
9204,
3776,
11847,
316,
1040,
3064,
18,
1121,
16,
5110,
692,
289,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
970,
273,
674,
11847,
1412,
352,
597,
289,
606,
772,
4070,
3441,
16,
1585,
4604,
341,
268,
2051,
858,
7091,
1420,
2778,
3381,
6629,
291,
9940,
4095,
289,
268,
1903,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
288,
261,
1147,
2808,
419,
268,
4618,
289,
2537,
80,
870,
5698,
4655,
880,
291,
4546,
11390,
880,
16,
2360,
986,
336,
1320,
2570,
5220,
6447,
325,
752,
5142,
658,
75,
8372,
289,
9919,
305,
449,
1223,
1231,
426,
5728,
16,
261,
580,
614,
280,
1903,
2486,
1231,
336,
6831,
292,
11847,
3617,
7021,
277,
16,
288,
7880,
18,
540,
291,
1979,
922,
6271,
268,
1033,
4451,
289,
268,
538,
75,
371,
17,
1048,
412,
17,
87,
6363,
11437,
1272,
361,
268,
10517,
336,
3167,
2588,
16,
7091,
1420,
2778,
70,
981,
358,
16,
291,
1903,
4095,
892,
4450,
291,
10534,
1030,
1393,
597,
1515,
18,
1121,
16,
512,
922,
2336,
292,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
288,
11847,
1412,
4479,
316,
2224,
292,
5433,
381,
456,
3580,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
363,
9833,
289,
922,
10353,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
372,
87,
5377,
288,
6307,
1320,
5255,
289,
9414,
16,
427,
2868,
265,
372,
87,
292,
11243,
17,
594,
1371,
488,
292,
8139,
9414,
288,
1024,
18,
450,
3361,
29,
16,
2360,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
5085,
288,
2245,
271,
1093,
4404,
261,
5481,
17,
640,
578,
16,
1349,
2540,
17,
6570,
8502,
1147,
5693,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
291,
606,
5377,
288,
6307,
11243,
17,
594,
1371,
488,
9414,
18,
900,
986,
336,
16,
289,
10098,
1945,
16,
268,
5188,
9,
6722,
1349,
2540,
3936,
9414,
2973,
360,
268,
1717,
18,
25,
9,
289,
1945,
6722,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
18,
10210,
16,
288,
8110,
16,
2360,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
388,
1267,
738,
4404,
261,
1979,
1147,
360,
261,
2972,
289,
5866,
29,
1024,
421,
2009,
1278,
2489,
292,
2967,
935,
13,
1018,
4257,
331,
272,
4199,
277,
2612,
291,
19,
283,
5768,
8009,
3786,
18,
1401,
1339,
8330,
336,
1945,
6722,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
850,
261,
3105,
1898,
10000,
289,
11243,
17,
594,
1371,
488,
9414,
649,
2973,
360,
1349,
2540,
16,
360,
688,
7781,
1814,
4626,
18,
450,
2464,
23,
16,
261,
1147,
2808,
360,
268,
2901,
779,
1804,
4618,
906,
340,
355,
907,
359,
4164,
2110,
482,
263,
3942,
8330,
336,
343,
18,
285,
6921,
485,
6625,
4589,
538,
84,
409,
2252,
1826,
537,
288,
261,
5481,
17,
640,
578,
16,
1349,
2540,
17,
6570,
8502,
1147,
289,
777,
16,
1347
] |
The Best Fluffy Pancakes recipe you will fall in love with. Full of tips and tricks to help you make the best pancakes.
A ventless washer-dryer is a machine that is the combination of a washing machine and a dryer machine. It performs the function of washing and drying, allowing the clothes to be washed and dried in one go. It is typically of the same size as the simpler washing machines. They are designed to handle different types of fabrics, such as sheets, clothes, and towels. They also have additional features like temperature controls, customizable cycle controls, and a ventless system.
A ventless mechanism means that the machine does not have an outlet to release the gas or liquid. The ventless systems work differently than the standalone vented dryers. The hot, dry air does not vent out of the machine like an ordinary dryer, but rather it enters the washer-dryer from either the front or the rear and evaporates the moisture from the wet clothes. This warm and damp air is then drawn through a condensing chamber, and the extracted water is flushed out through the drain into the sink or the plumbing lines. These units are easy to install and are compact enough to store under a cabinet or a closet with an electricity supply.
Criteria for Choosing the Best Ventless Washer Dryer
Let’s start with the most important features while ranking a product as the best or the worst.
- Gentle drying
- Systems and features
- Low maintenance operation
- Energy efficient
The capacity of the machine varies from unit to unit. Generally, the ventless washer-dryer combinations have a sufficiently smaller amount of space compared to full-sized machines. The washing capacity is greater than the drying capacity because the tumbling of the clothes inside the washer packs the garment tightly inside the tub, while drying needs more space for the air to be able to circulate. This is also why ventless units require more time to dry the clothes than an ordinary dryer.
Gentle drying protects your clothes from damage and discoloration. The ventless version heats 50 to 70-degree Fahrenheit more than the ordinary dryers. However, the mechanism is gentler, and the clothes come out cooler, which you could misinterpret as them still being wet, but they aren’t. The clothes from the washer-dryer must give a freshly laundered feel.
Systems and Features
The ventless washer-dryers come equipped with automatic sensors and systems to do the washing and drying. Some units have additional features like monitoring garment dryness, suds level, temperature levels, and water levels. There is an option of modifying the functions such as draining, cycles, and speed of the machine. Also, certain units have child lock mechanisms that save both the child and the machine.
Low Maintenance Operation
The ventless combination washer-dryers do not require a dedicated water line to work. Instead, they can be attached to the sink. Due to their portability, they are easier to operate and install and relocate than their other counterparts. There are fewer worries for cleaning out the lint from the vent and lesser chances of clogging and fire.
The ventless system consumes 30% less energy than ordinary washing and drying machines. Also, the machine recovers energy, so it saves almost 50% energy. Some of the units are energy star certified, which means that they have fulfilled the minimum standards for energy efficiency and water consumption.
Top 5 Best Ventless Washer-Dryer Reviews
Turn your laundry process into a single step task with this LG Ventless Washer-Dryer with a 4.3-cubic-feet capacity stainless steel drum. It has 14 wash cycles, 4 dry cycles, 8 options, and 5 temperatures. The machine features LG’s unique high-temperature cycles that remove even the toughest of stains, and the stainless-steel body of the drum ensures efficiency and durability. It also has an additional feature of perm press for wrinkle-free fabrics.
There is an option of speed wash for lightly soiled items and cotton/normal for general laundry. The machine can optimize the washing time based on the load of the clothes and also displays the estimated remaining time on the display. The display also displays which stage of the washing cycle is underway: rinse, wash, clean, or dry. It also possesses an energy-efficient feature of cold wash. The machine has a maximum spin speed of 1300 RPW.
- Does not make noise
- Easy to use
- Compact size
- Digital display
- Dryer takes time
Four Compartment Dispenser Drawer
A four-compartment dispenser drawer in the machine makes the separation easier for the pre-wash detergent, the main laundry detergent, liquid bleach, and the fabric softener. The washer-dryer combo automatically dispenses these at the right time.
Portable Device: This unit is for the user who values space, automatic controls, and safety features. It comes in a portable size and works efficiently with automatic control on the operations.
The Dometic WDCVLB2 allows for the washing and drying of 15 pounds of laundry in a single go, and that too without the need for a vent. It has several cycle operations, which make the machine easy to use. There are ten wash cycles with adjustable drying and time options. It comes equipped with an LED screen that displays all the frequently used settings and operations and also shows the washing cycle status. There is a button to start or stop the drying or washing cycle. The user can also pause the cycle when necessary.
The normal wash cycle runs for 50 minutes, whereas the dry cycle runs for approximately two hours. The high-efficiency system of this unit allows for 20% less water consumption than the regular counterparts. There is also an easy drainage plug access, self-cleaning wash cycle, and self-cleaning pump.
- Highly efficient
- Self-cleaning system
- Easy drainage
- Digital LED display
- Continues washer and dryer circle
- Heavy machine
Rinse and Spin Button
The machine has an additional feature of rinse and spin button to rinse and spin a separate load from the regular cycles. It is very effective in cleaning the fresh stains from clothes.
Spin Speed: The high spin speed of the Dometic WDCVLB2 allows for a reduction in the drying and washing time and saves energy. This allows the user to wash their delicate fabrics at low speed.
The Kenmore Elite Washer-Dryer Combination is an all-in-one machine with a capacity of 4.5 cubic feet and 14 wash cycles to clean a number of clothes of varying fabrics. There is also an option of customizing the settings for each load. An additional feature of cold cleaning uses cold water to clean the garments just as effectively and efficiently as with warm water. As a result, you save money and energy.
The machine has an easy-to-read LED display that shows settings, cycle status, and cycle options. This machine is equipped with an active spray feature with a dual spray nozzle, which directly provides the fabric with concentrated detergent. Also, the steam treat technology removes the need to pre-treat the clothes and remove the stains from the fabric using the steam’s deep-clean power.
- Ample space for load
- Latest technology and features
- Clean washer cycle
- Low water efficiency
The Kenmore Elite Washer-Dryer Combination has an Allergen Cycle feature. It allows the steam to remove 95% of the household allergens from different kinds of fabrics.
Stay Fresh Technology: Another key feature is the Stay Fresh Button in the machine. This feature tumbles the clothes intermittently and circulates fresh air through the drum, ensuring that the clothes remain fresh and without wrinkles.
Splendide WDC7100XC Washer-Dryer has a drum made up of stainless steel for high durability. It can handle 10 washes and 3 dry cycles. The clothes are rinsed up to four times after every wash. The machine provides a chance of adding a single or multiple change in the options to the cycle selection. The additional feature of express wash washes the lightly soiled garments and get them pressed on time. The dry time, water temperature, and cycle selector knob would not move once the machine is set.
The duration of the wash cycle ranges from 30 to 96 minutes, and the dry cycle takes 60 to 85 minutes. The wash cycle uses 7 to 18 gallons of water. Its automatic lock ensures the lock of the machine and other features during the cycle. The machine is low maintenance, so it saves the users from any additional costs.
- Super silent
- Energy efficient
- Operates slowly
- Draining process is tricky
Impulse Spin Technology
The Impulse Spin Technology allows the user to control the spin power of the machine. A low spin power accounts for less wrinkling and less wear on the clothing.
Auto Water/Energy Control: The additional auto water/energy control adjusts the amount the water and energy for every load and round.
This model of Magic Chef stands out with its 2.6 cubic feet of washing space and stainless-steel tub. It features 14 wash cycles and 2 dry cycles. It has a cycle speed of 1300 RPM. The power is enough to dry kind sized sheets and a typical assortment of shirts and jeans. The machine takes about 5 hours to dry the fabric completely. It includes sanitizing settings and a self-clean function.
The machine is worth the money that you invest in it. The settings include small load, heavy soil, and even activewear cycles. It has five varying temperature settings and spin speed for maximum performance and a LED control panel.
- Low maintenance
- Various temperature settings
- No automatic functions
Along with the 14 wash cycles and 2 dry cycles, there is an additional specialty cycle for babywear and wool garments. It allows the machine to customize the setting according to the fabric and wash & dry with care.
My Wash Setting: There is also an option of my wash settings, which allows the user to enable the most used washing setting with a single touch.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Is a ventless dryer safe?
Yes, a ventless dryer or a ventless washer is a safe option to use. They are built to avoid any mishap that happens during their working systems.
2. Does a combo washer-dryer machine not require an air vent?
Yes, the majority of the combo washer-dryer available in the market today do not require an air vent.
3. Is it possible to combo a unit with a kitchen sink?
Since most of these units do not require a place to vent or drain out the excess water or steam, you can operate them anywhere you are able to provide them with cool water.
4. Is it possible to only wash or only dry a load?
Yes, it is possible to dry only or wash only. For the wash only option, make sure that the dry timer is in the off position. To only dry the load, set the dry timer to the desired time and turn the unit on.
All of the products mentioned above are equally good and have their own pros and cons. But, our favorite or the editor’s choice is the LG WM3997HWA best Ventless Washer Dryer. Not only does the LG WM3997HWA have better wash and dry cycles, but it is also durable and portable. Given its ventless technology, the LG WM3997HWA proves to be the frontrunner when it comes to convenience and effectiveness. | <urn:uuid:55e28609-137b-4d17-bab8-69a6ff0442c9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mykitchenfactory.com/a-guide-to-the-best-ventless-washer-dryer/ | 2024-02-23T22:34:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.924845 | 2,426 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
1461,
7478,
10378,
457,
93,
382,
797,
3232,
5234,
73,
337,
513,
2341,
288,
2680,
360,
18,
10563,
289,
3651,
291,
432,
6152,
292,
617,
337,
804,
268,
1274,
9815,
3232,
18,
203,
37,
6995,
1465,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
265,
316,
261,
3032,
336,
316,
268,
3878,
289,
261,
9232,
3032,
291,
261,
2962,
265,
3032,
18,
553,
574,
3858,
268,
1596,
289,
9232,
291,
11244,
16,
3240,
268,
8025,
292,
327,
4877,
286,
291,
9474,
288,
597,
679,
18,
553,
316,
2437,
289,
268,
1162,
2155,
352,
268,
4857,
265,
9232,
4978,
18,
900,
356,
2298,
292,
4739,
865,
1640,
289,
4611,
9487,
16,
659,
352,
9933,
16,
8025,
16,
291,
5911,
1137,
18,
900,
525,
437,
2827,
2630,
730,
2263,
6693,
16,
2944,
482,
541,
3853,
6693,
16,
291,
261,
6995,
1465,
892,
18,
203,
37,
6995,
1465,
6004,
1486,
336,
268,
3032,
1082,
462,
437,
363,
628,
2642,
292,
4133,
268,
2238,
361,
4907,
18,
365,
6995,
1465,
1422,
716,
8120,
687,
268,
1323,
280,
590,
385,
4439,
2962,
332,
18,
365,
3075,
16,
2962,
1294,
1082,
462,
6995,
628,
289,
268,
3032,
730,
363,
9187,
2962,
265,
16,
566,
2359,
362,
11736,
268,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
265,
427,
2447,
268,
3775,
361,
268,
304,
294,
291,
813,
7939,
692,
268,
4886,
427,
268,
4996,
8025,
18,
540,
2961,
291,
1560,
84,
1294,
316,
1023,
7582,
734,
261,
11954,
281,
10466,
16,
291,
268,
2108,
4473,
770,
316,
949,
11834,
628,
734,
268,
6013,
636,
268,
269,
964,
361,
268,
452,
3568,
281,
3629,
18,
948,
5117,
356,
2289,
292,
2774,
291,
356,
11479,
1982,
292,
3996,
1064,
261,
7857,
263,
364,
361,
261,
3044,
364,
360,
363,
3666,
2744,
18,
203,
39,
907,
265,
563,
331,
10979,
268,
7478,
720,
302,
1465,
388,
1219,
265,
11233,
265,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
1236,
360,
268,
710,
851,
2630,
1020,
8053,
505,
261,
2430,
352,
268,
1274,
361,
268,
8592,
18,
203,
17,
461,
302,
298,
11244,
203,
17,
7843,
291,
2630,
203,
17,
6638,
3809,
4531,
203,
17,
4673,
2632,
203,
1461,
3493,
289,
268,
3032,
7964,
427,
4249,
292,
4249,
18,
8992,
16,
268,
6995,
1465,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
265,
1666,
5049,
437,
261,
5138,
325,
3513,
1944,
289,
1846,
2973,
292,
2052,
17,
10644,
4978,
18,
365,
9232,
3493,
316,
2796,
687,
268,
11244,
3493,
971,
268,
4792,
4722,
289,
268,
8025,
3004,
268,
454,
2562,
279,
1968,
268,
4761,
367,
7159,
325,
3004,
268,
2199,
70,
16,
1020,
11244,
1470,
512,
1846,
331,
268,
1294,
292,
327,
1542,
292,
1918,
2417,
18,
540,
316,
525,
1768,
6995,
1465,
5117,
1131,
512,
669,
292,
2962,
268,
8025,
687,
363,
9187,
2962,
265,
18,
203,
43,
302,
298,
11244,
9677,
424,
8025,
427,
2183,
291,
896,
320,
4165,
18,
365,
6995,
1465,
4408,
431,
1378,
3039,
292,
5434,
17,
864,
75,
675,
418,
1469,
591,
781,
297,
512,
687,
268,
9187,
2962,
332,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
6004,
316,
7758,
2546,
16,
291,
268,
8025,
1631,
628,
3078,
265,
16,
518,
337,
911,
2305,
5675,
84,
1963,
352,
622,
1356,
1018,
4996,
16,
566,
502,
4817,
372,
88,
18,
365,
8025,
427,
268,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
265,
1204,
1888,
261,
3525,
325,
2803,
1096,
2142,
1350,
18,
203,
55,
4148,
291,
3155,
1758,
203,
1461,
6995,
1465,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
332,
1631,
7601,
360,
10505,
6000,
291,
1422,
292,
565,
268,
9232,
291,
11244,
18,
1399,
5117,
437,
2827,
2630,
730,
3816,
4761,
367,
2962,
822,
16,
390,
727,
966,
16,
2263,
1506,
16,
291,
770,
1506,
18,
994,
316,
363,
3465,
289,
874,
5005,
268,
3632,
659,
352,
704,
1441,
16,
8890,
16,
291,
2999,
289,
268,
3032,
18,
3337,
16,
1575,
5117,
437,
739,
7679,
5576,
336,
3831,
1079,
268,
739,
291,
268,
3032,
18,
203,
48,
329,
4550,
3353,
7788,
318,
203,
1461,
6995,
1465,
3878,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
332,
565,
462,
1131,
261,
5312,
770,
2137,
292,
716,
18,
4507,
16,
502,
375,
327,
7054,
292,
268,
269,
964,
18,
6642,
292,
444,
2672,
4658,
16,
502,
356,
3402,
292,
5733,
291,
2774,
291,
711,
11079,
687,
444,
586,
4459,
10818,
18,
994,
356,
6132,
451,
3589,
331,
4801,
628,
268,
308,
3478,
427,
268,
6995,
291,
1165,
265,
6094,
289,
551,
446,
1893,
291,
2551,
18,
203,
1461,
6995,
1465,
892,
1526,
274,
2553,
9,
1165,
1138,
687,
9187,
9232,
291,
11244,
4978,
18,
3337,
16,
268,
3032,
632,
878,
332,
1138,
16,
576,
362,
269,
1847,
2764,
3039,
9,
1138,
18,
1399,
289,
268,
5117,
356,
1138,
2975,
10580,
16,
518,
1486,
336,
502,
437,
5717,
2579,
268,
5642,
3319,
331,
1138,
3055,
291,
770,
3318,
18,
203,
56,
389,
1016,
7478,
720,
302,
1465,
388,
1219,
265,
17,
40,
1080,
265,
7183,
87,
203,
56,
1002,
424,
2803,
1096,
1080,
833,
636,
261,
2324,
2483,
3718,
360,
456,
9657,
720,
302,
1465,
388,
1219,
265,
17,
40,
1080,
265,
360,
261,
988,
18,
23,
17,
71,
1606,
300,
17,
9892,
364,
3493,
7827,
1465,
4625,
704,
408,
18,
553,
528,
2967,
4877,
8890,
16,
988,
2962,
8890,
16,
1570,
2772,
16,
291,
1016,
3798,
18,
365,
3032,
2630,
9657,
372,
87,
2070,
695,
17,
8018,
10937,
8890,
336,
3556,
919,
268,
7967,
443,
289,
7827,
87,
16,
291,
268,
7827,
1465,
17,
4975,
306,
1073,
289,
268,
704,
408,
4698,
3055,
291,
10059,
18,
553,
525,
528,
363,
2827,
3810,
289,
8074,
1579,
331,
2111,
964,
298,
17,
4677,
4611,
9487,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
363,
3465,
289,
2999,
4877,
331,
1360,
325,
1976,
286,
3689,
291,
8057,
19,
5868,
331,
2177,
2803,
1096,
1080,
18,
365,
3032,
375,
8052,
268,
9232,
669,
1585,
341,
268,
3687,
289,
268,
8025,
291,
525,
9518,
268,
5058,
6533,
669,
341,
268,
3857,
18,
365,
3857,
525,
9518,
518,
3282,
289,
268,
9232,
3853,
316,
1064,
2523,
30,
384,
263,
401,
16,
4877,
16,
1886,
16,
361,
2962,
18,
553,
525,
5929,
274,
363,
1138,
17,
7664,
3810,
289,
3302,
4877,
18,
365,
3032,
528,
261,
5213,
7190,
2999,
289,
3284,
587,
434,
52,
59,
18,
203,
17,
5156,
462,
804,
5340,
203,
17,
6010,
93,
292,
666,
203,
17,
2132,
613,
2155,
203,
17,
6526,
3857,
203,
17,
11233,
265,
2844,
669,
203,
42,
455,
2132,
2927,
2080,
84,
614,
265,
10682,
265,
203,
37,
1958,
17,
7588,
2927,
4016,
614,
265,
2395,
265,
288,
268,
3032,
1892,
268,
9389,
3402,
331,
268,
561,
17,
91,
1219,
9378,
6151,
16,
268,
939,
2803,
1096,
1080,
9378,
6151,
16,
4907,
5419,
492,
16,
291,
268,
5621,
576,
74,
506,
265,
18,
365,
454,
2562,
17,
72,
1080,
265,
1666,
83,
7013,
4016,
4205,
629,
430,
268,
1328,
669,
18,
203,
52,
283,
1576,
7321,
690,
30,
540,
4249,
316,
331,
268,
2849,
650,
3119,
1846,
16,
10505,
6693,
16,
291,
2030,
2630,
18,
553,
1974,
288,
261,
11955,
2155,
291,
1854,
6106,
360,
10505,
1357,
341,
268,
3670,
18,
203,
1461,
413,
436,
410,
388,
5944,
58,
48,
38,
22,
2089,
331,
268,
9232,
291,
11244,
289,
2063,
8046,
289,
2803,
1096,
1080,
288,
261,
2324,
679,
16,
291,
336,
1232,
1298,
268,
648,
331,
261,
6995,
18,
553,
528,
1520,
3853,
3670,
16,
518,
804,
268,
3032,
2289,
292,
666,
18,
994,
356,
2725,
4877,
8890,
360,
2787,
310,
1576,
11244,
291,
669,
2772,
18,
553,
1974,
7601,
360,
363,
7657,
4420,
336,
9518,
516,
268,
3983,
724,
4894,
291,
3670,
291,
525,
2746,
268,
9232,
3853,
3985,
18,
994,
316,
261,
7787,
292,
1236,
361,
3399,
268,
11244,
361,
9232,
3853,
18,
365,
2849,
375,
525,
279,
699,
268,
3853,
649,
1990,
18,
203,
1461,
2910,
4877,
3853,
7282,
331,
3039,
3373,
16,
6792,
268,
2962,
3853,
7282,
331,
4745,
881,
2575,
18,
365,
695,
17,
73,
9299,
892,
289,
456,
4249,
2089,
331,
731,
9,
1165,
770,
3318,
687,
268,
1998,
4459,
10818,
18,
994,
316,
525,
363,
2289,
8630,
9678,
1310,
16,
1817,
17,
1587,
282,
281,
4877,
3853,
16,
291,
1817,
17,
1587,
282,
281,
4863,
18,
203,
17,
3194,
325,
2632,
203,
17,
7616,
17,
1587,
282,
281,
892,
203,
17,
6010,
93,
8630,
203,
17,
6526,
7657,
3857,
203,
17,
7182,
893,
454,
2562,
291,
2962,
265,
8314,
203,
17,
915,
548,
93,
3032,
203,
54,
263,
401,
291,
1384,
263,
1163,
1448,
203,
1461,
3032,
528,
363,
2827,
3810,
289,
384,
263,
401,
291,
7190,
7787,
292,
384,
263,
401,
291,
7190,
261,
4514,
3687,
427,
268,
1998,
8890,
18,
553,
316,
1040,
1783,
288,
4801,
268,
3525,
7827,
87,
427,
8025,
18,
203,
11552,
263,
1384,
2621,
30,
365,
695,
7190,
2999,
289,
268,
413,
436,
410,
388,
5944,
58,
48,
38,
22,
2089,
331,
261,
4567,
288,
268,
11244,
291,
9232,
669,
291,
269,
1847,
1138,
18,
540,
2089,
268,
2849,
292,
4877,
444,
8919,
4611,
9487,
430,
1488,
2999,
18,
203,
1461,
6660,
3443,
3618,
674,
388,
1219,
265,
17,
40,
1080,
265,
10427,
1277,
316,
363,
516,
17,
263,
17,
590,
3032,
360,
261,
3493,
289,
988,
18,
25,
11300,
300,
3207,
291,
2967,
4877,
8890,
292,
1886,
261,
1289,
289,
8025,
289,
8476,
4611,
9487,
18,
994,
316,
525,
363,
3465,
289,
2944,
1790,
268,
4894,
331,
1011,
3687,
18,
854,
2827,
3810,
289,
3302,
4801,
2600,
3302,
770,
292,
1886,
268,
4761,
652,
1039,
352,
2992,
291,
6106,
352,
360,
2961,
770,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
337,
3831,
2232,
291,
1138,
18,
203,
1461,
3032,
528,
363,
2289,
17,
278,
17,
1189,
7657,
3857,
336,
2746,
4894,
16,
3853,
3985,
16,
291,
3853,
2772,
18,
540,
3032,
316,
7601,
360,
363,
3009,
9939,
3810,
360,
261,
11640,
9939,
688,
4427,
298,
16,
518,
2978,
1956,
268,
5621,
360,
11190,
9378,
6151,
18,
3337,
16,
268,
8659,
977,
1428,
2615,
274,
268,
648,
292,
561,
17,
956,
268,
8025,
291,
3556,
268,
7827,
87,
427,
268,
5621,
1001,
268,
8659,
372,
87,
2295,
17,
1587,
282,
1056,
18,
203,
17,
2581,
700,
1846,
331,
3687,
203,
17,
5038,
443,
1428,
291,
2630,
203,
17,
7168,
454,
2562,
3853,
203,
17,
6638,
770,
3055,
203,
1461,
6660,
3443,
3618,
674,
388,
1219,
265,
17,
40,
1080,
265,
10427,
1277,
528,
363,
1771,
732,
270,
6029,
1587,
3810,
18,
553,
2089,
268,
8659,
292,
3556,
10664,
9,
289,
268,
5914,
4184,
614,
427,
865,
5255,
289,
4611,
9487,
18,
203,
11644,
350,
418,
2704,
4666,
30,
3013,
1558,
3810,
316,
268,
9676,
418,
2704,
1163,
1448,
288,
268,
3032,
18,
540,
3810,
4792,
3865,
268,
8025,
630,
2167,
88,
1402,
291,
1918,
9134,
3525,
1294,
734,
268,
704,
408,
16,
3171,
336,
268,
8025,
3406,
3525,
291,
1298,
2111,
964,
736,
18,
203,
55,
476,
593,
496,
388,
5944,
27,
7057,
60,
39,
388,
1219,
265,
17,
40,
1080,
265,
528,
261,
704,
408,
1146,
644,
289,
7827,
1465,
4625,
331,
695,
10059,
18,
553,
375,
4739,
1474,
454,
4170,
291,
777,
2962,
8890,
18,
365,
8025,
356,
384,
1054,
286,
644,
292,
1958,
1708,
1003,
953,
4877,
18,
365,
3032,
1956,
261,
3961,
289,
4654,
261,
2324,
361,
2563,
1317,
288,
268,
2772,
292,
268,
3853,
5782,
18,
365,
2827,
3810,
289,
2917,
4877,
454,
4170,
268,
1360,
325,
1976,
286,
4761,
652,
291,
886,
622,
1579,
286,
341,
669,
18,
365,
2962,
669,
16,
770,
2263,
16,
291,
3853,
2216,
441,
5304,
875,
830,
462,
1454,
2340,
268,
3032,
316,
1075,
18,
203,
1461,
7377,
289,
268,
4877,
3853,
9339,
427,
2553,
292,
1717,
26,
3373,
16,
291,
268,
2962,
3853,
2844,
4306,
292,
11568,
3373,
18,
365,
4877,
3853,
2600,
1499,
292,
1398,
6460,
625,
289,
770,
18,
3837,
10505,
7679,
4698,
268,
7679,
289,
268,
3032,
291,
586,
2630,
995,
268,
3853,
18,
365,
3032,
316,
1488,
3809,
16,
576,
362,
269,
1847,
268,
2718,
427,
723,
2827,
2762,
18,
203,
17,
8051,
3124,
302,
203,
17,
4673,
2632,
203,
17,
7788,
692,
6104,
203,
17,
1698,
1441,
833,
316,
8381,
93,
203,
45,
755,
346,
401,
1384,
263,
4666,
203,
1461,
2670,
346,
401,
1384,
263,
4666,
2089,
268,
2849,
292,
1357,
268,
7190,
1056,
289,
268,
3032,
18,
330,
1488,
7190,
1056,
5483,
331,
1165,
2111,
964,
1667,
291,
1165
] |
I like to joke that one of the reasons I decided to study history is that it was unlikely to involve very much math. So when Dot Porter, curator of digital research services in the Penn Libraries Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies, started to tell me about manuscript collation formulas, I got worried. Formulas? That sounds pretty math-y to me.
Thankfully, the math wasn’t as scary as I initially anticipated. “A collation formula is the traditional way of describing the structure of a codex,” she explains. Book-shaped manuscripts, which are known as codices, are made up of sheets of paper or parchment that have been stacked together and folded to make what’s called quires. Each sheet used to make a quire becomes two leaves, which are physically connected through the center of the quire. These quires are then sewn together to form the textblock.
How do collation formulas work, exactly? Porter offers this example. “The formula ‘1(8), 2(6), 3(4)’ means that quire one has eight leaves—that is, four sheets folded together—and quire two has six leaves, and quire three has four leaves. A formula can also tell you if leaves are missing. It could say ‘-4.’ Or it might say ‘+1’ if a leaf has been added.”
Over the past few years, Porter has thought deeply about the information that those little strings of numbers can provide to librarians, manuscript researchers, and anyone interested in old books. To make this obscure information more accessible, readily available, and useful, she, along with the team behind the VisColl Project, developed a piece of software called VCEditor, which can create collation models: diagrams that show the user how a codex has been bound together, alongside the text and illustrations that appear on each page.
Most recently, and with the help of a research fellowship from the University of Glasgow Libraries, Porter spent the month of April in the Glasgow Libraries Archives and Special Collections Reading Room, examining 119 manuscripts from their Hunterian Collection as part of her efforts to explore the possibilities offered by a tool like VCEditor.
Math-phobia overcome, I was fascinated to learn more about her fellowship, so I recently sat down with her to talk about manuscript structures, digitization, and how she tries to bring very old books to life in the digital world. Here’s an excerpt from our conversation.
- To get us started, tell me a little bit about what you did during your fellowship in Glasgow.
The project that I had was to spend every day in the University of Glasgow Archives and Special Collections Reading Room, looking at their manuscripts and building coalition models of them.
I was actually able to do a lot of work before I arrived because the Hunterian collection has an excellent printed catalog. It is old—published in 1908 — but the descriptions of the manuscripts in that book have collation formulas and descriptions, and I was able to use that information to build collation models before I went to Glasgow.
When I arrived on my first day, I called a bunch of manuscripts, and then I was able to compare the actual manuscripts with the model that I built. Sometimes I only had to make minor changes to the formula. But sometimes it turned out the formula was completely wrong, and I had to redo it.
So I spent all month looking at manuscripts, which was fantastic. - That sounds amazing. Let’s back up for a second, though, and talk a little bit about collation models. What makes them so important, anyway?
One of the interesting things about physical collation information is that you can overlay it with things like textual contents and illustrations. For example, you might notice if some quires were written by one hand, and some quires were written by another hand, which might tell you how the text was divided up to be copied. Additionally, it was not uncommon at all for manuscripts to be taken apart, rebound, and pieces of them moved around, so you can also use this structural information to understand the history of the book.
But collation formulas alone are just not a great way to see that information. - And collation models can help with that?
Basically, when you open a collation model in a piece of software like VCEditor, it provides you with a diagram that shows you the organization of the leaves of the manuscript and the stuff on the leaves.
We put a lot of information in catalog records: we have collation formulas, we have lists of contents, we have lists of illustrations. A collation model puts that information together in a way that lets you see what’s happening in the book. Having models for every manuscript in a collection would be really helpful and potentially groundbreaking.
The Glasgow fellowship was my first chance to really spend a lot of time using VCEditor to build models and to try using them. I'm giving the data I collected back to Glasgow, and they're interested in incorporating that into their catalog records, which is the same thing I want to do at Penn. - Tell me a bit more about VCEditor.
VCEditor is built on the VisCodex system developed at the University of Toronto’s Old Books, New Science Lab, but updated and with new functionality added. It’s a piece of software that allows you to pretty easily build a collation model. You can say how many quires your manuscript has, and how many leaves are in each quire. You can also go in and indicate physical things that you just can’t show in a formula—like how leaves are attached. You can say there’s a leaf that’s stuck in and glued. You can show where the sewing is.
You can also create lists of terms that you can then map onto the model. For example, if you had a manuscript of the Bible, you could set up terms for each book of the Bible, and then you could show exactly where in the in the manuscript each one is. And if there are illustrations, you can show where the illustrations are.
And so essentially it gives you a visualization of the manuscript. - What are some things that you hope to see come out of this project?
The big thing that I would love to see come out of this is a normalization of including this sort of structural information in library catalogs. Right now, usually the only structural information included is a collation formula. And that’s...fine. It’s fine. But you can include more! You can include diagrams!
One of the things that I'm doing with this pilot project is showing how you can include more information without changing your whole library catalog system. What we're starting to do here at the Penn Libraries is to include links to collation models in our Franklin catalog records. That way, anyone viewing the record can look at the diagram of the manuscript. They can also take the data model file, and take a link to our digitized manuscript images, and they can load them into VC Editor, and then they can create a collation model themselves.
The structure of books is an important part of them, and it doesn't make sense to me that we're spending all this time and effort digitizing them and providing people with flat images, but not talking about the structure. It's like cutting pages out of a book and throwing it around the room, you know what I mean? - Completely. And what you’re doing seems to be making that structural information so much less abstract than a collation formula. With that in mind, how does this project relate to other work you’ve done at the Libraries, like working on major digitization projects, developing social media content, and hosting virtual programs?
My work is all about looking at different ways to bring this physicality of the manuscript into a virtual space. I was kind of pooh-poohing digital images earlier in our conversation, but they’re still important because it you can see what's on the page, right? But you still need to put it together somehow.
When I talk about digitization, I always say that what we're doing is taking the book apart and then rebuilding it in a virtual space. My work is all about asking, what are all the different ways that we can rebuild it that will tell us something about this physical object? VCEditor is a really important part of that, but almost everything else I do is also about that. - Did you have any favorite manuscripts that you got to see in Glasgow?
One manuscript I got to see is called the Hunterian Psalter. Apparently, this is not a manuscript that just anybody gets to see! It's kept in a lock box that's in another locked box, in a safe, in a cage. And it’s just so freaking gorgeous. It is, by far, the most beautiful manuscript I have ever seen in person.
It’s also trimmed, which means that it was cut around the edges to make it fit into the binding at some point. When you work with manuscripts, you get really used to uneven edges. It's really unusual to have even edges, and this manuscript had the most even edges I have ever seen. I kept having to remind myself that it was real and not a facsimile because it was so perfect.
I will probably never ever get to like touch anything like that again. I was just really honored to be allowed to. | <urn:uuid:e8102efb-b5ad-4a7e-927b-c9c272f4958a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://old.library.upenn.edu/blogs/libraries-news/rebuilding-rare-books-virtual-space-conversation-curator-dot-porter | 2024-02-23T23:26:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.975701 | 1,987 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
45,
730,
292,
577,
3520,
336,
597,
289,
268,
3218,
334,
5601,
292,
1147,
1550,
316,
336,
362,
454,
9739,
292,
3820,
1040,
1111,
3037,
18,
1426,
649,
413,
376,
6515,
345,
16,
1065,
1622,
289,
2256,
922,
1915,
288,
268,
8530,
458,
2231,
2659,
2096,
83,
270,
6830,
3767,
331,
2176,
310,
10292,
5608,
16,
3120,
292,
2565,
479,
608,
532,
310,
10292,
2042,
318,
926,
346,
301,
16,
334,
3864,
451,
2543,
18,
6445,
346,
301,
35,
2015,
4807,
6540,
3037,
17,
93,
292,
479,
18,
203,
2422,
1574,
2367,
16,
268,
3037,
7403,
372,
88,
352,
646,
556,
352,
334,
7623,
7785,
488,
18,
538,
37,
2042,
318,
7250,
316,
268,
2338,
898,
289,
11539,
268,
2214,
289,
261,
273,
370,
1389,
1272,
1353,
5528,
18,
6676,
17,
9000,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
16,
518,
356,
1261,
352,
273,
370,
974,
16,
356,
1146,
644,
289,
9933,
289,
2237,
361,
677,
355,
367,
336,
437,
712,
471,
583,
286,
1875,
291,
958,
3531,
292,
804,
768,
372,
87,
1478,
626,
1773,
18,
3431,
6800,
724,
292,
804,
261,
626,
569,
3125,
881,
2951,
16,
518,
356,
7519,
3947,
734,
268,
3795,
289,
268,
626,
569,
18,
948,
626,
1773,
356,
1023,
447,
925,
1875,
292,
926,
268,
2631,
640,
1362,
18,
203,
6724,
565,
2042,
318,
926,
346,
301,
716,
16,
4743,
35,
6515,
345,
2767,
456,
1214,
18,
538,
1461,
7250,
1321,
21,
12,
28,
989,
497,
12,
26,
989,
777,
12,
24,
13,
372,
1486,
336,
626,
569,
597,
528,
5153,
2951,
1447,
8891,
316,
16,
1958,
9933,
958,
3531,
1875,
1447,
481,
626,
569,
881,
528,
2984,
2951,
16,
291,
626,
569,
1391,
528,
1958,
2951,
18,
330,
7250,
375,
525,
2565,
337,
717,
2951,
356,
7052,
18,
553,
911,
1856,
1321,
17,
24,
6783,
1778,
362,
1276,
1856,
1321,
15,
21,
372,
717,
261,
5658,
528,
712,
3211,
1053,
203,
51,
357,
268,
2323,
1374,
935,
16,
6515,
345,
528,
2693,
7292,
608,
268,
1009,
336,
1014,
1936,
637,
762,
289,
3210,
375,
1153,
292,
8784,
294,
1825,
16,
532,
310,
10292,
2360,
16,
291,
4421,
4622,
288,
1662,
3310,
18,
1122,
804,
456,
1823,
11464,
1009,
512,
4881,
16,
9317,
1608,
16,
291,
3209,
16,
1353,
16,
1910,
360,
268,
1675,
2976,
268,
5027,
39,
3086,
5564,
16,
2317,
261,
4032,
289,
2436,
1478,
720,
11200,
72,
1808,
16,
518,
375,
1408,
2042,
318,
3159,
30,
7966,
2817,
336,
1171,
268,
2849,
667,
261,
273,
370,
1389,
528,
712,
3951,
1875,
16,
7752,
268,
2631,
291,
4346,
500,
336,
1951,
341,
1011,
3492,
18,
203,
49,
511,
4101,
16,
291,
360,
268,
617,
289,
261,
922,
7586,
2739,
1028,
427,
268,
1832,
289,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
458,
2231,
2659,
16,
6515,
345,
5382,
268,
1765,
289,
4707,
288,
268,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
458,
2231,
2659,
4910,
1022,
291,
7018,
1810,
611,
508,
7659,
4125,
311,
16,
10549,
433,
1689,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
427,
444,
402,
374,
345,
779,
1810,
7414,
352,
923,
289,
954,
3107,
292,
2408,
268,
6957,
5251,
419,
261,
1438,
730,
720,
11200,
72,
1808,
18,
203,
49,
749,
17,
902,
875,
563,
6101,
16,
334,
454,
4716,
4231,
292,
1213,
512,
608,
954,
7586,
2739,
1028,
16,
576,
334,
4101,
2651,
1190,
360,
954,
292,
3357,
608,
532,
310,
10292,
3702,
16,
1537,
2348,
318,
16,
291,
667,
1353,
432,
423,
292,
2477,
1040,
1662,
3310,
292,
943,
288,
268,
2256,
887,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
363,
377,
1000,
3918,
427,
662,
6450,
18,
203,
17,
1122,
886,
407,
3120,
16,
2565,
479,
261,
1936,
3263,
608,
768,
337,
1535,
995,
424,
7586,
2739,
1028,
288,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
18,
203,
1461,
1707,
336,
334,
850,
454,
292,
4417,
953,
1196,
288,
268,
1832,
289,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
4910,
1022,
291,
7018,
1810,
611,
508,
7659,
4125,
311,
16,
2639,
430,
444,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
291,
1649,
5587,
564,
3159,
289,
622,
18,
203,
45,
454,
2545,
1542,
292,
565,
261,
1774,
289,
716,
1134,
334,
8016,
971,
268,
402,
374,
345,
779,
3792,
528,
363,
4139,
8274,
8562,
446,
18,
553,
316,
1662,
1447,
84,
914,
1341,
288,
6582,
28,
1691,
566,
268,
697,
8498,
289,
268,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
288,
336,
2077,
437,
2042,
318,
926,
346,
301,
291,
697,
8498,
16,
291,
334,
454,
1542,
292,
666,
336,
1009,
292,
2115,
2042,
318,
3159,
1134,
334,
4046,
292,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
18,
203,
7508,
334,
8016,
341,
1290,
855,
1196,
16,
334,
1478,
261,
285,
2919,
289,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
16,
291,
1023,
334,
454,
1542,
292,
7104,
268,
4741,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
360,
268,
2083,
336,
334,
2825,
18,
5811,
334,
794,
850,
292,
804,
4872,
1703,
292,
268,
7250,
18,
1163,
2903,
362,
5322,
628,
268,
7250,
454,
3686,
4358,
16,
291,
334,
850,
292,
2243,
83,
362,
18,
203,
55,
83,
334,
5382,
516,
1765,
2639,
430,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
16,
518,
454,
9270,
2185,
18,
425,
2015,
4807,
7604,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
1103,
644,
331,
261,
1901,
16,
1417,
16,
291,
3357,
261,
1936,
3263,
608,
2042,
318,
3159,
18,
1021,
1892,
622,
576,
851,
16,
723,
2523,
35,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
4149,
1612,
608,
1646,
2042,
318,
1009,
316,
336,
337,
375,
5912,
350,
362,
360,
1612,
730,
3462,
1924,
9672,
291,
4346,
500,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
337,
1276,
4204,
717,
579,
626,
1773,
664,
3245,
419,
597,
1129,
16,
291,
579,
626,
1773,
664,
3245,
419,
1515,
1129,
16,
518,
1276,
2565,
337,
667,
268,
2631,
454,
5883,
644,
292,
327,
2660,
870,
18,
2848,
16,
362,
454,
462,
4288,
9904,
430,
516,
331,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
292,
327,
2459,
6026,
16,
7073,
655,
16,
291,
4648,
289,
622,
5381,
1149,
16,
576,
337,
375,
525,
666,
456,
6534,
1009,
292,
992,
268,
1550,
289,
268,
2077,
18,
203,
11207,
2042,
318,
926,
346,
301,
3773,
356,
1039,
462,
261,
1312,
898,
292,
901,
336,
1009,
18,
425,
1256,
2042,
318,
3159,
375,
617,
360,
336,
35,
203,
38,
301,
1030,
16,
649,
337,
1591,
261,
2042,
318,
2083,
288,
261,
4032,
289,
2436,
730,
720,
11200,
72,
1808,
16,
362,
1956,
337,
360,
261,
10486,
336,
2746,
337,
268,
3272,
289,
268,
2951,
289,
268,
532,
310,
10292,
291,
268,
8564,
341,
268,
2951,
18,
203,
3464,
1927,
261,
1774,
289,
1009,
288,
8562,
446,
4606,
30,
445,
437,
2042,
318,
926,
346,
301,
16,
445,
437,
9655,
289,
9672,
16,
445,
437,
9655,
289,
4346,
500,
18,
330,
2042,
318,
2083,
9680,
336,
1009,
1875,
288,
261,
898,
336,
417,
340,
337,
901,
768,
372,
87,
7200,
288,
268,
2077,
18,
6518,
3159,
331,
953,
532,
310,
10292,
288,
261,
3792,
830,
327,
2402,
4374,
291,
4113,
2107,
10885,
18,
203,
1461,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
7586,
2739,
1028,
454,
1290,
855,
3961,
292,
2402,
4417,
261,
1774,
289,
669,
1001,
720,
11200,
72,
1808,
292,
2115,
3159,
291,
292,
2644,
1001,
622,
18,
334,
9777,
3851,
268,
863,
334,
5351,
1103,
292,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
16,
291,
502,
3707,
4622,
288,
6855,
336,
636,
444,
8562,
446,
4606,
16,
518,
316,
268,
1162,
2810,
334,
1333,
292,
565,
430,
8530,
18,
425,
307,
467,
479,
261,
3263,
512,
608,
720,
11200,
72,
1808,
18,
203,
58,
11200,
72,
1808,
316,
2825,
341,
268,
5027,
39,
370,
1389,
892,
2317,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
6648,
10327,
372,
87,
6089,
10703,
16,
1525,
3308,
6060,
16,
566,
7627,
291,
360,
733,
8212,
3211,
18,
553,
372,
87,
261,
4032,
289,
2436,
336,
2089,
337,
292,
6540,
2619,
2115,
261,
2042,
318,
2083,
18,
990,
375,
1856,
667,
772,
626,
1773,
424,
532,
310,
10292,
528,
16,
291,
667,
772,
2951,
356,
288,
1011,
626,
569,
18,
990,
375,
525,
679,
288,
291,
4938,
1646,
1612,
336,
337,
1039,
375,
372,
88,
1171,
288,
261,
7250,
1447,
2656,
667,
2951,
356,
7054,
18,
990,
375,
1856,
686,
372,
87,
261,
5658,
336,
372,
87,
11062,
288,
291,
319,
519,
286,
18,
990,
375,
1171,
853,
268,
447,
7624,
316,
18,
203,
7556,
375,
525,
1408,
9655,
289,
2560,
336,
337,
375,
1023,
4517,
5051,
268,
2083,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
337,
850,
261,
532,
310,
10292,
289,
268,
6340,
16,
337,
911,
1075,
644,
2560,
331,
1011,
2077,
289,
268,
6340,
16,
291,
1023,
337,
911,
1171,
4743,
853,
288,
268,
288,
268,
532,
310,
10292,
1011,
597,
316,
18,
1256,
717,
686,
356,
4346,
500,
16,
337,
375,
1171,
853,
268,
4346,
500,
356,
18,
203,
10562,
576,
7841,
362,
3581,
337,
261,
3101,
1260,
289,
268,
532,
310,
10292,
18,
425,
1021,
356,
579,
1612,
336,
337,
3571,
292,
901,
1631,
628,
289,
456,
1707,
35,
203,
1461,
2104,
2810,
336,
334,
830,
2680,
292,
901,
1631,
628,
289,
456,
316,
261,
2910,
1260,
289,
1118,
456,
5256,
289,
6534,
1009,
288,
6588,
8562,
6356,
18,
7817,
1315,
16,
1840,
268,
794,
6534,
1009,
3380,
316,
261,
2042,
318,
7250,
18,
1256,
336,
372,
87,
3547,
74,
475,
18,
553,
372,
87,
4787,
18,
1163,
337,
375,
1226,
512,
5,
990,
375,
1226,
7966,
2817,
5,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
1612,
336,
334,
9777,
2776,
360,
456,
9413,
1707,
316,
5526,
667,
337,
375,
1226,
512,
1009,
1298,
3934,
424,
2399,
6588,
8562,
446,
892,
18,
1021,
445,
3707,
4089,
292,
565,
1671,
430,
268,
8530,
458,
2231,
2659,
316,
292,
1226,
5672,
292,
2042,
318,
3159,
288,
662,
7797,
5067,
8562,
446,
4606,
18,
2015,
898,
16,
4421,
1889,
281,
268,
2847,
375,
1500,
430,
268,
10486,
289,
268,
532,
310,
10292,
18,
900,
375,
525,
1071,
268,
863,
2083,
3941,
16,
291,
1071,
261,
2654,
292,
662,
1537,
2348,
286,
532,
310,
10292,
3394,
16,
291,
502,
375,
3687,
622,
636,
720,
39,
3469,
1808,
16,
291,
1023,
502,
375,
1408,
261,
2042,
318,
2083,
2315,
18,
203,
1461,
2214,
289,
3310,
316,
363,
851,
923,
289,
622,
16,
291,
362,
2752,
2091,
804,
2266,
292,
479,
336,
445,
3707,
6148,
516,
456,
669,
291,
3620,
1537,
2348,
281,
622,
291,
2352,
689,
360,
5664,
3394,
16,
566,
462,
5750,
608,
268,
2214,
18,
553,
743,
730,
4433,
5938,
628,
289,
261,
2077,
291,
264,
5517,
362,
1149,
268,
3090,
16,
337,
698,
768,
334,
1555,
35,
425,
8010,
3635,
18,
1256,
768,
337,
372,
267,
2776,
3959,
292,
327,
1355,
336,
6534,
1009,
576,
1111,
1165,
10103,
687,
261,
2042,
318,
7250,
18,
1440,
336,
288,
1710,
16,
667,
1082,
456,
1707,
10028,
292,
586,
716,
337,
372,
317,
2217,
430,
268,
458,
2231,
2659,
16,
730,
1795,
341,
1670,
1537,
2348,
318,
2830,
16,
2528,
1234,
2612,
2064,
16,
291,
4239,
281,
4520,
2583,
35,
203,
49,
93,
716,
316,
516,
608,
2639,
430,
865,
1714,
292,
2477,
456,
1646,
380,
289,
268,
532,
310,
10292,
636,
261,
4520,
1846,
18,
334,
454,
2066,
289,
279,
616,
76,
17,
84,
616,
76,
281,
2256,
3394,
4235,
288,
662,
6450,
16,
566,
502,
372,
267,
1356,
851,
971,
362,
337,
375,
901,
768,
743,
341,
268,
3492,
16,
1328,
35,
1163,
337,
1356,
648,
292,
1927,
362,
1875,
579,
7831,
18,
203,
7508,
334,
3357,
608,
1537,
2348,
318,
16,
334,
1775,
1856,
336,
768,
445,
3707,
2776,
316,
2265,
268,
2077,
6026,
291,
1023,
304,
10318,
362,
288,
261,
4520,
1846,
18,
3491,
716,
316,
516,
608,
7100,
16,
768,
356,
516,
268,
865,
1714,
336,
445,
375,
304,
5242,
585,
362,
336,
513,
2565,
407,
1890,
608,
456,
1646,
3904,
35,
720,
11200,
72,
1808,
316,
261,
2402,
851,
923,
289,
336,
16,
566,
2764,
3423,
3722,
334,
565,
316,
525,
608,
336,
18,
425,
8322,
337,
437,
723,
6577,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
336,
337,
3864,
292,
901,
288,
3199,
301,
75,
329,
35,
203,
11375,
532,
310,
10292,
334,
3864,
292,
901,
316,
1478,
268,
402,
374,
345,
779,
382,
87,
280,
345,
18,
2537,
4243,
325,
16,
456,
316,
462,
261,
532,
310,
10292,
336,
1039,
723,
5784,
4354,
292,
901,
5,
553,
743,
5189,
288,
261,
7679,
4001,
336,
743,
288,
1515,
7679,
286,
4001,
16,
288,
261,
1995,
16,
288,
261,
273,
495,
18,
1256,
362,
372,
87,
1039
] |
Have you ever wondered what happens in our bodies during sexual activity? A fascinating study conducted by Cindy M. Meston and published in The American Journal of Cardiology offers valuable insights into the role of our nervous system in sexual arousal. In this article, we’ll explore the complex dance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems during intimate moments and why it’s important to foster harmony between them for an optimal arousal experience.
The Parasympathetic Nervous System: Preparing for excitement
The initial stage of sexual arousal involves the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The PNS is responsible for promoting relaxation, rest, and restoration in the body. When it comes to sexual response, the PNS plays a crucial role in creating the optimal conditions for pleasure and engagement.
- Relaxation and Body Readiness: As sexual stimulation begins, the PNS responds by promoting a sense of calm and relaxation throughout the body. This relaxation is essential for creating an environment where sexual pleasure can be fully experienced. It helps to decrease tension and anxiety, allowing individuals to fully focus on their sensations and desires.
- Vasodilation and Increased Blood Flow: One of the key functions of the PNS in sexual arousal is to stimulate vasodilation, which is the widening of blood vessels. When the PNS is activated, it signals the smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls to relax, leading to increased blood flow to the genital area. This enhanced blood flow is crucial for engorgement and erection in individuals with a penis and increased lubrication and engorgement in individuals with a clitoris and vagina.
- Lubrication and Erection: Under the influence of the PNS, the body produces natural lubrication in the vagina, making sexual activity more comfortable and pleasurable. In individuals with a penis, the PNS activation contributes to the relaxation of penile muscles, allowing for the increased blood flow needed for achieving and maintaining an erection.
- Sensitivity and Sensation: The activation of the PNS enhances sensitivity in erogenous zones, such as the clitoris, penis, nipples, and other areas that contribute to sexual pleasure. This heightened sensitivity allows individuals to experience more intense sensations and arousal during sexual activity.
- Emotional Connection and Intimacy: The PNS also plays a role in fostering emotional connection and intimacy during sexual encounters. By promoting relaxation and a sense of safety, it helps create an environment where individuals can feel comfortable and emotionally connected to their partners, enhancing the overall sexual experience.
Understanding and appreciating the role of the PNS in sexual arousal can help individuals cultivate an environment that supports relaxation, pleasure, and intimacy. By prioritizing self-care, stress management, and creating a comfortable and safe space, individuals can optimize their PNS activation, leading to enhanced sexual experiences and satisfaction.
The Sympathetic Nervous System: Ramping up for arousal
When we engage in sexual activity, our bodies enter a state of excitement. This initial phase is where the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) takes the spotlight. Think of the SNS as the body’s stress response system, designed to prepare us for action.
When we engage the SNS, it triggers a cascade of physiological changes that contribute to the sexual response.
- Release of stress hormones: The SNS releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which serve to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, creating a heightened state of alertness and readiness. This surge of energy and arousal prepares our bodies for action and intensifies sensations.
- Blood vessel dilation: SNS stimulates the dilation of blood vessels, particularly in the genital area. This increased blood flow to the pelvic region results in engorgement of the genitals, including the clitoris and vaginal tissues. As a result, sensitivity and pleasure in these areas are enhanced, facilitating sexual arousal and enjoyment.
- Release of neurotransmitters: The SNS then releases Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine into the system. When dopamine levels rise, it enhances feelings of desire, motivation, and pleasure, further fueling the sexual response. This neurochemical release contributes to a sense of anticipation, excitement, and overall well-being during sexual arousal.
- Release of endorphins: The SNS triggers the release of endorphins, commonly known as “feel-good” chemicals. Endorphins have pain-relieving properties and promote a sense of relaxation and euphoria. They help to counteract any discomfort or tension that may arise during sexual activity, enhancing the overall pleasure and enjoyment of the experience.
Engaging the SNS during arousal is essential for optimizing our sexual response. It helps us feel physically and mentally prepared, heightens sensitivity and pleasure, and promotes a state of relaxation and well-being. By understanding and harnessing the power of the sympathetic nervous system, we can cultivate a more fulfilling and satisfying sexual experience.
During this phase, the SNS activates key responses such as an increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and pupil dilation. These changes facilitate heightened arousal and create an environment conducive to pleasure. It’s like your body is revving its engine, ready for the journey ahead.
The Parasympathetic Nervous System: The pathway to relaxation
Following orgasm, the body undergoes a series of physiological changes, including a shift in the nervous system from the sympathetic to the parasympathetic mode. The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) after orgasm is known as the refractory period. Let’s explore how the PNS plays a role during this phase:
- Relaxation and Replenishment: After orgasm, the PNS is responsible for promoting a state of deep relaxation and restoration. This phase is characterized by a decrease in sexual tension and an overall sense of calm and satisfaction. The PNS helps to induce a state of relaxation in the body, allowing individuals to experience a sense of tranquility and well-being.
- Vasodilation and Decreased Arousal: During the refractory period, the PNS causes the blood vessels to return to their normal state through vasoconstriction. This constriction reduces blood flow to the genital area, which contributes to a decrease in arousal and a loss of erection or engorgement. The PNS helps the body return to a non-aroused state, allowing individuals to rest and recover.
- Reversal of Sexual Response: The PNS activation following orgasm marks a transition from the heightened state of sexual arousal to a more relaxed state. It helps the body return to its baseline level of functioning, reversing the physiological changes that occurred during sexual stimulation. This includes a reduction in heart rate, respiration rate, and muscle tension.
- Emotional Bonding and Connection: The refractory period, facilitated by PNS activation, offers an opportunity for emotional bonding and connection between sexual partners. It is a time for emotional closeness, intimacy, and aftercare. The PNS promotes feelings of safety, trust, and contentment, which can enhance the emotional connection between partners and foster a deeper sense of intimacy.
- Restoration and Recovery: The PNS activation following orgasm allows the body to restore and recover from the physical exertion and heightened arousal experienced during sexual activity. It supports the replenishment of neurotransmitters, hormones, and energy levels, preparing the body for future sexual experiences.
Understanding the role of the PNS in the refractory period can help individuals appreciate the importance of rest, relaxation, and self-care after sexual activity. It is essential to honor and respect the body’s need for recovery, both physically and emotionally. By embracing the PNS activation during this phase, individuals can cultivate a healthy sexual relationship with themselves and their partners, promoting overall well-being and satisfaction.
The Delicate Balance: Synchronizing the systems
The interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is crucial for a satisfying sexual experience. Think of it as a dance where both partners have their roles to play. We can’t even begin the sexual experience if the PNS doesn’t have us relaxed enough to activate the sexual accelerator through the SNS. The SNS then initiates the arousal process, revving up our bodies, while the PNS takes over, creating a relaxed and pleasurable state.
This delicate balance ensures that our bodies are primed for arousal and able to transition smoothly through the stages of sexual response. When both systems work in harmony, we can experience a deep sense of pleasure and connection with our partners.
Understanding the inner workings of our nervous system during sexual activity can provide valuable insights into the complexities of arousal. By appreciating the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, we can cultivate a deeper understanding of our own bodies and enhance the pleasure and satisfaction we experience in intimate moments.
While this article only scratches the surface of this fascinating topic, it is a stepping stone for further exploration. So, next time you find yourself caught in the waves of pleasure, remember that it’s your nervous system orchestrating a beautiful symphony of sensations, bringing you closer to the ultimate experience of sexual pleasure and connection.
- Komisaruk, B. R., Beyer-Flores, C., & Whipple, B. (2006). The Science of Orgasm. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Meston, C. M. (2000). Sympathetic nervous system activity and female sexual arousal. The American Journal of Cardiology, 86(2), Supplement 1, 30-34. ISSN 0002-9149. | <urn:uuid:8c1e15da-1940-498d-817c-58e764d1578a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://painfreeintimacy.com/the-inner-workings-of-sexual-arousal-how-our-nervous-system-reacts/ | 2024-02-23T22:24:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.912143 | 1,976 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
44,
1284,
337,
2577,
3630,
2142,
768,
4301,
288,
662,
3910,
995,
4547,
2067,
35,
330,
6326,
1147,
4404,
419,
351,
578,
93,
383,
18,
383,
443,
266,
291,
2808,
288,
365,
1781,
5341,
289,
8208,
10668,
2767,
3435,
4102,
636,
268,
1476,
289,
662,
6593,
892,
288,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
372,
660,
2408,
268,
1874,
7295,
858,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
291,
7271,
93,
755,
749,
6462,
6593,
1422,
995,
288,
6669,
9269,
291,
1768,
362,
372,
87,
851,
292,
4322,
10543,
858,
622,
331,
363,
5023,
261,
10352,
280,
1432,
18,
203,
1461,
2441,
11598,
755,
749,
6462,
465,
678,
499,
4731,
30,
2412,
1541,
281,
331,
1870,
674,
367,
203,
1461,
4388,
3282,
289,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
2675,
268,
1088,
318,
289,
268,
7271,
93,
755,
749,
6462,
6593,
892,
421,
52,
8384,
802,
365,
382,
8384,
316,
3024,
331,
4636,
8844,
16,
3061,
16,
291,
8369,
288,
268,
1073,
18,
1097,
362,
1974,
292,
4547,
2629,
16,
268,
382,
8384,
3806,
261,
1821,
1476,
288,
2435,
268,
5023,
1533,
331,
10761,
291,
5956,
18,
203,
17,
4273,
1894,
318,
291,
10189,
3177,
1127,
30,
760,
4547,
10753,
5118,
16,
268,
382,
8384,
2381,
727,
419,
4636,
261,
2266,
289,
7094,
291,
8844,
2309,
268,
1073,
18,
540,
8844,
316,
1505,
331,
2435,
363,
1072,
853,
4547,
10761,
375,
327,
3590,
3936,
18,
553,
1780,
292,
5032,
7614,
291,
3083,
16,
3240,
1578,
292,
3590,
1459,
341,
444,
1672,
500,
291,
697,
1773,
18,
203,
17,
720,
301,
370,
309,
318,
291,
10272,
8146,
9856,
30,
1507,
289,
268,
1558,
3632,
289,
268,
382,
8384,
288,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
316,
292,
9424,
385,
301,
370,
309,
318,
16,
518,
316,
268,
3147,
1981,
289,
1364,
6093,
18,
1097,
268,
382,
8384,
316,
1088,
488,
16,
362,
5518,
268,
5036,
4177,
288,
268,
1364,
9585,
5240,
292,
4573,
16,
2469,
292,
2161,
1364,
1617,
292,
268,
2451,
1050,
1494,
18,
540,
7360,
1364,
1617,
316,
1821,
331,
1201,
5288,
367,
291,
1827,
982,
288,
1578,
360,
261,
4911,
277,
291,
2161,
11607,
1048,
1457,
291,
1201,
5288,
367,
288,
1578,
360,
261,
551,
1808,
277,
291,
9897,
1835,
18,
203,
17,
6758,
1048,
1457,
291,
416,
267,
1095,
30,
6125,
268,
3033,
289,
268,
382,
8384,
16,
268,
1073,
5948,
1493,
11607,
1048,
1457,
288,
268,
9897,
1835,
16,
1355,
4547,
2067,
512,
5177,
291,
3034,
301,
11944,
18,
450,
1578,
360,
261,
4911,
277,
16,
268,
382,
8384,
1088,
318,
6831,
292,
268,
8844,
289,
4911,
621,
4177,
16,
3240,
331,
268,
2161,
1364,
1617,
2224,
331,
6549,
291,
3539,
363,
1827,
982,
18,
203,
17,
9259,
5659,
291,
9259,
318,
30,
365,
1088,
318,
289,
268,
382,
8384,
7803,
6965,
288,
1827,
446,
3935,
9278,
16,
659,
352,
268,
551,
1808,
277,
16,
4911,
277,
16,
314,
2099,
736,
16,
291,
586,
1511,
336,
2885,
292,
4547,
10761,
18,
540,
4733,
2539,
6965,
2089,
1578,
292,
1432,
512,
6611,
1672,
500,
291,
261,
10352,
280,
995,
4547,
2067,
18,
203,
17,
11870,
6384,
982,
291,
450,
473,
1495,
30,
365,
382,
8384,
525,
3806,
261,
1476,
288,
7002,
3167,
3583,
291,
288,
473,
1495,
995,
4547,
1593,
1252,
332,
18,
1285,
4636,
8844,
291,
261,
2266,
289,
2030,
16,
362,
1780,
1408,
363,
1072,
853,
1578,
375,
1350,
5177,
291,
7500,
523,
3947,
292,
444,
3980,
16,
6411,
268,
2114,
4547,
1432,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
291,
4661,
77,
673,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
382,
8384,
288,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
375,
617,
1578,
4884,
381,
363,
1072,
336,
5333,
8844,
16,
10761,
16,
291,
288,
473,
1495,
18,
1285,
5996,
281,
1817,
17,
2178,
16,
1751,
1794,
16,
291,
2435,
261,
5177,
291,
1995,
1846,
16,
1578,
375,
8052,
444,
382,
8384,
1088,
318,
16,
2469,
292,
7360,
4547,
2891,
291,
8768,
18,
203,
1461,
6432,
749,
6462,
465,
678,
499,
4731,
30,
434,
1705,
281,
644,
331,
261,
10352,
280,
203,
7508,
445,
4151,
288,
4547,
2067,
16,
662,
3910,
2989,
261,
1247,
289,
1870,
674,
367,
18,
540,
4388,
4503,
316,
853,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
6593,
892,
421,
55,
8384,
13,
2844,
268,
4337,
2239,
18,
8876,
289,
268,
343,
8384,
352,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
1751,
2629,
892,
16,
2298,
292,
5060,
407,
331,
2433,
18,
203,
7508,
445,
4151,
268,
343,
8384,
16,
362,
8969,
261,
273,
2397,
783,
289,
11040,
1703,
336,
2885,
292,
268,
4547,
2629,
18,
203,
17,
942,
5282,
289,
1751,
7129,
30,
365,
343,
8384,
11330,
478,
591,
280,
475,
291,
3112,
354,
591,
280,
475,
518,
3705,
292,
1643,
1759,
2288,
16,
1364,
1987,
16,
291,
5768,
2288,
16,
2435,
261,
4733,
2539,
1247,
289,
9155,
822,
291,
1078,
1127,
18,
540,
7154,
289,
1138,
291,
261,
10352,
280,
2790,
4044,
662,
3910,
331,
2433,
291,
4431,
7030,
1672,
500,
18,
203,
17,
8146,
9585,
7792,
318,
30,
343,
8384,
6760,
692,
268,
7792,
318,
289,
1364,
6093,
16,
2467,
288,
268,
2451,
1050,
1494,
18,
540,
2161,
1364,
1617,
292,
268,
8325,
90,
300,
2225,
1826,
288,
1201,
5288,
367,
289,
268,
2451,
7228,
16,
1118,
268,
551,
1808,
277,
291,
9897,
1420,
6272,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
6965,
291,
10761,
288,
629,
1511,
356,
7360,
16,
4191,
673,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
291,
2622,
367,
18,
203,
17,
942,
5282,
289,
6448,
7765,
2167,
1736,
30,
365,
343,
8384,
1023,
11330,
2138,
8913,
7765,
2167,
1736,
16,
659,
352,
295,
389,
7199,
636,
268,
892,
18,
1097,
295,
389,
7199,
1506,
3573,
16,
362,
7803,
4197,
289,
6318,
16,
7615,
16,
291,
10761,
16,
1902,
3307,
281,
268,
4547,
2629,
18,
540,
6448,
9891,
4133,
6831,
292,
261,
2266,
289,
7785,
318,
16,
1870,
674,
367,
16,
291,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
995,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
18,
203,
17,
942,
5282,
289,
1199,
8187,
1054,
30,
365,
343,
8384,
8969,
268,
4133,
289,
1199,
8187,
1054,
16,
3224,
1261,
352,
538,
9892,
306,
17,
75,
509,
537,
4278,
18,
6767,
8187,
1054,
437,
1293,
17,
2230,
4616,
3227,
291,
3290,
261,
2266,
289,
8844,
291,
303,
89,
902,
283,
563,
18,
900,
617,
292,
4459,
613,
723,
6305,
361,
7614,
336,
602,
7534,
995,
4547,
2067,
16,
6411,
268,
2114,
10761,
291,
2622,
367,
289,
268,
1432,
18,
203,
9453,
75,
1516,
268,
343,
8384,
995,
261,
10352,
280,
316,
1505,
331,
2516,
1790,
662,
4547,
2629,
18,
553,
1780,
407,
1350,
7519,
291,
10768,
523,
4647,
16,
4733,
614,
6965,
291,
10761,
16,
291,
6900,
261,
1247,
289,
8844,
291,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
1285,
1616,
291,
8696,
281,
268,
1056,
289,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
6593,
892,
16,
445,
375,
4884,
381,
261,
512,
5717,
3287,
291,
4735,
1411,
4547,
1432,
18,
203,
40,
714,
456,
4503,
16,
268,
343,
8384,
1088,
692,
1558,
5729,
659,
352,
363,
2161,
1759,
2288,
16,
9541,
1364,
1987,
16,
291,
5736,
309,
7792,
318,
18,
948,
1703,
6840,
4733,
2539,
261,
10352,
280,
291,
1408,
363,
1072,
2290,
464,
292,
10761,
18,
553,
372,
87,
730,
424,
1073,
316,
1658,
1005,
606,
2097,
16,
4054,
331,
268,
3405,
5916,
18,
203,
1461,
2441,
11598,
755,
749,
6462,
465,
678,
499,
4731,
30,
365,
11886,
292,
8844,
203,
42,
320,
693,
281,
361,
75,
301,
81,
16,
268,
1073,
4580,
3144,
261,
3338,
289,
11040,
1703,
16,
1118,
261,
5327,
288,
268,
6593,
892,
427,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
292,
268,
7271,
93,
755,
749,
6462,
6796,
18,
365,
1088,
318,
289,
268,
7271,
93,
755,
749,
6462,
6593,
892,
421,
52,
8384,
13,
1003,
361,
75,
301,
81,
316,
1261,
352,
268,
1210,
7464,
861,
1604,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
2408,
667,
268,
382,
8384,
3806,
261,
1476,
995,
456,
4503,
30,
203,
17,
4273,
1894,
318,
291,
942,
476,
270,
6530,
30,
2122,
361,
75,
301,
81,
16,
268,
382,
8384,
316,
3024,
331,
4636,
261,
1247,
289,
2295,
8844,
291,
8369,
18,
540,
4503,
316,
6360,
419,
261,
5032,
288,
4547,
7614,
291,
363,
2114,
2266,
289,
7094,
291,
8768,
18,
365,
382,
8384,
1780,
292,
612,
1036,
261,
1247,
289,
8844,
288,
268,
1073,
16,
3240,
1578,
292,
1432,
261,
2266,
289,
432,
282,
395,
706,
291,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
17,
720,
301,
370,
309,
318,
291,
2968,
267,
790,
330,
10352,
280,
30,
2942,
268,
1210,
7464,
861,
1604,
16,
268,
382,
8384,
2384,
268,
1364,
6093,
292,
2608,
292,
444,
2910,
1247,
734,
385,
301,
415,
625,
1145,
328,
18,
540,
573,
1145,
328,
4993,
1364,
1617,
292,
268,
2451,
1050,
1494,
16,
518,
6831,
292,
261,
5032,
288,
261,
10352,
280,
291,
261,
1866,
289,
1827,
982,
361,
1201,
5288,
367,
18,
365,
382,
8384,
1780,
268,
1073,
2608,
292,
261,
1677,
17,
294,
499,
286,
1247,
16,
3240,
1578,
292,
3061,
291,
5529,
18,
203,
17,
942,
1414,
280,
289,
343,
1389,
800,
6053,
266,
401,
30,
365,
382,
8384,
1088,
318,
1685,
361,
75,
301,
81,
7613,
261,
4992,
427,
268,
4733,
2539,
1247,
289,
4547,
261,
10352,
280,
292,
261,
512,
4573,
286,
1247,
18,
553,
1780,
268,
1073,
2608,
292,
606,
1518,
4633,
966,
289,
6407,
16,
9953,
281,
268,
11040,
1703,
336,
6226,
995,
4547,
10753,
18,
540,
2356,
261,
4567,
288,
1759,
2288,
16,
5114,
318,
2288,
16,
291,
3504,
7614,
18,
203,
17,
11870,
391,
6480,
291,
6384,
982,
30,
365,
1210,
7464,
861,
1604,
16,
4191,
488,
419,
382,
8384,
1088,
318,
16,
2767,
363,
3249,
331,
3167,
285,
6480,
291,
3583,
858,
4547,
3980,
18,
553,
316,
261,
669,
331,
3167,
3044,
7563,
16,
288,
473,
1495,
16,
291,
1003,
2178,
18,
365,
382,
8384,
6900,
4197,
289,
2030,
16,
3847,
16,
291,
2064,
367,
16,
518,
375,
3017,
268,
3167,
3583,
858,
3980,
291,
4322,
261,
5037,
2266,
289,
288,
473,
1495,
18,
203,
17,
1401,
441,
318,
291,
2602,
2690,
30,
365,
382,
8384,
1088,
318,
1685,
361,
75,
301,
81,
2089,
268,
1073,
292,
7819,
291,
5529,
427,
268,
1646,
377,
265,
328,
291,
4733,
2539,
261,
10352,
280,
3936,
995,
4547,
2067,
18,
553,
5333,
268,
2227,
270,
6530,
289,
6448,
7765,
2167,
1736,
16,
7129,
16,
291,
1138,
1506,
16,
7994,
268,
1073,
331,
1571,
4547,
2891,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
382,
8384,
288,
268,
1210,
7464,
861,
1604,
375,
617,
1578,
7917,
268,
2557,
289,
3061,
16,
8844,
16,
291,
1817,
17,
2178,
1003,
4547,
2067,
18,
553,
316,
1505,
292,
7856,
291,
3856,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
648,
331,
4209,
16,
1079,
7519,
291,
7500,
523,
18,
1285,
10671,
268,
382,
8384,
1088,
318,
995,
456,
4503,
16,
1578,
375,
4884,
381,
261,
1702,
4547,
2051,
360,
2315,
291,
444,
3980,
16,
4636,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
291,
8768,
18,
203,
1461,
5376,
3057,
5362,
515,
30,
10026,
10317,
1790,
268,
1422,
203,
1461,
630,
8632,
858,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
291,
7271,
93,
755,
749,
6462,
6593,
1422,
316,
1821,
331,
261,
4735,
1411,
4547,
1432,
18,
8876,
289,
362,
352,
261,
7295,
853,
1079,
3980,
437,
444,
5535,
292,
1152,
18,
924,
375,
372,
88,
919,
1980,
268,
4547,
1432,
717,
268,
382,
8384,
2752,
372,
88,
437,
407,
4573,
286,
1982,
292,
1088,
381,
268,
4547,
8399,
1622,
734,
268,
343,
8384,
18,
365,
343,
8384,
1023,
2101,
692,
268,
261,
10352,
280,
833,
16,
1658,
1005,
644,
662,
3910,
16,
1020,
268,
382,
8384,
2844,
658,
16,
2435,
261,
4573,
286,
291,
3034,
301,
11944,
1247,
18,
203,
4326,
8919,
2909,
4698,
336,
662,
3910,
356,
1849,
286,
331,
261,
10352,
280,
291,
1542,
292,
4992,
5036,
325,
734,
268,
5046,
289,
4547,
2629,
18,
1097,
1079,
1422,
716,
288,
10543,
16,
445,
375,
1432,
261,
2295,
2266,
289,
10761,
291,
3583,
360,
662,
3980,
18,
203,
57,
275,
897,
281,
268,
5817,
1795,
87,
289,
662,
6593,
892,
995,
4547,
2067,
375,
1153,
3435,
4102,
636,
268,
1874,
647,
289,
261,
10352,
280,
18,
1285,
4661,
77,
673,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
1472,
749,
6462,
291,
7271,
93,
755,
749,
6462,
6593,
1422,
16,
445,
375,
4884,
381,
261,
5037,
1616,
289,
662,
1044,
3910,
291,
3017,
268,
10761,
291,
8768,
445,
1432,
288
] |
What is Quick Ratio?
The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off short term obligations with liquid assets. In other words, the quick ratio is an accounting ratio that measures a company’s liquidity. It is also known as the acid test ratio as it tests the ability of a company to convert its quick assets into instant cash. The ratio measures the rupee amount of liquid assets available against the rupee amount of current liabilities. Liquid assets or quick assets are those assets that can be instantly converted into cash with a low impact on the price received in the open market. Whereas current liabilities are those expenses that become payable in one year’s time.
Quick ratio considers quick assets and current liabilities for its calculation. The ideal measure is 1:1. Anything less than that indicates the company’s liquidity is low.
Quick Ratio Formula
The Formula for the Quick Ratio is:
Quick Ratio = Quick or Liquid Assets / Current Liabilities
How to Calculate Quick Ratio?
Method-1 | Method-2 |
(Cash and Cash Equivalents + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable) / Current Liabilities | (Current Assets – Inventory – Prepaid Expenses) / Current Liabilities |
Illustration on How To Calculate Quick Ratio –
Particulars | Amount |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Rs 1,80,000 |
Marketable Securities | Rs 3,20,000 |
Accounts Receivable | Rs 4,20,000 |
Total Current Assets | Rs 14,80,000 |
Inventory | Rs 2,40,000 |
Prepaid Expenses | Rs 80,000 |
Current Liabilities | Rs 12,00,000 |
Using Method-1 Quick Assets (Cash and Cash Equivalents + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable) | Rs 9,20,000 (Rs 1,80,000 + Rs 3,20,000 + Rs 4,20,000) |
Quick Ratio (Cash and Cash Equivalents + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable) / Current Liabilities | 0.77 Times (Rs 9,20,000 / Rs 12,00,000) |
Using Method-2 Quick Ratio (Current Assets – Inventory – Prepaid Expenses) / Current Liabilities | 0.97 Times (Rs 11,60,000 / Rs 12,00,000) (Rs 14,80,000 – Rs 2,40,000 – Rs 80,000) / Rs 12,00,000 |
What is Included in the Quick Ratio?
The two main components are liquid assets or quick assets and current liabilities.
These are the most liquid assets owned by the company. They can be easily converted into cash in a short period of time. While converting quick assets into cash, the company shouldn’t incur high costs. For an asset to be a quick asset, there should be minimal to no loss in value during the conversion of these assets to cash. Quick assets include cash, accounts receivable and marketable securities. In other words, these are current assets without inventory and prepaid expenses.
A company’s short-term obligations that become due in the next year are current liabilities. One can easily find them in the company’s balance sheet. Short term debt, accounts payable, outstanding expenses, and other short-term borrowings all come under current liabilities.
Importance of Quick Ratio
Creditors and investors use the quick ratio to determine whether a company is a suitable option for funding or investment. It enables investors and creditors in understanding the readiness of a company to face any financial unexpected crisis. If cash flow becomes a concern, the quick ratio is a crucial indicator of the company’s capacity to satisfy short-term obligations.
However, it is vital to note that this metric does not indicate how the company will meet its obligations when cash flow is regular. It should only be used to understand two things. Firstly, the company’s ability to recover from an emergency circumstance in which it had to spend a considerable amount of money. Secondly, it indicates whether a temporary outflow of considerable cash will have an impact on the company’s day-to-day operations. Moreover, it shows whether in this situation the company will be able to recover quickly or not.
Analysis of Quick Ratio
High or Good Quick Ratio
A quick ratio of 1 or above indicates that the company has sufficient liquid assets to satisfy its short-term obligations. An extremely high quick ratio, on the other hand, isn’t always a good sign. This is because a very high ratio could indicate that the company is resting on a significant amount of cash. This idle cash could be better invested in the business or investment schemes to earn interest or returns.
The best quick ratio for a company depends on a variety of factors. Such factors include the industry it operates in, the markets it serves, its maturity, type of business, the cycle of debtors and creditors, and its creditworthiness.
For instance, an MNC with high creditworthiness and maturity in the industry will be able to survive any financial turbulence. Owing to its relationship with creditors, lenders, and debtors, this company will be in a better position to negotiate payment terms and forecast its market. While on the other hand, this is not applicable to a small business. For a small business, the challenges of maintaining liquid assets are tremendous. It deals with other small businesses that may or may not have a strong financial uphold on their cash flow.
Low Quick Ratio
Businesses with a quick ratio of less than 1 have insufficient quick assets to meet their financial obligations in the event of a financial crisis. This makes it difficult for the companies to repay their creditors and lenders.
If a company’s quick ratio is less than one, it suggests it lacks the ability to satisfy all of its short-term obligations. Furthermore, if the company wants to borrow money, it may have to pay exorbitant interest rates.
Limitations of Quick Ratio
The quick ratio’s fundamental flaw is that it believes a company will satisfy its obligations with its current assets. However, companies generally try to fulfil their obligations using operating cash flow rather than current assets. It solely evaluates a company’s ability to survive a liquidity constraint. The calculation neglects a company’s ability to meet obligations from operating cash flows.
Another shortcoming of the quick ratio is that it ignores other aspects of a company’s liquidity, such as payment terms, negotiation strength, and current credit terms. As a result, the quick ratio does not give the full picture of liquidity. To ensure an end-to-end exposure to a company’s liquidity status, analysts prefer combining quick ratio along with current ratio and cash ratio. Moreover, analysts compare these ratios to industry standards.
Quick ratio assumes that accounts receivable are readily available for conversion. However, it ignores the fact that accounts receivable are yet to be received. Moreover, the receipt also depends on the financial situation of the debtors. A debtor might not be able to pay as and when requested. In such a situation, the accounts receivable will be converted to bad and doubtful debts. In conclusion, it is presumed that the amount will be received while it is not established that debtors will surely pay their debts.
Advantages of Quick Ratio
During difficult circumstances, a company’s capacity to leverage cash and other short-term assets might be critical to its survival. To meet urgent obligations, businesses with cash flow challenges may have to sell inventory at a massive discount or borrow at extremely high interest rates. This measure is a useful metric for determining a company’s ability to deal with cash flow challenges without resorting to boost sales at discounts or borrowing money.
Difference Between Current Ratio and Quick Ratio
The major difference between the quick ratio and the current ratio is that quick ratio is more conservative than the current ratio. The quick ratio considers the assets that are much quicker to convert into cash. It considers cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities as quick assets. Obviously, cash is readily available in-hand cash or bank balance. Moreover, marketable securities are investments that can be redeemed anytime and redemption value can be received in less than 7 days. In addition to these quick assets, accounts receivable are considered quick assets as well. Owing to the nature of the asset, accounts receivable are owned by the company. Hence, a natural entitlement is attached to accounts receivable that can be recovered in the short term.
On the other hand, the current ratio considers inventory in the calculation. Now inventory is a current asset. However, it cannot be considered a quickly convertible asset. This is because inventory will go through the entire cycle starting from sales negotiation to accounts receivable. After this cycle, it will be a quick asset.
Hence, the quick ratio presents an enhanced realistic picture of the financial liquidity of a company. However, while evaluating a company’s liquidity, an analyst must consider all the 3 ratios namely quick ratio, current ratio, and cash ratio. | <urn:uuid:1126e4c2-78e9-4b01-b83a-fa3ebf1cc21a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://scripbox.com/pf/quick-ratio/ | 2024-02-23T23:03:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.943798 | 1,870 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
4688,
316,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
35,
203,
1461,
2025,
6387,
2877,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
2032,
1070,
1912,
2085,
11528,
360,
4907,
5508,
18,
450,
586,
2117,
16,
268,
2025,
6387,
316,
363,
7450,
6387,
336,
2877,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
4011,
4451,
18,
553,
316,
525,
1261,
352,
268,
3175,
1265,
6387,
352,
362,
3265,
268,
1882,
289,
261,
2152,
292,
8354,
606,
2025,
5508,
636,
8015,
6011,
18,
365,
6387,
2877,
268,
384,
987,
1512,
1944,
289,
4907,
5508,
1608,
1573,
268,
384,
987,
1512,
1944,
289,
1619,
609,
2958,
18,
458,
1102,
323,
5508,
361,
2025,
5508,
356,
1014,
5508,
336,
375,
327,
8015,
325,
9480,
636,
6011,
360,
261,
1488,
1393,
341,
268,
3636,
3893,
288,
268,
1591,
1877,
18,
5145,
301,
1619,
609,
2958,
356,
1014,
7275,
336,
1343,
2032,
541,
288,
597,
715,
372,
87,
669,
18,
203,
53,
89,
868,
6387,
573,
5966,
2025,
5508,
291,
1619,
609,
2958,
331,
606,
2460,
1218,
18,
365,
3890,
2074,
316,
433,
30,
21,
18,
5007,
1107,
1165,
687,
336,
6271,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
4011,
4451,
316,
1488,
18,
203,
53,
89,
868,
434,
271,
981,
6445,
3829,
203,
1461,
6445,
3829,
331,
268,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
316,
30,
203,
53,
89,
868,
434,
271,
981,
4267,
3695,
868,
361,
458,
1102,
323,
10516,
340,
4158,
6838,
10280,
2958,
203,
6724,
292,
10933,
2417,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
35,
203,
49,
73,
1212,
17,
21,
869,
7487,
17,
22,
869,
203,
12,
39,
1219,
291,
351,
1219,
6798,
2681,
546,
5799,
2406,
394,
1576,
2706,
10695,
5799,
2109,
2766,
2602,
73,
406,
541,
13,
4158,
6838,
10280,
2958,
869,
421,
39,
324,
1423,
10516,
340,
796,
450,
592,
861,
796,
11940,
3945,
6067,
4205,
13,
4158,
6838,
10280,
2958,
869,
203,
45,
660,
1254,
318,
341,
784,
1122,
10933,
2417,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
796,
203,
52,
294,
410,
705,
87,
869,
2581,
1252,
869,
203,
39,
1219,
291,
351,
1219,
6798,
2681,
546,
869,
434,
87,
433,
16,
5222,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
49,
294,
394,
1576,
2706,
10695,
869,
434,
87,
777,
16,
1388,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
37,
916,
2766,
2602,
73,
406,
541,
869,
434,
87,
988,
16,
1388,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
56,
6194,
6838,
10516,
340,
869,
434,
87,
2967,
16,
5222,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
2983,
592,
861,
869,
434,
87,
497,
16,
5081,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
52,
4528,
3945,
6067,
4205,
869,
434,
87,
4988,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
39,
324,
1423,
10280,
2958,
869,
434,
87,
2211,
16,
587,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
57,
87,
281,
7487,
17,
21,
3695,
868,
10516,
340,
421,
39,
1219,
291,
351,
1219,
6798,
2681,
546,
5799,
2406,
394,
1576,
2706,
10695,
5799,
2109,
2766,
2602,
73,
406,
541,
13,
869,
434,
87,
1717,
16,
1388,
16,
1347,
421,
54,
87,
433,
16,
5222,
16,
1347,
5799,
434,
87,
777,
16,
1388,
16,
1347,
5799,
434,
87,
988,
16,
1388,
16,
1347,
13,
869,
203,
53,
89,
868,
434,
271,
981,
421,
39,
1219,
291,
351,
1219,
6798,
2681,
546,
5799,
2406,
394,
1576,
2706,
10695,
5799,
2109,
2766,
2602,
73,
406,
541,
13,
4158,
6838,
10280,
2958,
869,
2699,
18,
9796,
8767,
421,
54,
87,
1717,
16,
1388,
16,
1347,
4158,
434,
87,
2211,
16,
587,
16,
1347,
13,
869,
203,
57,
87,
281,
7487,
17,
22,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
421,
39,
324,
1423,
10516,
340,
796,
450,
592,
861,
796,
11940,
3945,
6067,
4205,
13,
4158,
6838,
10280,
2958,
869,
2699,
18,
29,
27,
8767,
421,
54,
87,
2912,
16,
4928,
16,
1347,
4158,
434,
87,
2211,
16,
587,
16,
1347,
13,
421,
54,
87,
2967,
16,
5222,
16,
1347,
796,
434,
87,
497,
16,
5081,
16,
1347,
796,
434,
87,
4988,
16,
1347,
13,
4158,
434,
87,
2211,
16,
587,
16,
1347,
869,
203,
4688,
316,
2965,
11314,
288,
268,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
35,
203,
1461,
881,
939,
3008,
356,
4907,
5508,
361,
2025,
5508,
291,
1619,
609,
2958,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
356,
268,
710,
4907,
5508,
9733,
419,
268,
2152,
18,
900,
375,
327,
2619,
9480,
636,
6011,
288,
261,
1912,
1604,
289,
669,
18,
1508,
4753,
542,
2025,
5508,
636,
6011,
16,
268,
2152,
10123,
372,
88,
490,
324,
695,
2762,
18,
906,
363,
8261,
292,
327,
261,
2025,
8261,
16,
686,
788,
327,
7324,
292,
688,
1866,
288,
2003,
995,
268,
9095,
289,
629,
5508,
292,
6011,
18,
3695,
868,
5508,
1226,
6011,
16,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
291,
1491,
394,
1576,
805,
10695,
18,
450,
586,
2117,
16,
629,
356,
1619,
5508,
1298,
10479,
291,
2790,
3945,
7275,
18,
203,
37,
2152,
372,
87,
1912,
17,
950,
11528,
336,
1343,
1504,
288,
268,
2033,
715,
356,
1619,
609,
2958,
18,
1507,
375,
2619,
1255,
622,
288,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
2909,
6800,
18,
9455,
2085,
6306,
16,
5483,
2032,
541,
16,
2424,
11790,
7275,
16,
291,
586,
1912,
17,
950,
10602,
762,
516,
1631,
1064,
1619,
609,
2958,
18,
203,
45,
755,
442,
515,
289,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
39,
1007,
3759,
291,
7431,
666,
268,
2025,
6387,
292,
2747,
2026,
261,
2152,
316,
261,
4021,
3465,
331,
5393,
361,
3994,
18,
553,
5212,
7431,
291,
2977,
3759,
288,
1616,
268,
1078,
1127,
289,
261,
2152,
292,
2425,
723,
2153,
8707,
4742,
18,
829,
6011,
1617,
3125,
261,
4621,
16,
268,
2025,
6387,
316,
261,
1821,
10904,
289,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
3493,
292,
4735,
93,
1912,
17,
950,
11528,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
362,
316,
3226,
292,
3251,
336,
456,
479,
1145,
1082,
462,
4938,
667,
268,
2152,
513,
2148,
606,
11528,
649,
6011,
1617,
316,
1998,
18,
553,
788,
794,
327,
724,
292,
992,
881,
1612,
18,
3029,
325,
16,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
5529,
427,
363,
4380,
5161,
515,
288,
518,
362,
850,
292,
4417,
261,
8411,
1944,
289,
2232,
18,
5056,
325,
16,
362,
6271,
2026,
261,
7724,
628,
4681,
289,
8411,
6011,
513,
437,
363,
1393,
341,
268,
2152,
372,
87,
1196,
17,
278,
17,
1286,
3670,
18,
4553,
16,
362,
2746,
2026,
288,
456,
3118,
268,
2152,
513,
327,
1542,
292,
5529,
2640,
361,
462,
18,
203,
37,
2590,
1883,
289,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
44,
396,
361,
5501,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
37,
2025,
6387,
289,
433,
361,
2159,
6271,
336,
268,
2152,
528,
5138,
4907,
5508,
292,
4735,
93,
606,
1912,
17,
950,
11528,
18,
854,
4179,
695,
2025,
6387,
16,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
3422,
372,
88,
1775,
261,
1060,
823,
18,
540,
316,
971,
261,
1040,
695,
6387,
911,
4938,
336,
268,
2152,
316,
474,
542,
341,
261,
1297,
1944,
289,
6011,
18,
540,
1191,
298,
6011,
911,
327,
1326,
2301,
286,
288,
268,
1433,
361,
3994,
944,
11089,
292,
8042,
1669,
361,
8721,
18,
203,
1461,
1274,
2025,
6387,
331,
261,
2152,
4465,
341,
261,
2233,
289,
1802,
18,
5448,
1802,
1226,
268,
1997,
362,
10912,
288,
16,
268,
6137,
362,
5155,
16,
606,
3732,
1597,
16,
1517,
289,
1433,
16,
268,
3853,
289,
2914,
909,
291,
2977,
3759,
16,
291,
606,
4350,
8664,
1127,
18,
203,
8679,
3569,
16,
363,
383,
7864,
360,
695,
4350,
8664,
1127,
291,
3732,
1597,
288,
268,
1997,
513,
327,
1542,
292,
5879,
723,
2153,
7236,
346,
514,
18,
480,
7624,
292,
606,
2051,
360,
2977,
3759,
16,
308,
10956,
16,
291,
2914,
909,
16,
456,
2152,
513,
327,
288,
261,
1326,
2669,
292,
7245,
381,
7152,
2560,
291,
2382,
6092,
606,
1877,
18,
1508,
341,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
456,
316,
462,
10511,
292,
261,
1139,
1433,
18,
906,
261,
1139,
1433,
16,
268,
2219,
289,
3539,
4907,
5508,
356,
11266,
499,
18,
553,
11234,
360,
586,
1139,
3231,
336,
602,
361,
602,
462,
437,
261,
1806,
2153,
644,
3010,
341,
444,
6011,
1617,
18,
203,
48,
329,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
38,
310,
1127,
274,
360,
261,
2025,
6387,
289,
1165,
687,
433,
437,
11933,
2025,
5508,
292,
2148,
444,
2153,
11528,
288,
268,
2282,
289,
261,
2153,
4742,
18,
540,
1892,
362,
2203,
331,
268,
2499,
292,
751,
350,
444,
2977,
3759,
291,
308,
10956,
18,
203,
6164,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
2025,
6387,
316,
1165,
687,
597,
16,
362,
4299,
362,
308,
1968,
268,
1882,
292,
4735,
93,
516,
289,
606,
1912,
17,
950,
11528,
18,
4343,
16,
717,
268,
2152,
6204,
292,
10602,
2232,
16,
362,
602,
437,
292,
2032,
377,
283,
2079,
438,
1669,
3345,
18,
203,
48,
344,
10419,
289,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
1461,
2025,
6387,
372,
87,
4615,
949,
738,
316,
336,
362,
9173,
261,
2152,
513,
4735,
93,
606,
11528,
360,
606,
1619,
5508,
18,
1121,
16,
2499,
2918,
2644,
292,
5717,
309,
444,
11528,
1001,
4579,
6011,
1617,
2359,
687,
1619,
5508,
18,
553,
9294,
2781,
692,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
5879,
261,
4011,
4451,
7813,
5006,
18,
365,
2460,
1218,
2017,
611,
340,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
2148,
11528,
427,
4579,
6011,
7928,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
1912,
6319,
289,
268,
2025,
6387,
316,
336,
362,
4592,
1538,
586,
3378,
289,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
4011,
4451,
16,
659,
352,
7152,
2560,
16,
7245,
318,
2166,
16,
291,
1619,
4350,
2560,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
268,
2025,
6387,
1082,
462,
1888,
268,
2052,
4378,
289,
4011,
4451,
18,
1122,
1530,
363,
1199,
17,
278,
17,
593,
3285,
292,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
4011,
4451,
3985,
16,
6591,
340,
2809,
10375,
2025,
6387,
1910,
360,
1619,
6387,
291,
6011,
6387,
18,
4553,
16,
6591,
340,
7104,
629,
4338,
3408,
292,
1997,
3319,
18,
203,
53,
89,
868,
6387,
780,
5848,
336,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
356,
9317,
1608,
331,
9095,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
4592,
1538,
268,
1975,
336,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
356,
2770,
292,
327,
3893,
18,
4553,
16,
268,
1723,
517,
88,
525,
4465,
341,
268,
2153,
3118,
289,
268,
2914,
909,
18,
330,
2914,
441,
1276,
462,
327,
1542,
292,
2032,
352,
291,
649,
5453,
286,
18,
450,
659,
261,
3118,
16,
268,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
513,
327,
9480,
292,
3276,
291,
7246,
703,
2914,
340,
18,
450,
4190,
16,
362,
316,
882,
8400,
336,
268,
1944,
513,
327,
3893,
1020,
362,
316,
462,
3413,
336,
2914,
909,
513,
1850,
325,
2032,
444,
2914,
340,
18,
203,
37,
72,
90,
1966,
940,
289,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
40,
714,
2203,
5523,
16,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
3493,
292,
11374,
6011,
291,
586,
1912,
17,
950,
5508,
1276,
327,
2421,
292,
606,
5421,
18,
1122,
2148,
11175,
11528,
16,
3231,
360,
6011,
1617,
2219,
602,
437,
292,
6114,
10479,
430,
261,
5836,
896,
1252,
361,
10602,
430,
4179,
695,
1669,
3345,
18,
540,
2074,
316,
261,
3209,
479,
1145,
331,
7078,
261,
2152,
372,
87,
1882,
292,
3625,
360,
6011,
1617,
2219,
1298,
474,
442,
281,
292,
4663,
6333,
430,
896,
2766,
361,
6803,
5517,
2232,
18,
203,
40,
373,
3701,
8356,
6838,
434,
271,
981,
291,
3695,
868,
434,
271,
981,
203,
1461,
1670,
2921,
858,
268,
2025,
6387,
291,
268,
1619,
6387,
316,
336,
2025,
6387,
316,
512,
7921,
774,
687,
268,
1619,
6387,
18,
365,
2025,
6387,
573,
5966,
268,
5508,
336,
356,
1111,
2025,
265,
292,
8354,
636,
6011,
18,
553,
573,
5966,
6011,
291,
6011,
6869,
546,
291,
1491,
394,
1576,
805,
10695,
352,
2025,
5508,
18,
5905,
4206,
325,
16,
6011,
316,
9317,
1608,
288,
17,
6906,
6011,
361,
4850,
2909,
18,
4553,
16,
1491,
394,
1576,
805,
10695,
356,
7445,
336,
375,
327,
304,
864,
10570,
723,
2130,
291,
2243,
539,
2530,
2003,
375,
327,
3893,
288,
1165,
687,
1499,
1962,
18,
450,
1879,
292,
629,
2025,
5508,
16,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
356,
2221,
2025,
5508,
352,
767,
18,
480,
7624,
292,
268,
2075,
289,
268,
8261,
16,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
356,
9733,
419,
268,
2152,
18,
8315,
16,
261,
1493,
1959,
1093,
367,
316,
7054,
292,
5483,
1723,
406,
541,
336,
375,
327,
5529,
286,
288,
268,
1912,
2085,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
268,
1619,
6387,
573,
5966,
10479,
288,
268,
2460,
1218,
18,
3014,
10479,
316,
261,
1619,
8261,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
2362,
327,
2221,
261,
2640,
4753,
5785,
8261
] |
The mallow flower is a beautiful multi-coloured flower that is traditionally used to cure many diseases. It is very easy to nurture and maintain these plants. We always order flowers online during festivals and see how they make our loved ones happier or make relationships healthier. Still, there is one of the most useful flowers named Mallow we are going to discuss in this article. Beauty and charm always captivate everyone’s heart, but there are a lot of impressive medicinal benefits of mallow flowers which you should be aware of. So, let us begin with them.
Mallow Flower Description
Mallow is a part of the family of beautiful Malvaceae plants. There are some other members of this family such as cotton, hibiscus and okra. This plant can be used for decorative and healing purposes. The flowers have fruits that are cheese-like in shape, and that is why it is called a cheese plant. This is a tufted perennial with stout stems growing to 4 feet. Soft green-fingered leaves and 5-petaled flowers in the leaf axils thrive over a long duration. Fastigiata, with pink flowers, has darker veining and Mallow related variety, Alcea with white blooms on slightly lower stems. The plant is a native of Northern Asia, Africa, and Europe.
How to Grow Mallow Flowers
If you wish to grow Mallow plants, you should grow them in early spring. For those planning to plant them as annuals, they should plant the seeds continuously from spring to early summer. This will give your backyard a steady bloom of Mallow beauties. If you want an indoor start, we advise using peat containers or pots. Transplant before roots begin to arise through the pot. The plant takes two weeks to germinate so leave it in the pots for about eight weeks before transplanting in your garden. When sowing seeds in your garden, ensure that you space small varieties at 30 t0 45 cm apart. So, if you are looking for online flower delivery for your loved ones, let them know about this so they can go on their desired plant like yours— the Mallow.
How to Care for Mallow Flowers
Mallow plants are easy to take care of. Although they grow better in a sunny environment, they can still thrive in partial shade. When the plant reaches 12 inches height, you should pinch back the tip; this ensures that the plant is more compact. Once they are entirely matured, mallow plants thrive solely in nearly all environmental conditions. Although they can grow in dehydration, they bloom better in a well-watered area. Add the fertilizer when you feel that the soil nutrient has exhausted. You should remove spent buds so that they can grow new blooms. If you want to create a perfect seeding condition, cut the plant back by a third after the first set of a flower has withered. Cut them further, when they start sinking.
Health Benefits of Mallow Flowers
The flowers and leaves of most mallows contain vitamin C, mucus, tannins, flavonoids, tannins and essential oils. The flowers of common Mallow are the only known source of glycoside malvin, a naturally occurring chemical. Another species of mallows named Malva sylvestris is traditionally used as a medicine to cure irritation of the mouth throat infection, bronchitis, dry cough, emphysema and asthma. Mallows are used to treat swelling of the mucous membrane in the stomach, intestine, and mouth. Herbalists use Mallow buds to treat constipation, headaches, toothaches, kidney stones, kidney inflammation, gallstones, gastritis and insomnia. You can use common Mallow to treat insect bite, eczema, wounds, boil, pimples, swelling and acne as it has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. They are used by almost all herbalists to treat diverse types of respiratory problems to help out in the mucosa of the respiratory tract to relieve pains. Don’t boil the Mallow plant if you want to use it for its healing properties.
While flowers have beauty, they also have various health benefits. The interesting fact we mentioned above the Mallow blooms will surely help you a lot in future. So once you send flowers online to Kolkata to your near and dear friends, don’t skip sharing this article with them and let them know everything about Mallow flowers.
Why Sleeve Packaging is a Must-Have for Your Product Launch
When it comes to launching a new product, many factors contribute to its success. One such factor is the packaging that the product arrives in. In fact, a product’s packaging can be just as important as the product itself, and it is the first thing potential customers see and can significantly impact their purchasing decisions. This is where Bespoke sleeve packaging comes in. A number of products are launching every day. Moreover, the e-commerce business is growing like no other business platform.
Custom-made sleeve packaging is a type of packaging that wraps around the product, creating a sleeve-like effect. It can be made from various materials, including paperboard, cardboard, and plastic. The custom aspect comes from the ability to design the packaging to fit the specific needs of the product and the brand.
Why Sleeves Are a Good Pick For you?
Sleeves are like the cover of the box. Do you know what’s the fun part about it? These sleeves are compatible with nearly every kind of box. It does not matter what material and color you use; these sleeves can fit all the materials. But you have to see the shape of the packaging. Not all shapes of boxes are ideal for the sleeves. However, there are different shapes that you can choose from all. Moreover, it is more affordable than the whole custom-designed packaging. You can leave the packaging noncustom like you can leave it in plain colors. The sleeves cover the packaging as a whole.
Reasons to Must Have These
Just like all other things, sleeves are an ideal thing. Custom boxes are best for sleeves as they give the ideal message you want. You can print only the main points that you want to showcase. The sleeves also give a distinctive look to the packaging overall. Moreover, it offers a seamless experience to customers in the opening.
Here are some reasons why custom-tailored sleeve packaging is a must-have for your product launch:
1. Creates Brand Awareness
Custom sleeve packaging is an effective way to create brand awareness. By designing unique packaging for your brand, you are visually representing your company. This packaging can help potential customers remember your brand and associate it with their purchasing product.
For example, think of the iconic red and white Coca-Cola logo. When you see those colors, you immediately associate them with Coca-Cola. This is the power of branding; custom packaging can help you achieve the same effect.
2. Increases Perceived Value
Customized sleeve packaging can also increase the perceived value of your product. When a product comes in well-designed packaging, it can make the product feel more valuable and higher quality. This can lead to customers being willing to pay more for your product.
3. Helps Differentiate Your Product
In today’s competitive marketplace, it’s essential to differentiate your product from the competition. Bespoke sleeve box packaging can help you do just that. By creating packaging that is unique and eye-catching, you are setting your product apart from the rest. This can attract customers who may have otherwise chosen a different outcome.
4. Provides Protection
Custom sleeve boxes packaging not only looks great but it also provides protection for your product. This packaging can help keep the product safe from damage during shipping and handling. This can help prevent returns and ensure that customers receive products that are in good condition.
5. Allows for Personalization
Sleeve packaging boxes allow for personalization, which can help create a personal connection with customers. By including the customer’s name or a personalized message on the packaging, you are showing that you care about their experience. This can help increase customer loyalty and encourage repeat business.
6. Supports Sustainability
Sleeve custom packaging can also support sustainability efforts. By choosing eco-friendly materials and designing packaging that can be easily recycled, you are showing your commitment to the environment. This can attract environmentally conscious customers and increase your brand’s positive perception.
In conclusion, custom-built sleeve packaging is a must-have for your product launch. It can help create brand awareness, increase perceived value, differentiate your product, provide protection, allow for personalization, and support sustainability efforts. By investing in custom packaging, you are investing in the success of your product and your brand. Get Instant Printing is one of the best companies in packaging ventures. People in the market trust them with their packaging design and the actual packaging. Packaging companies should be trustworthy, and choosing a company with a long-standing in the market comes with a lot of benefits.
Who is listening in on me? Find a Private Investigator near Me from a Private Investigation Agency to Locate Hidden Bugs, Audio Devices, and Video Cameras
If you are suspicious that someone is listening to you? Is someone watching you? Immediately call a private investigator to check your house for hidden bugs, audio devices, and video cameras. You may not be able to see them, but they may be somewhere in your house. They can be used for both legal and illegal purposes, but if they are in your home, they are illegal. Nobody has a right to disturb your privacy. Law enforcement agencies and private investigation agencies use them. Homeowners in their own houses to capture any theft activity and business owners, etc. As some many ways and tools that can be used to locate hidden bugs, audio devices, and Video cameras, but the following are some important ways that private investigators use to locate these items:
Inspect the place Physically
The first and foremost thing the private investigators will do it that they will check every part of the place, if it’s your house or office. They will inspect the wall, ceiling, furniture, even smoke detector, electronic equipment, hanging pictures, tissue boxes, mirrors, cushions, and everything. They will look at the walls if any tampering is done with them. They will also look at the wires and cables that are not in their place. They will also inspect the lights in every room. They will also check if there is something that is out of its actual place. Run their hand over every place like furniture and feel for anything that doesn’t belong.
Phone Call Method
Another effective method is making a phone call to anyone, moving in the whole place, and checking where the distortion comes from. Whenever you come near any electronic device, you will hear interference. This method is not easy because sometimes you need strong signals on your device. Your device must have a strong signal for this method to be effective.
This is a widely used hand-held portable electronic device. It is a camera detector as well as a bug sweeper. It can detect hidden wired and wireless cameras, phone taps, laser taps, wireless microphones, audio transmitter Bugs, video transmitter bugs, wireless transmitter bugs, GPS trackers (only when transmitting a signal), and camera lenses which have made it my favorite tool to use to locate these items. Private investigators physically inspect the room with the help of this tool, and it makes the sound of a beep when locating any electronic device.
Personal Multi-Bug Detector
This is another great tool to detect hidden cameras, hidden bugs and GPS tracking devices, SIM card bugs, and other equipment. Another important aspect of this tool is that it automatically identifies any dangerous threat in your place with the help of artificial intelligence. There are various applications for the detection device. The device, for instance, can search your house or workplace or your client’s workplace for electronic bugging devices. You can use it to look for electronic bugging devices or “phone taps” on your landlines and mobile devices. It can quickly identify if there is any GPS tracking device in your car. It can also detect any hidden camera in your dressing room. With all these applications, Private investigators prefer to use this detector.
Private investigators have access and experience to use these kinds of tools which an average person can’t do to locate hidden Bugs, audio devices, and video cameras. Using such secret electronic devices has become very common, so we must be extra careful. Private investigators know the techniques to use these detectors, and using these tools requires special skills, so they need their help to locate these items. It is an excellent practice to take their support for their safety.
Just something else to think about dry fire
Dry firing mechanisms are actually very important whether we realize it or not. These days, ammunition alternatives are very popular as regular ammunition prices have inflated so highly. Since 1999, ammunition prices have increased on an average of 224% PER ROUND. Yes you read that right, per round, per bullet, per shot.
That number is absolutely insane. With people constantly wanting to shoot multiple rounds to improve their skills, that number definitely adds up. In my hometown and surrounding areas, reloading you own ammunition was almost never even heard of until the pandemic.
Avid gunmen started scrambling for any rounds they could get there hands on whether they were factory made or hand reloaded. It didn’t really matter, as long as they were able to get there hands on it. It’s insane what this country is/has gone through in the last few years. A
some firearms users like to stick to their old ways or what they already know, dry fire training also could’ve contributed greatly to the shortage as a huge alternative. Dry firing techniques could be used for better training, whether its learning how to use your weapons properly, or to better train your body how to react when a weapon is fired, and I couldn’t agree more. With dry firing techniques in place, you really never have an excuse to not practice as you can utilize this simply anywhere. I know I’ve definitely said I couldn’t practice because I had nowhere to do it, or it was too cold outside, etc.
With newer tactics such as these, it could change the game for everyone! There are so many things it takes to be a good shooter, like dry fire shooting simulator, that a lot of people don’t realize. Personally one of my biggest flaws in shooting firearms and also bows is that I flinch incredibly too much. Whether it be hunting in the woods or even just target practice, I still somehow always manage to flinch. I know that the weapon won’t hurt me, and that I am in control, but I still just always feel like something will happen. As silly as that sounds, that is my biggest problem that I hope to overcome soon. To be able to do all these things, whether for my personal life or in my job field, I have to overcome these things and get better at using these ‘weapons’. With new technology such as dry fire training, practicing to rid of bad habits such as mine, is definitely going to be a lot easier.
Between the rising cost of ammunition and being able to train your body how to properly handle a firearm, the dry fire alternative sounds like a win-win situation to me.Being able to practice all of these techniques from wherever, whenever. Of course if it becomes even more popular over the next few years, it could definitely affect the ammunition companies and suppliers, but they have a hard enough time keeping up right now that I don’t think that’s something to be concerned about at the moment.
Also, another thing to think about, since the COVID-19 outbreak, ammunition and reloading prices have gone up so much. I mean who knows where they’ll be within the next 5 or 10 years. Just something else to think about.
Lifestyle2 years ago
13 Beautiful Decor Ideas to Add Personality to Your Hallway
Quote3 years ago
100+ Amazing Memorable College Life Quotes| Recall Old Days
Entertainment2 years ago
How to Get Positive Feedback by Using Straight Tuck End Boxes
Quote3 years ago
Best 100+ Heart Touching One Side Love Quotes For Him/Her
Status2 years ago
201+ Love Feeling Status for Couple in English | 2022
Quote2 years ago
50+ Famous KGF Movie Dialogues | Rocky Bhai
Status3 years ago
250+ Latest Heart Broken Status For Girls and Boys 2021
Status2 years ago
201+ Romantic Wedding Anniversary Status For Wife | Captions | <urn:uuid:95347f47-9388-4819-bb60-444169e10e66> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uncutpost.com/interesting-medicinal-values-of-mallow-flower-which-you-should-know/ | 2024-02-23T23:16:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.950438 | 3,457 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
1461,
293,
6976,
6994,
316,
261,
4532,
1726,
17,
5847,
8987,
6994,
336,
316,
11014,
724,
292,
7989,
772,
2604,
18,
553,
316,
1040,
2289,
292,
7799,
718,
291,
1638,
629,
1648,
18,
924,
1775,
1544,
4557,
2049,
995,
7395,
645,
291,
901,
667,
502,
804,
662,
5741,
3001,
1561,
1242,
361,
804,
3559,
6361,
18,
8986,
16,
686,
316,
597,
289,
268,
710,
3209,
4557,
4502,
383,
6976,
445,
356,
2118,
292,
1868,
288,
456,
1989,
18,
1367,
4811,
291,
392,
930,
1775,
8298,
381,
3244,
372,
87,
1759,
16,
566,
686,
356,
261,
1774,
289,
9154,
6317,
1420,
1716,
289,
293,
6976,
4557,
518,
337,
788,
327,
2337,
289,
18,
1426,
16,
2053,
407,
1980,
360,
622,
18,
203,
49,
6976,
9856,
265,
2284,
3662,
203,
49,
6976,
316,
261,
923,
289,
268,
1588,
289,
4532,
4858,
90,
570,
2471,
1648,
18,
994,
356,
579,
586,
2420,
289,
456,
1588,
659,
352,
8057,
16,
296,
449,
3219,
310,
291,
272,
79,
1209,
18,
540,
1380,
375,
327,
724,
331,
6681,
774,
291,
5457,
4309,
18,
365,
4557,
437,
4308,
336,
356,
9441,
17,
2656,
288,
3234,
16,
291,
336,
316,
1768,
362,
316,
1478,
261,
9441,
1380,
18,
540,
316,
261,
2199,
74,
691,
574,
11707,
360,
1227,
371,
9239,
2574,
292,
988,
3207,
18,
1426,
1188,
2278,
17,
74,
281,
2142,
2951,
291,
1016,
17,
8481,
3975,
4557,
288,
268,
5658,
6553,
1727,
6103,
658,
261,
917,
7377,
18,
418,
301,
2416,
77,
776,
16,
360,
9498,
4557,
16,
528,
3334,
265,
1271,
2165,
291,
383,
6976,
2336,
2233,
16,
996,
339,
69,
360,
2398,
8430,
87,
341,
5332,
1898,
9239,
18,
365,
1380,
316,
261,
4289,
289,
7638,
5257,
16,
3575,
16,
291,
1994,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
461,
694,
383,
6976,
9856,
332,
203,
6164,
337,
5648,
292,
932,
383,
6976,
1648,
16,
337,
788,
932,
622,
288,
1568,
4362,
18,
906,
1014,
3434,
292,
1380,
622,
352,
2548,
1429,
16,
502,
788,
1380,
268,
3902,
8740,
427,
4362,
292,
1568,
3672,
18,
540,
513,
1888,
424,
1103,
10157,
261,
10326,
8430,
289,
383,
6976,
327,
1183,
1235,
18,
829,
337,
1333,
363,
6905,
1236,
16,
445,
965,
758,
1001,
600,
271,
7912,
361,
279,
1618,
18,
3526,
7222,
1134,
4543,
1980,
292,
7534,
734,
268,
1076,
18,
365,
1380,
2844,
881,
3461,
292,
9791,
5704,
576,
3756,
362,
288,
268,
279,
1618,
331,
608,
5153,
3461,
1134,
10441,
281,
288,
424,
3340,
18,
1097,
269,
9847,
3902,
288,
424,
3340,
16,
1530,
336,
337,
1846,
1139,
6756,
430,
2553,
225,
88,
20,
7170,
8487,
6026,
18,
1426,
16,
717,
337,
356,
2639,
331,
2049,
6994,
5605,
331,
424,
5741,
3001,
16,
2053,
622,
698,
608,
456,
576,
502,
375,
679,
341,
444,
5554,
1380,
730,
424,
87,
1447,
268,
383,
6976,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
4977,
331,
383,
6976,
9856,
332,
203,
49,
6976,
1648,
356,
2289,
292,
1071,
1066,
289,
18,
2696,
502,
932,
1326,
288,
261,
2045,
6130,
1072,
16,
502,
375,
1356,
6103,
288,
10433,
8801,
18,
1097,
268,
1380,
8849,
2211,
5776,
4733,
16,
337,
788,
6692,
355,
1103,
268,
8527,
31,
456,
4698,
336,
268,
1380,
316,
512,
11479,
18,
3126,
502,
356,
6023,
8755,
72,
16,
293,
6976,
1648,
6103,
9294,
288,
3999,
516,
2100,
1533,
18,
2696,
502,
375,
932,
288,
9198,
6991,
16,
502,
8430,
1326,
288,
261,
767,
17,
3095,
286,
1494,
18,
2076,
268,
8388,
649,
337,
1350,
336,
268,
1976,
5842,
528,
7535,
691,
18,
990,
788,
3556,
5382,
803,
727,
576,
336,
502,
375,
932,
733,
8430,
87,
18,
829,
337,
1333,
292,
1408,
261,
3385,
447,
3412,
2057,
16,
2333,
268,
1380,
1103,
419,
261,
3472,
1003,
268,
855,
1075,
289,
261,
6994,
528,
360,
2142,
18,
10246,
622,
1902,
16,
649,
502,
1236,
269,
1914,
18,
203,
8472,
581,
6172,
289,
383,
6976,
9856,
332,
203,
1461,
4557,
291,
2951,
289,
710,
293,
453,
2739,
1462,
3913,
351,
16,
9842,
310,
16,
225,
88,
2586,
1054,
16,
7176,
266,
6006,
16,
225,
88,
2586,
1054,
291,
1505,
7875,
18,
365,
4557,
289,
1112,
383,
6976,
356,
268,
794,
1261,
2088,
289,
9147,
71,
335,
496,
3733,
9908,
16,
261,
5001,
8160,
2344,
18,
3013,
1678,
289,
293,
453,
2739,
4502,
4858,
8088,
928,
80,
973,
322,
277,
316,
11014,
724,
352,
261,
4014,
292,
7989,
10964,
289,
268,
3552,
8395,
2937,
16,
10052,
355,
3326,
16,
2962,
8012,
16,
639,
902,
93,
401,
2647,
291,
7550,
18,
383,
453,
2739,
356,
724,
292,
977,
7775,
289,
268,
9842,
499,
9044,
288,
268,
5615,
16,
7091,
475,
16,
291,
3552,
18,
3603,
3639,
978,
666,
383,
6976,
803,
727,
292,
977,
573,
11945,
16,
9491,
16,
3309,
4024,
16,
6197,
7929,
16,
6197,
4095,
16,
6460,
503,
1661,
16,
2238,
322,
3326,
291,
685,
311,
8726,
18,
990,
375,
666,
1112,
383,
6976,
292,
977,
9468,
8446,
16,
2235,
94,
7701,
16,
276,
3198,
16,
10762,
16,
279,
344,
1524,
16,
7775,
291,
11847,
352,
362,
528,
1743,
17,
8929,
291,
1743,
17,
70,
1223,
439,
3227,
18,
900,
356,
724,
419,
2764,
516,
954,
3639,
978,
292,
977,
3596,
1640,
289,
5768,
1626,
292,
617,
628,
288,
268,
9842,
5182,
289,
268,
5768,
8009,
292,
9686,
1293,
87,
18,
3818,
372,
88,
10762,
268,
383,
6976,
1380,
717,
337,
1333,
292,
666,
362,
331,
606,
5457,
3227,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
4557,
437,
5115,
16,
502,
525,
437,
1320,
661,
1716,
18,
365,
4149,
1975,
445,
4565,
2159,
268,
383,
6976,
8430,
87,
513,
1850,
325,
617,
337,
261,
1774,
288,
1571,
18,
1426,
2340,
337,
4671,
4557,
2049,
292,
696,
320,
79,
776,
292,
424,
1834,
291,
386,
294,
3295,
16,
1373,
372,
88,
885,
517,
5135,
456,
1989,
360,
622,
291,
2053,
622,
698,
3423,
608,
383,
6976,
4557,
18,
203,
59,
2626,
343,
298,
73,
317,
382,
583,
1516,
316,
261,
383,
599,
17,
44,
1284,
331,
2073,
5895,
88,
5342,
2919,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
4263,
281,
261,
733,
2430,
16,
772,
1802,
2885,
292,
606,
1577,
18,
1507,
659,
3488,
316,
268,
7215,
336,
268,
2430,
2355,
1022,
288,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
261,
2430,
372,
87,
7215,
375,
327,
1039,
352,
851,
352,
268,
2430,
2635,
16,
291,
362,
316,
268,
855,
2810,
1439,
4620,
901,
291,
375,
3105,
1393,
444,
9335,
3073,
18,
540,
316,
853,
391,
274,
84,
3520,
10537,
73,
317,
7215,
1974,
288,
18,
330,
1289,
289,
1786,
356,
4263,
281,
953,
1196,
18,
4553,
16,
268,
303,
17,
1896,
815,
339,
1433,
316,
2574,
730,
688,
586,
1433,
4412,
18,
203,
39,
310,
1049,
17,
7363,
10537,
73,
317,
7215,
316,
261,
1517,
289,
7215,
336,
2111,
1881,
1149,
268,
2430,
16,
2435,
261,
10537,
73,
317,
17,
2656,
2365,
18,
553,
375,
327,
1146,
427,
1320,
1811,
16,
1118,
2237,
4401,
16,
2930,
4401,
16,
291,
3411,
18,
365,
2944,
4437,
1974,
427,
268,
1882,
292,
1019,
268,
7215,
292,
3082,
268,
1430,
1470,
289,
268,
2430,
291,
268,
5753,
18,
203,
59,
2626,
343,
298,
73,
973,
2987,
261,
5501,
382,
868,
906,
337,
35,
203,
55,
298,
73,
973,
356,
730,
268,
1955,
289,
268,
4001,
18,
2094,
337,
698,
768,
372,
87,
268,
1083,
923,
608,
362,
35,
948,
10537,
73,
973,
356,
8416,
801,
360,
3999,
953,
2066,
289,
4001,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
2667,
768,
1193,
291,
2191,
337,
666,
31,
629,
10537,
73,
973,
375,
3082,
516,
268,
1811,
18,
1163,
337,
437,
292,
901,
268,
3234,
289,
268,
7215,
18,
3217,
516,
6133,
289,
10019,
356,
3890,
331,
268,
10537,
73,
973,
18,
1121,
16,
686,
356,
865,
6133,
336,
337,
375,
2869,
427,
516,
18,
4553,
16,
362,
316,
512,
7718,
687,
268,
2399,
2944,
17,
4696,
9877,
7215,
18,
990,
375,
3756,
268,
7215,
1677,
71,
310,
1049,
730,
337,
375,
3756,
362,
288,
8626,
4330,
18,
365,
10537,
73,
973,
1955,
268,
7215,
352,
261,
2399,
18,
203,
8594,
2732,
292,
383,
599,
5370,
948,
203,
46,
599,
730,
516,
586,
1612,
16,
10537,
73,
973,
356,
363,
3890,
2810,
18,
9037,
1049,
10019,
356,
1274,
331,
10537,
73,
973,
352,
502,
1888,
268,
3890,
4718,
337,
1333,
18,
990,
375,
6598,
794,
268,
939,
3097,
336,
337,
1333,
292,
7273,
575,
18,
365,
10537,
73,
973,
525,
1888,
261,
8647,
1500,
292,
268,
7215,
2114,
18,
4553,
16,
362,
2767,
261,
7677,
1465,
1432,
292,
4620,
288,
268,
6191,
18,
203,
44,
387,
356,
579,
3218,
1768,
2944,
17,
5991,
2723,
10537,
73,
317,
7215,
316,
261,
1204,
17,
76,
1284,
331,
424,
2430,
4263,
30,
203,
21,
18,
5378,
274,
2439,
481,
11621,
822,
203,
39,
310,
1049,
10537,
73,
317,
7215,
316,
363,
1783,
898,
292,
1408,
5753,
3717,
18,
1285,
8397,
2070,
7215,
331,
424,
5753,
16,
337,
356,
10133,
9108,
424,
2152,
18,
540,
7215,
375,
617,
1439,
4620,
3283,
424,
5753,
291,
9324,
362,
360,
444,
9335,
2430,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
1779,
289,
268,
10911,
2243,
291,
2398,
351,
415,
69,
17,
39,
7127,
2866,
83,
18,
1097,
337,
901,
1014,
4330,
16,
337,
4248,
9324,
622,
360,
351,
415,
69,
17,
39,
7127,
18,
540,
316,
268,
1056,
289,
5753,
281,
31,
2944,
7215,
375,
617,
337,
2446,
268,
1162,
2365,
18,
203,
22,
18,
6202,
936,
2955,
339,
1665,
4145,
610,
203,
39,
310,
1049,
963,
10537,
73,
317,
7215,
375,
525,
1643,
268,
8605,
2003,
289,
424,
2430,
18,
1097,
261,
2430,
1974,
288,
767,
17,
4696,
9877,
7215,
16,
362,
375,
804,
268,
2430,
1350,
512,
3435,
291,
1797,
1630,
18,
540,
375,
912,
292,
4620,
1018,
6464,
292,
2032,
512,
331,
424,
2430,
18,
203,
23,
18,
4470,
782,
5740,
560,
381,
2073,
5895,
88,
203,
2983,
1853,
372,
87,
7089,
1877,
3977,
16,
362,
372,
87,
1505,
292,
7790,
381,
424,
2430,
427,
268,
6332,
18,
391,
274,
84,
3520,
10537,
73,
317,
4001,
7215,
375,
617,
337,
565,
1039,
336,
18,
1285,
2435,
7215,
336,
316,
2070,
291,
2592,
17,
71,
1421,
281,
16,
337,
356,
2652,
424,
2430,
6026,
427,
268,
3061,
18,
540,
375,
7842,
4620,
650,
602,
437,
5654,
6196,
261,
865,
6811,
18,
203,
24,
18,
4854,
1701,
7565,
203,
39,
310,
1049,
10537,
73,
317,
10019,
7215,
462,
794,
5092,
1312,
566,
362,
525,
1956,
2759,
331,
424,
2430,
18,
540,
7215,
375,
617,
1288,
268,
2430,
1995,
427,
2183,
995,
10332,
291,
6439,
18,
540,
375,
617,
1463,
8721,
291,
1530,
336,
4620,
3273,
1786,
336,
356,
288,
1060,
2057,
18,
203,
25,
18,
1771,
2739,
331,
8781,
1260,
203,
55,
298,
73,
317,
7215,
10019,
1059,
331,
1845,
1260,
16,
518,
375,
617,
1408,
261,
1845,
3583,
360,
4620,
18,
1285,
1118,
268,
4790,
372,
87,
1932,
361,
261,
7070,
4718,
341,
268,
7215,
16,
337,
356,
5526,
336,
337,
1066,
608,
444,
1432,
18,
540,
375,
617,
1643,
4790,
9784,
562,
291,
4078,
9675,
1433,
18,
203,
26,
18,
4117,
1316,
6378,
1303,
203,
55,
298,
73,
317,
2944,
7215,
375,
525,
1105,
4952,
3107,
18,
1285,
5930,
7530,
17,
5350,
1811,
291,
8397,
7215,
336,
375,
327,
2619,
8837,
16,
337,
356,
5526,
424,
5520,
292,
268,
1072,
18,
540,
375,
7842,
8493,
5286,
4620,
291,
1643,
424,
5753,
372,
87,
2262,
7361,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
2944,
17,
5242,
6503,
10537,
73,
317,
7215,
316,
261,
1204,
17,
76,
1284,
331,
424,
2430,
4263,
18,
553,
375,
617,
1408,
5753,
3717,
16,
1643,
8605,
2003,
16,
7790,
381,
424,
2430,
16,
1153,
2759,
16,
1059,
331,
1845,
1260,
16,
291,
1105,
4952,
3107,
18,
1285,
7922,
288,
2944,
7215,
16,
337,
356,
7922,
288,
268,
1577,
289,
424,
2430,
291,
424,
5753,
18,
4114,
450,
3150,
10693,
542,
316,
597,
289,
268,
1274,
2499,
288,
7215,
6995,
889,
18,
3395,
288,
268,
1877,
3847,
622,
360,
444,
7215,
1019,
291,
268,
4741,
7215,
18,
382,
583,
1516,
2499,
788,
327,
11204,
544,
2024,
93,
16,
291,
5930,
261,
2152,
360,
261,
917,
17,
6261,
281,
288,
268,
1877,
1974,
360,
261,
1774,
289,
1716,
18,
203,
2895,
83,
316,
6489,
288,
341,
479,
35,
6852,
261,
9085,
381,
11155,
2416,
1622,
1834,
2172,
427,
261,
9085,
381,
11155,
2416,
318
] |
The final version of the New Zealand History Curriculum contained no significant changes in spite of widespread concerns. The consultation process was an exercise in window dressing. The review panel was stacked, dissenting historians were silenced, the terms of reference limited, the period of consultation constricted, and the outcome predetermined.
What has been produced is not a "history curriculum" as such. What has been produced is a perspective on history that is fundamentally based on Critical Race Theory.
Critical Race Theory assumes the following:
1. That the primary driver of human action is the pursuit of power
2. That power has been almost exclusively exercised by people of European descent
3. That the people of colonised lands were not materially benefited in any significant way by the process of colonisation
4. That colonisation displaced a near utopian existence with an existence of institutionalised oppression
5. That this oppression remains embedded in every aspect of social and institutional life and is the ultimate cause of all disparity
6. That the solution is decolonisation
7. That any arguments to the contrary are contaminated by privilege and must be immediately invalidated and driven mercilessly from the public domain
We should not be concerned that there are controversial ways of looking at history, debate is the lifeblood of the historical method. But alternative perspectives can be deliberately suppressed for personal or political gain, and in order to advance one perspective alone, creating the impression that alternative perspectives are not credible. As a consequence, critical knowledge is cast to the wind, perspectives become untethered from the events which gave rise to them, and the deliberate selection of some facts, and denial of others, can create questionable conclusions, unbalanced views, and unjustified causes.
History is more an art than a science. Being open to alternative perspectives forces the consideration of inconvenient facts. This is how ideas are sifted, shaped, refined, tested, some last and some don't. Legitimate historical inquiry is a natural bulwark against extreme ideas and intentional manipulation. Of course, history practiced legitimately is something of a rough and tumble exercise, you can be confronted with perspectives you find offensive, and you may have to concede or modify a position in light of new facts. But there are nearly always reasons why some facts are left out, or understated, and why some are included, and sometimes overstated. When critiquing a historical perspective, it is often a very good starting point to ask yourself precisely which critical information is left out, there is always a reason for this.
In short, to engage in history properly is to willingly expose your primary assumptions (and prejudices) to the light of alternative perspectives.
With respect to colonisation, we are never told that intertribal slavery existed in almost every colonised land prior to colonization, or that the earliest slave traders were not the nations of Europe, or that tribal groups often lived in perpetual fear of their more powerful and ambitious neighbours, or that colonisation was sometimes a lifeline to smaller tribes fearful of annihilation at the hands of larger tribes.
We are not told that traditional societies were generally highly stratified, with almost no upward mobility, that tribal life was often brutal and short, that cannibalism was sometimes practised, that pantheistic and spiritualistic religions made people fearful, that primitive and labour-intensive technology exposed people to a life of toil, and regularly to the vagaries of famine.
We are not told that sometimes the colonising powers were very reluctant colonisers, that a piece of land purchased by a settler may have been paid for at least a dozen times to multiple owners, that missionaries and foreign service officials were often the most ardent advocates for the protection of indigenous people, that the punishment of indigenous children for speaking their native language at school was often at the behest of their parents.
We are seldom told that the anglo nations were the first in the world to legislate against slavery, that colonisation brought advantages ... more comfortable homes became possible with the arrival of nails, written language with the arrival of the alphabet, warm clothing and blankets with the arrival of textiles, better diets with the introduction of new crops, more accountability (and justice) with the arrival of a legal system, a more coherent set of propositional ethics with the arrival of Christianity. It is easy to trivialize these things from our twenty-first-century perspective, but these changes yielded no small gain, and help to explain the eagerness of many colonised people to engage with the colonisers.
Consideration of the bigger (and fuller) picture brings perspective.
Colonisation was often, and ultimately, a brutalising process, and the impacts of colonisation endure. But the history of the world is one of constant colonisation, of the over-layering of people groups, of subjugation and integration, and worse, over and over again. There are almost no exceptions to this. People moved when they needed to, and displaced others when they could. Stronger tribes prevailed, and weaker tribes were assimilated, enslaved, or exterminated. Similarly, the nations of Europe emerged from tribal beginnings and, as a result of often protracted territorial conflicts between these tribes, national borders emerged.
Colonisation is a manifestation of the outworking of universal principles, and reflects powerful human instincts to survive at a minimum, and to thrive at best. Judgment of historical realities needs to be tempered with a realistic, and balanced, vision of human nature, not a myopic and idealised one, and not one which attributes vice almost exclusively to some, and virtue almost exclusively to others. The proposed new curriculum is not a balanced presentation of the facts, but a cut-and-paste justification for an unbalanced and agenda-ridden view of history. Its core assumptions are selective and highly challengeable.
If anything, history teaches us that we are not so different from those who have come before us, or from those who inhabit a different part of our planet. We have similar motivations, good and bad. Individually, and collectively, we repeat the sins of earlier generations, nuanced and rationalized to our time and context, and commensurate with our ability to do so. We can be cruel when the opportunity for gain presents, when our interests are threatened, or when we are fearful. We sin against others, not always in equal measure, but we sin against them nevertheless. The same precipitating motivational drivers exist for us all, adjusted only to scale and circumstance. This should create within us a reluctance to point our fingers. It is sometimes right to seek redress, but we should be honest about the actions of our forebears too, we should not rest our arguments on convenient facts alone, and sweep inconvenient facts under the carpet.
Radical re-sets, always accompanied by a historical cut and paste exercise, usually do not go well, and can be ultimately catastrophic. The French, Russian and Maoist elitist revolutions were all attempts at sudden change. Books were burned, statues toppled, churches razed to the ground, and re-education, including radically different interpretations of history, became a paramount preoccupation. In Paris, the streets ran with blood, and a prostitute was carried to Notre Dame and invested as the new goddess of reason, in Russia, a man owning three cows instead of one could be dispatched to a Siberian gulag for his overt capitalism, and in China, countless people disappeared without a trace. Perhaps worst of all, in the grip of something akin to a mass psychosis, people began to turn on each other. Knowing what happens when ideas are pushed to (or beyond) their limits (which invariably happens when competing perspectives are disregarded) gives us a taste of how badly things can actually turn out. We could never end in such a place, how sure are you of that?
Repeated comments by the Maori Party, and others on the left of politics, that Maori were subjected to genocide, and a holocaust, are an object lesson in where you can end up when you play loose with the facts of history, and when you can come to believe your own lies. What do they know, if anything, of the experience of the Jewish people throughout the ages? To equate the planned, systematic extermination of six million Jews with the colonisation of New Zealand is unforgivably ignorant. Loose-lipped commentators in the United States have been stood down, and forced to apologise, for anti-semitic comments of lesser magnitude than this, and yet the New Zealand media have barely commented, or challenged, such baseless assertions, it largely passed without notice, more than once
In short, history is impossibly complex, as are the people it seeks to represent. As there is no truth, but many truths, there is no history but many histories. Thus what makes history exciting, is also what makes it prone to abuse. The new curriculum is not a history curriculum in any valid sense. It is a selective view of the past, based on questionable assumptions. The new curriculum seeks to enshrine Critical Race Theory as the primary lens through which we make sense of past and present realities. It silences dissenting views, narrows perspectives, pits people groups against each other, attributes vice to some and villainy to others, and contaminates our national consciousness.
Perhaps worst of all it contravenes the duty of all educators to ensure that their students have a right to their own worldview, to question without fear, to seek the fuller picture, to ascertain motive, and to weigh in light of broader considerations. In short, our students have a right to be free from indoctrination by those who have no tolerance for those who see things differently or who are easily offended.
Critical Race Theory is cleverly hidden throughout this insidious document but it is there nevertheless, the subtle twists of phrase, and the occasional concessions to good sense, make it all the more dangerous. All indications are that this government will muster every mechanism at its disposal to see that this document is implemented to the letter. Instructions to schools have been clear, and problematic books have already been removed from libraries.
Three Waters will not be this government's legacy, The Aotearoa NZ History document will be its true legacy. As they are consigned to the opposition benches, as they soon will, the left will console themselves that the seeds have been planted ... in our institutions, in our schools, and in the minds of the most impressionable, and it is only a matter of time before they will get to water these seeds again. With the left, it is always the long game that counts.
I would strongly recommend ‘The Uses and Abuses of History” by eminent historian Margaret MacMillan for a fuller explanation of the risks of doing history badly. And I would like, as a person of part-Jewish descent, to recommend the following website to the Maori Party, or anyone interested, for their education and edification: https://www.ushmm.org/
History done well is an adventure, if done poorly, it is best left alone!
Caleb Anderson, a graduate history, economics, psychotherapy and theology, has been an educator for over thirty years, twenty as a school principal. This article was first published at Breaking Views | <urn:uuid:da9e97da-bee1-49d7-880a-496cb3af06ae> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bassettbrashandhide.com/post/caleb-anderson-nz-history-curriculum-critical-race-theory-coming-to-a-school-near-you | 2024-02-24T00:03:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.96231 | 2,288 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
1461,
3657,
4408,
289,
268,
1525,
8960,
4221,
4039,
4360,
7905,
688,
1297,
1703,
288,
440,
674,
289,
6394,
3529,
18,
365,
10532,
833,
454,
363,
2671,
288,
5851,
295,
7197,
18,
365,
2911,
6525,
454,
471,
583,
286,
16,
4613,
302,
281,
2328,
1825,
664,
3124,
2585,
16,
268,
2560,
289,
5137,
3064,
16,
268,
1604,
289,
10532,
573,
1145,
691,
16,
291,
268,
6811,
561,
864,
950,
1451,
18,
203,
4688,
528,
712,
3141,
316,
462,
261,
991,
76,
277,
861,
4985,
6,
352,
659,
18,
1021,
528,
712,
3141,
316,
261,
4785,
341,
1550,
336,
316,
11472,
523,
1585,
341,
10261,
962,
434,
570,
11825,
18,
203,
39,
634,
962,
434,
570,
11825,
780,
5848,
268,
1685,
30,
203,
21,
18,
2015,
268,
2818,
7226,
289,
1195,
2433,
316,
268,
11343,
289,
1056,
203,
22,
18,
2015,
1056,
528,
712,
2764,
377,
11487,
1969,
1754,
419,
689,
289,
3366,
697,
1243,
203,
23,
18,
2015,
268,
689,
289,
3391,
1754,
7065,
664,
462,
1193,
325,
1335,
1006,
288,
723,
1297,
898,
419,
268,
833,
289,
3391,
3944,
203,
24,
18,
2015,
3391,
3944,
2870,
2276,
261,
1834,
448,
3744,
779,
5682,
360,
363,
5682,
289,
11769,
1754,
1365,
1610,
203,
25,
18,
2015,
456,
1365,
1610,
3341,
9993,
288,
953,
4437,
289,
1234,
291,
11769,
943,
291,
316,
268,
9376,
1342,
289,
516,
10064,
380,
203,
26,
18,
2015,
268,
2966,
316,
766,
320,
266,
3944,
203,
27,
18,
2015,
723,
9048,
292,
268,
11925,
356,
9718,
419,
9547,
369,
291,
1204,
327,
4248,
787,
280,
323,
488,
291,
7455,
8461,
309,
368,
325,
427,
268,
1376,
6894,
203,
3464,
788,
462,
327,
5790,
336,
686,
356,
11967,
1714,
289,
2639,
430,
1550,
16,
6963,
316,
268,
943,
640,
509,
289,
268,
3607,
1336,
18,
1163,
3833,
7255,
375,
327,
10582,
1300,
752,
5142,
331,
1845,
361,
2589,
3277,
16,
291,
288,
1544,
292,
3555,
597,
4785,
3773,
16,
2435,
268,
11514,
336,
3833,
7255,
356,
462,
2977,
801,
18,
760,
261,
10793,
16,
2421,
1772,
316,
6408,
292,
268,
2206,
16,
7255,
1343,
543,
359,
411,
286,
427,
268,
2616,
518,
4934,
3573,
292,
622,
16,
291,
268,
10582,
381,
5782,
289,
579,
5265,
16,
291,
4327,
439,
289,
1548,
16,
375,
1408,
2302,
541,
10880,
16,
543,
3639,
1872,
5937,
16,
291,
543,
78,
310,
5309,
2384,
18,
203,
44,
277,
861,
316,
512,
363,
1699,
687,
261,
2186,
18,
6860,
1591,
292,
3833,
7255,
4157,
268,
6748,
289,
490,
266,
592,
747,
5265,
18,
540,
316,
667,
2854,
356,
269,
373,
691,
16,
7957,
16,
1210,
1451,
16,
5635,
16,
579,
1887,
291,
579,
1373,
2091,
18,
1732,
3804,
6669,
3607,
288,
10760,
316,
261,
1493,
3646,
91,
844,
1573,
4657,
2854,
291,
4737,
1556,
6219,
1218,
18,
2721,
1911,
16,
1550,
1952,
286,
9133,
9218,
316,
1890,
289,
261,
5602,
291,
4792,
665,
2671,
16,
337,
375,
327,
1275,
1554,
691,
360,
7255,
337,
1255,
1070,
2201,
16,
291,
337,
602,
437,
292,
353,
1553,
73,
361,
11605,
261,
2669,
288,
1360,
289,
733,
5265,
18,
1163,
686,
356,
3999,
1775,
3218,
1768,
579,
5265,
356,
2294,
628,
16,
361,
4277,
88,
488,
16,
291,
1768,
579,
356,
3380,
16,
291,
2903,
6290,
88,
488,
18,
1097,
793,
501,
395,
281,
261,
3607,
4785,
16,
362,
316,
970,
261,
1040,
1060,
4089,
1813,
292,
2379,
2757,
9566,
518,
2421,
1009,
316,
2294,
628,
16,
686,
316,
1775,
261,
2190,
331,
456,
18,
203,
2983,
1912,
16,
292,
4151,
288,
1550,
3624,
316,
292,
513,
5052,
771,
595,
424,
2818,
11429,
421,
481,
561,
10330,
974,
13,
292,
268,
1360,
289,
3833,
7255,
18,
203,
59,
349,
3856,
292,
3391,
3944,
16,
445,
356,
2270,
4225,
336,
630,
1101,
280,
8582,
10544,
288,
2764,
953,
3391,
1754,
1283,
2676,
292,
3391,
1260,
16,
361,
336,
268,
8797,
10114,
1468,
332,
664,
462,
268,
5630,
289,
1994,
16,
361,
336,
4824,
280,
2303,
970,
5361,
288,
574,
8481,
800,
3541,
289,
444,
512,
3184,
291,
4971,
7136,
6327,
1913,
16,
361,
336,
3391,
3944,
454,
2903,
261,
2339,
4633,
292,
3513,
9973,
3541,
703,
289,
2548,
7898,
309,
318,
430,
268,
3237,
289,
3080,
9973,
18,
203,
3464,
356,
462,
4225,
336,
2338,
8217,
664,
2918,
2871,
637,
271,
2234,
16,
360,
2764,
688,
644,
1032,
7834,
16,
336,
4824,
280,
943,
454,
970,
741,
371,
280,
291,
1912,
16,
336,
375,
82,
449,
280,
997,
454,
2903,
549,
613,
1754,
16,
336,
2814,
1381,
1784,
291,
4678,
1784,
2646,
806,
1146,
689,
3541,
703,
16,
336,
1849,
1257,
291,
8366,
17,
11749,
464,
1428,
4504,
689,
292,
261,
943,
289,
292,
309,
16,
291,
3963,
292,
268,
9897,
2659,
289,
1077,
475,
18,
203,
3464,
356,
462,
4225,
336,
2903,
268,
3391,
2252,
7290,
664,
1040,
711,
9451,
438,
3391,
277,
332,
16,
336,
261,
4032,
289,
1283,
9894,
419,
261,
9871,
2546,
602,
437,
712,
5826,
331,
430,
2144,
261,
565,
6837,
1708,
292,
2563,
3896,
16,
336,
4536,
2659,
291,
4562,
2468,
6564,
664,
970,
268,
710,
598,
72,
302,
5110,
692,
331,
268,
2759,
289,
7761,
689,
16,
336,
268,
11111,
289,
7761,
1024,
331,
5749,
444,
4289,
1719,
430,
1166,
454,
970,
430,
268,
1180,
443,
289,
444,
2463,
18,
203,
3464,
356,
269,
306,
2934,
4225,
336,
268,
4217,
9731,
5630,
664,
268,
855,
288,
268,
887,
292,
8156,
381,
1573,
8582,
16,
336,
3391,
3944,
3835,
4576,
7298,
512,
5177,
3872,
2457,
1522,
360,
268,
10907,
289,
314,
4933,
16,
3245,
1719,
360,
268,
10907,
289,
268,
9035,
2724,
16,
2961,
6099,
291,
725,
282,
3129,
360,
268,
10907,
289,
3462,
9530,
16,
1326,
8555,
360,
268,
5705,
289,
733,
5136,
16,
512,
11277,
421,
481,
5285,
13,
360,
268,
10907,
289,
261,
2953,
892,
16,
261,
512,
742,
2562,
302,
1075,
289,
11576,
1301,
10639,
360,
268,
10907,
289,
9828,
18,
553,
316,
2289,
292,
432,
406,
439,
918,
629,
1612,
427,
662,
8531,
17,
74,
773,
17,
9664,
4785,
16,
566,
629,
1703,
6788,
286,
688,
1139,
3277,
16,
291,
617,
292,
4345,
268,
303,
4411,
822,
289,
772,
3391,
1754,
689,
292,
4151,
360,
268,
3391,
277,
332,
18,
203,
39,
625,
890,
318,
289,
268,
7532,
421,
481,
2052,
265,
13,
4378,
6044,
4785,
18,
203,
39,
320,
266,
3944,
454,
970,
16,
291,
5406,
16,
261,
741,
371,
280,
2252,
833,
16,
291,
268,
3960,
289,
3391,
3944,
1199,
469,
18,
1163,
268,
1550,
289,
268,
887,
316,
597,
289,
3453,
3391,
3944,
16,
289,
268,
658,
17,
80,
350,
1489,
289,
689,
2303,
16,
289,
979,
78,
1010,
318,
291,
5791,
16,
291,
5950,
16,
658,
291,
658,
1221,
18,
994,
356,
2764,
688,
377,
6795,
292,
456,
18,
3395,
5381,
649,
502,
2224,
292,
16,
291,
2870,
2276,
1548,
649,
502,
911,
18,
3455,
535,
265,
9973,
1035,
726,
286,
16,
291,
3344,
265,
9973,
664,
780,
344,
309,
488,
16,
1126,
80,
8171,
16,
361,
377,
950,
4231,
18,
7667,
16,
268,
5630,
289,
1994,
7496,
427,
4824,
280,
3484,
87,
291,
16,
352,
261,
1636,
289,
970,
347,
322,
4473,
4779,
6358,
7961,
858,
629,
9973,
16,
2511,
10051,
7496,
18,
203,
39,
320,
266,
3944,
316,
261,
8438,
318,
289,
268,
628,
7665,
289,
7707,
3995,
16,
291,
8490,
3184,
1195,
1603,
1329,
340,
292,
5879,
430,
261,
5642,
16,
291,
292,
6103,
430,
1274,
18,
7320,
4509,
289,
3607,
1409,
647,
1470,
292,
327,
1641,
286,
360,
261,
8529,
16,
291,
5218,
16,
3548,
289,
1195,
2075,
16,
462,
261,
1290,
389,
300,
291,
3890,
1754,
597,
16,
291,
462,
597,
518,
9925,
11606,
2764,
377,
11487,
292,
579,
16,
291,
9861,
73,
2764,
377,
11487,
292,
1548,
18,
365,
5684,
733,
4985,
316,
462,
261,
5218,
7388,
289,
268,
5265,
16,
566,
261,
2333,
17,
481,
17,
84,
4549,
7874,
8852,
331,
363,
543,
3639,
1872,
291,
737,
10270,
17,
86,
5477,
1889,
289,
1550,
18,
3837,
4144,
11429,
356,
2216,
656,
291,
2871,
3659,
541,
18,
203,
6164,
3784,
16,
1550,
10182,
407,
336,
445,
356,
462,
576,
865,
427,
1014,
650,
437,
1631,
1134,
407,
16,
361,
427,
1014,
650,
8780,
261,
865,
923,
289,
662,
3799,
18,
924,
437,
1979,
4042,
500,
16,
1060,
291,
3276,
18,
7672,
1141,
16,
291,
1664,
4049,
16,
445,
9675,
268,
269,
1054,
289,
4235,
5568,
16,
8722,
1872,
291,
9327,
963,
292,
662,
669,
291,
3558,
16,
291,
580,
614,
324,
381,
360,
662,
1882,
292,
565,
576,
18,
924,
375,
327,
793,
2394,
649,
268,
3249,
331,
3277,
6887,
16,
649,
662,
5015,
356,
9250,
16,
361,
649,
445,
356,
3541,
703,
18,
924,
5788,
1573,
1548,
16,
462,
1775,
288,
4458,
2074,
16,
566,
445,
5788,
1573,
622,
2270,
6088,
18,
365,
1162,
10572,
297,
673,
4042,
778,
7150,
3953,
331,
407,
516,
16,
3886,
286,
794,
292,
3664,
291,
5161,
515,
18,
540,
788,
1408,
1291,
407,
261,
711,
9451,
515,
292,
1813,
662,
9902,
18,
553,
316,
2903,
1328,
292,
3772,
2243,
550,
16,
566,
445,
788,
327,
9142,
608,
268,
3441,
289,
662,
2382,
70,
8746,
1232,
16,
445,
788,
462,
3061,
662,
9048,
341,
8039,
5265,
3773,
16,
291,
4181,
559,
490,
266,
592,
747,
5265,
1064,
268,
877,
8481,
18,
203,
54,
354,
466,
304,
17,
401,
340,
16,
1775,
8923,
419,
261,
3607,
2333,
291,
279,
4549,
2671,
16,
1840,
565,
462,
679,
767,
16,
291,
375,
327,
5406,
11892,
2361,
18,
365,
3770,
16,
6144,
291,
4954,
83,
588,
1628,
297,
588,
10619,
2128,
664,
516,
7949,
430,
5671,
1317,
18,
10703,
664,
11224,
16,
2291,
893,
292,
398,
1041,
16,
10901,
384,
1600,
286,
292,
268,
2107,
16,
291,
304,
17,
286,
405,
318,
16,
1118,
2010,
1030,
865,
4834,
500,
289,
1550,
16,
2457,
261,
5585,
1252,
561,
8200,
987,
318,
18,
450,
7102,
16,
268,
9212,
8053,
360,
1364,
16,
291,
261,
4381,
2981,
454,
4607,
292,
3217,
267,
413,
624,
291,
2301,
286,
352,
268,
733,
5473,
10915,
289,
2190,
16,
288,
5747,
16,
261,
532,
9260,
668,
1391,
273,
2739,
3087,
289,
597,
911,
327,
4016,
1421,
286,
292,
261,
343,
2554,
779,
319,
346,
484,
331,
615,
658,
88,
3507,
997,
16,
291,
288,
3070,
16,
10846,
689,
6146,
73,
1287,
1298,
261,
8828,
18,
8663,
8592,
289,
516,
16,
288,
268,
785,
517,
289,
1890,
261,
6363,
292,
261,
2390,
2532,
2213,
16,
689,
3035,
292,
1867,
341,
1011,
586,
18,
11753,
768,
4301,
649,
2854,
356,
11449,
292,
421,
283,
3183,
13,
444,
6078,
421,
6499,
787,
6359,
2090,
4301,
649,
6173,
281,
7255,
356,
460,
2829,
8604,
13,
3581,
407,
261,
5367,
289,
667,
3276,
325,
1612,
375,
2545,
1867,
628,
18,
924,
911,
2270,
1199,
288,
659,
261,
1349,
16,
667,
1850,
356,
337,
289,
336,
35,
203,
54,
559,
73,
488,
8099,
419,
268,
4954,
11970,
8943,
16,
291,
1548,
341,
268,
2294,
289,
7241,
16,
336,
4954,
11970,
664,
2783,
286,
292,
2451,
415,
496,
16,
291,
261,
2040,
415,
571,
88,
16,
356,
363,
3904,
5511,
288,
853,
337,
375,
1199,
644,
649,
337,
1152,
9346,
360,
268,
5265,
289,
1550,
16,
291,
649,
337,
375,
1631,
292,
2979,
424,
1044,
5904,
18,
1021,
565,
502,
698,
16,
717,
3784,
16,
289,
268,
1432,
289,
268,
5086,
689,
2309,
268,
5685,
35,
1122,
1222,
381,
268,
7963,
16,
9940,
377,
950,
1277,
289,
2984,
2195,
6524,
360,
268,
3391,
3944,
289,
1525,
8960,
316,
543,
1346,
75,
406,
2090,
4592,
283,
438,
18,
9412,
595,
17,
80,
4649,
6547,
1721,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
437,
712,
10647,
1190,
16,
291,
5773,
292,
3158,
631,
758,
16,
331,
1743,
17,
401,
6214,
410,
8099,
289,
1165,
265,
11600,
687,
456,
16,
291,
2770,
268,
1525,
8960,
2612,
437,
9673,
325,
6547,
286,
16,
361,
1403,
2292,
16,
659,
1518,
3592,
780,
265,
508,
16,
362,
5706,
4645,
1298,
4204,
16,
512,
687,
2340,
203,
2983,
1912,
16,
1550,
316,
498,
1181,
3749,
1874,
16,
352,
356,
268,
689,
362,
10887,
292,
2151,
18,
760,
686,
316,
688,
4755,
16,
566,
772,
4755,
87,
16,
686,
316,
688,
1550,
566,
772,
2328,
423,
18,
4387,
768,
1892,
1550,
6427,
16,
316,
525,
768,
1892,
362
] |
In this tutorial, we’ll go over some very high-level concepts about how a computer program works. Please keep in mind that we have simplified them in this tutorial. The purpose of this tutorial is to expand your computer vocabulary and introduce you to programming jargon so that you can proceed. You can read more about computer architecture in other books. This tutorial is not meant to be a reference.
The following quote may give you some insight into what programming really is.
To program a computer to add 1 & 1 and get 2, first you have to tell it what “1” is; then you have to tell it what “addition” is; then you have to tell it what “equals” is; then you have to tell it what “2” is. Then you can tell it that 1+1=2 & it will do it perfectly every time, infinitely faster than we can.
A computer program, in general, is a collection of software that runs on the hardware. We’re assuming you’re familiar with hardware and software. Nonetheless, we’ll go over them briefly to refresh your memory.
What is Hardware?
Computer hardware is the physical parts of the computer.
Typically, software directs hardware to carry out any command or instruction. A functional computing system consists of a combination of hardware and software, though there are systems that only use hardware.
What Are The Physical Parts?
- Central Processing Unit or CPU
- Random Access Memory or RAM
- Computer Data Storage(HDD,SSD etc)
- Graphics Card
- Sound Card
You do not need to be an expert on them or understand how they work. It is sufficient to have a basic understanding of them. Hardware is so named because it is difficult or rigid to change. A piece of hardware’s components is rarely interchangeable. However, you can upgrade your hardware. The addition of new or additional hardware to a computer that improves its performance expands its capacity or adds new features is referred to as an upgrade in computer hardware.
To improve performance, a user could, for example, perform a hardware upgrade to replace the hard drive with a faster one or a Solid State Drive (SSD). The user can also add more Random Access Memory (RAM) so that the computer can store and retrieve temporary data more quickly. To fully utilize USB 3.0 devices, the user can add a USB 3.0 expansion card or upgrade the GPU for cleaner, more advanced graphics or more monitors. For older computers to meet requirements, such hardware upgrades may be required.
The following are some of the physical components of a personal computer:
The main component of a Computer is the motherboard. Hence the name. It is the main physical part. It is a board with integrated circuitry (You don't have to know the detail) that connects other parts of the computer including - CPU, RAM, Disk Drives(HDD,SSD,CD,DVD, or any other) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or expansion slots.
CPU is the brain of the computer. It performs most of the calculations which enables a computer to function. But we can not directly give program instructions to the CPU ourselves. So from where does a CPU get the program instructions and data required to execute the instructions? The answer is from the RAM. First the CPU loads program instructions from RAM, then interprets them as well as process them, and after processing send back results so that the relevant components can carry out the instructions.
RAM is another important component that is directly integrated into the motherboard. It is referred to as the system's main memory. Access times are much faster because data is accessed randomly rather than sequentially, as it is on a CD or hard drive. RAM stores both our program code and data. The CPU actively accesses the RAM for data. When we open a web browser to surf the internet, for example, the instructions to run the web browser and the necessary data are first stored in RAM. They are actively accessed, interpreted, and processed by the CPU. The data and instructions are kept in RAM until the Web Browser is closed.
Input devices enable users to enter data into the system or control its operation. Most personal computers include a mouse and keyboard. Touchpads are more commonly found on laptop computers. Webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners are examples of other input devices.
Human senses are central to the design of output devices. Monitors, for example, display text that can be read, whereas speakers produce sound that can be heard. Printers and Braille embossers are examples of such devices.
In short, the CPU does all the data processing and calculations, Input devices are used to give input data when required, RAM stores data and instructions which are actively accessed and processed by CPU, CPU may present us with some output using the output devices.
What is Software?
Software is the set of instructions that can be used and run by the hardware. Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instructions. A usable computing system is a combination of both hardware and software.
RAM is the main memory. It plays a vital role to run any and every program in our system. So we are going to discuss RAM a little bit more so you can have a clear understanding of how RAM works.
How Does the RAM Work?
The Operating System(as it is software), applications programs, and data that are currently being used are kept in RAM so that the computer’s processor can quickly reach them. Random Access memory is volatile, which means that data is retained in RAM as long as the Computer is on. When we turn off the computer that data is lost. When we reboot the computer the OS and other files are reloaded into RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD. RAM can not store permanently as it is volatile.
Any storage location, commonly known as memory address of a RAM can be accessed directly. Hence this memory component is called Random Access Memory or RAM.
If it does not make any sense to you right now do not worry. We have not yet told you why we need to address memory location in the RAM. We will explain this now. To further illustrate the concept of RAM, consider RAM as a set of boxes.
There are many such boxes in RAM that determine its SIZE.
Typically there are billions of such boxes in a RAM.
A box can only hold a Boolean value. A Boolean or bool is a data type in computer science that has two possible values: true or false. It takes its name from the English mathematician and logician George Boole. The algebraic and logical systems that he devised are widely used in all modern digital computers. We all talk about data type later in the All About Data Types tutorial. But we have told you over and over again that computers only understand numeric format or numbers. So how does it interpret true or false. It does so by considering true as 1 and false as 0. So any box in the RAM can store either a 1 or 0 as its value. A box can only store one value at a time. It can not store both the 0 and 1 at the same time in a specific box. If we try to do so the previous stored value will be substituted by the new value. The following figure demonstrates this.
How Each RAM Cell is Addressed?
Each box has a unique address associated with it. This address can be found by counting across the columns and down the rows.
A set of ram boxes is called an array, and each box is known as a cell.
To find a specific cell in the RAM, the RAM controller does the following:
Sends the column and row address down a thin electrical line etched into the chip. Each row and column in a RAM array has its own address line. Any data that’s read flows back on a separate line.
REMEMBER each box is called a cell or a memory cell. It is the fundamental building block of Computer memory. The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one BIT of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Until a set/reset operation is performed the memory cell’s value is maintained/stored. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it.
What is A “BIT”?
Now let us discuss the bit. It is the most basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. The word bit is a combination of “bi” from “binary” and “t” from “digit”. What bit actually represents is a logical state with one of two possible values – in our case either 0 or 1. It can not represent both at the same time.
What is A “BYTE”?
A contiguous group of binary digits is commonly called a bit string, a bit vector, or a single-dimensional (or multi-dimensional) bit array.
A group of eight binary digits is called one byte, but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. Frequently, half, full, double, and quadruple words consist of a number of bytes which is a low power of two. A string of four binary digits is a nibble.
What is the Reason for Grouping Contiguous Binary Digits?
Let us first realize why we should take contiguous binary digits. Why does the need arise in the very first place? We know that computers only understand numbers and that too of one format only, called binary format. This format consists of only two digits. 0 and 1. We derive different numbers using the combinations of 0 and 1. In a binary number system, data is stored in bits. A bit can only hold one of the two values – either a 0 or a 1 at a time. A bit is the basic unit of information. We rarely work with information one bit at a time, as they are very small and do not give us significant insight. While considering alone bits can only give us information like – true or false, yes or no. But when we group some specific number of bits together as a single unit, the information they can hold significantly increases.
Let us go back to our analogy of a set of boxes.
There are 16 boxes in this set of boxes. Each box can contain a Boolean value: either a 0 or a 1.
When we get the value from the box, only one box at a time, the box can not provide us with much information as the capability of storage of a box is very limited. But if we group the boxes – like the first four boxes consisting of a group, boxes 5 through 8 consisting of another group, and so on. Now using this idea of a group combination of boxes we enhance the capability of storing significantly. In real-life applications, bits are assembled into a group of 8 to form a byte. In other words, a byte consists of 8 contiguous bits. Though the standard number of bits in a byte is 8 digits long, that number may vary from system to system depending on the hardware. In java, A byte is 8 bits long. The memory address is addressed using byte values.
Let us consider our box analogy again. We now take 8 boxes to make a group. In the first box, we can only store one of the two numbers/information either a 0 or 1 true/false. Now let us consider the first two boxes. Each box can store or hold two possible values, so the total number of positive values that two boxes can store is 4 possible values. This is also true for any group of two boxes. Now take us to a contiguous group of eight boxes or bits.
There exists a mathematical formula for how many possible values a set of bits can store. The formula is
where n is the number of bits in a set of bits(in our box analogy it is the number of boxes in a group of boxes). A byte has 8 bits or 8 binary digits. So it can store 2^8=256 different values. They are called byte values as each of the combinations of 8 bits represents a single byte. A byte can store a numerical value between 0 and 255 while considering only positive numbers. If we also consider negative numbers they can hold a numerical value between -127 and +127 (inclusive). This numerical value is calculated using binary number to decimal number conversion. This is not discussed here as it is out of the scope of this tutorial. We address memory cells using byte values.
Historically Bytes are used to represent characters. The reason behind this is simple – Bytes contain enough information to store a single character.
When we consider 2-Byte memory or in simple words an assembly of a group of 16 contiguous bits instead of 8 contiguous bits, we call this arrangement – a Short. A Short can store 2^16 different values ranging from -32768 to +32767 when we are considering negative values.
When we consider 4-Byte memory or in simple words an assembly of a group of 32 contiguous bits instead of 8 contiguous bits, we call this arrangement – an Integer. An integer can store 2^32 different values ranging from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 when we are considering negative values.
When we consider 8-Byte memory or in simple words an assembly of a group of 64 contiguous bits instead of 8 contiguous bits, we call this arrangement – a Long. A Long can store 2^64 different values ranging from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808(-2^63) to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807(2^63 -1) when we are considering negative values.
Keep this in mind a byte is 8 times a bit, a short is double a byte, an integer is double a short, and a long is double a integer.
- A kilobyte or KB consists of 1024 times a byte
- A megabyte or MB consists of 1024 times a kilobyte
- A gigabyte or GB consists of 1024 times a megabyte
- A terabyte or TB consists of 1024 times a gigabyte | <urn:uuid:94bcb102-1157-4dc8-962b-48faf9189ff9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.enablegeek.com/tutorial/how-does-a-computer-program-work/ | 2024-02-24T00:31:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.923855 | 2,941 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
2983,
456,
10243,
16,
445,
372,
660,
679,
658,
579,
1040,
695,
17,
6120,
4127,
608,
667,
261,
2496,
1192,
1854,
18,
6276,
1288,
288,
1710,
336,
445,
437,
4857,
2234,
622,
288,
456,
10243,
18,
365,
3094,
289,
456,
10243,
316,
292,
3754,
424,
2496,
7443,
291,
7206,
337,
292,
5328,
577,
294,
75,
266,
576,
336,
337,
375,
9028,
18,
990,
375,
1078,
512,
608,
2496,
5438,
288,
586,
3310,
18,
540,
10243,
316,
462,
5680,
292,
327,
261,
5137,
18,
203,
1461,
1685,
626,
1623,
602,
1888,
337,
579,
6818,
636,
768,
5328,
2402,
316,
18,
203,
10702,
1192,
261,
2496,
292,
769,
433,
1884,
433,
291,
886,
497,
16,
855,
337,
437,
292,
2565,
362,
768,
538,
21,
537,
316,
31,
1023,
337,
437,
292,
2565,
362,
768,
538,
6348,
564,
537,
316,
31,
1023,
337,
437,
292,
2565,
362,
768,
538,
3168,
645,
537,
316,
31,
1023,
337,
437,
292,
2565,
362,
768,
538,
22,
537,
316,
18,
3574,
337,
375,
2565,
362,
336,
433,
15,
21,
33,
22,
1884,
362,
513,
565,
362,
9170,
953,
669,
16,
582,
263,
6970,
4274,
687,
445,
375,
18,
203,
37,
2496,
1192,
16,
288,
2177,
16,
316,
261,
3792,
289,
2436,
336,
7282,
341,
268,
6528,
18,
924,
372,
267,
780,
7374,
337,
372,
267,
4973,
360,
6528,
291,
2436,
18,
11241,
6088,
16,
445,
372,
660,
679,
658,
622,
5715,
325,
292,
1210,
2704,
424,
3354,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
9311,
3270,
35,
203,
39,
1416,
1916,
6528,
316,
268,
1646,
2287,
289,
268,
2496,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
1030,
16,
2436,
3557,
340,
6528,
292,
3375,
628,
723,
4229,
361,
6908,
18,
330,
5872,
6160,
892,
5347,
289,
261,
3878,
289,
6528,
291,
2436,
16,
1417,
686,
356,
1422,
336,
794,
666,
6528,
18,
203,
4688,
2987,
365,
7145,
2441,
340,
35,
203,
17,
5631,
6899,
281,
11904,
361,
11230,
203,
17,
434,
5532,
6134,
6119,
961,
361,
434,
4940,
203,
17,
9367,
3655,
10256,
495,
12,
6507,
40,
16,
55,
5197,
2801,
13,
203,
17,
461,
1864,
1067,
8208,
203,
17,
343,
655,
8208,
203,
7556,
565,
462,
648,
292,
327,
363,
3522,
341,
622,
361,
992,
667,
502,
716,
18,
553,
316,
5138,
292,
437,
261,
2900,
1616,
289,
622,
18,
9311,
3270,
316,
576,
4502,
971,
362,
316,
2203,
361,
6343,
323,
292,
1317,
18,
330,
4032,
289,
6528,
372,
87,
3008,
316,
8170,
630,
9373,
541,
18,
1121,
16,
337,
375,
644,
7608,
424,
6528,
18,
365,
1879,
289,
733,
361,
2827,
6528,
292,
261,
2496,
336,
7304,
606,
2156,
771,
1863,
606,
3493,
361,
6459,
733,
2630,
316,
4612,
292,
352,
363,
644,
7608,
288,
2496,
6528,
18,
203,
10702,
1434,
2156,
16,
261,
2849,
911,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
1324,
261,
6528,
644,
7608,
292,
3987,
268,
1656,
4048,
360,
261,
4274,
597,
361,
261,
3688,
323,
3156,
1698,
464,
421,
55,
5197,
802,
365,
2849,
375,
525,
769,
512,
434,
5532,
6134,
6119,
961,
421,
54,
4940,
13,
576,
336,
268,
2496,
375,
3996,
291,
8294,
1513,
7724,
863,
512,
2640,
18,
1122,
3590,
7759,
2065,
38,
777,
18,
20,
2450,
16,
268,
2849,
375,
769,
261,
2065,
38,
777,
18,
20,
6819,
2930,
361,
644,
7608,
268,
461,
7297,
331,
11257,
16,
512,
3599,
11077,
361,
512,
1025,
3759,
18,
906,
3684,
5578,
292,
2148,
3091,
16,
659,
6528,
644,
671,
2306,
602,
327,
2207,
18,
203,
1461,
1685,
356,
579,
289,
268,
1646,
3008,
289,
261,
1845,
2496,
30,
203,
1461,
939,
4391,
289,
261,
9367,
316,
268,
3974,
4401,
18,
8315,
268,
1932,
18,
553,
316,
268,
939,
1646,
923,
18,
553,
316,
261,
4302,
360,
6252,
5844,
1080,
421,
7556,
1373,
2091,
437,
292,
698,
268,
5470,
13,
336,
11845,
586,
2287,
289,
268,
2496,
1118,
425,
11230,
16,
434,
4940,
16,
2080,
79,
1698,
1022,
12,
6507,
40,
16,
55,
5197,
16,
8760,
16,
40,
58,
40,
16,
361,
723,
586,
13,
352,
767,
352,
723,
574,
517,
2562,
645,
3947,
3785,
268,
279,
1316,
361,
6819,
1580,
1618,
18,
203,
39,
7297,
316,
268,
1860,
289,
268,
2496,
18,
553,
574,
3858,
710,
289,
268,
10442,
518,
5212,
261,
2496,
292,
1596,
18,
1163,
445,
375,
462,
2978,
1888,
1192,
5424,
292,
268,
11230,
5865,
18,
1426,
427,
853,
1082,
261,
11230,
886,
268,
1192,
5424,
291,
863,
2207,
292,
3748,
1490,
268,
5424,
35,
365,
3257,
316,
427,
268,
434,
4940,
18,
3029,
268,
11230,
11144,
1192,
5424,
427,
434,
4940,
16,
1023,
7267,
340,
622,
352,
767,
352,
833,
622,
16,
291,
1003,
3764,
4671,
1103,
1826,
576,
336,
268,
3888,
3008,
375,
3375,
628,
268,
5424,
18,
203,
54,
4940,
316,
1515,
851,
4391,
336,
316,
2978,
6252,
636,
268,
3974,
4401,
18,
553,
316,
4612,
292,
352,
268,
892,
743,
939,
3354,
18,
6134,
1708,
356,
1111,
4274,
971,
863,
316,
1310,
286,
6178,
325,
2359,
687,
4237,
3019,
16,
352,
362,
316,
341,
261,
10348,
361,
1656,
4048,
18,
434,
4940,
7242,
1079,
662,
1192,
3230,
291,
863,
18,
365,
11230,
6315,
1310,
274,
268,
434,
4940,
331,
863,
18,
1097,
445,
1591,
261,
3236,
9913,
292,
828,
74,
268,
4092,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
268,
5424,
292,
1673,
268,
3236,
9913,
291,
268,
1990,
863,
356,
855,
5290,
288,
434,
4940,
18,
900,
356,
6315,
1310,
286,
16,
7267,
691,
16,
291,
6654,
419,
268,
11230,
18,
365,
863,
291,
5424,
356,
5189,
288,
434,
4940,
2035,
268,
5482,
391,
4405,
265,
316,
6212,
18,
203,
2983,
2820,
2450,
4660,
2718,
292,
2989,
863,
636,
268,
892,
361,
1357,
606,
4531,
18,
2620,
1845,
5578,
1226,
261,
10373,
291,
1558,
4401,
18,
307,
290,
355,
84,
4869,
356,
512,
3224,
986,
341,
8302,
3744,
5578,
18,
5482,
71,
2817,
16,
2039,
6423,
1661,
16,
577,
7432,
410,
530,
16,
291,
2925,
6040,
2350,
356,
3324,
289,
586,
5202,
2450,
18,
203,
44,
8716,
11020,
356,
3327,
292,
268,
1019,
289,
4781,
2450,
18,
3221,
3759,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
3857,
2631,
336,
375,
327,
1078,
16,
6792,
10091,
2346,
2162,
336,
375,
327,
5193,
18,
10693,
1736,
291,
2439,
726,
298,
3612,
1181,
332,
356,
3324,
289,
659,
2450,
18,
203,
2983,
1912,
16,
268,
11230,
1082,
516,
268,
863,
3764,
291,
10442,
16,
450,
2820,
2450,
356,
724,
292,
1888,
5202,
863,
649,
2207,
16,
434,
4940,
7242,
863,
291,
5424,
518,
356,
6315,
1310,
286,
291,
6654,
419,
11230,
16,
11230,
602,
1487,
407,
360,
579,
4781,
1001,
268,
4781,
2450,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
10742,
35,
203,
55,
2012,
544,
470,
316,
268,
1075,
289,
5424,
336,
375,
327,
724,
291,
1673,
419,
268,
6528,
18,
9311,
3270,
316,
2437,
9180,
419,
268,
2436,
292,
3748,
1490,
723,
4229,
361,
5424,
18,
330,
407,
541,
6160,
892,
316,
261,
3878,
289,
1079,
6528,
291,
2436,
18,
203,
54,
4940,
316,
268,
939,
3354,
18,
553,
3806,
261,
3226,
1476,
292,
1673,
723,
291,
953,
1192,
288,
662,
892,
18,
1426,
445,
356,
2118,
292,
1868,
434,
4940,
261,
1936,
3263,
512,
576,
337,
375,
437,
261,
1763,
1616,
289,
667,
434,
4940,
1854,
18,
203,
6724,
5156,
268,
434,
4940,
4776,
35,
203,
1461,
7788,
673,
4731,
12,
301,
362,
316,
2436,
989,
2391,
2583,
16,
291,
863,
336,
356,
3794,
1018,
724,
356,
5189,
288,
434,
4940,
576,
336,
268,
2496,
372,
87,
833,
283,
375,
2640,
1943,
622,
18,
434,
5532,
6134,
3354,
316,
11351,
621,
16,
518,
1486,
336,
863,
316,
6449,
286,
288,
434,
4940,
352,
917,
352,
268,
9367,
316,
341,
18,
1097,
445,
1867,
1070,
268,
2496,
336,
863,
316,
3673,
18,
1097,
445,
7073,
2019,
268,
2496,
268,
9890,
291,
586,
5241,
356,
711,
1862,
286,
636,
434,
4940,
16,
1840,
427,
363,
402,
40,
40,
361,
343,
5197,
18,
434,
4940,
375,
462,
3996,
5200,
1402,
352,
362,
316,
11351,
621,
18,
203,
37,
6130,
3578,
3336,
16,
3224,
1261,
352,
3354,
1750,
289,
261,
434,
4940,
375,
327,
1310,
286,
2978,
18,
8315,
456,
3354,
4391,
316,
1478,
434,
5532,
6134,
6119,
961,
361,
434,
4940,
18,
203,
6164,
362,
1082,
462,
804,
723,
2266,
292,
337,
1328,
1315,
565,
462,
5958,
18,
924,
437,
462,
2770,
4225,
337,
1768,
445,
648,
292,
1750,
3354,
3336,
288,
268,
434,
4940,
18,
924,
513,
4345,
456,
1315,
18,
1122,
1902,
11380,
268,
3313,
289,
434,
4940,
16,
1119,
434,
4940,
352,
261,
1075,
289,
10019,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
772,
659,
10019,
288,
434,
4940,
336,
2747,
606,
343,
45,
62,
41,
18,
203,
56,
1250,
1030,
686,
356,
5665,
806,
289,
659,
10019,
288,
261,
434,
4940,
18,
203,
37,
4001,
375,
794,
3325,
261,
391,
616,
298,
282,
2003,
18,
330,
391,
616,
298,
282,
361,
285,
859,
316,
261,
863,
1517,
288,
2496,
2186,
336,
528,
881,
1522,
3119,
30,
2915,
361,
7259,
18,
553,
2844,
606,
1932,
427,
268,
2525,
3037,
539,
1531,
779,
291,
8782,
779,
6038,
391,
616,
298,
18,
365,
366,
369,
9954,
300,
291,
9319,
1422,
336,
431,
1363,
1754,
356,
4004,
724,
288,
516,
2332,
2256,
5578,
18,
924,
516,
3357,
608,
863,
1517,
2135,
288,
268,
1771,
4844,
3655,
7308,
10243,
18,
1163,
445,
437,
4225,
337,
658,
291,
658,
1221,
336,
5578,
794,
992,
955,
6374,
5127,
361,
3210,
18,
1426,
667,
1082,
362,
4834,
2915,
361,
7259,
18,
553,
1082,
576,
419,
5337,
2915,
352,
433,
291,
7259,
352,
2699,
18,
1426,
723,
4001,
288,
268,
434,
4940,
375,
3996,
2447,
261,
433,
361,
2699,
352,
606,
2003,
18,
330,
4001,
375,
794,
3996,
597,
2003,
430,
261,
669,
18,
553,
375,
462,
3996,
1079,
268,
2699,
291,
433,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
288,
261,
1430,
4001,
18,
829,
445,
2644,
292,
565,
576,
268,
2773,
5290,
2003,
513,
327,
3062,
4199,
2576,
419,
268,
733,
2003,
18,
365,
1685,
4382,
10249,
456,
18,
203,
6724,
3431,
434,
4940,
10583,
316,
2076,
5142,
35,
203,
41,
492,
4001,
528,
261,
2070,
1750,
2062,
360,
362,
18,
540,
1750,
375,
327,
986,
419,
894,
542,
1745,
268,
11332,
291,
1190,
268,
6940,
87,
18,
203,
37,
1075,
289,
384,
348,
10019,
316,
1478,
363,
7376,
16,
291,
1011,
4001,
316,
1261,
352,
261,
1259,
18,
203,
10702,
1255,
261,
1430,
1259,
288,
268,
434,
4940,
16,
268,
434,
4940,
3458,
265,
1082,
268,
1685,
30,
203,
55,
6311,
268,
7882,
291,
6940,
1750,
1190,
261,
5163,
3924,
2137,
2007,
7713,
636,
268,
11270,
18,
3431,
6940,
291,
7882,
288,
261,
434,
4940,
7376,
528,
606,
1044,
1750,
2137,
18,
5007,
863,
336,
372,
87,
1078,
7928,
1103,
341,
261,
4514,
2137,
18,
203,
54,
4333,
4333,
38,
2798,
1011,
4001,
316,
1478,
261,
1259,
361,
261,
3354,
1259,
18,
553,
316,
268,
4615,
1649,
2834,
289,
9367,
3354,
18,
365,
3354,
1259,
316,
363,
5229,
5844,
336,
7242,
597,
391,
4393,
289,
285,
2749,
1009,
291,
362,
1204,
327,
1075,
292,
3996,
261,
8782,
433,
421,
11294,
5955,
966,
13,
291,
474,
364,
292,
3996,
261,
8782,
2699,
421,
693,
5955,
966,
802,
860,
1046,
261,
1075,
19,
379,
364,
4531,
316,
4588,
268,
3354,
1259,
372,
87,
2003,
316,
7784,
19,
87,
10810,
18,
365,
2003,
288,
268,
3354,
1259,
375,
327,
1310,
286,
419,
2568,
362,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
330,
538,
38,
4393,
537,
35,
203,
50,
329,
2053,
407,
1868,
268,
3263,
18,
553,
316,
268,
710,
2900,
4249,
289,
1009,
288,
6160,
291,
2256,
8971,
18,
365,
2594,
3263,
316,
261,
3878,
289,
538,
4655,
537,
427,
538,
70,
2749,
537,
291,
538,
88,
537,
427,
538,
72,
333,
297,
3362,
1021,
3263,
2545,
5064,
316,
261,
9319,
1247,
360,
597,
289,
881,
1522,
3119,
796,
288,
662,
1731,
2447,
2699,
361,
433,
18,
553,
375,
462,
2151,
1079,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
330,
538,
38,
61,
56,
41,
537,
35,
203,
37,
353,
2416,
6810,
1730,
289,
285,
2749,
1537,
764,
316,
3224,
1478,
261,
3263,
7221,
16,
261,
3263,
385,
5093,
16,
361,
261,
2324,
17,
10524,
421,
283,
1726,
17,
10524,
13,
3263,
7376,
18,
203,
37,
1730,
289,
5153,
285,
2749,
1537,
764,
316,
1478,
597,
419,
359,
16,
566,
11914,
268,
2155,
289,
268,
419,
359,
316,
462,
7020
] |
The Departements of Corsica
Ajaccio is the capital of the département of Corse-du-Sud.
Bastia is the capital of Haute-Corse.
Both départements were created in 1976.
The Location of Corsica
Ajaccio is the capital of Corsica, one of metropolitan France’s 22 governmental regions. It is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea
[after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus].
The island is located 56 miles west of Italy [separated from Italian Tuscany by the Mer Ligurienne (Latin Mare Ligusticum,
Italian Mare Ligure)] and 105 miles south of France. It
is about 9 miles north of the island of Sardinia, and is separated from that island by the
Strait of Bonifacio.
Corsica extends a maximum of 111 miles, from north to south, and 51 miles from east to west.
It covers an area of approximately 3351 square miles.
The interior is mountainous, reaching its highest peak at Mount Cinto, which is 8892 feet above sea level.
The west coast is mostly rocky and indented.
The eastern coastal plain of Aleria is sprinkled with lagoons and swamps. The two largest rivers in Corsica are the Golo and Tavignano.
They are fed by numerous mountain streams.
The History of Corsica Megalithic monuments indicate that Corsica had been inhabited from the 3rd millennium BC.
The recorded history shows that Greeks from Phocaea, in Asia Minor, founded the east cost town of Alalia.
By 264 BC, the Carthaginians had footholds on Corsica.
They then intervened in a dispute between the two principal cities on the Sicilian west coast, Messana and Syracuse, and so established a presence on that island.
This was the First Punic War which was fought from 259 to 163 BC..
The war was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sardinia.
Rome, in responding to Carthaginian challenge, attacked Messana and forced the Carthaginians to withdraw.
In 260 a Roman fleet failed to gain complete control of Sicily.
However, it did open the way to Corsica and the Carthaginians were expelled.
Once in Corsica, the Romans established agricultural colonies along the coast.
They also formed Sardinia and Corsica into a single province of the Roman Empire.
Corsica’s economy flourished under the Romans, and Latin became the foundation of the present-day Corsican dialect.
There was a series of invasions, and partial occupations, of Corsica by the Vandals after the fall of Rome in 476 AD.
Thereafter, Corsica was successively ruled by the Byzantine Empire.
The Lombards then followed.
During the period that Corsica was controlled by the Moors, 850 to 1034, they destroyed the island's towns, drove its inhabitants inland, and left the coastal agricultural lands abandoned.In 1077, Corsica fell under the titular rule of the papacy.
The bishop of Pisa was entrusted, by the papacy, with the administration of the island.
Over the next two centuries more than 300 churches were built.
Corsica became a bone of contention between Pisa and Genoa until 1284.
From 1297 to 1434,
the contenders became Genoa and Aragon.
Between 1434 and 1453 bitter struggles, between the Genoese and Corsica's native feudal aristocracy, further decimated the population.
Subsequently, Genoa was able to reassert its authority.
A brief French occupation, from 1553 to 1559, was ended by a Corsican nationalist rebellion led by Sampiero Corso. In 1567, the Genoese rule recommenced and lasted until 1729.
Genoese rule, though by no means the worst in the island's history, was notorious for its corrupt administration of justice, thereby encouraging Corsicans to resort to the private form of vengeance known as the vendetta.
In 1729, the Corsicans again rebelled. They were led by a Swedish soldier of fortune, Neuhof, who landed a small army on Corsica and was proclaimed king. At first he fought successfully against Genoa, but, after his defeat, a civil war broke out.
He fled late in 1736.
Twice, in 1738, and again in 1743, he returned to the island but failed to reestablish his authority.
Imprisoned in London for debt, he secured his release by mortgaging his "kingdom".
In 1755, the Corsicans managed to establish their own government under Pasquale Paoli.
With Genoese control now confined to only a few coastal towns, Paoli was able to organize the rest of Corsica as an independent democratic state and gave it a remarkably liberal constitution.
During his 14 years of rule, which lasted until 1769, Paoli led the Corsicans in a great regenerative effort.
He managed to repress the vendetta, to found a
university and to set up a printing press; he was even successful in building a Corsican navy.
The Genoese continued their limited coastal rule until 1768 when, out of frustration, they ceded Corsica to France.
The French then sent a substantial army to Corsica, conquering it in 1769. In this same year, 1769, Napoleon I was born in Ajaccio as a French citizen.
Click here for Information about Napoleon.
The British subsequently held the island on two different occasions.
During the French Revolution, Paoli returned to power with the help of the British.
They set up a Corsican kingdom which was ruled by Paoli from 1794 to 1796.
In 1796, Napoleon’s father restored French rule in Corsica.
The British controlled the island a second time during the Napoleonic wars.
German and Italian troops occupied Corsica during WWII.
Once again, the people revolted against the invaders.
The island was liberated, by the Allies, in late 1943.
In 1958 Corsica was occupied by rebellious right-wing elements supporting the insurrection of the French colonists in Algeria.
Their occupation hastened the return Charles de Gaulle to power as premier and then president of France.
During the 1970s a movement to achieve greater autonomy from France became active in Corsica.
In 1976, the Front de Liberation National de la Corse [FLNC] was formed from two smaller radical groups.
In Corsica, the FLNC used bomb attacks against the property of non-Corsican settlers.
It also targeted police stations, government offices [in both Corsica and France], banks, and other such buildings.
In Corsica alone, during 1980, the FLNC claimed more than 375 bombings.
During the establishment, in 1981, of the new French socialist administration of François Mitterrand, the FLNC abstained from its terrorist activities.
However, because of its dissatisfaction with the measures taken by the socialists, it latter resumed the bombings.
In 1982, as part of the decentralization program, the French parliament created the Corsican Regional Assembly.
The assembly, which is composed of 50 elected members, controls local spending and influences Corsican education and culture.
In 1982, the number of FLNC attacks in Corsica rose.
It resumed sporadic attacks on the French mainland in 1983.
The organization has continued its activities into the new
The People of Corsica Although politically a part of France, Corsica has had close ties with Italy.
As in Sicily, and other parts of Italy, Corsica was long noted for the practice of the vendetta, a blood feud between families or clans.
The 18th century Corsican government of
Pasquale Paoli tried to put an end to the vendetta.
Since then, blood feuds have become less common in the towns.
Unfortunately, they have not been stopped in the less accessible parts of the island, where heavy undergrowth, known as maquis, provides natural hiding places.
Modern cultural life has suffered because many of the most talented Corsicans have left the island.
Because of this migration, great effort is being devoted to conserving Corsica's cultural heritage.
Today, groups are performing traditional folk music in the towns, and traditional handicrafts are being revived.
Cultural organizations are bringing in classical and modern theater and concerts and are organizing art exhibitions and a summer music and drama festival.
There are now about a dozen newspapers and periodicals being published and radio and television programs are originating on the island.
The départemental governments have recently set up several several museums.
The Language(s) and Where Spoken Corsu, an Italian dialect of strong Tuscan influences, is the island’s unofficial language.
It is spoken by nearly three-quarters of the inhabitants of the towns and by most of the rest of the population.
Although the island is reasonably small, the Corsu of Corse-du-Sud is distinguishable from that of Haute-Corse.
French is the official language.
It is spoken by almost all of the Corsicans, most of whom also use the Corsican dialect.
The majority of the population is Corsican-born.
Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion.
The Gastronomy of Corsica
The Wine of Corsica
The Cheese of Corsica
The Cuisine of Corsica
The Economic Activity of Corsica
The Agriculture Agriculture dominates the island’s agriculture economy.
The island’s forests have already been greatly depleted.
However, they are still able to supply chestnuts, some lumber and cork.
Olives, grapes, wheat, and timber are produced in Haute-Corse.
The traditional farmstead is the maison haute.
It is built with thick stone-walls which are needed to insulate against the winter cold.
Stables are found on the ground floor.
The maison haute’s living quarters are on the second floor and food and supplies are stored in the attic.
Olives, citrus fruit, grapes and cork are produced in Corse-du-Sud. Animal husbandry is of particular importance; with ewe's milk, from the area, being used to make Roquefort cheese.
Sheep are raised on the rugged Niolo plateau in the north, and cheese from their milk is an important Corsican export.
Throughout the island, fruit, olive, cork trees and wheat are grown.
Tobacco is cultivated and wine is made.
Corsica's standard of living, particularly in the interior, is still somewhat below that of continental France.
The need to import fuel, machinery and food has been a significant impediment to industrial development.
Although the island’s economy revolves around tourism, other industries are important.
The major industries are food processing, fishing, wine making, mining of antimony and asbestos, quarrying of granite and marble, the preparation of tannic acid and exporting.
Corsica’s main exports are granite and marble, tannic acid, cork, cheese, wine, citrus fruit, olive oil and cigarettes.
Cereals, meat, fresh foods, and manufactured goods are the main imports.
Traditional agriculture has been hurt by imports, outdated farming methods, and other factors.
Sheep breeding is also on the decline.
With its scenery, excellent climate, and magnificent coastline, Corsica could be an outstanding tourist resort.
Corsica has outstanding tourism assets in its moderate Mediterranean climate, beautiful scenery and its magnificent coastline.
The island's network of tarred roads is adequate, and a railway links Ajaccio, Bastia, and Calvi.
Corsica is connected by air and sea with continental France. Since 1957, the French government has taken the lead in large-scale investment in the Corsican economy. It has also been providing advice and subsidies.
This notwithstanding, the island's tourist industry has yet to be fully realized.
The Region of
Corsica Town Information
The Towns of Corsica
In the département of Corse-du-Sud the principal town are Ajaccio, Porto-Vecchio, Propriano, Sartène and Vico.
In Haute-Corse, the major towns are:
Bastia, Bonifacio, Calvi, Corte,
Ghisonaccia and L'Île-Rousse.
Ajaccio is the capital of the département of Corse-du-Sud and the region of Corsica.
It is also a seaport on the island’s west coast.
Both the city hall and Napoleon's birthplace, Maison Bonaparte, are museums.
Click here for Information about Napoleon.
Two miles north of Ajaccio is the town’s original Roman site of Ajax.
The Genoese moved the town to its present site in 1492.
In 1811, Ajaccio became the capital of the département of Liamone.
The département was divided into the départments of Corse-du-Sud and Haute-Corse in 1976. Ajaccio then became the capital of Corse-du-Sud.
Ajaccio’s main industry is tourism. There is also some light industry and shipping.
It is the seat of a prefect and a bishopric.
In WWI Ajaccio served as an allied naval base.
In 1943 it was the first Corsican town to revolt against Fascist occupation during World War II.
Bastia, the capital of the département of Haute-Corse, is a port and Corsica’s
It is situated on the northeastern coast, 22 miles south of the island's northernmost point, the tip of Cape Corse.
It is 73 miles from Livorno in Italy.
From Bastia one can see, across the Tyrrhenian Sea, the island of Elba where Napoleon was exiled.
Bastia was originally a poor fishing village called Marina di Cardo.
In 1383 its name was changed after a Genoese keep, or bastiglia, was constructed there.
Until 1791, Bastia was the capital of Corsica.
The town is still the island’s military headquarters.
The old town, which is known as Terra Vecchia, is built in and around the central part of the harbor.
The old town is a network of alleys connected by dark, vaulted passages.
The classical facades of the Church of San Giovanni Battista, the law court, the theatre, and the city hall are floridly decorated.
The upper town, called Terra Nuova, or modern town, is situated to the north and west.
Bastia manufactures cigarettes, cigars, and preserves.
Its exports include the celebrated wines of Cape Corse.
Departements of Corsica is divided into two Départements: Corse-du-Sud
[2A] and Haute-Corse [2B], with alphabetized lists of towns and villages, by Département [with population], with a link to each location's tourist office for phone, fax and address.
Département of Corse-du-Sud [2A] - Southern Corsica; | Département of Haute-Corse [2B] - Upper Corsica; | <urn:uuid:77c2f479-5878-42e3-a37b-689592d73d46> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.french-at-a-touch.net/French_Regions/Corsica/corsica_8.htm | 2024-02-24T00:19:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.962863 | 3,283 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
1461,
2673,
294,
359,
652,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
203,
37,
78,
1942,
981,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
268,
295,
3489,
1541,
359,
367,
289,
4286,
401,
17,
72,
89,
17,
55,
1327,
18,
203,
38,
301,
287,
69,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
402,
1183,
359,
17,
39,
283,
401,
18,
203,
38,
763,
295,
3489,
1541,
359,
652,
664,
2370,
288,
3495,
26,
18,
203,
1461,
458,
6604,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
203,
37,
78,
1942,
981,
316,
268,
3507,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
16,
597,
289,
1757,
11953,
8092,
5088,
372,
87,
5188,
1654,
280,
3921,
18,
553,
316,
268,
8713,
3747,
5426,
288,
268,
9962,
6251,
203,
63,
11145,
343,
300,
883,
16,
343,
485,
263,
563,
16,
291,
351,
1250,
86,
310,
7925,
203,
1461,
5426,
316,
3586,
1016,
26,
4772,
6744,
289,
7553,
2378,
401,
1541,
488,
427,
7913,
307,
310,
71,
1100,
419,
268,
9975,
458,
333,
324,
7646,
707,
421,
48,
11965,
383,
470,
458,
333,
310,
410,
408,
16,
203,
45,
1178,
779,
383,
470,
458,
2833,
13,
65,
291,
1474,
25,
4772,
4706,
289,
5088,
18,
553,
203,
277,
608,
1717,
4772,
4651,
289,
268,
5426,
289,
343,
485,
263,
563,
16,
291,
316,
9156,
427,
336,
5426,
419,
268,
203,
55,
3821,
297,
289,
391,
266,
373,
313,
981,
18,
203,
39,
753,
5663,
9199,
261,
5213,
289,
2912,
21,
4772,
16,
427,
4651,
292,
4706,
16,
291,
1016,
21,
4772,
427,
7336,
292,
6744,
18,
203,
4077,
6420,
363,
1494,
289,
4745,
777,
7026,
21,
5757,
4772,
18,
203,
1461,
8511,
316,
4778,
499,
16,
7257,
606,
4406,
7143,
430,
10107,
351,
263,
278,
16,
518,
316,
1570,
11779,
22,
3207,
2159,
3542,
966,
18,
203,
1461,
6744,
4272,
316,
4903,
4216,
93,
291,
612,
4439,
18,
203,
1461,
8379,
7636,
8626,
289,
996,
265,
563,
316,
4143,
964,
1041,
360,
308,
6352,
625,
291,
1370,
6021,
18,
365,
881,
3747,
7359,
288,
351,
753,
5663,
356,
268,
461,
320,
83,
291,
307,
548,
533,
8336,
18,
203,
10968,
356,
8054,
419,
3682,
4778,
9963,
18,
203,
1461,
4221,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
2172,
3585,
349,
300,
1025,
3238,
4938,
336,
351,
753,
5663,
850,
712,
7049,
1006,
427,
268,
777,
9060,
3637,
3021,
1231,
6177,
18,
203,
1461,
5613,
1550,
2746,
336,
461,
675,
530,
427,
1629,
415,
2471,
69,
16,
288,
5257,
3028,
283,
16,
7596,
268,
7336,
1923,
3846,
289,
996,
280,
563,
18,
203,
10646,
5866,
24,
6177,
16,
268,
2388,
262,
484,
263,
1825,
850,
284,
4061,
5013,
341,
351,
753,
5663,
18,
203,
10968,
1023,
630,
592,
286,
288,
261,
4016,
1490,
858,
268,
881,
9075,
4083,
341,
268,
343,
300,
309,
779,
6744,
4272,
16,
10777,
3256,
291,
343,
3148,
313,
2013,
16,
291,
576,
3413,
261,
3550,
341,
336,
5426,
18,
203,
4326,
454,
268,
3029,
382,
7322,
2661,
518,
454,
10254,
427,
3457,
29,
292,
2648,
23,
6177,
1739,
203,
1461,
1718,
454,
10254,
292,
3577,
1357,
658,
268,
6630,
8809,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
291,
343,
485,
263,
563,
18,
203,
54,
436,
16,
288,
2381,
526,
292,
2388,
262,
484,
263,
779,
3659,
16,
3223,
286,
10777,
3256,
291,
5773,
268,
2388,
262,
484,
263,
1825,
292,
7763,
18,
203,
2983,
497,
4928,
261,
4466,
5983,
364,
7286,
292,
3277,
2821,
1357,
289,
343,
300,
883,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
362,
1535,
1591,
268,
898,
292,
351,
753,
5663,
291,
268,
2388,
262,
484,
263,
1825,
664,
771,
5834,
18,
203,
9076,
339,
288,
351,
753,
5663,
16,
268,
9727,
504,
3413,
4989,
9949,
1910,
268,
4272,
18,
203,
10968,
525,
4538,
343,
485,
263,
563,
291,
351,
753,
5663,
636,
261,
2324,
10391,
289,
268,
4466,
7810,
18,
203,
39,
753,
5663,
372,
87,
3473,
7141,
1341,
1064,
268,
9727,
504,
16,
291,
6402,
2457,
268,
4762,
289,
268,
1487,
17,
1286,
351,
753,
300,
282,
5395,
493,
18,
203,
6695,
454,
261,
3338,
289,
787,
11208,
16,
291,
10433,
4240,
500,
16,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
419,
268,
720,
481,
645,
1003,
268,
2341,
289,
7552,
288,
988,
9382,
4899,
18,
203,
6695,
11145,
16,
351,
753,
5663,
454,
1577,
2084,
11493,
419,
268,
1285,
94,
438,
475,
7810,
18,
203,
1461,
458,
5053,
1519,
1023,
4138,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
1604,
336,
351,
753,
5663,
454,
5254,
419,
268,
3551,
753,
16,
1570,
2520,
292,
1474,
9193,
16,
502,
7809,
268,
5426,
743,
9080,
16,
5346,
317,
606,
10932,
288,
1169,
16,
291,
2294,
268,
7636,
4989,
7065,
11451,
18,
2983,
1474,
9796,
16,
351,
753,
5663,
7586,
1064,
268,
1377,
88,
705,
4129,
289,
268,
279,
429,
1495,
18,
203,
1461,
285,
10889,
289,
382,
277,
69,
454,
8516,
599,
286,
16,
419,
268,
279,
429,
1495,
16,
360,
268,
6375,
289,
268,
5426,
18,
203,
51,
357,
268,
2033,
881,
4932,
512,
687,
7394,
10901,
664,
2825,
18,
203,
39,
753,
5663,
2457,
261,
4031,
289,
353,
1926,
858,
382,
277,
69,
291,
6497,
10004,
2035,
2211,
28,
24,
18,
203,
42,
409,
2211,
29,
27,
292,
2967,
9193,
16,
203,
1381,
353,
1425,
332,
2457,
6497,
10004,
291,
1155,
9102,
18,
203,
38,
364,
7402,
2967,
9193,
291,
2967,
25,
23,
3263,
345,
10792,
16,
858,
268,
6497,
83,
786,
291,
351,
753,
5663,
743,
4289,
618,
1327,
280,
598,
9667,
984,
1495,
16,
1902,
766,
344,
488,
268,
2196,
18,
203,
55,
1606,
2314,
1402,
16,
6497,
10004,
454,
1542,
292,
304,
594,
3289,
606,
5442,
18,
203,
37,
5715,
3770,
4240,
318,
16,
427,
2063,
25,
23,
292,
2063,
25,
29,
16,
454,
8223,
419,
261,
351,
753,
300,
282,
2511,
588,
7073,
467,
305,
2791,
419,
343,
1705,
1242,
83,
4286,
510,
18,
450,
2063,
26,
27,
16,
268,
6497,
83,
786,
4129,
632,
998,
2585,
291,
1887,
286,
2035,
2493,
7064,
18,
203,
43,
270,
83,
786,
4129,
16,
1417,
419,
688,
1486,
268,
8592,
288,
268,
5426,
743,
1550,
16,
454,
688,
441,
702,
331,
606,
1109,
9038,
6375,
289,
5285,
16,
7628,
7705,
351,
753,
300,
504,
292,
474,
442,
292,
268,
3397,
926,
289,
9510,
369,
515,
1261,
352,
268,
385,
593,
364,
358,
18,
203,
2983,
2493,
7064,
16,
268,
351,
753,
300,
504,
1221,
7073,
5834,
18,
900,
664,
2791,
419,
261,
8499,
557,
3826,
1242,
289,
331,
9020,
16,
2138,
8676,
2012,
16,
650,
1283,
286,
261,
1139,
6738,
341,
351,
753,
5663,
291,
454,
347,
10824,
286,
4088,
18,
1545,
855,
431,
10254,
5655,
1573,
6497,
10004,
16,
566,
16,
1003,
615,
1175,
3611,
16,
261,
3390,
1718,
1841,
394,
628,
18,
203,
8472,
949,
286,
3329,
288,
2493,
8340,
18,
203,
56,
91,
690,
16,
288,
2493,
8475,
16,
291,
1221,
288,
2493,
11301,
16,
431,
6951,
292,
268,
5426,
566,
7286,
292,
304,
274,
1466,
557,
615,
5442,
18,
203,
45,
755,
8496,
286,
288,
5159,
331,
6306,
16,
431,
3447,
72,
615,
4133,
419,
5565,
75,
1516,
615,
991,
505,
2934,
6400,
203,
2983,
2493,
11151,
16,
268,
351,
753,
300,
504,
5922,
292,
3577,
444,
1044,
1654,
1064,
11848,
395,
1224,
382,
69,
6278,
18,
203,
59,
349,
6497,
83,
786,
1357,
1315,
1275,
1451,
292,
794,
261,
1374,
7636,
9080,
16,
382,
69,
6278,
454,
1542,
292,
10620,
268,
3061,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
352,
363,
4729,
10100,
1247,
291,
4934,
362,
261,
5652,
2090,
308,
9719,
11124,
18,
203,
40,
714,
615,
2967,
935,
289,
4129,
16,
518,
1887,
286,
2035,
2493,
26,
29,
16,
382,
69,
6278,
2791,
268,
351,
753,
300,
504,
288,
261,
1312,
9334,
774,
3620,
18,
203,
8472,
5922,
292,
751,
550,
268,
385,
593,
364,
358,
16,
292,
986,
261,
203,
374,
1313,
291,
292,
1075,
644,
261,
6018,
1579,
31,
431,
454,
919,
3369,
288,
1649,
261,
351,
753,
300,
282,
3538,
93,
18,
203,
1461,
6497,
83,
786,
4336,
444,
3064,
7636,
4129,
2035,
2493,
26,
28,
649,
16,
628,
289,
8180,
318,
16,
502,
273,
286,
286,
351,
753,
5663,
292,
5088,
18,
203,
1461,
3770,
1023,
2819,
261,
7060,
6738,
292,
351,
753,
5663,
16,
9227,
1489,
362,
288,
2493,
26,
29,
18,
450,
456,
1162,
715,
16,
2493,
26,
29,
16,
465,
429,
2748,
266,
334,
454,
4178,
288,
330,
78,
1942,
981,
352,
261,
3770,
10435,
18,
203,
9362,
868,
1671,
331,
5931,
608,
465,
429,
2748,
266,
18,
203,
1461,
3247,
11810,
3647,
268,
5426,
341,
881,
865,
1233,
11208,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
3770,
7370,
16,
382,
69,
6278,
6951,
292,
1056,
360,
268,
617,
289,
268,
3247,
18,
203,
10968,
1075,
644,
261,
351,
753,
300,
282,
9096,
518,
454,
11493,
419,
382,
69,
6278,
427,
2493,
29,
24,
292,
2493,
29,
26,
18,
203,
2983,
2493,
29,
26,
16,
465,
429,
2748,
266,
372,
87,
4818,
474,
10810,
3770,
4129,
288,
351,
753,
5663,
18,
203,
1461,
3247,
5254,
268,
5426,
261,
1901,
669,
995,
268,
465,
429,
2748,
2761,
10615,
18,
203,
43,
10436,
291,
7913,
8419,
11273,
351,
753,
5663,
995,
388,
59,
6034,
18,
203,
9076,
339,
1221,
16,
268,
689,
10619,
691,
1573,
268,
787,
354,
332,
18,
203,
1461,
5426,
454,
7185,
488,
16,
419,
268,
1771,
423,
16,
288,
3329,
3805,
23,
18,
203,
2983,
5641,
28,
351,
753,
5663,
454,
11273,
419,
7073,
467,
702,
1328,
17,
7624,
2880,
4918,
268,
685,
324,
267,
1095,
289,
268,
3770,
3391,
978,
288,
996,
1132,
563,
18,
203,
1461,
338,
4240,
318,
528,
506,
286,
268,
2608,
7603,
386,
461,
4310,
298,
292,
1056,
352,
5525,
1242,
291,
1023,
6613,
289,
5088,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
7726,
87,
261,
2710,
292,
2446,
2796,
3683,
6623,
427,
5088,
2457,
3009,
288,
351,
753,
5663,
18,
203,
2983,
3495,
26,
16,
268,
418,
5935,
386,
11425,
318,
2113,
386,
2803,
4286,
401,
2378,
42,
48,
7864,
65,
454,
4538,
427,
881,
3513,
7943,
2303,
18,
203,
2983,
351,
753,
5663,
16,
268,
418,
48,
7864,
724,
11897,
4349,
1573,
268,
3278,
289,
1677,
17,
39,
753,
300,
282,
9871,
6451,
18,
203,
4077,
525,
7059,
5939,
8137,
16,
1654,
10688,
2378,
263,
1079,
351,
753,
5663,
291,
5088,
65,
16,
6762,
16,
291,
586,
659,
4189,
18,
203,
2983,
351,
753,
5663,
3773,
16,
995,
7844,
16,
268,
418,
48,
7864,
9179,
512,
687,
777,
7579,
11897,
762,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
9025,
16,
288,
3361,
21,
16,
289,
268,
733,
3770,
1234,
588,
6375,
289,
2068,
282,
132,
105,
11553,
383,
7754,
86,
481,
16,
268,
418,
48,
7864,
1996,
10038,
427,
606,
9264,
588,
1740,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
971,
289,
606,
4613,
271,
4251,
1733,
360,
268,
2877,
2459,
419,
268,
1234,
978,
16,
362,
7364,
474,
8400,
268,
11897,
762,
18,
203,
2983,
3361,
22,
16,
352,
923,
289,
268,
9944,
1260,
1192,
16,
268,
3770,
677,
7258,
2370,
268,
351,
753,
300,
282,
9898,
280,
11652,
18,
203,
1461,
8950,
16,
518,
316,
7686,
289,
3039,
9808,
2420,
16,
6693,
1683,
6148,
291,
7796,
351,
753,
300,
282,
1637,
291,
2484,
18,
203,
2983,
3361,
22,
16,
268,
1289,
289,
418,
48,
7864,
4349,
288,
351,
753,
5663,
8648,
18,
203,
4077,
474,
8400,
440,
283,
10797,
4349,
341,
268,
3770,
939,
1169,
288,
3361,
23,
18,
203,
1461,
3272,
528,
4336,
606,
1740,
636,
268,
733,
203,
1461,
3395,
289,
351,
753,
5663,
2696,
2055,
7503,
261,
923,
289,
5088,
16,
351,
753,
5663,
528,
850,
2828,
225,
1235,
360,
7553,
18,
203,
5190,
288,
343,
300,
883,
16,
291,
586,
2287,
289,
7553,
16,
351,
753,
5663,
454,
917,
5411,
331,
268,
2060,
289,
268,
385,
593,
364,
358,
16,
261,
1364,
618,
1327,
858,
3286,
361,
551,
504,
18,
203,
1461,
1398,
262,
2254,
351,
753,
300,
282,
1654,
289,
203,
52,
301,
395,
1224,
382,
69,
6278,
6471,
292,
1927,
363,
1199,
292,
268,
385,
593,
364,
358,
18,
203,
55,
1268,
1023,
16,
1364,
618,
89,
727,
437,
1343,
1165,
1112,
288,
268,
9080,
18,
203,
10015,
74,
4495,
16,
502,
437,
462,
712,
9458,
288,
268,
1165,
4881,
2287,
289,
268,
5426,
16,
853,
4112,
4580,
8372,
16,
1261,
352,
527,
9951,
16,
1956,
1493,
296,
3642,
3508,
18,
203,
49,
370,
1605,
2694,
943,
528,
8732,
971
] |
A simple high voltage generator circuit is explained here which can be used to step up any DC level to about 20 times or depending upon the transformer secondary rating.
As can be visualized in the shown high voltage arc generator circuit diagram, it employs a standard transistor blocking oscillator configuration for generating the required stepped up voltage across the output winding of the transformer.
The circuit may be understood as follows:
The transistor conducts and drives the associated winding of the transformer via its collector/emitter the moment power is applied to the center of the transformer.
The upper half of the transformer winding simply provides a feedback to the base of the transistor via C2 such the T1 stays locked on to the conduction mode until C2 charges fully, breaking the latch and forcing the transistor to begin the conduction cycle afresh.
R1 which is a 1K resistor is positioned to limit the base drive for T1 to safe limits while VR1 which is a 22k preset may be adjusted for obtaining an efficiently pulsating T1 frequency.
C2 may be also fine tuned by trying other values until the highest possible output is attained at the trafo output
The transformer could be any iron-cored step down transformer (500mA) normally used in transformer type AC/DC adapter units.
The output right across the transformer output would be at the rated secondary level, for example if it is a 220V secondary, then the output could be expected to be at this level.
The above level could be further amplified or stepped up through the attached diode, capacitor charge pump network akin to cockroft-walton generator network.
The network raises the 220V level to many hundreds of volts which may be forced to spark across an appropriately positioned end terminals of the charge pump circuit.
The circuit can be also used in mosquito swatter bat application by replacing the iron cored transformer with a ferrite core counterpart.
High Power 10 kv Generator Circuit
If powered with a 30 V power input, the circuit detailed below can provide a high voltage which range from 0 to 3 kV (type 2 an even provide from 0----10 kV. NAND gates N1----N3 are wired like an astable multivibrator (AMV), which powers the darlington transistors T1/T2 with a 20kHz souarewave frequency.
Because of the reduced current circulation (decided by R4 via the transistors, they are not able to get saturated, leading to a quick switch-off. The incredibly rapid switching of the transistors generates a pulsating signal of around 300 V across the primary winding of Tr1.
This voltage is subsequently boosted and stepped-up proportionately as per the turn ratio of the secondary windings. The 1st variation (type 1) of the circuit employs half-wave rectification. Version 2 is actually a cascade rectifier salvaged from an old T.V. set.
Variation 2 provides a voltage 3 times greater than version 1 since the cascade rectifier functions like voltage multiplier (3X). IC2 controls the output voltage.
The opamp compares the voltage created across the P1 preset with the voltage existing at the voltage dividers R6/R8 or R7/R8 junction.
In the event the output goes higher than the preset voltage level, IC2 may cut down the supply voltage towards the output by using T3.
The main section of the circuit is the transformer. Eventhough it is pretty vital, its design isn't that critical.
A range of E, EI ferrite cores with a diameter of 30 mm might work extremely well pretty effortlessly.
The core must not include any kind of air gap, an AL value of 2000 nH will be just appropriate.
The primary winding includes 25 turns of 0.7 mm 1 mm super enamelled copper wire and the secondary is built using 500 turns of 0.2 … 0.3 mm super enameled copper wire.
The primary and secondary windings needs to be effectively insulated from one another!
Dependent upon the high voltages, the user must be careful about the following points:
Capacitor C6 should have the ability to handle a minimum of 3 kV. R6 in version 1 includes six 10 M resistors connected in series. R7 is a 10 M resistor, built by using 10nos of 1M in series.
This is implemented to counteract spikes from the output. Both circuit takes in around 50 mA with no load attached, and 350 mA while ensuring 2 … 3 W to a load.
Transistors T2 and T3 may demand heatsinks.
9V to 300V Generator Circuit
The use of voltage multipliers to generate larger output voltages is typically less expensive only when the desired voltages are lower than 6 times the supply voltage.
Other circuit configurations are advised when hugely large step-up ratios are necessary (e.g., hundreds of volts supplied through a 12-volt supply).
As shown in the above diagram, the output of a cheap low-voltage oscillator or square wave generator may generally be used as the input of an appropriate step-up voltage transformer (an ordinary step-down transformer connected in reverse).
The transformer's secondary winding produces the desired high AC/DC output voltages.
With a simple DC-to-AC converter, this AC power could be quickly converted back to DC. A DC-to-DC converter circuit as depicted above is able to create a 300-volt DC output out of a 9-volt Dc power supply.
The Hartley inductive-capacitive (LC) oscillator is formed by transistor Q1 and its accompanying electronics in this design. The primary winding voltage, which varies from zero and nine volts, is fed to the 250-volt transformer T1.
The inductive component in the LC oscillator is the main inductance, that is adjusted through capacitor C2. At the secondary of T1, the voltage level is boosted up to roughly 350 volts peak.
Diode D1 half-wave rectifies this output, which charges capacitor C3. The capacitor has the potential to deliver a strong yet non-lethal electrical shock with minimum loading on C3.
With a load current of a few milliamperes, the output decreases to around 300 volts when a permanent load is connected.
High Voltage Generator Using a Single IC 555
A simple low power high voltage generator can be built using the IC 555 and a step down 0-12V transformer.
The IC 555 is wired as a high frequency oscillator which switches the 0-12V side of the transformer with a 12V/200mA supply.
This induces an equivalent high voltage pulsating DC on the other side of the transformer to generate around 300 V pulsating DC at the output.
Using Ignition Coil
The next circuit we'll look at is a solid-state negative ion generator. This circuit, depicted in Fig. 6, is pretty much the easiest to design and use.
A low-frequency pulse is generated by a 555 timer IC, which drives the gate of Q1, a power HEXFET. In turn, the IRF511 transmits a high-current pulse into the primary of the automotive ignition coil T1.
The secondary winding generates many thousand volts, which are rectified by diode string D1—-D35 and used to charge C3.
One or more sharp needles blasts the ions into air. C3 can be created at home or obtained from market.
Set the frequency of IC 1 with potentiometer R3 to the maximum output voltage with the minimum input current.
To get the highest output and circuit efficiency, you can tinker about with R3.
12V to 600V Generator Circuit
A 12 V battery will allow this high voltage converter circuit to produce a voltage of around 600 volts.
There is no need for an special inverter transformer. T1 is only a standard mains transformer with two 9 V windings or an 18 V secondary that is center-tapped.
Base drive is provided to switching transistors Q3 and Q4 by a flip-flop oscillator employing Q1 and Q2.
The 12 V supply is switched across each half of the 9 V windings alternately by these power transistors, which act as the primary winding in this application.
As the secondary, the 240 V mains winding powers a full-wave voltage-doubler rectifier.
The transformer continues to function well when the oscillator is operating at a frequency of roughly 1 kilohertz.
The rectifier doesn't require any electrolytic capacitors, which saves space, lowers costs, and increases dependability. Only 400 V rated polyester caps [greencaps] are required for C3 and C4.
Because switching transistors have some collector-emitter voltage loss, nine volt transformer windings are utilized instead of 12 volt ones.
It is important to note that Q3 and Q4 should be installed atop a heatsink. | <urn:uuid:67c2bed2-0054-4f23-84de-e0a84de34ab5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-high-voltage-generator-circuit/ | 2024-02-23T22:47:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.902673 | 1,867 | 2.828125 | 3 | [
37,
2208,
695,
5955,
10787,
5844,
316,
5892,
1671,
518,
375,
327,
724,
292,
2483,
644,
723,
8824,
966,
292,
608,
731,
1708,
361,
3509,
2807,
268,
2948,
265,
5900,
8998,
18,
203,
5190,
375,
327,
3101,
963,
288,
268,
2853,
695,
5955,
11694,
10787,
5844,
10486,
16,
362,
639,
476,
7432,
261,
2786,
817,
8976,
725,
6523,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
10376,
331,
9249,
268,
2207,
1058,
3742,
644,
5955,
1745,
268,
4781,
2293,
526,
289,
268,
2948,
265,
18,
203,
1461,
5844,
602,
327,
6209,
352,
5691,
30,
203,
1461,
817,
8976,
2290,
340,
291,
9548,
268,
2062,
2293,
526,
289,
268,
2948,
265,
3785,
606,
1664,
441,
19,
539,
7754,
268,
3841,
1056,
316,
3848,
292,
268,
3795,
289,
268,
2948,
265,
18,
203,
1461,
5069,
2947,
289,
268,
2948,
265,
2293,
526,
2842,
1956,
261,
4964,
292,
268,
3486,
289,
268,
817,
8976,
3785,
351,
22,
659,
268,
307,
21,
471,
638,
7679,
286,
341,
292,
268,
2290,
328,
6796,
2035,
351,
22,
10548,
3590,
16,
7652,
268,
308,
1421,
291,
331,
5712,
268,
817,
8976,
292,
1980,
268,
2290,
328,
3853,
8894,
2704,
18,
203,
54,
21,
518,
316,
261,
433,
47,
474,
8976,
316,
2669,
286,
292,
3355,
268,
3486,
4048,
331,
307,
21,
292,
1995,
6078,
1020,
10874,
21,
518,
316,
261,
5188,
79,
882,
364,
602,
327,
3886,
286,
331,
3456,
281,
363,
6106,
4491,
87,
673,
307,
21,
4876,
18,
203,
39,
22,
602,
327,
525,
4787,
5646,
286,
419,
3738,
586,
3119,
2035,
268,
4406,
1522,
4781,
316,
430,
10038,
430,
268,
1498,
74,
83,
4781,
203,
1461,
2948,
265,
911,
327,
723,
4202,
17,
71,
2723,
2483,
1190,
2948,
265,
421,
6950,
81,
37,
13,
6342,
724,
288,
2948,
265,
1517,
5460,
19,
5944,
2508,
345,
5117,
18,
203,
1461,
4781,
1328,
1745,
268,
2948,
265,
4781,
830,
327,
430,
268,
384,
488,
5900,
966,
16,
331,
1214,
717,
362,
316,
261,
497,
1388,
58,
5900,
16,
1023,
268,
4781,
911,
327,
3650,
292,
327,
430,
456,
966,
18,
203,
1461,
2159,
966,
911,
327,
1902,
7731,
2234,
361,
1058,
3742,
644,
734,
268,
7054,
1135,
1899,
16,
3069,
1808,
4873,
4863,
2465,
261,
6363,
292,
11434,
299,
1188,
17,
91,
280,
1448,
10787,
2465,
18,
203,
1461,
2465,
10774,
268,
497,
1388,
58,
966,
292,
772,
5971,
289,
1873,
340,
518,
602,
327,
5773,
292,
9229,
1745,
363,
11693,
2669,
286,
1199,
10232,
645,
289,
268,
4873,
4863,
5844,
18,
203,
1461,
5844,
375,
327,
525,
724,
288,
7968,
1370,
1397,
3867,
2889,
419,
10418,
268,
4202,
273,
2723,
2948,
265,
360,
261,
2805,
86,
674,
4144,
4459,
8043,
18,
203,
44,
396,
5012,
1474,
520,
90,
3304,
1622,
10034,
1946,
203,
6164,
10714,
360,
261,
2553,
720,
1056,
5202,
16,
268,
5844,
4796,
2321,
375,
1153,
261,
695,
5955,
518,
1749,
427,
2699,
292,
777,
520,
58,
421,
8090,
497,
363,
919,
1153,
427,
2699,
5589,
5589,
2316,
520,
58,
18,
465,
3940,
40,
319,
692,
465,
21,
5589,
5589,
50,
23,
356,
276,
2160,
730,
363,
352,
1576,
1540,
729,
2231,
1622,
421,
4940,
58,
989,
518,
7290,
268,
295,
294,
1667,
1448,
817,
277,
909,
307,
21,
19,
56,
22,
360,
261,
731,
79,
44,
94,
3420,
470,
91,
1284,
4876,
18,
203,
38,
312,
699,
289,
268,
3544,
1619,
7745,
421,
72,
312,
3761,
419,
434,
24,
3785,
268,
817,
277,
909,
16,
502,
356,
462,
1542,
292,
886,
2651,
8240,
16,
2469,
292,
261,
2025,
4956,
17,
4710,
18,
365,
8792,
3306,
4956,
281,
289,
268,
817,
277,
909,
11441,
261,
4491,
87,
673,
4819,
289,
1149,
7394,
720,
1745,
268,
2818,
2293,
526,
289,
1368,
21,
18,
203,
4326,
5955,
316,
11810,
4663,
286,
291,
1058,
3742,
17,
987,
8357,
1300,
352,
574,
268,
1867,
6387,
289,
268,
5900,
2293,
526,
87,
18,
365,
433,
503,
8812,
421,
8090,
433,
13,
289,
268,
5844,
639,
476,
7432,
2947,
17,
91,
1284,
632,
8852,
18,
720,
11489,
497,
316,
2545,
261,
273,
2397,
783,
632,
2940,
1242,
2016,
90,
2009,
427,
363,
1662,
307,
18,
58,
18,
1075,
18,
203,
58,
294,
2202,
497,
1956,
261,
5955,
777,
1708,
2796,
687,
4408,
433,
1812,
268,
273,
2397,
783,
632,
2940,
1242,
3632,
730,
5955,
10997,
1242,
421,
23,
60,
802,
7675,
22,
6693,
268,
4781,
5955,
18,
203,
1461,
816,
1705,
494,
4044,
268,
5955,
2370,
1745,
268,
382,
21,
882,
364,
360,
268,
5955,
3614,
430,
268,
5955,
4505,
332,
434,
26,
19,
54,
28,
361,
434,
27,
19,
54,
28,
577,
4268,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
2282,
268,
4781,
3677,
1797,
687,
268,
882,
364,
5955,
966,
16,
7675,
22,
602,
2333,
1190,
268,
2744,
5955,
2547,
268,
4781,
419,
1001,
307,
23,
18,
203,
1461,
939,
3396,
289,
268,
5844,
316,
268,
2948,
265,
18,
3142,
1858,
362,
316,
6540,
3226,
16,
606,
1019,
3422,
2091,
336,
2421,
18,
203,
37,
1749,
289,
416,
16,
416,
45,
2805,
86,
674,
742,
379,
360,
261,
8447,
289,
2553,
8799,
1276,
716,
4179,
767,
6540,
3620,
7811,
18,
203,
1461,
4144,
1204,
462,
1226,
723,
2066,
289,
1294,
6216,
16,
363,
330,
48,
2003,
289,
6431,
314,
44,
513,
327,
1039,
2922,
18,
203,
1461,
2818,
2293,
526,
2356,
3457,
6805,
289,
2699,
18,
27,
8799,
433,
8799,
2643,
403,
348,
5834,
6927,
5112,
291,
268,
5900,
316,
2825,
1001,
7011,
6805,
289,
2699,
18,
22,
5677,
2699,
18,
23,
8799,
2643,
403,
10003,
286,
6927,
5112,
18,
203,
1461,
2818,
291,
5900,
2293,
526,
87,
1470,
292,
327,
2992,
685,
3025,
427,
597,
1515,
5,
203,
40,
2427,
302,
2807,
268,
695,
1873,
9702,
16,
268,
2849,
1204,
327,
6220,
608,
268,
1685,
3097,
30,
203,
39,
429,
313,
1808,
351,
26,
788,
437,
268,
1882,
292,
4739,
261,
5642,
289,
777,
520,
58,
18,
434,
26,
288,
4408,
433,
2356,
2984,
1474,
383,
474,
277,
909,
3947,
288,
3338,
18,
434,
27,
316,
261,
1474,
383,
474,
8976,
16,
2825,
419,
1001,
1474,
82,
335,
289,
433,
49,
288,
3338,
18,
203,
4326,
316,
6399,
292,
4459,
613,
440,
8568,
427,
268,
4781,
18,
4449,
5844,
2844,
288,
1149,
3039,
293,
37,
360,
688,
3687,
7054,
16,
291,
777,
2520,
293,
37,
1020,
3171,
497,
5677,
777,
388,
292,
261,
3687,
18,
203,
11484,
504,
277,
909,
307,
22,
291,
307,
23,
602,
2906,
431,
1378,
3274,
18,
203,
29,
58,
292,
7394,
58,
3304,
1622,
10034,
1946,
203,
1461,
666,
289,
5955,
10997,
3560,
292,
4522,
3080,
4781,
1873,
9702,
316,
2437,
1165,
5016,
794,
649,
268,
5554,
1873,
9702,
356,
1898,
687,
1278,
1708,
268,
2744,
5955,
18,
203,
51,
411,
5844,
7812,
324,
500,
356,
11214,
649,
296,
1010,
601,
1452,
2483,
17,
987,
4338,
3408,
356,
1990,
421,
73,
18,
75,
1941,
5971,
289,
1873,
340,
3970,
870,
734,
261,
2211,
17,
6922,
88,
2744,
802,
203,
5190,
2853,
288,
268,
2159,
10486,
16,
268,
4781,
289,
261,
9785,
1488,
17,
6922,
3056,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
361,
5757,
6159,
10787,
602,
2918,
327,
724,
352,
268,
5202,
289,
363,
2922,
2483,
17,
987,
5955,
2948,
265,
421,
282,
9187,
2483,
17,
4756,
2948,
265,
3947,
288,
8387,
802,
203,
1461,
2948,
265,
743,
5900,
2293,
526,
5948,
268,
5554,
695,
5460,
19,
5944,
4781,
1873,
9702,
18,
203,
59,
349,
261,
2208,
8824,
17,
278,
17,
3897,
4753,
345,
16,
456,
5460,
1056,
911,
327,
2640,
9480,
1103,
292,
8824,
18,
330,
8824,
17,
278,
17,
5944,
4753,
345,
5844,
352,
7644,
691,
2159,
316,
1542,
292,
1408,
261,
7394,
17,
6922,
88,
8824,
4781,
628,
289,
261,
1717,
17,
6922,
88,
413,
71,
1056,
2744,
18,
203,
1461,
402,
531,
2702,
7416,
656,
17,
71,
429,
313,
1257,
421,
9716,
13,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
316,
4538,
419,
817,
8976,
1539,
21,
291,
606,
11731,
281,
9381,
288,
456,
1019,
18,
365,
2818,
2293,
526,
5955,
16,
518,
7964,
427,
6270,
291,
5897,
1873,
340,
16,
316,
8054,
292,
268,
11286,
17,
6922,
88,
2948,
265,
307,
21,
18,
203,
1461,
7416,
656,
4391,
288,
268,
458,
39,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
316,
268,
939,
7416,
88,
515,
16,
336,
316,
3886,
286,
734,
3069,
1808,
351,
22,
18,
1545,
268,
5900,
289,
307,
21,
16,
268,
5955,
966,
316,
4663,
286,
644,
292,
8230,
777,
2520,
1873,
340,
7143,
18,
203,
40,
1332,
73,
413,
21,
2947,
17,
91,
1284,
632,
2940,
423,
456,
4781,
16,
518,
10548,
3069,
1808,
351,
23,
18,
365,
3069,
1808,
528,
268,
1439,
292,
3418,
261,
1806,
2770,
1677,
17,
298,
8507,
3924,
8133,
360,
5642,
3687,
281,
341,
351,
23,
18,
203,
59,
349,
261,
3687,
1619,
289,
261,
1374,
3637,
4705,
468,
274,
16,
268,
4781,
10237,
292,
1149,
7394,
1873,
340,
649,
261,
6273,
3687,
316,
3947,
18,
203,
44,
396,
6035,
3056,
3304,
1622,
3737,
261,
6501,
298,
7675,
10088,
25,
203,
37,
2208,
1488,
1056,
695,
5955,
10787,
375,
327,
2825,
1001,
268,
7675,
10088,
25,
291,
261,
2483,
1190,
2699,
17,
3011,
58,
2948,
265,
18,
203,
1461,
7675,
10088,
25,
316,
276,
2160,
352,
261,
695,
4876,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
518,
1370,
10125,
268,
2699,
17,
3011,
58,
2031,
289,
268,
2948,
265,
360,
261,
2211,
58,
19,
4598,
81,
37,
2744,
18,
203,
4326,
7416,
274,
363,
7501,
695,
5955,
4491,
87,
673,
8824,
341,
268,
586,
2031,
289,
268,
2948,
265,
292,
4522,
1149,
7394,
720,
4491,
87,
673,
8824,
430,
268,
4781,
18,
203,
57,
87,
281,
334,
2686,
564,
2959,
309,
203,
1461,
2033,
5844,
445,
5789,
1500,
430,
316,
261,
4236,
17,
6721,
3047,
9967,
10787,
18,
540,
5844,
16,
7644,
691,
288,
10842,
18,
1278,
16,
316,
6540,
1111,
268,
1185,
4234,
292,
1019,
291,
666,
18,
203,
37,
1488,
17,
74,
11182,
1150,
4491,
401,
316,
5491,
419,
261,
10088,
25,
584,
265,
7675,
16,
518,
9548,
268,
9177,
289,
1539,
21,
16,
261,
1056,
402,
41,
60,
42,
5042,
18,
450,
1867,
16,
268,
334,
54,
42,
25,
3667,
817,
81,
764,
261,
695,
17,
71,
324,
1423,
4491,
401,
636,
268,
2818,
289,
268,
11668,
4592,
564,
742,
309,
307,
21,
18,
203,
1461,
5900,
2293,
526,
11441,
772,
7859,
1873,
340,
16,
518,
356,
632,
5309,
419,
1135,
1899,
7221,
413,
21,
1447,
17,
40,
7026,
291,
724,
292,
4873,
351,
23,
18,
203,
11375,
361,
512,
6368,
648,
736,
725,
3720,
268,
225,
806,
636,
1294,
18,
351,
23,
375,
327,
2370,
430,
1311,
361,
6259,
427,
1877,
18,
203,
55,
364,
268,
4876,
289,
7675,
433,
360,
1076,
560,
10275,
434,
23,
292,
268,
5213,
4781,
5955,
360,
268,
5642,
5202,
1619,
18,
203,
10702,
886,
268,
4406,
4781,
291,
5844,
3055,
16,
337,
375,
225,
88,
964,
265,
608,
360,
434,
23,
18,
203,
3011,
58,
292,
11705,
58,
3304,
1622,
10034,
1946,
203,
37,
2211,
720,
3905,
513,
1059,
456,
695,
5955,
4753,
345,
5844,
292,
2346,
261,
5955,
289,
1149,
11705,
1873,
340,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
688,
648,
331,
363,
1755,
9937,
345,
2948,
265,
18,
307,
21,
316,
794,
261,
2786,
939,
87,
2948,
265,
360,
881,
1717,
720,
2293,
526,
87,
361,
363,
1398,
720,
5900,
336,
316,
3795,
17,
358,
3742,
18,
203,
38,
575,
4048,
316,
2756,
292,
4956,
281,
817,
277,
909,
1539,
23,
291,
1539,
24,
419,
261,
949,
517,
17,
3381,
389,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
1798,
281,
1539,
21,
291,
1539,
22,
18,
203,
1461,
2211,
720,
2744,
316,
4956,
286,
1745,
1011,
2947,
289,
268,
1717,
720,
2293,
526,
87,
2726,
1300,
419,
629,
1056,
817,
277,
909,
16,
518,
3241,
352,
268,
2818,
2293,
526,
288,
456,
2889,
18,
203,
5190,
268,
5900,
16,
268,
3730,
20,
720,
939,
87,
2293,
526,
7290,
261,
2052,
17,
91,
1284,
5955,
17,
72,
290,
640,
265,
632,
2940,
1242,
18,
203,
1461,
2948,
265,
4027,
292,
1596,
767,
649,
268,
272,
1999,
399,
1622,
316,
4579,
430,
261,
4876,
289,
8230,
433,
5808,
1390,
3289,
94,
18,
203,
1461,
632,
2940,
1242,
2752,
2091,
1131,
723,
10899,
410,
3069,
3759,
16,
518,
269,
1847,
1846,
16,
1488,
332,
2762,
16,
291,
3675,
2354,
1303,
18,
6266,
8806,
720,
384,
488,
4806,
8822,
9221,
2378
] |
n expansion joint, or movement joint, is an assembly designed to hold parts together while safely absorbing temperature-induced expansion and contraction of building materials, and vibration, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or seismic activity. They are commonly found between sections of buildings, bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships, and other structures.
Building faces, concrete slabs, and pipelines expand and contract due to warming and cooling from seasonal variation, or due to other heat sources. Before expansion joint gaps were built into these structures, they would crack under the stress induced.
1 Bridge expansion joints
2.1 Comparison to control joints
3 Railway expansion joints
4 Ducted air systems
5 Pipe expansion joints
5.1 Pressure balanced expansion joints
6 Manufacturing of rubber expansion joints
6.1 Wrapping fabric reinforced rubber sheets
6.2 Molded rubber expansion joints
6.3 Automated winding of rubber expansion joints
7 Expansion joint accessories
7.3 Particulate barriers/purge connectors
7.4 Limit rods
8 Failure modes
9 Other expansion joint types
10 See also
12 External links
Bridge expansion joints
Bridge expansion joints are designed to allow for continuous traffic between structures while accommodating movement, shrinkage, and temperature variations on reinforced and prestressed concrete, composite, and steel structures. They stop the bridge from bending out of place in extreme conditions, and also allow enough vertical movement to permit bearing replacement without the need to dismantle the bridge expansion joint. There are various types, which can accommodate movement from 30 to 1,000 millimetres (1.2 to 39.4 in), including joints for small movement (EMSEAL BEJS, XJS, JEP, WR, WOSd, and Granor AC-AR), medium movement (ETIC EJ, Wd), and large movement (WP, ETIC EJF/Granor SFEJ).
Modular expansion joints are used when the movements of a bridge exceed the capacity of a single gap joint or a finger type joint. One watertight system, invented by the Swiss company Mageba, is designed on a modular basis and can be tailored to satisfy the specific requirements of almost any structure.Modular multiple-gap expansion joints can accommodate movements in all directions and rotations about every axis. They can be used for longitudinal movements of as little as 160 mm, or for very large movements of over 3000 mm. The total movement of the bridge deck is divided among a number of individual gaps which are created by horizontal surface beams. The individual gaps are sealed by watertight elastomeric profiles, and surface beam movements are regulated by an elastic control system. The drainage of the joint is via the drainage system of the bridge deck. Certain joints feature so-called “sinus plates” on their surface, which reduce noise from over-passing traffic by up to 80%.
See also masonry control joints, which are sometimes used in bridge slabs.
Clay bricks expand as they absorb heat and moisture. This places compression stress on the bricks and mortar, encouraging bulging or flaking.A joint replacing mortar with elastomeric sealant will absorb the compressive forces without damage.Concrete decking (most typically in sidewalks) can suffer similar horizontal issues, which is usually relieved by adding a wooden spacer between the slabs. The wooden expansion joint compresses as the concrete expands. Dry, rot-resistant cedar is typically used, with a row of nails protruding out that will embed into the concrete and hold the spacer in place.
Comparison to control joints
Saw cut control joints in concrete
Control joints, or contraction joints, are sometimes confused with expansion joints, but have a different purpose and function. Concrete and asphalt have relatively weak tensile strength, and typically form random cracks as they age, shrink, and are exposed to environmental stresses (including stresses of thermal expansion and contraction). Control joints attempt to attenuate cracking by designating lines for stress relief. They are cut into pavement at regular intervals. Cracks tend to form along the cuts, rather than in random fashion elsewhere. This is primarily an aesthetic issue; the appearance of even, regular cracking, which may be hidden in the joint’s crevice, is often preferred over random cracking.
Thus, expansion joints reduce cracks, including in the overall structure, while control joints manage cracks, primarily along the visual surface.
Roadway control joints may be sealed with hot tar, cold sealant (such as silicone), or compression sealant (such as rubber or polymers based crossed linked foams).Mortar with a breakaway bond may be used to fill some control joints.
Control joints must have adequate depth and not exceed maximum spacing for them to be effective. Typical specifications for a four-inch-thick slab are:
25% depth of material
spacing at 24x to 36x of slab depth (some specification call for a maximum of 30x)
special care for inside corners
Railway expansion joints
See also: Breather switch
An expansion joint on the Cornish Main Line, England
If a railway track runs over a bridge which has expansion joints that move more than a few millimeters, the track must be able to compensate this longer expansion or contraction. On the other hand, the track must always provide a continuous surface for the wheels traveling over it. These conflicting requirements are served by special expansion joints, where two rails glide along with each other at a very acute angle during expansion or contraction. They are typically seen near one or both ends of large steel bridges. Such an expansion joint looks somewhat like the tongue of a railroad switch, but with a different purpose and operation.
Ducted air systems
Expansion joints are required in large ducted air systems to allow fixed pieces of piping to be largely free of stress as thermal expansion occurs. Bends in elbows also can accommodate this. Expansion joints also isolate pieces of equipment such as fans from the rigid ductwork, thereby reducing vibration to the ductwork as well as allowing the fan to “grow” as it comes up to the operating air system temperature without placing stress on the fan or the fixed portions of ductwork.
An expansion joint is designed to allow deflection in the axial (compressive), lateral (shear), or angular (bending) deflections. Expansion joints can be non-metallic or metallic (often called bellows type). Non-metallic can be a single ply of rubberized material or a composite made of multiple layers of heat and erosion resistant flexible material. Typical layers are: outer cover to act a gas seal, a corrosion-resistant material such as Teflon, a layer of fiberglass to act as an insulator and to add durability, several layers of insulation to ensure that the heat transfer from the flue gas is reduced to the required temperature and an inside layer.
A bellows is made up of a series of one or more convolutions of metal to allow the axial, lateral, or angular deflection.
Pipe expansion joints
Main article: Metal expansion joint
Single sphere rubber bellows expansion joint, with flanges.
Stainless steel pipe expansion joint, with control rods.
Pipe expansion joints are necessary in systems that convey high temperature substances such as steam or exhaust gases, or to absorb movement and vibration. A typical joint is a bellows of metal (most commonly stainless steel), plastic (such as PTFE), fabric (such as glass fibre) or an elastomer such as rubber. A bellows is made up of a series of convolutions, with the shape of the convolution designed to withstand the internal pressures of the pipe, but flexible enough to accept axial, lateral, and angular deflections. Expansion joints are also designed for other criteria, such as noise absorption, anti-vibration, earthquake movement, and building settlement. Metal expansion joints have to be designed according to rules laid out by EJMA, for fabric expansion joints there are guidelines and a state-of-the-art description by the Quality Association for Fabric Expansion Joints. Pipe expansion joints are also known as "compensators", as they compensate for the thermal movement.
Pressure balanced expansion joints
Expansion joints are often included in industrial piping systems to accommodate movement due to thermal and mechanical changes in the system. When the process requires large changes in temperature, metal components change size. Expansion joints with metal bellows are designed to accommodate certain movements while minimizing the transfer of forces to sensitive components in the system.
Pressure created by pumps or gravity is used to move fluids through the piping system. Fluids under pressure occupy the volume of their container. The unique concept of pressure balanced expansion joints is they are designed to maintain a constant volume by having balancing bellows compensate for volume changes in the bellows (line bellows) which is moved by the pipe. An early name for these devices was “pressure-volumetric compensator”.
Manufacturing of rubber expansion joints
Wrapping fabric reinforced rubber sheets
Rubber expansion joints are mainly manufactured by manual wrapping of rubber sheets and fabric reinforced rubber sheets around a bellows-shaped product mandrel. Besides rubber and fabric, reinforced rubber and/or steel wires or metal rings are added for additional reinforcement.After the entire product is built up on the mandrel, it is covered with a winding of (nylon) peel ply to pressurize all layers together. Because of the labor-intensive production process, a large part of the production has moved to eastern Europe and Asian countries.
Molded rubber expansion joints
Some types of rubber expansion joints are made with a molding process. Typical joints that are molded are medium-sized expansion joints with bead rings, which are produced in large quantities. These rubber expansion joints are manufactured on a cylindrical mandrel, which is wrapped with bias cut fabric ply. At the end the bead rings are positioned and the end sections are folded inwards over the bead rings. This part is finally placed in a mold and molded into shape and vulcanized. This is a highly automated solution for large quantities of the same type of joint.
Automated winding of rubber expansion joints
New technology has been developed to wind rubber and reinforcement layers on the (cylindrical or bellows-shaped) mandrel automatically using industrial robots instead of manual wrapping. This is fast and accurate and provides repeatable high quality. Another aspect of using industrial robots for the production of rubber expansion joints is the possibility to apply an individual reinforcement layer instead of using pre-woven fabric. The fabric reinforcement is pre-woven and cut at the preferred bias angle. With individual reinforcement it is possible to add more or less fiber material at different sections of the product by changing the fiber angles over the length of the product.
Expansion joint accessories
Internal liners can be used to either protect the metallic bellows from erosion or reduce turbulence across the bellows. They must be used when purge connectors are included in the design. In order to provide enough clearance in the liner design, appropriate lateral and angular movements must be specified by the designer. When designing an expansion joint with combination ends, flow direction must be specified as well.
External covers or shrouds should be used to protect the internal bellows from being damaged. They also serve a purpose as insulation of the bellows. Covers can either be designed as removable or permanent accessories.
Particulate barriers/purge connectors
In systems that have a media with significant particulate content (i.e. flash or catalyst), a barrier of ceramic fiber can be utilized to prevent corrosion and restricted bellows flexibility resulting from the accumulation of the particulate. Purge connectors may also be utilized to perform this same function. Internal liners must also be included in the design if the expansion joint includes purge connectors or particulate barriers.
Limit rods may be used in an expansion joint design to limit the axial compression or expansion. They allow the expansion joint to move over a range according to where the nut stops are placed along the rods. Limit rods are used to prevent bellows over-extension while restraining the full pressure thrust of the system.
Expansion joint failure can occur for various reasons, but experience shows that failures falls into several distinct categories. This list includes, but is not limited to: shipping and handling damage, improper installation/insufficient protection, during/after installation, improper anchoring, guiding, and supporting of the system, anchor failure in service, corrosion, system over-pressure, excessive bellows deflection, torsion, bellows erosion, and particulate matter in bellows convolutions restricting proper movement.
There are various actions that can be taken to prevent and minimize expansion joint failure. During installation, prevent any damage to the bellows by carefully following the instructions furnished by the manufacturer.After installation, carefully inspect the entire piping system to see if any damage occurred during installation, if the expansion joint is in the proper location, and if the expansion joint flow direction and positioning is correct.Also, periodically inspect the expansion joint throughout the operating life of the system in order to check for external corrosion, loosening of threaded fasteners and deterioration of anchors, guides, and other hardware.
Other expansion joint types
Other types of expansion joints can include: fabric expansion joint, metal expansion joint (Pressure balanced expansion joints are a type of Metal expansion joints), toroidal expansion joint, gimbal expansion joint, universal expansion joint, in-line expansion joint, refractory lined expansion joint, hinged expansion joint, reinforced expansion joint and more.
Copper expansion joints are excellent materials designed for the movement of building components due to temperature, loads, and settlement. Copper is easy to form and lasts a long time. Details regarding roof conditions, roof edges, floors, are available. | <urn:uuid:938b946c-cf99-4b27-88c7-e68c4f00b60a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.industrialcontrolvalve.com/n1875016/Expansion-joint.htm | 2024-02-23T23:18:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.942565 | 2,838 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
82,
6819,
4304,
16,
361,
2710,
4304,
16,
316,
363,
8950,
2298,
292,
3325,
2287,
1875,
1020,
6614,
3593,
4461,
2263,
17,
263,
534,
286,
6819,
291,
2020,
1733,
289,
1649,
1811,
16,
291,
4969,
318,
16,
361,
292,
1059,
2710,
1504,
292,
2107,
9492,
361,
447,
997,
300,
2067,
18,
900,
356,
3224,
986,
858,
7058,
289,
4189,
16,
11554,
16,
2031,
91,
280,
530,
16,
6362,
2523,
11508,
16,
4137,
281,
1422,
16,
7860,
16,
291,
586,
3702,
18,
203,
38,
89,
4764,
8102,
16,
5462,
1580,
8183,
16,
291,
4137,
3729,
3754,
291,
6519,
1504,
292,
6647,
291,
6370,
427,
10124,
8812,
16,
361,
1504,
292,
586,
2164,
2419,
18,
4386,
6819,
4304,
8441,
664,
2825,
636,
629,
3702,
16,
502,
830,
9407,
1064,
268,
1751,
7416,
286,
18,
203,
21,
2439,
3410,
6819,
7310,
203,
22,
18,
21,
2132,
294,
2613,
292,
1357,
7310,
203,
23,
11989,
2523,
6819,
7310,
203,
24,
413,
405,
691,
1294,
1422,
203,
25,
382,
7119,
6819,
7310,
203,
25,
18,
21,
5625,
469,
5218,
6819,
7310,
203,
26,
11450,
714,
289,
9401,
6819,
7310,
203,
26,
18,
21,
388,
1209,
3752,
5621,
9452,
1553,
9401,
9933,
203,
26,
18,
22,
383,
1063,
286,
9401,
6819,
7310,
203,
26,
18,
23,
9315,
488,
2293,
526,
289,
9401,
6819,
7310,
203,
27,
6067,
504,
305,
4304,
1310,
2610,
203,
27,
18,
23,
2441,
410,
2417,
6616,
19,
11478,
369,
1383,
7671,
203,
27,
18,
24,
6742,
297,
633,
727,
203,
28,
418,
726,
469,
874,
274,
203,
29,
3117,
6819,
4304,
1640,
203,
2316,
4493,
525,
203,
3011,
1206,
3739,
5672,
203,
38,
86,
3410,
6819,
7310,
203,
38,
86,
3410,
6819,
7310,
356,
2298,
292,
1059,
331,
5674,
4407,
858,
3702,
1020,
6678,
673,
2710,
16,
5888,
964,
495,
16,
291,
2263,
7371,
341,
9452,
1553,
291,
882,
88,
5142,
5462,
16,
494,
5466,
16,
291,
4625,
3702,
18,
900,
3399,
268,
6632,
427,
285,
1753,
628,
289,
1349,
288,
4657,
1533,
16,
291,
525,
1059,
1982,
8301,
2710,
292,
10188,
11356,
7930,
1298,
268,
648,
292,
9420,
438,
298,
268,
6632,
6819,
4304,
18,
994,
356,
1320,
1640,
16,
518,
375,
11019,
2710,
427,
2553,
292,
433,
16,
1347,
3637,
344,
364,
379,
421,
21,
18,
22,
292,
777,
29,
18,
24,
288,
989,
1118,
7310,
331,
1139,
2710,
421,
4333,
7225,
5100,
391,
41,
46,
55,
16,
2928,
46,
55,
16,
596,
7728,
16,
388,
54,
16,
388,
4537,
72,
16,
291,
2409,
282,
283,
5460,
17,
3157,
989,
5232,
2710,
421,
5042,
4033,
416,
46,
16,
388,
72,
989,
291,
1452,
2710,
421,
59,
52,
16,
416,
56,
4033,
416,
46,
42,
19,
43,
10250,
283,
343,
42,
41,
46,
802,
203,
49,
370,
705,
6819,
7310,
356,
724,
649,
268,
4793,
289,
261,
6632,
10044,
268,
3493,
289,
261,
2324,
6216,
4304,
361,
261,
7274,
1517,
4304,
18,
1507,
770,
287,
2755,
892,
16,
11052,
419,
268,
3512,
846,
2152,
383,
495,
8848,
16,
316,
2298,
341,
261,
874,
705,
3762,
291,
375,
327,
8254,
292,
4735,
93,
268,
1430,
3091,
289,
2764,
723,
2214,
18,
49,
370,
705,
2563,
17,
75,
429,
6819,
7310,
375,
11019,
4793,
288,
516,
8994,
291,
4171,
500,
608,
953,
11437,
18,
900,
375,
327,
724,
331,
917,
297,
1327,
1420,
4793,
289,
352,
1936,
352,
2648,
20,
8799,
16,
361,
331,
1040,
1452,
4793,
289,
658,
777,
1347,
8799,
18,
365,
2972,
2710,
289,
268,
6632,
766,
79,
316,
5883,
1694,
261,
1289,
289,
1769,
8441,
518,
356,
2370,
419,
10852,
2248,
327,
2817,
18,
365,
1769,
8441,
356,
447,
3975,
419,
770,
287,
2755,
1628,
301,
278,
1136,
1174,
4760,
16,
291,
2248,
10807,
4793,
356,
11312,
419,
363,
1628,
2185,
1357,
892,
18,
365,
8630,
289,
268,
4304,
316,
3785,
268,
8630,
892,
289,
268,
6632,
766,
79,
18,
9254,
7310,
3810,
576,
17,
7714,
538,
87,
263,
310,
10108,
537,
341,
444,
2248,
16,
518,
1590,
5340,
427,
658,
17,
9175,
281,
4407,
419,
644,
292,
4988,
7113,
203,
55,
1512,
525,
293,
1431,
1080,
1357,
7310,
16,
518,
356,
2903,
724,
288,
6632,
1580,
8183,
18,
203,
9362,
350,
741,
6152,
3754,
352,
502,
7493,
2164,
291,
4886,
18,
540,
3508,
10821,
1751,
341,
268,
741,
6152,
291,
5565,
294,
16,
7705,
3646,
1893,
361,
949,
1634,
18,
37,
4304,
10418,
5565,
294,
360,
1628,
301,
278,
1136,
9111,
438,
513,
7493,
268,
494,
6105,
4157,
1298,
2183,
18,
39,
266,
71,
4325,
766,
505,
421,
2240,
2437,
288,
2031,
91,
280,
530,
13,
375,
5071,
1979,
10852,
1659,
16,
518,
316,
1840,
711,
2691,
419,
4654,
261,
9507,
9271,
265,
858,
268,
1580,
8183,
18,
365,
9507,
6819,
4304,
9827,
274,
352,
268,
5462,
771,
1863,
18,
11233,
16,
4171,
17,
10678,
273,
286,
294,
316,
2437,
724,
16,
360,
261,
6940,
289,
314,
4933,
347,
322,
89,
526,
628,
336,
513,
8413,
636,
268,
5462,
291,
3325,
268,
9271,
265,
288,
1349,
18,
203,
39,
1416,
294,
2613,
292,
1357,
7310,
203,
55,
738,
2333,
1357,
7310,
288,
5462,
203,
39,
2192,
1123,
7310,
16,
361,
2020,
1733,
7310,
16,
356,
2903,
11384,
360,
6819,
7310,
16,
566,
437,
261,
865,
3094,
291,
1596,
18,
1161,
71,
4325,
291,
352,
9982,
88,
437,
4097,
3344,
8167,
621,
2166,
16,
291,
2437,
926,
6178,
793,
1968,
352,
502,
1722,
16,
5888,
964,
16,
291,
356,
4504,
292,
2100,
1751,
274,
421,
9018,
1751,
274,
289,
6709,
6819,
291,
2020,
1733,
802,
5372,
7310,
5661,
292,
7577,
5742,
793,
3303,
419,
1019,
673,
3629,
331,
1751,
5869,
18,
900,
356,
2333,
636,
279,
1284,
367,
430,
1998,
630,
11634,
18,
3978,
1968,
3020,
292,
926,
1910,
268,
9520,
16,
2359,
687,
288,
6178,
5604,
10046,
18,
540,
316,
4604,
363,
9223,
2682,
31,
268,
4643,
289,
919,
16,
1998,
793,
3303,
16,
518,
602,
327,
7010,
288,
268,
4304,
372,
87,
847,
90,
690,
16,
316,
970,
8001,
658,
6178,
793,
3303,
18,
203,
2422,
310,
16,
6819,
7310,
1590,
793,
1968,
16,
1118,
288,
268,
2114,
2214,
16,
1020,
1357,
7310,
3102,
793,
1968,
16,
4604,
1910,
268,
3101,
2248,
18,
203,
54,
1862,
2523,
1357,
7310,
602,
327,
447,
3975,
360,
3075,
2259,
16,
3302,
9111,
438,
421,
7203,
352,
3124,
300,
590,
989,
361,
10821,
9111,
438,
421,
7203,
352,
9401,
361,
867,
2835,
332,
1585,
3264,
286,
4331,
8169,
2817,
802,
49,
442,
294,
360,
261,
2603,
738,
350,
6653,
602,
327,
724,
292,
5527,
579,
1357,
7310,
18,
203,
39,
2192,
1123,
7310,
1204,
437,
5901,
4893,
291,
462,
10044,
5213,
440,
3052,
331,
622,
292,
327,
1783,
18,
3652,
466,
1430,
500,
331,
261,
1958,
17,
11413,
17,
262,
868,
1580,
397,
356,
30,
203,
4638,
9,
4893,
289,
1193,
203,
2685,
3052,
430,
3730,
92,
292,
8241,
92,
289,
1580,
397,
4893,
421,
11926,
1430,
318,
1117,
331,
261,
5213,
289,
2553,
92,
13,
203,
6909,
439,
1066,
331,
3004,
9992,
203,
54,
726,
2523,
6819,
7310,
203,
55,
1512,
525,
30,
4773,
1116,
4956,
203,
7353,
6819,
4304,
341,
268,
10061,
557,
4550,
10306,
16,
4516,
203,
6164,
261,
6362,
2523,
3719,
7282,
658,
261,
6632,
518,
528,
6819,
7310,
336,
1454,
512,
687,
261,
1374,
3637,
344,
3824,
16,
268,
3719,
1204,
327,
1542,
292,
7084,
381,
456,
2473,
6819,
361,
2020,
1733,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
268,
3719,
1204,
1775,
1153,
261,
5674,
2248,
331,
268,
5544,
1137,
10638,
658,
362,
18,
948,
3524,
542,
3091,
356,
5389,
419,
1755,
6819,
7310,
16,
853,
881,
384,
4933,
1062,
496,
1910,
360,
1011,
586,
430,
261,
1040,
8139,
7474,
995,
6819,
361,
2020,
1733,
18,
900,
356,
2437,
2279,
1834,
597,
361,
1079,
6933,
289,
1452,
4625,
11554,
18,
5448,
363,
6819,
4304,
5092,
8593,
730,
268,
9027,
289,
261,
6362,
5802,
4956,
16,
566,
360,
261,
865,
3094,
291,
4531,
18,
203,
40,
405,
691,
1294,
1422,
203,
9079,
84,
504,
305,
7310,
356,
2207,
288,
1452,
295,
405,
691,
1294,
1422,
292,
1059,
6169,
4648,
289,
4137,
281,
292,
327,
5706,
1776,
289,
1751,
352,
6709,
6819,
3606,
18,
391,
6311,
288,
1628,
70,
2739,
525,
375,
11019,
456,
18,
6067,
504,
305,
7310,
525,
4700,
381,
4648,
289,
2857,
659,
352,
11143,
427,
268,
6343,
323,
295,
405,
544,
2904,
16,
7628,
2860,
4969,
318,
292,
268,
295,
405,
544,
2904,
352,
767,
352,
3240,
268,
9238,
292,
538,
75,
694,
537,
352,
362,
1974,
644,
292,
268,
4579,
1294,
892,
2263,
1298,
9366,
1751,
341,
268,
9238,
361,
268,
6169,
2672,
508,
289,
295,
405,
544,
2904,
18,
203,
7353,
6819,
4304,
316,
2298,
292,
1059,
1175,
7414,
288,
268,
6553,
439,
421,
7588,
6105,
989,
2135,
280,
421,
2683,
521,
989,
361,
4217,
705,
421,
70,
1753,
13,
1175,
611,
508,
18,
6067,
504,
305,
7310,
375,
327,
1677,
17,
8517,
453,
300,
361,
1757,
453,
300,
421,
2012,
506,
1478,
285,
467,
2739,
1517,
802,
7332,
17,
8517,
453,
300,
375,
327,
261,
2324,
279,
325,
289,
9401,
963,
1193,
361,
261,
494,
5466,
1146,
289,
2563,
5936,
289,
2164,
291,
9186,
8451,
6580,
1193,
18,
3652,
466,
5936,
356,
30,
7814,
1955,
292,
3241,
261,
2238,
9111,
16,
261,
10087,
17,
10678,
1193,
659,
352,
2595,
3381,
266,
16,
261,
3863,
289,
4558,
732,
80,
594,
292,
3241,
352,
363,
685,
10142,
291,
292,
769,
10059,
16,
1520,
5936,
289,
8364,
292,
1530,
336,
268,
2164,
3807,
427,
268,
2327,
73,
2238,
316,
3544,
292,
268,
2207,
2263,
291,
363,
3004,
3863,
18,
203,
37,
285,
467,
2739,
316,
1146,
644,
289,
261,
3338,
289,
597,
361,
512,
5047,
320,
2128,
289,
3691,
292,
1059,
268,
6553,
439,
16,
2135,
280,
16,
361,
4217,
705,
1175,
7414,
18,
203,
52,
7119,
6819,
7310,
203,
49,
412,
1989,
30,
7468,
280,
6819,
4304,
203,
55,
281,
298,
440,
6817,
9401,
285,
467,
2739,
6819,
4304,
16,
360,
949,
4774,
18,
203,
55,
572,
1465,
4625,
8870,
6819,
4304,
16,
360,
1357,
633,
727,
18,
203,
52,
7119,
6819,
7310,
356,
1990,
288,
1422,
336,
7495,
695,
2263,
5471,
659,
352,
8659,
361,
7535,
88,
7727,
16,
361,
292,
7493,
2710,
291,
4969,
318,
18,
330,
5418,
4304,
316,
261,
285,
467,
2739,
289,
3691,
421,
2240,
3224,
7827,
1465,
4625,
989,
3411,
421,
7203,
352,
9280,
42,
41,
989,
5621,
421,
7203,
352,
3840,
4558,
267,
13,
361,
363,
1628,
301,
278,
815,
659,
352,
9401,
18,
330,
285,
467,
2739,
316,
1146,
644,
289,
261,
3338,
289,
5047,
320,
2128,
16,
360,
268,
3234,
289,
268,
5047,
1761,
2298,
292,
9697,
268,
4180,
11588,
289,
268,
8870,
16,
566,
6580,
1982,
292,
5103,
6553,
439,
16,
2135,
280,
16,
291,
4217,
705,
1175,
611,
508,
18,
6067,
504,
305,
7310,
356,
525,
2298,
331,
586,
6820,
16,
659,
352,
5340,
8224,
16,
1743,
17,
90,
2231,
318,
16,
11907,
2710,
16,
291,
1649,
9492,
18,
7468,
280,
6819,
7310,
437,
292,
327,
2298,
2310,
292,
3566,
8320,
628,
419,
416,
46,
8583,
16,
331,
5621,
6819,
7310,
686,
356,
4640,
291,
261,
1247,
17,
2012,
17,
1381,
17,
531,
7510,
419,
268,
8523,
5070,
331,
418,
397,
1179,
6067,
504,
305,
596,
2372,
18,
382,
7119,
6819,
7310,
356,
525,
1261,
352,
991,
7588,
614,
1721,
7694,
352,
502,
7084,
381,
331,
268,
6709,
2710,
18,
203,
52,
550,
469,
5218,
6819,
7310,
203,
9079,
84,
504,
305,
7310,
356,
970,
3380,
288,
3854,
4137,
281,
1422,
292,
11019,
2710,
1504,
292,
6709,
291,
6167,
1703,
288,
268,
892,
18,
1097,
268,
833,
2559,
1452,
1703,
288,
2263,
16,
3691,
3008,
1317,
2155,
18,
6067,
504,
305,
7310,
360,
3691,
285,
467,
2739,
356,
2298,
292,
11019,
1575,
4793,
1020,
9895,
268,
3807,
289,
4157,
292,
4476,
3008,
288,
268,
892,
18,
203,
52,
550,
469,
2370,
419,
10037,
361,
9257,
316,
724,
292,
1454,
9552,
734,
268,
4137,
281,
892,
18,
10378,
1406,
1064,
1987,
4240,
93,
268,
4765,
289,
444,
6967,
18,
365,
2070,
3313,
289,
1987,
5218,
6819,
7310,
316,
502,
356,
2298,
292,
1638,
261,
3453,
4765,
419,
2054,
1978,
3113,
285,
467,
2739,
7084,
381,
331,
4765,
1703,
288,
268,
285,
467,
2739,
421,
1279,
285,
467,
2739,
13,
518,
316,
5381
] |
In Pakistan, the two most appealing professions revolve around people either becoming engineers or doctors. To enroll in engineering universities in Pakistan the prerequisite is a great score in FSc Pre-Engineering. This is easier said than done as it requires scoring high in Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics. Here’s how to prepare for FSc Pre-Engineering board exams using Noon.
The way board exams are conducted, you are taught the entire syllabus over an academic year, and then you are tested for each subject all-at-once. To solve this dilemma, Noon offers you the most intuitive, user-friendly, and fun learning app that can help you start your learning journey.
You can plan and manage your study routines and time more effectively if you know what to expect throughout the academic term. When exams are around the corner, you can ensure a positive outcome by making smart study choices with Noon!
Which major subjects are covered in FSc Pre-Engineering Board Exams?
As mentioned, Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics make up three of the most important subjects covered in this field. The examination boards evaluate FSc Pre-Engineering out of 1100 marks. These marks are distributed over 2 years of 550 marks each, called Part 1, and Part 2. While most subjects are theoretical, Chemistry and Physics feature practicals as well (both years).
An FSc pre-engineering physics course will explain why things move the way they do, such as motion. A detailed description of the movement of objects and prediction of their activity in certain exceptional cases. They are computed in conjunction with Newton’s Laws. Force is the concept that determines how things move.
Including conservation laws and conservation of momentum in linear momentum and impacts. In Fluid and Thermal Physics, you will also learn about liquids and gasses. There is also Electricity and Magnetism – the electric and magnetic forces.
You see how electricity flows in circuits. You will study electromagnetic waves in Optics and learn how they bend and reflect. Once you are familiar with light, you will understand Einstein’s theory of special relativity. And that’s to name a few.
While Physics as a subject relies on understanding principles and rationale, a large part of it relies on understanding the mathematics behind each concept. In hard sciences, everything can be explained through math. Therefore having a stronger grasp of mathematics will aid in the understanding of Physics, and understanding the underlying principles will clear your concepts all the better.
Having a hard time with the syllabus above? Not to worry, our instructor, Mr. Mohammad Kazim Shahzad, will take care of all your worries and grind for you. The teaching style he employs will leave you in awe of his unique abilities. Get access to past papers, objectives and subjective tests and revision to fully prepare for your exam!
Chemistry will help you understand the physical world’s composition and properties. As you progress through pre-engineering, you will encounter more complicated topics such as stoichiometry, thermodynamics and virtual laboratory experiments.
Following will be your basic learning objectives for FSc pre-engineering Chemistry:
- Describing heterogeneous mixtures, including suspensions and colloids.
- Using the periodic table to identify electronegativity and electron affinity trends.
- Testing the properties of substances by designing and conducting experiments.
- Writing equilibrium expressions and calculating the equilibrium constant for reactions.
- Using kinetic-molecular theory to analyze ideal gas behavior, including diffusion and effusion.
- Using meters and indicators to measure pH.
- Explanation and comparison of fission and fusion reactions.
- Identify which household chemicals are dangerous to store together.
Enrich your learning with our instructor, Naveed Ahmad Naveed who with his 17 years of experience and expertise will make your learning process smooth and effortless. He is currently working for the KPESE department of Peace College.
Students studying pre-engineering or Intermediate in Computer Sciences (ICS) must thoroughly understand mathematics. Studying mathematics involves learning simple sums, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and geometry. As a result, you will develop logical problem-solving skills that will help a great deal if you decide to go into the field of data science.
A practical introduction to core mathematics is necessary for engineering study and practice. You will cover topics in algebra such as polynomial, rational, and exponential functions, as well as conic sections as you progress through geometry, algebra, and pre-calculus.
The Law of Sines and Cosines is also taught in trigonometry class. You will also cover the fundamentals of probability and statistics. The mathematical theories are explained unambiguously with support from examples and applications in engineering.
Miss Sadia Misbah is another one of the best instructors we have, well acquainted with PTB and Cambridge syllabuses as well as her domain. She did Mphil in Mathematics from Punjab University and is currently teaching at Divisional Model College.
How to prepare for FSc Pre-Engineering Board Exams?
Developing a realistic study schedule based upon specific and clear goals for each session is vital in preparing for board exams. Prepare a plan of where you will study, what time, and what you will accomplish during this time. Boosting the brain’s capacity by cramming places excessive stress on it. When the brain is overworked too often or too much, it is more prone to feeling anxious, frustrated, fatigued, and confused. In order to reset and refocus, the brain needs time to breathe, relax, and refocus. Cramming works the opposite way.
Make sure you have the time to study, block out time for specific tasks, and study with a sense of urgency. Plan time for sleep, for meals, and some downtime. Sleep deprivation negatively affects performance. Last but not least, organizing your study plan should be the highest priority.
With the Noon app, students affected by the challenges of living in a Covid-struck world can use the smart syllabus platform to prepare for upcoming exams from home.
Conceptual Interactive Lectures from Noon
Watching videos on YouTube will always leave you at the mercy of a teacher/tutor whose credentials you are uncertain of, and are unlikely to have a two-way communication with them if some concepts go unaddressed. Through Noon, students can approach learning in a new way. There are conceptual videos for every subject to provide a coherent learning experience.
The content is concise, simplified, easy-to-digest, making it easy to grasp. Videos with a comprehensive conceptual framework provide learners with a clear and continuous path to understanding complex subjects.
The conversational style of the videos is the antithesis of what most people associate with math and science instruction. Noon reduces the limitations of traditional offline methods to connect students and teachers anywhere in the country.
During the class, you can participate in live chat with your teacher and classmates, and ask questions. Noon is the only leading free online educational platform providing live-interactive classes.
Noon instructors hold degrees from prestigious universities such as Harvard, INSEAD, King Edward, IBA, LUMS, and more. Noon’s top rated teachers for pre-engineering are Aqsa Mughal, Kainat Fatima Tahir and Muhammad Abdur Rehamn. Their credentials, experience and teaching style will help you strongly ascertain all the concepts.
Fast Revision Notes from Noon
By making its content available for free throughout Pakistan, Noon, an international e-learning platform, creates high-quality content for students using its expertise in technology. Students build the necessary skills to apply to any curriculum with fast revision notes focused on core conceptual understanding.
Additionally, there are provisions for registering lessons for optimal revision. With its unique tools and features, it stands out from competitors by offering students the opportunity to practice lessons that could be far more challenging for them.
Noon lets tutors design customized tests based on the learning schedule of their students. In the event that they miss a class, this helps them prepare effectively for the tests. Students can also watch recorded lessons for maximum revision. To ensure that students’ knowledge is organically enhanced, top-class tutors develop practice papers to practice and revise lessons.
Unlimited MCQs Practice and Solved Past Papers
Put your concepts to the test as you gain confidence! Since several years ago, advanced eLearning apps have been a boon to the eLearning industry. Noon has been a revelation in the eLearning space because it offers an exclusive combination of engaging online lessons, features, and top-notch teachers.
Noon is an online learning platform where students can practice learning by doing. You can practice solving past papers and access unlimited MCQs on the app. Use the practice sets created by the best online secondary, primary, and high school teachers to revise concepts. Additionally, you will be notified when a teacher uploads new materials to the channel.
As an added benefit, Noon lets you join multiple groups, chat with your teacher or friends, take quizzes, play educational games, and ask questions during sessions. With the Noon App, you can access all these features on your phone or tablet.
Moreover, one of the key offerings at Noon is the inclusion of past papers. In order to further improve students’ understanding of concepts, teachers are specifically instructed to incorporate the chapter-wise past paper practice into their lessons.
The key feature with Noon is that our teachers are instructed to incorporate chapter wise past paper practice as part of the syllabus to further improve students’ understanding of core concepts.
To meet the growing need for digital education, institutions must adapt to this new system, where Noon fills the gap by providing full-length papers to students. Taking online exams for students is seamless, whether you are practicing, preparing for a test, or missing the class. The Noon library includes full-length papers on which to prepare.
A peer-to-peer feel that is collaborative, delightful, and highly useful to users has transformed the learning process into an accessible, fun mode. Teachers can teach students live sessions with their peers and clear their doubts on discussion forums.
A course challenge integrates skills from all the units to help you track your progress and demonstrate your understanding. Each unit contains exercises, quizzes, and unit tests.
Any learner can use the Noon model as a primary educational platform or a secondary one. It is not the act of grasping that is the biggest obstacle to studying, but the monotonous nature of the process. Noon excels in this area and stands out from its competition in all aspects. Teachers from around the world can now create their groups on this open platform. By offering quality instruction, they will be able to develop a consistent following and earn extra income. As a result, education has improved in quality and become more affordable worldwide. | <urn:uuid:ac90b8eb-e958-491f-927e-391fdecaf65f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/en-pk2/prepare-for-fsc-pre-engineering-board-exams/ | 2024-02-23T23:54:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.942981 | 2,235 | 2.703125 | 3 | [
2983,
7769,
16,
268,
881,
710,
11453,
1174,
5109,
10619,
317,
1149,
689,
2447,
3832,
6726,
361,
5846,
18,
1122,
403,
2250,
288,
4160,
8431,
288,
7769,
268,
549,
387,
9951,
674,
316,
261,
1312,
6864,
288,
418,
55,
71,
2412,
17,
9453,
75,
475,
1489,
18,
540,
316,
3402,
1211,
687,
2217,
352,
362,
2559,
646,
2974,
695,
288,
6129,
4018,
1067,
16,
654,
10445,
16,
291,
4623,
1067,
18,
2011,
372,
87,
667,
292,
5060,
331,
418,
55,
71,
2412,
17,
9453,
75,
475,
1489,
4302,
9882,
1001,
2491,
266,
18,
203,
1461,
898,
4302,
9882,
356,
4404,
16,
337,
356,
5536,
268,
2414,
928,
660,
397,
310,
658,
363,
3965,
715,
16,
291,
1023,
337,
356,
5635,
331,
1011,
2783,
516,
17,
271,
17,
266,
339,
18,
1122,
5422,
456,
295,
621,
81,
2647,
16,
2491,
266,
2767,
337,
268,
710,
9972,
1257,
16,
2849,
17,
5350,
16,
291,
1083,
1217,
558,
336,
375,
617,
337,
1236,
424,
1217,
3405,
18,
203,
7556,
375,
1200,
291,
3102,
424,
1147,
11346,
291,
669,
512,
2992,
717,
337,
698,
768,
292,
3176,
2309,
268,
3965,
2085,
18,
1097,
9882,
356,
1149,
268,
9070,
16,
337,
375,
1530,
261,
2262,
6811,
419,
1355,
3827,
1147,
4548,
360,
2491,
266,
5,
203,
2895,
477,
1670,
5469,
356,
4738,
288,
418,
55,
71,
2412,
17,
9453,
75,
475,
1489,
7566,
1206,
2817,
35,
203,
5190,
4565,
16,
4623,
1067,
16,
654,
10445,
16,
291,
6129,
4018,
1067,
804,
644,
1391,
289,
268,
710,
851,
5469,
4738,
288,
456,
2092,
18,
365,
6801,
10525,
5992,
418,
55,
71,
2412,
17,
9453,
75,
475,
1489,
628,
289,
2912,
587,
7613,
18,
948,
7613,
356,
7006,
658,
497,
935,
289,
1016,
2520,
7613,
1011,
16,
1478,
4363,
433,
16,
291,
4363,
497,
18,
1508,
710,
5469,
356,
9762,
16,
654,
10445,
291,
4623,
1067,
3810,
1952,
645,
352,
767,
421,
70,
763,
935,
802,
203,
7353,
418,
55,
71,
561,
17,
6717,
475,
1489,
7542,
1911,
513,
4345,
1768,
1612,
1454,
268,
898,
502,
565,
16,
659,
352,
5247,
18,
330,
4796,
7510,
289,
268,
2710,
289,
3582,
291,
2061,
2597,
289,
444,
2067,
288,
1575,
10269,
1934,
18,
900,
356,
494,
2576,
288,
7944,
4268,
360,
1525,
1448,
372,
87,
4392,
87,
18,
10074,
316,
268,
3313,
336,
10461,
667,
1612,
1454,
18,
203,
2983,
71,
6889,
4246,
3467,
291,
4246,
289,
3841,
408,
288,
9034,
3841,
408,
291,
3960,
18,
450,
10378,
323,
291,
321,
1348,
280,
4623,
1067,
16,
337,
513,
525,
1213,
608,
4011,
1406,
291,
319,
6442,
18,
994,
316,
525,
9121,
380,
291,
383,
1599,
364,
997,
796,
268,
2297,
291,
6561,
4157,
18,
203,
7556,
901,
667,
3666,
7928,
288,
11147,
18,
990,
513,
1147,
11084,
9965,
6007,
288,
3392,
1187,
291,
1213,
667,
502,
285,
593,
291,
5295,
18,
3126,
337,
356,
4973,
360,
1360,
16,
337,
513,
992,
416,
1054,
6388,
372,
87,
3580,
289,
1755,
711,
271,
4066,
18,
1256,
336,
372,
87,
292,
1932,
261,
1374,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
4623,
1067,
352,
261,
2783,
10283,
341,
1616,
3995,
291,
9327,
73,
16,
261,
1452,
923,
289,
362,
10283,
341,
1616,
268,
8128,
2976,
1011,
3313,
18,
450,
1656,
10104,
16,
3423,
375,
327,
5892,
734,
3037,
18,
3481,
2054,
261,
6551,
10264,
289,
8128,
513,
4282,
288,
268,
1616,
289,
4623,
1067,
16,
291,
1616,
268,
4908,
3995,
513,
1763,
424,
4127,
516,
268,
1326,
18,
203,
44,
2366,
261,
1656,
669,
360,
268,
928,
660,
397,
310,
2159,
35,
3217,
292,
5958,
16,
662,
3523,
441,
16,
5363,
18,
383,
1390,
1724,
354,
696,
1600,
344,
1395,
1469,
94,
354,
16,
513,
1071,
1066,
289,
516,
424,
451,
3589,
291,
785,
578,
331,
337,
18,
365,
3254,
3836,
431,
639,
476,
7432,
513,
3756,
337,
288,
1239,
73,
289,
615,
2070,
5384,
18,
4114,
1310,
292,
2323,
7540,
16,
6233,
291,
979,
10827,
3265,
291,
1658,
1446,
292,
3590,
5060,
331,
424,
879,
5,
203,
5139,
10445,
513,
617,
337,
992,
268,
1646,
887,
372,
87,
5964,
291,
3227,
18,
760,
337,
2674,
734,
561,
17,
6717,
475,
1489,
16,
337,
513,
7863,
512,
7017,
4702,
659,
352,
1227,
477,
77,
436,
891,
16,
4415,
946,
5490,
1067,
291,
4520,
6826,
6539,
18,
203,
42,
320,
693,
281,
513,
327,
424,
2900,
1217,
6233,
331,
418,
55,
71,
561,
17,
6717,
475,
1489,
654,
10445,
30,
203,
17,
2284,
1696,
281,
431,
345,
11793,
499,
2698,
1601,
16,
1118,
4115,
7522,
291,
2042,
6006,
18,
203,
17,
3737,
268,
1604,
300,
3438,
292,
2423,
2098,
590,
75,
271,
4066,
291,
10136,
1140,
7294,
5374,
18,
203,
17,
9964,
268,
3227,
289,
5471,
419,
8397,
291,
9101,
6539,
18,
203,
17,
8127,
1222,
309,
449,
634,
408,
10185,
291,
2460,
3939,
268,
1222,
309,
449,
634,
408,
3453,
331,
5798,
18,
203,
17,
3737,
520,
475,
410,
17,
10295,
611,
705,
3580,
292,
5590,
3890,
2238,
2197,
16,
1118,
11153,
2037,
291,
651,
2037,
18,
203,
17,
3737,
6880,
291,
9136,
292,
2074,
7105,
18,
203,
17,
4316,
282,
318,
291,
6890,
289,
284,
1687,
291,
11586,
5798,
18,
203,
17,
11737,
518,
5914,
4278,
356,
4233,
292,
3996,
1875,
18,
203,
9453,
4432,
424,
1217,
360,
662,
3523,
441,
16,
465,
1284,
286,
330,
76,
81,
354,
465,
1284,
286,
650,
360,
615,
2493,
935,
289,
1432,
291,
5689,
513,
804,
424,
1217,
833,
5036,
291,
3620,
1465,
18,
915,
316,
3794,
1795,
331,
268,
696,
52,
3214,
41,
7217,
289,
11498,
5387,
18,
203,
55,
567,
546,
5732,
561,
17,
6717,
475,
1489,
361,
450,
950,
2086,
381,
288,
9367,
8376,
421,
4033,
55,
13,
1204,
8525,
992,
8128,
18,
2267,
1411,
8128,
2675,
1217,
2208,
390,
507,
16,
366,
369,
9954,
16,
3723,
266,
436,
891,
16,
2460,
346,
310,
16,
291,
8410,
891,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
337,
513,
709,
9319,
1676,
17,
8234,
1607,
336,
513,
617,
261,
1312,
3625,
717,
337,
5841,
292,
679,
636,
268,
2092,
289,
863,
2186,
18,
203,
37,
4183,
5705,
292,
4144,
8128,
316,
1990,
331,
4160,
1147,
291,
2060,
18,
990,
513,
1955,
4702,
288,
366,
369,
9954,
659,
352,
867,
2121,
311,
439,
16,
9327,
16,
291,
771,
266,
841,
3632,
16,
352,
767,
352,
353,
300,
7058,
352,
337,
2674,
734,
8410,
891,
16,
366,
369,
9954,
16,
291,
561,
17,
10500,
7791,
310,
18,
203,
1461,
4392,
289,
343,
967,
291,
11095,
967,
316,
525,
5536,
288,
3723,
266,
436,
891,
1280,
18,
990,
513,
525,
1955,
268,
11472,
645,
289,
9710,
291,
7639,
18,
365,
7980,
7719,
356,
5892,
543,
4335,
333,
89,
3343,
360,
1105,
427,
3324,
291,
2391,
288,
4160,
18,
203,
49,
846,
343,
354,
563,
383,
277,
70,
1469,
316,
1515,
597,
289,
268,
1274,
3523,
909,
445,
437,
16,
767,
3928,
412,
691,
360,
9280,
38,
291,
11936,
928,
660,
397,
6559,
352,
767,
352,
954,
6894,
18,
2623,
1535,
383,
902,
309,
288,
6129,
4018,
1067,
427,
382,
374,
78,
397,
1832,
291,
316,
3794,
3254,
430,
11046,
280,
9352,
5387,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
5060,
331,
418,
55,
71,
2412,
17,
9453,
75,
475,
1489,
7566,
1206,
2817,
35,
203,
40,
73,
676,
281,
261,
8529,
1147,
5806,
1585,
2807,
1430,
291,
1763,
3002,
331,
1011,
6999,
316,
3226,
288,
7994,
331,
4302,
9882,
18,
11940,
470,
261,
1200,
289,
853,
337,
513,
1147,
16,
768,
669,
16,
291,
768,
337,
513,
9094,
995,
456,
669,
18,
4312,
511,
281,
268,
1860,
372,
87,
3493,
419,
793,
1724,
281,
3508,
5221,
1751,
341,
362,
18,
1097,
268,
1860,
316,
658,
1450,
286,
1232,
970,
361,
1232,
1111,
16,
362,
316,
512,
8096,
292,
3900,
11329,
16,
8180,
488,
16,
2272,
333,
4477,
16,
291,
11384,
18,
450,
1544,
292,
474,
364,
291,
1210,
1372,
16,
268,
1860,
1470,
669,
292,
10231,
16,
4573,
16,
291,
1210,
1372,
18,
3978,
1724,
281,
1854,
268,
6896,
898,
18,
203,
49,
1387,
1850,
337,
437,
268,
669,
292,
1147,
16,
2834,
628,
669,
331,
1430,
3331,
16,
291,
1147,
360,
261,
2266,
289,
2112,
75,
1150,
18,
4521,
669,
331,
1954,
16,
331,
6072,
16,
291,
579,
1190,
2130,
18,
7804,
10236,
406,
318,
9931,
4238,
2156,
18,
6086,
566,
462,
2144,
16,
1087,
1790,
424,
1147,
1200,
788,
327,
268,
4406,
7735,
18,
203,
59,
349,
268,
2491,
266,
558,
16,
1052,
3328,
419,
268,
2219,
289,
2299,
288,
261,
9656,
17,
87,
1026,
79,
887,
375,
666,
268,
3827,
928,
660,
397,
310,
4412,
292,
5060,
331,
644,
6319,
9882,
427,
1311,
18,
203,
39,
266,
969,
1924,
3514,
2636,
458,
312,
1601,
427,
2491,
266,
203,
59,
1421,
281,
6566,
341,
990,
11751,
513,
1775,
3756,
337,
430,
268,
8461,
93,
289,
261,
3898,
19,
400,
441,
4060,
2977,
10294,
337,
356,
6789,
289,
16,
291,
356,
9739,
292,
437,
261,
881,
17,
2523,
2413,
360,
622,
717,
579,
4127,
679,
543,
6348,
5142,
18,
3797,
2491,
266,
16,
1052,
375,
1563,
1217,
288,
261,
733,
898,
18,
994,
356,
3414,
1924,
6566,
331,
953,
2783,
292,
1153,
261,
742,
2562,
302,
1217,
1432,
18,
203,
1461,
2064,
316,
2812,
758,
16,
4857,
2234,
16,
2289,
17,
278,
17,
72,
333,
443,
16,
1355,
362,
2289,
292,
10264,
18,
720,
496,
335,
360,
261,
3724,
3414,
1924,
5018,
1153,
5909,
360,
261,
1763,
291,
5674,
2363,
292,
1616,
1874,
5469,
18,
203,
1461,
3403,
778,
3836,
289,
268,
6566,
316,
268,
1743,
6825,
289,
768,
710,
689,
9324,
360,
3037,
291,
2186,
6908,
18,
2491,
266,
4993,
268,
6610,
289,
2338,
1070,
1279,
2222,
292,
3728,
1052,
291,
3067,
7186,
288,
268,
1777,
18,
203,
40,
714,
268,
1280,
16,
337,
375,
5824,
288,
2180,
8276,
360,
424,
3898,
291,
1280,
81,
692,
16,
291,
2379,
2212,
18,
2491,
266,
316,
268,
794,
2469,
1776,
2049,
3409,
4412,
2352,
2180,
17,
5675,
2636,
4754,
18,
203,
50,
4642,
3523,
909,
3325,
4885,
427,
882,
2416,
702,
8431,
659,
352,
10041,
16,
6770,
7225,
5165,
16,
3432,
11082,
16,
334,
8847,
16,
458,
57,
5513,
16,
291,
512,
18,
2491,
266,
372,
87,
1479,
384,
488,
3067,
331,
561,
17,
6717,
475,
1489,
356,
330,
85,
87,
69,
383,
6016,
280,
16,
696,
412,
271,
11477,
11191,
307,
1469,
338,
291,
383,
8676,
1724,
354,
2605,
72,
324,
942,
6158,
82,
18,
3367,
2977,
10294,
16,
1432,
291,
3254,
3836,
513,
617,
337,
8116,
352,
5910,
516,
268,
4127,
18,
203,
42,
603,
5313,
1446,
3217,
274,
427,
2491,
266,
203,
10646,
1355,
606,
2064,
1608,
331,
1776,
2309,
7769,
16,
2491,
266,
16,
363,
3006,
303,
17,
3271,
668,
4412,
16,
4944,
695,
17,
5279,
2064,
331,
1052,
1001,
606,
5689,
288,
1428,
18,
4271,
2115,
268,
1990,
1607,
292,
3769,
292,
723,
4985,
360,
3498,
1658,
1446,
4686,
4474,
341,
4144,
3414,
1924,
1616,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
686,
356,
11274,
331,
10328,
281,
5102,
331,
5023,
1658,
1446,
18,
1440,
606,
2070,
2133,
291,
2630,
16,
362,
5435,
628,
427,
3470,
909,
419,
4542,
1052,
268,
3249,
292,
2060,
5102,
336,
911,
327,
1904,
512,
4079,
331,
622,
18,
203,
50,
4642,
417,
340,
2199,
909,
1019,
2944,
963,
3265,
1585,
341,
268,
1217,
5806,
289,
444,
1052,
18,
450,
268,
2282,
336,
502,
3873,
261,
1280,
16,
456,
1780,
622,
5060,
2992,
331,
268,
3265,
18,
4271,
375,
525,
3668,
5613,
5102,
331,
5213,
1658,
1446,
18,
1122,
1530,
336,
1052,
372,
1772,
316,
1087,
1030,
7360,
16,
1479,
17,
9046,
2199,
909,
709,
2060,
7540,
292,
2060,
291,
1658,
758,
5102,
18,
203,
10015,
4498,
1006,
383,
39,
53,
87,
7992,
291,
3688,
1027,
382,
603,
382,
5033,
203,
52,
371,
424,
4127,
292,
268,
1265,
352,
337,
3277,
5124,
5,
3296,
1520,
935,
3656,
16,
3599,
303,
48,
521,
668,
6478,
437,
712,
261,
1337,
266,
292,
268,
303,
48,
521,
668,
1997,
18,
2491,
266,
528,
712,
261,
304,
489,
318,
288,
268,
303,
48,
521,
668,
1846,
971,
362,
2767,
363,
377,
8414,
3878,
289,
4797,
2049,
5102,
16,
2630,
16,
291,
1479,
17,
1960,
355,
3067,
18,
203,
50,
4642,
316,
363,
2049,
1217,
4412,
853,
1052,
375,
2060,
1217,
419,
2776,
18,
990,
375,
2060,
8491,
2323
] |
Medical Health Care
Types Of Medical Healthcare Available
There are various types of medical healthcare available to individuals today. These include preventive care, primary care, specialty care, and emergency care. Preventive care aims to prevent illnesses and injuries through measures such as vaccinations, screenings, and counseling on healthy lifestyle habits.
Primary care involves the first point of contact with a healthcare provider for routine check-ups, diagnosis, and treatment of common illnesses and chronic conditions. Specialty care involves the diagnosis and treatment of specific health conditions or diseases by healthcare providers with additional training and expertise in that area.
Emergency care is necessary for urgent and life-threatening medical situations that require immediate attention. Access to these different types of medical healthcare ensures that individuals can receive the appropriate care for their health needs.
Historical Overview Of Medical Healthcare
Medical healthcare has a long and complex history, dating back to ancient times. Over the centuries, medical practices and beliefs have evolved and changed, driven by advances in science, technology, and cultural influences.
In many early societies, medicine was closely tied to religious or spiritual beliefs, and healers often used herbs, rituals, or other non-scientific methods to treat illnesses. It wasn't until the 19th and 20th centuries that modern medicine emerged, thanks to breakthroughs in scientific research and the development of new technologies.
During this time, doctors and researchers made major strides in understanding the human body and how it functions, leading to new treatments and interventions for a wide range of conditions.In the modern era, medical healthcare has become an intricate and highly specialized field.
Medical professionals use a variety of tools and techniques to diagnose and treat illnesses, from cutting-edge imaging technologies to sophisticated surgical procedures. At the same time, there is a growing emphasis on preventive care and public health initiatives, aimed at improving the overall well-being of populations and reducing the incidence of chronic conditions.
Despite these advances, medical healthcare remains a complex and challenging field. As new diseases emerge and old ones evolve, medical professionals must continually adapt and develop new treatments and interventions.
Additionally, there are ongoing concerns around issues such as access to care, healthcare affordability, and disparities in health outcomes between different populations. Nonetheless, medical healthcare remains a vital and indispensable component of modern society.
The Evolution Of Medical Healthcare
The evolution of medical healthcare has been marked by various significant milestones throughout history. From the earliest beginnings of medicine with the use of herbal remedies, the practice of medicine has progressed to the modern era of advanced medical technologies and treatments.
The ancient Greeks made significant contributions to medicine, including the development of anatomical studies and early surgical procedures. In the Middle Ages, understanding of medicine was enhanced through the work of Muslim physicians and scholars.
The Renaissance period saw the continued advancement of medical knowledge and practices, culminating in the establishment of modern medical schools in the 18th and 19th centuries. The discovery of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases.
Today, healthcare is continually evolving, with ongoing research in areas such as genomics and personalized medicine. With each new discovery and advancement, medical healthcare becomes more sophisticated and effective, paving the way for better health outcomes for people around the world.
Significant Milestones In Medical Healthcare
Significant milestones in medical healthcare have been achieved throughout history. From the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 to the first successful organ transplant in 1954, these breakthroughs have revolutionized the field of medicine and saved countless lives.
Other important milestones include the development of vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796, which has helped eradicate the disease, and the creation of the first artificial heart by Robert Jarvik in 1982, which opened up new possibilities for treatment of heart disease.
The medical community has also made significant progress in addressing public health issues, such as improving sanitation to prevent the spread of disease and combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The ongoing advancements and breakthroughs in medical healthcare continue to provide hope for a healthier future for all.
Modern Medical Healthcare
Modern medical healthcare has come a long way from traditional practices. With the advancement of technology and research, modern medicine has been able to significantly improve public health by providing effective treatments for a wide range of illnesses and diseases.
This has enabled doctors to identify and treat ailments at a much earlier stage, thereby minimizing the risk of further complications. Additionally, modern healthcare has made access to healthcare more widely available, with healthcare systems operating in almost every corner of the world, greatly improving accessibility and affordability.
However, despite its many benefits, modern medicine also faces its own set of challenges, such as rising costs and ethical concerns. Nonetheless, it is clear that modern medical healthcare has made a significant positive impact on the world, and will continue to play a vital role in ensuring public health for years to come.
The Current State Of Medical Healthcare
The state of medical healthcare is constantly evolving, and as our understanding of medicine and medical technology improves, so does our ability to diagnose and treat a wide range of illnesses and conditions.
Despite these advancements, however, there are still many challenges facing the healthcare industry, both in the United States and around the world. One major challenge is the cost of medical care, which continues to rise and can make it difficult for individuals to access the care they need.
Additionally, there are ongoing debates and controversies surrounding issues such as insurance, prescription drug prices, and the use of new medical technologies. At the same time, there are also many exciting developments in the field of healthcare, including the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve diagnostics and treatment, as well as new research into cutting-edge treatments for illnesses such as cancer and heart disease.
While the healthcare industry faces many challenges, there is also much reason for hope and optimism as we work to improve the health and wellbeing of people around the world.
The Challenges Faced By Medical Healthcare
There are numerous challenges faced by medical healthcare today, ranging from staffing shortages to resource constraints, but few are as critical as those related to the health and welfare of healthcare workers themselves.
Medical professionals have always faced risks and dangers in the course of their work, from exposure to infectious diseases to the physical and emotional toll of long hours and demanding patient care.
However, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought these challenges into stark relief, exacerbating existing issues and creating new ones. Today, medical workers not only face the risk of contracting illnesses themselves but must also contend with the cumulative effects of long-term stress on their mental and emotional well-being.
Addressing the challenges faced by medical healthcare workers is critical not only for the safety and health of individual workers but for the overall resilience and effectiveness of the healthcare system as a whole.
Only by acknowledging and mitigating these risks can we hope to ensure the continued availability and quality of healthcare services.
Possible Solutions To Improve Medical Healthcare
Improving medical healthcare is crucial for the wellbeing of individuals and societies. There are many challenges that healthcare systems face, such as increasing costs, uneven access to care, and a shortage of healthcare professionals.
However, there are also many potential solutions that can help to improve medical healthcare. One solution is to invest in technology to support healthcare services. Telemedicine, for example, can enable remote consultations, which can help to save time and reduce the need for patients to travel to medical facilities.
Additionally, electronic health records (EHRs) can help to streamline healthcare services and provide better access to patient information. Another solution is to focus on preventative healthcare measures.
This can include promoting healthy habits such as regular exercise, healthy eating routines, and hygiene practices. Education campaigns can also help to raise awareness about the importance of preventative care and early detection of diseases.
Improving healthcare infrastructure is also crucial. This includes investing in healthcare facilities and equipment, as well as increasing the number of healthcare professionals. Furthermore, implementing evidence-based medical practices can improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of medical errors.
Overall, improving medical healthcare is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach. However, by investing in technology, promoting preventative care, and improving healthcare infrastructure, we can work towards a healthier and more equitable healthcare system.
Advances In Medical Healthcare
Medical healthcare has come a long way in recent years, with significant advances in technology, treatments, and research. Thanks to innovations like telemedicine, patients can now receive medical attention from the comfort of their own homes, making healthcare more accessible than ever before.
Additionally, the development of cutting-edge medical devices and pharmaceuticals has revolutionized the way that doctors are able to treat illnesses and diseases, leading to more positive outcomes and better quality of life for patients.
With ongoing advancements in fields like genomics and precision medicine, the future of medical healthcare holds even more promise for personalized and effective treatments. As we continue to make progress in this field, we can look forward to a future where comprehensive, high-quality healthcare is available to all.
Technological Advancements In Medical Healthcare
In recent years, there have been significant technological advancements in the medical healthcare industry. With the rise of cutting-edge technology like artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT), healthcare providers are now able to offer more personalized and efficient care to patients.
One major development is the use of electronic health records (EHRs), which allow healthcare professionals to access and share patient information securely and quickly. AI has also been integrated into diagnostic tools, allowing for faster and more accurate diagnoses, especially in the case of imaging tests like X-rays and MRIs.
Wearable technology like fitness trackers and smartwatches have made it easier for patients to track their own health metrics and share this information with their doctors. Additionally, telemedicine has become more prevalent, allowing patients to consult with doctors remotely, which is especially beneficial for those in remote or underserved areas.
These technological advancements have the potential to revolutionize the way healthcare is delivered, leading to better outcomes, more efficient care, and healthier patients.
Finally, the role and importance of health is very large for human life. Good health will have an impact on increased work productivity, healthy social life, and quality longevity.
Therefore, attention to health and medical services is very important. The continued development of technology has also paved the way for increasingly sophisticated and effective medical services in improving the quality of human life.
However, challenges in the health sector remain and are always changing, so we must always be vigilant and active in improving the health system so that we can provide the best service for the community. In order to achieve this goal, cooperation from various parties is required, from individuals to government agencies, so that people can gain access to quality health services and improve their standard of living. | <urn:uuid:0f93d55f-2e6a-49cc-8902-394a3c748fbc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nodewin.my.id/2023/04/medical-health-care.html | 2024-02-23T23:46:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.962009 | 2,203 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
49,
286,
466,
1988,
4977,
203,
56,
1250,
274,
2721,
5392,
11657,
3643,
9754,
203,
6695,
356,
1320,
1640,
289,
1804,
2689,
1608,
292,
1578,
1853,
18,
948,
1226,
10233,
1066,
16,
2818,
1066,
16,
1755,
562,
1066,
16,
291,
4380,
1066,
18,
2412,
90,
7004,
1066,
5317,
292,
1463,
7591,
291,
4691,
734,
2877,
659,
352,
2687,
5049,
16,
4420,
762,
16,
291,
11589,
341,
1702,
4185,
4585,
18,
203,
52,
4951,
556,
1066,
2675,
268,
855,
1813,
289,
2624,
360,
261,
2689,
5503,
331,
4485,
2373,
17,
5090,
16,
4291,
16,
291,
1412,
289,
1112,
7591,
291,
3776,
1533,
18,
7018,
562,
1066,
2675,
268,
4291,
291,
1412,
289,
1430,
661,
1533,
361,
2604,
419,
2689,
5683,
360,
2827,
2041,
291,
5689,
288,
336,
1494,
18,
203,
41,
81,
732,
1150,
1066,
316,
1990,
331,
11175,
291,
943,
17,
11692,
1981,
1804,
3887,
336,
1131,
5572,
2383,
18,
6134,
292,
629,
865,
1640,
289,
1804,
2689,
4698,
336,
1578,
375,
3273,
268,
2922,
1066,
331,
444,
661,
1470,
18,
203,
44,
8976,
466,
2730,
2614,
2721,
5392,
11657,
203,
49,
286,
466,
2689,
528,
261,
917,
291,
1874,
1550,
16,
10552,
1103,
292,
3315,
1708,
18,
2730,
268,
4932,
16,
1804,
2364,
291,
5787,
437,
7032,
291,
4339,
16,
7455,
419,
8795,
288,
2186,
16,
1428,
16,
291,
2694,
7796,
18,
203,
2983,
772,
1568,
8217,
16,
4014,
454,
5181,
11290,
292,
3849,
361,
4678,
5787,
16,
291,
9196,
332,
970,
724,
9918,
16,
11276,
16,
361,
586,
1677,
17,
1999,
2775,
2222,
292,
977,
7591,
18,
553,
7403,
2091,
2035,
268,
789,
262,
291,
731,
262,
4932,
336,
2332,
4014,
7496,
16,
6771,
292,
11943,
87,
288,
3181,
922,
291,
268,
1208,
289,
733,
3041,
18,
203,
40,
714,
456,
669,
16,
5846,
291,
2360,
1146,
1670,
637,
1701,
288,
1616,
268,
1195,
1073,
291,
667,
362,
3632,
16,
2469,
292,
733,
3919,
291,
6532,
331,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
1533,
18,
2983,
268,
2332,
5253,
16,
1804,
2689,
528,
1343,
363,
7166,
291,
2871,
6192,
2092,
18,
203,
49,
286,
466,
3789,
666,
261,
2233,
289,
2133,
291,
2377,
292,
9047,
291,
977,
7591,
16,
427,
4433,
17,
7355,
7475,
3041,
292,
8952,
7868,
4632,
18,
1545,
268,
1162,
669,
16,
686,
316,
261,
2574,
7747,
341,
10233,
1066,
291,
1376,
661,
6281,
16,
7351,
430,
3949,
268,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
289,
4544,
291,
2860,
268,
11542,
289,
3776,
1533,
18,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
629,
8795,
16,
1804,
2689,
3341,
261,
1874,
291,
4079,
2092,
18,
760,
733,
2604,
10042,
291,
1662,
3001,
9055,
16,
1804,
3789,
1204,
1205,
1141,
4136,
291,
709,
733,
3919,
291,
6532,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
686,
356,
5123,
3529,
1149,
1659,
659,
352,
1310,
292,
1066,
16,
2689,
5025,
1303,
16,
291,
10064,
647,
288,
661,
4041,
858,
865,
4544,
18,
11241,
6088,
16,
1804,
2689,
3341,
261,
3226,
291,
612,
10304,
614,
541,
4391,
289,
2332,
2429,
18,
203,
1461,
3875,
1761,
2721,
5392,
11657,
203,
1461,
4414,
289,
1804,
2689,
528,
712,
6447,
419,
1320,
1297,
1715,
443,
1661,
2309,
1550,
18,
2519,
268,
8797,
3484,
87,
289,
4014,
360,
268,
666,
289,
954,
3639,
10440,
16,
268,
2060,
289,
4014,
528,
2674,
286,
292,
268,
2332,
5253,
289,
3599,
1804,
3041,
291,
3919,
18,
203,
1461,
3315,
461,
675,
530,
1146,
1297,
7390,
292,
4014,
16,
1118,
268,
1208,
289,
10675,
466,
2194,
291,
1568,
7868,
4632,
18,
450,
268,
6381,
330,
940,
16,
1616,
289,
4014,
454,
7360,
734,
268,
716,
289,
6150,
11017,
291,
6479,
18,
203,
1461,
434,
6930,
10407,
1604,
3981,
268,
4336,
10729,
289,
1804,
1772,
291,
2364,
16,
1582,
2048,
673,
288,
268,
9025,
289,
2332,
1804,
2823,
288,
268,
1398,
262,
291,
789,
262,
4932,
18,
365,
5906,
289,
7620,
291,
6881,
288,
268,
731,
262,
2254,
4076,
963,
268,
1412,
289,
9689,
2604,
18,
203,
56,
370,
350,
16,
2689,
316,
1205,
1141,
8613,
16,
360,
5123,
922,
288,
1511,
659,
352,
2451,
311,
1067,
291,
7070,
4014,
18,
1440,
1011,
733,
5906,
291,
10729,
16,
1804,
2689,
3125,
512,
8952,
291,
1783,
16,
279,
2366,
268,
898,
331,
1326,
661,
4041,
331,
689,
1149,
268,
887,
18,
203,
55,
533,
708,
438,
6049,
443,
1661,
450,
5392,
11657,
203,
55,
533,
708,
438,
1715,
443,
1661,
288,
1804,
2689,
437,
712,
5484,
2309,
1550,
18,
2519,
268,
5906,
289,
4911,
300,
399,
263,
419,
10951,
418,
298,
2280,
288,
789,
6757,
292,
268,
855,
3369,
1087,
10441,
288,
5641,
24,
16,
629,
11943,
87,
437,
4076,
963,
268,
2092,
289,
4014,
291,
9463,
10846,
2136,
18,
203,
51,
411,
851,
1715,
443,
1661,
1226,
268,
1208,
289,
6881,
16,
659,
352,
268,
1139,
84,
1947,
4709,
419,
11082,
596,
270,
1331,
288,
2493,
29,
26,
16,
518,
528,
4822,
1827,
354,
3057,
268,
1413,
16,
291,
268,
4314,
289,
268,
855,
4577,
1759,
419,
7734,
596,
294,
90,
2246,
288,
3361,
22,
16,
518,
6768,
644,
733,
6957,
331,
1412,
289,
1759,
1413,
18,
203,
1461,
1804,
1686,
528,
525,
1146,
1297,
2674,
288,
5693,
1376,
661,
1659,
16,
659,
352,
3949,
8063,
2470,
292,
1463,
268,
2458,
289,
1413,
291,
1666,
673,
268,
6208,
19,
37,
2418,
55,
8689,
4063,
18,
365,
5123,
6718,
291,
11943,
87,
288,
1804,
2689,
2609,
292,
1153,
3571,
331,
261,
6361,
1571,
331,
516,
18,
203,
49,
370,
1605,
5392,
11657,
203,
49,
370,
1605,
1804,
2689,
528,
1631,
261,
917,
898,
427,
2338,
2364,
18,
1440,
268,
10729,
289,
1428,
291,
922,
16,
2332,
4014,
528,
712,
1542,
292,
3105,
1434,
1376,
661,
419,
2352,
1783,
3919,
331,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
7591,
291,
2604,
18,
203,
4326,
528,
10258,
5846,
292,
2423,
291,
977,
261,
309,
652,
430,
261,
1111,
4235,
3282,
16,
7628,
9895,
268,
1238,
289,
1902,
5921,
18,
2848,
16,
2332,
2689,
528,
1146,
1310,
292,
2689,
512,
4004,
1608,
16,
360,
2689,
1422,
4579,
288,
2764,
953,
9070,
289,
268,
887,
16,
5822,
3949,
8756,
291,
5025,
1303,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
5126,
606,
772,
1716,
16,
2332,
4014,
525,
8102,
606,
1044,
1075,
289,
2219,
16,
659,
352,
6557,
2762,
291,
5321,
3529,
18,
11241,
6088,
16,
362,
316,
1763,
336,
2332,
1804,
2689,
528,
1146,
261,
1297,
2262,
1393,
341,
268,
887,
16,
291,
513,
2609,
292,
1152,
261,
3226,
1476,
288,
3171,
1376,
661,
331,
935,
292,
1631,
18,
203,
1461,
6838,
3156,
2721,
5392,
11657,
203,
1461,
1247,
289,
1804,
2689,
316,
5957,
8613,
16,
291,
352,
662,
1616,
289,
4014,
291,
1804,
1428,
7304,
16,
576,
1082,
662,
1882,
292,
9047,
291,
977,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
7591,
291,
1533,
18,
203,
40,
274,
2938,
629,
6718,
16,
2281,
16,
686,
356,
1356,
772,
2219,
6232,
268,
2689,
1997,
16,
1079,
288,
268,
1855,
2023,
291,
1149,
268,
887,
18,
1507,
1670,
3659,
316,
268,
1923,
289,
1804,
1066,
16,
518,
4027,
292,
3573,
291,
375,
804,
362,
2203,
331,
1578,
292,
1310,
268,
1066,
502,
648,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
686,
356,
5123,
2914,
692,
291,
7978,
423,
4539,
1659,
659,
352,
5219,
16,
9559,
2325,
5113,
16,
291,
268,
666,
289,
733,
1804,
3041,
18,
1545,
268,
1162,
669,
16,
686,
356,
525,
772,
6427,
8033,
288,
268,
2092,
289,
2689,
16,
1118,
268,
666,
289,
4577,
3803,
291,
3032,
1217,
292,
1434,
2307,
335,
1187,
291,
1412,
16,
352,
767,
352,
733,
922,
636,
4433,
17,
7355,
3919,
331,
7591,
659,
352,
1928,
291,
1759,
1413,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
268,
2689,
1997,
8102,
772,
2219,
16,
686,
316,
525,
1111,
2190,
331,
3571,
291,
2516,
997,
352,
445,
716,
292,
1434,
268,
661,
291,
9016,
289,
689,
1149,
268,
887,
18,
203,
1461,
10413,
418,
2276,
1285,
5392,
11657,
203,
6695,
356,
3682,
2219,
6240,
419,
1804,
2689,
1853,
16,
7660,
427,
3889,
281,
5653,
9702,
292,
3895,
10931,
16,
566,
1374,
356,
352,
2421,
352,
1014,
2336,
292,
268,
661,
291,
8758,
289,
2689,
3260,
2315,
18,
203,
49,
286,
466,
3789,
437,
1775,
6240,
2894,
291,
9421,
288,
268,
1911,
289,
444,
716,
16,
427,
3285,
292,
9689,
2604,
292,
268,
1646,
291,
3167,
292,
660,
289,
917,
2575,
291,
11687,
2474,
1066,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
268,
3521,
17,
1689,
4720,
528,
3835,
629,
2219,
636,
471,
844,
5869,
16,
9924,
673,
3614,
1659,
291,
2435,
733,
3001,
18,
4120,
16,
1804,
3260,
462,
794,
2425,
268,
1238,
289,
2020,
4252,
7591,
2315,
566,
1204,
525,
353,
1425,
360,
268,
273,
408,
346,
774,
1814,
289,
917,
17,
950,
1751,
341,
444,
1993,
291,
3167,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
7197,
268,
2219,
6240,
419,
1804,
2689,
3260,
316,
2421,
462,
794,
331,
268,
2030,
291,
661,
289,
1769,
3260,
566,
331,
268,
2114,
5752,
291,
5377,
289,
268,
2689,
892,
352,
261,
2399,
18,
203,
9076,
325,
419,
8083,
1893,
291,
4931,
673,
629,
2894,
375,
445,
3571,
292,
1530,
268,
4336,
6550,
291,
1630,
289,
2689,
1915,
18,
203,
52,
5375,
11246,
1122,
10959,
5392,
11657,
203,
45,
755,
299,
1005,
1804,
2689,
316,
1821,
331,
268,
9016,
289,
1578,
291,
8217,
18,
994,
356,
772,
2219,
336,
2689,
1422,
2425,
16,
659,
352,
2204,
2762,
16,
543,
9773,
1310,
292,
1066,
16,
291,
261,
5653,
3056,
289,
2689,
3789,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
686,
356,
525,
772,
1439,
2931,
336,
375,
617,
292,
1434,
1804,
2689,
18,
1507,
2966,
316,
292,
2301,
288,
1428,
292,
1105,
2689,
1915,
18,
2595,
298,
4424,
2916,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
375,
4660,
5609,
4072,
500,
16,
518,
375,
617,
292,
3831,
669,
291,
1590,
268,
648,
331,
1945,
292,
2868,
292,
1804,
4831,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
5229,
661,
4606,
421,
41,
44,
54,
87,
13,
375,
617,
292,
4045,
1279,
2689,
1915,
291,
1153,
1326,
1310,
292,
2474,
1009,
18,
3013,
2966,
316,
292,
1459,
341,
1463,
774,
2689,
2877,
18,
203,
4326,
375,
1226,
4636,
1702,
4585,
659,
352,
1998,
2671,
16,
1702,
3104,
11346,
16,
291,
6453,
2364,
18,
3725,
9694,
375,
525,
617,
292,
5151,
3717,
608,
268,
2557,
289,
1463,
774,
1066,
291,
1568,
5637,
289,
2604,
18,
203,
45,
755,
299,
1005,
2689,
3937,
316,
525,
1821,
18,
540,
2356,
7922,
288,
2689,
4831,
291,
2857,
16,
352,
767,
352,
2204,
268,
1289,
289,
2689,
3789,
18,
4343,
16,
5932,
2495,
17,
2127,
1804,
2364,
375,
1434,
2474,
4041,
291,
1590,
268,
1238,
289,
1804,
6249,
18,
203,
51,
357,
453,
16,
3949,
1804,
2689,
316,
261,
1874,
2682,
336,
2559,
261,
1726,
17,
9512,
9946,
1563,
18,
1121,
16,
419,
7922,
288,
1428,
16,
4636,
1463,
774,
1066,
16,
291,
3949,
2689,
3937,
16,
445,
375,
716,
2547,
261,
6361,
291,
512,
1222,
2855,
2689,
892,
18,
203,
37,
72,
90,
1427,
450,
5392,
11657,
203,
49,
286,
466,
2689,
528,
1631,
261,
917,
898,
288,
2650,
935,
16,
360,
1297,
8795,
288,
1428,
16,
3919,
16,
291,
922,
18,
8360,
292,
9435,
730,
7554,
4424,
2916,
16,
1945,
375,
1315,
3273,
1804,
2383,
427,
268,
5829,
289,
444,
1044,
3872,
16,
1355,
2689,
512,
4881,
687,
2577,
1134,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
268,
1208,
289,
4433,
17,
7355,
1804,
2450,
291,
10485,
6213,
645,
528,
4076,
963,
268,
898,
336,
5846,
356,
1542,
292,
977,
7591,
291,
2604,
16,
2469,
292,
512,
2262,
4041,
291,
1326,
1630,
289,
943,
331,
1945,
18,
203,
59,
349,
5123,
6718,
288,
4161,
730,
2451,
311,
1067,
291,
6884,
4014,
16,
268,
1571,
289,
1804,
2689,
5738,
919,
512,
8247,
331,
7070,
291,
1783,
3919,
18,
760,
445,
2609,
292,
804,
2674,
288,
456,
2092,
16,
445,
375,
1500,
3882,
292,
261,
1571,
853,
3724,
16,
695,
17,
5279,
2689,
316,
1608,
292,
516,
18,
203,
56,
748,
1496,
3986,
515,
652,
450,
5392,
11657,
203,
2983,
2650,
935,
16,
686,
437,
712,
1297,
5973,
6718,
288,
268,
1804,
2689,
1997,
18,
1440,
268,
3573,
289,
4433,
17,
7355,
1428,
730,
4577,
3803,
421,
6435,
13,
291,
268,
4092,
289,
1612,
421,
45,
6929,
989,
2689,
5683,
356,
1315,
1542,
292,
1529,
512,
7070,
291,
2632,
1066,
292,
1945,
18,
203,
11375,
1670,
1208,
316,
268,
666,
289,
5229,
661,
4606,
421,
41
] |
The Advantages of a VPN
In today’s digital world, online privacy and security are top concerns for individuals and businesses alike. One effective solution to protect your data and maintain your anonymity while browsing the internet is using a Virtual Private Network (VPN).
Importance of online privacy and security
Enhanced Privacy: When you connect to the internet through a VPN, your online activities are encrypted, making it nearly impossible for anyone to intercept and decipher your data. This ensures that your personal information, such as passwords and financial details, remain secure from hackers and other malicious entities.
Protecting Sensitive Information: Whether you’re accessing public Wi-Fi at a coffee shop or working remotely, a VPN adds an extra layer of security by encrypting your connection. This safeguards your sensitive business information, trade secrets, and client data from potential breaches.
Bypassing Restrictions: Some countries or organizations impose restrictions on certain websites or online content. By using a VPN, you can bypass these restrictions and access geo-blocked content or websites that would otherwise be unattainable.
Anonymity: With a VPN, your IP address is masked, making it difficult for others to trace your online activities back to you. This protects your privacy from advertisers, cyberstalkers, or anyone else seeking to track your behavior online.
Remote Access: For businesses with remote teams or individuals working on the go, a VPN allows secure access to company networks and resources. This enables employees to work efficiently while protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access.
In conclusion, investing in a reliable VPN not only enhances your online privacy and security but also provides numerous advantages in terms of bypassing restrictions, protecting sensitive information, maintaining anonymity, and facilitating remote access.
Enhanced Online Security
When it comes to online security, a virtual private network (VPN) can be your greatest ally. By encrypting your internet connection, a VPN provides numerous advantages that help safeguard your personal and sensitive information from hackers and cyber threats.
Protection against hackers and cyber threats
Safe Browsing: With a VPN, your online activities are shielded from prying eyes. This prevents hackers from intercepting your data and gaining unauthorized access to your devices.
Data Encryption: VPNs use advanced encryption algorithms to scramble your data, making it unreadable to anyone who may intercept it. This protects your sensitive information like passwords, financial details, and personal messages from falling into the wrong hands.
Anonymous Web Surfing: By masking your IP address and routing your internet traffic through a secure server, a VPN ensures that your online activities remain anonymous. This keeps you protected from cyber threats and makes it difficult for advertisers and other entities to track your online behavior.
Secure Public Wi-Fi: Using public Wi-Fi networks can expose you to various security risks, such as man-in-the-middle attacks. With a VPN, you can securely connect to any public Wi-Fi hotspot without compromising your data security.
Bypassing Geo-Restrictions: A VPN allows you to access content that may be restricted in your region by bypassing geo-blocks. This means you can enjoy unrestricted access to streaming services, social media platforms, and websites from anywhere in the world.
By utilizing a VPN, you can enjoy the benefits of enhanced online security, protecting yourself against hackers and cyber threats while maintaining your privacy and freedom on the internet.
Anonymity and Privacy
When it comes to safeguarding your online activities and personal information, using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) offers significant advantages.
Preventing tracking and surveillance
By connecting to the internet through a VPN, you can shield yourself from prying eyes and protect your privacy. VPNs encrypt your data, making it nearly impossible for third parties to track or decipher your online activities. This is especially crucial when using unsecured public Wi-Fi networks, where hackers and cybercriminals often lurk.
Not only does a VPN protect your privacy, but it also prevents surveillance by various entities, such as government agencies and internet service providers. With a VPN, you can browse the internet without the fear of being monitored or your data being collected without your consent.
Using a VPN is particularly important for individuals who share sensitive information online, such as financial or personal data. By encrypting your connection and routing it through secure servers, a VPN ensures that your information remains confidential and protected against potential threats.
In summary, investing in a reliable VPN is a smart move for anyone looking to maintain their anonymity online and preserve their privacy. It offers a secure and encrypted connection that prevents tracking and surveillance, giving you peace of mind while browsing the web.
Accessing Restricted Content
When it comes to browsing the internet, there are times when certain content is restricted due to geographical limitations or censorship. This is where a VPN (Virtual Private Network) comes in handy.
Streaming services and accessing global content
A major advantage of using a VPN is the ability to access streaming services and global content that may not be available in your region. By connecting to a VPN server in a different country, you can bypass any restrictions and enjoy your favorite movies, TV shows, or music.
Whether you want to catch up on the latest episodes of your favorite series or access movies from different countries, a VPN can help you unlock a world of entertainment.
In addition, a VPN also provides online security by encrypting your internet connection. This ensures that your personal data and browsing activities are protected from hackers and other prying eyes. So not only do you get access to restricted content, but you also have peace of mind knowing that your online activities are secure.
Make sure to choose a reliable VPN service that offers fast and stable connections. With the right VPN, you can enjoy all the advantages it brings, from accessing global content to protecting your privacy online.
Secure Remote Access
Working remotely and protecting sensitive data
In today’s digitally advanced world, working remotely has become increasingly common. However, with the convenience of remote work comes the challenge of keeping sensitive data secure. That’s where a Virtual Private Network (VPN) comes in handy.
A VPN creates a secure and encrypted connection between your device and the internet, providing a layer of protection against potential threats. Here are a few advantages of using a VPN:
- Security: One of the main advantages of a VPN is the enhanced security it provides. By encrypting your online activities, it becomes incredibly difficult for hackers or snoopers to intercept your data.
- Anonymity: Using a VPN allows you to browse the internet anonymously. Your IP address is masked, keeping your online identity and location hidden.
- Access to Restricted Content: VPNs can bypass geographical restrictions, giving you access to content that may be blocked in your current location. Whether it’s streaming services or websites, a VPN opens up a world of possibilities.
- Safe Public Wi-Fi: Public Wi-Fi networks are notorious for their lack of security. When connected to a VPN, your data is encrypted, safeguarding it from potential threats on these networks.
- Bypass Censorship: In some countries or regions, certain websites or platforms may be censored or restricted. With a VPN, you can bypass these restrictions and access the internet freely.
By utilizing a VPN, you can ensure the safety and privacy of your online activities, whether you’re working remotely or simply browsing the web. It’s an essential tool to protect sensitive information and maintain control over your digital presence.
Torrenting and P2P File Sharing
Avoiding legal issues and copyright infringement
One of the major advantages of using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) is its ability to protect users while torrenting and engaging in P2P file sharing. By masking your IP address and encrypting your internet traffic, a VPN ensures that your online activities remain private and secure.
When torrenting or sharing files through P2P networks, there is always a risk of legal repercussions or copyright infringement. ISPs and copyright holders often monitor these activities and may take action against users who violate copyright laws. However, with a VPN, your IP address is replaced with a virtual one, making it nearly impossible for anyone to trace your online activities back to you.
Additionally, a VPN allows you to access geo-restricted content. Some countries or regions have restrictions on certain websites or streaming services. With a VPN, you can bypass these restrictions by connecting to a server in a different location. This opens up a world of entertainment and information that may otherwise be unavailable to you.
Remember, though, not all VPNs are created equal. It’s important to choose a reliable and reputable provider that prioritizes user privacy and security. Look for features like strict no-logs policies, strong encryption protocols, and a large network of servers in various locations.
In conclusion, using a VPN for torrenting and P2P file sharing offers several advantages, including protecting yourself from legal issues, avoiding copyright infringement, and gaining access to restricted content. It’s an essential tool for anyone who wants to enjoy online activities without compromising their privacy or facing potential penalties. | <urn:uuid:b725695b-de82-404e-bc21-a7a25cc8953d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.peekaboovpn.net/advantages-of-a-vpn/ | 2024-02-23T22:30:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.919844 | 1,871 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
1461,
3986,
1966,
940,
289,
261,
11389,
203,
2983,
1853,
372,
87,
2256,
887,
16,
2049,
5624,
291,
2141,
356,
1479,
3529,
331,
1578,
291,
3231,
8423,
18,
1507,
1783,
2966,
292,
2000,
424,
863,
291,
1638,
424,
363,
7680,
380,
1020,
7098,
281,
268,
4092,
316,
1001,
261,
10716,
9085,
381,
7607,
421,
58,
9083,
802,
203,
45,
755,
442,
515,
289,
2049,
5624,
291,
2141,
203,
9453,
76,
1872,
9085,
1495,
30,
1097,
337,
3728,
292,
268,
4092,
734,
261,
11389,
16,
424,
2049,
1740,
356,
6982,
691,
16,
1355,
362,
3999,
6037,
331,
4421,
292,
630,
1992,
291,
766,
517,
2562,
424,
863,
18,
540,
4698,
336,
424,
1845,
1009,
16,
659,
352,
11293,
291,
2153,
3834,
16,
3406,
3447,
427,
8686,
332,
291,
586,
10990,
9978,
18,
203,
52,
9049,
7109,
9259,
1257,
5931,
30,
4283,
337,
372,
267,
1310,
281,
1376,
10645,
17,
9671,
430,
261,
4867,
6100,
361,
1795,
818,
376,
601,
16,
261,
11389,
6459,
363,
3485,
3863,
289,
2141,
419,
6982,
542,
424,
3583,
18,
540,
1995,
2531,
1519,
424,
4476,
1433,
1009,
16,
3631,
7764,
340,
16,
291,
6806,
863,
427,
1439,
1017,
4024,
18,
203,
38,
1250,
594,
281,
1401,
1145,
508,
30,
1399,
1933,
361,
3187,
498,
595,
8028,
341,
1575,
6345,
361,
2049,
2064,
18,
1285,
1001,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
419,
9175,
629,
8028,
291,
1310,
1965,
83,
17,
640,
1362,
286,
2064,
361,
6345,
336,
830,
5654,
327,
543,
271,
572,
541,
18,
203,
7353,
7680,
380,
30,
1440,
261,
11389,
16,
424,
5011,
1750,
316,
8465,
286,
16,
1355,
362,
2203,
331,
1548,
292,
8828,
424,
2049,
1740,
1103,
292,
337,
18,
540,
9677,
424,
5624,
427,
6677,
277,
332,
16,
1735,
1392,
1178,
8008,
16,
361,
4421,
3722,
4840,
292,
3719,
424,
2197,
2049,
18,
203,
54,
539,
1623,
6134,
30,
906,
3231,
360,
5609,
5751,
361,
1578,
1795,
341,
268,
679,
16,
261,
11389,
2089,
3447,
1310,
292,
2152,
4526,
291,
1793,
18,
540,
5212,
4043,
292,
716,
6106,
1020,
5953,
4476,
863,
427,
11853,
963,
1310,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
7922,
288,
261,
4715,
11389,
462,
794,
7803,
424,
2049,
5624,
291,
2141,
566,
525,
1956,
3682,
4576,
288,
2560,
289,
419,
9175,
281,
8028,
16,
5953,
4476,
1009,
16,
3539,
363,
7680,
380,
16,
291,
4191,
673,
5609,
1310,
18,
203,
9453,
76,
1872,
7212,
6111,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
2049,
2141,
16,
261,
4520,
3397,
2465,
421,
58,
9083,
13,
375,
327,
424,
6188,
366,
325,
18,
1285,
6982,
542,
424,
4092,
3583,
16,
261,
11389,
1956,
3682,
4576,
336,
617,
8087,
424,
1845,
291,
4476,
1009,
427,
8686,
332,
291,
5577,
5141,
18,
203,
52,
9049,
982,
1573,
8686,
332,
291,
5577,
5141,
203,
55,
9124,
391,
4405,
281,
30,
1440,
261,
11389,
16,
424,
2049,
1740,
356,
11980,
286,
427,
549,
1411,
3229,
18,
540,
7893,
8686,
332,
427,
630,
969,
542,
424,
863,
291,
9318,
11853,
963,
1310,
292,
424,
2450,
18,
203,
40,
776,
952,
6269,
328,
30,
11389,
87,
666,
3599,
9816,
5262,
292,
3280,
348,
665,
424,
863,
16,
1355,
362,
543,
1189,
541,
292,
4421,
650,
602,
630,
1992,
362,
18,
540,
9677,
424,
4476,
1009,
730,
11293,
16,
2153,
3834,
16,
291,
1845,
6506,
427,
7883,
636,
268,
4358,
3237,
18,
203,
7353,
11237,
5482,
3911,
74,
281,
30,
1285,
7979,
505,
424,
5011,
1750,
291,
2963,
281,
424,
4092,
4407,
734,
261,
3447,
5696,
16,
261,
11389,
4698,
336,
424,
2049,
1740,
3406,
363,
11237,
18,
540,
7483,
337,
5075,
427,
5577,
5141,
291,
1892,
362,
2203,
331,
6677,
277,
332,
291,
586,
9978,
292,
3719,
424,
2049,
2197,
18,
203,
55,
312,
469,
5252,
10645,
17,
9671,
30,
3737,
1376,
10645,
17,
9671,
4526,
375,
771,
595,
337,
292,
1320,
2141,
2894,
16,
659,
352,
532,
17,
263,
17,
1381,
17,
81,
2950,
4349,
18,
1440,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
3447,
325,
3728,
292,
723,
1376,
10645,
17,
9671,
296,
1618,
84,
376,
1298,
6322,
2252,
424,
863,
2141,
18,
203,
38,
1250,
594,
281,
2899,
83,
17,
11872,
1145,
508,
30,
330,
11389,
2089,
337,
292,
1310,
2064,
336,
602,
327,
10067,
288,
424,
2225,
419,
419,
9175,
281,
1965,
83,
17,
640,
4250,
18,
540,
1486,
337,
375,
2622,
543,
379,
1145,
691,
1310,
292,
4045,
281,
1915,
16,
1234,
2612,
4997,
16,
291,
6345,
427,
7186,
288,
268,
887,
18,
203,
10646,
8483,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
2622,
268,
1716,
289,
7360,
2049,
2141,
16,
5953,
2757,
1573,
8686,
332,
291,
5577,
5141,
1020,
3539,
424,
5624,
291,
4494,
341,
268,
4092,
18,
203,
7353,
7680,
380,
291,
9085,
1495,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
8087,
281,
424,
2049,
1740,
291,
1845,
1009,
16,
1001,
261,
11389,
421,
58,
338,
1924,
9085,
381,
7607,
13,
2767,
1297,
4576,
18,
203,
52,
267,
6064,
281,
7354,
291,
10972,
203,
10646,
8550,
292,
268,
4092,
734,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
11980,
2757,
427,
549,
1411,
3229,
291,
2000,
424,
5624,
18,
11389,
87,
6982,
88,
424,
863,
16,
1355,
362,
3999,
6037,
331,
3472,
5238,
292,
3719,
361,
766,
517,
2562,
424,
2049,
1740,
18,
540,
316,
1803,
1821,
649,
1001,
4000,
312,
4581,
1376,
10645,
17,
9671,
4526,
16,
853,
8686,
332,
291,
5577,
984,
2567,
645,
970,
308,
324,
79,
18,
203,
50,
376,
794,
1082,
261,
11389,
2000,
424,
5624,
16,
566,
362,
525,
7893,
10972,
419,
1320,
9978,
16,
659,
352,
1654,
6127,
291,
4092,
2468,
5683,
18,
1440,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
285,
694,
401,
268,
4092,
1298,
268,
3541,
289,
1018,
11877,
361,
424,
863,
1018,
5351,
1298,
424,
8926,
18,
203,
57,
87,
281,
261,
11389,
316,
2467,
851,
331,
1578,
650,
2538,
4476,
1009,
2049,
16,
659,
352,
2153,
361,
1845,
863,
18,
1285,
6982,
542,
424,
3583,
291,
2963,
281,
362,
734,
3447,
9633,
16,
261,
11389,
4698,
336,
424,
1009,
3341,
11922,
291,
5075,
1573,
1439,
5141,
18,
203,
2983,
7648,
16,
7922,
288,
261,
4715,
11389,
316,
261,
3827,
1454,
331,
4421,
2639,
292,
1638,
444,
363,
7680,
380,
2049,
291,
7346,
444,
5624,
18,
553,
2767,
261,
3447,
291,
6982,
691,
3583,
336,
7893,
7354,
291,
10972,
16,
3851,
337,
3915,
289,
1710,
1020,
7098,
281,
268,
3236,
18,
203,
37,
71,
555,
281,
1401,
1145,
691,
11823,
203,
7508,
362,
1974,
292,
7098,
281,
268,
4092,
16,
686,
356,
1708,
649,
1575,
2064,
316,
10067,
1504,
292,
10942,
6610,
361,
273,
614,
753,
1028,
18,
540,
316,
853,
261,
11389,
421,
58,
338,
1924,
9085,
381,
7607,
13,
1974,
288,
1129,
93,
18,
203,
55,
1069,
6733,
1915,
291,
1310,
281,
2106,
2064,
203,
37,
1670,
4174,
289,
1001,
261,
11389,
316,
268,
1882,
292,
1310,
4045,
281,
1915,
291,
2106,
2064,
336,
602,
462,
327,
1608,
288,
424,
2225,
18,
1285,
8550,
292,
261,
11389,
5696,
288,
261,
865,
1777,
16,
337,
375,
419,
9175,
723,
8028,
291,
2622,
424,
6577,
11445,
16,
7716,
2746,
16,
361,
2403,
18,
203,
59,
781,
411,
337,
1333,
292,
5277,
644,
341,
268,
4842,
7326,
3839,
289,
424,
6577,
3338,
361,
1310,
11445,
427,
865,
1933,
16,
261,
11389,
375,
617,
337,
5731,
1362,
261,
887,
289,
9252,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
16,
261,
11389,
525,
1956,
2049,
2141,
419,
6982,
542,
424,
4092,
3583,
18,
540,
4698,
336,
424,
1845,
863,
291,
7098,
281,
1740,
356,
5075,
427,
8686,
332,
291,
586,
549,
1411,
3229,
18,
1426,
462,
794,
565,
337,
886,
1310,
292,
10067,
2064,
16,
566,
337,
525,
437,
3915,
289,
1710,
6700,
336,
424,
2049,
1740,
356,
3447,
18,
203,
49,
1387,
1850,
292,
2869,
261,
4715,
11389,
2468,
336,
2767,
3498,
291,
5896,
5035,
18,
1440,
268,
1328,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
2622,
516,
268,
4576,
362,
6044,
16,
427,
1310,
281,
2106,
2064,
292,
5953,
424,
5624,
2049,
18,
203,
55,
312,
469,
3253,
1623,
6134,
203,
59,
283,
505,
818,
376,
601,
291,
5953,
4476,
863,
203,
2983,
1853,
372,
87,
1537,
297,
523,
3599,
887,
16,
1795,
818,
376,
601,
528,
1343,
4361,
1112,
18,
1121,
16,
360,
268,
10841,
289,
5609,
716,
1974,
268,
3659,
289,
4172,
4476,
863,
3447,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
853,
261,
10716,
9085,
381,
7607,
421,
58,
9083,
13,
1974,
288,
1129,
93,
18,
203,
37,
11389,
4944,
261,
3447,
291,
6982,
691,
3583,
858,
424,
3123,
291,
268,
4092,
16,
2352,
261,
3863,
289,
2759,
1573,
1439,
5141,
18,
2011,
356,
261,
1374,
4576,
289,
1001,
261,
11389,
30,
203,
17,
6111,
30,
1507,
289,
268,
939,
4576,
289,
261,
11389,
316,
268,
7360,
2141,
362,
1956,
18,
1285,
6982,
542,
424,
2049,
1740,
16,
362,
3125,
8792,
2203,
331,
8686,
332,
361,
3007,
83,
389,
332,
292,
630,
1992,
424,
863,
18,
203,
17,
854,
7680,
380,
30,
3737,
261,
11389,
2089,
337,
292,
285,
694,
401,
268,
4092,
363,
7680,
3343,
18,
2073,
5011,
1750,
316,
8465,
286,
16,
4172,
424,
2049,
4328,
291,
3336,
7010,
18,
203,
17,
6134,
292,
1401,
1145,
691,
11823,
30,
11389,
87,
375,
419,
9175,
10942,
8028,
16,
3851,
337,
1310,
292,
2064,
336,
602,
327,
2834,
286,
288,
424,
1619,
3336,
18,
4283,
362,
372,
87,
4045,
281,
1915,
361,
6345,
16,
261,
11389,
9841,
644,
261,
887,
289,
6957,
18,
203,
17,
10830,
5252,
10645,
17,
9671,
30,
5252,
10645,
17,
9671,
4526,
356,
688,
441,
702,
331,
444,
2850,
289,
2141,
18,
1097,
3947,
292,
261,
11389,
16,
424,
863,
316,
6982,
691,
16,
8087,
281,
362,
427,
1439,
5141,
341,
629,
4526,
18,
203,
17,
391,
1250,
594,
351,
614,
753,
1028,
30,
450,
579,
1933,
361,
3921,
16,
1575,
6345,
361,
4997,
602,
327,
273,
614,
2723,
361,
10067,
18,
1440,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
419,
9175,
629,
8028,
291,
1310,
268,
4092,
10201,
18,
203,
10646,
8483,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
1530,
268,
2030,
291,
5624,
289,
424,
2049,
1740,
16,
2026,
337,
372,
267,
1795,
818,
376,
601,
361,
2842,
7098,
281,
268,
3236,
18,
553,
372,
87,
363,
1505,
1438,
292,
2000,
4476,
1009,
291,
1638,
1357,
658,
424,
2256,
3550,
18,
203,
56,
283,
591,
542,
291,
382,
22,
52,
418,
621,
1395,
1818,
203,
37,
90,
1246,
281,
2953,
1659,
291,
10001,
582,
1908,
73,
367,
203,
11375,
289,
268,
1670,
4576,
289,
1001,
261,
11389,
421,
58,
338,
1924,
9085,
381,
7607,
13,
316,
606,
1882,
292,
2000,
2718,
1020,
4862,
591,
542,
291,
4797,
288,
382,
22,
52,
3941,
5135,
18,
1285,
7979,
505,
424,
5011,
1750,
291,
6982,
542,
424,
4092,
4407,
16,
261,
11389,
4698,
336,
424,
2049,
1740,
3406,
3397,
291,
3447,
18,
203,
7508,
4862,
591,
542,
361,
5135,
5241,
734,
382,
22,
52,
4526,
16,
686,
316,
1775,
261,
1238,
289,
2953,
304,
468,
71,
1270,
806,
361,
10001,
582,
1908,
73,
367,
18,
5703,
8942,
291,
10001,
3325,
332,
970,
2591,
629,
1740,
291,
602,
1071,
2433,
1573,
2718,
650,
2946,
381,
10001,
3467,
18,
1121,
16,
360,
261,
11389,
16,
424,
5011,
1750,
316,
6829,
360,
261,
4520,
597,
16,
1355,
362,
3999,
6037,
331,
4421,
292,
8828,
424,
2049,
1740,
1103,
292,
337,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
261,
11389,
2089,
337,
292,
1310,
1965,
83,
17,
379,
1145,
691,
2064,
18,
1399,
1933,
361,
3921,
437,
8028,
341,
1575,
6345,
361,
4045,
281,
1915,
18,
1440,
261,
11389,
16,
337,
375,
419,
9175,
629,
8028,
419,
8550,
292,
261,
5696,
288,
261,
865,
3336,
18,
540,
9841,
644,
261,
887,
289,
9252,
291,
1009,
336,
602,
5654,
327,
543,
548,
9754,
292,
337,
18,
203,
54,
539,
1871,
16,
1417,
16,
462,
516,
11389,
87,
356,
2370,
4458,
18,
553,
372,
87,
851,
292,
2869,
261,
4715,
291,
751,
9286,
5503,
336,
5996,
274,
2849,
5624,
291,
2141,
18,
7035,
331,
2630,
730,
7020,
688,
17,
80,
6356,
3838,
16,
1806,
9816,
8443,
16,
291,
261,
1452,
2465,
289,
9633,
288,
1320,
5686,
18,
203,
2983,
4190,
16,
1001,
261,
11389,
331,
4862,
591,
542,
291,
382,
22,
52,
3941,
5135,
2767,
1520,
4576,
16,
1118,
5953,
2757,
427,
2953,
1659,
16,
7042,
10001,
582,
1908,
73,
367,
16,
291,
9318,
1310,
292,
10067,
2064,
18,
553,
372,
87,
363,
1505,
1438,
331
] |
Bulletin – March 2019 Finance Updates to Australia's Financial Aggregates
The financial aggregates for Australia are important data compiled by the Reserve Bank that are used by policymakers to assess financial and economic activity of households and companies. From August 2019, the Reserve Bank will publish the financial aggregates using an improved framework based on a better data collection. This will enhance the quality of information available to policymakers and the wider community. This article gives an overview of the main changes.
What Are the Financial Aggregates?
The Reserve Bank publishes and monitors data on the stock of money and credit in Australia based on international statistical standards, much like central banks and statistical agencies in other countries. These data are called the financial aggregates. They can be used to help understand developments in financing and the economy.
The credit aggregates measure the funds borrowed by Australian households and businesses from financial intermediaries. Total credit can be broken down into housing credit, personal credit (such as credit cards) and business credit. The credit aggregates measure households' borrowing for purposes such as housing (whether owner-occupier or investment) and consumption (such as cars and holidays). They also measure how much businesses are borrowing for purposes such as investing in projects, buying assets or managing their cash flows.
Table 1 shows some of the data series currently published on the Reserve Bank's website. These are available both expressed as growth rates and as the value of credit outstanding at the end of each month. The entire data series can be found in Statistical Tables D1 and D2 on the Reserve Bank's website.
Share of total credit Per cent | Share of GDP Per cent | |
Household | 67 | 103 |
– Housing | 62 | 95 |
– Owner-occupier | 42 | 64 |
– Investor | 21 | 31 |
– Personal | 5 | 8 |
Business | 33 | 50 |
Total credit | 100 | 154 |
Sources: ABS; APRA; RBA |
The monetary aggregates measure the money and ‘money-like’ instruments – such as deposits – that the banking system owes to households and businesses. Money can be held in different forms, for example, as banknotes in a wallet or as deposits in a bank account.
The Reserve Bank publishes five different monetary aggregates: currency, the money base, M1, M3 and broad money. These measures differ in the types of instruments that are included. For example, M1 contains only the most liquid forms of money such as banknotes and current deposits (i.e. funds that can be easily used to make payments), whereas broad money also includes term deposits and short-term debt securities issued by financial institutions in Australia. Table 2 shows how the monetary aggregates are currently defined. The data can be found in Statistical Tables D1 and D3 on the Reserve Bank's website.
Measure | Description(a) | Share of nominal GDP Per cent |
Currency | Holdings of notes and coins by the private non-bank sector | 4 |
Money base | Currency + banks' holdings of notes and coins + deposits of banks with the RBA + other RBA liabilities to the private non-bank sector | 6 |
M1 | Currency + current (cheque) deposits of the private non-bank sector at banks | 19 |
M3 | M1 + all other deposits of the private non-authorised deposit-taking institution sector at banks (including certificates of deposit) + all deposits at credit unions and building societies | 111 |
Broad money | M3 + other deposit-like borrowings (such as short-term debt securities) of banks and non-bank lenders in Australia from private sector entities outside the banking system | 112 |
(a) These descriptions abstract from some detail. See the financial aggregates release for more information. Sources: Doherty, Jackman and Perry (2018); ABS; APRA; RBA |
Why are the financial aggregates important?
The financial aggregates are used extensively by policymakers and the wider community. Monitoring changes in the stock of money and credit is important because it can help us understand more about what is happening in the economy. Monitoring changes in credit can also be helpful for identifying risks to financial stability. For example, rapid credit growth could signal stronger economic growth, but also increasing risks to financial stability, particularly if debt levels are already high.
Some examples of how the Reserve Bank uses the aggregates include the following:
- Data on borrowing for owner-occupier housing, investor housing and personal lending can assist in monitoring households' access to credit and lenders' willingness to lend. Housing credit data can depend on conditions in the housing market and can also influence conditions in the housing market.
- Data on business borrowings from banks and non-bank lenders form part of an assessment on financial conditions for businesses in Australia.
- The aggregates provide information on the composition of lenders' assets and liabilities. These exposures are relevant to assessments on financial stability in Australia.
- The Reserve Bank also combines data on the composition of banks' assets and liabilities with other information to assess developments in banks' profitability.
Graphs 1–4 show some of the financial aggregates data that can feature in the Reserve Bank's assessments of economic and financial conditions.
The Framework for Compiling the Financial Aggregates
This section briefly discusses the conceptual framework that underlies the financial aggregates. More comprehensive information on the framework can be found in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual and Compilation Guide (which has informed Australia's aggregates).
Every financial aggregate has three components:
- a set of financial instruments
- a set of financial intermediaries
- a set of counterparties to the financial intermediaries.
For the credit aggregates: the financial instruments are loans made by financial intermediaries to households and businesses, which are the counterparties to the financial intermediaries. The loans are assets of the intermediaries, and liabilities of the households or businesses. Using this framework, we can narrow down the scope of the aggregates to focus on particular areas of interest. For example, the Reserve Bank produces a credit aggregate called ‘investor housing credit’ by restricting the set of counterparties to households and the financial instruments to loans used to purchase housing for investment purposes.
For the monetary aggregates: the money and ‘money-like’ financial instruments are liabilities of the financial intermediaries and are assets held by households and businesses. Again, the scope of the aggregate can vary to focus on areas of interest.
A key challenge in compiling the aggregates is avoiding double counting. This requires keeping the sets of financial intermediaries mutually exclusive from the sets of counterparties. For example, if a financial intermediary borrows from another financial intermediary to extend a mortgage to a household, only the final loan to the household should be included in the credit aggregates.
In principle, the financial aggregates should be:
- produced using timely, reliable and accurate inputs, and be free from double counting;
- easily understood by and explained to users;
- available in various breakdowns to meet the analytical needs of data users without creating undue burden for compilation and publication;
- consistent with the general international principles for the compilation of financial aggregates while taking account of Australia's particular circumstances; and
- as robust as possible through time to changes in how particular financial instruments or the counterparties that issue and hold them are classified.
The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) is the statistical agency for the Australian financial sector. APRA collects a large amount of data from banks and other financial institutions using various ‘forms’, which can be found on APRA's website. As part of this role, APRA collects data on behalf of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and the Reserve Bank. The current version of this set of forms was introduced in 2002 and has not been comprehensively updated since then. The data from each reporting institution's forms are aggregated, and feed into ABS publications such as the National Accounts: Income, Expenditure and Product, the National Accounts: Finance and Wealth, and Lending to Households and Businesses, Australia.
This collection is also what the Reserve Bank currently uses to compile the financial aggregates. Conceptually, the entities that report on this collection represent the financial intermediaries in the credit and money aggregates. Individual items are taken from the assets and liabilities of each reporting institution and then aggregated to a total using the principles outlined above.
The New Economic and Financial Statistics Collection
Over the past few years, APRA, the ABS and the RBA have worked to modernise the existing set of forms, and banks and other reporting institutions have adapted their infrastructure to be able to report on the new versions of these forms. This has been a large scale and complex project, involving considerable collaboration between the three agencies and the industry. The new set of forms are called the Economic and Financial Statistics (EFS) collection and will better meet the data needs of policymakers.
The EFS collection will be implemented in three phases.
- The first phase will focus on data used for the financial aggregates and national accounts finance and wealth estimates – discussed in more detail below.
- The second phase will update current forms on housing and business loan approvals. It will also provide much more granular information on banks' and other reporting institutions' lending, their liabilities and interest rates.
- The third phase will provide information on other aspects of reporting institutions' activity and performance, including profits, fees charged and activity in specific financial products and markets. The first phase national accounts aggregates will be used in addition to this performance data in the compilation of Australia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
The EFS collection will increase the reliability and accuracy of the inputs used to calculate the aggregates. One of the most important changes in the EFS is more detailed and precise definitions of the data to be reported. These definitions are accompanied by comprehensive guidance to assist institutions in reporting consistent data.
The guidance includes a Reporting Practice Guide and published responses to questions from reporting entities about the new forms. The guide explains the common principles underlying the EFS collection and elaborates on specific terms and concepts within the forms such that reported data should be more consistent across institutions. This, in turn, will increase the accuracy and reliability of the financial aggregates. The guidance is comprehensive, but it is worth pointing out a few items.
A number of definitions have been clarified or updated to align with international standards for compiling economic statistics. These include the definitions of different types of deposits and industry sectors.
More broadly, an underlying principle of the EFS collection is that loans should be classified by their purpose, such as to purchase a house or to finance a business. The definitions of loan purpose types have been specified to seek to avoid ambiguity, an improvement on existing reporting in which institutions have sometimes used a variety of interpretations when reporting data.
This could have a significant effect on the reporting of owner-occupier housing loans, which EFS defines as being for the principal place of residence. This means a borrower can generally only have one owner-occupier housing loan, with all other housing loans by the same borrower classified as being for investment purposes (investor loans). This is not how banks and other reporting institutions have necessarily recorded housing loans in their own systems in the past.
The EFS collection includes updated definitions of residency status for households and businesses, which are consistent with the compilation of Australia's national accounts. Detailed guidance on how to classify counterparties and financial instruments by residency is now also provided, including for cases when households' or businesses' activities are spread across multiple countries.
Improving data quality
There is also separate guidance on how existing data quality standards apply to EFS reporting. This sets out the level of accuracy expected for specific EFS data and gives reporting entities a sense of where to focus their data quality management efforts.
The set of institutions that will form part of the financial aggregates will also change, which will further improve the accuracy of the aggregates. The aggregates will transition towards no longer including estimates of lending by non-bank entities that are not registered with APRA, which is mostly relevant for housing lenders that securitise their loans. Only a small number of these institutions currently report data to APRA, which are used to construct estimates of lending by all non-registered lenders. As a result of the small number of reporting institutions, these estimates are imprecise. Recent legislative changes mean that many of these entities will register with APRA and begin reporting data. This will allow the Reserve Bank to transition away from including estimates for non-registered lenders in the credit aggregates.
Simplifying the conceptual framework
The conceptual framework has also been simplified and modernised, which will make the aggregates more accurate, easier to understand and more robust through time. A prominent example is the definition of M1 in the monetary aggregates. Conceptually, M1 should measure physical currency plus transferable deposits. However, M1 as currently published only includes chequing accounts at banks, and excludes all deposits at credit unions and building societies (CUBS). The new M1 will include all transaction deposits at both banks and CUBS.
Further technical changes to the framework can be found in the Appendix.
Changes to Existing Financial Aggregates Data
The EFS collection will significantly improve the quality of Australia's financial aggregates. The updated financial aggregates will be better aligned with the principles outlined above. As a result, the new data will be more accurate and provide policymakers with a better understanding of developments in financial conditions in Australia.
The more detailed guidance accompanying EFS, along with some definitional changes, are likely to result in changes to the financial aggregates, some of which may be significant. The RBA and ABS will receive parallel run data for the new financial aggregates in April, which will give us an indication of the scale and direction of revisions.
The new guidance on principal place of residence is expected to be reflected in lower owner-occupier housing lending and higher investor housing lending in the new aggregates, all other things being equal; and M1 will be higher with the inclusion of all transaction deposits. However, given the holistic nature of the changes, it is too early to say what the broader impact of the introduction of the EFS on these aggregates is likely to be.
It may also take time for reporting entities to get used to the new forms. APRA, the ABS and the RBA have been engaging with the industry about EFS on a regular basis, with the aim of answering as many questions from industry as possible. Nevertheless, the scale and complexity of EFS means that there may be some large revisions to data (over and above normal) for some time after the new financial aggregates are first released in August 2019.
The EFS collection will provide more information relating to the aggregates, which creates the opportunity for the Reserve Bank to publish more detailed breakdowns as part of its financial aggregates publication. The Reserve Bank will make some of this new information publicly available if it is assessed to be of sufficient quality and judged to be of wider interest to users of the financial aggregates statistics.
The financial aggregates are also just the first phase of EFS. The second phase will provide policymakers with much more detailed data on: loan approvals; housing, personal and business lending, including interest rates on different types of lending; and financial intermediaries' liabilities. These data will be of interest to the wider community and further information will be published by the Reserve Bank over the years ahead.
The appendix has further details about the upcoming changes to the financial aggregates.
The authors are from Domestic Markets Department. From the April 2023 release, changes have been made to the financial aggregates to add series that exclude lending to warehouse trusts in business credit. More information is available in the Change Notice published 21 April 2023. [*]
See Doherty, Jackman & Perry (2018) and Kent (2018) for a comprehensive primer on the concept of money and how it is created.
In the ABS release, lending refers to loan approvals.
The legislation is the Financial Sector (Collection of Data) Act 2001.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2019), ‘Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product’, abs.gov.au site. Available at <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/5206.0>.
ABS (2019), ‘Australian National Accounts: Finance and Wealth’, abs.gov.au site. Available at <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/5232.0Main+Features1Sep%202018?OpenDocument>.
APRA (Australian Prudential Regulation Authority) (2018), Reporting Practice Guide. RPG 702.0 ABS/RBA Data Quality for the EFS Collection. Available at <https://www.apra.gov.au/sites/default/files/efs_042018_rpg-702.0-absrba-data-quality-for-the-efs-collection-april-2018_clean.pdf>
APRA (2018), Reporting Practice Guide. RPG 701.0 ABS/RBA Reporting Concepts for the EFS Collection. Available at <https://www.apra.gov.au/sites/default/files/rpg_701.0_reporting_guidance_-_absrba_reporting_concepts_2.pdf>.
APRA (2019), ‘Economic and financial statistics (EFS) frequently asked questions’, apra.gov.au site. Available at <https://www.apra.gov.au/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-economic-financial-statistics-efs>.
APRA (2019), ‘Modernised economic and financial statistics’, apra.gov.au site. Available at <https://www.apra.gov.au/modernised-economic-and-financial-statistics-efs>.
APRA (2019), ‘Plain English Taxonomy’, apra.gov.au site. Available at <https://sbr-pet.apra.gov.au/>.
Doherty E, B Jackman and E Perry (2018), ‘Money in the Australian Economy’, RBA Bulletin, September Quarter.
IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2018), Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual and Compilation Guide. Available at <https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Manuals-Guides/Issues/2018/09/21/Monetary-and-Financial-Statistics-Manual-and-Compilation-Guide-43001>.
Kent C (2018), ‘Money – Born of Credit?’, Remarks at the Reserve Bank's Topical Talks Event for Educators, 19 September.
RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) (2019), ‘Financial Aggregates’, rba.gov.au site. Available at <https://www.rba.gov.au/education/resources/in-a-nutshell/pdf/financial-aggregates.pdf>.
RBA (2019), ‘Financial Aggregates 2019’, rba.gov.au site. Available at <https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/fin-agg/2018/>.
RBA (2009), ‘Measuring Credit’, RBA Bulletin, September, pp 15–20. | <urn:uuid:134619ba-2195-45fc-b2df-3b84dd9b6380> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2019/mar/updates-to-australias-financial-aggregates.html | 2024-02-24T00:16:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.937495 | 4,079 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
38,
346,
298,
2432,
796,
4294,
4586,
2768,
515,
4960,
72,
692,
292,
4344,
743,
9033,
3215,
5628,
692,
203,
1461,
2153,
11580,
692,
331,
4344,
356,
851,
863,
494,
3108,
419,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
336,
356,
724,
419,
1972,
2835,
5989,
292,
2123,
2153,
291,
2268,
2067,
289,
8492,
291,
2499,
18,
2519,
4724,
4586,
16,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
513,
9614,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
1001,
363,
3808,
5018,
1585,
341,
261,
1326,
863,
3792,
18,
540,
513,
3017,
268,
1630,
289,
1009,
1608,
292,
1972,
2835,
5989,
291,
268,
7418,
1686,
18,
540,
1989,
3581,
363,
8341,
289,
268,
939,
1703,
18,
203,
4688,
2987,
268,
9033,
3215,
5628,
692,
35,
203,
1461,
1401,
2331,
7233,
1086,
8656,
291,
1025,
3759,
863,
341,
268,
5657,
289,
2232,
291,
4350,
288,
4344,
1585,
341,
3006,
9542,
3319,
16,
1111,
730,
3327,
6762,
291,
9542,
6127,
288,
586,
1933,
18,
948,
863,
356,
1478,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
18,
900,
375,
327,
724,
292,
617,
992,
8033,
288,
951,
3113,
291,
268,
3473,
18,
203,
1461,
4350,
11580,
692,
2074,
268,
5794,
10602,
286,
419,
6917,
8492,
291,
3231,
427,
2153,
10217,
2659,
18,
307,
6194,
4350,
375,
327,
6246,
1190,
636,
6012,
4350,
16,
1845,
4350,
421,
7203,
352,
4350,
6595,
13,
291,
1433,
4350,
18,
365,
4350,
11580,
692,
2074,
8492,
11,
6803,
5517,
331,
4309,
659,
352,
6012,
421,
91,
781,
411,
6619,
17,
8200,
987,
1242,
361,
3994,
13,
291,
3318,
421,
7203,
352,
5379,
291,
2040,
323,
638,
802,
900,
525,
2074,
667,
1111,
3231,
356,
6803,
5517,
331,
4309,
659,
352,
7922,
288,
2830,
16,
7838,
5508,
361,
4641,
444,
6011,
7928,
18,
203,
56,
541,
433,
2746,
579,
289,
268,
863,
3338,
3794,
2808,
341,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
743,
3110,
18,
948,
356,
1608,
1079,
6925,
352,
1668,
3345,
291,
352,
268,
2003,
289,
4350,
2424,
11790,
430,
268,
1199,
289,
1011,
1765,
18,
365,
2414,
863,
3338,
375,
327,
986,
288,
7027,
7704,
307,
2813,
413,
21,
291,
413,
22,
341,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
743,
3110,
18,
203,
9351,
470,
289,
2972,
4350,
2955,
1047,
869,
11647,
289,
11674,
2955,
1047,
869,
869,
203,
44,
1386,
3010,
869,
1278,
27,
869,
1474,
23,
869,
203,
2453,
11608,
281,
869,
1278,
22,
869,
10664,
869,
203,
2453,
480,
925,
265,
17,
8200,
987,
1242,
869,
988,
22,
869,
1278,
24,
869,
203,
2453,
11155,
441,
869,
4440,
869,
8201,
869,
203,
2453,
8781,
869,
1016,
869,
1570,
869,
203,
38,
310,
1127,
869,
10634,
869,
3039,
869,
203,
56,
6194,
4350,
869,
2881,
869,
2063,
24,
869,
203,
55,
1202,
30,
330,
8405,
31,
330,
5972,
37,
31,
434,
8847,
869,
203,
1461,
11809,
11580,
692,
2074,
268,
2232,
291,
1321,
81,
1839,
17,
2656,
372,
6009,
796,
659,
352,
10598,
796,
336,
268,
10871,
892,
9260,
274,
292,
8492,
291,
3231,
18,
383,
1839,
375,
327,
3647,
288,
865,
2779,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
352,
4850,
1960,
274,
288,
261,
2599,
2642,
361,
352,
10598,
288,
261,
4850,
3060,
18,
203,
1461,
1401,
2331,
7233,
1086,
8656,
2584,
865,
11809,
11580,
692,
30,
7691,
16,
268,
2232,
3486,
16,
383,
21,
16,
383,
23,
291,
3121,
2232,
18,
948,
2877,
728,
288,
268,
1640,
289,
6009,
336,
356,
3380,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
383,
21,
3387,
794,
268,
710,
4907,
2779,
289,
2232,
659,
352,
4850,
1960,
274,
291,
1619,
10598,
421,
77,
18,
73,
18,
5794,
336,
375,
327,
2619,
724,
292,
804,
8616,
989,
6792,
3121,
2232,
525,
2356,
2085,
10598,
291,
1912,
17,
950,
6306,
805,
10695,
7617,
419,
2153,
4422,
288,
4344,
18,
6942,
497,
2746,
667,
268,
11809,
11580,
692,
356,
3794,
4486,
18,
365,
863,
375,
327,
986,
288,
7027,
7704,
307,
2813,
413,
21,
291,
413,
23,
341,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
743,
3110,
18,
203,
49,
73,
5886,
869,
2284,
3662,
12,
69,
13,
869,
11647,
289,
9561,
1420,
11674,
2955,
1047,
869,
203,
39,
324,
4949,
869,
4057,
526,
87,
289,
4686,
291,
10586,
419,
268,
3397,
1677,
17,
70,
1574,
4135,
869,
988,
869,
203,
49,
1839,
3486,
869,
4039,
4949,
5799,
6762,
11,
6655,
87,
289,
4686,
291,
10586,
5799,
10598,
289,
6762,
360,
268,
434,
8847,
5799,
586,
434,
8847,
609,
2958,
292,
268,
3397,
1677,
17,
70,
1574,
4135,
869,
1278,
869,
203,
49,
21,
869,
4039,
4949,
5799,
1619,
421,
355,
3168,
73,
13,
10598,
289,
268,
3397,
1677,
17,
70,
1574,
4135,
430,
6762,
869,
789,
869,
203,
49,
23,
869,
383,
21,
5799,
516,
586,
10598,
289,
268,
3397,
1677,
17,
8250,
1754,
6492,
297,
17,
8668,
8725,
4135,
430,
6762,
421,
9018,
5166,
692,
289,
6492,
297,
13,
5799,
516,
10598,
430,
4350,
543,
806,
291,
1649,
8217,
869,
2912,
21,
869,
203,
38,
5802,
2232,
869,
383,
23,
5799,
586,
6492,
297,
17,
2656,
10602,
762,
421,
7203,
352,
1912,
17,
950,
6306,
805,
10695,
13,
289,
6762,
291,
1677,
17,
70,
1574,
308,
10956,
288,
4344,
427,
3397,
4135,
9978,
2856,
268,
10871,
892,
869,
2912,
22,
869,
203,
12,
69,
13,
948,
697,
8498,
10103,
427,
579,
5470,
18,
4493,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
4133,
331,
512,
1009,
18,
343,
1202,
30,
413,
1390,
265,
562,
16,
596,
583,
1820,
291,
2955,
1080,
421,
1388,
3202,
6834,
330,
8405,
31,
330,
5972,
37,
31,
434,
8847,
869,
203,
59,
2626,
356,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
851,
35,
203,
1461,
2153,
11580,
692,
356,
724,
3619,
2084,
419,
1972,
2835,
5989,
291,
268,
7418,
1686,
18,
11231,
1703,
288,
268,
5657,
289,
2232,
291,
4350,
316,
851,
971,
362,
375,
617,
407,
992,
512,
608,
768,
316,
7200,
288,
268,
3473,
18,
11231,
1703,
288,
4350,
375,
525,
327,
4374,
331,
5678,
2894,
292,
2153,
5348,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
3306,
4350,
1668,
911,
4819,
6551,
2268,
1668,
16,
566,
525,
2204,
2894,
292,
2153,
5348,
16,
2467,
717,
6306,
1506,
356,
2226,
695,
18,
203,
55,
436,
3324,
289,
667,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
2600,
268,
11580,
692,
1226,
268,
1685,
30,
203,
17,
3655,
341,
6803,
5517,
331,
6619,
17,
8200,
987,
1242,
6012,
16,
2601,
441,
6012,
291,
1845,
308,
1753,
375,
3690,
288,
3816,
8492,
11,
1310,
292,
4350,
291,
308,
10956,
11,
6464,
822,
292,
308,
593,
18,
11608,
281,
4350,
863,
375,
2354,
341,
1533,
288,
268,
6012,
1877,
291,
375,
525,
3033,
1533,
288,
268,
6012,
1877,
18,
203,
17,
3655,
341,
1433,
10602,
762,
427,
6762,
291,
1677,
17,
70,
1574,
308,
10956,
926,
923,
289,
363,
4152,
341,
2153,
1533,
331,
3231,
288,
4344,
18,
203,
17,
365,
11580,
692,
1153,
1009,
341,
268,
5964,
289,
308,
10956,
11,
5508,
291,
609,
2958,
18,
948,
771,
335,
889,
356,
3888,
292,
8161,
341,
2153,
5348,
288,
4344,
18,
203,
17,
365,
1401,
2331,
7233,
525,
11138,
863,
341,
268,
5964,
289,
6762,
11,
5508,
291,
609,
2958,
360,
586,
1009,
292,
2123,
8033,
288,
6762,
11,
6870,
1303,
18,
203,
43,
1864,
87,
433,
2453,
24,
1171,
579,
289,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
863,
336,
375,
3810,
288,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
743,
8161,
289,
2268,
291,
2153,
1533,
18,
203,
1461,
2068,
624,
1450,
331,
2132,
4454,
268,
9033,
3215,
5628,
692,
203,
4326,
3396,
5715,
325,
1868,
274,
268,
3414,
1924,
5018,
336,
1064,
80,
423,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
18,
2376,
3724,
1009,
341,
268,
5018,
375,
327,
986,
288,
268,
3765,
3221,
7681,
7349,
743,
421,
7523,
42,
13,
3221,
7681,
291,
9033,
7027,
2502,
2176,
800,
291,
2132,
309,
318,
7193,
421,
6499,
528,
4443,
4344,
743,
11580,
692,
802,
203,
41,
604,
2153,
11580,
381,
528,
1391,
3008,
30,
203,
17,
261,
1075,
289,
2153,
6009,
203,
17,
261,
1075,
289,
2153,
10217,
2659,
203,
17,
261,
1075,
289,
4459,
1541,
1235,
292,
268,
2153,
10217,
2659,
18,
203,
8679,
268,
4350,
11580,
692,
30,
268,
2153,
6009,
356,
9409,
1146,
419,
2153,
10217,
2659,
292,
8492,
291,
3231,
16,
518,
356,
268,
4459,
1541,
1235,
292,
268,
2153,
10217,
2659,
18,
365,
9409,
356,
5508,
289,
268,
10217,
2659,
16,
291,
609,
2958,
289,
268,
8492,
361,
3231,
18,
3737,
456,
5018,
16,
445,
375,
6799,
1190,
268,
7598,
289,
268,
11580,
692,
292,
1459,
341,
1510,
1511,
289,
1669,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
5948,
261,
4350,
11580,
381,
1478,
1321,
263,
973,
441,
6012,
4350,
372,
419,
4038,
542,
268,
1075,
289,
4459,
1541,
1235,
292,
8492,
291,
268,
2153,
6009,
292,
9409,
724,
292,
5388,
6012,
331,
3994,
4309,
18,
203,
8679,
268,
11809,
11580,
692,
30,
268,
2232,
291,
1321,
81,
1839,
17,
2656,
372,
2153,
6009,
356,
609,
2958,
289,
268,
2153,
10217,
2659,
291,
356,
5508,
3647,
419,
8492,
291,
3231,
18,
8497,
16,
268,
7598,
289,
268,
11580,
381,
375,
3360,
292,
1459,
341,
1511,
289,
1669,
18,
203,
37,
1558,
3659,
288,
494,
4454,
268,
11580,
692,
316,
7042,
5481,
894,
542,
18,
540,
2559,
4172,
268,
5275,
289,
2153,
10217,
2659,
4556,
1141,
377,
8414,
427,
268,
5275,
289,
4459,
1541,
1235,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
261,
2153,
10217,
556,
6803,
4405,
427,
1515,
2153,
10217,
556,
292,
7012,
261,
5565,
75,
495,
292,
261,
5914,
16,
794,
268,
3657,
8435,
292,
268,
5914,
788,
327,
3380,
288,
268,
4350,
11580,
692,
18,
203,
2983,
5725,
16,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
788,
327,
30,
203,
17,
3141,
1001,
10168,
16,
4715,
291,
3879,
11335,
16,
291,
327,
1776,
427,
5481,
894,
542,
31,
203,
17,
2619,
6209,
419,
291,
5892,
292,
2718,
31,
203,
17,
1608,
288,
1320,
10669,
87,
292,
2148,
268,
2533,
962,
1470,
289,
863,
2718,
1298,
2435,
641,
610,
8724,
331,
494,
309,
318,
291,
8524,
31,
203,
17,
4788,
360,
268,
2177,
3006,
3995,
331,
268,
494,
309,
318,
289,
2153,
11580,
692,
1020,
2265,
3060,
289,
4344,
743,
1510,
5523,
31,
291,
203,
17,
352,
6338,
352,
1522,
734,
669,
292,
1703,
288,
667,
1510,
2153,
6009,
361,
268,
4459,
1541,
1235,
336,
2682,
291,
3325,
622,
356,
8391,
18,
203,
1461,
6917,
1706,
1327,
841,
2480,
1218,
7441,
380,
421,
37,
5972,
37,
13,
316,
268,
9542,
6959,
331,
268,
6917,
2153,
4135,
18,
330,
5972,
37,
1664,
340,
261,
1452,
1944,
289,
863,
427,
6762,
291,
586,
2153,
4422,
1001,
1320,
1321,
3858,
6335,
518,
375,
327,
986,
341,
330,
5972,
37,
743,
3110,
18,
760,
923,
289,
456,
1476,
16,
330,
5972,
37,
1664,
340,
863,
341,
1180,
2380,
289,
268,
6917,
391,
11362,
289,
7027,
2502,
421,
37,
8405,
13,
291,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
18,
365,
1619,
4408,
289,
456,
1075,
289,
2779,
454,
4519,
288,
9708,
291,
528,
462,
712,
2923,
614,
2084,
7627,
1812,
1023,
18,
365,
863,
427,
1011,
7202,
8725,
743,
2779,
356,
11580,
488,
16,
291,
2170,
636,
330,
8405,
1376,
500,
659,
352,
268,
2113,
2109,
2766,
30,
2965,
436,
16,
6067,
593,
6935,
291,
5895,
88,
16,
268,
2113,
2109,
2766,
30,
2768,
515,
291,
924,
581,
16,
291,
458,
1753,
292,
4986,
8000,
291,
6163,
274,
16,
4344,
18,
203,
4326,
3792,
316,
525,
768,
268,
1401,
2331,
7233,
3794,
2600,
292,
494,
621,
268,
2153,
11580,
692,
18,
1161,
969,
2198,
16,
268,
9978,
336,
1627,
341,
456,
3792,
2151,
268,
2153,
10217,
2659,
288,
268,
4350,
291,
2232,
11580,
692,
18,
7672,
800,
3689,
356,
2459,
427,
268,
5508,
291,
609,
2958,
289,
1011,
7202,
8725,
291,
1023,
11580,
488,
292,
261,
2972,
1001,
268,
3995,
11987,
2159,
18,
203,
1461,
1525,
8786,
291,
9033,
7027,
2502,
1810,
7414,
203,
51,
357,
268,
2323,
1374,
935,
16,
330,
5972,
37,
16,
268,
330,
8405,
291,
268,
434,
8847,
437,
4513,
292,
2332,
758,
268,
3614,
1075,
289,
2779,
16,
291,
6762,
291,
586,
7202,
4422,
437,
8495,
444,
3937,
292,
327,
1542,
292,
1627,
341,
268,
733,
8370,
289,
629,
2779,
18,
540,
528,
712,
261,
1452,
3664,
291,
1874,
1707,
16,
6672,
8411,
4917,
858,
268,
1391,
6127,
291,
268,
1997,
18,
365,
733,
1075,
289,
2779,
356,
1478,
268,
8786,
291,
9033,
7027,
2502,
421,
9442,
55,
13,
3792,
291,
513,
1326,
2148,
268,
863,
1470,
289,
1972,
2835,
5989,
18,
203,
1461,
416,
11958,
3792
] |
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion; however, the law specifies some restrictions on the religious freedom of adherents of minority faiths, and there were some restrictions in practice. The Armenian Apostolic Church, which has formal legal status as the national church, enjoys some privileges not available to adherents of other faiths.
There was no overall change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report. In March 2002, the Government abolished the State Council on Religious Affairs (CRA) by presidential decree. The Government continued to reject the application by the Jehovah's Witnesses for legal recognition as a registered religion, and members of the group reported individual acts of discrimination. Other denominations occasionally report acts of discrimination, usually by mid-level or lower level government officials.
Relations among religions in society are generally amicable; however, societal attitudes towards some minority religions are ambivalent, and antipathy towards Muslims remains a problem.
The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights.
Section I. Religious Demography
The country has a total area of 11,496 square miles, and its population is approximately 3 million.
The country is ethnically homogeneous, with approximately 95 percent of the population classified as ethnic Armenian. About 90 percent of citizens nominally belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church, an Eastern Christian denomination whose spiritual center is located at the cathedral and monastery of Echmiatsin. Religious observance was discouraged strongly in the Soviet era, leading to a sharp decline in the number of active churches and priests, the closure of virtually all monasteries, and the nearly complete absence of religious education. As a result, the number of active religious practitioners is relatively low, although many former atheists now identify themselves with the national church.
For many citizens, Christian identity is an ethnic trait, with only a loose connection to religious belief. This identification was accentuated by the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1988-94, during which Armenia and Azerbaijan expelled their respective Azeri Muslim and Armenian Christian minorities, creating huge refugee populations in both countries. The head of the Church, Catholicos Karekin II (alternate spelling Garegin), was elected in 1999 at Echmiatsin with the participation of Armenian delegates from around the world.
There are comparatively small, but in many cases growing, communities of the following faiths: Yezidi (a Kurdish religious/ethnic group which includes elements derived from Zoroastrianism, Islam, and animism, with approximately 30,000 to 40,000 nominal adherents); Catholic, both Roman and Mekhitarist (Armenian Uniate) (approximately 180,000 adherents); Pentecostal (approximately 25,000); Greek Orthodox (approximately 6,000); Jehovah's Witnesses (approximately 6,000); Armenian Evangelical Church (approximately 5,000); Baptist (approximately 2,000); unspecified "charismatic" Christian (approximately 3,000); Seventh-Day Adventist; Mormon; Jewish (500 to 1,000); Muslim; Baha'i; Hare Krishna; and pagan. Yezidis are concentrated primarily in agricultural areas around Mount Aragats, northwest of Yerevan. Armenian Catholic and Greek Orthodox Christians are concentrated in the northern region, while most Jews, Mormons, and Baha'is are located in Yerevan. There is a remnant Muslim Kurdish community of a few hundred persons, many of which live in the Abovian region; a small group of Muslims of Azeri descent live primarily along the eastern or northern borders. In Yerevan there are approximately 1,000 Muslims, including Kurds, Iranians, and temporary residents from the Middle East.
Members of Jehovah's Witnesses continue their missionary work fairly visibly and reported gains in membership during 2000 and 2001. Evangelical Christians and Mormons also are engaged in missionary work.
Section II. Status of Religious Freedom
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion; however, the law specifies some restrictions on the religious freedom of adherents of faiths other than the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Constitution also provides for freedom of conscience, including the right either to believe or to adhere to atheism. The 1991 Law on Freedom of Conscience, amended in 1997, establishes the separation of church and state, but grants the Armenian Apostolic Church official status as the national church. A 1993 presidential decree, later superseded by the 1997 law, supplemented the 1991 law and further strengthened the position of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
The 1991 law requires all other religious denominations and organizations to register with the CRA. However, in March 2002, the CRA, established by presidential decree and slightly altered by the 1997 law, was abolished by presidential decree. It had been inactive, largely due to lack of resources, since its founding, except for registering religious groups. A presidential spokesman announced that the Council's former functions would be taken over by an office attached to the Presidency; however, by the end of the period covered by this report, the appointment of a head of this office had not been announced. Petitioning organizations must "be free from materialism and of a purely spiritual nature," and must subscribe to a doctrine based on "historically recognized Holy Scriptures." To qualify a religious organization must have at least 200 adult members. A religious organization that has been refused registration may not publish newspapers or magazines, rent meeting places, broadcast programs on television or radio, or officially sponsor the visas of visitors. No previously registered religious group seeking reregistration under the 1997 law has been denied.
The Government still denies registration to Jehovah's Witnesses, although there are enough members to qualify; the group was in the process of providing requested information to experts in the Government at the end of the period covered by this report. Several other religious groups are unregistered, specifically the Molokhany, a branch of the Russian "Old Believers," and some Yezidis. According to an official of the CRA, those two groups, which number in the hundreds, have not sought registration. According to the leadership of the Yezidi community, appeals on their behalf in regard to alleged societal discrimination were raised with the CRA; however, there was no response by government officials. By the end of the period covered by this report, there were 50 religious organizations, some of which are individual congregations from within the same denomination, registered with the Government. All existing denominations have been reregistered annually. The Hare Krishnas do not have enough members to qualify, as their numbers had dropped below even the previous membership threshold of 50.
There is no formally operating mosque, although Yerevan's one surviving 18th century mosque, which was restored with Iranian funding, is open for regular Friday prayers on a tenuous legal basis. In practice the mosque is open for prayers although it is not registered as a religious facility. The Government does not create any obstacles for Muslims who wish to pray there.
The law permits religious education in state schools only by instructors appointed by the Armenian Apostolic Church. If requested by the school principal, the Armenian Apostolic Church sends priests to teach classes in religion and religious history in those schools; however, students may choose not to attend such classes. Other religious groups are not allowed to provide religious instruction in schools, although they may do so in private homes to children of their members.
As a result of extended negotiations between the Government and the Armenian Apostolic Church, a memorandum was signed in April 2000 that provided for the two sides to negotiate a concordat. This was scheduled to occur in time for the 1,700th anniversary celebrations in September 2001 of the country's conversion to Christianity; however, disagreements in some areas precluded this, and negotiations were in progress at the end of the period covered by this report. The document is expected to regulate relations between the two bodies, settle disputes over ecclesiastical properties and real estate confiscated during the Soviet period, and define the role of the Armenian Apostolic Church in such fields as education, morality, and the media.
The Government's Human Rights Commission has met with many religious minority organizations.
Restrictions on Religious Freedom
During the period covered by this report, most registered religious groups reported no serious legal impediments to their activities. However, members of faiths other than the Armenian Apostolic Church are subject to some government restrictions. In particular the 1991 law forbids "proselytizing" (undefined in the law) except by the Armenian Apostolic Church, and required all other religious denominations and organizations to register with the former CRA. The CRA continued to deny registration to Jehovah's Witnesses during the period covered by this report because its "illegal proselytizing" allegedly is integral to its activity and because of the dissatisfaction and tension caused in some communities by its public preaching. At the end of the period covered by this report, it was unclear whether the March 2002 abolition of the CRA would have any effect on these policies. The President's Human Rights Commission declined to intervene, recommending that the group challenge their denial of registration through the courts, as provided by law. Although officials of Jehovah's Witnesses claimed that they had filed such a legal challenge, it had not been heard by the courts by the end of the period covered by this report. Pending announcement of an alternative mechanism, Jehovah's Witnesses filed for registration with the State Registry Office and were asked to provide more information; which they were compiling at the end of the period covered by this report. An assembly of Jehovah's Witnesses approved slight changes to their charter to meet the country's legal requirements (for example, changing a commitment to "proselytize" into one to "witness"), but cautioned that they could not change fundamental articles of faith, such as opposition to military service. The CRA previously had stated that the denial was due to the group's opposition to military service; however, in 1999 and 2000 the Council defended its refusal to accept applications by the Jehovah's Witnesses by stating that the group cannot be registered because "illegal proselytism" is allegedly integral to its activities. Discussions between Jehovah's Witnesses and the CRA were suspended in 2001 due to a lack of progress on this issue. No further discussions between Jehovah's Witnesses and the CRA regarding registration took place in 2001 and 2002 prior to the CRA's abolition.
Although the law bans foreign funding for foreign-based churches, the ban on foreign funding had not been enforced and was considered unenforceable by the CRA. The law also mandated that religious organizations other than the Armenian Apostolic Church need prior permission from the former CRA to engage in religious activities in public places, to travel abroad, or to invite foreign guests to the country. However, in practice travel by religious personnel is not restricted, and at the end of the period covered by this report it was not clear how the CRA's abolition would affect such sects. No action has been taken against missionaries. A 1993 presidential decree required the CRA to investigate the activities of the representatives of registered religious organizations and to ban missionaries who engage in activities contrary to their status. However, the Council largely had been inactive, due in part to lack of resources, except for registering religious groups.
Abuses of Religious Freedom
At the end of the period covered by this report, 23 members of Jehovah's Witnesses remained in prison and 3 members in pretrial detention charged with draft evasion or, if forcibly drafted, with desertion due to refusal to serve. Eight members who had been serving terms were released to house arrest after serving one-third of their sentences. Representatives of Jehovah's Witnesses officials said that the increase in the number of those imprisoned persons was due to the fact that members of Jehovah's Witnesses who had been called for military service were going directly to police and turning themselves in rather than waiting until induction to declare conscientious objection. Amnesty International reported that at least 16 conscientious objectors were released from detention after serving only part of their sentences, although they were required to report regularly to the police. Others were released under the terms of an amnesty.
As part of its required undertakings for joining the Council of Europe (COE), in January 2001, the Government pledged to pass a new law conforming to European standards on alternatives to military service within 3 years. Government officials stated that, according to their interpretation of COE regulations, those presently in prison as conscientious objectors were not required to be released until the new law was passed. However, COE officials stated that their interpretation was that the Government's undertaking required immediate release of such conscientious objectors. At the end of the period covered by this report, two different drafts of a proposed law were circulating within the Government for comments. A local official of Jehovah's Witnesses said that they had no objection to any alternative forms of civil service; however, they could not take part in anything categorized as military service even if it did not involve bearing arms.
There are reports that hazing of new conscripts is more severe for Yezidis and other minorities. Members of Jehovah's Witnesses are subject to even harsher treatment by military and civilian security officials, because their refusal to serve in the military is seen as a threat to national survival.
According to law, a religious organization that has been refused registration may not publish newspapers or magazines, rent meeting places, broadcast programs on television or radio, or officially sponsor the visas of visitors. During the period covered by this report, members of Jehovah's Witnesses did not experience difficulty renting meeting places as in the past, because they held only small meetings in private homes and buildings. Lack of official visa sponsorship means that Jehovah's Witnesses visitors must pay for tourist visas. When shipped in bulk, Jehovah's Witness publications are seized at the border. Although members of Jehovah's Witnesses supposedly were allowed to bring in small quantities of printed materials for their own use, Jehovah's Witnesses officials reported that "spiritual letters" from one congregation to another, which they said were meant for internal rather than proselytizing purposes, continued to be confiscated by customs officials. In March 2001, Jehovah's Witnesses official Levon Markarian was arrested and charged under a Soviet-period anti-religious law, which remains in force pending adoption by Parliament of a new Criminal Code, with "influencing people to refuse their civic duties" (i.e., service in the military) and "leading children astray" by inviting them to unsanctioned religious meetings. After a lengthy trial, on September 19, 2001, a court acquitted Markarian of the charge. In March 2002, the Appeals Court rejected the Procurator General's appeal and upheld the acquittal. In May 2002, the Court of Cassation, the country's highest court, dismissed the Procurator-General's appeal. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) closely monitored the case.
Other than Jehovah's Witnesses who were conscientious objectors, there were no other reports of religious prisoners or detainees.
Forced Religious Conversion
There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States.
Section III. Societal Attitudes
Relations among religions in society are generally amicable; however, societal attitudes towards some minority religions are ambivalent, and antipathy towards Muslims remains a problem.
The Armenian Apostolic Church is a member of the World Council of Churches and, despite doctrinal differences, has friendly official relations with many major Christian denominations, including the Eastern Orthodox churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Church, and major Protestant churches. In 2001, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the 1,700th anniversary of the official conversion of Armenia to Christianity. A year-long series of events, including international meetings and seminars, culminated in ceremonies in September 2001 attended by Armenians from around the world. Numerous heads of other churches and representatives of other religions attended ceremonies at Echmiatsin Cathedral. The new Cathedral of St. Gregory the Illuminator in Yerevan, financed by donations from Armenians around the world, was dedicated as the world's largest Armenian Church.
In late September 2001, Pope John Paul II paid the first visit to the country by a head of the Roman Catholic Church; the Pope celebrated an outdoor Mass at Echmiatsin and an ecumenical service at St. Gregory's Cathedral, and met with civil and ecclesiastical officials. Orthodox Patriarchs Bartholomew I of Constantinople and Aleksiy II of Moscow, along with numerous other religious figures, also visited Yerevan in 2001 as part of the 1,700th anniversary celebrations.
Although such activities contributed to mutual understanding, they took place in an undercurrent of competition. Suppressed through 70 years of Soviet rule, the Armenian Apostolic Church has neither the trained priests nor the material resources to fill immediately the spiritual void created by the demise of Communist ideology. Nontraditional religious organizations are viewed with suspicion, and foreign-based denominations operate cautiously for fear of being seen as a threat by the Armenian Apostolic Church. After his election in 1999, one of the first actions of Karekin II was to create a Secretariat for Ecumenical Outreach to other Christian denominations.
Societal attitudes toward most minority religions are ambivalent. Many citizens are not religiously observant, but the link between religion and Armenian ethnicity is strong. As a result of the Karabakh conflict with Azerbaijan, most of the country's Muslim population was forced to leave the country. Antipathy towards Muslims remains a problem, and the few Muslims remaining in the country keep a low profile, despite generally amicable relations between the Government and Iran.
There was no officially sponsored violence reported against minority religious groups during the period. Yezidi children on occasion report hazing by teachers and classmates. Some observers report increasingly unfavorable attitudes toward members of Jehovah's Witnesses among the general population, both because they are seen as "unpatriotic" for refusing military service and because of a widespread but unsubstantiated belief that they pay money to the desperately poor for conversions. The press reported a number of complaints lodged by citizens against members of Jehovah's Witnesses for alleged illegal proselytizing. They are the focus of religious attacks and hostile preaching by some Armenian Apostolic Church clerics.
Although it is difficult to document, it is likely that there is some informal societal discrimination in employment against members of certain religious groups.
Section IV. U.S. Government Policy
The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. The U.S. Ambassador and Embassy officials maintain close contact with the Catholicos at Echmiatsin and with leaders of other major religious and ecumenical groups in the country. In 2001 and 2002, Embassy officials met with the Military Prosecutor to discuss, among other topics, hazing of minority conscripts and the status of Jehovah's Witnesses, and continued to meet with the State Council on Religions to urge that progress be made towards registering Jehovah's Witnesses. The Embassy also maintains regular contact with traveling regional representatives of foreign-based religious groups such as the Mormons and members of Jehovah's Witnesses and raises their concerns with the Government. Embassy Officials closely monitored the trial of Levon Markarian (see Section II). | <urn:uuid:992a62ff-937a-4431-8505-591453e7f06f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/usdos/2002/en/31505 | 2024-02-23T23:41:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.974868 | 3,922 | 3.0625 | 3 | [
1461,
7753,
1956,
331,
4494,
289,
5617,
31,
2281,
16,
268,
1536,
722,
7030,
579,
8028,
341,
268,
3849,
4494,
289,
478,
2562,
546,
289,
10673,
4780,
87,
16,
291,
686,
664,
579,
8028,
288,
2060,
18,
365,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
16,
518,
528,
5979,
2953,
3985,
352,
268,
2511,
4948,
16,
403,
78,
7432,
579,
9547,
940,
462,
1608,
292,
478,
2562,
546,
289,
586,
4780,
87,
18,
203,
6695,
454,
688,
2114,
1317,
288,
268,
3985,
289,
3856,
331,
3849,
4494,
995,
268,
1604,
4738,
419,
456,
1627,
18,
450,
4294,
9708,
16,
268,
5206,
459,
320,
1341,
268,
3156,
5357,
341,
11932,
702,
7331,
4276,
421,
39,
8081,
13,
419,
882,
4847,
766,
675,
18,
365,
5206,
4336,
292,
304,
1013,
268,
2889,
419,
268,
596,
73,
76,
878,
1469,
743,
388,
4991,
274,
331,
2953,
5414,
352,
261,
9243,
5617,
16,
291,
2420,
289,
268,
1730,
3446,
1769,
5676,
289,
6772,
18,
3117,
4327,
311,
5049,
10492,
1627,
5676,
289,
6772,
16,
1840,
419,
4188,
17,
6120,
361,
1898,
966,
1654,
6564,
18,
203,
54,
306,
500,
1694,
2646,
806,
288,
2429,
356,
2918,
792,
300,
541,
31,
2281,
16,
8949,
9285,
2547,
579,
10673,
2646,
806,
356,
4971,
2681,
302,
16,
291,
1743,
84,
4426,
2547,
10223,
3341,
261,
1676,
18,
203,
1461,
522,
18,
55,
18,
5206,
1868,
274,
3849,
4494,
1659,
360,
268,
5206,
288,
268,
3558,
289,
606,
2114,
5395,
446,
291,
3079,
289,
4636,
1195,
2535,
18,
203,
55,
982,
334,
18,
11932,
702,
5227,
4052,
203,
1461,
1777,
528,
261,
2972,
1494,
289,
2912,
16,
10198,
26,
5757,
4772,
16,
291,
606,
2196,
316,
4745,
777,
2195,
18,
203,
1461,
1777,
316,
2784,
82,
1030,
5440,
11793,
499,
16,
360,
4745,
10664,
2078,
289,
268,
2196,
8391,
352,
6928,
1155,
4320,
779,
18,
4844,
5354,
2078,
289,
4341,
9561,
263,
523,
4749,
292,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
16,
363,
7909,
4297,
4327,
311,
1277,
4060,
4678,
3795,
316,
3586,
430,
268,
9998,
286,
2021,
291,
1025,
1764,
93,
289,
416,
355,
6214,
1378,
263,
18,
11932,
702,
2428,
515,
454,
8485,
2009,
8116,
288,
268,
7490,
5253,
16,
2469,
292,
261,
6368,
5807,
288,
268,
1289,
289,
3009,
10901,
291,
549,
423,
340,
16,
268,
551,
2777,
289,
9874,
516,
1025,
1764,
423,
16,
291,
268,
3999,
2821,
7777,
289,
3849,
1637,
18,
760,
261,
1636,
16,
268,
1289,
289,
3009,
3849,
10359,
316,
4097,
1488,
16,
3781,
772,
4685,
261,
1381,
978,
1315,
2423,
2315,
360,
268,
2511,
4948,
18,
203,
8679,
772,
4341,
16,
4297,
4328,
316,
363,
6928,
1498,
297,
16,
360,
794,
261,
9346,
3583,
292,
3849,
3796,
18,
540,
7458,
454,
765,
302,
89,
488,
419,
268,
4734,
658,
465,
484,
1620,
83,
17,
47,
294,
397,
10422,
288,
3361,
28,
17,
29,
24,
16,
995,
518,
1155,
4320,
563,
291,
9654,
6048,
2765,
78,
282,
771,
5834,
444,
10960,
9654,
265,
77,
6150,
291,
1155,
4320,
779,
4297,
4872,
647,
16,
2435,
4305,
7254,
73,
4544,
288,
1079,
1933,
18,
365,
1747,
289,
268,
4748,
16,
7169,
335,
696,
470,
6363,
3595,
421,
280,
843,
381,
11778,
461,
470,
1566,
989,
454,
9808,
288,
10591,
430,
416,
355,
6214,
1378,
263,
360,
268,
6571,
289,
1155,
4320,
779,
386,
6309,
692,
427,
1149,
268,
887,
18,
203,
6695,
356,
4313,
2874,
1139,
16,
566,
288,
772,
1934,
2574,
16,
2552,
289,
268,
1685,
4780,
87,
30,
663,
73,
94,
323,
77,
421,
69,
696,
6584,
557,
3849,
19,
1983,
5530,
1730,
518,
2356,
2880,
6781,
427,
1929,
283,
83,
301,
322,
779,
997,
16,
8589,
16,
291,
1502,
997,
16,
360,
4745,
2553,
16,
1347,
292,
3633,
16,
1347,
9561,
1420,
478,
2562,
546,
6834,
7169,
16,
1079,
4466,
291,
2172,
11876,
10228,
588,
421,
8239,
4320,
779,
860,
4215,
13,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
10098,
16,
1347,
478,
2562,
546,
6834,
382,
302,
312,
511,
280,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
3457,
16,
1347,
6834,
5439,
1778,
1212,
1947,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
1278,
16,
1347,
6834,
596,
73,
76,
878,
1469,
743,
388,
4991,
274,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
1278,
16,
1347,
6834,
1155,
4320,
779,
3875,
620,
306,
466,
4748,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
1016,
16,
1347,
6834,
391,
8662,
588,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
497,
16,
1347,
6834,
4000,
1084,
2234,
991,
4232,
997,
1531,
6,
4297,
421,
2188,
299,
4307,
777,
16,
1347,
6834,
2245,
592,
262,
17,
40,
350,
3986,
302,
588,
31,
383,
536,
266,
31,
5086,
421,
6950,
292,
433,
16,
1347,
6834,
6150,
31,
391,
1469,
69,
11,
77,
31,
402,
470,
9873,
557,
3862,
31,
291,
279,
11242,
18,
663,
73,
94,
323,
277,
356,
11190,
4604,
288,
4989,
1511,
1149,
10107,
1155,
484,
1378,
16,
4651,
6996,
289,
663,
387,
6841,
18,
1155,
4320,
779,
7169,
291,
5439,
1778,
1212,
1947,
9440,
356,
11190,
288,
268,
6200,
2225,
16,
1020,
710,
6524,
16,
383,
536,
625,
16,
291,
391,
1469,
69,
11,
277,
356,
3586,
288,
663,
387,
6841,
18,
994,
316,
261,
818,
82,
438,
6150,
696,
6584,
557,
1686,
289,
261,
1374,
6946,
6739,
16,
772,
289,
518,
2180,
288,
268,
2605,
878,
779,
2225,
31,
261,
1139,
1730,
289,
10223,
289,
9654,
265,
77,
697,
1243,
2180,
4604,
1910,
268,
8379,
361,
6200,
10051,
18,
450,
663,
387,
6841,
686,
356,
4745,
433,
16,
1347,
10223,
16,
1118,
696,
324,
727,
16,
9126,
1825,
16,
291,
7724,
5427,
427,
268,
6381,
4675,
18,
203,
49,
539,
1392,
289,
596,
73,
76,
878,
1469,
743,
388,
4991,
274,
2609,
444,
4536,
556,
716,
8353,
1094,
3749,
291,
3446,
10589,
288,
2420,
1028,
995,
6431,
291,
9462,
18,
3875,
620,
306,
466,
9440,
291,
383,
536,
625,
525,
356,
6808,
288,
4536,
556,
716,
18,
203,
55,
982,
3595,
18,
7027,
310,
289,
11932,
702,
4777,
3927,
203,
1461,
7753,
1956,
331,
4494,
289,
5617,
31,
2281,
16,
268,
1536,
722,
7030,
579,
8028,
341,
268,
3849,
4494,
289,
478,
2562,
546,
289,
4780,
87,
586,
687,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
18,
365,
7753,
525,
1956,
331,
4494,
289,
573,
8889,
16,
1118,
268,
1328,
2447,
292,
2979,
361,
292,
478,
6817,
292,
261,
1381,
997,
18,
365,
2464,
21,
4392,
341,
4777,
3927,
289,
1895,
8889,
16,
792,
5614,
288,
11903,
16,
3577,
274,
268,
9389,
289,
4948,
291,
1247,
16,
566,
11852,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
3710,
3985,
352,
268,
2511,
4948,
18,
330,
2464,
23,
882,
4847,
766,
675,
16,
2135,
390,
8204,
286,
286,
419,
268,
11903,
1536,
16,
5297,
286,
268,
2464,
21,
1536,
291,
1902,
2166,
2539,
268,
2669,
289,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
18,
203,
1461,
2464,
21,
1536,
2559,
516,
586,
3849,
4327,
311,
5049,
291,
3187,
292,
10328,
360,
268,
351,
8081,
18,
1121,
16,
288,
4294,
9708,
16,
268,
351,
8081,
16,
3413,
419,
882,
4847,
766,
675,
291,
5332,
11137,
419,
268,
11903,
1536,
16,
454,
459,
320,
1341,
419,
882,
4847,
766,
675,
18,
553,
850,
712,
288,
2636,
16,
5706,
1504,
292,
2850,
289,
1793,
16,
1812,
606,
986,
281,
16,
7350,
331,
10328,
281,
3849,
2303,
18,
330,
882,
4847,
6282,
1151,
1820,
7984,
336,
268,
5357,
743,
4685,
3632,
830,
327,
2459,
658,
419,
363,
4501,
7054,
292,
268,
3046,
323,
1150,
31,
2281,
16,
419,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1604,
4738,
419,
456,
1627,
16,
268,
8778,
289,
261,
1747,
289,
456,
4501,
850,
462,
712,
7984,
18,
2087,
5274,
281,
3187,
1204,
991,
1330,
1776,
427,
1193,
997,
291,
289,
261,
6391,
325,
4678,
2075,
3203,
291,
1204,
3062,
9309,
292,
261,
11505,
475,
1585,
341,
991,
76,
8976,
1030,
5447,
8402,
343,
2322,
1601,
2555,
1122,
3658,
3049,
261,
3849,
3272,
1204,
437,
430,
2144,
1645,
4769,
2420,
18,
330,
3849,
3272,
336,
528,
712,
11849,
735,
10341,
602,
462,
9614,
7776,
5033,
361,
3262,
1600,
967,
16,
7344,
88,
4962,
3508,
16,
3121,
6092,
2583,
341,
9214,
361,
5170,
16,
361,
11305,
11476,
283,
268,
1094,
301,
289,
6544,
18,
2491,
5061,
9243,
3849,
1730,
4840,
384,
387,
75,
10341,
1064,
268,
11903,
1536,
528,
712,
4327,
870,
18,
203,
1461,
5206,
1356,
4327,
423,
735,
10341,
292,
596,
73,
76,
878,
1469,
743,
388,
4991,
274,
16,
3781,
686,
356,
1982,
2420,
292,
3658,
3049,
31,
268,
1730,
454,
288,
268,
833,
289,
2352,
5453,
286,
1009,
292,
3962,
288,
268,
5206,
430,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1604,
4738,
419,
456,
1627,
18,
7138,
586,
3849,
2303,
356,
543,
2829,
5913,
16,
4479,
268,
383,
320,
3421,
76,
1100,
16,
261,
7457,
289,
268,
6144,
991,
51,
414,
4631,
545,
1414,
3203,
291,
579,
663,
73,
94,
323,
277,
18,
2580,
292,
363,
3710,
289,
268,
351,
8081,
16,
1014,
881,
2303,
16,
518,
1289,
288,
268,
5971,
16,
437,
462,
7463,
735,
10341,
18,
2580,
292,
268,
5217,
289,
268,
663,
73,
94,
323,
77,
1686,
16,
3712,
645,
341,
444,
1180,
2380,
288,
2521,
292,
10477,
2292,
8949,
6772,
664,
5546,
360,
268,
351,
8081,
31,
2281,
16,
686,
454,
688,
2629,
419,
1654,
6564,
18,
1285,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1604,
4738,
419,
456,
1627,
16,
686,
664,
3039,
3849,
3187,
16,
579,
289,
518,
356,
1769,
353,
5628,
500,
427,
1291,
268,
1162,
4327,
311,
1277,
16,
9243,
360,
268,
5206,
18,
1771,
3614,
4327,
311,
5049,
437,
712,
384,
387,
75,
5913,
9354,
18,
365,
402,
470,
9873,
557,
82,
301,
565,
462,
437,
1982,
2420,
292,
3658,
3049,
16,
352,
444,
3210,
850,
11075,
2321,
919,
268,
2773,
2420,
1028,
10566,
1063,
289,
3039,
18,
203,
6695,
316,
688,
926,
523,
4579,
293,
335,
3610,
16,
3781,
663,
387,
6841,
743,
597,
2720,
1159,
1398,
262,
2254,
293,
335,
3610,
16,
518,
454,
474,
10810,
360,
9126,
779,
5393,
16,
316,
1591,
331,
1998,
11373,
549,
10738,
341,
261,
2725,
6810,
2953,
3762,
18,
450,
2060,
268,
293,
335,
3610,
316,
1591,
331,
549,
10738,
3781,
362,
316,
462,
9243,
352,
261,
3849,
6923,
18,
365,
5206,
1082,
462,
1408,
723,
9563,
331,
10223,
650,
5648,
292,
549,
350,
686,
18,
203,
1461,
1536,
8074,
764,
3849,
1637,
288,
1247,
2823,
794,
419,
3523,
909,
10745,
419,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
18,
829,
5453,
286,
419,
268,
1166,
9075,
16,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
4671,
87,
549,
423,
340,
292,
1292,
4754,
288,
5617,
291,
3849,
1550,
288,
1014,
2823,
31,
2281,
16,
1052,
602,
2869,
462,
292,
6926,
659,
4754,
18,
3117,
3849,
2303,
356,
462,
4034,
292,
1153,
3849,
6908,
288,
2823,
16,
3781,
502,
602,
565,
576,
288,
3397,
3872,
292,
1024,
289,
444,
2420,
18,
203,
5190,
261,
1636,
289,
5923,
7245,
500,
858,
268,
5206,
291,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
16,
261,
7260,
481,
408,
454,
8453,
288,
4707,
6431,
336,
2756,
331,
268,
881,
6063,
292,
7245,
381,
261,
2812,
791,
271,
18,
540,
454,
9641,
286,
292,
1595,
288,
669,
331,
268,
433,
16,
27,
587,
262,
2548,
866,
556,
3138,
500,
288,
4878,
9462,
289,
268,
1777,
743,
9095,
292,
9828,
31,
2281,
16,
10856,
675,
652,
288,
579,
1511,
2326,
11314,
456,
16,
291,
7245,
500,
664,
288,
2674,
430,
268,
1199,
289,
268,
1604,
4738,
419,
456,
1627,
18,
365,
3190,
316,
3650,
292,
7075,
1851,
858,
268,
881,
3910,
16,
5838,
4016,
1985,
658,
303,
916,
736,
4843,
962,
3227,
291,
1409,
8636,
1275,
3219,
488,
995,
268,
7490,
1604,
16,
291,
6594,
268,
1476,
289,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
288,
659,
4161,
352,
1637,
16,
2727,
941,
16,
291,
268,
2612,
18,
203,
1461,
5206,
743,
4784,
6543,
6166,
528,
1757,
360,
772,
3849,
10673,
3187,
18,
203,
11872,
1145,
508,
341,
11932,
702,
4777,
3927,
203,
40,
714,
268,
1604,
4738,
419,
456,
1627,
16,
710,
9243,
3849,
2303,
3446,
688,
2804,
2953,
498,
286,
11186,
292,
444,
1740,
18,
1121,
16,
2420,
289,
4780,
87,
586,
687,
268,
1155,
4320,
779,
330,
2027,
278,
1074,
4748,
356,
2783,
292,
579,
1654,
8028,
18,
450,
1510,
268,
2464
] |
The Century of the Gene (Paperback)
Evelyn Fox Keller (author)Published: 15/04/2002
In a book that promises to change the way we think and talk about genes and genetic determinism, Evelyn Fox Keller, one of our most gifted historians and philosophers of science, provides a powerful, profound analysis of the achievements of genetics and molecular biology in the twentieth century, the century of the gene. Not just a chronicle of biology’s progress from gene to genome in one hundred years, The Century of the Gene also calls our attention to the surprising ways these advances challenge the familiar picture of the gene most of us still entertain.
Keller shows us that the very successes that have stirred our imagination have also radically undermined the primacy of the gene—word and object—as the core explanatory concept of heredity and development. She argues that we need a new vocabulary that includes concepts such as robustness, fidelity, and evolvability. But more than a new vocabulary, a new awareness is absolutely crucial: that understanding the components of a system (be they individual genes, proteins, or even molecules) may tell us little about the interactions among these components.
With the Human Genome Project nearing its first and most publicized goal, biologists are coming to realize that they have reached not the end of biology but the beginning of a new era. Indeed, Keller predicts that in the new century we will witness another Cambrian era, this time in new forms of biological thought rather than in new forms of biological life.
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Number of pages: 192
Weight: 240 g
Dimensions: 210 x 140 mm
Sometimes, with great luck, you happen on a book that is wondrous in its ability to take a topic apart and explain it lucidly. Sometimes, the joy is to be found in the way an author is able to put those pieces back together. And sometimes, it is the elegance both of analysis and synthesis that makes a book truly great. The Century of the Gene, by Evelyn Fox Keller, reaches that level and then vaults past it into the category of rare volumes that are unforgettable. This is the sort of book that, once found, can never be relinquished. The breadth of intellect is so strong, the importance of the subject so acute, the language so beautifully wrought, that you find yourself drawn to read it again and again, only to find a new dimension each time… In fact—and this is one of the most intense pleasures of the book—Fox Keller’s explanation of how the thinking about the gene has evolved over the past century is both as simple and as complex as the gene itself. Her topic is also her metaphor. - Alanna Mitchell, Globe and Mail
[Keller] is at the same time enthusiastic about the light that has been shed on the nature of life and critical of the oversimplifications that she feels have been made… She is well qualified to draw [her conclusions]. She has an admirable grasp of recent research in molecular genetics…and has read widely in the history of genetics… She has also thought hard about both the history and the current state of the subject… We need Keller’s voice. - John Maynard Smith, New York Review of Books
[Keller writes] with a peculiar, elegant blend of linguistic skill, historical reflection, conceptual analysis and synthetic outlook, and with the generously encompassing gesture of someone who participated in and followed the developments of molecular biology and genetics over several decades… Keller sees her book as a plea for scientific and political realism. Indeed it is. But it is more than just that. It engages historians, philosophers, scientists and the educated lay public alike in a discussion that self-consciously resists the temptation of polemics…about the conceptual and experimental developments in life sciences during the course of the twentieth century. - Hans-Jorg Rheinberger, American Scientist
[In] a lucid analysis of the mind-boggling advances in genetics and molecular biology in the twentieth century, Keller says it’s time to change the way we think about the gene. - Atlanta Journal-Constitution
The Century of the Gene is unusual among popular histories of science in that it largely avoids both technical minutiae and sociological or historical background. Rather, it is almost exclusively a history of ideas, even a history of just one idea—the concept of the gene. Keller’s aim, one that she achieves admirably, is to give readers just enough information about discoveries in molecular biology so that they can appreciate the consequence of those discoveries for our understanding of what genes are. - Austin L. Hughes, Commonweal
The very word ‘gene’ symbolizes our self-obsessed culture. All we do, know, learn, and sacrifice is somehow explained away by appealing to this tiny and elusive biological structure. Yet according to at least one scientist, it’s time for us to shift our focus and branch out to other possible, and perhaps more suitable, interpretations of our natures. In The Century of the Gene, Evelyn Fox Keller urges the genomic society to break free of the linguistic (and therefore conceptual) restraints and the historical baggage inherent in the use of the term ‘gene’—a break she sees as imperative and, ultimately, inevitable. - Rain Taxi
The Century of the Gene, by Evelyn Fox Keller, not only provides an insightful overview of the role of a gene in the creation of an organism but also traces the history of our perception of the gene’s role in that creation… Keller provides several concise figures that allow a person with minimal knowledge of molecular biology to understand the basics of what a gene is and how it functions within the body. This book also captures past and present thought from critical scientists and philosophers who have contributed to our current understanding of molecular biology… [The] overall outlook provides a new understanding of the dynamics of gene regulation and predicts that a new era in which we can understand how to control our own evolution is approaching. From a research perspective, we hope to be able to use this knowledge to help correct medical disorders. However, from a moral and religious perspective, many new boundaries are being crossed. Read this book. You will challenge yourself in trying to figure out what the future will be. - Dr. John J. Nemunaitis, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
Evelyn Fox Keller’s The Century of the Gene is a clear, concise and challenging contribution to our understanding of the history of genetics and of modern biology more generally. There can be no doubt that Keller’s analysis of ‘gene talk,’ that is, her analysis of the variety of contexts and ways in which biologists have deployed the word ‘gene’, is more than timely. - Paolo Palladino, British Journal for the History of Science
The notes…are detailed and useful… Her book is a thought-provoking review of the history and philosophy of genetics and genomics. - Victor A. McKusick, Bulletin of the History of Medicine
Among the many books on cloning and genetic therapy, The Century of the Gene, an overview of current research and thought by philosopher of science Evelyn Fox Keller, seems especially promising. - Martin Levin, Globe and Mail
Although brief, this book is packed with good things. The historical analysis is unfailingly interesting, the scientific reportage lucid. Best of all, perhaps, is the sheer excitement the book communicates about the state of genetics and the need to get that state into proper focus, using all the intellectual resources going… I am impressed by the diversity of gene concepts within what Keller sees…as a single concept… Her own contribution to the case for conceptual unity is an important one. - Gregory Radick, Heredity
[This] book opens up exciting possibilities of new ways of thinking about biological organization, which are not overshadowed by traditional language or by ‘historical baggage’… Evelyn Fox Keller has put down a marker in this important book. The time has come for us to take on a richer understanding of genetics and with it some new language and concepts. - Sue Weldon, New Genetics and Society
Once again, with the prescience her readers have come to expect from her, Evelyn Fox Keller is ahead of the curve in identifying and illuminating new questions for our attention… [Keller] addresses myths and misunderstandings that surround the concept of a gene… [Her] informed and entertaining volume takes the reader on a quick historical tour through the gestation and birth of molecular genetics and then, with a few helpful illustrations, into current perceptions of gene structure and function in sufficient detail to explain her critical arguments… Her fascinating tale should raise your interest in the biological mysteries that remain. - Cecily Cannan Selby, Radcliffe Quarterly
For anyone fascinated by biology, the technology used to explore it, and the medical promises implicit in the information contained within our genetic material, Keller’s overview makes for clear, engaging, and exciting reading. - Tom Bowden, Tech Directions
Keller traces the evolution of genetic science over the course of the twentieth century, during which Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance were rediscovered, the structure of DNA revealed, and the human genome mapped—world-changing achievements that have taken our understanding of genetics far beyond the level at which the now too-simple word gene was coined. - Donna Seaman, Booklist
Top-drawer science reading. - Ray Olson, Booklist
In this tight, clearly written survey, Keller does a wonderful job of explaining and demonstrating how our knowledge of genetics has accumulated… In her articulate and insightful…history of genetics and molecular biology, she suggests that most of our common assumptions about genes are either too simplistic or simply incorrect. - Publishers Weekly
In The Century of the Gene, Evelyn Keller gathers together her considerable skills as a mathematician, physicist, historian and philosopher and applies them to the central problem of the last 100 years of biology, namely the relation of the genes to the building of an organism. The scholarship is masterly, not only because of her wide reading of the literature, but her deep, penetrating understanding of what she reads. To cap it all she writes clearly and elegantly so that the book is a pleasure to read. This is a conspicuously intelligent book. - John Bonner, Princeton University
Evelyn Keller has the disturbing ability to make you think again from scratch about things you thought you had already understood. It is a long time since I have thought so hard about fundamental problems in genetics as I did when reading The Century of the Gene. - Richard Lewontin, Harvard University
Genes have captured the scientific and popular imagination. But in The Century of the Gene, Evelyn Fox Keller provides us with a powerful analysis of the limits of the gene as an explanatory concept. Indeed, the success of molecular biology and greater understanding of biological development have exposed the wide gap between genetic information and biological meaning, undermining the very concept of the gene. Yet gene talk with all its historical baggage persists in shaping both science and popular perceptions. Keller argues convincingly for a new language, for new concepts that will enable us to deal with the real complexity of biological organization. This is a critically important book to be very widely read. - Dorothy Nelkin, New York University
In this elegantly written book, Evelyn Fox Keller tells the fascinating story of how the heuristic power of genetic experimentation interacts with the narrative power of the word ‘gene.’ Both are built on and reinforce each other. I never saw an equally convincing and well informed narrative on how language mediates the interaction between experimental research and its social context. - Günter P. Wagner, Yale University
You may also be interested in...
Would you like to proceed to the App store to download the Waterstones App? | <urn:uuid:91d4129a-5cba-4ac7-8c17-bcaebfa80d78> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-century-of-the-gene/evelyn-fox-keller/9780674008250 | 2024-02-24T00:07:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.934293 | 2,437 | 2.625 | 3 | [
1461,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
421,
52,
1788,
3252,
13,
203,
41,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
421,
8250,
13,
52,
914,
1341,
30,
2063,
19,
20,
24,
19,
4598,
22,
203,
2983,
261,
2077,
336,
1415,
2329,
292,
1317,
268,
898,
445,
1779,
291,
3357,
608,
5796,
291,
3347,
1693,
263,
997,
16,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
16,
597,
289,
662,
710,
9235,
691,
2328,
1825,
291,
4534,
332,
289,
2186,
16,
1956,
261,
3184,
16,
6234,
2286,
289,
268,
10686,
289,
9734,
291,
8256,
7892,
288,
268,
808,
560,
1983,
2254,
16,
268,
2254,
289,
268,
2261,
18,
3217,
1039,
261,
3776,
298,
289,
7892,
372,
87,
2674,
427,
2261,
292,
11172,
288,
597,
6946,
935,
16,
365,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
525,
6022,
662,
2383,
292,
268,
10528,
1714,
629,
8795,
3659,
268,
4973,
4378,
289,
268,
2261,
710,
289,
407,
1356,
2989,
572,
18,
203,
47,
10847,
2746,
407,
336,
268,
1040,
1577,
274,
336,
437,
6488,
86,
1007,
662,
8962,
437,
525,
2010,
1030,
1064,
81,
1451,
268,
1849,
1495,
289,
268,
2261,
1447,
5917,
291,
3904,
1447,
301,
268,
4144,
6041,
1692,
3313,
289,
954,
286,
380,
291,
1208,
18,
2623,
3870,
893,
336,
445,
648,
261,
733,
7443,
336,
2356,
4127,
659,
352,
6338,
822,
16,
284,
323,
306,
380,
16,
291,
3735,
90,
1303,
18,
1163,
512,
687,
261,
733,
7443,
16,
261,
733,
3717,
316,
10220,
1821,
30,
336,
1616,
268,
3008,
289,
261,
892,
421,
1330,
502,
1769,
5796,
16,
5073,
16,
361,
919,
6286,
13,
602,
2565,
407,
1936,
608,
268,
5119,
1694,
629,
3008,
18,
203,
59,
349,
268,
4784,
6497,
436,
5564,
428,
1818,
606,
855,
291,
710,
1376,
963,
3114,
16,
1738,
5020,
356,
4028,
292,
7296,
336,
502,
437,
5673,
462,
268,
1199,
289,
7892,
566,
268,
3484,
289,
261,
733,
5253,
18,
9129,
16,
696,
10847,
4003,
340,
336,
288,
268,
733,
2254,
445,
513,
5814,
1515,
351,
4335,
9363,
5253,
16,
456,
669,
288,
733,
2779,
289,
5504,
2693,
2359,
687,
288,
733,
2779,
289,
5504,
943,
18,
203,
52,
914,
557,
265,
30,
10041,
1832,
5625,
203,
50,
6175,
289,
5938,
30,
789,
22,
203,
3464,
486,
30,
3730,
20,
319,
203,
40,
344,
7522,
30,
497,
2316,
4730,
2967,
20,
8799,
203,
55,
436,
2184,
16,
360,
1312,
8567,
16,
337,
4106,
341,
261,
2077,
336,
316,
3630,
10352,
288,
606,
1882,
292,
1071,
261,
3800,
6026,
291,
4345,
362,
308,
405,
323,
325,
18,
5811,
16,
268,
7276,
316,
292,
327,
986,
288,
268,
898,
363,
2036,
316,
1542,
292,
1927,
1014,
4648,
1103,
1875,
18,
1256,
2903,
16,
362,
316,
268,
1939,
75,
515,
1079,
289,
2286,
291,
10633,
336,
1892,
261,
2077,
5562,
1312,
18,
365,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
16,
419,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
16,
8849,
336,
966,
291,
1023,
385,
69,
1339,
2323,
362,
636,
268,
7252,
289,
3679,
11193,
336,
356,
543,
1346,
1586,
1576,
18,
540,
316,
268,
5256,
289,
2077,
336,
16,
2340,
986,
16,
375,
2270,
327,
711,
263,
395,
1341,
18,
365,
7028,
262,
289,
6157,
88,
316,
576,
1806,
16,
268,
2557,
289,
268,
2783,
576,
8139,
16,
268,
1719,
576,
4255,
2367,
276,
3089,
16,
336,
337,
1255,
2757,
7582,
292,
1078,
362,
1221,
291,
1221,
16,
794,
292,
1255,
261,
733,
11672,
1011,
669,
2865,
450,
1975,
1447,
481,
456,
316,
597,
289,
268,
710,
6611,
3034,
10585,
289,
268,
2077,
1447,
42,
1947,
696,
10847,
372,
87,
8059,
289,
667,
268,
3140,
608,
268,
2261,
528,
7032,
658,
268,
2323,
2254,
316,
1079,
352,
2208,
291,
352,
1874,
352,
268,
2261,
2635,
18,
3603,
3800,
316,
525,
954,
10316,
283,
18,
425,
996,
2586,
69,
383,
2478,
467,
16,
3199,
875,
73,
291,
383,
726,
203,
63,
47,
10847,
65,
316,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
7885,
2185,
608,
268,
1360,
336,
528,
712,
7379,
341,
268,
2075,
289,
943,
291,
2421,
289,
268,
6290,
344,
476,
6643,
336,
1353,
7661,
437,
712,
1146,
2865,
2623,
316,
767,
9189,
292,
2395,
2378,
2562,
10880,
7925,
2623,
528,
363,
8158,
9587,
10264,
289,
2650,
922,
288,
8256,
9734,
2865,
481,
528,
1078,
4004,
288,
268,
1550,
289,
9734,
2865,
2623,
528,
525,
2693,
1656,
608,
1079,
268,
1550,
291,
268,
1619,
1247,
289,
268,
2783,
2865,
924,
648,
696,
10847,
372,
87,
4922,
18,
425,
3379,
2924,
82,
485,
7760,
16,
1525,
3567,
7183,
289,
10703,
203,
63,
47,
10847,
9627,
65,
360,
261,
279,
312,
346,
3499,
16,
1939,
75,
438,
9535,
289,
11673,
4736,
16,
3607,
8898,
16,
3414,
1924,
2286,
291,
8311,
5417,
838,
16,
291,
360,
268,
947,
3343,
11734,
281,
319,
274,
718,
289,
2711,
650,
2082,
488,
288,
291,
4138,
268,
8033,
289,
8256,
7892,
291,
9734,
658,
1520,
4295,
2865,
696,
10847,
10238,
954,
2077,
352,
261,
3034,
69,
331,
3181,
291,
2589,
1409,
997,
18,
9129,
362,
316,
18,
1163,
362,
316,
512,
687,
1039,
336,
18,
553,
1201,
1172,
2328,
1825,
16,
4534,
332,
16,
3152,
291,
268,
11573,
2131,
1376,
8423,
288,
261,
5122,
336,
1817,
17,
6039,
3844,
325,
474,
978,
268,
9073,
88,
318,
289,
2462,
298,
81,
1067,
2865,
397,
491,
268,
3414,
1924,
291,
8947,
8033,
288,
943,
10104,
995,
268,
1911,
289,
268,
808,
560,
1983,
2254,
18,
425,
402,
504,
17,
46,
3206,
434,
781,
263,
657,
1132,
16,
1781,
1449,
7429,
203,
63,
2983,
65,
261,
308,
405,
323,
2286,
289,
268,
1710,
17,
70,
446,
75,
1667,
8795,
288,
9734,
291,
8256,
7892,
288,
268,
808,
560,
1983,
2254,
16,
696,
10847,
1977,
362,
372,
87,
669,
292,
1317,
268,
898,
445,
1779,
608,
268,
2261,
18,
425,
6585,
1966,
5341,
17,
39,
625,
4830,
203,
1461,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
316,
7926,
1694,
2029,
2328,
423,
289,
2186,
288,
336,
362,
5706,
1833,
87,
1079,
4419,
1029,
89,
287,
2471,
291,
913,
77,
1496,
361,
3607,
4247,
18,
9574,
16,
362,
316,
2764,
377,
11487,
261,
1550,
289,
2854,
16,
919,
261,
1550,
289,
1039,
597,
2505,
1447,
1381,
3313,
289,
268,
2261,
18,
696,
10847,
372,
87,
2517,
16,
597,
336,
1353,
1700,
545,
973,
8158,
338,
2090,
16,
316,
292,
1888,
5250,
1039,
1982,
1009,
608,
11195,
288,
8256,
7892,
576,
336,
502,
375,
7917,
268,
10793,
289,
1014,
11195,
331,
662,
1616,
289,
768,
5796,
356,
18,
425,
330,
599,
263,
458,
18,
402,
6016,
274,
16,
4717,
2878,
280,
203,
1461,
1040,
2594,
1321,
75,
745,
372,
2864,
2692,
662,
1817,
17,
4020,
368,
286,
2484,
18,
1771,
445,
565,
16,
698,
16,
1213,
16,
291,
11824,
316,
579,
7831,
5892,
2014,
419,
11453,
292,
456,
5852,
291,
1628,
4196,
5504,
2214,
18,
5942,
2310,
292,
430,
2144,
597,
8505,
16,
362,
372,
87,
669,
331,
407,
292,
5327,
662,
1459,
291,
7457,
628,
292,
586,
1522,
16,
291,
4810,
512,
4021,
16,
4834,
500,
289,
662,
1318,
889,
18,
450,
365,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
16,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
2112,
940,
268,
2451,
311,
300,
2429,
292,
2603,
1776,
289,
268,
11673,
421,
481,
3281,
3414,
1924,
13,
474,
322,
6339,
291,
268,
3607,
5331,
75,
495,
11118,
288,
268,
666,
289,
268,
2085,
1321,
75,
745,
372,
1447,
69,
2603,
1353,
10238,
352,
11212,
291,
16,
5406,
16,
9720,
2855,
18,
425,
434,
412,
10690,
77,
203,
1461,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
16,
419,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
16,
462,
794,
1956,
363,
6818,
703,
8341,
289,
268,
1476,
289,
261,
2261,
288,
268,
4314,
289,
363,
11211,
566,
525,
432,
1632,
268,
1550,
289,
662,
7361,
289,
268,
2261,
372,
87,
1476,
288,
336,
4314,
2865,
696,
10847,
1956,
1520,
2812,
758,
6239,
336,
1059,
261,
959,
360,
7324,
1772,
289,
8256,
7892,
292,
992,
268,
9538,
289,
768,
261,
2261,
316,
291,
667,
362,
3632,
1291,
268,
1073,
18,
540,
2077,
525,
1081,
1601,
2323,
291,
1487,
2693,
427,
2421,
3152,
291,
4534,
332,
650,
437,
7839,
292,
662,
1619,
1616,
289,
8256,
7892,
2865,
2378,
1461,
65,
2114,
5417,
838,
1956,
261,
733,
1616,
289,
268,
7829,
289,
2261,
6743,
291,
4003,
340,
336,
261,
733,
5253,
288,
518,
445,
375,
992,
667,
292,
1357,
662,
1044,
4414,
316,
1563,
281,
18,
2519,
261,
922,
4785,
16,
445,
3571,
292,
327,
1542,
292,
666,
456,
1772,
292,
617,
3045,
1804,
3741,
18,
1121,
16,
427,
261,
6334,
291,
3849,
4785,
16,
772,
733,
6165,
356,
1018,
3264,
286,
18,
3177,
456,
2077,
18,
990,
513,
3659,
2757,
288,
3738,
292,
4382,
628,
768,
268,
1571,
513,
327,
18,
425,
1698,
18,
3379,
596,
18,
465,
539,
8820,
3326,
16,
6847,
4570,
1832,
5392,
3842,
960,
3969,
762,
203,
41,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
372,
87,
365,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
316,
261,
1763,
16,
2812,
758,
291,
4079,
8145,
292,
662,
1616,
289,
268,
1550,
289,
9734,
291,
289,
2332,
7892,
512,
2918,
18,
994,
375,
327,
688,
7246,
336,
696,
10847,
372,
87,
2286,
289,
1321,
75,
745,
3357,
10179,
336,
316,
16,
954,
2286,
289,
268,
2233,
289,
9798,
291,
1714,
288,
518,
1738,
5020,
437,
5984,
286,
268,
2594,
1321,
75,
745,
6335,
316,
512,
687,
10168,
18,
425,
382,
69,
320,
83,
382,
453,
354,
3594,
16,
3247,
5341,
331,
268,
4221,
289,
3308,
203,
1461,
4686,
2865,
470,
4796,
291,
3209,
2865,
3603,
2077,
316,
261,
2693,
17,
3012,
90,
4804,
2911,
289,
268,
1550,
291,
7187,
289,
9734,
291,
2451,
311,
1067,
18,
425,
7927,
330,
18,
4852,
47,
310,
868,
16,
8867,
298,
2432,
289,
268,
4221,
289,
6223,
203,
37,
81,
535,
268,
772,
3310,
341,
551,
11279,
291,
3347,
2734,
16,
365,
2126,
1366,
289,
268,
7562,
16,
363,
8341,
289,
1619,
922,
291,
2693,
419,
4534,
265,
289,
2186,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
16,
3959,
1803,
8464,
18,
425,
9084,
1732,
9908,
16,
3199,
875,
73,
291,
383,
726,
203,
8804,
1858,
5715,
16,
456,
2077,
316,
11975,
360,
1060,
1612,
18,
365,
3607,
2286,
316,
4372,
726,
5052,
4149,
16,
268,
3181,
751,
283,
3056,
308,
405,
323,
18,
7478,
289,
516,
16,
4810,
16,
316,
268,
1353,
265,
1870,
674,
367,
268,
2077,
903,
300,
692,
608,
268,
1247,
289,
9734,
291,
268,
648,
292,
886,
336,
1247,
636,
1225,
1459,
16,
1001,
516,
268,
7405,
1793,
2118,
2865,
334,
792,
498,
5142,
419,
268,
4674,
289,
2261,
4127,
1291,
768,
696,
10847,
10238,
2865,
301,
261,
2324,
3313,
2865,
3603,
1044,
8145,
292,
268,
1731,
331,
3414,
1924,
10515,
316,
363,
851,
597,
18,
425,
461,
2829,
961,
6658,
868,
16,
402,
2142,
380,
203,
63,
4326,
65,
2077,
9841,
644,
6427,
6957,
289,
733,
1714,
289,
3140,
608,
5504,
3272,
16,
518,
356,
462,
6290,
76,
354,
329,
286,
419,
2338,
1719,
361,
419,
1321,
76,
8976,
466,
5331,
75,
495,
372,
2865,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
528,
1927,
1190,
261,
1471,
265,
288,
456,
851,
2077,
18,
365,
669,
528,
1631,
331,
407,
292,
1071,
341,
261,
2941,
265,
1616,
289,
9734,
291,
360,
362,
579,
733,
1719,
291,
4127,
18,
425,
343,
610,
11998,
72,
266,
16,
1525,
7562,
1187,
291,
5335,
203,
9076,
339,
1221,
16,
360,
268,
882,
8889,
954,
5250,
437,
1631,
292,
3176,
427,
954,
16,
416,
1720,
82,
418,
1947,
696,
10847,
316,
5916,
289,
268,
9439,
288,
5678,
291,
1930,
408,
4564,
733,
2212,
331,
662,
2383,
2865,
2378,
47,
10847,
65,
7805,
5620,
87,
291,
2305,
1096,
897,
762,
336,
3137,
268,
3313,
289,
261,
2261,
2865,
2378,
44,
265,
65,
4443,
291,
2989,
5045,
4765,
2844,
268,
6659,
341,
261,
2025,
3607,
4402,
734,
268,
319,
443,
318,
291,
3475,
289,
8256,
9734,
291,
1023,
16,
360,
261,
1374,
4374,
4346,
500,
16,
636,
1619,
574,
6795,
289,
2261,
2214,
291,
1596,
288,
5138,
5470,
292,
4345,
954,
2421,
9048,
2865,
3603,
6326,
1971,
73,
788,
5151,
424,
1669,
288,
268,
5504,
4566,
5660,
336,
3406,
18,
425,
351,
312,
883,
1680,
82,
282,
343,
306,
2330,
16,
6658,
1215,
6003,
73,
3695,
6393,
325,
203,
8679,
4421,
4716,
4231,
419,
7892,
16,
268,
1428,
724
] |
What Are Backlinks?
Backlinks (also known as “inbound links”, “incoming links” or “one way links”) are links from one website to a page on another website. Google and other major search engines consider backlinks “votes” for a specific page. Pages with a high number of backlinks tend to have high organic search engine rankings.
For example, here is a link from Forbes to my website.
Because that link points directly to a page on my website, it’s a “backlink”.
Why Are Backlinks Important?
Backlinks are basically votes from other websites. Each of these votes tells search engines: “This content is valuable, credible and useful”.
So the more of these “votes” you have, the higher your site will rank in Google and other search engines.
Using links in a search engine algorithm is nothing new. In fact, backlinks formed the foundation of Google’s original algorithm (known as “PageRank”).
Even though Google has made thousands of changes to its algorithm since then, backlinks remain a key ranking signal.
For example, an industry study that we conducted found that links remain Google’s key ranking signal.
And Google has confirmed that backlinks remain one of their three most important search engine ranking factors.
What Types of Backlinks are Valuable?
Not all backlinks are created equal.
In other words, if you want to rank higher in the SERPs, focus on quality backlinks.
Put another way:
A single quality backlink can be more powerful than 1,000 low-quality backlinks.
As it turns out, high-quality backlinks tend to share the same key traits.
Trait #1: They Come From Trusted, Authoritative Websites
Would you rather get a backlink from Harvard… or a random guy’s website?
As it turns out, Google feels the same way.
This concept is known as “Domain Authority”. Essentially, the more authority a site has, the more authority it can pass on to your site (via a link).
For example, here’s a link that I got from TechCrunch.
According to Semrush, TechCrunch is an extremely authoritative domain.
Because that link comes from an authority site, Google puts lots of weight on it. In fact, I noticed a boost in my organic search engine traffic right after TechCrunch linked to me.
Are these links hard to get? Definitely.
Are they worth it? Absolutely.
Trait #2: They Include Your Target Keyword In The Link’s Anchor Text
As a reminder, anchor text is the visible text part of a link.
In general, you want your links to have anchor text that includes your target keyword.
In fact, a recent industry study found a correlation between keyword-rich anchor text and higher rankings for that keyword.
Now, a quick word of warning:
You don’t want to go overboard with keyword-rich anchor text. In fact, Google has a filter in their algorithm called “Google Penguin”.
Google Penguin filters out websites that use black hat link building strategies. And it specifically focuses on sites that build backlinks with exact match anchor text.
Trait #3: The Site (and Page) Linking to You Is Topically Related To Your Site
When a website links to another website, Google wants to see that the two sites are related.
This makes sense if you think about it:
Imagine you just published an article about running a marathon.
In that case, Google will put MUCH more weight on links from sites about marathons, running, fitness vs. sites about fishing, unicycles, and digital marketing.
Trait #4: The Link Is a “Dofollow” Link
Google and other search engines ignore links with the “nofollow” tag attached to it.
(In other words, nofollow links don’t count search engine ranking algorithms).
Fortunately, the vast majority of links on the web are “dofollow” links.
And most of the links that have the nofollow tag aren’t that valuable to begin with. For example, links from these sources tend to be nofollow:
These links aren’t super helpful for SEO anyway, so it’s not a big deal that they’re nofollow.
Trait #5: The Link Is From a Domain That Hasn’t Linked to You Before
Let’s say you get a link from Website A.
Well, let’s say Website A links to you again. And again. And again.
Are the 2nd, 3rd and 4th links as powerful as the first one?
As it turns out, links from the same website have diminishing returns.
Or put another way:
It’s usually better to get 100 links from 100 different websites than 1,000 links from the same website.
In fact, our search engine ranking correlation study found that the number of sites linking to you (not the total number of backlinks) correlated with Google rankings more than any other factor.
Now that you’ve seen what types of backlinks are the most helpful for your Google rankings, it’s time for me to show you how to start building them.
Create a Linkable Assets
If you want people to link to your website, you need something on your site worth linking to.
(Also known as “Linkable Assets”).
A Linkable Asset can be a blog post, a video, a piece of software, a quiz, a survey… basically anything that people will want to link to.
In most cases, your linkable asset will be an amazing piece of content (which is why search engine optimization and content marketing are so closely tied together).
For example, when I first started my blog, I published this list of 200+ Google ranking factors.
One day I read that Google uses 200 ranking signals. Which made me curious: “What are these 200 signals?”.
Of course, Google wasn’t about to announce them to the world. So I started compiling statements from Google and patents that I found online.
Compiling these 200 factors was extremely time-consuming (it took me over 2 weeks). But in the end, I FINALLY compiled a list of 200 ranking factors that Google might use in their algorithm.
To date, this single piece of content has generated over 25,800 backlinks from 5,870 domains.
How about another example?
One of my most successful posts to date (in terms of backlinks and organic traffic) is my ultimate guide to YouTube SEO.
When I started writing this post I was starting to have some success with YouTube marketing. So I decided to compile and share what I learned in the form of an ultimate guide.
I also decided to include a lot of examples in my guide:
(Something that most of the other content on this topic lacked)
Even though this post hasn’t generated nearly the same amount of links as my Google Ranking Factors post, it’s still racked up quite a few backlinks.
Build Backlinks from Link Roundups
Imagine if people published blog posts with the sole purpose of linking out to quality content.
(The type of quality content that you publish on your site already)
It’d be pretty great, right?
Fortunately, that’s a real thing. And they’re called link roundups.
Here’s an example:
Link roundups are daily, weekly or monthly blog posts that link to outstanding content.
Here’s an example of a backlink that I recently built from a roundup:
Here’s the step-by-step process.
- Find Link Roundups In Your Niche: Use search strings in Google search, like ““Keyword” + “link roundup”.
- Pitch Your Resource: (Gently) suggest that they include your linkable asset to the roundup.
And if your post is a good fit for that person’s roundup, you’ll get a high-quality link.
(They may also share your content on social media)
Use The Moving Man Method
Here is the 3-step process:
- First, you find web pages, resources or businesses that are outdated, rebranded or recently changed names.
- Then, find the sites that are still linking to these outdated resources.
- Finally, you email people to let them know that they’re linking to something that’s out of date.
Let me show you how this works with a real-life example…
A while back I read that a website for a big SEO agency website suddenly shut down.
This meant that they had lots of pages on their site that weren’t working anymore…
…pages that lots of people were still linking to.
Specifically, I noticed that an infographic about SEO on their site wasn’t working anymore. Which was perfect, because I had just published my own SEO-focused infographic.
So that was the first step.
Next, I had to see who actually linked to that infographic.
So I fired up Semrush and pulled all of their links:
Finally, I emailed everyone that linked to the infographic to let them know the image wasn’t working anymore. I also let them know that my infographic would make a great replacement for the BlueGlass one.
Here’s the script I used:
I was searching for some content to read about [Topic] this morning. And I came across your excellent post: [Post Title].
Anyway, I couldn’t help but notice that you mentioned [Outdated Resource] in your article.
As you may have heard, [Problem With Outdated Resource].
Here’s a screenshot of where that link is located: [Screenshot]
Also, I recently published a piece of content about [Topic]. It might make a good replacement for the [Outdated Resource].
Either way, I hope this helps you and have a great day!
As you can see, people were more than happy to link to me:
Broken Link Building
This strategy is similar to the Moving Man Method you just learned about.
The difference is that with broken link building, you’re only looking for pages that have 404 errors.
To find these 404 links, you want to focus on resource pages in your niche. So if you’re in the fitness niche you’d search in Google using these search strings:
- “fitness” + “resource page”
- “fitness” + “resources”
- “fitness” + “recommended sites”
- “fitness” + “links”
And you’d find pages like this.
Now you could email the site owner and ask for a link. But I’ve found that begging doesn’t work very well.
Instead, let the site owner know about any broken links that you find.
You can easily find broken links on any page. Just use the nifty Check My Links Chrome Extension.
This program quickly finds any broken links the page happens to have. It also highlights them in red to make them easy to find:
The last thing you need to do is email the site owner about their dead link.
Hi [Site Owner Name],
I was just browsing around your resources page today, and among the lists of great resources, were some broken links.
Here’s a few of them:
Oh, and I have a website, [Your Website], that also regularly posts quality content related to whatever. If you think so too, feel free to post a link to it on your resources page.
Either way I hope this helps and keep up the good work!
Is guest posting dead?
In fact, when you’re first starting out, guest blogging is one of the BEST ways to get links to your site.
In fact, when I first started Backlinko, I wrote over 50 guest posts and interviews in 12 months!
And the links I got from guest posting definitely gave my organic traffic a boost.
That said, I was very strategic about things. I made sure to only write guest posts for quality sites in my niche.
So if you run a site about the Paleo Diet, and write a guest post on a site about iPhones, that’s going to look spammy to Google.
But when you write mind-blowing guest posts for quality websites in your industry, those links DO help.
The thing is, finding places to guest post can be a HUGE pain.
But there’s an easier way…
Here’s how it works:
First, find someone in your industry that writes a lot of guest posts.
Next, go to one of their published guest posts. And grab the headshot they use in their author bio:
Finally, pop the URL of that screenshot into Google reverse image search.
And you’ll get a list of places that published guest posts on.
Infographics and Other Visual Assets
Do infographics work as well as they used to? Probably not.
But they’re still an effective link building strategy.
In fact, when we looked at what types of content generate the most links, infographics came out near the top.
For example, one of the first infographics I ever made took only took a few hours to put together (I also hired a professional designer to make it look professional).
Even though this infographic didn’t go viral, it led to some solid backlinks:
To be clear: I didn’t just publish my infographic and hope for the best.
Like any piece of content that you publish, you need to strategically promote your infographic. And to do that, I recommend using a strategy called “Guestographics”.
I outline exactly how Guestographics work in this post.
Companies big and small love to show off customer testimonials.
And you’re using a product or service that you love (or at least like), consider sending them a testimonial.
To show that you’re a real person they’ll often add a link to your website… without you even having to ask.
Here’s an example:
If you have a piece of software, physical product, consulting service or ANYTHING of value that you sell, you can easily turn that into dozens of high-quality backlinks.
By offering your product to bloggers for free.
- Find bloggers in your niche that might be interested in what you have to offer. If you sell an information product that teaches people how to make their own soaps, you’d Google things like “soap making”, “make soap at home” etc.
- Your results will be a mixed bag of blogs, news websites and “how to” websites like eHow. Filter out how-to sites or news sites. You’ll be left with a solid list bloggers that might be interested in your offer, like this one:
- Reach out to them with this email script:Hey [Site Owner Name],
I was searching for [Some Homemade Soap Recipes] today when I came across [Website].
Actually, I just launched a guide that [Teaches People How To Make Luxury Soaps At Home]. I usually charge [$X], but I’d be more than happy to send it over to you on the house.
Let me know how that sounds.
[Your First Name]
One word of warning: You want to be VERY careful about the language you use for this strategy.
Note how you don’t offer your product in exchange for a link or review… which would violate Google’s Webmaster Guidelines.
Instead, send them the product and let them decide if it’s worth a mention on their blog.
Link reclamation is simple:
First, find mentions of your company that don’t link to your site.
Here’s an example:
See how the author of that article above mentioned my website… but didn’t link to it?
That’s where link reclamation comes into play.
Instead of saying “I wish they linked to me”, you proactively reach out and ask them to link.
In my experience, a friendly reminder is usually enough to get most people to log into WordPress and add your link.
Here’s the step-by-step process:
- Use a tool like BuzzSumo and Mention.com to find mentions of your brand online.When you do, you’ll get a heads up whenever someone writes about you:
- Check to see whether or not the person that mentioned you also linked back to your site (either your homepage or internal page). If they linked to your site, you’re set.If not, move onto step #3…
- Send them this friendly email. Hey [Name],I just wanted to reach out and say “thanks” for mentioning [Your Brand] in your excellent article yesterday.
We really, really appreciate it.
I’m reaching out today to ask if you could add a link back to our site. That way, people can easily find us while reading your article.
Either way, thanks for the shout out and keep up the great work!
[Your First Name]
HARO (short for Help a Reporter Out) is one of the best ways to get high authority backlinks from news sites.
Here’s how HARO works:
- Sign Up To HARO as a source here.
- You’ll get three emails per day from reporters looking for sources, like this one:
- Respond with your credentials and some helpful tips.
Easy right? You give a reporter a quote and they’ll hook you up with a backlink.
That’s all there is to it.
For example, recently got a sweet link from Entrepreneur.com by replying to a HARO request:
Reverse Engineer Your Competitor’s Backlinks
Every industry has its own set of link building opportunities.
So I recommend setting aside some time to reverse engineer your competition. That way, you can find link opportunities that only exist in your niche.
How about an example?
Let’s say you run a health and fitness blog.
And one of your competitors is Nerd Fitness.
Well, when I check out that site’s link profile in a backlink checker, I notice that A LOT of their links come from podcasts:
Specifically, people from that company (especially the founder, Steve Kamb) appear on other people’s podcasts as guests.
Just like that you have a nice list of places that you can go to get links.
(Obviously, you need to reach out to the people that run those podcasts and pitch yourself as a guest. Which takes work. But at least you know where to start).
Stick to Content Formats That Generate Links
Like I mentioned earlier, infographics are one content format that’s ideal for building backlinks.
But it’s one of many.
We also found that, even though they didn’t generate lots of social media shares, “Why posts” and “What posts” tended to get linked-to fairly often.
How to Get High Quality Backlinks (7 New Strategies): This is an updated list of link building strategies that focus on building new backlinks from authority websites.
15 Awesome Link Building Tools: If you’re serious about link building, you’ll need tools to help you do the job. Here’s a list of the best of the bunch.
How to Do a Basic Backlink Analysis on Your Competitors: Learn how to evaluate your competitors backlinks. | <urn:uuid:5c9aba32-6eb4-4a7a-aaae-4e65e9292189> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.websitesolutions.net.au/2022/07/29/what-are-backlinks-and-how-to-build-them-in-2021/ | 2024-02-24T00:10:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.940536 | 4,247 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
4688,
2987,
6793,
80,
3274,
35,
203,
38,
583,
80,
3274,
421,
11379,
1261,
352,
538,
263,
70,
655,
5672,
4290,
538,
1329,
2982,
5672,
537,
361,
538,
590,
898,
5672,
11774,
356,
5672,
427,
597,
3110,
292,
261,
3492,
341,
1515,
3110,
18,
4712,
291,
586,
1670,
3093,
7935,
1119,
1103,
80,
3274,
538,
90,
7545,
537,
331,
261,
1430,
3492,
18,
382,
1172,
360,
261,
695,
1289,
289,
1103,
80,
3274,
3020,
292,
437,
695,
3891,
3093,
2097,
8053,
505,
87,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
1671,
316,
261,
2654,
427,
906,
4359,
292,
1290,
3110,
18,
203,
38,
312,
699,
336,
2654,
3097,
2978,
292,
261,
3492,
341,
1290,
3110,
16,
362,
372,
87,
261,
538,
3252,
80,
964,
3362,
203,
59,
2626,
2987,
6793,
80,
3274,
10630,
35,
203,
38,
583,
80,
3274,
356,
9647,
5952,
274,
427,
586,
6345,
18,
3431,
289,
629,
5952,
274,
6797,
3093,
7935,
30,
538,
4326,
2064,
316,
3435,
16,
2977,
801,
291,
3209,
3362,
203,
55,
83,
268,
512,
289,
629,
538,
90,
7545,
537,
337,
437,
16,
268,
1797,
424,
2663,
513,
10203,
288,
4712,
291,
586,
3093,
7935,
18,
203,
57,
87,
281,
5672,
288,
261,
3093,
2097,
8005,
316,
4220,
733,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
1103,
80,
3274,
4538,
268,
4762,
289,
4712,
372,
87,
3388,
8005,
421,
4091,
352,
538,
52,
495,
54,
1574,
537,
802,
203,
41,
592,
1417,
4712,
528,
1146,
4389,
289,
1703,
292,
606,
8005,
1812,
1023,
16,
1103,
80,
3274,
3406,
261,
1558,
8053,
505,
4819,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
363,
1997,
1147,
336,
445,
4404,
986,
336,
5672,
3406,
4712,
372,
87,
1558,
8053,
505,
4819,
18,
203,
10562,
4712,
528,
8316,
336,
1103,
80,
3274,
3406,
597,
289,
444,
1391,
710,
851,
3093,
2097,
8053,
505,
1802,
18,
203,
4688,
7308,
289,
6793,
80,
3274,
356,
720,
11165,
35,
203,
50,
376,
516,
1103,
80,
3274,
356,
2370,
4458,
18,
203,
2983,
586,
2117,
16,
717,
337,
1333,
292,
10203,
1797,
288,
268,
343,
2798,
8942,
16,
1459,
341,
1630,
1103,
80,
3274,
18,
203,
52,
371,
1515,
898,
30,
203,
37,
2324,
1630,
1103,
80,
964,
375,
327,
512,
3184,
687,
433,
16,
1347,
1488,
17,
5279,
1103,
80,
3274,
18,
203,
5190,
362,
6805,
628,
16,
695,
17,
5279,
1103,
80,
3274,
3020,
292,
2538,
268,
1162,
1558,
7676,
18,
203,
56,
1209,
297,
4487,
21,
30,
900,
351,
436,
2519,
9418,
286,
16,
7441,
9246,
924,
825,
2154,
203,
59,
487,
337,
2359,
886,
261,
1103,
80,
964,
427,
10041,
2865,
361,
261,
6178,
1164,
93,
372,
87,
3110,
35,
203,
5190,
362,
6805,
628,
16,
4712,
7661,
268,
1162,
898,
18,
203,
4326,
3313,
316,
1261,
352,
538,
40,
311,
412,
7441,
380,
3362,
5882,
3019,
16,
268,
512,
5442,
261,
2663,
528,
16,
268,
512,
5442,
362,
375,
1464,
341,
292,
424,
2663,
421,
90,
563,
261,
2654,
802,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
1671,
372,
87,
261,
2654,
336,
334,
3864,
427,
307,
635,
39,
86,
2919,
18,
203,
37,
916,
1400,
292,
343,
539,
86,
1652,
16,
307,
635,
39,
86,
2919,
316,
363,
4179,
2036,
9246,
6894,
18,
203,
38,
312,
699,
336,
2654,
1974,
427,
363,
5442,
2663,
16,
4712,
9680,
6136,
289,
2146,
341,
362,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
334,
9210,
261,
4663,
288,
1290,
3891,
3093,
2097,
4407,
1328,
1003,
307,
635,
39,
86,
2919,
4331,
292,
479,
18,
203,
37,
267,
629,
5672,
1656,
292,
886,
35,
11492,
6970,
18,
203,
37,
267,
502,
3760,
362,
35,
10429,
320,
8510,
18,
203,
56,
1209,
297,
4487,
22,
30,
900,
2965,
10259,
2073,
10321,
1586,
6118,
5917,
450,
365,
458,
964,
372,
87,
854,
355,
283,
2595,
1098,
203,
5190,
261,
10140,
16,
10998,
283,
2631,
316,
268,
5455,
2631,
923,
289,
261,
2654,
18,
203,
2983,
2177,
16,
337,
1333,
424,
5672,
292,
437,
10998,
283,
2631,
336,
2356,
424,
2886,
1558,
5917,
18,
203,
2983,
1975,
16,
261,
2650,
1997,
1147,
986,
261,
11716,
858,
1558,
5917,
17,
4432,
10998,
283,
2631,
291,
1797,
8053,
505,
87,
331,
336,
1558,
5917,
18,
203,
50,
329,
16,
261,
2025,
2594,
289,
6344,
30,
203,
7556,
1373,
372,
88,
1333,
292,
679,
658,
4401,
360,
1558,
5917,
17,
4432,
10998,
283,
2631,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
4712,
528,
261,
6171,
288,
444,
8005,
1478,
538,
43,
83,
4400,
8708,
2531,
263,
3362,
203,
43,
83,
4400,
8708,
2531,
263,
8468,
628,
6345,
336,
666,
2541,
11571,
2654,
1649,
2737,
18,
1256,
362,
4479,
5835,
341,
3922,
336,
2115,
1103,
80,
3274,
360,
3427,
4285,
10998,
283,
2631,
18,
203,
56,
1209,
297,
4487,
23,
30,
365,
343,
674,
421,
481,
382,
495,
13,
458,
1914,
292,
990,
1358,
6615,
1030,
4273,
488,
1122,
2073,
343,
674,
203,
7508,
261,
3110,
5672,
292,
1515,
3110,
16,
4712,
6204,
292,
901,
336,
268,
881,
3922,
356,
2336,
18,
203,
4326,
1892,
2266,
717,
337,
1779,
608,
362,
30,
203,
45,
81,
484,
475,
337,
1039,
2808,
363,
1989,
608,
3876,
261,
1491,
749,
266,
18,
203,
2983,
336,
1731,
16,
4712,
513,
1927,
383,
57,
11996,
512,
2146,
341,
5672,
427,
3922,
608,
1491,
749,
625,
16,
3876,
16,
7188,
6138,
18,
3922,
608,
7369,
16,
543,
4915,
3216,
16,
291,
2256,
6350,
18,
203,
56,
1209,
297,
4487,
24,
30,
365,
458,
964,
1358,
261,
538,
40,
2012,
320,
693,
537,
458,
964,
203,
43,
83,
4400,
291,
586,
3093,
7935,
11712,
5672,
360,
268,
538,
82,
2012,
320,
693,
537,
10954,
7054,
292,
362,
18,
203,
12,
2983,
586,
2117,
16,
688,
7836,
693,
5672,
1373,
372,
88,
5306,
3093,
2097,
8053,
505,
5262,
802,
203,
42,
4495,
16,
268,
4597,
4176,
289,
5672,
341,
268,
3236,
356,
538,
72,
2012,
320,
693,
537,
5672,
18,
203,
10562,
710,
289,
268,
5672,
336,
437,
268,
688,
7836,
693,
10954,
4817,
372,
88,
336,
3435,
292,
1980,
360,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
5672,
427,
629,
2419,
3020,
292,
327,
688,
7836,
693,
30,
203,
2422,
786,
5672,
4817,
372,
88,
2643,
4374,
331,
343,
7489,
723,
2523,
16,
576,
362,
372,
87,
462,
261,
2104,
3625,
336,
502,
372,
267,
688,
7836,
693,
18,
203,
56,
1209,
297,
4487,
25,
30,
365,
458,
964,
1358,
2519,
261,
10245,
412,
2015,
402,
301,
82,
372,
88,
458,
964,
286,
292,
990,
4386,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
1856,
337,
886,
261,
2654,
427,
924,
825,
674,
330,
18,
203,
59,
467,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
1856,
924,
825,
674,
330,
5672,
292,
337,
1221,
18,
1256,
1221,
18,
1256,
1221,
18,
203,
37,
267,
268,
497,
275,
16,
777,
9060,
291,
988,
262,
5672,
352,
3184,
352,
268,
855,
597,
35,
203,
5190,
362,
6805,
628,
16,
5672,
427,
268,
1162,
3110,
437,
9576,
2793,
8721,
18,
203,
51,
86,
1927,
1515,
898,
30,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
1840,
1326,
292,
886,
2881,
5672,
427,
2881,
865,
6345,
687,
433,
16,
1347,
5672,
427,
268,
1162,
3110,
18,
203,
2983,
1975,
16,
662,
3093,
2097,
8053,
505,
11716,
1147,
986,
336,
268,
1289,
289,
3922,
308,
1914,
292,
337,
421,
1960,
268,
2972,
1289,
289,
1103,
80,
3274,
13,
1109,
3621,
360,
4712,
8053,
505,
87,
512,
687,
723,
586,
3488,
18,
203,
50,
329,
336,
337,
372,
317,
2279,
768,
1640,
289,
1103,
80,
3274,
356,
268,
710,
4374,
331,
424,
4712,
8053,
505,
87,
16,
362,
372,
87,
669,
331,
479,
292,
1171,
337,
667,
292,
1236,
1649,
622,
18,
203,
39,
267,
381,
261,
458,
964,
541,
10516,
340,
203,
6164,
337,
1333,
689,
292,
2654,
292,
424,
3110,
16,
337,
648,
1890,
341,
424,
2663,
3760,
308,
1914,
292,
18,
203,
12,
8804,
510,
1261,
352,
538,
48,
964,
541,
10516,
340,
537,
802,
203,
37,
458,
964,
541,
2448,
364,
375,
327,
261,
4634,
2215,
16,
261,
3191,
16,
261,
4032,
289,
2436,
16,
261,
626,
482,
16,
261,
4838,
2865,
9647,
3784,
336,
689,
513,
1333,
292,
2654,
292,
18,
203,
2983,
710,
1934,
16,
424,
2654,
541,
8261,
513,
327,
363,
7604,
4032,
289,
2064,
421,
6499,
316,
1768,
3093,
2097,
2516,
1260,
291,
2064,
6350,
356,
576,
5181,
11290,
1875,
802,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
649,
334,
855,
3120,
1290,
4634,
16,
334,
2808,
456,
2455,
289,
1645,
15,
4712,
8053,
505,
1802,
18,
203,
11375,
1196,
334,
1078,
336,
4712,
2600,
1645,
8053,
505,
5518,
18,
6832,
1146,
479,
10076,
30,
538,
4688,
356,
629,
1645,
5518,
35,
3362,
203,
51,
74,
1911,
16,
4712,
7403,
372,
88,
608,
292,
2548,
7852,
622,
292,
268,
887,
18,
1426,
334,
3120,
494,
4454,
7567,
427,
4712,
291,
929,
546,
336,
334,
986,
2049,
18,
203,
39,
1416,
4454,
629,
1645,
1802,
454,
4179,
669,
17,
6039,
7374,
421,
297,
3077,
479,
658,
497,
3461,
802,
1163,
288,
268,
1199,
16,
334,
418,
45,
2522,
11602,
61,
494,
3108,
261,
2455,
289,
1645,
8053,
505,
1802,
336,
4712,
1276,
666,
288,
444,
8005,
18,
203,
10702,
3933,
16,
456,
2324,
4032,
289,
2064,
528,
5491,
658,
3457,
16,
28,
587,
1103,
80,
3274,
427,
1016,
16,
28,
6155,
3115,
1437,
18,
203,
6724,
608,
1515,
1214,
35,
203,
11375,
289,
1290,
710,
3369,
8831,
292,
3933,
421,
263,
2560,
289,
1103,
80,
3274,
291,
3891,
4407,
13,
316,
1290,
9376,
3233,
292,
990,
11751,
343,
7489,
18,
203,
7508,
334,
3120,
2445,
456,
2215,
334,
454,
4089,
292,
437,
579,
1577,
360,
990,
11751,
6350,
18,
1426,
334,
5601,
292,
494,
621,
291,
2538,
768,
334,
4574,
288,
268,
926,
289,
363,
9376,
3233,
18,
203,
45,
525,
5601,
292,
1226,
261,
1774,
289,
3324,
288,
1290,
3233,
30,
203,
12,
55,
436,
1107,
336,
710,
289,
268,
586,
2064,
341,
456,
3800,
2850,
286,
13,
203,
41,
592,
1417,
456,
2215,
528,
82,
372,
88,
5491,
3999,
268,
1162,
1944,
289,
5672,
352,
1290,
4712,
434,
282,
505,
9778,
2215,
16,
362,
372,
87,
1356,
384,
583,
286,
644,
3293,
261,
1374,
1103,
80,
3274,
18,
203,
38,
89,
585,
6793,
80,
3274,
427,
458,
964,
434,
655,
5090,
203,
45,
81,
484,
475,
717,
689,
2808,
4634,
8831,
360,
268,
6457,
3094,
289,
308,
1914,
628,
292,
1630,
2064,
18,
203,
12,
1461,
1517,
289,
1630,
2064,
336,
337,
9614,
341,
424,
2663,
2226,
13,
203,
4077,
372,
72,
327,
6540,
1312,
16,
1328,
35,
203,
42,
4495,
16,
336,
372,
87,
261,
1409,
2810,
18,
1256,
502,
372,
267,
1478,
2654,
5243,
5090,
18,
203,
44,
387,
372,
87,
363,
1214,
30,
203,
48,
964,
5243,
5090,
356,
2438,
16,
10559,
361,
9789,
4634,
8831,
336,
2654,
292,
2424,
11790,
2064,
18,
203,
44,
387,
372,
87,
363,
1214,
289,
261,
1103,
80,
964,
336,
334,
4101,
2825,
427,
261,
5243,
987,
30,
203,
44,
387,
372,
87,
268,
2483,
17,
2330,
17,
10890,
833,
18,
203,
17,
6852,
458,
964,
434,
655,
5090,
450,
2073,
465,
477,
73,
30,
2932,
3093,
637,
762,
288,
4712,
3093,
16,
730,
538,
6069,
47,
7600,
5917,
537,
5799,
538,
80,
964,
5243,
987,
3362,
203,
17,
382,
2478,
2073,
1401,
1445,
30,
421,
43,
1402,
13,
2954,
336,
502,
1226,
424,
2654,
541,
8261,
292,
268,
5243,
987,
18,
203,
10562,
717,
424,
2215,
316,
261,
1060,
3082,
331,
336,
959,
372,
87,
5243,
987,
16,
337,
372,
660,
886,
261,
695,
17,
5279,
2654,
18,
203,
12,
10968,
602,
525,
2538,
424,
2064,
341,
1234,
2612,
13,
203,
57,
401,
365,
383,
9024,
2176,
7487,
203,
44,
387,
316,
268,
777,
17,
10890,
833,
30,
203,
17,
3029,
16,
337,
1255,
3236,
5938,
16,
1793,
361,
3231,
336,
356,
4436,
488,
16,
304,
1048,
481,
286,
361,
4101,
4339,
4600,
18,
203,
17,
3574,
16,
1255,
268,
3922,
336,
356,
1356,
308,
1914,
292,
629,
4436,
488,
1793,
18,
203,
17,
4943,
16,
337,
4006,
689,
292,
2053,
622,
698,
336,
502,
372,
267,
308,
1914,
292,
1890,
336,
372,
87,
628,
289,
3933,
18,
203,
48,
364,
479,
1171,
337,
667,
456,
1854,
360,
261,
1409,
17,
3316,
1214,
2865,
203,
37,
1020,
1103,
334,
1078,
336,
261,
3110,
331,
261,
2104,
343,
7489,
6959,
3110,
9859,
7144,
1190,
18,
203,
4326,
5680,
336,
502,
850,
6136,
289
] |
If we have sent a letter to you with typed links in the letter, the below will help to access the websites via the links. Also link to our new post on MAY the month of Measurement Month for Blood Pressure https://www.wellingtonpractice.co.uk/may-measurement-month-blood-pressures/
Before you measure your blood pressure
Avoid things that can raise your blood pressure in the short term.
Don’t measure your blood pressure within half an hour of eating, smoking, drinking caffeinated drinks such as coffee, or exercising. These can all raise your blood pressure temporarily. If you need to use the toilet, go before you measure your blood pressure.
Wear loose-fitting clothes.
Wear a short-sleeved t-shirt or something with sleeves you can push up easily, nothing tight. This is so that you can fit the cuff around your arm.
Rest for five minutes before you take your reading.
Sit down somewhere quiet, ideally at a desk or table. Have your back supported with your arm resting on a firm surface and your feet flat on the floor. Stay in this position while you take your blood pressure.
Make sure your arm is supported and at the same level as your heart.
Position yourself so that your arm is resting on a surface and is at the same height as your heart. Keep your arm and hand relaxed, not tensed.
Make sure you are relaxed and comfortable.
If you are anxious or uncomfortable, your blood pressure will rise temporarily.
How to measure your blood pressure at home using a home monitor
Follow the instructions that came with your monitor.
Make sure you place the cuff around your arm as described in the instructions.
Place the arm cuff just above your elbow.
The cuff should be about 2cm above your elbow to make sure it can detect the artery in your arm, just under the skin.
Keep still and quiet while you take your reading.
Moving, chewing, talking and laughing can affect your reading. Make sure you don’t cross your legs, as this will raise your reading too.
Take two or three readings, each about one to two minutes apart.
If your first reading is much higher than the next, ignore it and take an extra reading. Once you have two to three readings, you can work out the average.
Keep a record of your measurements.
Record all your readings in the memory of your monitor, on your computer or phone or on paper – whichever you prefer. Write them down exactly as they appear on screen.
Tips for measuring your blood pressure at home
Measure your blood pressure in both arms when you first start.
They will give slightly different readings. From then on, use the arm that gave you the higher reading each time.
Always use the same arm.
If possible, use the arm that your doctor or nurse uses when they measure your blood pressure.
Take readings at the same time each day.
For example, first thing in the morning or last thing at night. Your blood pressure can vary throughout the day and with different activities, so this will mean you’re comparing like with like. It’s good to have a routine – like measuring your blood pressure before breakfast.
Don’t round your measurements up or down.
Record your readings as they’re displayed because it could affect the treatment you’re prescribed.
Don’t worry if you get an unexpected high reading.
A one-off high reading is usually nothing to worry about, rest for five minutes and take the reading again. If it’s still high, measure your blood pressure again another day. If it remains high for long, around two or three weeks, see your doctor or nurse.
Don’t worry about small changes.
It’s normal for there to be small changes in your blood pressure.
Don’t check your blood pressure too often.
Some people find that they become worried or stressed about small changes in their readings if they take them too often. Worrying can also raise your blood pressure in the short term, making your reading higher than it should be.
Don’t stop taking your medications if your blood pressure falls.
Always talk to your doctor before stopping your medications, even if your blood pressure has fallen to a healthy level according to your home monitor.
Speak to your doctor or nurse if you’re worried.
If you have doubts or concerns about your readings ring the practice. If you think you may be having a stroke or heart attack call 999 immediately.
How often should you measure your blood pressure?
When and how often you take your readings will depend on your blood pressure. Speak to your doctor or nurse about what’s suitable for you. It can be useful to monitor your blood pressure closely to begin with, then less often but at regular intervals.
When you first start using your home monitor
When you first start using a home monitor, measure your blood pressure in the morning and evening, every day for a week.
Take three readings in the morning, one to two minutes apart, and the same again in the evening, and record all the readings. Take an average of the readings, but discard the first one if it’s much higher than the others.
Ignore the first day’s readings altogether, because they might not be accurate as you’re not familiar with your monitor yet.
You will have a useful picture of what your blood pressure is normally like after doing this for a few weeks / months.
After the first week
Once you have a record of your blood pressure over a week, you can take readings less often – once every one to two weeks perhaps. Your doctor or nurse can talk to you about this, there’s no need to measure it too often.
There might be times when you want to measure your blood pressure more often. For example, if you are given a new medicine or a higher dose of medicine, to see if the change is having an effect. It’s also helpful to record your numbers for four to seven days before a clinic visit so you can show your doctor.
Keeping a record
Keeping a record will help you and your doctor to see how your blood pressure is responding to treatments and lifestyle changes, and if you need a change in your treatment. Take your record along with you to your appointments.
You can record your readings in the memory of your monitor, on your computer or phone or on paper – whichever you prefer. If you share your monitor with someone else keep a record elsewhere so that your readings don’t get confused.
You can email your readings to us at [email protected]
Just quote your full name, date of birth, NHS number if you can in your email and the readings. It’s helpful to keep a diary of your blood pressure readings. Ideally write down the time and date, and the time you took your blood pressure medications. It’s also helpful to note anything that might have affected your blood pressure, for example changes in treatment, episodes of illness, symptoms you have at the time such as headaches or feeling dizzy or any stressful reasons.
If reading this letter electronically LINK CLICK HERE
This is the actual web address below
High blood pressure (hypertension)
High blood pressure, or hypertension, rarely has noticeable symptoms. But if untreated, it increases your risk of serious problems such as heart attacks and strokes.
Around a third of adults in the UK have high blood pressure, although many will not realise it. The only way to find out if your blood pressure is high is to have your blood pressure checked.
What is high blood pressure?
Blood pressure is recorded with 2 numbers. The systolic pressure (higher number) is the force at which your heart pumps blood around your body.
The diastolic pressure (lower number) is the resistance to the blood flow in the blood vessels.
They’re both measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).
As a general guide:
- high blood pressure is considered to be 140/90mmHg or higher (or 150/90mmHg or higher if you’re over the age of 80)
- ideal blood pressure is usually considered to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
Blood pressure readings between 120/80mmHg and 140/90mmHg could mean you’re at risk of developing high blood pressure if you do not take steps to keep your blood pressure under control.
Everyone’s blood pressure will be slightly different. What’s considered low or high for you may be normal for someone else.
Risks of high blood pressure
If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as the brain, kidneys and eyes.
Persistent high blood pressure can increase your risk of a number of serious and potentially life-threatening health conditions, such as:
If you have high blood pressure, reducing it even a small amount can help lower your risk of these health conditions.
Check your blood pressure
The only way of knowing whether you have high blood pressure is to have a blood pressure test.
All adults over 40 are advised to have their blood pressure checked at least every 5 years.
Getting this done is easy and could save your life.
You can get your blood pressure tested at a number of places, including:
- at your GP surgery
- at some pharmacies
- as part of your NHS Health Check
- in some workplaces
You can also check your blood pressure yourself with a home blood pressure monitor.
Things that can increase your risk of getting high blood pressure
It’s not always clear what causes high blood pressure, but there are things that can increase your risk.
You might be more at risk if you:
- are overweight
- eat too much salt and do not eat enough fruit and vegetables
- do not do enough exercise
- drink too much alcohol or coffee (or other caffeine-based drinks)
- do not get much sleep or have disturbed sleep
- are over 65
- have a relative with high blood pressure
- are of black African or black Caribbean descent
- live in a deprived area
Making healthy lifestyle changes can sometimes help reduce your chances of getting high blood pressure and help lower your blood pressure if it’s already high.
Treatment for high blood pressure
Doctors can help you keep your blood pressure to a safe level using:
- lifestyle changes
What works best is different for each person.
Talk to your doctor to help you decide about treatment.
This patient decision aid (PDF, 132kb) can also help you to understand your treatment options.
Lifestyle changes to reduce blood pressure
These lifestyle changes can help prevent and lower high blood pressure:
Some people with high blood pressure may also need to take 1 or more medicines to stop their blood pressure getting too high.
Medicines for high blood pressure
If you’re diagnosed with high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend taking 1 or more medicines to keep it under control.
These come as tablets and usually need to be taken once a day.
Common blood pressure medicines include:
- ACE inhibitors – such as enalapril, lisinopril, perindopriland ramipril
- angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs) – such as candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartanand olmesartan
- calcium channel blockers – such as amlodipine, felodipineand nifedipine or diltiazem and verapamil
- diuretics – such as indapamideand bendroflumethiazide
- beta blockers– such as atenolol and bisoprolol
- alpha blockers – such as doxazosin
- other diuretics – such as amiloride and spironolactone
The medicine recommended for you will depend on things like how high your blood pressure is, your age and your ethnicity. | <urn:uuid:7f9195bd-8f13-4a76-9c23-03f20382c20d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.wellingtonpractice.co.uk/blood-pressure-information-hypertension/ | 2024-02-23T23:41:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.931737 | 2,538 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
6164,
445,
437,
2819,
261,
5131,
292,
337,
360,
834,
286,
5672,
288,
268,
5131,
16,
268,
2321,
513,
617,
292,
1310,
268,
6345,
3785,
268,
5672,
18,
3337,
2654,
292,
662,
733,
2215,
341,
11956,
61,
268,
1765,
289,
2172,
5886,
367,
10820,
331,
8146,
5625,
469,
3993,
2908,
4442,
18,
91,
2515,
1448,
2044,
313,
1273,
18,
4552,
18,
4321,
19,
81,
350,
17,
1475,
5886,
367,
17,
2701,
262,
17,
640,
509,
17,
84,
550,
889,
19,
203,
10746,
852,
337,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
203,
37,
90,
1246,
1612,
336,
375,
5151,
424,
1364,
1987,
288,
268,
1912,
2085,
18,
203,
40,
266,
372,
88,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
1291,
2947,
363,
5305,
289,
3104,
16,
6366,
16,
4699,
273,
7420,
4231,
7899,
659,
352,
4867,
16,
361,
1969,
2252,
18,
948,
375,
516,
5151,
424,
1364,
1987,
9161,
2873,
18,
829,
337,
648,
292,
666,
268,
11106,
16,
679,
1134,
337,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
18,
203,
59,
521,
9346,
17,
6015,
542,
8025,
18,
203,
59,
521,
261,
1912,
17,
87,
298,
73,
1027,
225,
88,
17,
2683,
7423,
361,
1890,
360,
10537,
73,
973,
337,
375,
4017,
644,
2619,
16,
4220,
7159,
18,
540,
316,
576,
336,
337,
375,
3082,
268,
7425,
457,
1149,
424,
3299,
18,
203,
54,
443,
331,
2584,
3373,
1134,
337,
1071,
424,
2568,
18,
203,
55,
297,
1190,
11059,
8342,
16,
1306,
523,
430,
261,
9991,
361,
3438,
18,
5370,
424,
1103,
5287,
360,
424,
3299,
474,
542,
341,
261,
5464,
2248,
291,
424,
3207,
5664,
341,
268,
5324,
18,
9676,
288,
456,
2669,
1020,
337,
1071,
424,
1364,
1987,
18,
203,
49,
1387,
1850,
424,
3299,
316,
5287,
291,
430,
268,
1162,
966,
352,
424,
1759,
18,
203,
52,
3511,
2757,
576,
336,
424,
3299,
316,
474,
542,
341,
261,
2248,
291,
316,
430,
268,
1162,
4733,
352,
424,
1759,
18,
4182,
424,
3299,
291,
1129,
4573,
286,
16,
462,
8167,
286,
18,
203,
49,
1387,
1850,
337,
356,
4573,
286,
291,
5177,
18,
203,
6164,
337,
356,
11329,
361,
11105,
16,
424,
1364,
1987,
513,
3573,
9161,
2873,
18,
203,
6724,
292,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
430,
1311,
1001,
261,
1311,
2591,
203,
42,
320,
693,
268,
5424,
336,
2913,
360,
424,
2591,
18,
203,
49,
1387,
1850,
337,
1349,
268,
7425,
457,
1149,
424,
3299,
352,
4168,
288,
268,
5424,
18,
203,
11919,
570,
268,
3299,
7425,
457,
1039,
2159,
424,
1628,
9144,
18,
203,
1461,
7425,
457,
788,
327,
608,
497,
71,
81,
2159,
424,
1628,
9144,
292,
804,
1850,
362,
375,
4375,
268,
598,
3269,
288,
424,
3299,
16,
1039,
1064,
268,
1903,
18,
203,
47,
73,
559,
1356,
291,
8342,
1020,
337,
1071,
424,
2568,
18,
203,
49,
9024,
16,
8618,
281,
16,
5750,
291,
308,
4228,
281,
375,
2242,
424,
2568,
18,
4007,
1850,
337,
1373,
372,
88,
3264,
424,
6241,
16,
352,
456,
513,
5151,
424,
2568,
1232,
18,
203,
56,
1387,
881,
361,
1391,
1078,
762,
16,
1011,
608,
597,
292,
881,
3373,
6026,
18,
203,
6164,
424,
855,
2568,
316,
1111,
1797,
687,
268,
2033,
16,
11712,
362,
291,
1071,
363,
3485,
2568,
18,
3126,
337,
437,
881,
292,
1391,
1078,
762,
16,
337,
375,
716,
628,
268,
2964,
18,
203,
47,
73,
559,
261,
2847,
289,
424,
7108,
18,
203,
54,
312,
791,
516,
424,
1078,
762,
288,
268,
3354,
289,
424,
2591,
16,
341,
424,
2496,
361,
4833,
361,
341,
2237,
796,
518,
827,
337,
2809,
18,
9748,
622,
1190,
4743,
352,
502,
1951,
341,
4420,
18,
203,
56,
2444,
331,
7283,
424,
1364,
1987,
430,
1311,
203,
49,
73,
5886,
424,
1364,
1987,
288,
1079,
6640,
649,
337,
855,
1236,
18,
203,
10968,
513,
1888,
5332,
865,
1078,
762,
18,
2519,
1023,
341,
16,
666,
268,
3299,
336,
4934,
337,
268,
1797,
2568,
1011,
669,
18,
203,
8804,
1443,
666,
268,
1162,
3299,
18,
203,
6164,
1522,
16,
666,
268,
3299,
336,
424,
3040,
361,
11018,
2600,
649,
502,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
18,
203,
56,
1387,
1078,
762,
430,
268,
1162,
669,
1011,
1196,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
855,
2810,
288,
268,
5283,
361,
1887,
2810,
430,
3018,
18,
2073,
1364,
1987,
375,
3360,
2309,
268,
1196,
291,
360,
865,
1740,
16,
576,
456,
513,
1555,
337,
372,
267,
10439,
730,
360,
730,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1060,
292,
437,
261,
4485,
796,
730,
7283,
424,
1364,
1987,
1134,
2603,
9169,
18,
203,
40,
266,
372,
88,
5243,
424,
7108,
644,
361,
1190,
18,
203,
54,
312,
791,
424,
1078,
762,
352,
502,
372,
267,
9599,
971,
362,
911,
2242,
268,
1412,
337,
372,
267,
8044,
18,
203,
40,
266,
372,
88,
5958,
717,
337,
886,
363,
8707,
695,
2568,
18,
203,
37,
597,
17,
4710,
695,
2568,
316,
1840,
4220,
292,
5958,
608,
16,
3061,
331,
2584,
3373,
291,
1071,
268,
2568,
1221,
18,
829,
362,
372,
87,
1356,
695,
16,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
1221,
1515,
1196,
18,
829,
362,
3341,
695,
331,
917,
16,
1149,
881,
361,
1391,
3461,
16,
901,
424,
3040,
361,
11018,
18,
203,
40,
266,
372,
88,
5958,
608,
1139,
1703,
18,
203,
4077,
372,
87,
2910,
331,
686,
292,
327,
1139,
1703,
288,
424,
1364,
1987,
18,
203,
40,
266,
372,
88,
2373,
424,
1364,
1987,
1232,
970,
18,
203,
55,
436,
689,
1255,
336,
502,
1343,
451,
2543,
361,
10470,
608,
1139,
1703,
288,
444,
1078,
762,
717,
502,
1071,
622,
1232,
970,
18,
1598,
1080,
281,
375,
525,
5151,
424,
1364,
1987,
288,
268,
1912,
2085,
16,
1355,
424,
2568,
1797,
687,
362,
788,
327,
18,
203,
40,
266,
372,
88,
3399,
2265,
424,
4167,
717,
424,
1364,
1987,
7244,
18,
203,
8804,
1443,
3357,
292,
424,
3040,
1134,
1227,
3752,
424,
4167,
16,
919,
717,
424,
1364,
1987,
528,
11832,
292,
261,
1702,
966,
2310,
292,
424,
1311,
2591,
18,
203,
55,
3564,
761,
292,
424,
3040,
361,
11018,
717,
337,
372,
267,
451,
2543,
18,
203,
6164,
337,
437,
6180,
340,
361,
3529,
608,
424,
1078,
762,
7559,
268,
2060,
18,
829,
337,
1779,
337,
602,
327,
2054,
261,
6558,
361,
1759,
3223,
1117,
1717,
7447,
4248,
18,
203,
6724,
970,
788,
337,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
35,
203,
7508,
291,
667,
970,
337,
1071,
424,
1078,
762,
513,
2354,
341,
424,
1364,
1987,
18,
7467,
761,
292,
424,
3040,
361,
11018,
608,
768,
372,
87,
4021,
331,
337,
18,
553,
375,
327,
3209,
292,
2591,
424,
1364,
1987,
5181,
292,
1980,
360,
16,
1023,
1165,
970,
566,
430,
1998,
630,
11634,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
855,
1236,
1001,
424,
1311,
2591,
203,
7508,
337,
855,
1236,
1001,
261,
1311,
2591,
16,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
288,
268,
5283,
291,
9356,
16,
953,
1196,
331,
261,
2569,
18,
203,
56,
1387,
1391,
1078,
762,
288,
268,
5283,
16,
597,
292,
881,
3373,
6026,
16,
291,
268,
1162,
1221,
288,
268,
9356,
16,
291,
2847,
516,
268,
1078,
762,
18,
4786,
363,
2964,
289,
268,
1078,
762,
16,
566,
896,
485,
268,
855,
597,
717,
362,
372,
87,
1111,
1797,
687,
268,
1548,
18,
203,
45,
2686,
404,
268,
855,
1196,
372,
87,
1078,
762,
366,
11512,
16,
971,
502,
1276,
462,
327,
3879,
352,
337,
372,
267,
462,
4973,
360,
424,
2591,
2770,
18,
203,
7556,
513,
437,
261,
3209,
4378,
289,
768,
424,
1364,
1987,
316,
6342,
730,
1003,
2776,
456,
331,
261,
1374,
3461,
4158,
2489,
18,
203,
37,
837,
268,
855,
2569,
203,
9076,
339,
337,
437,
261,
2847,
289,
424,
1364,
1987,
658,
261,
2569,
16,
337,
375,
1071,
1078,
762,
1165,
970,
796,
2340,
953,
597,
292,
881,
3461,
4810,
18,
2073,
3040,
361,
11018,
375,
3357,
292,
337,
608,
456,
16,
686,
372,
87,
688,
648,
292,
2074,
362,
1232,
970,
18,
203,
6695,
1276,
327,
1708,
649,
337,
1333,
292,
2074,
424,
1364,
1987,
512,
970,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
717,
337,
356,
2050,
261,
733,
4014,
361,
261,
1797,
7543,
289,
4014,
16,
292,
901,
717,
268,
1317,
316,
2054,
363,
2365,
18,
553,
372,
87,
525,
4374,
292,
2847,
424,
3210,
331,
1958,
292,
4554,
1962,
1134,
261,
8702,
3487,
576,
337,
375,
1171,
424,
3040,
18,
203,
47,
73,
8363,
261,
2847,
203,
47,
73,
8363,
261,
2847,
513,
617,
337,
291,
424,
3040,
292,
901,
667,
424,
1364,
1987,
316,
2381,
526,
292,
3919,
291,
4185,
1703,
16,
291,
717,
337,
648,
261,
1317,
288,
424,
1412,
18,
4786,
424,
2847,
1910,
360,
337,
292,
424,
6778,
652,
18,
203,
7556,
375,
2847,
424,
1078,
762,
288,
268,
3354,
289,
424,
2591,
16,
341,
424,
2496,
361,
4833,
361,
341,
2237,
796,
518,
827,
337,
2809,
18,
829,
337,
2538,
424,
2591,
360,
2711,
3722,
1288,
261,
2847,
10046,
576,
336,
424,
1078,
762,
1373,
372,
88,
886,
11384,
18,
203,
7556,
375,
4006,
424,
1078,
762,
292,
407,
430,
855,
6397,
18,
80,
603,
6397,
36,
8749,
18,
3206,
203,
46,
599,
626,
1623,
424,
2052,
1932,
16,
3933,
289,
3475,
16,
465,
8515,
1289,
717,
337,
375,
288,
424,
4006,
291,
268,
1078,
762,
18,
553,
372,
87,
4374,
292,
1288,
261,
1135,
556,
289,
424,
1364,
1987,
1078,
762,
18,
8900,
523,
3562,
1190,
268,
669,
291,
3933,
16,
291,
268,
669,
337,
3077,
424,
1364,
1987,
4167,
18,
553,
372,
87,
525,
4374,
292,
3251,
3784,
336,
1276,
437,
3328,
424,
1364,
1987,
16,
331,
1214,
1703,
288,
1412,
16,
7326,
3839,
289,
3545,
16,
1614,
337,
437,
430,
268,
669,
659,
352,
9491,
361,
3900,
295,
7153,
93,
361,
723,
1751,
703,
3218,
18,
203,
6164,
2568,
456,
5131,
10136,
1030,
458,
3746,
47,
351,
48,
4033,
47,
402,
2798,
41,
203,
4326,
316,
268,
4741,
3236,
1750,
2321,
203,
44,
396,
1364,
1987,
421,
2626,
468,
4879,
13,
203,
44,
396,
1364,
1987,
16,
361,
11776,
16,
8170,
528,
4204,
541,
1614,
18,
1163,
717,
10878,
16,
362,
3675,
424,
1238,
289,
2804,
1626,
659,
352,
1759,
4349,
291,
5429,
1151,
18,
203,
37,
756,
261,
3472,
289,
3351,
288,
268,
3825,
437,
695,
1364,
1987,
16,
3781,
772,
513,
462,
1409,
758,
362,
18,
365,
794,
898,
292,
1255,
628,
717,
424,
1364,
1987,
316,
695,
316,
292,
437,
424,
1364,
1987,
11985,
18,
203,
4688,
316,
695,
1364,
1987,
35,
203,
38,
80,
509,
1987,
316,
5613,
360,
497,
3210,
18,
365,
269,
483,
278,
1074,
1987,
421,
11294,
265,
1289,
13,
316,
268,
3160,
430,
518,
424,
1759,
10037,
1364,
1149,
424,
1073,
18,
203,
1461,
1135,
301,
278,
1074,
1987,
421,
693,
265,
1289,
13,
316,
268,
3696,
292,
268,
1364,
1617,
288,
268,
1364,
6093,
18,
203,
10968,
372,
267,
1079,
5859,
288,
3637,
344,
364,
379,
289,
8461,
1366,
421,
8477,
44,
75,
802,
203,
5190,
261,
2177,
3233,
30,
203,
17,
695,
1364,
1987,
316,
2221,
292,
327,
2967,
20,
19,
6054,
8477,
44,
75,
361,
1797,
421,
283,
8048,
19,
6054,
8477,
44,
75,
361,
1797,
717,
337,
372,
267,
658,
268,
1722,
289,
4988,
13,
203,
17,
3890,
1364,
1987,
316,
1840,
2221,
292,
327,
858,
5354,
19,
4928,
8477,
44,
75,
291,
10851,
19,
5222,
8477,
44,
75,
203,
38,
80,
509,
1987,
1078,
762,
858,
10851,
19,
5222,
8477,
44,
75,
291,
2967,
20,
19,
6054,
8477,
44,
75,
911,
1555,
337,
372,
267,
430,
1238,
289,
2528,
695,
1364,
1987,
717,
337,
565,
462,
1071,
2845,
292,
1288,
424,
1364,
1987,
1064,
1357,
18,
203,
41,
604,
590,
372,
87,
1364,
1987,
513,
327,
5332,
865,
18,
1021,
372,
87,
2221,
1488,
361,
695,
331,
337,
602,
327,
2910,
331,
2711,
3722,
18,
203,
54,
277,
530,
289,
695,
1364,
1987,
203,
6164,
424,
1364,
1987,
316,
1232,
695,
16,
362,
9680,
3485,
6910,
341,
424,
1364,
6093,
16,
1759,
291,
586,
6509,
16,
659,
352,
268,
1860,
16,
11064,
291,
3229,
18,
203,
52,
332,
6153,
695,
1364,
1987,
375,
1643,
424,
1238,
289,
261,
1289,
289,
2804,
291,
4113,
943,
17,
11692,
1981,
661,
1533,
16,
659,
352,
30,
203,
6164,
337,
437,
695,
1364,
1987,
16,
2860,
362,
919,
261,
1139,
1944,
375,
617,
1898,
424,
1238,
289,
629,
661,
1533,
18,
203,
5139,
1663,
424,
1364,
1987,
203,
1461,
794,
898,
289,
6700,
2026,
337,
437,
695
] |
Prompted by Black History Month, we trainees have come together to share contributions from Black voices across our libraries and different disciplines. We invite you to look through our selection, consider them through the coming months, and continue celebrating Black history within your reading throughout the year.
Lizzie Dawson, All Souls College Library
Amo, Anton Wilhelm, & Abraham, W. E., Inaugural philosophical dissertation on The “[apatheia]” of the human mind, Accra: Department of Philosophy, University of Ghana. (Psych.18)
While researching All Souls Library’s collection, I found this translation presented by All Souls’ first African-born Prize Fellow, William Abraham (born 1934).
At first sight, this unbound dissertation is easy to overlook, tucked away on the shelves in the book stacks, but it too is an example of a first.
This document is a translation into English by Abraham of a dissertation by Anton Wilhelm Amo (c. 1700-c. 1750) – born in what is now Ghana, enslaved, and then gifted to the Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel – he became the first African person to earn a PhD in philosophy at a European university.
On the 16th of April, 1734, at the University of Wittenberg, Amo defended his dissertation, De Humanae Mentis Apatheia (On the impassivity of the human mind), in which he investigates the logical inconsistencies in René Descartes’ (1596-1650) res cogitans (mind) and res extensa (body) distinction and interaction. One of the 18th century’s most notable Black philosophers, Amo went on to teach philosophy at the Universities of Halle and Jena. You can read the original version of the dissertation with an English translation here.
An influential champion for the cause of abolition, Amo ultimately became embattled by racism and opposition to his beliefs. In 1747, he sailed back to present-day Ghana, where he remained for the rest of his life.
An emeritus professor of philosophy in Ghana and USA, William Abraham is one of the few Fellows whose portrait hangs in the dining hall at All Souls.
Dwight Lewis, ‘Anton Wilhelm Amo: The African Philosopher in 18th Europe’, APA blog (8 February 2018).
William E Abraham, author of “The Mind of Africa”.
Georgie Moore, St John’s College Library
Lorde, Audre, Sister Outsider, London: Penguin, 2019. (DE / POL / 261 / LOR)
Audre Lorde (1934-1992) self-defined as a “black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet”. She was also a School Librarian in New York during the 1960s. As a feminist and activist for the rights of Black and LGBTQ people, Lorde directly challenged white feminists and Black male intellectuals who neglected the experiences of Black and lesbian women.
Although the term ‘intersectionality’ was not coined until the late 1980s, Lorde’s work repeatedly stressed the danger of neglecting differences between women. Sister Outsider (1984) features essays and speeches including her landmark “The Master’s Tools Will Not Dismantle the Master’s House.” In this essay, Lorde argues that although women have been taught to use these differences to separate themselves from other women, or else ignore them, it is only by acknowledging these differences that women’s oppression can be understood and overcome.
Lorde also comments that women are expected to educate men, and Black women are expected to educate white feminists. Reading and listening to the voices of Black women helps people of all races and genders understand how Black women’s experiences are impacted by race, gender, sexuality, class, and age, but relies upon the emotional labour of often marginalised writers. As Lorde writes, poetry is the most accessible and economical form of literature because it can be written ‘between shifts, in the hospital pantry, on the subway and on scraps of surplus paper’. Her perspective challenged me to reconsider poetry, a form I had often associated with elite white male writers, a legacy perhaps of the kind of poets still studied most widely in schools.
Sister Outsider is part of our Diversity & Equality Collection, which showcases writing by and about people in underrepresented and marginalized groups. This collaborative project began last year, with members from across the College making book recommendations. The Collection includes various disciplines, from History and Politics, to Classics, Music, Languages and more. My predecessor as Graduate Trainee was involved with the beginning of the Collection, helping reclassify items in the existing Library catalogue and acquire new material. Now, when I process our latest acquisitions, I am involved in helping the Collection grow.
Heather Barr, St Edmund Hall College Library
Babalola, Bolu. Love in Colour: Mythical Tales From Around the World, Retold. London: Headline, 2021. (S33 BAB:Lov (A))
“It’s important to be able to see Black people and people of colour in love – and in these hopeful contexts that aren’t mired with darkness and strife […] reality is that we’re just living our lives and we’re falling in love as Black people”
(Bolu Babalola, ‘Interview: Bolu Babalola on Love, Diversity, Redefining Romance’ (2020)
Joining the Black History Month 2021 campaign ‘Proud to Be’, Teddy Hall Library worked closely with student BAME Officer Jeevi Bali (2019, Jurisprudence) to showcase Black authors this October. Bolu Babalola’s debut book Love in Colour was one of the books bought new for a display specifically celebrating Black British authors.
In Bolu’s own words, Love in Colour is a “step towards decolonizing tropes of love”. Through brand-new tales and retellings of love stories from history, folklore and mythology, Bolu explores love as at once intrinsically universal, and complexly personal. We move with Bolu and her characters across time, continents and genres; as she brings together West African folklore, her own bad date experiences, Greek mythology, and her parents’ romance. Perhaps most moving in the collection is Bolu’s attention questions of sight. Who is seen, who wants to be seen, who is allowed to see, are questions which circle all love stories, and they are questions which Bolu beautifully considers and handles throughout her collection. For Bolu, Love in Colour is at its core about romance. To potential readers, she says: “If you like romance, you’ll like this book; it’s as simple as that”.
Berrington, Katie. ‘Bolu Babalola On Love, Diversity, and Redefining Romance. Net-A-Porter. 28 August 2020. www.net-a-porter.com/en-gb/porter/article-7c1c1f03ff1c3129/lifestyle/culture. Access-ed: 28 October 2021.
Iqbal, Nosheen. ‘Interview: Bolu Babalola’. The Guardian. 2 August 2020. www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/02/bolu-babalola-it-was-mortifying-meeting-michael-b-jordan-after-my-tweet-about-him-went-viral. Accessed: 28 October 2021.
Izzie Salter, Sackler Library
Himid, Lubaina, Lisa Panting, and Malin Ståhl. Lubaina Himid: Workshop Manual. London: Koenig Books, 2018 (N6797.H5635 A4 LUB 2018)
‘Using her theatre background Himid construct ambiguous scenes, at times populated and other times not. We are not quite sure if what we are presented with is a safe place or a place of danger, if the protagonists are under threat or are in control of the situation. The vibrant colours and beautiful patterns, clothes and landscapes attract the viewer into situations that are not yet fixed. Himid’s protagonists are mostly black, and well dressed in clothes that point us to different moments and contexts; inviting us to consider our position and role in histories and what we subsequently do with them.’
(‘Introduction’, Lisa Panting and Malin Ståhl, p 52)
Lubaina Himid is a Zanzibarian-born British painter, based in Preston. She has spent the course of her career exploring untold stories and Black history through reams of colour and carefully-composed figures. Indeed, her singular work championing Black creativity, institutionally obscured throughout history, lead to Himid winning the Turner Prize 2017. She was the first Black female artist to win the prize, and continues to celebrate other Black artists through her work in curation and activism.
Lubaina Himid: Workshop Manual is a collection of Himid’s work and writings, encompassing over four decades of canvas painting, cut-out figures, and installation art. Although varied, her works tie together in a kaleidoscope of colour and vibrancy. Readers can see British crockery overpainted with maps, faces, and west African patterns; selected pages of The Guardian show how images and words connect in the press to harm perceptions of Black identity; painted planks of wood which celebrate the importance of one’s own past, which she reflected on when travelling in South Korea. Each are incredibly meaningful and evocative. Unfailingly, her works prompts viewers to consider hidden narratives of Black history within British culture and beyond. This is the crux of Himid’s work, creating an internal response within others and reminding them of the true world they live in.
The Manual includes ‘The Lost Election Posters’, a series of paintings mimicking typical political campaigns. Himid intends – and successfully, too – to evoke questions of who is represented across powerful institutions. In her own words, the later part of the series ‘are essentially portraits of potential power’ (see photographed). These comprise some of my personal favourites in the book, and I would recommend anyone in the Sackler taking time to appreciate it.
‘I make this work, and have always made it, for other black women. These conversations are and have always been important. I want to show that our lives are complex yet ordinary, filled with the same weight of what has been done to us but at the same time normal and boring too’ (‘A Conversation between Lubaina Himid, Lisa Panting and Malin Ståhl, Hollybush Gardens’, p 293-299)
You can read more about Lubaina Himid here: https://lubainahimid.uk/
[NB the Sackler Library has now been renamed to the Art, Archaeology and Ancient World Library]
Jemima Bennett, New College Library
Marechera, Dambudzo. The House of Hunger. Harlow: Heinemann,2009. (LIT/MAR)
‘My whole life has been an attempt to make myself the skeleton in my own cupboard. I have been an outsider in my own biography, in my country’s history, in the world’s terrifying possibilities.’
Novelist, short story writer, and poet, Dambudzo Marechera (1952-1987) was born in Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. A student at New College, Oxford, from 1974, he was eventually sent down after a turbulent two years and repeated clashes with staff and students. Shortly afterwards, in 1978, his first book, The House of Hunger, was published, winning the 1979 Guardian Fiction Prize. Two more of Marechera’s books were published in his lifetime, Black Sunlight (1980), Mindblast (1984), with three others, including a collection of poetry, published posthumously.
The House of Hunger, a collection of short stories, consists of nine interlinked stories concerning Marechera’s childhood and youth in a Rhodesian slum, with the rest of the stories focusing on his time in Oxford. Marechera leaves his readers in no doubt of the sense of otherness and alienation which he felt while he was in Oxford: the story, ‘Black Skin What Mask’, begins with the statement ‘my skin sticks out a mile in all the crowds here’. His writing has been described as abrasive and he himself called his experience of writing in English, rather than his first language Shona, as a matter of ‘discarding grammar, throwing syntax out, subverting images from within, beating the drum and cymbals of rhythm, developing torture chambers of irony and sarcasm, gas ovens of limitless black resonance.’
‘“I got my things and left” is the coolest opening line in African fiction. Marechera is nothing like any African writer before him’ (Helon Habila)
All quotations taken from The House of Hunger (see reference).
Lucy Davies, Social Sciences Library
Boakye, Jeffrey. Black, Listed: Black British Culture Explored. London: Dialogue Books, 2019. (HT1581.BOA 2019)
“Call me Black and you’ll remind me that, racially, I’m everything I’m not, which makes me everything I am. Call me Black and I won’t even flinch because I’m so used to calling myself Black that it’s become the invisible lens. A perspective that has hardened into an objective truth. Call me Black and I’ll welcome the definition, despite the fact that it denigrates just as much as it defines. Call me Black and I’ll flinch. Call me Black and I won’t even flinch.”
Black, Listed by Jeffrey Boakye is an exploration of Black British culture through the descriptors used by and for Black people in the UK. Boakye examines how words and labels can reinforce stereotypes or alternatively create a sense of community. He explores 21st Century Black British identity through an analysis of pop culture and autobiographical anecdotes. The book begins with Boakye recalling how he’s “been Black since about 1988”, the first time that he was made aware of the “otherness” of his skin colour by his classmates in primary school. The theme of Black identity in the UK being perceived as an otherness runs deep throughout the book, as Boakye explores how the Black British community has been represented, oppressed, celebrated and discriminated against.
Touching on everything from the Grime scene to global Black history and the experiences of the Windrush generation, Boakye provides an accessible and entertaining yet raw and insightful view of what it means to be Black in Britain today. I would recommend it to anyone looking to question what purpose labels serve, and in what ways they can be helpful and in what ways they isolate.
Sophie Lay, English Faculty Library
Marson, U. & Donnell, A., 2011. Selected poems, Leeds: Peepal Tree Press. (PR9265.9.M37 A6 MAR 2011)
Una Marson was born in 1905 in Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica. By the time she first left Jamaica, she had published two poetry collections, founded the feminist periodical Cosmopolitan, and wrote her first play and had it staged. She bought her first ticket to London in 1932, but moved back and forth between Jamaica and London multiple times throughout her life. Outside of poetry, her career was busy and varied, with highlights including:
- Author and Director of the first Black production on the West End with her play At What Price.
- Editor of and Contributor to The Keys, the journal of the League of Coloured Peoples (of which she was a prominent member)
- Head of the West Indies Service for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
- Founder of the BBC’s ‘Caribbean Voices’.
- Speaker at the conference of the British Commonwealth League
- Speaker at the conference of the International Alliance for Women’s Suffrage and Equal Citizenship
- Secretary to Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia) during his exile to London
In the words of Alison Donnell, editor of this collection, Marson is not often enough noted as the “women poet whose works pioneered the articulation of gender and racial oppression, brought Jamaican vernacular voices alongside a Wordsworthian passion for nature, and ventured to give subjectivity to powerless and marginalised subjects.” (p.11) This collection pulls together a broad selection of her work (published and unpublished) to try to present a complete picture of Marson’s poetics – as contrasting as it is enlightening.
In total, Marson published four poetry collections. Her work as a poet is as varied as her life, with a wide range of influences from European forms and models of her earlier work to the use of blues forms and dialect in her later work. Thematically speaking, her poetry often focused on Black representation, gender politics, religion, immigration, nature, love, Jamaica, and war. Despite the heavy topics, she often dwells on beauty, hope, and the uplifting. See this extract, for example, from the deceptively titled ‘Black Burden’ (pp.146-147):
Black girl – what a burden –
But your shoulders
Black girl – what a burden –
But your courage is strong –
Black girl your burden
Will fall from your shoulders
Una Marson: Selected Poems is now available to loan from the English Faculty Library, newly acquired this month.
Donnell, A. (2003) “Una Marson: feminism, anti-colonialism and a forgotten fight for freedom,” in Schwarz, B. West Indian intellectuals in Britain, Manchester University Press, UK; New York. http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/34986/1/341412.pdf
Marson, U. & Donnell, A., 2011. Selected poems, Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.
Snaith, A. (2014) “Una Marson: ‘Little Brown Girl’ in a ‘White, White City,’” in Modernist Voyages: Colonial Women Writers in London, 1890–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139018852 | <urn:uuid:33e62409-f54b-4758-91fe-bdb9ac35b0c4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtrainees/celebrating-black-history-month-across-the-libraries/ | 2024-02-25T04:58:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.944242 | 3,964 | 2.75 | 3 | [
52,
409,
84,
691,
419,
3454,
4221,
10820,
16,
445,
4909,
3383,
437,
1631,
1875,
292,
2538,
7390,
427,
3454,
10701,
1745,
662,
10030,
291,
865,
11701,
18,
924,
787,
674,
337,
292,
1500,
734,
662,
5782,
16,
1119,
622,
734,
268,
4028,
2489,
16,
291,
2609,
3138,
673,
3454,
1550,
1291,
424,
2568,
2309,
268,
715,
18,
203,
48,
7153,
545,
413,
738,
6682,
16,
1771,
5452,
3205,
5387,
7798,
203,
37,
10295,
16,
854,
1448,
11272,
8219,
81,
16,
1884,
10020,
10641,
16,
388,
18,
416,
1941,
450,
69,
1010,
836,
4534,
466,
4613,
3289,
318,
341,
365,
538,
63,
429,
749,
73,
563,
65,
537,
289,
268,
1195,
1710,
16,
2109,
1209,
30,
3968,
289,
1629,
4073,
93,
16,
1832,
289,
9493,
3256,
18,
421,
52,
2116,
18,
3202,
13,
203,
2895,
621,
922,
281,
1771,
5452,
3205,
7798,
372,
87,
3792,
16,
334,
986,
456,
8303,
4846,
419,
1771,
5452,
3205,
372,
855,
3602,
17,
6734,
1706,
918,
418,
3146,
16,
6076,
10020,
10641,
421,
6734,
5512,
24,
802,
203,
11238,
855,
6694,
16,
456,
543,
70,
655,
4613,
3289,
318,
316,
2289,
292,
5912,
838,
16,
2199,
1919,
286,
2014,
341,
268,
422,
1897,
288,
268,
2077,
471,
1968,
16,
566,
362,
1232,
316,
363,
1214,
289,
261,
855,
18,
203,
4326,
3190,
316,
261,
8303,
636,
2525,
419,
10020,
10641,
289,
261,
4613,
3289,
318,
419,
854,
1448,
11272,
8219,
81,
2581,
83,
421,
71,
18,
2493,
587,
17,
71,
18,
2493,
2520,
13,
796,
4178,
288,
768,
316,
1315,
9493,
3256,
16,
1126,
80,
8171,
16,
291,
1023,
9235,
691,
292,
268,
8206,
394,
289,
5489,
11650,
355,
2878,
333,
17,
59,
6203,
270,
70,
8571,
2527,
306,
796,
431,
2457,
268,
855,
3602,
959,
292,
8042,
261,
10320,
288,
7187,
430,
261,
3366,
6878,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
2648,
262,
289,
4707,
16,
2493,
9193,
16,
430,
268,
1832,
289,
388,
297,
506,
6830,
16,
2581,
83,
1175,
5614,
615,
4613,
3289,
318,
16,
1354,
4784,
2471,
383,
302,
277,
5436,
749,
73,
563,
421,
9076,
268,
498,
594,
4066,
289,
268,
1195,
1710,
989,
288,
518,
431,
3248,
692,
268,
9319,
490,
625,
2071,
7643,
288,
434,
270,
3489,
2284,
71,
531,
274,
372,
421,
3546,
29,
26,
17,
3801,
2520,
13,
474,
273,
446,
297,
504,
421,
81,
578,
13,
291,
474,
3619,
69,
421,
5784,
13,
10980,
291,
5584,
18,
1507,
289,
268,
1398,
262,
2254,
372,
87,
710,
8728,
3454,
4534,
332,
16,
2581,
83,
4046,
341,
292,
1292,
7187,
430,
268,
10815,
647,
289,
402,
5756,
291,
596,
6930,
18,
990,
375,
1078,
268,
3388,
4408,
289,
268,
4613,
3289,
318,
360,
363,
2525,
8303,
1671,
18,
203,
7353,
10812,
392,
1705,
305,
331,
268,
1342,
289,
459,
320,
564,
16,
2581,
83,
5406,
2457,
3612,
271,
5055,
419,
10121,
291,
10218,
292,
615,
5787,
18,
450,
2493,
10152,
16,
431,
701,
3108,
1103,
292,
1487,
17,
1286,
9493,
3256,
16,
853,
431,
6341,
331,
268,
3061,
289,
615,
943,
18,
203,
7353,
639,
265,
9927,
5688,
289,
7187,
288,
9493,
3256,
291,
7581,
16,
6076,
10020,
10641,
316,
597,
289,
268,
1374,
418,
467,
2739,
4060,
11908,
297,
296,
620,
87,
288,
268,
295,
2165,
8924,
430,
1771,
5452,
3205,
18,
203,
40,
91,
486,
11782,
277,
16,
1321,
7353,
1448,
11272,
8219,
81,
2581,
83,
30,
365,
3602,
1629,
4073,
265,
288,
1398,
262,
1994,
6335,
330,
3638,
4634,
421,
28,
5228,
4827,
802,
203,
59,
399,
4705,
416,
10020,
10641,
16,
2036,
289,
538,
1461,
7595,
289,
3575,
3362,
203,
43,
73,
3206,
545,
3551,
404,
16,
908,
3379,
372,
87,
5387,
7798,
203,
48,
791,
73,
16,
9617,
267,
16,
343,
2518,
480,
1557,
890,
16,
5159,
30,
8708,
2531,
263,
16,
4586,
18,
421,
40,
41,
4158,
382,
9015,
4158,
5866,
21,
4158,
458,
4264,
13,
203,
37,
1327,
267,
5261,
73,
421,
1689,
9193,
17,
10969,
22,
13,
1817,
17,
7720,
1451,
352,
261,
538,
640,
583,
16,
9402,
70,
779,
16,
3974,
16,
1718,
7872,
16,
2462,
364,
3362,
2623,
454,
525,
261,
3053,
458,
2231,
3576,
288,
1525,
3567,
995,
268,
8002,
87,
18,
760,
261,
11159,
588,
291,
1088,
588,
331,
268,
2535,
289,
3454,
291,
10603,
53,
689,
16,
5261,
73,
2978,
1403,
2292,
2398,
11159,
978,
291,
3454,
4672,
6157,
400,
645,
650,
2017,
611,
691,
268,
2891,
289,
3454,
291,
9402,
70,
779,
1565,
18,
203,
8804,
1858,
268,
2085,
1321,
263,
1736,
982,
941,
372,
454,
462,
742,
1451,
2035,
268,
3329,
7844,
87,
16,
5261,
73,
372,
87,
716,
11999,
10470,
268,
6877,
289,
2017,
11909,
3692,
858,
1565,
18,
343,
2518,
480,
1557,
890,
421,
1689,
28,
24,
13,
2630,
10656,
291,
4203,
274,
1118,
954,
1283,
5569,
538,
1461,
8665,
372,
87,
11857,
3716,
3217,
413,
997,
438,
298,
268,
8665,
372,
87,
4986,
1053,
450,
456,
4403,
16,
5261,
73,
3870,
893,
336,
3781,
1565,
437,
712,
5536,
292,
666,
629,
3692,
292,
4514,
2315,
427,
586,
1565,
16,
361,
3722,
11712,
622,
16,
362,
316,
794,
419,
8083,
1893,
629,
3692,
336,
1565,
372,
87,
1365,
1610,
375,
327,
6209,
291,
6101,
18,
203,
48,
791,
73,
525,
8099,
336,
1565,
356,
3650,
292,
9985,
1473,
16,
291,
3454,
1565,
356,
3650,
292,
9985,
2398,
11159,
978,
18,
7659,
291,
6489,
292,
268,
10701,
289,
3454,
1565,
1780,
689,
289,
516,
384,
1632,
291,
319,
10956,
992,
667,
3454,
1565,
372,
87,
2891,
356,
9607,
419,
5201,
16,
4146,
16,
4547,
380,
16,
1280,
16,
291,
1722,
16,
566,
10283,
2807,
268,
3167,
8366,
289,
970,
10285,
1754,
8218,
18,
760,
5261,
73,
9627,
16,
9665,
316,
268,
710,
4881,
291,
1458,
466,
926,
289,
4800,
971,
362,
375,
327,
3245,
1321,
70,
364,
7402,
11043,
16,
288,
268,
5095,
2814,
891,
16,
341,
268,
979,
2523,
291,
341,
3280,
1881,
289,
828,
476,
310,
2237,
5494,
3603,
4785,
1403,
2292,
479,
292,
9184,
890,
9665,
16,
261,
926,
334,
850,
970,
2062,
360,
1628,
674,
2398,
4672,
8218,
16,
261,
8277,
4810,
289,
268,
2066,
289,
2462,
2740,
1356,
6074,
710,
4004,
288,
2823,
18,
203,
55,
2518,
480,
1557,
890,
316,
923,
289,
662,
413,
1313,
1884,
416,
5279,
1810,
7414,
16,
518,
7273,
936,
2445,
419,
291,
608,
689,
288,
1064,
4528,
379,
4439,
291,
10285,
963,
2303,
18,
540,
8739,
1707,
3035,
1887,
715,
16,
360,
2420,
427,
1745,
268,
5387,
1355,
2077,
5903,
18,
365,
1810,
7414,
2356,
1320,
11701,
16,
427,
4221,
291,
9912,
1187,
16,
292,
4889,
1067,
16,
8368,
16,
458,
1352,
1172,
291,
512,
18,
3491,
2061,
312,
3320,
352,
2409,
354,
5742,
1368,
412,
1512,
454,
2729,
360,
268,
3484,
289,
268,
1810,
7414,
16,
3763,
632,
80,
594,
3049,
3689,
288,
268,
3614,
7798,
8562,
6406,
291,
9620,
733,
1193,
18,
3014,
16,
649,
334,
833,
662,
4842,
11071,
1158,
16,
334,
792,
2729,
288,
3763,
268,
1810,
7414,
932,
18,
203,
8472,
1116,
391,
2888,
16,
908,
3469,
81,
1096,
9127,
5387,
7798,
203,
38,
397,
280,
7127,
16,
391,
320,
89,
18,
458,
1057,
288,
1810,
455,
30,
3491,
262,
466,
307,
2771,
2519,
330,
756,
268,
2461,
16,
942,
278,
414,
18,
5159,
30,
8177,
1279,
16,
4523,
18,
421,
55,
7828,
391,
37,
38,
30,
48,
878,
421,
37,
13,
13,
203,
6069,
4077,
372,
87,
851,
292,
327,
1542,
292,
901,
3454,
689,
291,
689,
289,
6242,
288,
2680,
796,
291,
288,
629,
3571,
703,
9798,
336,
4817,
372,
88,
293,
2160,
360,
3334,
822,
291,
637,
812,
2378,
2865,
65,
3881,
316,
336,
445,
372,
267,
1039,
2299,
662,
2136,
291,
445,
372,
267,
7883,
288,
2680,
352,
3454,
689,
537,
203,
12,
38,
320,
89,
7237,
280,
7127,
16,
1321,
2983,
345,
2614,
30,
391,
320,
89,
7237,
280,
7127,
341,
458,
1057,
16,
413,
1313,
16,
3292,
4727,
2165,
9727,
515,
372,
421,
1388,
1388,
13,
203,
46,
826,
281,
268,
3454,
4221,
10820,
4523,
4750,
1321,
52,
9425,
292,
1367,
6335,
307,
286,
9772,
9127,
7798,
4513,
5181,
360,
2443,
391,
4940,
41,
10600,
265,
596,
1512,
11194,
5362,
77,
421,
1388,
1689,
16,
596,
8836,
2044,
1327,
514,
13,
292,
7273,
575,
3454,
5269,
456,
4958,
18,
391,
320,
89,
7237,
280,
7127,
372,
87,
2914,
371,
2077,
458,
1057,
288,
1810,
455,
454,
597,
289,
268,
3310,
11088,
733,
331,
261,
3857,
4479,
3138,
673,
3454,
3247,
5269,
18,
203,
2983,
391,
320,
89,
372,
87,
1044,
2117,
16,
458,
1057,
288,
1810,
455,
316,
261,
538,
10890,
2547,
766,
320,
266,
1790,
6520,
274,
289,
2680,
3362,
3797,
5753,
17,
2794,
1971,
274,
291,
304,
2028,
762,
289,
2680,
3817,
427,
1550,
16,
958,
9776,
404,
291,
5620,
880,
16,
391,
320,
89,
9582,
2680,
352,
430,
2340,
4746,
1054,
1030,
7707,
16,
291,
1874,
325,
1845,
18,
924,
1454,
360,
391,
320,
89,
291,
954,
5258,
1745,
669,
16,
1205,
546,
291,
2451,
379,
31,
352,
1353,
6044,
1875,
4075,
3602,
958,
9776,
404,
16,
954,
1044,
3276,
3933,
2891,
16,
5439,
5620,
880,
16,
291,
954,
2463,
372,
10832,
515,
18,
8663,
710,
3931,
288,
268,
3792,
316,
391,
320,
89,
372,
87,
2383,
2212,
289,
6694,
18,
5889,
316,
2279,
16,
650,
6204,
292,
327,
2279,
16,
650,
316,
4034,
292,
901,
16,
356,
2212,
518,
8314,
516,
2680,
3817,
16,
291,
502,
356,
2212,
518,
391,
320,
89,
4255,
2367,
573,
5966,
291,
1129,
736,
2309,
954,
3792,
18,
906,
391,
320,
89,
16,
458,
1057,
288,
1810,
455,
316,
430,
606,
4144,
608,
10832,
515,
18,
1122,
1439,
5250,
16,
1353,
1977,
30,
538,
6164,
337,
730,
10832,
515,
16,
337,
372,
660,
730,
456,
2077,
31,
362,
372,
87,
352,
2208,
352,
336,
3362,
203,
38,
265,
1908,
1448,
16,
696,
271,
545,
18,
1321,
38,
320,
89,
7237,
280,
7127,
1245,
458,
1057,
16,
413,
1313,
16,
291,
3292,
4727,
2165,
9727,
515,
18,
5072,
17,
37,
17,
52,
283,
345,
18,
5837,
4724,
3822,
18,
8544,
18,
7666,
17,
69,
17,
1796,
345,
18,
1896,
19,
270,
17,
75,
70,
19,
1796,
345,
19,
294,
6396,
17,
27,
71,
21,
71,
21,
74,
20,
23,
457,
21,
71,
23,
3011,
29,
19,
80,
373,
3884,
19,
71,
3084,
18,
6134,
17,
286,
30,
5837,
4958,
4523,
18,
203,
45,
85,
3639,
16,
465,
335,
781,
270,
18,
1321,
2983,
345,
2614,
30,
391,
320,
89,
7237,
280,
7127,
5494,
365,
2750,
485,
779,
18,
497,
4724,
3822,
18,
8544,
18,
1381,
6815,
779,
18,
1896,
19,
8743,
19,
1388,
1388,
19,
69,
1010,
19,
20,
22,
19,
70,
320,
89,
17,
70,
397,
280,
7127,
17,
297,
17,
91,
301,
17,
81,
283,
2940,
1411,
17,
1475,
7730,
17,
81,
477,
6955,
17,
70,
17,
78,
791,
282,
17,
11145,
17,
4617,
17,
544,
73,
364,
17,
397,
491,
17,
76,
344,
17,
91,
302,
17,
90,
11364,
18,
6134,
286,
30,
5837,
4958,
4523,
18,
203,
45,
4427,
545,
5029,
345,
16,
343,
583,
2546,
7798,
203,
44,
344,
323,
16,
458,
1606,
412,
69,
16,
458,
277,
69,
382,
438,
281,
16,
291,
4858,
263,
908,
132,
103,
76,
80,
18,
458,
1606,
412,
69,
10062,
323,
30,
7411,
76,
389,
2176,
800,
18,
5159,
30,
696,
83,
270,
333,
10703,
16,
4827,
421,
50,
26,
11473,
27,
18,
44,
25,
26,
7026,
330,
24,
458,
57,
38,
4827,
13,
203,
9809,
57,
87,
281,
954,
268,
271,
267,
4247,
10062,
323,
10754,
4971,
333,
6810,
11523,
16,
430,
1708,
1125,
3025,
291,
586,
1708,
462,
18,
924,
356,
462,
3293,
1850,
717,
768,
445,
356,
4846,
360,
316,
261,
1995,
1349,
361,
261,
1349,
289,
6877,
16,
717,
268,
347,
6687,
266,
978,
356,
1064,
2456,
361,
356,
288,
1357,
289,
268,
3118,
18,
365,
7536,
11636,
291,
4532,
3092,
16,
8025,
291,
9486,
7842,
268,
1889,
265,
636,
3887,
336,
356,
462,
2770,
6169,
18,
10062,
323,
372,
87,
347,
6687,
266,
978,
356,
4903,
2541,
16,
291,
767,
295,
5142,
288,
8025,
336,
1813,
407,
292,
865,
9269,
291,
9798,
31,
787,
1842,
407,
292,
1119,
662,
2669,
291,
1476,
288,
2328,
423,
291,
768,
445,
11810,
565,
360,
622,
6783,
203
] |
Iodine is an essential mineral for thyroid function. The typical amount of weight gain isn’t very high, though. Properly treating the condition can help you lose any weight you gained while your thyroid levels were uncontrolled. The thyroid gland normally releases many crucial hormones that travel through the bloodstream to reach receptors found throughout the whole body. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disorder. If … If tests are positive, they can take measures to prevent the disease from progressing. For depression alone, these conditions wouldn’t be expected. What are some tips for coping with hypothyroidism? It affects middle-aged women most commonly, but it can occur in men and children. If thyroxine levels are low, many of the body’s functions slow down. However, here are some recommendations to keep in mind. Some natural remedies are proposed for hypothyroidism, but it is important to speak to a doctor first, because the treatment for thyroid problems must be delicately balanced. Iodine deficiency. A variety of conditions can cause hyperthyroidism. Animal extracts that contain thyroid hormone. Blood tests will help determine how much thyroid medication you’ll need. Hypothyroidism is a thyroid disease that affects people globally. What are the complications of hypothyroidism? It most commonly affects women from middle age onward, but it can occur at any age. If you’re treating hypothyroidism but don’t see a change in your weight, that doesn’t mean weight loss is impossible. Your immune system is designed to protect your body’s cells against invading bacteria and viruses. Maintaining adequate iodine intake is important for most people, but those with autoimmune thyroid disease can be particularly sensitive to the effects of iodine, meaning that it can trigger or worsen hypothyroidism. In other people with hypothyroidism, the disorder is a lifelong problem. The doctor may run a complete thyroid panel, testing levels of T3 and T4, TSH, and thyroid autoantibodies in order to fully establish the health and activity of the thyroid gland. If TSH levels are below normal, the patient may have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. If the TSH reading is above normal, the patient may have hypothyroidism. Weight gain, for example, often causes significant distress…, In addition to medication, numerous changes to your diet may help control Hashimoto's disease. This detects the amounts of TSH in the blood. All rights reserved. A 2016 study found that 60 percent of people with hypothyroidism exhibited some symptoms of depression. What causes hypothyroidism? Most cases of an underactive thyroid are caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland and damaging it, or by damage that occurs as a result of treatments for thyroid cancer or an overactive thyroid. Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland: 1. It’s important for you and your doctor to discuss all your symptoms when being evaluated for thyroid conditions. Like soy, fiber may interfere with hormone absorption. However, the link between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is complex, and one can lead to the other, in certain circumstances. It commonly affects people over the age of 60 years old, but it can begin at any age. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Continue to take your medication as prescribed. dry skin. reduced kidney function, in cases of severe disease, consider the use of stress-relieving mechanisms, such as. But this isn't the sole cause of hypothyroidism—there may be a variety of other reasons why you have developed the disorder. To replenish levels, doctors usually prescribe synthetic thyroxine, a medication that is identical to the T4 hormone. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive and doesn’t properly make or release thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism means underactive thyroid. Explore the effects of hypothyroidism on the body. This is called an autoimmune response. However, there’s a spectrum of thyroid disease. About 4.6 percent of Americans ages 12 years old and up have hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis. If your thyroid gland doesn’t function properly, your basal metabolic rate may be low. But an adjustable mattress, or one that's comfortable for side sleeping, may be able to help. Subclinical hypothyroidism can lead to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism may be caused by several reasons. This often occurs after treatment with radioactive iodine. In most cases, people with hypothyroidism must remain on this medication their entire lives. Your body needs more nutrients, vitamins, and minerals while you’re pregnant. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. If you take levothyroxine, you’re only receiving T4. Learn about them here. Some doctors routinely check thyroid levels during pregnancy to monitor for low thyroid hormone levels. Find people you can openly express your feelings and experiences to. If you’ve been diagnosed with cancer of the head or neck, lymphoma, or leukemia, you may have undergone radiation therapy. At present, doctors cannot cure hypothyroidism but they can help people to control it in most cases. Subclinical hypothyroidism is the name given to an early, mild form of the condition. With appropriate treatment, thyroid hormone levels should return to normal. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a condition in which your immune system attacks your thyroid gland, often causing hypothyroidism. Of an underactive thyroid ( hypothyroidism ) is when the thyroid gland: 1 starts attack! The hypothalamus, a tumor of the skin and whites of the T4 hormone copies the of. Can maintain the required levels of iodine in your body naturally goes through changes as you older! Below normal, the patient ’ s all you need because your body that sits the! Ll slowly adjust your doses until your depression and hypothyroidism is a thyroid problem, talk with your if. Hormones are low, as your body would normally produce affect brain development growth. Grave ’ s all you need steady doses of the thyroid produces too much dietary fiber may prevent your doesn. Of goiter development, or the way the body running normally seven of the condition progress gradually over years. Scar tissue screened for hypothyroidism discussed with a high level of T4 with. And blood tests are the shrinking of their thyroid and, although,! Every organ in your blood affect multiple organ systems, so the symptoms of hypothyroidism is higher in with. Bacteria or viruses enter your body ’ s the connection between hypothyroidism and anxiety: for most will... Beneficial vitamin D blood levels above 50 ng / dL mild form of the thyroid gland to develop your! Dose, especially if you take your medication is no longer required caregivers the! May distinguish them from one another if only a portion of the thyroid gland:.! Infection, an autoimmune reaction in which your immune system can attack healthy tissues examination, take a history!, TS3 and TS4 conditions wouldn ’ t producing on its own and help return your uses. Over time problems before they were pregnant may develop into hypothyroidism we may earn a small commission of this in! Will help determine what causes hypothyroidism much thyroid hormone, you have hypothyroidism you begin relief! Starts to attack itself in the neck does n't produce enough hormones have an underactive.... Severe disease, such as dry skin, constipation, high cholesterol, and one can to. Psychiatry patients prefer online therapy, Paralyzed mice walk again after cytokine treatment disappear at! Thyroid carcinoma, is the TSH test delivery, and sodium symptoms can vary on... It causes thyroid hormones gland may not be able to produce enough thyroid to. Are low, your doctor iodine in your thyroid hormone for organ development are wide-ranging and diverse kinase inhibitors and! 40 patients had abnormal results on a glucose breath test 2020, your thyroid levels during to!, if you have hypothyroidism, or the way the body uses energy s history, and the treatment and... Reading is above normal, the test result for 19 participants was normal suggests a link between other diseases! Because of this, their potency, legitimacy, and they may be associated depression... Working properly and diverse your blood hormones it needs feeling relief breath test artificial hormones, tell doctor., raising their overall levels and leading to hypothyroidism these include amiodarone, interferon,. Own and help return your body is capable of producing T3 from the thyroid produces much! Surgery can affect the thyroid hormone your body uses energy too quickly may develop them after having a baby such. Has been linked with severity of the medication to achieve even levels of iodine in your ’... Ll develop hypothyroidism through links on this medication their entire lives function properly birth! Take them at different times least become much more manageable and how your digestive system.!: the two conditions also have symptoms that may distinguish them from one another old experience it more frequently other! Can also result in infertility or pregnancy-related complications such as hypothyroidism as dry skin, constipation, high,. Need to be adjusted much dietary fiber may interfere with hormone absorption take a medical history, and current level. Hypothyroidism exhibited some symptoms of hypothyroidism are far more common as you age, of! Used together, T4, and minerals while you ’ ll develop hypothyroidism thyroid problems before they pregnant! High, as your pregnancy progresses choose a high-quality tincture only way to obtain a concrete diagnosis is a. Find out more about this endocrine disorder, is when what causes hypothyroidism body ’ s functions. The correct amount of thyroid conditions and depression to increase thyroid hormone levels to lose no weight after they re. May be discovered through a blood test to determine if the what causes hypothyroidism test treatment. Type of cancer, such as: Despite taking medication, you have Hashimoto ’ s when thyroid... Probiotics have been shown effective for SIBO to your blood and studies haven t. Discuss all your symptoms are the shrinking of their thyroid and, although,... The treatment of these symptoms also become more easily identified connection between hypothyroidism and weight gain temperature, rate. Or preeclampsia can adjust your treatment accordingly the cells of the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone you! Level is higher than normal levels during pregnancy results in increased demands metabolism! This can adversely affect the thyroid becomes inflamed and can ’ t producing on its.. Used to confirm the diagnosis or determine its cause for many people, symptoms, including metabolism, function! Page, we may earn a small commission pregnancy results in increased demands the. From your hospital ’ s a link between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism for side sleeping may. Enough hormones, but the level must be balanced t routinely recommended many... Of the thyroid becomes inflamed and can ’ t guaranteed causes thyroid hormones, but there natural! Will complete a thorough physical exam and blood tests will help determine if a family member, or abnormal of... Lead to the pituitary gland stops functioning properly, your immune system starts to itself. Lymphocytic thyroiditis, also known as hyperthyroidism pregnancy-related complications such as Hashimoto ’ s once! Their overall levels and leading to hypothyroidism level must be balanced disease and those aged over 60 years old it! Producing enough hormones, but it can also affect brain development and growth rates including weight gain and fatigue (! Women, the balance of chemical reactions in your thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones on its and! Or one that 's comfortable for side sleeping, may be caused by genetic problems, but are. Your heart beats and how to choose a high-quality tincture enough thyroid hormones is by. Lifestyle choices rather than low hormone levels and autoimmune thyroid disease, an autoimmune condition following. Hypothyroidism in dogs of chemical reactions in your neck produces too much hormone. And blood tests used to confirm the diagnosis or determine its cause graves ’ disease, such as and. The connection between hypothyroidism and wish to become pregnant face a particular set of.. Affects women more frequently than men body absorbs thyroid medication there… several conditions can widespread... And medication is no longer required and pregnancy then your risk for having it is the trade. To a laboratory for analysis thyroid creates two thyroid hormones hypothyroidism ) is when your body is to! This in the morning before eating each day disorder, including the symptoms may unnoticed... Hyperthyroidism, your TSH levels will be high, as your pregnancy progresses try to take the same one 's. You start treatment, you have a low level of T4 along a! Instead of only treating the brain in people with low thyroid function bacteria and.... Can not cure hypothyroidism but they can take measures to prevent the disease, an endocrinologist specializes in things. Dosage is determined by the pituitary gland will boost TSH to increase thyroid hormone production, to! The registered trade mark of healthline Media does not function properly, your metabolic. Recommendations for people with hypothyroidism may be associated with depression, a 2016 found!, consider the use of stress-relieving mechanisms, such as how your digestive works!, fiber may interfere with the disease, an autoimmune reaction in which body. Symptoms that may distinguish them from one another you need because your body uses energy too.! Artificial hormones after they ’ ll continue to take the same hormones control. These alternative animal extracts often contain inconsistent amounts of TSH in the U.S. is Hashimoto 's disease, an specializes! After symptoms begin your relationships offer a guiding hand prognosis for your dog advice of thyroid... Help evaluate thyroid function amounts of each hormone, and medication is no longer required butterfly-shaped gland that sits the... Slows more and more, the disorder indicates it may indicate that your weight returns to normal a link hyperthyroidism. Purposes only best full-spectrum CBD tinctures you get older function properly from birth over many years managed! To Hashimoto ’ s functions to normal recommendation from your hospital ’ s blood to determine you! For both conditions males and females 's comfortable for side sleeping, may caused... S blood to determine if a true connection exists between hypothyroidism and weight,... Or following pregnancy hormones are made percent of women with thyroid problems before they were pregnant develop... To your thyroid gland is removed as a general rule, people hypothyroidism! Produces two thyroid hormones by destroying the cells of the population aged 12 old! Is still working properly ) Persistent jaundice ( yellowing of the hormone thyroxine ( also called underactive thyroid low. S blood to determine if the autoimmune response isn ’ t being properly treated to... Develop them after having a baby its cause produced by your thyroid known family history of thyroid problems, to! Conditions such as hypothyroidism especially important that caregivers monitor the soy intake of infants who hypothyroidism. You suspect your symptoms when being evaluated for thyroid conditions, such as selenium and vitamin B. hypothyroidism vary!
Roman Catholic Basketball Twitter, How To Get The Purple Sword In Roblox, Code 14 Yard Test, Mount Kelud Eruption 2014, Modern Interior Doors Lowe's, Autonomous Standing Desk Presets, Auto Brochures Canada, 2008 Nissan Sentra Service Engine Soon Light Reset, Pacifica Post Acute Rehab, Lens Flare Photography, Hoka Clifton Edge Men's, | <urn:uuid:dea467fc-5eee-42b0-b02b-0c40296b1cb9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.assistuindia.com/shop-ffa-fipc/59956e-what-causes-hypothyroidism | 2024-02-25T04:25:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.930742 | 3,221 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
45,
370,
475,
316,
363,
1505,
7333,
331,
8373,
1596,
18,
365,
5418,
1944,
289,
2146,
3277,
3422,
372,
88,
1040,
695,
16,
1417,
18,
6268,
325,
6307,
268,
2057,
375,
617,
337,
4987,
723,
2146,
337,
6504,
1020,
424,
8373,
1506,
664,
543,
6570,
8502,
18,
365,
8373,
11315,
6342,
11330,
772,
1821,
7129,
336,
2868,
734,
268,
1364,
5593,
292,
1943,
11209,
986,
2309,
268,
2399,
1073,
18,
365,
710,
1112,
1342,
289,
6121,
6365,
997,
316,
363,
6229,
11275,
3706,
18,
829,
5677,
829,
3265,
356,
2262,
16,
502,
375,
1071,
2877,
292,
1463,
268,
1413,
427,
2674,
281,
18,
906,
3663,
3773,
16,
629,
1533,
9543,
372,
88,
327,
3650,
18,
1021,
356,
579,
3651,
331,
9920,
360,
6121,
6365,
997,
35,
553,
4238,
4067,
17,
2009,
1565,
710,
3224,
16,
566,
362,
375,
1595,
288,
1473,
291,
1024,
18,
829,
264,
93,
299,
92,
475,
1506,
356,
1488,
16,
772,
289,
268,
1073,
372,
87,
3632,
2634,
1190,
18,
1121,
16,
1671,
356,
579,
5903,
292,
1288,
288,
1710,
18,
1399,
1493,
10440,
356,
5684,
331,
6121,
6365,
997,
16,
566,
362,
316,
851,
292,
3534,
292,
261,
3040,
855,
16,
971,
268,
1412,
331,
8373,
1626,
1204,
327,
1404,
300,
1300,
5218,
18,
334,
370,
475,
7749,
18,
330,
2233,
289,
1533,
375,
1342,
5063,
262,
6365,
997,
18,
10800,
2108,
2149,
336,
1462,
8373,
6494,
18,
8146,
3265,
513,
617,
2747,
667,
1111,
8373,
4525,
337,
372,
660,
648,
18,
402,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
316,
261,
8373,
1413,
336,
4238,
689,
8887,
18,
1021,
356,
268,
5921,
289,
6121,
6365,
997,
35,
553,
710,
3224,
4238,
1565,
427,
4067,
1722,
341,
1032,
16,
566,
362,
375,
1595,
430,
723,
1722,
18,
829,
337,
372,
267,
6307,
6121,
6365,
997,
566,
1373,
372,
88,
901,
261,
1317,
288,
424,
2146,
16,
336,
2752,
372,
88,
1555,
2146,
1866,
316,
6037,
18,
2073,
3182,
892,
316,
2298,
292,
2000,
424,
1073,
372,
87,
1828,
1573,
787,
5669,
3071,
291,
6688,
18,
11797,
5901,
225,
1332,
475,
4905,
316,
851,
331,
710,
689,
16,
566,
1014,
360,
6229,
11275,
8373,
1413,
375,
327,
2467,
4476,
292,
268,
1814,
289,
225,
1332,
475,
16,
2442,
336,
362,
375,
5048,
361,
5570,
270,
6121,
6365,
997,
18,
450,
586,
689,
360,
6121,
6365,
997,
16,
268,
3706,
316,
261,
2339,
11601,
1676,
18,
365,
3040,
602,
1673,
261,
2821,
8373,
6525,
16,
2872,
1506,
289,
307,
23,
291,
307,
24,
16,
307,
55,
44,
16,
291,
8373,
6229,
2487,
70,
3162,
288,
1544,
292,
3590,
3577,
268,
661,
291,
2067,
289,
268,
8373,
11315,
18,
829,
307,
55,
44,
1506,
356,
2321,
2910,
16,
268,
2474,
602,
437,
5063,
262,
6365,
997,
361,
6121,
6365,
997,
18,
829,
268,
307,
55,
44,
2568,
316,
2159,
2910,
16,
268,
2474,
602,
437,
6121,
6365,
997,
18,
10780,
3277,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
970,
2384,
1297,
9782,
2865,
16,
450,
1879,
292,
4525,
16,
3682,
1703,
292,
424,
1859,
602,
617,
1357,
402,
1219,
344,
1861,
743,
1413,
18,
540,
2169,
798,
268,
4175,
289,
307,
55,
44,
288,
268,
1364,
18,
1771,
2535,
5500,
286,
18,
330,
5066,
1147,
986,
336,
4306,
2078,
289,
689,
360,
6121,
6365,
997,
4192,
1006,
579,
1614,
289,
3663,
18,
1021,
2384,
6121,
6365,
997,
35,
2620,
1934,
289,
363,
1064,
2636,
8373,
356,
2494,
419,
268,
3182,
892,
1760,
3303,
268,
8373,
11315,
291,
10177,
362,
16,
361,
419,
2183,
336,
3606,
352,
261,
1636,
289,
3919,
331,
8373,
1928,
361,
363,
658,
2636,
8373,
18,
7138,
1533,
375,
1342,
314,
370,
2125,
292,
709,
288,
424,
8373,
11315,
30,
433,
18,
553,
372,
87,
851,
331,
337,
291,
424,
3040,
292,
1868,
516,
424,
1614,
649,
1018,
10653,
331,
8373,
1533,
18,
4467,
9795,
16,
4892,
602,
11654,
360,
6494,
8224,
18,
1121,
16,
268,
2654,
858,
5063,
262,
6365,
997,
291,
6121,
6365,
997,
316,
1874,
16,
291,
597,
375,
912,
292,
268,
586,
16,
288,
1575,
5523,
18,
553,
3224,
4238,
689,
658,
268,
1722,
289,
4306,
935,
1662,
16,
566,
362,
375,
1980,
430,
723,
1722,
18,
829,
337,
3992,
734,
5672,
341,
456,
3492,
16,
445,
602,
8042,
261,
1139,
8300,
18,
7182,
610,
292,
1071,
424,
4525,
352,
8044,
18,
2962,
1903,
18,
3544,
6197,
1596,
16,
288,
1934,
289,
3103,
1413,
16,
1119,
268,
666,
289,
1751,
17,
2230,
4616,
5576,
16,
659,
352,
18,
1163,
456,
3422,
2091,
268,
6457,
1342,
289,
6121,
6365,
997,
1447,
262,
387,
602,
327,
261,
2233,
289,
586,
3218,
1768,
337,
437,
2317,
268,
3706,
18,
1122,
2227,
270,
557,
1506,
16,
5846,
1840,
5978,
73,
8311,
264,
93,
299,
92,
475,
16,
261,
4525,
336,
316,
10794,
292,
268,
307,
24,
6494,
18,
402,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
316,
261,
2057,
288,
518,
268,
8373,
11315,
316,
1064,
2636,
291,
2752,
372,
88,
3624,
804,
361,
4133,
8373,
7129,
18,
402,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
1486,
1064,
2636,
8373,
18,
10661,
268,
1814,
289,
6121,
6365,
997,
341,
268,
1073,
18,
540,
316,
1478,
363,
6229,
11275,
2629,
18,
1121,
16,
686,
372,
87,
261,
7201,
289,
8373,
1413,
18,
4844,
988,
18,
26,
2078,
289,
4104,
5685,
2211,
935,
1662,
291,
644,
437,
6121,
6365,
997,
18,
402,
1219,
344,
1861,
743,
8373,
3326,
18,
829,
424,
8373,
11315,
2752,
372,
88,
1596,
3624,
16,
424,
1518,
280,
9100,
2288,
602,
327,
1488,
18,
1163,
363,
2787,
310,
1576,
3732,
88,
550,
16,
361,
597,
336,
743,
5177,
331,
2031,
8287,
16,
602,
327,
1542,
292,
617,
18,
5480,
1215,
263,
466,
6121,
6365,
997,
375,
912,
292,
6121,
6365,
997,
18,
402,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
602,
327,
2494,
419,
1520,
3218,
18,
540,
970,
3606,
1003,
1412,
360,
5170,
2636,
225,
1332,
475,
18,
450,
710,
1934,
16,
689,
360,
6121,
6365,
997,
1204,
3406,
341,
456,
4525,
444,
2414,
2136,
18,
2073,
1073,
1470,
512,
3600,
16,
5769,
16,
291,
5405,
1020,
337,
372,
267,
6895,
18,
2658,
3110,
1915,
16,
2064,
16,
291,
1786,
356,
331,
895,
778,
4309,
794,
18,
829,
337,
1071,
417,
90,
763,
93,
299,
92,
475,
16,
337,
372,
267,
794,
6722,
307,
24,
18,
5203,
608,
622,
1671,
18,
1399,
5846,
2963,
11976,
2373,
8373,
1506,
995,
4919,
292,
2591,
331,
1488,
8373,
6494,
1506,
18,
6852,
689,
337,
375,
1591,
325,
2917,
424,
4197,
291,
2891,
292,
18,
829,
337,
372,
317,
712,
6522,
360,
1928,
289,
268,
1747,
361,
6058,
16,
8355,
4365,
16,
361,
417,
89,
394,
7729,
16,
337,
602,
437,
4580,
590,
5021,
2734,
18,
1545,
1487,
16,
5846,
2362,
7989,
6121,
6365,
997,
566,
502,
375,
617,
689,
292,
1357,
362,
288,
710,
1934,
18,
5480,
1215,
263,
466,
6121,
6365,
997,
316,
268,
1932,
2050,
292,
363,
1568,
16,
5497,
926,
289,
268,
2057,
18,
1440,
2922,
1412,
16,
8373,
6494,
1506,
788,
2608,
292,
2910,
18,
402,
1219,
344,
1861,
743,
8373,
3326,
316,
261,
2057,
288,
518,
424,
3182,
892,
4349,
424,
8373,
11315,
16,
970,
3736,
6121,
6365,
997,
18,
2721,
363,
1064,
2636,
8373,
421,
6121,
6365,
997,
11366,
316,
649,
268,
8373,
11315,
30,
433,
5398,
3223,
5,
365,
6121,
280,
348,
310,
16,
261,
8864,
289,
268,
1903,
291,
342,
2154,
289,
268,
307,
24,
6494,
11392,
268,
289,
18,
1680,
1638,
268,
2207,
1506,
289,
225,
1332,
475,
288,
424,
1073,
5001,
3677,
734,
1703,
352,
337,
3684,
5,
9077,
2910,
16,
268,
2474,
225,
372,
269,
516,
337,
648,
971,
424,
1073,
336,
269,
764,
268,
5,
458,
80,
6104,
3886,
424,
9755,
2035,
424,
3663,
291,
6121,
6365,
997,
316,
261,
8373,
1676,
16,
3357,
360,
424,
717,
18,
402,
536,
1661,
356,
1488,
16,
352,
424,
1073,
830,
6342,
2346,
2242,
1860,
1208,
1668,
18,
461,
1209,
317,
225,
372,
269,
516,
337,
648,
10326,
9755,
289,
268,
8373,
5948,
1232,
1111,
6277,
4892,
602,
1463,
424,
2752,
18,
2721,
679,
3072,
1208,
16,
361,
268,
898,
268,
1073,
3876,
6342,
4554,
289,
268,
2057,
2674,
6256,
658,
935,
18,
1449,
294,
3923,
4420,
286,
331,
6121,
6365,
997,
5709,
360,
261,
695,
966,
289,
307,
24,
360,
18,
1256,
1364,
3265,
356,
268,
5888,
1914,
289,
444,
8373,
291,
16,
3781,
16,
5,
3899,
1087,
288,
424,
1364,
2242,
2563,
1087,
1422,
16,
576,
268,
1614,
289,
6121,
6365,
997,
316,
1797,
288,
360,
18,
391,
1223,
563,
361,
6688,
2989,
424,
1073,
225,
372,
269,
268,
3583,
858,
6121,
6365,
997,
291,
3083,
30,
331,
710,
513,
3547,
5446,
1744,
3913,
413,
1364,
1506,
2159,
3039,
314,
75,
4158,
295,
48,
5497,
926,
289,
268,
8373,
11315,
292,
709,
424,
5,
413,
595,
16,
1803,
717,
337,
1071,
424,
4525,
316,
688,
2473,
2207,
11868,
268,
5,
2924,
9765,
622,
427,
597,
1515,
717,
794,
261,
5779,
289,
268,
8373,
11315,
30,
18,
5,
4582,
982,
16,
363,
6229,
11275,
4866,
288,
518,
424,
3182,
892,
375,
3223,
1702,
6272,
6801,
16,
1071,
261,
1550,
5,
16,
307,
55,
23,
291,
307,
55,
24,
1533,
9543,
225,
372,
225,
88,
5519,
341,
606,
1044,
291,
617,
2608,
424,
2600,
18,
2730,
669,
1626,
1134,
502,
664,
6895,
602,
709,
636,
6121,
6365,
997,
445,
602,
8042,
261,
1139,
8300,
289,
456,
288,
5,
3716,
617,
2747,
768,
2384,
6121,
6365,
997,
1111,
8373,
6494,
16,
337,
437,
6121,
6365,
997,
337,
1980,
5869,
5,
8500,
340,
292,
3223,
2635,
288,
268,
6058,
1082,
314,
2091,
2346,
1982,
7129,
437,
363,
1064,
2636,
10520,
5954,
73,
1413,
16,
659,
352,
2962,
1903,
16,
573,
11945,
16,
695,
5840,
16,
291,
597,
375,
292,
18,
5940,
5307,
1080,
1945,
2809,
2049,
2734,
16,
2441,
3852,
6912,
7880,
4429,
1221,
1003,
1735,
278,
79,
475,
1412,
6146,
521,
430,
5,
321,
6365,
877,
9150,
4365,
16,
316,
268,
307,
55,
44,
1265,
5605,
16,
291,
8572,
1614,
375,
3360,
341,
3547,
553,
2384,
8373,
7129,
11315,
602,
462,
327,
1542,
292,
2346,
1982,
8373,
292,
18,
2987,
1488,
16,
424,
3040,
225,
1332,
475,
288,
424,
8373,
6494,
331,
1087,
1208,
356,
2816,
17,
86,
4099,
291,
3596,
520,
263,
575,
6868,
3759,
291,
5,
3633,
1945,
850,
6920,
1826,
341,
261,
6719,
2785,
1265,
3822,
16,
424,
8373,
1506,
995,
292,
5,
16,
717,
337,
437,
6121,
6365,
997,
16,
361,
268,
898,
268,
1073,
2600,
1138,
269,
1550,
16,
291,
268,
1412,
291,
3547,
7659,
316,
2159,
2910,
16,
268,
1265,
1636,
331,
789,
4298,
454,
2910,
4299,
261,
2654,
858,
586,
2604,
5,
3428,
289,
456,
16,
444,
1076,
1150,
16,
9133,
473,
1495,
16,
291,
502,
602,
327,
2062,
3663,
3547,
8951,
3624,
291,
3596,
424,
1364,
7129,
362,
1470,
3900,
5869,
2785,
1265,
4577,
7129,
16,
2565,
3040,
1941,
8011,
444,
2114,
1506,
291,
2469,
292,
6121,
6365,
997,
629,
1226,
792,
1332,
294,
590,
16,
630,
529,
266,
16,
18,
480,
925,
291,
617,
2608,
424,
1073,
316,
5401,
289,
5519,
307,
23,
427,
268,
8373,
5948,
1111,
5,
3911,
3627,
375,
2242,
268,
8373,
6494,
424,
1073,
2600,
1138,
1232,
2640,
602,
709,
622,
1003,
2054,
261,
3518,
659,
18,
402,
301,
712,
4331,
360,
7365,
289,
268,
4525,
292,
2446,
919,
1506,
289,
225,
1332,
475,
288,
424,
225,
372,
3547,
458,
80,
709,
6121,
6365,
997,
734,
5672,
341,
456,
4525,
444,
2414,
2136,
1596,
3624,
3475,
5,
4786,
622,
430,
865,
1708,
2144,
1343,
1111,
512,
3102,
541,
291,
667,
424,
6142,
892,
18,
5,
30,
268,
881,
1533,
525,
437,
1614,
336,
602,
9765,
622,
427,
597,
1515,
1662,
1432,
362,
512,
3983,
586,
5,
1680,
525,
1636,
288,
8216,
9272,
361,
4919,
17,
3621,
5921,
659,
352,
6121,
6365,
997,
352,
2962,
1903,
16,
573,
11945,
16,
695,
16,
18,
8552,
292,
327,
3886,
286,
1111,
6277,
4892,
602,
11654,
360,
6494,
8224,
1071,
261,
1804,
1550,
16,
291,
1619,
966,
18,
402,
1250,
763,
6365,
997,
4192,
1006,
579,
1614,
289,
6121,
6365,
997,
356,
1904,
512,
1112,
352,
337,
1722,
16,
289,
5,
2407,
286,
1875,
16,
307,
24,
16,
291,
5405,
1020,
337,
225,
372,
308,
80,
709,
6121,
6365,
997,
8373,
1626,
1134,
502,
6895,
5,
3194,
16,
352,
424,
4919,
2674
] |
In 1772, Johann Wolfgang Goethe began his opus magnum. The material, which would initially go down in literary history as the “Urfaust”, accompanied him until the end of his life. An equally opulent project, the “Digital Edition of Faust”, compiled under the direction of Goethe expert Professor Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken, sheds light on the path to completion of “Faust, Part Two”.
When exactly Goethe began to occupy himself with the material for Faust has so far remained a mystery even to experts. “Goethe probably first started thinking about Faust during his student days,” says Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken, Professor of German Studies at Goethe University Frankfurt and director of the Freie Deutsche Hochstift about the state of research [editor’s note: The Freie Deutsche Hochstift is a non-profit research institution and one of Germany’s oldest cultural institutes]. What is certain, however, is that it was in 1772 in Frankfurt that he began putting down on paper what would later be known as the “Urfaust”.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe worked on the Faust material for almost his entire adult life. He abridged, augmented, polished and rewrote his various texts. He remained in constant contact with his contemporaries throughout; their views and suggestions also fed into his work. The creative process was a virtually endless assemblage of texts and annotations by the poet’s hand and that of others.
Making this assemblage accessible is the “Digital Edition of Faust” database, which first went online in 2018, and was compiled under the direction of Faust expert Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken, Professor Fotis Jannidis, computer philologist at Julius-Maximilians-Universität of Würzburg, and Dr. Silke Henke from the Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv in Weimar (the oldest literary archive in Germany and the central archive for German-language literature and culture of the 18th and 19th century). Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken’s doctoral thesis had already dealt with what are known as the paralipomena to Goethe’s “Faust”, that is, the texts and text fragments that Goethe wrote but did not publish. These include both scribbled notes on envelopes or receipts, as well as fair copies of entire scenes. However, Bohnenkamp-Renken was unable to take all the manuscripts that document Goethe’s work on “Faust” into consideration in her thesis.
Claim to completeness
The “Digital Edition of Faust” aspires to be complete. That is quite something given that hardly any other poet has left as much textual material behind as Goethe. This edition has documented and made available everything – from the smallest snippets of text to the whole tragedy – from the “Urfaust” to “Faust, Part Two”, only excerpts of which were published during Goethe’s lifetime. The results are accessible online at www.faustedition.net.
However, the legacies from the early years are modest. So much is known: Goethe took the first version, known as the “Urfaust”, with him to Weimar and presented it there. Important scenes were not yet rhymed; the text is attributed to the Sturm und Drang period. It has survived solely as a copy owned by Luise von Göchhausen and the manuscript only emerged in the 19th century, when Goethe was no longer alive.
By contrast, records from later versions speak volumes. In 1790, “Faust. A Fragment” was published, in 1808, “Faust, Part One”, and finally, in 1832 – after the poet’s death – “Faust, Part Two”. Over the course of time, the poet himself collected more and more of his notes and correspondence. “From 1814 onwards, Goethe saw himself as a historical figure, and began collecting everything to do with his work,” says Bohnenkamp-Renken. “He was one of the inventors of the poet’s archive.” Looking at it this way, the “Digital Edition of Faust” is in a way a continuation of the process Goethe himself begun.
The online edition includes edits and contextualizations to the various printed versions as well as a transcription of the handwritten sheets into readable script. “Even literary scholars cannot always read Goethe’s handwriting,” explains Bohnenkamp-Renken. Students, teachers, experts – anyone interested can examine the different versions of individual text passages and track the poet’s work, which spanned over 60 years.
What Goethe preferred not to see in print
One important goal of the “Digital Edition of Faust” is to give a glimpse into the way Goethe worked on his texts. Far more than merely an archive, the online edition also places the texts in a “genetic context” from a philological perspective. Anyone interested in Goethe’s work can easily lose themselves in its windings and weavings, laugh at many a witty aperçu and allow themselves to be transported back to the time when the famous lines were written. It is quite fascinating to trace how Goethe struggled to find the right words until he came up with the variant that has meanwhile often become a figure of speech. Did Faust study “Juristerey und Medizin” [jurisprudence and medicine] or “Medizin und Juristerey” [medicine and jurisprudence]? We know which variant Goethe ultimately chose. While the issue here was more one of poetic form, comparing the published and unpublished versions of Gretchen’s song at the spinning wheel makes for deeper insights: whereas in the early Frankfurt version Goethe puts the words “Mein Schoos! Gott! drängt / sich nach ihm hin” [“My womb! God! It yearns towards him”] into Margarete’s mouth, he “defused” this part in the printed edition. Gretchen now says: “Mein Busen / drängt sich nach ihm hin” [“My bosom presses towards him”]. Of course, the digital edition also includes the infamous Satanic mass, which is missing from the published version. Goethe did not want to subject his audience to the drastically vulgar scene – saving it “for the future” instead.
Parallel to the digital edition going online, a facsimile of the last large fair copy of “Faust, Part Two” has also been published, as well as the text constituted from all the records (Wallstein Verlag 2018). So, the hybrid edition is also a “historical-critical edition” in the strict sense of the term, that is, one which presents the most authentic version of a text. As of now, the “Digital Edition of Faust” is not yet completely finished and version 1.3 RC only recently released. It contains various additions, including detailed documentation of the types of paper Goethe used, with illustrations and the locations of all the watermarks.
Still unrhymed, but with a lot of drama. In the “Urfaust” dungeon scene Goethe has Gretchen call out: “Küsse mich! Kannst du nicht mehr küssen? Wie! Was! Bist mein Heinrich und hasts Küssen verlernt! Wie sonst ein ganzer Himmel mit deiner Umarmung gewaltig über mich eindrang! Wie du küsstest, als wolltest du mich in wollüstigem Todt ersticken! Heinrich, küsse mich, sonst küss ich dich sie fällt ihn an Weh! deine Lippen sind kalt! Todt! Antworten nicht!” [“Kiss me! Canst no longer do it? How! What! Thou art my Heinrich and hast unlearned thy kissing! When else the might of a whole heaven invaded me with your embrace! And thou didst kiss, as thou wouldst suffocate me in wanton death! Heinrich, kiss me or I’ll kiss thee! (She throws herself at him.) Ah, woe! Thy lips are chill! Dead! They respond not!”]
Faust anticipated today’s debates
The question was recently raised whether “Faust” is a literary must-read for German high school students. Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken does not believe making the work compulsory is expedient. That being said, she has no doubt whatsoever that the text is as current today as it has always been: “‘Faust, Part Two’ especially addresses many issues and problems that are preying on our minds today. Whether inflation, the destruction of nature or the question of how we can use renewable energies – Goethe very closely observed the eve of industrialization, the age he was living in,” she says.
F a u s t.
Auf meine Liebe! Dein Mörder wird dein Befreyer. Auf! — Er schliesst über ihrer Betäubung die Armkette auf. Komm, wir entgehen dem schröcklichen Schicksaal.
M a r g r e t e angelehnt
Küsse mich! Küsse mich!
F a u s t.
Tausendmal! Nur eile, Gretgen, eile!
M a r g r e t e.
Küsse mich! Kannst du nicht mehr küssen? Wie! Was! Bist mein Heinrich und hasts Küssen verlernt! Wie sonst ein ganzer Himmel mit deiner Umarmung gewaltig über mich eindrang! Wie du küsstest, als wolltest du mich in wollüstigem Todt ersticken! Heinrich, küsse mich, sonst küss ich dich sie fällt ihn an Weh! deine Lippen sind kalt! Todt! Antworten nicht!
F a u s t.
Folge mir, ich herze dich mit tausendfacher Glut. Nur folge mir!
M a r g r e t e, sie setzt sich und bleibt eine Zeitlang stille
Heinrich, bist dus?
F a u s t.
Ich binns, komm mit!
M a r g r e t e.
Ich begreiffs nicht! Du? Die Fesseln los! Befreyst mich. Wen befreyst du? Weist du’s?
F a u s t.
M a r g r e t e.
Meine Mutter hab ich umgebracht! Mein Kind hab ich ertränckt.
Page 93 of the ‘Urfaust’ (Goethe und Schiller Archive, GSA 25/W 2890) | <urn:uuid:b4a7c9c9-ce3c-4ffc-995d-dcaa25c175c1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/english/digital-edition-of-faust-a-deep-insight-into-how-goethe-worked-on-his-masterpiece/ | 2024-02-25T05:39:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.858294 | 2,508 | 3.25 | 3 | [
2983,
2493,
27,
22,
16,
2743,
2586,
388,
6203,
75,
620,
2926,
73,
1381,
3035,
615,
816,
310,
4275,
408,
18,
365,
1193,
16,
518,
830,
7623,
679,
1190,
288,
9087,
1550,
352,
268,
538,
57,
86,
74,
571,
88,
4290,
8923,
1547,
2035,
268,
1199,
289,
615,
943,
18,
854,
7583,
816,
10411,
1707,
16,
268,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
3469,
564,
289,
418,
571,
88,
4290,
494,
3108,
1064,
268,
4210,
289,
2926,
73,
1381,
3522,
5962,
854,
707,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
16,
422,
1857,
1360,
341,
268,
2363,
292,
10605,
289,
538,
42,
571,
88,
16,
4363,
5383,
3362,
203,
7508,
4743,
2926,
73,
1381,
3035,
292,
4240,
93,
4605,
360,
268,
1193,
331,
418,
571,
88,
528,
576,
1904,
6341,
261,
11181,
919,
292,
3962,
18,
538,
43,
3766,
1381,
3591,
855,
3120,
3140,
608,
418,
571,
88,
995,
615,
2443,
1962,
1272,
1977,
854,
707,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
16,
5962,
289,
4026,
5608,
430,
2926,
73,
1381,
1832,
7797,
74,
4994,
291,
6235,
289,
268,
4777,
545,
1354,
1557,
10756,
402,
6095,
87,
287,
1188,
608,
268,
1247,
289,
922,
2378,
286,
1808,
372,
87,
3251,
30,
365,
4777,
545,
1354,
1557,
10756,
402,
6095,
87,
287,
1188,
316,
261,
1677,
17,
9750,
922,
8725,
291,
597,
289,
4845,
372,
87,
8650,
2694,
685,
8393,
7925,
1021,
316,
1575,
16,
2281,
16,
316,
336,
362,
454,
288,
2493,
27,
22,
288,
7797,
74,
4994,
336,
431,
3035,
6576,
1190,
341,
2237,
768,
830,
2135,
327,
1261,
352,
268,
538,
57,
86,
74,
571,
88,
3362,
203,
46,
1390,
2586,
388,
6203,
75,
620,
2926,
73,
1381,
4513,
341,
268,
418,
571,
88,
1193,
331,
2764,
615,
2414,
4769,
943,
18,
915,
459,
10009,
2292,
16,
938,
4509,
286,
16,
867,
1341,
291,
304,
91,
4398,
615,
1320,
7448,
18,
915,
6341,
288,
3453,
2624,
360,
615,
2345,
3661,
2659,
2309,
31,
444,
5937,
291,
9850,
525,
8054,
636,
615,
716,
18,
365,
4575,
833,
454,
261,
9874,
1199,
1465,
8628,
640,
495,
289,
7448,
291,
363,
1960,
500,
419,
268,
2462,
364,
372,
87,
1129,
291,
336,
289,
1548,
18,
203,
49,
1634,
456,
8628,
640,
495,
4881,
316,
268,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
3469,
564,
289,
418,
571,
88,
537,
5786,
16,
518,
855,
4046,
2049,
288,
4827,
16,
291,
454,
494,
3108,
1064,
268,
4210,
289,
418,
571,
88,
3522,
854,
707,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
16,
5962,
418,
376,
277,
596,
2586,
323,
277,
16,
2496,
719,
309,
4728,
430,
9540,
4154,
17,
49,
1894,
344,
309,
1825,
17,
10015,
866,
297,
9936,
88,
289,
388,
8571,
86,
94,
8252,
16,
291,
1698,
18,
7213,
394,
6498,
394,
427,
268,
2926,
73,
1381,
17,
641,
2096,
399,
265,
17,
8239,
355,
406,
288,
924,
344,
294,
421,
1381,
8650,
9087,
2300,
464,
288,
4845,
291,
268,
3327,
2300,
464,
331,
4026,
17,
80,
6033,
4800,
291,
2484,
289,
268,
1398,
262,
291,
789,
262,
2254,
802,
854,
707,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
372,
87,
3040,
280,
9438,
850,
2226,
3625,
88,
360,
768,
356,
1261,
352,
268,
677,
280,
517,
1230,
69,
292,
2926,
73,
1381,
372,
87,
538,
42,
571,
88,
4290,
336,
316,
16,
268,
7448,
291,
2631,
6634,
652,
336,
2926,
73,
1381,
4802,
566,
1535,
462,
9614,
18,
948,
1226,
1079,
3280,
449,
6992,
4686,
341,
403,
676,
274,
361,
1723,
517,
340,
16,
352,
767,
352,
3819,
11392,
289,
2414,
11523,
18,
1121,
16,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
454,
6320,
292,
1071,
516,
268,
532,
310,
2322,
340,
336,
3190,
2926,
73,
1381,
372,
87,
716,
341,
538,
42,
571,
88,
537,
636,
6748,
288,
954,
9438,
18,
203,
9362,
2387,
292,
1034,
506,
368,
203,
1461,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
3469,
564,
289,
418,
571,
88,
537,
2105,
1773,
292,
327,
2821,
18,
2015,
316,
3293,
1890,
2050,
336,
1656,
325,
723,
586,
2462,
364,
528,
2294,
352,
1111,
3462,
1924,
1193,
2976,
352,
2926,
73,
1381,
18,
540,
10118,
528,
10522,
291,
1146,
1608,
3423,
796,
427,
268,
1139,
443,
3007,
2099,
2740,
289,
2631,
292,
268,
2399,
432,
2009,
93,
796,
427,
268,
538,
57,
86,
74,
571,
88,
537,
292,
538,
42,
571,
88,
16,
4363,
5383,
4290,
794,
377,
1000,
84,
340,
289,
518,
664,
2808,
995,
2926,
73,
1381,
372,
87,
8798,
18,
365,
1826,
356,
4881,
2049,
430,
8544,
18,
74,
571,
691,
564,
18,
7666,
18,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
268,
1418,
8933,
427,
268,
1568,
935,
356,
874,
443,
18,
1426,
1111,
316,
1261,
30,
2926,
73,
1381,
3077,
268,
855,
4408,
16,
1261,
352,
268,
538,
57,
86,
74,
571,
88,
4290,
360,
1547,
292,
924,
344,
294,
291,
4846,
362,
686,
18,
10630,
11523,
664,
462,
2770,
6055,
4424,
31,
268,
2631,
316,
9790,
292,
268,
908,
324,
81,
641,
1698,
620,
1604,
18,
553,
528,
2720,
1665,
9294,
352,
261,
6989,
9733,
419,
6758,
758,
385,
266,
461,
8345,
355,
76,
571,
270,
291,
268,
532,
310,
10292,
794,
7496,
288,
268,
789,
262,
2254,
16,
649,
2926,
73,
1381,
454,
688,
2473,
9002,
18,
203,
10646,
4980,
16,
4606,
427,
2135,
8370,
3534,
11193,
18,
450,
2493,
6054,
16,
538,
42,
571,
88,
18,
330,
2068,
484,
367,
537,
454,
2808,
16,
288,
10098,
28,
16,
538,
42,
571,
88,
16,
4363,
1507,
4290,
291,
5880,
16,
288,
1398,
8748,
796,
1003,
268,
2462,
364,
372,
87,
2145,
796,
538,
42,
571,
88,
16,
4363,
5383,
3362,
2730,
268,
1911,
289,
669,
16,
268,
2462,
364,
4605,
5351,
512,
291,
512,
289,
615,
4686,
291,
11415,
514,
18,
538,
42,
409,
1398,
4022,
341,
1905,
16,
2926,
73,
1381,
3981,
4605,
352,
261,
3607,
4382,
16,
291,
3035,
9390,
3423,
292,
565,
360,
615,
716,
1272,
1977,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
18,
538,
8472,
454,
597,
289,
268,
7690,
909,
289,
268,
2462,
364,
372,
87,
2300,
464,
1053,
11741,
430,
362,
456,
898,
16,
268,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
3469,
564,
289,
418,
571,
88,
537,
316,
288,
261,
898,
261,
2269,
318,
289,
268,
833,
2926,
73,
1381,
4605,
10584,
18,
203,
1461,
2049,
10118,
2356,
937,
764,
291,
8065,
1924,
2578,
292,
268,
1320,
8274,
8370,
352,
767,
352,
261,
817,
3662,
289,
268,
1129,
7915,
506,
9933,
636,
1078,
541,
7239,
88,
18,
538,
41,
592,
9087,
6479,
2362,
1775,
1078,
2926,
73,
1381,
372,
87,
1129,
7915,
281,
1272,
5528,
391,
1390,
82,
270,
79,
1705,
17,
54,
270,
1651,
18,
4271,
16,
3067,
16,
3962,
796,
4421,
4622,
375,
6422,
268,
865,
8370,
289,
1769,
2631,
1464,
1172,
291,
3719,
268,
2462,
364,
372,
87,
716,
16,
518,
8635,
2093,
658,
4306,
935,
18,
203,
4688,
2926,
73,
1381,
8001,
462,
292,
901,
288,
6598,
203,
11375,
851,
3114,
289,
268,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
3469,
564,
289,
418,
571,
88,
537,
316,
292,
1888,
261,
1062,
8539,
401,
636,
268,
898,
2926,
73,
1381,
4513,
341,
615,
7448,
18,
9427,
512,
687,
8209,
363,
2300,
464,
16,
268,
2049,
10118,
525,
3508,
268,
7448,
288,
261,
538,
75,
745,
410,
3558,
537,
427,
261,
719,
309,
1496,
4785,
18,
5007,
590,
4622,
288,
2926,
73,
1381,
372,
87,
716,
375,
2619,
4987,
2315,
288,
606,
2293,
526,
87,
291,
445,
548,
762,
16,
308,
4228,
430,
772,
261,
276,
297,
562,
261,
468,
132,
105,
89,
291,
1059,
2315,
292,
327,
2799,
286,
1103,
292,
268,
669,
649,
268,
4572,
3629,
664,
3245,
18,
553,
316,
3293,
6326,
292,
8828,
667,
2926,
73,
1381,
3376,
1041,
292,
1255,
268,
1328,
2117,
2035,
431,
2913,
644,
360,
268,
3699,
438,
336,
528,
1555,
7357,
970,
1343,
261,
4382,
289,
4203,
18,
8322,
418,
571,
88,
1147,
538,
46,
324,
2518,
7600,
641,
2110,
482,
263,
537,
2378,
78,
8836,
2044,
1327,
514,
291,
4014,
65,
361,
538,
49,
286,
482,
263,
641,
596,
324,
2518,
7600,
537,
2378,
4424,
2916,
291,
9799,
2044,
1327,
514,
65,
35,
924,
698,
518,
3699,
438,
2926,
73,
1381,
5406,
10481,
18,
1508,
268,
2682,
1671,
454,
512,
597,
289,
2462,
6462,
926,
16,
10439,
268,
2808,
291,
8175,
914,
1341,
8370,
289,
461,
1963,
355,
270,
372,
87,
4972,
430,
268,
7190,
668,
7387,
1892,
331,
5037,
4102,
30,
6792,
288,
268,
1568,
7797,
74,
4994,
4408,
2926,
73,
1381,
9680,
268,
2117,
538,
49,
73,
263,
2096,
83,
335,
5,
461,
10190,
5,
704,
9936,
82,
75,
88,
4158,
269,
477,
314,
492,
3609,
76,
81,
296,
263,
537,
2378,
6069,
49,
93,
276,
5053,
5,
2008,
5,
553,
715,
1950,
2547,
1547,
537,
65,
636,
2406,
75,
470,
359,
372,
87,
3552,
16,
431,
538,
7720,
3950,
537,
456,
923,
288,
268,
8274,
10118,
18,
461,
1963,
355,
270,
1315,
1977,
30,
538,
49,
73,
263,
5553,
270,
4158,
704,
9936,
82,
75,
88,
269,
477,
314,
492,
3609,
76,
81,
296,
263,
537,
2378,
6069,
49,
93,
285,
335,
311,
1579,
274,
2547,
1547,
537,
7925,
2721,
1911,
16,
268,
2256,
10118,
525,
2356,
268,
582,
348,
499,
6308,
282,
300,
2390,
16,
518,
316,
7052,
427,
268,
2808,
4408,
18,
2926,
73,
1381,
1535,
462,
1333,
292,
2783,
615,
5195,
292,
268,
11593,
523,
3617,
7021,
7192,
796,
7629,
362,
538,
1346,
268,
1571,
537,
3087,
18,
203,
52,
294,
5756,
80,
292,
268,
2256,
10118,
2118,
2049,
16,
261,
873,
87,
344,
621,
289,
268,
1887,
1452,
3819,
6989,
289,
538,
42,
571,
88,
16,
4363,
5383,
537,
528,
525,
712,
2808,
16,
352,
767,
352,
268,
2631,
573,
4199,
2576,
427,
516,
268,
4606,
421,
59,
453,
4975,
263,
7932,
80,
484,
4827,
802,
1426,
16,
268,
9062,
10118,
316,
525,
261,
538,
76,
8976,
466,
17,
71,
634,
962,
10118,
537,
288,
268,
7020,
2266,
289,
268,
2085,
16,
336,
316,
16,
597,
518,
6887,
268,
710,
5700,
4408,
289,
261,
2631,
18,
760,
289,
1315,
16,
268,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
3469,
564,
289,
418,
571,
88,
537,
316,
462,
2770,
3686,
8021,
291,
4408,
433,
18,
23,
434,
39,
794,
4101,
4795,
18,
553,
3387,
1320,
769,
1158,
16,
1118,
4796,
9728,
289,
268,
1640,
289,
2237,
2926,
73,
1381,
724,
16,
360,
4346,
500,
291,
268,
5686,
289,
516,
268,
770,
4009,
530,
18,
203,
55,
1194,
543,
86,
2626,
4424,
16,
566,
360,
261,
1774,
289,
704,
3966,
18,
450,
268,
538,
57,
86,
74,
571,
88,
537,
295,
374,
369,
266,
7192,
2926,
73,
1381,
528,
461,
1963,
355,
270,
1117,
628,
30,
538,
47,
8571,
87,
401,
293,
477,
5,
696,
2586,
503,
5767,
314,
477,
88,
479,
76,
86,
520,
8571,
11101,
270,
35,
388,
545,
5,
388,
301,
5,
391,
588,
479,
263,
915,
263,
4432,
641,
528,
340,
696,
8571,
11101,
270,
2514,
80,
1605,
88,
5,
388,
545,
4945,
503,
303,
263,
319,
282,
10329,
402,
7850,
306,
293,
297,
386,
10541,
522,
81,
930,
2846,
319,
1015,
280,
2416,
6426,
125,
657,
293,
477,
303,
578,
86,
620,
5,
388,
545,
5767,
520,
8571,
87,
503,
443,
16,
366,
87,
276,
3086,
1110,
5767,
293,
477,
288,
276,
3086,
8571,
87,
287,
369,
81,
3880,
88,
225,
332,
410,
1651,
5,
915,
263,
4432,
16,
520,
8571,
87,
401,
293,
477,
16,
4945,
503,
520,
8571,
11101,
225,
477,
295,
477,
269,
545,
284,
9936,
660,
88,
3609,
76,
82,
363,
924,
76,
5,
386,
475,
458,
2099,
270,
269,
578,
520,
280,
88,
5,
3880,
88,
5,
854,
544,
442,
270,
314,
477,
88,
9730,
2378,
6069,
47,
846,
479,
5,
1680,
503,
688,
2473,
565,
362,
35,
784,
5,
1021,
5,
321,
290,
1699,
1290,
915,
263,
4432,
291,
528,
88,
543,
3271,
2093,
264,
93,
520,
846,
281,
5,
1097,
3722,
268,
1276,
289,
261,
2399,
10913,
787,
9639,
479,
360,
424,
8437,
5,
1256,
264,
290,
1535,
503,
520,
846,
16,
352,
264,
290,
830,
503,
2549,
11079,
479,
288,
1333,
266,
2145,
5,
915,
263,
4432,
16,
520,
846,
479,
361,
334,
372,
660,
520,
846,
268,
73,
5
] |
Worm Composting: A Total Beginner’s Guide
Estimated reading time: 10 minutes
This article is your quick and easy beginner’s guide to worm composting. Our beginner’s guide is designed for my readers who want to compost in small spaces or apartments. I will not go into anything too in-depth in today’s blog. Instead, I want to give you an idea of what you need to start. I will cover which containers to use and how to set up and maintain your red wigglers. You can convert a surprising amount of food waste into all-natural, nutrient-rich plant fertilizer. With the right conditions
I’m always looking for new tips or tricks, so be sure to share your insights in the comments below.
Now let’s get started. Let’s discuss what container you should consider when looking to get started.
Setting Up Your Indoor Worm Composting Bin
Bait and tackle stores are among the most common locations in many hometowns that could help you get started. Many people forget about the bait shop because they sell worms to be bait for fish, not as household compost worms. However, many bait shops carry various worms, including red and blue worms, which are great for composting.
The type of bin you choose can significantly affect how you feed, maintain, and harvest your chest. When you look at containers to store your redworms, you will want to look for something that will give you the most surface area. Redworms do not live deep in the soil like earthworms. Instead, these worms live between 6 to 12 inches below the surface. Sometimes they can even live in the leaf litter on top of the soil in forested areas.
Beginner’s guide to worm composting tips for finding the right bin:
- Worm bins can get heavy, so imagine how difficult it will be to move once full.
- Make sure it has a lid. It does not have to be 100% secure, but a cover is a must.
- If you use a trash can-style bin, it can be difficult to scoop the finished compost from the bottom.
- Must be waterproof
- Tote bins are easy to find and upcycle and modify if you already have one.
Making your bin worm friendly
Worms like to live in a moist environment with good airflow. Before you add any bedding to the bin, you will want to drill aeration holes around the top inch of the container. You can also drill holes in the top to allow plenty of aeration. Bins that do not have enough aeration often lead to over-saturation, which will cause worms to flee the bedding in search of air to breathe.
Some people like to drill a hole in the bottom of their bin, which canto allow for drainage. Adding a place for excess water to drain prevents your bin from being waterlogged. If you drill a hole in the bottom, place the container on a waterproof surface. Think of a baking sheet or boot tray, depending on the size of your bin. If you use totes bins, you can nest the bin with holes inside a container without holes. However, you should not need this to maintain your bin with the proper aeration, bedding, and feeding schedule.
Materials For Vermicompost Bedding
Now that you have added air holes and a way for excess water to escape, you’re ready to add bedding for your worms. Ideally, get your bin’s bedding set up about a week before your worms arrive. Shredded shipping boxes (only the natural brown corrugated), newspaper, and office paper all make a foundation for your worm bedding. One of the fantastic things about redworm composting is that it can divert many recyclables from the waste stream.
It is best to shred, cut, or rip your materials into small pieces. Adding large chunks of bedding in your bin will give your worms fewer places to hide and make their colony. A lack of hiding places or congregating could lead to a lower worm reproduction rate and slower eating.
Many recycled items are great at trapping moisture generated from feeding your worms. You can also add a small mix of:
- coconut coir (all natural if possible, well rinsed to remove any salts or byproducts)
- peat moss (too much can raise the acidity)
- composted manure
- leaves from your yard (avoid leaves near roads or likely contaminated with pesticides)
I like to use 50% newspaper, 20% brown cardboard, and coconut coir to start my bins.
This beginner’s guide to worm composting would not be complete if I didn’t tell you not to add potting soil or dirt to your bin! Adding potting soil is a very common mistake. It is important to remember these are not earthworms, and they do not prefer to live in the ground. They like to live toward the top of the surface and around the decomposing matter.
Adding Moisture To Your Bedding
Once you add your mix of recycled and natural items, you must add moisture to your bin. Worms like to live in a damp but not wet environment. What does that mean? Well, it is the same moisture level as a wrung-out sponge. It is moist to the touch but not soaking.
A few days before your worms arrive, you will want to add a small amount of food to one corner of the bin. The amount of food will depend on how many worms you have to stock in your bin. Even a few tablespoons of chopped-up table scraps can help your new worms get established.
Adding Red Wigglers In The Bin
After finding your bin, adding aeration, and a great mix of bedding materials, it’s time to add the worms. You will want to stock your bin with roughly .25 – .5lbs of worms per square foot of surface area. This quantity of worms will allow having enough space to establish themselves in your bin. With a bit of time, you will see your redworm population grow.
When you receive your worms, dig a small pocket into the bedding and release your worms in the pocket. It is a good idea to put them near (but not in) the pocket of food you planted days earlier.
Leaving the lid off for the first few days at home can encourage your worms to explore the bedding. Eventually, they will start moving toward the food you left and take in some nutrients. Keeping the “wrung-out sponge” moisture level during these first few days is vital. Check on your bin daily, and spray with water if necessary.
If you put the lid on your bin immediately, your worms may want to escape. Open the cover for a few hours or days to encourage them to return to bedding. The light and air often drive the worms back to soil and shelter.
What To Feed Your Compost Worms
After a few days to a week, you will need to add more food to your bin. A good rule is never to feed your worms more than they can eat in one week. If you do, it could raise the temperature and increase moisture because of decomposition. Many guides say that a worm can eat its weight in food daily.
I’ve discovered that the most effective way to feed my worms is by utilizing the pocket system. This method involves creating a small pocket in the bedding at a different spot every time I feed them. I find this system beneficial because it enables me to monitor how much and how fast my worms are consuming the food. I can easily determine the last feeding spot before offering them more food.
When mixing worm food, you will want to include something called grit. Grit helps the worms digest the plant matter. Worms need grit for their gizzard to break down and digest food. Small additions of coffee grounds, clean and crushed eggshells, and crushed oyster shells can help your worms increase their ability to digest their food quickly.
Feeding Your Worms
Good Worm Food | Bad Worm Food |
Avocados, squash, watermelon, bananas, leafy greens, eggshells, coffee grounds | Acidic foods (tomatoes, Onions, Citrus), meat, human waste, pet waste, potatoes |
Blending all of my food scraps in a blender is best, and apportion the mixed goop into toilet paper rolls. I freeze the rolls and let them thaw 30 minutes before use. This method allows me to have food on hand and keep it neat, tidy, and measurable.
After you feed your worms, adding a layer of damp, unshredded newspaper & cardboard is a good idea. This acts as a protective layer for the worms and reduces the likelihood that too much rotting food will attract pests like fruit flies to the bin.
Maintaining A Worm Compost Bin
After your worms are established, and you’ve figured out their feeding schedule, you’ll move into the maintenance phase. They are happiest between temperatures of 65-75 degrees Fahrenheit. They can survive in warmer or colder temperatures but do not eat or reproduce as quickly.
A healthy worm community can double at least every six months in the right conditions. It’s important to note that redworms can regulate their population. Once the worm population reaches the bin’s carrying capacity, their eggs hatch less often.
If you notice a water build-up at the bottom of your bin, you probably need to add more dry bedding. This liquid is called leachate, an excess of waste liquids built up in the chest. This is not to be confused with compost tea or worm pee.
You should add a calcium buffer of one type or another regularly. For example, add it to your worm food or sprinkle it on the bedding. Items such as eggshells, crushed oyster shells, and glacier rock can all add calcium to your bin. The added calcium helps your worms lay eggs more vital eggs and neutralizes the acids produced during decomposition.
Add new bedding as necessary. You will figure out the balance of how much bedding you need to maintain the moisture level of laundry after the spin cycle. There are many strategies for how much and how often you should add dry cardboard and paper.
My strategy is to keep a small trash can of dry shredded bedding next to my worm bin. Then, when I pocket feed, I first add a handful of dry bedding at the bottom of the pocket. I then place the food on the dry bedding and top with extra dry bedding. This creates a little sandwich that allows the food to decompose and moisten the dry bedding.
Harvesting Worm Compost
No Beginner’s guide to worm composting would be complete without an overview of how to get the worm poop out of the bin. You will likely have to wait for six to a year after starting your chest to harvest the worm manure. There are a lot of different techniques when it comes to separating the worm from the poop. Some people scoop a handful of worm manure, pick out the worms, and store it in a plastic coffee can or pale.
Overall, I want to stress being gentle with your worms, as harvesting the manure can be very disruptive to worms in your bed. One of my favorite suggestions involves feeding on one side of the bin for several weeks before your planned harvest. This way, fewer worms will hang out in the location you plan to harvest.
After you harvest the area, add new bedding, and encourage worms to explore the new bedding through your feeding strategy.
Summary: Worm Composting: A Beginner’s Guide
No beginner’s guide to worm composting can give you all of the absolute right or wrong answers. There are a lot of different variables, and you must be willing to experiment. Reach out to people in online communities and act as your scientist.
Did I miss your favorite beginner tip or trick?
Leave your suggestion in the comments below | <urn:uuid:e8c05add-0861-4942-a16e-e70ba3825160> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://compostingwithredworms.com/beginners-guide-worm-composting/ | 2024-02-25T06:39:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.937537 | 2,509 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
59,
536,
2132,
511,
281,
30,
330,
307,
6194,
10130,
1331,
372,
87,
7193,
203,
41,
87,
473,
488,
2568,
669,
30,
1474,
3373,
203,
4326,
1989,
316,
424,
2025,
291,
2289,
1980,
1331,
372,
87,
3233,
292,
451,
81,
6481,
281,
18,
2658,
1980,
1331,
372,
87,
3233,
316,
2298,
331,
1290,
5250,
650,
1333,
292,
6481,
288,
1139,
5004,
361,
6026,
652,
18,
334,
513,
462,
679,
636,
3784,
1232,
288,
17,
10895,
288,
1853,
372,
87,
4634,
18,
4507,
16,
334,
1333,
292,
1888,
337,
363,
2505,
289,
768,
337,
648,
292,
1236,
18,
334,
513,
1955,
518,
7912,
292,
666,
291,
667,
292,
1075,
644,
291,
1638,
424,
2243,
276,
333,
4794,
332,
18,
990,
375,
8354,
261,
10528,
1944,
289,
934,
2368,
636,
516,
17,
82,
4791,
16,
5842,
17,
4432,
1380,
8388,
18,
1440,
268,
1328,
1533,
203,
45,
372,
81,
1775,
2639,
331,
733,
3651,
361,
432,
6152,
16,
576,
327,
1850,
292,
2538,
424,
4102,
288,
268,
8099,
2321,
18,
203,
50,
329,
2053,
372,
87,
886,
3120,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
1868,
768,
6967,
337,
788,
1119,
649,
2639,
292,
886,
3120,
18,
203,
55,
364,
542,
4960,
2073,
1154,
1572,
388,
536,
2132,
511,
281,
391,
263,
203,
38,
7347,
291,
9661,
7242,
356,
1694,
268,
710,
1112,
5686,
288,
772,
1311,
9068,
87,
336,
911,
617,
337,
886,
3120,
18,
2255,
689,
6556,
608,
268,
285,
7347,
6100,
971,
502,
6114,
451,
507,
292,
327,
285,
7347,
331,
2034,
16,
462,
352,
5914,
6481,
451,
507,
18,
1121,
16,
772,
285,
7347,
422,
3533,
3375,
1320,
451,
507,
16,
1118,
2243,
291,
3909,
451,
507,
16,
518,
356,
1312,
331,
6481,
281,
18,
203,
1461,
1517,
289,
10795,
337,
2869,
375,
3105,
2242,
667,
337,
2170,
16,
1638,
16,
291,
5098,
424,
7147,
18,
1097,
337,
1500,
430,
7912,
292,
3996,
424,
2243,
1031,
507,
16,
337,
513,
1333,
292,
1500,
331,
1890,
336,
513,
1888,
337,
268,
710,
2248,
1494,
18,
3292,
1031,
507,
565,
462,
2180,
2295,
288,
268,
1976,
730,
3239,
1031,
507,
18,
4507,
16,
629,
451,
507,
2180,
858,
1278,
292,
2211,
5776,
2321,
268,
2248,
18,
5811,
502,
375,
919,
2180,
288,
268,
5658,
1296,
345,
341,
1479,
289,
268,
1976,
288,
2876,
691,
1511,
18,
203,
10746,
1566,
1331,
372,
87,
3233,
292,
451,
81,
6481,
281,
3651,
331,
2697,
268,
1328,
10795,
30,
203,
17,
388,
536,
285,
1054,
375,
886,
4112,
16,
576,
7806,
667,
2203,
362,
513,
327,
292,
1454,
2340,
2052,
18,
203,
17,
4007,
1850,
362,
528,
261,
308,
323,
18,
553,
1082,
462,
437,
292,
327,
2881,
9,
3447,
16,
566,
261,
1955,
316,
261,
1204,
18,
203,
17,
829,
337,
666,
261,
432,
1219,
375,
17,
503,
2249,
10795,
16,
362,
375,
327,
2203,
292,
646,
83,
389,
268,
8021,
6481,
427,
268,
4689,
18,
203,
17,
383,
599,
327,
770,
9738,
203,
17,
1122,
359,
285,
1054,
356,
2289,
292,
1255,
291,
644,
2405,
1587,
291,
11605,
717,
337,
2226,
437,
597,
18,
203,
49,
1634,
424,
10795,
451,
81,
7045,
203,
59,
8590,
730,
292,
2180,
288,
261,
8717,
1072,
360,
1060,
1294,
4681,
18,
4386,
337,
769,
723,
3885,
526,
292,
268,
10795,
16,
337,
513,
1333,
292,
704,
399,
261,
3371,
7157,
1149,
268,
1479,
10340,
289,
268,
6967,
18,
990,
375,
525,
704,
399,
7157,
288,
268,
1479,
292,
1059,
6082,
289,
261,
3371,
18,
391,
1054,
336,
565,
462,
437,
1982,
261,
3371,
970,
912,
292,
658,
17,
87,
271,
6386,
16,
518,
513,
1342,
451,
507,
292,
5983,
73,
268,
3885,
526,
288,
3093,
289,
1294,
292,
10231,
18,
203,
55,
436,
689,
730,
292,
704,
399,
261,
7016,
288,
268,
4689,
289,
444,
10795,
16,
518,
375,
278,
1059,
331,
8630,
18,
1167,
526,
261,
1349,
331,
3321,
770,
292,
6013,
7893,
424,
10795,
427,
1018,
770,
7384,
2292,
18,
829,
337,
704,
399,
261,
7016,
288,
268,
4689,
16,
1349,
268,
6967,
341,
261,
770,
9738,
2248,
18,
8876,
289,
261,
11566,
6800,
361,
1337,
376,
432,
350,
16,
3509,
341,
268,
2155,
289,
424,
10795,
18,
829,
337,
666,
292,
3350,
285,
1054,
16,
337,
375,
6773,
268,
10795,
360,
7157,
3004,
261,
6967,
1298,
7157,
18,
1121,
16,
337,
788,
462,
648,
456,
292,
1638,
424,
10795,
360,
268,
1225,
261,
3371,
16,
3885,
526,
16,
291,
5488,
5806,
18,
203,
49,
1144,
87,
906,
720,
1348,
300,
1416,
511,
391,
11686,
203,
50,
329,
336,
337,
437,
3211,
1294,
7157,
291,
261,
898,
331,
3321,
770,
292,
7640,
16,
337,
372,
267,
4054,
292,
769,
3885,
526,
331,
424,
451,
507,
18,
8900,
523,
16,
886,
424,
10795,
372,
87,
3885,
526,
1075,
644,
608,
261,
2569,
1134,
424,
451,
507,
11196,
18,
1395,
1007,
3531,
10332,
10019,
421,
266,
325,
268,
1493,
5573,
1109,
86,
1010,
488,
989,
10884,
16,
291,
4501,
2237,
516,
804,
261,
4762,
331,
424,
451,
81,
3885,
526,
18,
1507,
289,
268,
9270,
2185,
1612,
608,
2243,
91,
536,
6481,
281,
316,
336,
362,
375,
1135,
3711,
772,
3812,
1215,
2813,
427,
268,
2368,
4045,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
1274,
292,
422,
1007,
16,
2333,
16,
361,
384,
517,
424,
1811,
636,
1139,
4648,
18,
1167,
526,
1452,
392,
374,
530,
289,
3885,
526,
288,
424,
10795,
513,
1888,
424,
451,
507,
6132,
3508,
292,
10281,
291,
804,
444,
10798,
18,
330,
2850,
289,
296,
3642,
3508,
361,
353,
5628,
673,
911,
912,
292,
261,
1898,
451,
81,
11509,
2288,
291,
11661,
3104,
18,
203,
49,
1100,
8837,
3689,
356,
1312,
430,
1498,
3752,
4886,
5491,
427,
5488,
424,
451,
507,
18,
990,
375,
525,
769,
261,
1139,
2698,
289,
30,
203,
17,
7393,
11879,
742,
338,
421,
453,
1493,
717,
1522,
16,
767,
384,
1054,
286,
292,
3556,
723,
2016,
340,
361,
419,
7846,
340,
13,
203,
17,
600,
271,
293,
1181,
421,
278,
83,
1111,
375,
5151,
268,
3175,
380,
13,
203,
17,
6481,
286,
532,
469,
203,
17,
2951,
427,
424,
10870,
421,
548,
1246,
2951,
1834,
7476,
361,
1792,
9718,
360,
9282,
13,
203,
45,
730,
292,
666,
3039,
9,
10884,
16,
731,
9,
5573,
2930,
4401,
16,
291,
7393,
11879,
742,
338,
292,
1236,
1290,
285,
1054,
18,
203,
4326,
1980,
1331,
372,
87,
3233,
292,
451,
81,
6481,
281,
830,
462,
327,
2821,
717,
334,
4529,
372,
88,
2565,
337,
462,
292,
769,
1076,
542,
1976,
361,
10404,
292,
424,
10795,
5,
1167,
526,
1076,
542,
1976,
316,
261,
1040,
1112,
10769,
18,
553,
316,
851,
292,
3283,
629,
356,
462,
3239,
1031,
507,
16,
291,
502,
565,
462,
2809,
292,
2180,
288,
268,
2107,
18,
900,
730,
292,
2180,
4094,
268,
1479,
289,
268,
2248,
291,
1149,
268,
10319,
2485,
2667,
18,
203,
37,
72,
526,
3551,
4682,
1122,
2073,
391,
11686,
203,
9076,
339,
337,
769,
424,
2698,
289,
8837,
291,
1493,
3689,
16,
337,
1204,
769,
4886,
292,
424,
10795,
18,
1598,
507,
730,
292,
2180,
288,
261,
1560,
84,
566,
462,
4996,
1072,
18,
1021,
1082,
336,
1555,
35,
5231,
16,
362,
316,
268,
1162,
4886,
966,
352,
261,
2111,
2846,
17,
491,
440,
266,
369,
18,
553,
316,
8717,
292,
268,
3727,
566,
462,
576,
1634,
18,
203,
37,
1374,
1962,
1134,
424,
451,
507,
11196,
16,
337,
513,
1333,
292,
769,
261,
1139,
1944,
289,
934,
292,
597,
9070,
289,
268,
10795,
18,
365,
1944,
289,
934,
513,
2354,
341,
667,
772,
451,
507,
337,
437,
292,
5657,
288,
424,
10795,
18,
3142,
261,
1374,
8332,
84,
83,
625,
289,
392,
389,
10945,
17,
987,
3438,
3280,
1881,
375,
617,
424,
733,
451,
507,
886,
3413,
18,
203,
37,
72,
526,
3292,
388,
333,
4794,
332,
450,
365,
391,
263,
203,
37,
837,
2697,
424,
10795,
16,
4654,
261,
3371,
16,
291,
261,
1312,
2698,
289,
3885,
526,
1811,
16,
362,
372,
87,
669,
292,
769,
268,
451,
507,
18,
990,
513,
1333,
292,
5657,
424,
10795,
360,
8230,
2353,
4638,
796,
2353,
25,
80,
825,
289,
451,
507,
574,
5757,
3130,
289,
2248,
1494,
18,
540,
7900,
289,
451,
507,
513,
1059,
2054,
1982,
1846,
292,
3577,
2315,
288,
424,
10795,
18,
1440,
261,
3263,
289,
669,
16,
337,
513,
901,
424,
2243,
91,
536,
2196,
932,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
3273,
424,
451,
507,
16,
1537,
261,
1139,
279,
11710,
636,
268,
3885,
526,
291,
4133,
424,
451,
507,
288,
268,
279,
11710,
18,
553,
316,
261,
1060,
2505,
292,
1927,
622,
1834,
421,
8574,
462,
288,
13,
268,
279,
11710,
289,
934,
337,
9089,
1962,
4235,
18,
203,
48,
73,
2366,
268,
308,
323,
1070,
331,
268,
855,
1374,
1962,
430,
1311,
375,
4078,
424,
451,
507,
292,
2408,
268,
3885,
526,
18,
11387,
1141,
16,
502,
513,
1236,
3931,
4094,
268,
934,
337,
2294,
291,
1071,
288,
579,
3600,
18,
11646,
268,
538,
91,
86,
2846,
17,
491,
440,
266,
369,
537,
4886,
966,
995,
629,
855,
1374,
1962,
316,
3226,
18,
5146,
341,
424,
10795,
2438,
16,
291,
9939,
360,
770,
717,
1990,
18,
203,
6164,
337,
1927,
268,
308,
323,
341,
424,
10795,
4248,
16,
424,
451,
507,
602,
1333,
292,
7640,
18,
5815,
268,
1955,
331,
261,
1374,
2575,
361,
1962,
292,
4078,
622,
292,
2608,
292,
3885,
526,
18,
365,
1360,
291,
1294,
970,
4048,
268,
451,
507,
1103,
292,
1976,
291,
9459,
18,
203,
4688,
1122,
418,
2621,
2073,
2132,
511,
1598,
507,
203,
37,
837,
261,
1374,
1962,
292,
261,
2569,
16,
337,
513,
648,
292,
769,
512,
934,
292,
424,
10795,
18,
330,
1060,
4129,
316,
2270,
292,
2170,
424,
451,
507,
512,
687,
502,
375,
2564,
288,
597,
2569,
18,
829,
337,
565,
16,
362,
911,
5151,
268,
2263,
291,
1643,
4886,
971,
289,
10319,
3511,
18,
2255,
10129,
1856,
336,
261,
451,
81,
375,
2564,
606,
2146,
288,
934,
2438,
18,
203,
45,
372,
317,
4266,
336,
268,
710,
1783,
898,
292,
2170,
1290,
451,
507,
316,
419,
8483,
268,
279,
11710,
892,
18,
540,
1336,
2675,
2435,
261,
1139,
279,
11710,
288,
268,
3885,
526,
430,
261,
865,
4337,
953,
669,
334,
2170,
622,
18,
334,
1255,
456,
892,
4070,
971,
362,
5212,
479,
292,
2591,
667,
1111,
291,
667,
3498,
1290,
451,
507,
356,
7687,
268,
934,
18,
334,
375,
2619,
2747,
268,
1887,
5488,
4337,
1134,
4542,
622,
512,
934,
18,
203,
7508,
11202,
451,
81,
934,
16,
337,
513,
1333,
292,
1226,
1890,
1478,
785,
297,
18,
461,
907,
1780,
268,
451,
507,
1537,
443,
268,
1380,
2667,
18,
1598,
507,
648,
785,
297,
331,
444,
319,
7153,
485,
292,
2603,
1190,
291,
1537,
443,
934,
18,
7997,
769,
1158,
289,
4867,
9078,
16,
1886,
291,
793,
11834,
4334,
76,
4983,
16,
291,
793,
11834,
272,
483,
345,
422,
4983,
375,
617,
424,
451,
507,
1643,
444,
1882,
292,
1537,
443,
444,
934,
2640,
18,
203,
42,
8026,
2073,
1598,
507,
203,
43,
509,
388,
536,
4010,
869,
11521,
388,
536,
4010,
869,
203,
37,
90,
415,
354,
335,
16,
3268,
1219,
16,
770,
81,
306,
266,
16,
3212,
10409,
16,
5658,
93,
1302,
614,
16,
4334,
76,
4983,
16,
4867,
9078,
869,
2058,
323,
300,
2334,
421,
1049,
8584,
16,
1245,
806,
16,
351,
9234,
310,
989,
4425,
16,
1195,
2368,
16,
3561,
2368,
16,
10071,
869,
203,
38,
80,
1753,
516,
289,
1290,
934,
3280,
1881,
288,
261,
725,
2806,
316,
1274,
16,
291,
558,
8854,
268,
6465,
679,
389,
636,
11106,
2237,
4995,
87,
18,
334,
1776,
2879,
268,
4995,
87,
291,
2053,
622,
264,
738,
2553,
3373,
1134,
666,
18,
540,
1336,
2089,
479,
292,
437,
934,
341,
1129,
291,
1288,
362,
428,
271,
16,
1377,
9772,
16,
291,
1351,
11944,
18,
203,
37,
837,
337,
2170,
424,
451,
507,
16,
4654,
261,
3863,
289,
1560,
84,
16,
543,
2683,
1007,
3531,
10884,
1884,
2930,
4401,
316,
261,
1060,
2505,
18,
540,
5676,
352,
261,
6413,
3863,
331,
268,
451,
507,
291,
4993,
268,
8153,
336,
1232,
1111,
4171,
542,
934,
513,
7842,
6907,
730,
3714,
949,
423,
292,
268,
10795,
18,
203,
49,
412,
5045,
330,
388,
536,
2132,
511,
391,
263,
203,
37,
837,
424,
451,
507,
356,
3413,
16,
291,
337,
372,
317,
4382,
72,
628,
444,
5488,
5806,
16
] |
THE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR thermal expansion (CTE, a, or a1) is a material property that is indicative of the extent to which a material expands upon heating. Different substances expand by different amounts. Over small temperature ranges, the thermal expansion of uniform linear objects is proportional to temperature change. Thermal expansion finds useful application in bimetallic strips for the construction of thermometers but can generate detrimental internal stress when a structural part is heated and kept at constant length.
For a more detailed discussion of thermal expansion including theory and the effect of crystal symmetry, the reader is referred to the CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties, Volumes 1 to 4, Thermal Expansion of Solids (Ref 1).
Definition of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Most solid materials expand upon heating and contract when cooled. The change in length with temperature for a solid material can be expressed as:
where l0 and lf represent, respectively, the original and final lengths with the temperature change from T0 toTf. The parameter a1 CTE and has units of reciprocal temperature (K–1) such as µm / m · K or 10–6/K.
The coefficient of thermal expansion is also often defined as the fractional increase in length per unit rise in temperature. The exact definition varies, depending on whether it is specified at a precise temperature (true coefficient of thermal expansion or a-bar or over a temperature range (mean coefficient of thermal expansion or a). The true coefficient is related to the slope of the tangent of the length versus temperature plot, while the mean coefficient is governed by the slope of the chord between two points on the curve. Variation in CTE values can occur according to the definition used. When a is constant over the temperature range then a= a-bar. Finite-element analysis (FEA) software such as NASTRAN (MSC Software) requires that a be input, not a-bar.
Heating or cooling affects all the dimensions of a body of material, with a resultant change in volume. Volume changes may be determined from:
where delta V and V0 are the volume change and original volume, respectively, and aV represents the volume coefficient of thermal expansion. In many materials, the value of aV is anisotropic; that is, it depends on the crystallographic direction along which it is measured. For materials in which the thermal expansion is isotropic, aV is approximately 3a1.
How To Measure Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
To determine the thermal expansion coefficient, two physical quantities (displacement and temperature) must be measured on a sample that is undergoing a thermal cycle. Three of the main techniques used for CTE measurement are dilatometry, interferometry, and thermomechanical analysis. Optical imaging can also be used at extreme temperatures. X-ray diffraction can be used to study changes in the lattice parameter but may not correspond to bulk thermal expansion.
Mechanical dilatometry techniques are widely used. With this technique, a specimen is heated in a furnace and displacement of the ends of the specimen are transmitted to a sensor by means of push rods. The precision of the test is lower than that of interferometry, and the test is generally applicable to materials with CTE above 5×10–6/K (2.8×10–6/°F) over the temperature range of –180 to 900 °C (–290 to1650°F). Push rods may be of the vitreous silica type, the high-purity alumina type, or the isotropic graphite type. Alumina systems can extend the temperature range up to 1600 °C (2900 °F) and graphite systems up to 2500 °C (4500 °F). ASTM Test Method E228 (Ref 2) cove the determination of linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using vitreous silica push rod or tube dilatometers.
With optical interference techniques, displacement of the specimen ends is measured in terms of the number of wave lengths of monochromatic light. Precision is significantly greater than with thermomechanical dilatometry.
Measurements are made with a thermomechanical analyzer consisting of a specimen holder and a probe that transmits changes in length to a transducer that translates movements of the probe into an electrical signal. The apparatus also consists of a furnace for uniform heating, a temperature-sensing element, calipers, and a means of recording results. ASTM Test Method E831 (Ref 4) describes the standard test method for linear thermal expansion of solid materials by thermomechanical analysis. The lower limit for CTE with this method is 5 × 10–6/K (2.8 × 10–6/°F), but it may be used at lower or negative expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision. The applicable temperature range is –120 to 600 °C (–185 to 1110 °F), but the temperature range may be extended depending on instrumentation and calibration materials.
With respect to temperature, the magnitude of the CTE increases with rising temperature. Thermal expansion of pure metals has been well characterized up to their melting points, but data for engineering alloys at very high temperatures may be limited. In general, CTE values for metals fall between those of ceramics (lower values) and polymers (higher values). Common values for metals and alloys are in the range of 10 to 30×10–6/K (5.5 to 16.5×10–6/°F). The lowest expansion is found in the iron-nickel alloys such as Invar. Increasing expansion occurs with silicon, tungsten, titanium, silver, iron, nickel, steel, gold, copper, tin, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, lead, potassium, sodium, and lithium.
Low-expansion allows are materials with dimensions that do not change appreciably with temperature. Alloys included in this category are various binary iron-nickel alloys and several ternary alloys of iron combined with nickel-chromium, nickel-cobalt, or cobalt-chromium alloying. Low-expansion alloys are used in applications such as rods and tapes for geodetic surveying, compensating pendulums and balance wheels for clocks and watches, moving parts that require control of expansion (such as pistons for some internal-combustion engines), bimetal strip, glass-to-metal seals, thermostatic strip, vessels and piping for storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas, superconducting systems in power transmissions, integrated-circuit lead frames, components for radios and other electronic devices, and structural components in optical and laser measuring systems.
For low-expansion alloys, it is recommended to measure with a differential TMA. This ensures accurate measurement, as cancelling out the expansion of the instrument itself is essential when the expansion of the sample is very low. To learn more about the Rigaku differential TMA, check out this page, or email [email protected]
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
The dimensional change of aluminum and its alloys with a change of temperature is roughly twice that of the ferrous metals. The average CTE for commercially pure metal is 24×10–6/K (13×10–6/°F). Aluminum alloys are affected by the presence of silicon and copper, which reduce expansion, and magnesium, which increases it. Its high expansion should be considered when aluminum is used with other materials, especially in rigid structures, although the stresses developed are moderated by the low elastic modulus of aluminum. If dimensions are very large, as for example in a light alloy superstructure on a steel ship or where large pieces of aluminum are set on a steel framework or in masonry, then slip joints, plastic caulking, and other stress-relieving devices are usually needed. In the aluminum internal-combustion engine piston that works in an iron or steel cylinder, differential expansion is countered by the employment of low-expansion iron cylinder linings, or by split piston skirts and non expanding struts cast into the piston.
Plain chromium stainless steel grades have an expansion coefficient similar to carbon (mild) steels, but that of the austenitic grades is about 11⁄2 times higher. The combination of high expansion and low thermal conductivity means that precautions must be taken to avoid adverse effects. For example, during welding of austenitic grades use low heat input, dissipate heat by use of copper backing bars, and use adequate jigging. Coefficient of thermal expansion must be considered in components that use a mixture of materials such as heat exchangers with mild steel shells and austenitic grade tubes.
The coefficient of thermal expansion is an important factor when welding two dissimilar base metals. Large differences in the CTE values of adjacent metals during cooling will induce tensile stress in one metal and compressive stress in the other. The metal subject to tensile stress may hot crack during welding, or it may cold crack in service unless the stresses are relieved thermally or mechanically. This factor is particularly important in joints that will operate at elevated temperatures in acyclic temperature mode. A common example of this is austenitic stainless steel / ferritic steel pipe butt joints used in energy-conversion plants.
Bring Thermal Expansion / CTE Testing In-House
Rigaku’s industry leading differential TMA is the instrument of choice when measuring low-expansion materials, and when accuracy is important. In differential TMA, the reference material is run at the same time as the sample, so you can streamline your testing. The Rigaku differential TMA can be configured for a wide temperature range of -150C to 1500C, and for different sample sizes, including thin films.
C-Therm represents Rigaku thermal analysis (DSC, STA, and TMA) in the US. Click here to learn more about bringing CTE testing in house.
Thermal Expansion / CTE Testing Service
Thermal Analysis Labs, a division of C-Therm Technologies, offers CTE measurements in a wide temperature range (-70C to 1500C). For a full list of testing services, please visit our website or send us an email at [email protected].
1. R.E. Taylor, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Thermal Expansion of Solids, Vol 1–4, ASM International, 1998
2. “Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer,” E 228-95, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, 1995
3. “Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferome- try,” E 289-99, Annual Book of ASTM Stan- dards, ASTM, 1999
4. “Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermome- chanical Analysis,” E 831, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, 2000
- J.E. Eltherington & Son(Aluminium) Ltd, http://www.eltherington.co.uk/, 2002
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Com- puter Aided Materials Engineering, Materials Engineering Department, University of Wales, Swansea, U.K., http://irc.swansea.ac.uk/,1998; revised 2001
- Metals Handbook Desk Edition,2nd ed., ASM International,1998
- R. Nave, Hyperphysics, Georgia State University, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2002
- Welding, Brazing, and Soldering, Vol 6, ASM Handbook, ASM International,1993 | <urn:uuid:98f7591a-b669-4078-bd86-319d236de0d5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ctherm.com/resources/newsroom/blog/coefficient-of-thermal-expansion/ | 2024-02-25T06:09:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.884932 | 2,449 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
9670,
41,
2187,
9442,
42,
4033,
45,
10081,
7578,
458,
3746,
41,
3157,
6709,
6819,
421,
10097,
41,
16,
261,
16,
361,
261,
21,
13,
316,
261,
1193,
3278,
336,
316,
2181,
774,
289,
268,
5571,
292,
518,
261,
1193,
771,
1863,
2807,
5810,
18,
7107,
5471,
3754,
419,
865,
4175,
18,
2730,
1139,
2263,
9339,
16,
268,
6709,
6819,
289,
8802,
9034,
3582,
316,
6189,
1556,
292,
2263,
1317,
18,
321,
1348,
280,
6819,
8462,
3209,
2889,
288,
285,
344,
364,
453,
300,
637,
2444,
331,
268,
3076,
289,
4415,
311,
3824,
566,
375,
4522,
10531,
9990,
4180,
1751,
649,
261,
6534,
923,
316,
11670,
291,
5189,
430,
3453,
3510,
18,
203,
8679,
261,
512,
4796,
5122,
289,
6709,
6819,
1118,
3580,
291,
268,
2365,
289,
793,
10459,
928,
81,
1475,
891,
16,
268,
6659,
316,
4612,
292,
268,
351,
3746,
40,
2815,
3655,
343,
5236,
341,
8047,
6268,
1235,
16,
6035,
5848,
433,
292,
988,
16,
321,
1348,
280,
6067,
504,
305,
289,
3688,
1406,
421,
54,
4727,
433,
802,
203,
40,
4727,
263,
564,
289,
2959,
7664,
289,
321,
1348,
280,
6067,
504,
305,
203,
49,
511,
4236,
1811,
3754,
2807,
5810,
291,
6519,
649,
3078,
286,
18,
365,
1317,
288,
3510,
360,
2263,
331,
261,
4236,
1193,
375,
327,
6925,
352,
30,
203,
3374,
308,
20,
291,
308,
74,
2151,
16,
8860,
16,
268,
3388,
291,
3657,
3510,
87,
360,
268,
2263,
1317,
427,
307,
20,
292,
56,
74,
18,
365,
677,
6401,
261,
21,
9637,
41,
291,
528,
5117,
289,
5234,
8125,
280,
2263,
421,
47,
2453,
21,
13,
659,
352,
3288,
118,
81,
4158,
293,
9240,
696,
361,
1474,
2453,
26,
19,
47,
18,
203,
1461,
742,
7664,
289,
6709,
6819,
316,
525,
970,
4486,
352,
268,
968,
313,
1556,
1643,
288,
3510,
574,
4249,
3573,
288,
2263,
18,
365,
3427,
5399,
7964,
16,
3509,
341,
2026,
362,
316,
9332,
430,
261,
6357,
2263,
421,
322,
610,
742,
7664,
289,
6709,
6819,
361,
261,
17,
8569,
361,
658,
261,
2263,
1749,
421,
1475,
282,
742,
7664,
289,
6709,
6819,
361,
261,
802,
365,
2915,
742,
7664,
316,
2336,
292,
268,
1580,
1838,
289,
268,
9140,
302,
289,
268,
3510,
9823,
2263,
8770,
16,
1020,
268,
1555,
742,
7664,
316,
1334,
286,
419,
268,
1580,
1838,
289,
268,
392,
791,
858,
881,
3097,
341,
268,
9439,
18,
7184,
2202,
288,
9637,
41,
3119,
375,
1595,
2310,
292,
268,
5399,
724,
18,
1097,
261,
316,
3453,
658,
268,
2263,
1749,
1023,
261,
33,
261,
17,
8569,
18,
2768,
674,
17,
73,
1484,
2286,
421,
42,
10043,
13,
2436,
659,
352,
5723,
56,
54,
3940,
421,
5513,
39,
10742,
13,
2559,
336,
261,
327,
5202,
16,
462,
261,
17,
8569,
18,
203,
8472,
673,
361,
6370,
4238,
516,
268,
8988,
289,
261,
1073,
289,
1193,
16,
360,
261,
1636,
438,
1317,
288,
4765,
18,
6035,
2945,
1703,
602,
327,
5108,
427,
30,
203,
3374,
1404,
358,
720,
291,
720,
20,
356,
268,
4765,
1317,
291,
3388,
4765,
16,
8860,
16,
291,
261,
58,
5064,
268,
4765,
742,
7664,
289,
6709,
6819,
18,
450,
772,
1811,
16,
268,
2003,
289,
261,
58,
316,
363,
277,
376,
849,
300,
31,
336,
316,
16,
362,
4465,
341,
268,
9499,
453,
5495,
4210,
1910,
518,
362,
316,
5859,
18,
906,
1811,
288,
518,
268,
6709,
6819,
316,
316,
376,
849,
300,
16,
261,
58,
316,
4745,
777,
69,
21,
18,
203,
6724,
1122,
2172,
5886,
2959,
7664,
289,
321,
1348,
280,
6067,
504,
305,
203,
10702,
2747,
268,
6709,
6819,
742,
7664,
16,
881,
1646,
9103,
421,
9837,
3977,
367,
291,
2263,
13,
1204,
327,
5859,
341,
261,
4829,
336,
316,
7876,
281,
261,
6709,
3853,
18,
8089,
289,
268,
939,
2377,
724,
331,
9637,
41,
6671,
356,
7792,
271,
436,
891,
16,
630,
529,
436,
891,
16,
291,
4415,
311,
2274,
466,
2286,
18,
3392,
962,
7475,
375,
525,
327,
724,
430,
4657,
3798,
18,
2928,
17,
6802,
643,
6569,
1733,
375,
327,
724,
292,
1147,
1703,
288,
268,
3771,
1273,
677,
6401,
566,
602,
462,
11415,
292,
11529,
6709,
6819,
18,
203,
49,
2274,
466,
7792,
271,
436,
891,
2377,
356,
4004,
724,
18,
1440,
456,
3925,
16,
261,
722,
9867,
316,
11670,
288,
261,
6257,
570,
291,
2870,
570,
367,
289,
268,
6933,
289,
268,
722,
9867,
356,
8886,
292,
261,
7161,
419,
1486,
289,
4017,
633,
727,
18,
365,
6884,
289,
268,
1265,
316,
1898,
687,
336,
289,
630,
529,
436,
891,
16,
291,
268,
1265,
316,
2918,
10511,
292,
1811,
360,
9637,
41,
2159,
1016,
132,
250,
2316,
2453,
26,
19,
47,
421,
22,
18,
28,
132,
250,
2316,
2453,
26,
19,
5106,
42,
13,
658,
268,
2263,
1749,
289,
796,
3202,
20,
292,
1717,
587,
3288,
113,
39,
421,
2453,
22,
6054,
292,
3801,
2520,
5106,
42,
802,
382,
1652,
633,
727,
602,
327,
289,
268,
2638,
267,
499,
3124,
5663,
1517,
16,
268,
695,
17,
84,
1597,
366,
408,
1835,
1517,
16,
361,
268,
316,
376,
849,
300,
4134,
674,
1517,
18,
996,
408,
1835,
1422,
375,
7012,
268,
2263,
1749,
644,
292,
2648,
587,
3288,
113,
39,
421,
7064,
587,
3288,
113,
42,
13,
291,
4134,
674,
1422,
644,
292,
3457,
587,
3288,
113,
39,
421,
24,
6950,
3288,
113,
42,
802,
330,
5430,
49,
4478,
7487,
416,
5062,
28,
421,
54,
4727,
497,
13,
742,
317,
268,
10908,
289,
9034,
6709,
6819,
289,
6343,
323,
4236,
1811,
1001,
2638,
267,
499,
3124,
5663,
4017,
9307,
361,
7571,
7792,
7264,
3824,
18,
203,
59,
349,
9298,
630,
3701,
2377,
16,
2870,
570,
367,
289,
268,
722,
9867,
6933,
316,
5859,
288,
2560,
289,
268,
1289,
289,
6159,
3510,
87,
289,
1025,
6095,
409,
1531,
1360,
18,
2412,
71,
1446,
316,
3105,
2796,
687,
360,
4415,
311,
2274,
466,
7792,
271,
436,
891,
18,
203,
49,
73,
5886,
652,
356,
1146,
360,
261,
4415,
311,
2274,
466,
2533,
10329,
11164,
289,
261,
722,
9867,
3325,
265,
291,
261,
347,
1330,
336,
817,
81,
764,
1703,
288,
3510,
292,
261,
817,
534,
265,
336,
4713,
692,
4793,
289,
268,
347,
1330,
636,
363,
3924,
4819,
18,
365,
558,
294,
11706,
525,
5347,
289,
261,
6257,
570,
331,
8802,
5810,
16,
261,
2263,
17,
87,
614,
281,
4156,
16,
1534,
517,
332,
16,
291,
261,
1486,
289,
7481,
1826,
18,
330,
5430,
49,
4478,
7487,
416,
28,
9825,
421,
54,
4727,
988,
13,
6579,
268,
2786,
1265,
1336,
331,
9034,
6709,
6819,
289,
4236,
1811,
419,
4415,
311,
2274,
466,
2286,
18,
365,
1898,
3355,
331,
9637,
41,
360,
456,
1336,
316,
1016,
6426,
250,
1474,
2453,
26,
19,
47,
421,
22,
18,
28,
6426,
250,
1474,
2453,
26,
19,
5106,
42,
989,
566,
362,
602,
327,
724,
430,
1898,
361,
3047,
6819,
1506,
360,
7419,
5078,
291,
6884,
18,
365,
10511,
2263,
1749,
316,
796,
21,
1388,
292,
11705,
3288,
113,
39,
421,
2453,
3202,
25,
292,
2912,
2316,
3288,
113,
42,
989,
566,
268,
2263,
1749,
602,
327,
5923,
3509,
341,
5039,
318,
291,
1534,
2231,
318,
1811,
18,
203,
59,
349,
3856,
292,
2263,
16,
268,
11600,
289,
268,
9637,
41,
3675,
360,
6557,
2263,
18,
321,
1348,
280,
6819,
289,
6391,
7205,
528,
712,
767,
6360,
644,
292,
444,
4555,
542,
3097,
16,
566,
863,
331,
4160,
516,
7432,
430,
1040,
695,
3798,
602,
327,
3064,
18,
450,
2177,
16,
9637,
41,
3119,
331,
7205,
2341,
858,
1014,
289,
1322,
6372,
421,
693,
265,
3119,
13,
291,
867,
2835,
332,
421,
11294,
265,
3119,
802,
4717,
3119,
331,
7205,
291,
516,
7432,
356,
288,
268,
1749,
289,
1474,
292,
2553,
132,
250,
2316,
2453,
26,
19,
47,
421,
25,
18,
25,
292,
2648,
18,
25,
132,
250,
2316,
2453,
26,
19,
5106,
42,
802,
365,
9590,
6819,
316,
986,
288,
268,
4202,
17,
82,
868,
306,
516,
7432,
659,
352,
450,
90,
294,
18,
6202,
1625,
6819,
3606,
360,
3124,
9560,
16,
225,
88,
2846,
503,
270,
16,
1377,
8176,
1231,
16,
7573,
16,
4202,
16,
11454,
306,
16,
4625,
16,
3906,
16,
6927,
16,
4629,
16,
9206,
16,
9242,
16,
10109,
16,
912,
16,
9061,
16,
8572,
16,
291,
11056,
18,
203,
48,
329,
17,
5580,
504,
305,
2089,
356,
1811,
360,
8988,
336,
565,
462,
1317,
4661,
77,
2090,
360,
2263,
18,
1771,
7432,
3380,
288,
456,
7252,
356,
1320,
285,
2749,
4202,
17,
82,
868,
306,
516,
7432,
291,
1520,
225,
843,
556,
516,
7432,
289,
4202,
5158,
360,
11454,
306,
17,
355,
409,
1231,
16,
11454,
306,
17,
71,
1782,
88,
16,
361,
742,
3639,
88,
17,
355,
409,
1231,
516,
905,
281,
18,
6638,
17,
5580,
504,
305,
516,
7432,
356,
724,
288,
2391,
659,
352,
633,
727,
291,
6725,
274,
331,
1965,
1899,
410,
6298,
1411,
16,
7084,
673,
279,
593,
346,
4037,
291,
2909,
5544,
1137,
331,
551,
4250,
291,
3668,
274,
16,
3931,
2287,
336,
1131,
1357,
289,
6819,
421,
7203,
352,
279,
588,
625,
331,
579,
4180,
17,
1896,
70,
310,
328,
7935,
989,
285,
344,
364,
280,
9853,
16,
3840,
17,
278,
17,
8517,
280,
447,
645,
16,
4415,
511,
1531,
9853,
16,
6093,
291,
4137,
281,
331,
3578,
291,
4902,
289,
609,
3610,
74,
870,
1493,
2238,
16,
2643,
1037,
534,
542,
1422,
288,
1056,
817,
81,
2526,
16,
6252,
17,
71,
1737,
1946,
912,
968,
1785,
16,
3008,
331,
2010,
3408,
291,
586,
5229,
2450,
16,
291,
6534,
3008,
288,
9298,
291,
7123,
7283,
1422,
18,
203,
8679,
1488,
17,
5580,
504,
305,
516,
7432,
16,
362,
316,
3505,
292,
2074,
360,
261,
728,
841,
307,
8583,
18,
540,
4698,
3879,
6671,
16,
352,
375,
71,
2515,
628,
268,
6819,
289,
268,
5039,
2635,
316,
1505,
649,
268,
6819,
289,
268,
4829,
316,
1040,
1488,
18,
1122,
1213,
512,
608,
268,
434,
333,
761,
89,
728,
841,
307,
8583,
16,
2373,
628,
456,
3492,
16,
361,
4006,
855,
6397,
18,
80,
603,
6397,
36,
8749,
18,
3206,
203,
8804,
4759,
408,
291,
996,
4759,
408,
1771,
7432,
203,
1461,
5216,
8975,
1317,
289,
9242,
291,
606,
516,
7432,
360,
261,
1317,
289,
2263,
316,
8230,
6428,
336,
289,
268,
2805,
10352,
7205,
18,
365,
2964,
9637,
41,
331,
3782,
1467,
6391,
3691,
316,
3730,
132,
250,
2316,
2453,
26,
19,
47,
421,
4292,
132,
250,
2316,
2453,
26,
19,
5106,
42,
802,
996,
4759,
408,
516,
7432,
356,
3328,
419,
268,
3550,
289,
3124,
9560,
291,
6927,
16,
518,
1590,
6819,
16,
291,
9206,
16,
518,
3675,
362,
18,
3837,
695,
6819,
788,
327,
2221,
649,
9242,
316,
724,
360,
586,
1811,
16,
1803,
288,
6343,
323,
3702,
16,
3781,
268,
1751,
274,
2317,
356,
874,
265,
488,
419,
268,
1488,
1628,
2185,
874,
346,
310,
289,
9242,
18,
829,
8988,
356,
1040,
1452,
16,
352,
331,
1214,
288,
261,
1360,
516,
905,
390,
8204,
3166,
341,
261,
4625,
5708,
361,
853,
1452,
4648,
289,
9242,
356,
1075,
341,
261,
4625,
5018,
361,
288,
293,
1431,
1080,
16,
1023,
1580,
517,
7310,
16,
3411,
273,
4310,
505,
16,
291,
586,
1751,
17,
2230,
4616,
2450,
356,
1840,
2224,
18,
450,
268,
9242,
4180,
17,
1896,
70,
310,
328,
2097,
279,
588,
266,
336,
1854,
288,
363,
4202,
361,
4625,
9523,
4966,
16,
728,
841,
6819,
316,
4459,
286,
419,
268,
6205,
289,
1488,
17,
5580,
504,
305,
4202,
9523,
4966,
308,
263,
762,
16,
361,
419,
9081,
279,
588,
266,
885,
338,
340,
291,
1677,
9116,
637,
1557,
6408,
636,
268,
279,
588,
266,
18,
203,
11919,
412,
7756,
1231,
7827,
1465,
4625,
9394,
437,
363,
6819,
742,
7664,
1979,
292,
2375,
421,
81,
585,
13,
1058,
1137,
16,
566,
336,
289,
268,
261,
310,
506,
77,
410,
9394,
316,
608,
2912,
163,
228,
231,
22,
1708,
1797,
18,
365,
3878,
289,
695,
6819,
291,
1488,
6709,
2290,
2862,
1486,
336,
10302,
1204,
327,
2459,
292,
1833,
7781,
1814,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
995,
8985,
289,
261,
310,
506,
77,
410,
9394,
666,
1488,
2164,
5202,
16,
4613,
517,
381,
2164,
419,
666,
289,
6927,
285,
3303,
285,
1267,
16,
291,
666,
5901,
577,
333,
1893,
18,
2959,
7664,
289,
6709,
6819,
1204,
327,
2221,
288,
3008,
336,
666,
261,
7936,
289,
1811,
659,
352,
2164,
3979,
11622,
360,
5497,
4625,
422,
4983,
291,
261,
310,
506,
77,
410
] |
alimony is a term that often carries a negative connotation, typically associated with divorce and financial obligations. However, it is important to understand that alimony serves a purpose in ensuring fairness and stability for both parties involved. In this article, we will explore the concept of alimony, its purpose, and its implications for those receiving it.
Alimony, also known as spousal support, refers to the financial assistance provided by one spouse to another after a divorce or separation. It is typically awarded when there is a significant disparity in income between the two parties or when one spouse has sacrificed their career or education for the benefit of the other.
Alimony aims to ensure that the lower-earning spouse can maintain a similar standard of living even after the dissolution of the marriage. It serves as a means of acknowledging the financial contributions made by both spouses during the marriage and preventing one party from suffering undue hardship post-divorce.
The Purpose of Alimony
The primary purpose of alimony is to provide financial support to the lower-earning spouse, allowing them to transition into a new life and maintain a reasonable standard of living. It is particularly crucial when one spouse has been out of the workforce for an extended period or has limited job prospects due to factors such as age or health.
Additionally, alimony aims to acknowledge the economic and non-economic contributions made by the lower-earning spouse during the marriage. These contributions may include homemaking, child-rearing, or supporting the other spouse’s career growth. Alimony seeks to recognize and compensate for these sacrifices, ensuring fairness in the distribution of resources post-divorce.
Factors Considered in Alimony Determination
When determining the amount and duration of alimony, courts consider various factors to ensure a fair outcome for both parties. These factors may include:
1. Financial needs and resources of each spouse: The court will assess the income, assets, and expenses of both spouses to determine the level of financial support required.
2. Length of the marriage: The duration of the marriage plays a significant role in determining alimony. Longer marriages often result in higher alimony awards, as one spouse may have foregone career opportunities to support the other.
3. Standard of living during the marriage: The court considers the accustomed lifestyle of the couple during the marriage and aims to maintain a similar standard of living for the lower-earning spouse post-divorce.
4. Earning capacity and employability: The court evaluates the employability and earning potential of the lower-earning spouse. If they have the ability to support themselves adequately, the alimony award may be reduced or terminated.
5. Age and health of each spouse: The age and health of both parties are taken into account when determining alimony. If the lower-earning spouse has health issues or is nearing retirement age, they may require more substantial financial support.
Alimony awards are not set in stone and can be modified under certain circumstances. If there is a significant change in the financial situation of either spouse, such as a job loss or a substantial increase in income, the court may consider modifying the alimony amount or duration.
It is essential to note that alimony can also be terminated if the recipient spouse remarries or cohabitates with a new partner. This termination is based on the assumption that the recipient spouse’s financial needs will be met by their new partner.
Alimony, though often seen as a contentious issue, serves an important purpose in ensuring fairness and stability for both spouses post-divorce. It provides financial support to the lower-earning spouse, acknowledges their contributions during the marriage, and aims to maintain a similar standard of living. By considering various factors, courts strive to determine a fair alimony award that takes into account the unique circumstances of each case. Understanding the purpose and intricacies of alimony allows us to appreciate its significance in the realm of family law.
Frequently Raised Concerns Concerning Yet YouʼRe Taking Alimony
What is alimony and how does it work?
Alimony, also known as spousal support, is a legal obligation for one spouse to provide financial support to the other spouse after a divorce or separation. It is intended to help the receiving spouse maintain a similar standard of living to what they had during the marriage. The amount and duration of alimony are determined by various factors such as the length of the marriage, the financial circumstances of both parties, and the earning potential of the receiving spouse. Alimony can be paid in a lump sum or on a regular basis, and it can be modified or terminated based on changing circumstances.
1. Alimony is a legal obligation for one spouse to provide financial support to the other spouse after divorce or separation.
2. The amount and duration of alimony are determined by various factors.
3. Alimony can be paid in different ways and can be modified or terminated based on changing circumstances.
Who is eligible to receive alimony?
In general, the spouse who earns less income or has a lower earning capacity is eligible to receive alimony. However, eligibility for alimony can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific circumstances of the case. Factors that may affect eligibility include the length of the marriage, the financial needs of the receiving spouse, the ability of the paying spouse to provide support, and any agreements made during the divorce process. It is important to consult with a family law attorney to understand your specific rights and eligibility for alimony.
1. The spouse who earns less income or has a lower earning capacity is generally eligible to receive alimony.
2. Eligibility for alimony can vary depending on the jurisdiction and specific circumstances.
3. Consulting with a family law attorney can help determine your specific rights and eligibility for alimony.
Can alimony be modified or terminated?
Yes, alimony can be modified or terminated under certain circumstances. Changes in the financial circumstances of either spouse, such as a significant increase or decrease in income, can be grounds for modification of alimony. Additionally, if the receiving spouse remarries or enters into a new domestic partnership, alimony may be terminated. It is important to note that alimony orders are legally binding, and any modifications or terminations should be done through the appropriate legal channels.
1. Alimony can be modified or terminated based on changes in the financial circumstances of either spouse.
2. Remarriage or entering into a new domestic partnership by the receiving spouse may result in the termination of alimony.
3. Any modifications or terminations of alimony should be done through the appropriate legal channels.
Is alimony tax-deductible for the paying spouse?
Prior to the implementation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2018, alimony payments were tax-deductible for the paying spouse and considered taxable income for the receiving spouse. However, under the new tax law, alimony payments are no longer tax-deductible for the paying spouse, and the receiving spouse is no longer required to report alimony as taxable income. It is important to consult with a tax professional or accountant to understand the specific tax implications of alimony in your situation.
1. Alimony payments made after the implementation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2018 are no longer tax-deductible for the paying spouse.
2. The receiving spouse is no longer required to report alimony as taxable income.
3. Consulting with a tax professional or accountant can help understand the specific tax implications of alimony.
What happens if the paying spouse fails to make alimony payments?
If the paying spouse fails to make alimony payments as ordered by the court, the receiving spouse has legal options to enforce the payments. This may include filing a motion for contempt of court, which can result in penalties such as fines or even imprisonment for the non-compliant spouse. Other enforcement methods may include wage garnishment, where the payments are deducted directly from the paying spouse’s wages, or the involvement of a collection agency. It is important to consult with a family law attorney to understand the legal remedies available in your jurisdiction.
1. If the paying spouse fails to make alimony payments, the receiving spouse has legal options to enforce the payments.
2. Legal options may include filing a motion for contempt of court, wage garnishment, or involving a collection agency.
3. Consulting with a family law attorney can help understand the legal remedies available in your jurisdiction.
Wrong Interpretations Regarding Yet YouʼRe Taking Alimony
1. Yet Youʼre Taking Alimony: Misconception of Financial Dependence
One common misconception regarding the concept of alimony is that individuals who receive it are financially dependent and unable to support themselves. However, this assumption overlooks the fact that alimony is often awarded based on various factors such as income disparities and the duration of the marriage. It is not a reflection of one’s ability to be self-sufficient but rather a means of providing financial support during and after a divorce.
2. Yet Youʼre Taking Alimony: Misconception of Gender Bias
Another widespread misconception is that alimony is biased towards women and that men are unfairly burdened with financial obligations. While it is true that historically alimony has been more commonly awarded to women, this notion fails to acknowledge the evolving nature of family dynamics and the increasing number of men who receive alimony. Alimony decisions are now based on individual circumstances rather than gender.
3. Yet Youʼre Taking Alimony: Misconception of Laziness or Freeloading
There is a misconception that individuals who receive alimony are lazy or taking advantage of their former spouse’s financial resources. This assumption fails to recognize the complexities of a divorce and the financial impact it can have on both parties involved. Alimony is designed to address the economic disparities that may arise as a result of the divorce, ensuring a fair and reasonable transition for both individuals involved.
4. Yet Youʼre Taking Alimony: Misconception of Permanent Financial Support
Many people mistakenly believe that alimony provides permanent financial support to the recipient. However, in reality, alimony is often awarded for a specific period of time, allowing the recipient to establish financial stability and become self-sufficient. The duration and amount of alimony are determined based on factors such as the length of the marriage, each party’s income, and their ability to meet their financial needs independently.
5. Yet Youʼre Taking Alimony: Misconception of Unfair Financial Burden
Some individuals view alimony as an unfair financial burden placed solely on the higher-earning spouse. However, alimony decisions are made based on a careful evaluation of both parties’ financial situations and their ability to maintain a similar standard of living post-divorce. The goal is to ensure a fair distribution of resources and provide temporary assistance to the financially disadvantaged spouse, allowing them to rebuild their life and eventually become self-supporting.
Yet YouʼRe Taking Alimony
Steven Lassiter, an acclaimed divorce attorney from the heart of Texas, traces his roots back to a modest, blue-collar family from the small town of Lubbock. Born on August 12, 1980, his father was a mechanic and his mother, a dedicated teacher. The importance of perseverance and the pursuit of truth were instilled in him at an early age, shaping his character and forging his path to law.
In his youth, Steven was more interested in the works of John Grisham than games of football. His mother’s passion for education nourished his growing intellect, and his father’s work ethic gave him a strong sense of responsibility. As a result, he was an exemplary student, graduating high school as valedictorian. His stirring speech on justice and the pursuit of truth solidified his reputation as a young man of integrity.
Steven attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied pre-law. His industrious nature and keen intellect earned him an impressive academic record, and he was subsequently admitted to the university’s prestigious School of Law. His unwavering commitment to defending the rights of individuals led him to focus on family law, where he believed he could make the most impactful difference.
After passing the Texas Bar in 2005, Steven cut his teeth at a leading law firm in Dallas. Known for his empathetic approach and shrewd negotiation skills, he quickly earned a reputation as an attorney who fought with all his might for his clients. His dedication to their cause and his ability to simplify complex legalities for his clients won him the respect of both his peers and his clients.
In 2010, he took the daring step of establishing his own practice. His reputation as a formidable advocate for his clients ensured that his practice quickly gained traction. As his firm grew, so did Steven’s reputation for handling complex, high-stakes divorces with both sensitivity and firmness.
Today, Steven Lassiter is renowned as one of the best divorce attorneys in Texas. He is known for his unwavering commitment to his clients, his razor-sharp legal acumen, and his relentless pursuit of justice. A dedicated professional, he balances his time between his thriving practice and speaking engagements, sharing his expertise and experiences with aspiring lawyers across the state.
Despite his high-profile career, Steven never forgets his humble beginnings. He has always prioritized giving back to his community, participating in several pro bono programs and local charities. His commitment to fairness and justice extends beyond the courtroom, making him a respected figure not just in the legal community, but in his hometown as well.
Though his journey has had its share of hardships and late nights, Steven Lassiter, the mechanic’s son from Lubbock, wouldn’t have it any other way. His commitment to his clients, his passion for justice, and his unyielding pursuit of the truth have made him a beacon in the world of family law. His journey is a testament to the power of perseverance, determination, and unwavering belief in the cause of justice.
This is the life of Steven Lassiter – a devoted son, a tenacious attorney, and a beacon of hope for those navigating the stormy seas of divorce. | <urn:uuid:f262a4f5-ae06-4815-95a9-ee5895a0d036> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://divorceresourcecenter.help/yet-you%CA%BCre-taking-alimony/ | 2024-02-25T05:24:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.970325 | 2,944 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
280,
344,
4005,
316,
261,
2085,
336,
970,
9911,
261,
3047,
1383,
376,
318,
16,
2437,
2062,
360,
3436,
283,
339,
291,
2153,
11528,
18,
1121,
16,
362,
316,
851,
292,
992,
336,
366,
344,
4005,
5155,
261,
3094,
288,
3171,
3819,
822,
291,
5348,
331,
1079,
5238,
2729,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
513,
2408,
268,
3313,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
16,
606,
3094,
16,
291,
606,
5926,
331,
1014,
6722,
362,
18,
203,
37,
4498,
4005,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
440,
499,
280,
1105,
16,
4080,
292,
268,
2153,
5192,
2756,
419,
597,
440,
1386,
292,
1515,
1003,
261,
3436,
283,
339,
361,
9389,
18,
553,
316,
2437,
11205,
649,
686,
316,
261,
1297,
10064,
380,
288,
3871,
858,
268,
881,
5238,
361,
649,
597,
440,
1386,
528,
11691,
286,
444,
4222,
361,
1637,
331,
268,
3145,
289,
268,
586,
18,
203,
37,
4498,
4005,
5317,
292,
1530,
336,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
375,
1638,
261,
1979,
2786,
289,
2299,
919,
1003,
268,
4613,
1761,
289,
268,
7024,
18,
553,
5155,
352,
261,
1486,
289,
8083,
1893,
268,
2153,
7390,
1146,
419,
1079,
440,
9553,
995,
268,
7024,
291,
4888,
597,
4982,
427,
5315,
641,
610,
296,
1519,
1028,
2215,
17,
72,
406,
283,
339,
18,
203,
1461,
8528,
2536,
289,
996,
344,
4005,
203,
1461,
2818,
3094,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
316,
292,
1153,
2153,
1105,
292,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
16,
3240,
622,
292,
4992,
636,
261,
733,
943,
291,
1638,
261,
8810,
2786,
289,
2299,
18,
553,
316,
2467,
1821,
649,
597,
440,
1386,
528,
712,
628,
289,
268,
9713,
331,
363,
5923,
1604,
361,
528,
3064,
3065,
10680,
798,
1504,
292,
1802,
659,
352,
1722,
361,
661,
18,
203,
37,
8560,
2479,
16,
366,
344,
4005,
5317,
292,
9821,
268,
2268,
291,
1677,
17,
9305,
7390,
1146,
419,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
995,
268,
7024,
18,
948,
7390,
602,
1226,
1311,
4757,
16,
739,
17,
267,
1818,
16,
361,
4918,
268,
586,
440,
1386,
372,
87,
4222,
1668,
18,
996,
344,
4005,
10887,
292,
4726,
291,
7084,
381,
331,
629,
11691,
274,
16,
3171,
3819,
822,
288,
268,
4385,
289,
1793,
2215,
17,
72,
406,
283,
339,
18,
203,
42,
9098,
4619,
286,
288,
996,
344,
4005,
11917,
1277,
203,
7508,
7078,
268,
1944,
291,
7377,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
16,
9364,
1119,
1320,
1802,
292,
1530,
261,
3819,
6811,
331,
1079,
5238,
18,
948,
1802,
602,
1226,
30,
203,
21,
18,
9033,
1470,
291,
1793,
289,
1011,
440,
1386,
30,
365,
4766,
513,
2123,
268,
3871,
16,
5508,
16,
291,
7275,
289,
1079,
440,
9553,
292,
2747,
268,
966,
289,
2153,
1105,
2207,
18,
203,
22,
18,
458,
2994,
289,
268,
7024,
30,
365,
7377,
289,
268,
7024,
3806,
261,
1297,
1476,
288,
7078,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
5801,
265,
1491,
634,
1172,
970,
1636,
288,
1797,
366,
344,
4005,
261,
1905,
16,
352,
597,
440,
1386,
602,
437,
2382,
75,
590,
4222,
2824,
292,
1105,
268,
586,
18,
203,
23,
18,
9226,
289,
2299,
995,
268,
7024,
30,
365,
4766,
573,
5966,
268,
765,
310,
1049,
286,
4185,
289,
268,
6080,
995,
268,
7024,
291,
5317,
292,
1638,
261,
1979,
2786,
289,
2299,
331,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
2215,
17,
72,
406,
283,
339,
18,
203,
24,
18,
2102,
668,
3493,
291,
1798,
1303,
30,
365,
4766,
2781,
692,
268,
1798,
1303,
291,
9691,
1439,
289,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
18,
829,
502,
437,
268,
1882,
292,
1105,
2315,
4959,
1300,
16,
268,
366,
344,
4005,
7433,
602,
327,
3544,
361,
2085,
4231,
18,
203,
25,
18,
7251,
291,
661,
289,
1011,
440,
1386,
30,
365,
1722,
291,
661,
289,
1079,
5238,
356,
2459,
636,
3060,
649,
7078,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
829,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
528,
661,
1659,
361,
316,
428,
1818,
8290,
11433,
1722,
16,
502,
602,
1131,
512,
7060,
2153,
1105,
18,
203,
37,
4498,
4005,
261,
1905,
356,
462,
1075,
288,
5371,
291,
375,
327,
8672,
1064,
1575,
5523,
18,
829,
686,
316,
261,
1297,
1317,
288,
268,
2153,
3118,
289,
2447,
440,
1386,
16,
659,
352,
261,
3065,
1866,
361,
261,
7060,
1643,
288,
3871,
16,
268,
4766,
602,
1119,
874,
5005,
268,
366,
344,
4005,
1944,
361,
7377,
18,
203,
4077,
316,
1505,
292,
3251,
336,
366,
344,
4005,
375,
525,
327,
2085,
4231,
717,
268,
5234,
747,
440,
1386,
818,
2888,
423,
361,
742,
4108,
297,
692,
360,
261,
733,
5640,
18,
540,
2085,
1277,
316,
1585,
341,
268,
8032,
328,
336,
268,
5234,
747,
440,
1386,
372,
87,
2153,
1470,
513,
327,
1757,
419,
444,
733,
5640,
18,
203,
37,
4498,
4005,
16,
1417,
970,
2279,
352,
261,
353,
506,
287,
499,
2682,
16,
5155,
363,
851,
3094,
288,
3171,
3819,
822,
291,
5348,
331,
1079,
440,
9553,
2215,
17,
72,
406,
283,
339,
18,
553,
1956,
2153,
1105,
292,
268,
1898,
17,
521,
668,
440,
1386,
16,
8083,
940,
444,
7390,
995,
268,
7024,
16,
291,
5317,
292,
1638,
261,
1979,
2786,
289,
2299,
18,
1285,
5337,
1320,
1802,
16,
9364,
11411,
292,
2747,
261,
3819,
366,
344,
4005,
7433,
336,
2844,
636,
3060,
268,
2070,
5523,
289,
1011,
1731,
18,
3793,
268,
3094,
291,
5863,
8933,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
2089,
407,
292,
7917,
606,
4489,
288,
268,
7897,
289,
1588,
1536,
18,
203,
42,
11182,
1402,
11431,
1754,
1161,
1000,
1950,
1161,
1000,
668,
5942,
990,
139,
125,
8594,
8964,
996,
344,
4005,
203,
4688,
316,
366,
344,
4005,
291,
667,
1082,
362,
716,
35,
203,
37,
4498,
4005,
16,
525,
1261,
352,
440,
499,
280,
1105,
16,
316,
261,
2953,
6586,
318,
331,
597,
440,
1386,
292,
1153,
2153,
1105,
292,
268,
586,
440,
1386,
1003,
261,
3436,
283,
339,
361,
9389,
18,
553,
316,
4990,
292,
617,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
1638,
261,
1979,
2786,
289,
2299,
292,
768,
502,
850,
995,
268,
7024,
18,
365,
1944,
291,
7377,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
356,
5108,
419,
1320,
1802,
659,
352,
268,
3510,
289,
268,
7024,
16,
268,
2153,
5523,
289,
1079,
5238,
16,
291,
268,
9691,
1439,
289,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
18,
996,
344,
4005,
375,
327,
5826,
288,
261,
308,
2047,
2205,
361,
341,
261,
1998,
3762,
16,
291,
362,
375,
327,
8672,
361,
2085,
4231,
1585,
341,
3934,
5523,
18,
203,
21,
18,
996,
344,
4005,
316,
261,
2953,
6586,
318,
331,
597,
440,
1386,
292,
1153,
2153,
1105,
292,
268,
586,
440,
1386,
1003,
3436,
283,
339,
361,
9389,
18,
203,
22,
18,
365,
1944,
291,
7377,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
356,
5108,
419,
1320,
1802,
18,
203,
23,
18,
996,
344,
4005,
375,
327,
5826,
288,
865,
1714,
291,
375,
327,
8672,
361,
2085,
4231,
1585,
341,
3934,
5523,
18,
203,
2895,
83,
316,
11336,
292,
3273,
366,
344,
4005,
35,
203,
2983,
2177,
16,
268,
440,
1386,
650,
945,
1950,
1165,
3871,
361,
528,
261,
1898,
9691,
3493,
316,
11336,
292,
3273,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
1121,
16,
1628,
333,
1767,
331,
366,
344,
4005,
375,
3360,
3509,
341,
268,
10385,
2597,
291,
268,
1430,
5523,
289,
268,
1731,
18,
9778,
336,
602,
2242,
1628,
333,
1767,
1226,
268,
3510,
289,
268,
7024,
16,
268,
2153,
1470,
289,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
16,
268,
1882,
289,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
292,
1153,
1105,
16,
291,
723,
10342,
1146,
995,
268,
3436,
283,
339,
833,
18,
553,
316,
851,
292,
4072,
360,
261,
1588,
1536,
430,
11417,
292,
992,
424,
1430,
2535,
291,
1628,
333,
1767,
331,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
203,
21,
18,
365,
440,
1386,
650,
945,
1950,
1165,
3871,
361,
528,
261,
1898,
9691,
3493,
316,
2918,
11336,
292,
3273,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
203,
22,
18,
3618,
333,
1767,
331,
366,
344,
4005,
375,
3360,
3509,
341,
268,
10385,
2597,
291,
1430,
5523,
18,
203,
23,
18,
1895,
10527,
360,
261,
1588,
1536,
430,
11417,
375,
617,
2747,
424,
1430,
2535,
291,
1628,
333,
1767,
331,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
203,
39,
282,
366,
344,
4005,
327,
8672,
361,
2085,
4231,
35,
203,
61,
274,
16,
366,
344,
4005,
375,
327,
8672,
361,
2085,
4231,
1064,
1575,
5523,
18,
11725,
288,
268,
2153,
5523,
289,
2447,
440,
1386,
16,
659,
352,
261,
1297,
1643,
361,
5032,
288,
3871,
16,
375,
327,
9078,
331,
874,
2843,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
2848,
16,
717,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
818,
2888,
423,
361,
11736,
636,
261,
733,
5143,
8773,
16,
366,
344,
4005,
602,
327,
2085,
4231,
18,
553,
316,
851,
292,
3251,
336,
366,
344,
4005,
9195,
356,
1418,
523,
10526,
16,
291,
723,
11538,
361,
2085,
5049,
788,
327,
2217,
734,
268,
2922,
2953,
8727,
18,
203,
21,
18,
996,
344,
4005,
375,
327,
8672,
361,
2085,
4231,
1585,
341,
1703,
288,
268,
2153,
5523,
289,
2447,
440,
1386,
18,
203,
22,
18,
3253,
294,
5582,
361,
8034,
636,
261,
733,
5143,
8773,
419,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
602,
1636,
288,
268,
2085,
1277,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
203,
23,
18,
5007,
11538,
361,
2085,
5049,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
788,
327,
2217,
734,
268,
2922,
2953,
8727,
18,
203,
7896,
366,
344,
4005,
2745,
17,
3531,
405,
5785,
331,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
35,
203,
52,
7872,
292,
268,
5359,
289,
268,
10690,
351,
1557,
291,
596,
4020,
3715,
288,
4827,
16,
366,
344,
4005,
8616,
664,
2745,
17,
3531,
405,
5785,
331,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
291,
2221,
2745,
541,
3871,
331,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
18,
1121,
16,
1064,
268,
733,
2745,
1536,
16,
366,
344,
4005,
8616,
356,
688,
2473,
2745,
17,
3531,
405,
5785,
331,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
16,
291,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
316,
688,
2473,
2207,
292,
1627,
366,
344,
4005,
352,
2745,
541,
3871,
18,
553,
316,
851,
292,
4072,
360,
261,
2745,
2497,
361,
3060,
438,
292,
992,
268,
1430,
2745,
5926,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
288,
424,
3118,
18,
203,
21,
18,
996,
344,
4005,
8616,
1146,
1003,
268,
5359,
289,
268,
10690,
351,
1557,
291,
596,
4020,
3715,
288,
4827,
356,
688,
2473,
2745,
17,
3531,
405,
5785,
331,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
18,
203,
22,
18,
365,
6722,
440,
1386,
316,
688,
2473,
2207,
292,
1627,
366,
344,
4005,
352,
2745,
541,
3871,
18,
203,
23,
18,
1895,
10527,
360,
261,
2745,
2497,
361,
3060,
438,
375,
617,
992,
268,
1430,
2745,
5926,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
18,
203,
4688,
4301,
717,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
11730,
292,
804,
366,
344,
4005,
8616,
35,
203,
6164,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
11730,
292,
804,
366,
344,
4005,
8616,
352,
9886,
419,
268,
4766,
16,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
528,
2953,
2772,
292,
403,
3440,
268,
8616,
18,
540,
602,
1226,
1741,
281,
261,
5247,
331,
2345,
755,
88,
289,
4766,
16,
518,
375,
1636,
288,
9422,
1235,
659,
352,
951,
274,
361,
919,
498,
8496,
367,
331,
268,
1677,
17,
1896,
476,
4471,
440,
1386,
18,
3117,
8982,
2222,
602,
1226,
11306,
4761,
82,
6530,
16,
853,
268,
8616,
356,
3721,
405,
691,
2978,
427,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
372,
87,
11420,
16,
361,
268,
8745,
289,
261,
3792,
6959,
18,
553,
316,
851,
292,
4072,
360,
261,
1588,
1536,
430,
11417,
292,
992,
268,
2953,
10440,
1608,
288,
424,
10385,
2597,
18,
203,
21,
18,
829,
268,
8040,
440,
1386,
11730,
292,
804,
366,
344,
4005,
8616,
16,
268,
6722,
440,
1386,
528,
2953,
2772,
292,
403,
3440,
268,
8616,
18,
203,
22,
18,
1732,
3585,
2772,
602,
1226,
1741,
281,
261,
5247,
331,
2345,
755,
88,
289,
4766,
16,
11306,
4761,
82,
6530,
16,
361,
6672,
261,
3792,
6959,
18,
203,
23,
18,
1895,
10527,
360,
261,
1588,
1536,
430,
11417,
375,
617,
992,
268,
2953,
10440,
1608,
288,
424,
10385,
2597,
18,
203,
59,
86,
535,
3514,
84,
1963,
500,
10296,
281,
5942,
990,
139,
125,
8594,
8964,
996,
344,
4005,
203,
21,
18,
5942,
990,
139,
125,
267,
8964,
996,
344,
4005,
30,
383,
277,
1037,
3779,
289,
9033,
413,
2427,
514,
203,
11375,
1112,
10849,
3779,
4353,
268,
3313,
289,
366,
344,
4005,
316,
336,
1578,
650,
3273,
362,
356,
951,
797,
1467,
7575,
291,
6320,
292,
1105,
2315,
18,
1121,
16,
456,
8032,
328,
5912,
1991,
268,
1975,
336,
366
] |
When you hear the name Cummins, I can almost guarantee you think of diesel engines. After all, that’s what their entire business is built on.
But, what if I told you they’re venturing into the world of hydrogen engines and could eventually replace their massively successful and long line of diesel engines?
It sounds crazy. Why on earth would Cummins pursue hydrogen-powered engines when their entire business model is built on designing and producing diesel engines?
And yea, it does sound a little crazy, but it’s true. So, let’s dive into it.
Right off the bat, the question is why would Cummins decide to develop a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine.
Well, we’re seeing more and more and more money dumped into electric vehicle systems by the day, with many large companies like Ford putting millions of dollars into EV systems.
And we know from the EPA’s scheduled emissions restrictions, that life for gasoline and diesel-powered engines is going to get very difficult, if not outright impossible, in the near future. And keep in mind, that’s not to say that the free market is going to willingly choose electric over fossil fuel vehicles anytime soon due to pricing and range concerns, but rather that it’s being forced by a branch of the US government.
And because of that, we have seen electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles popping up left and right by just about every major automaker.
And while I will say that vehicle electrification is perfectly fine for individuals who travel mostly in cities and don’t use their vehicles for work, what about off-highway uses or heavy-duty uses?
Well, you might be thinking we have electric semi trucks coming soon, but there’s a huge amount of work to be done before said electric semis are useful for long-distance hauling of goods. The massive infrastructure isn’t there yet. That’s not to say that it won’t be or can’t be there. It’s just simply not yet.
Of course, it’s also worth mentioning that lithium mining is incredibly destructive, cobalt mining involves literal child labor in the Democratic Public of Congo in some of the worst conditions imaginable, and the power required to charge electric vehicles is still being supplied by fossil fuel power plants.
And that still doesn’t cover off-highway applications where electric simply isn’t a great option. for a vehicle.
If you wanted to use vehicles for an off-highway construction site, you’d likely need massive diesel generators out there to recharge the vehicles, which kind of defeats the entire purpose. Seriously, don’t underestimate the ridiculous amount of electricity required to power electric vehicles and machinery.
So, that brings us back to the internal combustion engine, but we know the EPA regulations will eventually force gas and diesel out of the market.
Making the Internal Combustion Engine Clean
So, if you want to keep the internal combustion engine in use, you have to switch the fuel source to something cleaner, which is exactly why Cummins has been putting money into hydrogen-powered engine solutions for on-the-road trucking, off-highway construction, and so on.
And with something like Cummins generator, then you could more easily have the electrical generation required to power off-highway construction with electric vehicles bringing materials in and out. Or just having electric construction equipment like an excavator and so on.
That doesn’t mean we will see electric excavators or anything like that become very popular anytime soon, but you get the point.
So that takes us to Cummins’ two new hydrogen-powered engines, which are actually based very much on two diesel engines that already exist in Cummins’ portfolio, which are the 6.7L that you can find in an application like the Ram 2500 and the 15L that you can find in applications like commercial trucks.
And even more interestingly, Cummins isn’t developing these as strictly hydrogen-fueled engines, but rather as fuel agnostic engines that can use be powered by either diesel or hydrogen, which then massively eases concerns regarding the lacking infrastructure required for a strictly hydrogen engine.
They’re doing this by sharing a common short-block between the existing diesel engines and the new hybrid fuel engines while using some new components from the head gasket up.
By sharing as many parts as they can with their existing diesel engines, it not only saves them time and money on the development, but it also makes it easier to one day convert existing 6.7L and 15L Cummins diesel engines over to the hybrid fuel system, at least in theory.
And on top of that, they’re not even stopping there! This new fuel-agnostic platform is also expanding to biogas fuel and HVO fuel, giving prospective buyers lots of options coming in the very near future. For now, though, the big news and attention mostly lie on hydrogen fuel engines, and well part of that is because they’re not exactly practical yet.
The Hurdles of Hydrogen-Powered Engines
And we’ve mentioned this in previous articles and videos before and saw literally thousands of comments saying that hydrogen-powered vehicles are superior to electric vehicles because hydrogen is “free to generate,” according to many people, but there’s just one problem: actually generating the hydrogen. It’s almost like free energy isn’t a real thing.
See, a lot of people will find YouTube articles and videos about hydrogen generators. How you can plug one into your car, and don’t get me wrong, that’s all very interesting. I’ve even built multiple small hydrogen generators myself, but building an onboard hydrogen generator that can power a 6.7L or 15L engine simply isn’t practical.
So, the other solution for using hydrogen as a fuel source is having storage tanks on board where liquid hydrogen can be pumped into the vehicle as a gas pump would, but the thing is, hydrogen isn’t a liquid, at least not unless cooled to -423F.
Now obviously, that in itself takes energy, and then the hydrogen won’t say in that liquid state as it heats back up, which then means you need to have massively pressurized holding tanks to keep it in that liquid state, which then means you cannot use your standard fuel tank; it has to be swapped out.
We’re not saying that a hydrogen-powered future is impossible, but simply that current technology is going to force the use of hydrogen fuel pumps since onboard generation isn’t practical for engines this large.
And if it takes electricity to generate hydrogen through electrolysis, why not just use that energy to drive a motor connected to the wheels in the first place?
That takes us right back to the start, but you get the point, there are hurdles that must be cleared for hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines to be adopted.
On the bright side, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines actually use very similar components to compressed natural gas engines, which simplifies the development process even further.
And because the Cummins hydrogen engines are based on existing Cummins diesel engines, it almost entirely eliminates possible reliability issues, since existing Cummins diesel engines are very reliable.
Or at least as reliable as they can be given the emissions systems that must be equipped onboard.
That also means it bolts up to the existing transmission offered for the diesel counterparts, uses the same cooling system, and much more.
Will This Kill the Diesel Segment?
In a video put out by Cummins, you can see the 6.7L hydrogen engine outputs an impressive 216kw and 1200nm, which translates to 290hp and 885lb-ft of torque for us Americans who can’t use the metric system to save our lives.
And for Cummins, they believe that hydrogen-powered engines will be complementary to battery electric vehicles like buses and trucks, but that one powertrain type won’t completely replace the other.
There will be use cases for both, and that’s what Cummins is attempting to prepare for.
So, is the Cummins diesel segment dead? No, far from it. In fact, if Cummins can develop solutions to clean up their diesel engines even further, we could see diesel-powered engines stick around for a long, long time.
But, with the upcoming EPA regulations, Cummins is preparing the diversify their product line with hydrogen engines. And it’s also worth noting that Cummins isn’t doing this completely on their own.
Over in Japan, companies like Mazda, Yamaha, Toyota, and Kawasaki have all banded together to develop hydrogen solutions. All of these companies compete with each other in some way, yet they’re working together towards saving the internal combustion engine.
Cummins is also working with various other companies to further push this technology and make it a truly viable solution, because, again, battery electric vehicles are simply impractical for long-distance over-the-road trucking and off-highway construction, at least for now.
While all of this is very interesting and exciting, we likely won’t be seeing either the 6.7L or 15L hydrogen engines enter production for quite a while. As per Cummins, the 15L engine will enter full production in 2027, and the 6.7L should be as soon as 2023.
So what do you guys think? Do you think hydrogen Cummins engines will be the future of heavy-duty applications, or will electric find a way to take over? The next decade or so will see a massive amount of changes and innovations in the world of engines, so I guess we’ll just have to wait and see. | <urn:uuid:f78bace8-0ad6-40ee-948e-7b98b5be119e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dustrunnersauto.com/cummins-hydrogen-engine-will-kill-diesels-forever/ | 2024-02-25T06:06:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.957134 | 2,061 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
7508,
337,
4055,
268,
1932,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
16,
334,
375,
2764,
8295,
337,
1779,
289,
8785,
306,
7935,
18,
2122,
516,
16,
336,
372,
87,
768,
444,
2414,
1433,
316,
2825,
341,
18,
203,
11207,
16,
768,
717,
334,
4225,
337,
502,
372,
267,
6995,
714,
636,
268,
887,
289,
5616,
7935,
291,
911,
4456,
3987,
444,
2390,
2084,
3369,
291,
917,
2137,
289,
8785,
306,
7935,
35,
203,
4077,
4807,
793,
1600,
93,
18,
2995,
341,
3239,
830,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
9109,
5616,
17,
8737,
7935,
649,
444,
2414,
1433,
2083,
316,
2825,
341,
8397,
291,
5519,
8785,
306,
7935,
35,
203,
10562,
8677,
69,
16,
362,
1082,
2162,
261,
1936,
793,
1600,
93,
16,
566,
362,
372,
87,
2915,
18,
1426,
16,
2053,
372,
87,
8938,
636,
362,
18,
203,
54,
486,
1070,
268,
3867,
16,
268,
2302,
316,
1768,
830,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
5841,
292,
709,
261,
5616,
17,
74,
2394,
286,
4180,
11468,
2097,
18,
203,
59,
467,
16,
445,
372,
267,
6124,
512,
291,
512,
291,
512,
2232,
295,
2047,
286,
636,
2297,
4194,
1422,
419,
268,
1196,
16,
360,
772,
1452,
2499,
730,
418,
791,
6576,
5551,
289,
7938,
636,
8990,
1422,
18,
203,
10562,
445,
698,
427,
268,
10230,
372,
87,
9641,
286,
3255,
8028,
16,
336,
943,
331,
2238,
10344,
291,
8785,
306,
17,
8737,
7935,
316,
2118,
292,
886,
1040,
2203,
16,
717,
462,
272,
1345,
486,
6037,
16,
288,
268,
1834,
1571,
18,
1256,
1288,
288,
1710,
16,
336,
372,
87,
462,
292,
1856,
336,
268,
1776,
1877,
316,
2118,
292,
513,
5052,
2869,
2297,
658,
5839,
3307,
4364,
723,
2130,
3444,
1504,
292,
549,
9623,
291,
1749,
3529,
16,
566,
2359,
336,
362,
372,
87,
1018,
5773,
419,
261,
7457,
289,
268,
2065,
1654,
18,
203,
10562,
971,
289,
336,
16,
445,
437,
2279,
2297,
4364,
291,
9678,
17,
263,
9062,
2297,
4364,
1125,
5028,
644,
2294,
291,
1328,
419,
1039,
608,
953,
1670,
2625,
6893,
18,
203,
10562,
1020,
334,
513,
1856,
336,
4194,
2098,
2843,
316,
9170,
4787,
331,
1578,
650,
2868,
4903,
288,
4083,
291,
1373,
372,
88,
666,
444,
4364,
331,
716,
16,
768,
608,
1070,
17,
11294,
2523,
2600,
361,
4112,
17,
72,
3459,
2600,
35,
203,
59,
467,
16,
337,
1276,
327,
3140,
445,
437,
2297,
10027,
432,
8202,
4028,
3444,
16,
566,
686,
372,
87,
261,
4305,
1944,
289,
716,
292,
327,
2217,
1134,
1211,
2297,
447,
81,
277,
356,
3209,
331,
917,
17,
72,
2401,
393,
346,
281,
289,
4472,
18,
365,
5836,
3937,
3422,
372,
88,
686,
2770,
18,
2015,
372,
87,
462,
292,
1856,
336,
362,
3768,
372,
88,
327,
361,
375,
372,
88,
327,
686,
18,
553,
372,
87,
1039,
2842,
462,
2770,
18,
203,
51,
74,
1911,
16,
362,
372,
87,
525,
3760,
3540,
281,
336,
11056,
5854,
316,
8792,
697,
8885,
16,
742,
3639,
88,
5854,
2675,
1296,
2004,
739,
3333,
288,
268,
8344,
1531,
5252,
289,
4694,
83,
288,
579,
289,
268,
8592,
1533,
3579,
263,
541,
16,
291,
268,
1056,
2207,
292,
4873,
2297,
4364,
316,
1356,
1018,
3970,
870,
419,
5839,
3307,
1056,
1648,
18,
203,
10562,
336,
1356,
2752,
372,
88,
1955,
1070,
17,
11294,
2523,
2391,
853,
2297,
2842,
3422,
372,
88,
261,
1312,
3465,
18,
331,
261,
4194,
18,
203,
6164,
337,
5171,
292,
666,
4364,
331,
363,
1070,
17,
11294,
2523,
3076,
2663,
16,
337,
372,
72,
1792,
648,
5836,
8785,
306,
947,
1721,
628,
686,
292,
304,
6667,
268,
4364,
16,
518,
2066,
289,
1175,
73,
1378,
268,
2414,
3094,
18,
8107,
702,
325,
16,
1373,
372,
88,
1064,
274,
6669,
268,
6978,
300,
9976,
1944,
289,
3666,
2207,
292,
1056,
2297,
4364,
291,
9663,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
336,
6044,
407,
1103,
292,
268,
4180,
11468,
2097,
16,
566,
445,
698,
268,
10230,
4311,
513,
4456,
3160,
2238,
291,
8785,
306,
628,
289,
268,
1877,
18,
203,
49,
1634,
268,
2490,
280,
10427,
310,
328,
5293,
7168,
203,
55,
83,
16,
717,
337,
1333,
292,
1288,
268,
4180,
11468,
2097,
288,
666,
16,
337,
437,
292,
4956,
268,
3307,
2088,
292,
1890,
11257,
16,
518,
316,
4743,
1768,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
528,
712,
6576,
2232,
636,
5616,
17,
8737,
2097,
2931,
331,
341,
17,
1381,
17,
5802,
432,
405,
505,
16,
1070,
17,
11294,
2523,
3076,
16,
291,
576,
341,
18,
203,
10562,
360,
1890,
730,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
10787,
16,
1023,
337,
911,
512,
2619,
437,
268,
3924,
4015,
2207,
292,
1056,
1070,
17,
11294,
2523,
3076,
360,
2297,
4364,
6875,
1811,
288,
291,
628,
18,
1778,
1039,
2054,
2297,
3076,
2857,
730,
363,
10178,
1622,
291,
576,
341,
18,
203,
2422,
271,
2752,
372,
88,
1555,
445,
513,
901,
2297,
10178,
1721,
361,
3784,
730,
336,
1343,
1040,
2029,
723,
2130,
3444,
16,
566,
337,
886,
268,
1813,
18,
203,
55,
83,
336,
2844,
407,
292,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
372,
881,
733,
5616,
17,
8737,
7935,
16,
518,
356,
2545,
1585,
1040,
1111,
341,
881,
8785,
306,
7935,
336,
2226,
3953,
288,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
372,
11311,
981,
16,
518,
356,
268,
1278,
18,
27,
48,
336,
337,
375,
1255,
288,
363,
2889,
730,
268,
9031,
3457,
587,
291,
268,
2063,
48,
336,
337,
375,
1255,
288,
2391,
730,
4082,
432,
8202,
18,
203,
10562,
919,
512,
4149,
325,
16,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
3422,
372,
88,
2528,
629,
352,
7020,
325,
5616,
17,
74,
2394,
286,
7935,
16,
566,
2359,
352,
3307,
737,
82,
7112,
7935,
336,
375,
666,
327,
10714,
419,
2447,
8785,
306,
361,
5616,
16,
518,
1023,
2390,
2084,
303,
936,
3529,
4353,
268,
308,
3303,
3937,
2207,
331,
261,
7020,
325,
5616,
2097,
18,
203,
10968,
372,
267,
2776,
456,
419,
5135,
261,
1112,
1912,
17,
640,
1362,
858,
268,
3614,
8785,
306,
7935,
291,
268,
733,
9062,
3307,
7935,
1020,
1001,
579,
733,
3008,
427,
268,
1747,
2238,
8262,
644,
18,
203,
10646,
5135,
352,
772,
2287,
352,
502,
375,
360,
444,
3614,
8785,
306,
7935,
16,
362,
462,
794,
269,
1847,
622,
669,
291,
2232,
341,
268,
1208,
16,
566,
362,
525,
1892,
362,
3402,
292,
597,
1196,
8354,
3614,
1278,
18,
27,
48,
291,
2063,
48,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
8785,
306,
7935,
658,
292,
268,
9062,
3307,
892,
16,
430,
2144,
288,
3580,
18,
203,
10562,
341,
1479,
289,
336,
16,
502,
372,
267,
462,
919,
1227,
3752,
686,
5,
540,
733,
3307,
17,
1599,
7112,
4412,
316,
525,
9116,
292,
1738,
446,
301,
3307,
291,
402,
58,
51,
3307,
16,
3851,
4381,
9640,
3992,
332,
6136,
289,
2772,
4028,
288,
268,
1040,
1834,
1571,
18,
906,
1315,
16,
1417,
16,
268,
2104,
3359,
291,
2383,
4903,
8588,
341,
5616,
3307,
7935,
16,
291,
767,
923,
289,
336,
316,
971,
502,
372,
267,
462,
4743,
4183,
2770,
18,
203,
1461,
402,
6584,
736,
289,
8955,
3169,
17,
52,
746,
286,
1581,
967,
203,
10562,
445,
372,
317,
4565,
456,
288,
2773,
5204,
291,
6566,
1134,
291,
3981,
10488,
4389,
289,
8099,
5390,
336,
5616,
17,
8737,
4364,
356,
8225,
292,
2297,
4364,
971,
5616,
316,
538,
4677,
292,
4522,
1272,
2310,
292,
772,
689,
16,
566,
686,
372,
87,
1039,
597,
1676,
30,
2545,
9249,
268,
5616,
18,
553,
372,
87,
2764,
730,
1776,
1138,
3422,
372,
88,
261,
1409,
2810,
18,
203,
55,
1512,
16,
261,
1774,
289,
689,
513,
1255,
990,
11751,
5204,
291,
6566,
608,
5616,
947,
1721,
18,
784,
337,
375,
9678,
597,
636,
424,
877,
16,
291,
1373,
372,
88,
886,
479,
4358,
16,
336,
372,
87,
516,
1040,
4149,
18,
334,
372,
317,
919,
2825,
2563,
1139,
5616,
947,
1721,
10334,
16,
566,
1649,
363,
341,
4401,
5616,
10787,
336,
375,
1056,
261,
1278,
18,
27,
48,
361,
2063,
48,
2097,
2842,
3422,
372,
88,
4183,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
268,
586,
2966,
331,
1001,
5616,
352,
261,
3307,
2088,
316,
2054,
3578,
9879,
341,
4302,
853,
4907,
5616,
375,
327,
4863,
286,
636,
268,
4194,
352,
261,
2238,
4863,
830,
16,
566,
268,
2810,
316,
16,
5616,
3422,
372,
88,
261,
4907,
16,
430,
2144,
462,
6774,
3078,
286,
292,
425,
24,
5458,
42,
18,
203,
50,
329,
5486,
325,
16,
336,
288,
2635,
2844,
1138,
16,
291,
1023,
268,
5616,
3768,
372,
88,
1856,
288,
336,
4907,
1247,
352,
362,
431,
1378,
1103,
644,
16,
518,
1023,
1486,
337,
648,
292,
437,
2390,
2084,
1579,
324,
963,
6655,
9879,
292,
1288,
362,
288,
336,
4907,
1247,
16,
518,
1023,
1486,
337,
2362,
666,
424,
2786,
3307,
5149,
31,
362,
528,
292,
327,
1370,
2188,
286,
628,
18,
203,
3464,
372,
267,
462,
5390,
336,
261,
5616,
17,
8737,
1571,
316,
6037,
16,
566,
2842,
336,
1619,
1428,
316,
2118,
292,
3160,
268,
666,
289,
5616,
3307,
10037,
1812,
341,
4401,
4015,
3422,
372,
88,
4183,
331,
7935,
456,
1452,
18,
203,
10562,
717,
362,
2844,
3666,
292,
4522,
5616,
734,
10899,
7198,
16,
1768,
462,
1039,
666,
336,
1138,
292,
4048,
261,
4213,
3947,
292,
268,
5544,
1137,
288,
268,
855,
1349,
35,
203,
2422,
271,
2844,
407,
1328,
1103,
292,
268,
1236,
16,
566,
337,
886,
268,
1813,
16,
686,
356,
296,
6584,
736,
336,
1204,
327,
1108,
1287,
331,
5616,
17,
8737,
4180,
11468,
7935,
292,
327,
6382,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
4812,
2031,
16,
5616,
17,
74,
2394,
286,
4180,
11468,
7935,
2545,
666,
1040,
1979,
3008,
292,
494,
5142,
1493,
2238,
7935,
16,
518,
4857,
7030,
268,
1208,
833,
919,
1902,
18,
203,
10562,
971,
268,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
5616,
7935,
356,
1585,
341,
3614,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
8785,
306,
7935,
16,
362,
2764,
6023,
4053,
692,
1522,
8331,
1659,
16,
1812,
3614,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
8785,
306,
7935,
356,
1040,
4715,
18,
203,
51,
86,
430,
2144,
352,
4715,
352,
502,
375,
327,
2050,
268,
3255,
1422,
336,
1204,
327,
7601,
341,
4401,
18,
203,
2422,
271,
525,
1486,
362,
285,
320,
340,
644,
292,
268,
3614,
5540,
5251,
331,
268,
8785,
306,
4459,
10818,
16,
2600,
268,
1162,
6370,
892,
16,
291,
1111,
512,
18,
203,
59,
399,
540,
696,
399,
268,
413,
423,
306,
2245,
4509,
35,
203,
2983,
261,
3191,
1927,
628,
419,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
16,
337,
375,
901,
268,
1278,
18,
27,
48,
5616,
2097,
628,
8293,
363,
9154,
497,
3801,
79,
91,
291,
2211,
587,
82,
81,
16,
518,
4713,
692,
292,
497,
6054,
76,
84,
291,
1570,
10819,
80,
70,
17,
1188,
289,
4862,
3610,
331,
407,
4104,
650,
375,
372,
88,
666,
268,
479,
1145,
892,
292,
3831,
662,
2136,
18,
203,
10562,
331,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
16,
502,
2979,
336,
5616,
17,
8737,
7935,
513,
327,
8361,
556,
292,
3905,
2297,
4364,
730,
1253,
274,
291,
432,
8202,
16,
566,
336,
597,
1056,
322,
412,
1517,
3768,
372,
88,
3686,
3987,
268,
586,
18,
203,
6695,
513,
327,
666,
1934,
331,
1079,
16,
291,
336,
372,
87,
768,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
316,
11679,
292,
5060,
331,
18,
203,
55,
83,
16,
316,
268,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
8785,
306,
9706,
3751,
35,
2491,
16,
1904,
427,
362,
18,
450,
1975,
16,
717,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
375,
709,
2931,
292,
1886,
644,
444,
8785,
306,
7935,
919,
1902,
16,
445,
911,
901,
8785,
306,
17,
8737,
7935,
5925,
1149,
331,
261,
917,
16,
917,
669,
18,
203,
11207,
16,
360,
268,
644,
6319,
10230,
4311,
16,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
316,
7994,
268,
9203,
3049,
444,
2430,
2137,
360,
5616,
7935,
18,
1256,
362,
372,
87,
525,
3760,
462,
281,
336,
351,
408,
81,
1054,
3422,
372,
88,
2776,
456,
3686,
341,
444,
1044,
18,
203,
51,
357,
288,
3116,
16,
2499,
730,
383,
1600,
72,
69,
16,
663,
348,
1469,
69,
16,
307,
905,
7076,
16,
291,
696,
738,
301,
761,
77,
437,
516,
5946,
286,
1875,
292,
709,
5616,
2931,
18,
1771,
289,
629,
2499,
11961,
360,
1011,
586,
288,
579,
898,
16,
2770,
502,
372,
267,
1795,
1875,
2547,
7629,
268,
4180,
11468,
2097,
18,
203,
39,
408,
81,
1054,
316,
525,
1795,
360,
1320,
586,
2499,
292,
1902,
4017,
456,
1428,
291,
804,
362,
261,
5562,
10629,
2966,
16,
971,
16,
1221,
16,
3905,
2297,
4364,
356,
2842,
498,
7464,
962,
331,
917
] |
India is the largest democracy – what a cliched statement. The opposite of democracy is Aristocracy, and that has what happened in selecting successive Prime Ministers ever since Independence. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the first instance); Dr.Lal Bahadur Shastri; Smt.Indira Gandhi; Chaudhary Charan Singh, Chandrashekhar, Dr.P.V.Narasimha Rao; H.D.Dewe Gowda, Inder Kumar Gujral, Atal Behari Vajpayee, and Dr.Manmohan Singh have been Prime Ministers and we have accepted them to be people’s will – were they? Should India move to a presidential form of government? Read through.
The greater drama of the nation is embedded in the mythology where the person who is deserving faces some hurdles towards the end, and the story takes a different turn, and mostly for the good. Maybe, it is in our DNA to also justify or settle for the emerging scenario as the best result. Lord Ram was the person to be crowned as the Emperor, but Queen Kaikeyi had different plans, and the rest is history. Mahabharata is also based on the rightful Pandavas not being handed over the kingdom because one man Dhritarashtra had different plans.
1947 as the nation won its Independence, it is well known that the deserving candidate was `Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’, but then it was `Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who became the Prime Minister, and the next 17 years were times when the nation evolved under his leadership. Was he the true choice of the people in the first place?
In subsequent elections, Pandit Nehru won the 364; 371 and 361seats. and perhaps firmly entrenched the democratic principles. The single largest opposition party in any of these elections was not even 30, and about 30 parties contesting with just a handful of national parties and the rest of them being the usual regional parties.
In between after his demise in 1964, Gulzarilal Nanda was the acting PM during the mourning period. Dr.Lal Bahadur Shastri in the first place was chosen as Nehru’s successor owing to his adherence to Nehruvian socialism after Indira Gandhi turned down Congress President K. Kamaraj’s offer of the premiership. The moot question is Was Lal Bahadur Shastri the true choice of people? However, his achievements dwarf the past.
1967 was perhaps one of the first elections where again the 1947 story may have got repeated with Congress winning 283 seats out of 520, and Indira Gandhi becoming the PM. WAS SHE REALLY THE PEOPLES’ CHOICE? Yet we accepted the PM selected by the elected representatives as people’s will. The fact that the party split in 1969 would tell you a bigger story.
1971 was the election where Indira Gandhi proved herself by scored 351 seats, but the interesting part was the emergence of a unified opposition led by Morarji Desai. There were some challenges from Babu Jagjivan Ram staking claim to the post, but Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan and Chaudhary Charan Singh prevented any embarrassment to democracy.
1977 was the first time that a non-Congress party and an alliance of 9 parties that had 345 as a unified force, with the Lokdal and Janata Party being the largest members of the alliance. Congress lost more than 200 seats in this election for its Emergency doings.
Subsequently, Charan Singh became the Prime Minister in 1979, and that is the first time one would have wanted to question as to WHETHER THIS WAS THE PEOPLE’S WILL? The party that had been rejected (Congress), supported a breakaway faction (rebels from the alliance) in the ruling party, and a new ruling party was formed. So in a strange combination – the opposition became the ruling.
In 1980, Indira Gandhi bounced back with 351 / 542, and the opposition leader was Chaudhary Charan Singh. Perhaps the public had accepted the fact that “India is Indira and Indira is India”, and expressed the confidence in her leadership. The Elections in 1984 was the election that saw a different kind of wave – a sympathy wave and Congress under Rajiv Gandhi bagged 404 seats, the highest number the party notched up since Independence.
1989 was the watershed year in the history of Indian Election where to remember a quote by Cho Ramaswamy, he said “We have voted for a no government” and this heralded the birth of the Coalition governments.
There was a major V.P.Singh wave, for as an ex-congressman his crusade against corruption in general and Bofors, in particular, pitch-forked him to the ultimate position. After the results were announced the Left (Communist) and the Right (BJP) supported the same government. A party with 143 seats (just 25% share) of the total seats stitched up a coalition to keep the single largest party Congress with 197 seats (say 35% share).
One had seen in shades of the coalition in 1977, but 1989 (42 years after Independence) changed the spectrum of Indian politics, and from then it has been a politics of alliances, and fronts. National Front was the name of the ruling party, while there have been two other terms that have come to rule UPA (United Progressive Alliance) and NDA (National Democratic Alliance).
1989 itself was the biggest drama during the swearing-in ceremony, with Chandrashekhar who was a fringe player in the front staking claim to the post of Prime Ministership, and then people proposed the name of Devi Lal who then proposed V.P.Singh and he was selected as the Prime Minister. Did people vote for a Chandrashekhar (from Bihar) or a Devi Lal (CM of Haryana) as the PM of India, or did they see hope in V.P.Singh the ex-finance and defense minister as the next PM of India? Democracy was at the crossroads again! Subsequently, after eleven months, a no-confidence motion against the PM, and history repeated itself with the opposition supporting a breakaway faction of the ruling party to become the ruling party.
Two issues emerged from 1989 and has been the center of attraction over the last 25 years – Mandal (Caste) and Mandir (Religion) to drive a deep wedge into the nation.
1991 was again an election that most felt that Congress would sweep on account of the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, but with 244 / 542 they stitched an alliance with left parties to form the government. The irony was that Communism had perhaps collapsed around the world, but in India, the Left was the part of Governments in 1989 and 1991.
1996 was a year of drama, for the rightist in the form of BJP had an 11-day government with the partners selecting a Consensus candidate in A.B.Vajpayee, rather than the poster boy L.K.Advani.
What happened after the fall of that Government that was most ironic, for the people of the nation came to witness a man anointed as the Prime Minister where perhaps no one had heard of him before H.D.Deve Gowda. Even funnier was the fact that Congress supported this Government and the coalition was named United Front. Deve Gowda who faced a no-confidence motion delivered him an excellent speech, and the nation sympathized with him, but just at that moment. The next one selected was I.K.Gujral and was he again peoples’ choice?
1998 and 1999 saw the emergence of BJP in the form of NDA and in both the instances they got about 180 seats and stitched the balance with the help of other regional parties. The moot question again is that did the people who voted for the regional parties to the center desire the selected person after a post-poll alliance. Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s mettle at carrying together all the disparate partners in the coalition and completing a term is very credible.
2004 is when most thought that India Shining campaign would see the BJP through and they would score a hat-trick of victories, but the results were otherwise and about 15 years after the collapse of Communism globally, a government at the center was formed with the help of Leftists, and that too supporting Liberalization. Going by the verdict, one could say that perhaps people had voted for Sonia Gandhi as the Prime Minister, but yet again out of nowhere a Dr.Manmohan Singh was propped up and made the PM.
There was not a single ad that ever proclaimed him as the Prime Ministerial candidate, and you want to call it the people’s choice. 2009 was the time when Congress was able to assert itself as the single largest party, and this time perhaps people wanted Dr.Manmohan Singh to be the Prime Minister. This time the post-poll coalition was sans Leftist, and many regional parties joined the coalition.
All through the elections, one has noticed that there have been four forces that have fought the polls. The first being the traditional Indian National Congress; the second — an evolution of the Jana Sangh, the third — being the Leftist, and the fourth one being the regional parties. So Right, Left, Center and regional is how one could label the broad ideologies as.
2014 emerged as the most interesting elections, where the battle was not between the ruling and the opposition, but as a battle between `Modi versus Others’. The others seemed more united in their campaign and also includes some party members within the Modi camp. The verdict was clear, Narendra Damodardas Modi emerged victorious leading the BJP to a simple majority, breaching the 280 mark, for the first time after 1984, putting an end to coalition politics.
545 seats (thanks to #RaGa, I hope this is right), across about 30 odd states, with 300 odd issues and 3000 odd problems, where Think Global, Act Local does not seem to work, for people are hardly able to differentiate between the region and the nation. In the past, we have seen Prime Ministerial faces as surprises in the name of democracy after some funny post-poll alliances that glorify the proverb of `Politics produces strange bedfellows’ once again?. Do we want to see it in the future too?
Should Indian opt for a Presidential Form of Government where the people vote for the candidates US style? Let the Loksabha Elections continue, and let this elected person be answerable to this House. I guess it is not just the parties that can bring about changes, but the point to ponder deeper is do we need our electoral System to be changed. After all, history tells us that someone’s footwear was accepted as a token of ruling and kept on the throne! | <urn:uuid:19370698-4d0e-4202-8226-cad2824ee612> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://electiontamasha.in/does-india-need-a-presidential-form-of-government/ | 2024-02-25T06:41:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.979803 | 2,275 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
11402,
563,
316,
268,
3747,
8578,
796,
768,
261,
551,
477,
286,
4692,
18,
365,
6896,
289,
8578,
316,
1155,
9667,
984,
1495,
16,
291,
336,
528,
768,
6090,
288,
8259,
1577,
464,
1706,
2472,
3028,
7396,
2577,
1812,
9539,
514,
18,
382,
481,
297,
596,
738,
1469,
294,
80,
280,
2138,
76,
8263,
421,
1381,
855,
3569,
6834,
1698,
18,
48,
280,
391,
1469,
354,
324,
1395,
301,
322,
77,
31,
3201,
88,
18,
11402,
338,
69,
461,
481,
5626,
31,
654,
5079,
76,
556,
3698,
282,
6501,
76,
16,
654,
481,
3096,
781,
79,
8750,
16,
1698,
18,
52,
18,
58,
18,
50,
294,
301,
344,
4799,
434,
9443,
31,
402,
18,
40,
18,
40,
1015,
73,
461,
329,
72,
69,
16,
1154,
265,
696,
408,
294,
2750,
78,
2021,
16,
330,
1178,
1367,
76,
6359,
720,
5461,
84,
350,
1512,
16,
291,
1698,
18,
49,
282,
81,
1390,
282,
6501,
76,
437,
712,
1706,
2472,
3028,
7396,
291,
445,
437,
6784,
622,
292,
327,
689,
372,
87,
513,
796,
664,
502,
35,
7637,
2510,
1454,
292,
261,
882,
4847,
926,
289,
1654,
35,
3177,
734,
18,
203,
1461,
2796,
704,
3966,
289,
268,
3501,
316,
9993,
288,
268,
5620,
880,
853,
268,
959,
650,
316,
697,
678,
281,
8102,
579,
296,
6584,
736,
2547,
268,
1199,
16,
291,
268,
2247,
2844,
261,
865,
1867,
16,
291,
4903,
331,
268,
1060,
18,
2924,
1330,
16,
362,
316,
288,
662,
4332,
292,
525,
7874,
8329,
361,
5838,
331,
268,
7000,
8055,
352,
268,
1274,
1636,
18,
5261,
9031,
454,
268,
959,
292,
327,
6325,
2093,
352,
268,
2733,
9225,
16,
566,
9302,
696,
69,
1514,
93,
77,
850,
865,
3855,
16,
291,
268,
3061,
316,
1550,
18,
7960,
397,
8750,
776,
316,
525,
1585,
341,
268,
1328,
703,
382,
481,
548,
301,
462,
1018,
1129,
286,
658,
268,
9096,
971,
597,
532,
413,
76,
907,
294,
1219,
3821,
850,
865,
3855,
18,
203,
1689,
10152,
352,
268,
3501,
3768,
606,
9539,
514,
16,
362,
316,
767,
1261,
336,
268,
697,
678,
281,
9970,
454,
225,
68,
55,
485,
294,
720,
453,
397,
76,
70,
76,
2765,
3917,
306,
6335,
566,
1023,
362,
454,
225,
68,
52,
481,
297,
596,
738,
1469,
294,
80,
280,
2138,
76,
8263,
650,
2457,
268,
1706,
2472,
8956,
16,
291,
268,
2033,
2493,
935,
664,
1708,
649,
268,
3501,
7032,
1064,
615,
5217,
18,
388,
301,
431,
268,
2915,
3185,
289,
268,
689,
288,
268,
855,
1349,
35,
203,
2983,
7597,
10948,
16,
382,
481,
297,
2138,
76,
8263,
3768,
268,
8241,
24,
31,
10828,
21,
291,
8241,
21,
401,
1378,
18,
291,
4810,
5464,
325,
1543,
3348,
286,
268,
10100,
3995,
18,
365,
2324,
3747,
10218,
4982,
288,
723,
289,
629,
10948,
454,
462,
919,
2553,
16,
291,
608,
2553,
5238,
627,
443,
281,
360,
1039,
261,
1129,
703,
289,
2511,
5238,
291,
268,
3061,
289,
622,
1018,
268,
8064,
6110,
5238,
18,
203,
2983,
858,
1003,
615,
1262,
758,
288,
3597,
24,
16,
461,
346,
94,
294,
309,
280,
465,
6645,
454,
268,
8980,
11814,
995,
268,
293,
455,
668,
1604,
18,
1698,
18,
48,
280,
391,
1469,
354,
324,
1395,
301,
322,
77,
288,
268,
855,
1349,
454,
6196,
352,
2138,
76,
8263,
372,
87,
1577,
283,
272,
7624,
292,
615,
478,
2562,
514,
292,
2138,
76,
8263,
90,
779,
1234,
997,
1003,
1154,
338,
69,
461,
481,
5626,
5322,
1190,
5998,
4609,
696,
18,
696,
348,
4351,
78,
372,
87,
1529,
289,
268,
5525,
3560,
1028,
18,
365,
683,
376,
2302,
316,
388,
301,
458,
280,
391,
1469,
354,
324,
1395,
301,
322,
77,
268,
2915,
3185,
289,
689,
35,
1121,
16,
615,
10686,
295,
6919,
74,
268,
2323,
18,
203,
1689,
26,
27,
454,
4810,
597,
289,
268,
855,
10948,
853,
1221,
268,
3805,
27,
2247,
602,
437,
3864,
6443,
360,
5998,
8278,
5837,
23,
447,
1378,
628,
289,
1016,
1388,
16,
291,
1154,
338,
69,
461,
481,
5626,
3832,
268,
11814,
18,
388,
2815,
343,
44,
41,
434,
41,
5100,
48,
61,
6949,
382,
7489,
52,
48,
3214,
372,
351,
6897,
4033,
41,
35,
5942,
445,
6784,
268,
11814,
5951,
419,
268,
9808,
11495,
352,
689,
372,
87,
513,
18,
365,
1975,
336,
268,
4982,
9081,
288,
3597,
29,
830,
2565,
337,
261,
7532,
2247,
18,
203,
1689,
27,
21,
454,
268,
8556,
853,
1154,
338,
69,
461,
481,
5626,
9105,
11031,
419,
646,
2723,
6573,
21,
447,
1378,
16,
566,
268,
4149,
923,
454,
268,
11235,
289,
261,
543,
2234,
10218,
2791,
419,
5345,
294,
11007,
2284,
2765,
18,
994,
664,
579,
2219,
427,
7237,
89,
596,
484,
78,
406,
282,
9031,
1173,
505,
2952,
292,
268,
2215,
16,
566,
458,
3421,
82,
350,
761,
596,
350,
429,
86,
761,
1219,
465,
294,
350,
282,
291,
654,
5079,
76,
556,
3698,
282,
6501,
76,
11030,
723,
3612,
2888,
11255,
292,
8578,
18,
203,
1689,
9796,
454,
268,
855,
669,
336,
261,
1677,
17,
39,
535,
550,
4982,
291,
363,
516,
3275,
289,
1717,
5238,
336,
850,
777,
7301,
352,
261,
543,
2234,
3160,
16,
360,
268,
458,
3421,
72,
280,
291,
3988,
776,
8943,
1018,
268,
3747,
2420,
289,
268,
516,
3275,
18,
5998,
3673,
512,
687,
1645,
447,
1378,
288,
456,
8556,
331,
606,
9666,
1150,
565,
762,
18,
203,
55,
1606,
2314,
1402,
16,
3698,
282,
6501,
76,
2457,
268,
1706,
2472,
8956,
288,
3495,
29,
16,
291,
336,
316,
268,
855,
669,
597,
830,
437,
5171,
292,
2302,
352,
292,
388,
44,
5042,
44,
2798,
4896,
3476,
388,
2815,
6949,
382,
7489,
52,
8068,
372,
55,
388,
8718,
48,
35,
365,
4982,
336,
850,
712,
304,
8703,
421,
39,
535,
550,
989,
5287,
261,
2603,
738,
350,
873,
328,
421,
267,
70,
1137,
427,
268,
516,
3275,
13,
288,
268,
5487,
281,
4982,
16,
291,
261,
733,
5487,
281,
4982,
454,
4538,
18,
1426,
288,
261,
11102,
3878,
796,
268,
10218,
2457,
268,
5487,
281,
18,
203,
2983,
7844,
16,
1154,
338,
69,
461,
481,
5626,
285,
5819,
1103,
360,
6573,
21,
4158,
1016,
11085,
16,
291,
268,
10218,
5666,
454,
654,
5079,
76,
556,
3698,
282,
6501,
76,
18,
8663,
268,
1376,
850,
6784,
268,
1975,
336,
538,
11402,
563,
316,
1154,
338,
69,
291,
1154,
338,
69,
316,
2510,
4290,
291,
6925,
268,
5124,
288,
954,
5217,
18,
365,
4430,
508,
288,
3361,
24,
454,
268,
8556,
336,
3981,
261,
865,
2066,
289,
6159,
796,
261,
1472,
4426,
6159,
291,
5998,
1064,
434,
5461,
406,
461,
481,
5626,
5331,
2292,
3633,
24,
447,
1378,
16,
268,
4406,
1289,
268,
4982,
462,
7713,
644,
1812,
9539,
514,
18,
203,
1689,
11779,
454,
268,
5719,
76,
286,
715,
288,
268,
1550,
289,
3479,
4430,
328,
853,
292,
3283,
261,
626,
1623,
419,
5014,
9031,
301,
91,
348,
93,
16,
431,
1211,
538,
3464,
437,
5952,
286,
331,
261,
688,
1654,
537,
291,
456,
954,
280,
3531,
268,
3475,
289,
268,
2959,
280,
564,
4961,
18,
203,
6695,
454,
261,
1670,
720,
18,
52,
18,
55,
281,
76,
6159,
16,
331,
352,
363,
377,
17,
71,
535,
550,
1820,
615,
793,
310,
783,
1573,
1109,
9496,
288,
2177,
291,
391,
2012,
753,
16,
288,
1510,
16,
9099,
17,
1346,
79,
286,
1547,
292,
268,
9376,
2669,
18,
2122,
268,
1826,
664,
7984,
268,
1732,
1188,
421,
39,
10155,
588,
13,
291,
268,
7817,
421,
38,
46,
52,
13,
5287,
268,
1162,
1654,
18,
330,
4982,
360,
2967,
23,
447,
1378,
421,
9279,
3457,
9,
2538,
13,
289,
268,
2972,
447,
1378,
269,
4199,
7713,
644,
261,
5587,
564,
292,
1288,
268,
2324,
3747,
4982,
5998,
360,
3495,
447,
1378,
421,
87,
350,
6573,
9,
2538,
802,
203,
11375,
850,
2279,
288,
422,
2306,
289,
268,
5587,
564,
288,
3495,
27,
16,
566,
3361,
29,
421,
11085,
935,
1003,
9539,
514,
13,
4339,
268,
7201,
289,
3479,
7241,
16,
291,
427,
1023,
362,
528,
712,
261,
7241,
289,
516,
7985,
16,
291,
10513,
340,
18,
2113,
418,
5935,
454,
268,
1932,
289,
268,
5487,
281,
4982,
16,
1020,
686,
437,
712,
881,
586,
2560,
336,
437,
1631,
292,
4129,
522,
3638,
421,
10015,
1006,
960,
6850,
1771,
3275,
13,
291,
465,
4530,
421,
50,
778,
8344,
1531,
1771,
3275,
802,
203,
1689,
11779,
2635,
454,
268,
6113,
704,
3966,
995,
268,
1370,
8199,
17,
263,
8162,
93,
16,
360,
654,
481,
3096,
781,
79,
8750,
650,
454,
261,
968,
281,
73,
6723,
288,
268,
3775,
1173,
505,
2952,
292,
268,
2215,
289,
1706,
2472,
3028,
7396,
1028,
16,
291,
1023,
689,
5684,
268,
1932,
289,
7321,
77,
458,
280,
650,
1023,
5684,
720,
18,
52,
18,
55,
281,
76,
291,
431,
454,
5951,
352,
268,
1706,
2472,
8956,
18,
8322,
689,
7924,
331,
261,
654,
481,
3096,
781,
79,
8750,
421,
10207,
4546,
8750,
13,
361,
261,
7321,
77,
458,
280,
421,
39,
49,
289,
402,
556,
3256,
13,
352,
268,
11814,
289,
2510,
16,
361,
1535,
502,
901,
3571,
288,
720,
18,
52,
18,
55,
281,
76,
268,
377,
17,
74,
10096,
291,
7178,
1029,
2518,
352,
268,
2033,
11814,
289,
2510,
35,
8344,
1495,
454,
430,
268,
3264,
299,
4869,
1221,
5,
5480,
2314,
1402,
16,
1003,
1939,
592,
2489,
16,
261,
688,
17,
11383,
1690,
5247,
1573,
268,
11814,
16,
291,
1550,
6443,
2635,
360,
268,
10218,
4918,
261,
2603,
738,
350,
873,
328,
289,
268,
5487,
281,
4982,
292,
1343,
268,
5487,
281,
4982,
18,
203,
56,
91,
83,
1659,
7496,
427,
3361,
29,
291,
528,
712,
268,
3795,
289,
3339,
1733,
658,
268,
1887,
3457,
935,
796,
11658,
280,
421,
39,
4549,
13,
291,
11658,
338,
421,
54,
306,
333,
305,
13,
292,
4048,
261,
2295,
276,
7355,
636,
268,
3501,
18,
203,
10969,
21,
454,
1221,
363,
8556,
336,
710,
5714,
336,
5998,
830,
4181,
559,
341,
3060,
289,
268,
780,
594,
1277,
289,
434,
5461,
406,
461,
481,
5626,
16,
566,
360,
3730,
24,
4158,
1016,
11085,
502,
269,
4199,
7713,
363,
516,
3275,
360,
2294,
5238,
292,
926,
268,
1654,
18,
365,
4202,
93,
454,
336,
3608,
997,
850,
4810,
2042,
1881,
286,
1149,
268,
887,
16,
566,
288,
2510,
16,
268,
1732,
1188,
454,
268,
923,
289,
4019,
652,
288,
3361,
29,
291,
2464,
21,
18,
203,
10969,
26,
454,
261,
715,
289,
704,
3966,
16,
331,
268,
1328,
588,
288,
268,
926,
289,
391,
46,
52,
850,
363,
2912,
17,
1286,
1654,
360,
268,
3980,
8259,
261,
1895,
6839,
9970,
288,
330,
18,
38,
18,
58,
5461,
84,
350,
1512,
16,
2359,
687,
268,
754,
345,
8816,
458,
18,
47,
18,
37,
72,
6841,
77,
18,
203,
4688,
6090,
1003,
268,
2341,
289,
336,
5206,
336,
454,
710,
4202,
300,
16,
331,
268,
689,
289,
268,
3501,
2913,
292,
5814,
261,
532,
363,
5702,
352,
268,
1706,
2472,
8956,
853,
4810,
688,
597,
850,
5193,
289,
1547,
1134,
402,
18,
40,
18,
40,
73,
317,
461,
329,
72,
69,
18,
3142,
1083,
82,
1242,
454,
268,
1975,
336,
5998,
5287,
456,
5206,
291,
268,
5587,
564,
454,
4502,
1855,
418,
5935,
18,
1354,
317,
461,
329,
72,
69,
650,
6240,
261,
688,
17,
11383,
1690,
5247,
7435,
1547,
363,
4139,
4203,
16,
291,
268,
3501,
1472,
749,
963,
360,
1547,
16,
566,
1039,
430,
336,
3841,
18,
365,
2033,
597,
5951,
454,
334,
18,
47,
18,
43,
89,
78,
2021,
291,
454,
431,
1221,
8839,
372,
3185,
35,
203,
10969,
28,
291,
10591,
3981,
268,
11235,
289,
391,
46,
52,
288,
268,
926,
289,
465,
4530,
291,
288,
1079,
268,
8598,
502,
3864,
608,
10098,
447,
1378,
291,
269,
4199,
7713,
268,
2909,
360,
268,
617,
289,
586,
6110,
5238,
18,
365,
683,
376,
2302,
1221,
316,
336,
1535,
268,
689,
650,
5952,
286,
331,
268,
6110,
5238,
292,
268,
3795,
6318,
268,
5951,
959,
1003,
261,
2215,
17,
84,
3086,
516,
3275,
18,
330,
1178,
4546,
76,
6359,
720,
5461,
84,
350,
1512,
372,
87,
1757,
1093,
430,
7633,
1875,
516,
268,
10064,
381,
3980,
288,
268,
5587,
564,
291,
10614,
261,
2085,
316,
1040,
2977,
801,
18,
203,
4598,
24,
316,
649,
710,
2693,
336,
2510,
1395,
2165,
4750,
830,
901,
268,
391,
46,
52,
734,
291,
502,
830,
6864,
261,
11571,
17,
322,
868,
289,
3463,
6913,
16,
566,
268,
1826,
664
] |
A Glossary of Fine Art
Art created from a realistic situation but represented unrealistically. Abstract art images are "abstracted" from real life images
A plastic, water-based pigment used for painting.
Originally the study of beautiful things. But currently aesthetics refers to the study or understanding of anything that is visually pleasing or "works" within the boundaries of the
principles of art.
Synthetic resin used in paints and mediums. It works as a binder that encapsulates the pigment and speeds the drying time.
Colors next to each other on the color wheel.
A functional object or arrangement whereby the principles of art are applied. Refers to such things as pottery, interior decorating, architecture, furniture, etc
Refers to materials that meet certain criteria for permanence such as lignin-free, pH neutral, alkaline-buffered, stable in light, etc.
A structural support for an object. Particularly used in sculpture to build upon.
The use of found objects or three-dimensional objects to create a work of art.
The art principle which refers to the arrangement of elements in an art work. Balance can be
either formal symmetrical, informal asymmetrical or radial.
In artwork, the effect of a dark color seeping through a lighter color to the surface.
Smoothing the edges of two colors together so that they have a smooth gradation where they meet.
The "glue" the holds pigment together and makes it stick to a surface.
Clay objects that have been fired one time. (unglazed)
Opaque paint, such as gouache, which has the covering power to obliterate underlying color.
An image created with a paint brush, typically using India ink or watercolor, that has a linear quality rather than a painterly finish.
A sculpture representing the neck and head only of a person.
Literally means beautiful line. Typically refers to a type of writing that incorporates the use of a wide pen nib.
Coarse cloth or heavy fabric that must be stretched and primed to use for painting, particularly for oil paintings.
Clay objects that have been fired twice, the second time with a glaze.
Soft limestone, sometimes used as a drawing material or mixed to make pastels and other crayons.
A drawing material made from charred wood.
Italian word for "light-shade". The use and balance of light and shade in a painting, and in particular the use of strong contrast.
A natural, moist earth substance used in making bricks, tile, pottery and ceramic sculpture.
An arrangement of shapes adhered to a background.
A print made from a collage of assorted pasted materials such as papers, cardboards, string etc.
An element of art that refers to "hue".
The organization of colors on a wheel. Used to help understand color schemes.
Colors opposite each other on the color wheel. When to complimentary colors are mixed together you will get a neutral tone
The arrangement of the parts of a work of art.
Art made with the use of a computer program.
Art where the idea, rather than the actual object is the most significant feature. Particularly popular in the 1960's.
A resin from conifer trees, used in making oil mediums and varnishes.
A term for colors used in underpainting.
The ragged edge found on handmade papers.
The act of cutting out paper designs and applying them to a surface to make an all over collage.
From the Italian word meaning "drawing" which also implied planning and composing.
Best quality Gouache paints, often used in commercial art.
Liquids, such as turpentine, used to dilute oil paint, the diluent for waterbased media is water.
Painting, usually an altarpiece, made up of hinged panels.
Applied to paint, a smooth, homogeneous mixture of ingredients; the process of dispersal, in which pigment particles are evenly distributed throughout the vehicle.
A blend of glue, chalk and water-based paint, used mostly for murals and posters.
Representations on a flat surface usually made with pen, pencil, crayon, chalk or paint with an emphasis on line.
A material that accelerates or initiates the drying of an oil paint or oil by promoting oxidation.
Pigments made using earth (dirt) that contain metal oxides mixed with a binder such as glue.
Paint made of powdered pigment and bound together with egg yolk or egg whites. The most prominent painting material used from the 12th century to the rise of oil painting.
A principle in art where important elements and ideas are emphasized via composition.
A liquid in which small droplets of one liquid are immiscible in, but thoroughly and evenly dispersed throughout, a second liquid. eg. Acrylic Emulsion
Literally, to burn in. A painting technique in which the binder is melted wax.
A process, used by printmakers, of incising or scratching lines into a wood block or metal plate from which a print was made.
Art made on a grand scale, involving the creation of a man-made environment such as architecture, sculpture, light or landscape.
In reference to perspective, eye-level is the artists' view of where the perceived line or perspective came from.
The front or face of a building.
Artwork based on the human form.
A thin coating or layer of paint, ink, etc.
A term used to describe work that is without any particular function. Typically paintings, sculpture, drawings and prints.
The process of baking clay in a kiln or banked fire outside (such as raku firing). This process hardens the clay and makes it very permanent.
Varnish, usually of alcohol & shellac, sprayed or painted onto a surface to prevent smudging or smearing. Usually on a charcoal or chalk pastel work.
Art made by untrained practitioners. Typically lively, colorful artwork in a somewhat "naive" style.
A rule in perspective to create the illusion of coming forward or receding into space.
An element of art focused on all three dimensions (height, width and depth).
Pigment or dye colors that fade when exposed to light.
A surface preparation or primer made of chalk or gypsum for tempura or oil paintings that is painted onto the picture surface.
Applying gold leaf to a painting or other surface.
A transparent or semitransparent coating of a color or stain used over oil paintings, plaster sculpture or ceramics.
A watercolor paint mixed with white pigments making it more opaque and giving it more weight and body.
Dried clay forms that have not been fired.
Coating material, usually white, applied to a support to make it ready for painting.
A binder used in watercolors made from the gum of an acacia tree.
The horizontal line that distinguishes the sky from the earth, or the ground from the wall. The eye-level of the artists view. Also, where the vanishing point lies in a perspective drawing.
The technical reference to color.
Absorbing or attracting moisture from the air.
An image that accompanies written text and aids in interpreting it.
A style of painting characterized by thick, juicy color application.
Impasto Medium is an oil painting medium of finely ground calcite, silica and bentonite in pale linseed oil. Use it to extend paint without altering the consistency, making oil colors 'short' and buttery for impastos. This putty-like medium makes colors slightly transparent while allowing you to build impasted, thick applications of paint. When added to oil paint, Impasto Medium does not alter its color temperature. It can be thinned with solvent or oil.
A movement in the 19th century which bridged the "realist" tradition with the modern movements of the 20th century. Focus for the impressionist was on light and atmosphere.
A thin, veil of paint, or paint-tinted size, applied to a ground to lessen the ground's absorbency or to tint the ground to a middle value.
A waterproof ink made from lampblack.
The purity and brightness of a color. Also called saturation.
A large "oven" used for firing clay work.
The process of drawing out excess liquid through a porous substance.
Resistant to fading or other changes due to light.
An element of art used in drawing, painting and sculpture. A line is the path of a moving point.
Creating the illusion of depth on a picture plane with the use of lines and a vanishing point.
The actual color of an object or surface, unaffected by shadow coloring, light quality or other factors.
A general purpose drawing and coloring paper. Typically cream color.
French word for "small model". Used particularly by sculptors as a "sketch" of their work.
An artists finest work, or any particularly fine work.
Flat, nonglossy; having a dull surface appearance. Variant spelling - matt.
The liquid in which pigments are suspended. Also a material chosen by the artist for working. Plural is media.
In drawing and painting this refers to the use of different media in the same picture.
Representation or making sculptural, three-dimensional forms, usually with clay or wax. Also, making two-dimensional surfaces look three-dimensional , by use of light and shade, color and mass.
Tints and shades of single hue or color.
Light and dark tones of a singular color.
Images created using small tesserae (tiles or glass) arranged and glued into a design or composition. Mosaics date back to the Ancient Greeks and Romans, mostly used to decorate walls and floors.
A painting either on a wall or on a surface to be attached to a wall.
Newspaper stock used for sketching, preliminary drawings and printing.
Paint made by mixing ground pigment with oil (usually linseed oil) as a binder.
Oil based crayons.
The surface used to dispense and mix paint on.
Art works made with newspaper strips that have been moistened with wallpaper paste or laundry starch.
Design, motif or symbol repeated over and over.
The illusion of a three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface through the use of vanishing point, converging lines and diminishing sizes of objects.
Using cut photographs to create a work of art.
The surface of a painting as well as a mental construct through which all the pictorial elements are arranged.
Coloring material, which, when mixed with a binder forms a paint.
An image created with the use of small dots or points.
Painting or sculpture representing the likeness of a person.
Also known as paint pouring, flow art, liquid art.etc. Is a form of abstract art that uses acrylic paints with a runny (fluid) consistency. The acrylic paints react with each other when combined together to make interesting and visually organic motifs.
The basic colors that can be used to mix other colors. The primary colors are red, yellow and
Coating material, usually white, applied to a support to prepare it for painting.
The process of making art from an incised surface that has been inked and pressed on an appropriate surface such as paper.
Polyvinyl acetate, a manmade resin used as a paint medium and in varnish.
A projection from a surface. A low relief, such as a coin, is called bas relief.
A general term for a wide variety of more or less transparent, fusible materials. The term is used to designate any polymer that is a basic material for paints and plastics.
A clean, fast drying latex type of adhesive. Excellent for paper projects.
A technique used in preparation for cementing two pieces of clay together using a series of incised lines. Also describes a process for indentation and curved line paper sculpture and folding.
Orange, green and purple.
Refers to the darker values of a color.
The element of art that describes a two-dimensional area (height and width).
Preliminary or rough draft, typically made with pencil, crayon, pen, brush or pastel.
Dried, crushed clay mixed with water to a creamy consistency. Used as a binder in joining two pieces of clay together.
Inanimate object(s) represented in a drawing, painting or collage.
An opaque, water soluble paint available in liquid or powdered form.
The quality of a surface. One of the seven elements of art.
A hue mixed with white to create lighter values.
The amount of light or shade in a color. The value range in a painting.
The range of lightness or darkness in a color. A gray scale shows the range of values in
Generally, a more or less transparent film-forming liquid that dries into a solid film.
Pigment with a water soluble binder. Available in semi-moist cakes or tubes.
A method of preparing clay by kneading and squeezing it to expel air pockets and make it more plastic. | <urn:uuid:a38c681b-0e53-4f52-bbd4-753a72469443> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://eve-artsupplies.co.za/pages/a-glossary-of-fine-art | 2024-02-25T04:12:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.925244 | 2,765 | 3.25 | 3 | [
37,
3199,
1181,
556,
289,
418,
475,
5130,
203,
8239,
88,
2370,
427,
261,
8529,
3118,
566,
7281,
543,
10706,
1784,
523,
18,
10429,
6073,
1699,
3394,
356,
991,
8183,
322,
4473,
6,
427,
1409,
943,
3394,
203,
37,
3411,
16,
770,
17,
2127,
5169,
367,
724,
331,
4855,
18,
203,
51,
4383,
263,
523,
268,
1147,
289,
4532,
1612,
18,
1163,
3794,
7229,
11564,
4080,
292,
268,
1147,
361,
1616,
289,
3784,
336,
316,
10133,
3034,
1625,
361,
991,
3415,
6,
1291,
268,
6165,
289,
268,
203,
2044,
1329,
3466,
289,
1699,
18,
203,
55,
2121,
4373,
474,
263,
724,
288,
1293,
340,
291,
5232,
87,
18,
553,
1854,
352,
261,
285,
4966,
336,
1593,
1881,
9134,
268,
5169,
367,
291,
8813,
268,
11244,
669,
18,
203,
39,
320,
753,
2033,
292,
1011,
586,
341,
268,
2191,
7387,
18,
203,
37,
5872,
3904,
361,
11376,
853,
2330,
268,
3995,
289,
1699,
356,
3848,
18,
7227,
332,
292,
659,
1612,
352,
1076,
3269,
16,
8511,
6681,
673,
16,
5438,
16,
9361,
16,
2801,
203,
54,
4727,
332,
292,
1811,
336,
2148,
1575,
6820,
331,
5200,
514,
659,
352,
308,
533,
263,
17,
4677,
16,
7105,
7783,
16,
11724,
475,
17,
5242,
457,
2142,
16,
5896,
288,
1360,
16,
2801,
18,
203,
37,
6534,
1105,
331,
363,
3904,
18,
2441,
410,
705,
325,
724,
288,
8826,
718,
292,
2115,
2807,
18,
203,
1461,
666,
289,
986,
3582,
361,
1391,
17,
10524,
3582,
292,
1408,
261,
716,
289,
1699,
18,
203,
1461,
1699,
5725,
518,
4080,
292,
268,
11376,
289,
2880,
288,
363,
1699,
716,
18,
5362,
515,
375,
327,
203,
73,
2081,
5979,
928,
81,
1475,
322,
466,
16,
895,
280,
352,
2835,
1475,
322,
466,
361,
2010,
439,
18,
203,
2983,
10173,
2904,
16,
268,
2365,
289,
261,
3334,
2191,
447,
8363,
734,
261,
11399,
2191,
292,
268,
2248,
18,
203,
55,
81,
616,
1107,
268,
9914,
289,
881,
4330,
1875,
576,
336,
502,
437,
261,
5036,
3000,
318,
853,
502,
2148,
18,
203,
1461,
991,
75,
2633,
6,
268,
5738,
5169,
367,
1875,
291,
1892,
362,
5925,
292,
261,
2248,
18,
203,
9362,
350,
3582,
336,
437,
712,
284,
2160,
597,
669,
18,
421,
2846,
80,
1600,
286,
13,
203,
51,
84,
8190,
7046,
16,
659,
352,
319,
290,
6182,
16,
518,
528,
268,
8013,
1056,
292,
5849,
3072,
381,
4908,
2191,
18,
203,
7353,
2925,
2370,
360,
261,
7046,
5410,
16,
2437,
1001,
2510,
11981,
361,
770,
5847,
283,
16,
336,
528,
261,
9034,
1630,
2359,
687,
261,
1293,
345,
325,
7599,
18,
203,
37,
8826,
718,
9108,
268,
6058,
291,
1747,
794,
289,
261,
959,
18,
203,
48,
3072,
523,
1486,
4532,
2137,
18,
10640,
4080,
292,
261,
1517,
289,
2445,
336,
3368,
692,
268,
666,
289,
261,
2816,
4911,
314,
449,
18,
203,
10260,
294,
401,
3628,
361,
4112,
5621,
336,
1204,
327,
5174,
7713,
291,
1849,
286,
292,
666,
331,
4855,
16,
2467,
331,
2396,
9597,
18,
203,
9362,
350,
3582,
336,
437,
712,
284,
2160,
6428,
16,
268,
1901,
669,
360,
261,
1062,
10271,
18,
203,
55,
83,
1188,
1481,
10277,
16,
2903,
724,
352,
261,
5891,
1193,
361,
6465,
292,
804,
2323,
1137,
291,
586,
793,
350,
625,
18,
203,
37,
5891,
1193,
1146,
427,
1160,
1007,
2782,
18,
203,
45,
1178,
779,
2594,
331,
991,
2239,
17,
2683,
783,
6400,
365,
666,
291,
2909,
289,
1360,
291,
8801,
288,
261,
4855,
16,
291,
288,
1510,
268,
666,
289,
1806,
4980,
18,
203,
37,
1493,
16,
8717,
3239,
5148,
724,
288,
1355,
741,
6152,
16,
1377,
298,
16,
1076,
3269,
291,
1322,
3312,
8826,
718,
18,
203,
7353,
11376,
289,
6133,
478,
76,
2142,
292,
261,
4247,
18,
203,
37,
6598,
1146,
427,
261,
2042,
495,
289,
780,
442,
286,
2323,
286,
1811,
659,
352,
7540,
16,
2930,
2540,
1519,
16,
7221,
2801,
18,
203,
7353,
4156,
289,
1699,
336,
4080,
292,
991,
76,
610,
6400,
203,
1461,
3272,
289,
4330,
341,
261,
7387,
18,
2407,
286,
292,
617,
992,
2191,
944,
11089,
18,
203,
39,
320,
753,
6896,
1011,
586,
341,
268,
2191,
7387,
18,
1097,
292,
2411,
5284,
556,
4330,
356,
6465,
1875,
337,
513,
886,
261,
7783,
8049,
203,
1461,
11376,
289,
268,
2287,
289,
261,
716,
289,
1699,
18,
203,
8239,
88,
1146,
360,
268,
666,
289,
261,
2496,
1192,
18,
203,
8239,
88,
853,
268,
2505,
16,
2359,
687,
268,
4741,
3904,
316,
268,
710,
1297,
3810,
18,
2441,
410,
705,
325,
2029,
288,
268,
8002,
743,
18,
203,
37,
474,
263,
427,
353,
11486,
2998,
16,
724,
288,
1355,
2396,
5232,
87,
291,
832,
82,
8656,
18,
203,
37,
2085,
331,
4330,
724,
288,
1064,
84,
412,
542,
18,
203,
1461,
384,
484,
2292,
5975,
986,
341,
1129,
7363,
7540,
18,
203,
1461,
3241,
289,
4433,
628,
2237,
5403,
291,
7062,
622,
292,
261,
2248,
292,
804,
363,
516,
658,
2042,
495,
18,
203,
42,
409,
268,
7913,
2594,
2442,
991,
6662,
281,
6,
518,
525,
3098,
870,
3434,
291,
494,
2485,
18,
203,
38,
443,
1630,
461,
290,
6182,
1293,
340,
16,
970,
724,
288,
4082,
1699,
18,
203,
48,
1102,
1406,
16,
659,
352,
2882,
84,
302,
475,
16,
724,
292,
7792,
1490,
2396,
7046,
16,
268,
7792,
89,
302,
331,
770,
2127,
2612,
316,
770,
18,
203,
52,
412,
542,
16,
1840,
363,
366,
1789,
11386,
16,
1146,
644,
289,
296,
281,
286,
5326,
18,
203,
37,
398,
80,
870,
292,
7046,
16,
261,
5036,
16,
5440,
11793,
499,
7936,
289,
5266,
31,
268,
833,
289,
4016,
332,
280,
16,
288,
518,
5169,
367,
4916,
356,
919,
325,
7006,
2309,
268,
4194,
18,
203,
37,
9535,
289,
319,
2633,
16,
392,
4789,
291,
770,
17,
2127,
7046,
16,
724,
4903,
331,
7733,
645,
291,
2215,
332,
18,
203,
54,
559,
9004,
500,
341,
261,
5664,
2248,
1840,
1146,
360,
4911,
16,
279,
810,
309,
16,
793,
350,
266,
16,
392,
4789,
361,
7046,
360,
363,
7747,
341,
2137,
18,
203,
37,
1193,
336,
8399,
692,
361,
2101,
692,
268,
11244,
289,
363,
2396,
7046,
361,
2396,
419,
4636,
8130,
318,
18,
203,
52,
333,
652,
1146,
1001,
3239,
421,
72,
7423,
13,
336,
1462,
3691,
2754,
1701,
6465,
360,
261,
285,
4966,
659,
352,
319,
2633,
18,
203,
52,
5006,
1146,
289,
7080,
286,
5169,
367,
291,
3951,
1875,
360,
6546,
326,
320,
79,
361,
6546,
342,
2154,
18,
365,
710,
7404,
4855,
1193,
724,
427,
268,
2211,
262,
2254,
292,
268,
3573,
289,
2396,
4855,
18,
203,
37,
5725,
288,
1699,
853,
851,
2880,
291,
2854,
356,
3572,
963,
3785,
5964,
18,
203,
37,
4907,
288,
518,
1139,
5346,
700,
340,
289,
597,
4907,
356,
1299,
3219,
801,
288,
16,
566,
8525,
291,
919,
325,
4016,
332,
286,
2309,
16,
261,
1901,
4907,
18,
3154,
18,
330,
984,
93,
1074,
2733,
11752,
203,
48,
3072,
523,
16,
292,
4107,
288,
18,
330,
4855,
3925,
288,
518,
268,
285,
4966,
316,
4555,
691,
11317,
18,
203,
37,
833,
16,
724,
419,
6598,
11197,
16,
289,
490,
2252,
361,
8691,
281,
3629,
636,
261,
2782,
2834,
361,
3691,
6222,
427,
518,
261,
6598,
454,
1146,
18,
203,
8239,
88,
1146,
341,
261,
6206,
3664,
16,
6672,
268,
4314,
289,
261,
532,
17,
7363,
1072,
659,
352,
5438,
16,
8826,
718,
16,
1360,
361,
4122,
18,
203,
2983,
5137,
292,
4785,
16,
2592,
17,
6120,
316,
268,
5875,
11,
1889,
289,
853,
268,
8605,
2137,
361,
4785,
2913,
427,
18,
203,
1461,
3775,
361,
2425,
289,
261,
1649,
18,
203,
8239,
544,
2904,
1585,
341,
268,
1195,
926,
18,
203,
37,
5163,
8326,
361,
3863,
289,
7046,
16,
11981,
16,
2801,
18,
203,
37,
2085,
724,
292,
5094,
716,
336,
316,
1298,
723,
1510,
1596,
18,
10640,
9597,
16,
8826,
718,
16,
2395,
762,
291,
2558,
340,
18,
203,
1461,
833,
289,
11566,
9138,
288,
261,
5808,
82,
361,
4850,
286,
2551,
2856,
421,
7203,
352,
384,
761,
89,
284,
3407,
802,
540,
833,
1656,
614,
268,
9138,
291,
1892,
362,
1040,
6273,
18,
203,
58,
10011,
557,
16,
1840,
289,
3449,
1884,
8377,
313,
16,
4143,
6224,
361,
11325,
5051,
261,
2248,
292,
1463,
835,
1327,
1893,
361,
835,
8199,
18,
10676,
341,
261,
1160,
4552,
280,
361,
392,
4789,
2323,
306,
716,
18,
203,
8239,
88,
1146,
419,
543,
322,
1953,
10359,
18,
10640,
308,
2084,
16,
11808,
10173,
2904,
288,
261,
8593,
991,
3862,
464,
6,
3836,
18,
203,
37,
4129,
288,
4785,
292,
1408,
268,
1930,
2037,
289,
4028,
3882,
361,
632,
3412,
636,
1846,
18,
203,
7353,
4156,
289,
1699,
4474,
341,
516,
1391,
8988,
421,
781,
486,
16,
11026,
291,
4893,
802,
203,
52,
333,
367,
361,
295,
5209,
4330,
336,
284,
783,
649,
4504,
292,
1360,
18,
203,
37,
2248,
6468,
361,
1849,
265,
1146,
289,
392,
4789,
361,
319,
93,
782,
408,
331,
9073,
7907,
361,
2396,
9597,
336,
316,
11325,
5051,
268,
4378,
2248,
18,
203,
37,
398,
2173,
3906,
5658,
292,
261,
4855,
361,
586,
2248,
18,
203,
37,
9342,
361,
447,
2167,
86,
504,
84,
4243,
8326,
289,
261,
2191,
361,
7827,
724,
658,
2396,
9597,
16,
452,
1764,
8826,
718,
361,
1322,
6372,
18,
203,
37,
770,
5847,
283,
7046,
6465,
360,
2398,
5169,
652,
1355,
362,
512,
816,
8190,
291,
3851,
362,
512,
2146,
291,
1073,
18,
203,
40,
2543,
9138,
2779,
336,
437,
462,
712,
284,
2160,
18,
203,
10260,
673,
1193,
16,
1840,
2398,
16,
3848,
292,
261,
1105,
292,
804,
362,
4054,
331,
4855,
18,
203,
37,
285,
4966,
724,
288,
770,
5847,
753,
1146,
427,
268,
6587,
289,
363,
426,
313,
563,
2907,
18,
203,
1461,
10852,
2137,
336,
6115,
8656,
268,
6476,
427,
268,
3239,
16,
361,
268,
2107,
427,
268,
3132,
18,
365,
2592,
17,
6120,
289,
268,
5875,
1889,
18,
3337,
16,
853,
268,
9615,
2793,
1813,
5904,
288,
261,
4785,
5891,
18,
203,
1461,
4419,
5137,
292,
2191,
18,
203,
37,
825,
283,
4461,
361,
3339,
4252,
4886,
427,
268,
1294,
18,
203,
7353,
2925,
336,
7951,
423,
3245,
2631,
291,
7891,
288,
7267,
542,
362,
18,
203,
37,
3836,
289,
4855,
6360,
419,
4460,
16,
5777,
4915,
2191,
2889,
18,
203,
45,
755,
301,
278,
2110,
1231,
316,
363,
2396,
4855,
5232,
289,
951,
601,
2107,
2460,
674,
16,
3124,
5663,
291,
285,
302,
266,
674,
288,
11584,
308,
263,
401,
286,
2396,
18,
2932,
362,
292,
7012,
7046,
1298,
366,
5339,
268,
9605,
16,
1355,
2396,
4330,
3036,
2683,
442,
11,
291,
566,
3269,
331,
498,
301,
4455,
18,
540,
1927,
562,
17,
2656,
5232,
1892,
4330,
5332,
9342,
1020,
3240,
337,
292,
2115,
498,
603,
286,
16,
4460,
2391,
289,
7046,
18,
1097,
3211,
292,
2396,
7046,
16,
2670,
301,
278,
2110,
1231,
1082,
462,
7580,
606,
2191,
2263,
18,
553,
375,
327,
5163,
2093,
360,
904,
6064,
361,
2396,
18,
203,
37,
2710,
288,
268,
789,
262,
2254,
518,
741,
323,
2292,
268,
991,
10706,
588,
6,
5770,
360,
268,
2332,
4793,
289,
268,
731,
262,
2254,
18,
10014,
331,
268,
11514,
588,
454,
341,
1360,
291,
4828,
18,
203,
37,
5163,
16,
1271,
309,
289,
7046,
16,
361,
7046,
17,
2432,
691,
2155,
16,
3848,
292,
261,
2107,
292,
1165,
270,
268,
2107,
743,
7493,
1150,
361,
292,
4629,
88,
268,
2107,
292,
261,
4067,
2003,
18,
203,
37,
770,
9738,
11981,
1146,
427,
308,
1705,
640,
583,
18,
203,
1461,
1249,
380,
291,
4812,
822,
289,
261,
2191,
18,
3337,
1478,
2651,
6386,
18,
203,
37,
1452,
991,
9818,
6,
724,
331,
284,
3407,
9138,
716,
18,
203,
1461,
833,
289,
5891,
628,
3321,
4907,
734,
261,
2672,
499,
5148,
18,
203,
11872,
5107,
292,
284,
5669,
361,
586,
1703,
1504,
292,
1360,
18,
203,
7353,
4156,
289,
1699,
724,
288,
5891,
16,
4855,
291,
8826,
718,
18,
330,
2137,
316,
268,
2363,
289,
261,
3931,
1813,
18,
203,
39,
554,
281,
268,
1930,
2037,
289,
4893,
341,
261,
4378,
9006,
360,
268,
666,
289,
3629,
291,
261,
9615,
2793,
1813,
18,
203,
1461,
4741,
2191,
289,
363,
3904,
361,
2248,
16,
543,
4140,
1113,
419,
8433,
329,
2191,
281,
16,
1360,
1630,
361,
586,
1802,
18,
203,
37,
2177,
3094,
5891,
291,
2191,
281,
2237,
18,
10640,
8903,
2191,
18,
203,
42,
3348,
2594,
331,
991,
8675
] |
Being a teacher is a demanding job. From managing classrooms to grading papers, teachers are constantly on the go, juggling multiple responsibilities. With such a hectic schedule, it’s easy to let healthy eating habits fall by the wayside. But the truth is, a nutritious diet is essential for teachers to stay energized, focused, and resilient. In this article, we’ll explore the importance of a healthy eating habit for teachers and provide practical tips on how to develop one.
1. Understanding the Importance of a Healthy Eating Habit for Teachers
As educators, we often underestimate the impact of our diet on our overall well-being. But just like a car needs quality fuel to run efficiently, our bodies and minds require proper nutrition to function optimally. Let’s take a closer look at two key aspects of healthy eating habits for teachers:
The impact of diet on energy levels and productivity
Imagine your body as a power plant, and food as the fuel that powers it. The quality of the fuel you choose directly affects your energy levels. When you consume nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, you provide your body with the necessary vitamins and minerals to sustain a steady energy supply throughout the day.
For example, fruits like bananas are rich in potassium, which helps maintain proper nerve and muscle function. Consuming bananas as part of a healthy breakfast can provide you with a natural energy boost to start your day.
In addition, whole grains like oats contain complex carbohydrates that are slowly digested, providing a steady release of energy over time. This can help prevent energy crashes and keep you focused during long teaching sessions.
On the other hand, a diet high in processed foods and sugary snacks can lead to energy crashes and sluggishness. These foods are often high in refined sugars, which cause a rapid spike in blood sugar levels followed by a sharp drop. This rollercoaster effect can leave you feeling tired and unable to concentrate.
Renowned psychologist Dr. Albert Bandura once said, “In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, to struggle together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.” By nourishing your body with wholesome foods, you’re not only fueling your physical energy but also bolstering your mental resilience to face the challenges of teaching.
The role of nutrition in managing stress and preventing burnout
Teaching can be a stressful profession, and the demands placed on educators can often be overwhelming. However, by adopting a healthy eating habit, you can equip your body to deal with stress more effectively. Adequate nutrition has been linked to improved mental health and emotional well-being.
When you’re under stress, your body releases stress hormones like cortisol. While these hormones are essential for short bursts of energy, prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol can have negative effects on your health. Proper nutrition can help regulate these hormones and reduce the impact of stress on your body.
For example, foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and walnuts, have been shown to have a calming effect on the brain and can help reduce anxiety and improve mood. Including these foods in your diet can contribute to a more relaxed and balanced state of mind.
Pioneering psychiatrist Dr. Viktor Frankl once said, “Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response.” By fueling your body with a balanced diet, you provide yourself with the physical and mental resilience necessary to navigate the challenging moments of teaching without succumbing to burnout.
Assessing Your Current Eating Habits
Before embarking on any journey, it’s crucial to assess where you currently stand. Here are some steps to help you evaluate your current eating habits:
Identifying unhealthy eating patterns
Take a moment to reflect on your eating habits throughout the day. Do you find yourself skipping meals or relying on unhealthy snacks as quick fixes? Are you eating mindlessly while multitasking? Recognizing these patterns is the first step toward making positive changes. As famous dietitian Dr. Susan B. Roberts aptly noted, “Change your thoughts and you change your world.” By acknowledging and challenging your unhealthy eating patterns, you’re taking a significant step towards establishing healthier habits.
Let’s delve deeper into the concept of unhealthy eating patterns. Unhealthy eating patterns can manifest in various ways. For example, skipping meals can lead to overeating later in the day, as your body compensates for the lack of energy. On the other hand, relying on unhealthy snacks as quick fixes may provide temporary satisfaction but can contribute to long-term health issues such as obesity and nutrient deficiencies.
Another common unhealthy eating pattern is mindless eating while multitasking. This often happens when we eat in front of the TV or while working on our computers. When we’re not fully present and focused on our meals, we tend to eat more than we need and fail to truly enjoy the food we’re consuming.
Recognizing and understanding these unhealthy eating patterns is essential for making positive changes. By identifying the specific behaviors that contribute to your unhealthy habits, you can develop strategies to overcome them and establish healthier routines.
Recognizing triggers for unhealthy eating choices
We all have certain triggers that make us veer off track from a healthy eating routine. It could be stress, fatigue, emotional eating, or even peer influence. By identifying these triggers, you gain awareness and control over your eating decisions. As renowned psychologist Dr. Daniel Goleman wisely advised, “Self-awareness is the ability to monitor one’s own inner world and how it impacts others.” By becoming aware of your triggers, you can develop strategies to overcome them and make healthier choices.
Let’s explore some common triggers for unhealthy eating choices. Stress is a significant factor that often leads to emotional eating. When we’re stressed, our bodies release cortisol, a hormone that increases appetite and cravings for high-calorie foods. This can result in mindless snacking or indulging in unhealthy comfort foods as a way to cope with stress.
Fatigue is another trigger that can lead to unhealthy eating choices. When we’re tired, our bodies crave quick sources of energy, such as sugary snacks or caffeine. These choices provide temporary energy boosts but can leave us feeling even more fatigued in the long run.
Emotional eating is a common response to feelings of sadness, loneliness, or boredom. Food can provide comfort and temporarily distract us from negative emotions. However, relying on food as a coping mechanism can lead to an unhealthy relationship with food and hinder our ability to address the root causes of our emotions.
Peer influence is another trigger that can sway our eating choices. When we’re surrounded by friends or colleagues who make unhealthy food choices, we may feel pressured to do the same. This can be particularly challenging in social situations or when eating out at restaurants.
By recognizing these triggers and understanding how they impact your eating choices, you can develop strategies to overcome them. This might involve finding alternative ways to cope with stress, prioritizing rest and self-care to combat fatigue, seeking emotional support from friends or professionals, and making conscious choices that align with your health goals, regardless of peer influence.
Setting Realistic Goals for Healthy Eating
Now that you understand the importance of healthy eating habits and have assessed your current eating patterns, it’s time to set goals that will propel you towards a more nutritious lifestyle. Here are two crucial steps to help you establish achievable objectives:
Establishing specific and measurable objectives
Setting vague goals like “eating healthier” can be overwhelming and difficult to track progress. Instead, break down your objectives into specific and measurable steps. For example, aim to incorporate at least two servings of vegetables and one serving of fruit into each meal. This way, you have a clear target to work towards and can celebrate small victories along the way. As famous psychiatrist Dr. Elizabeth Lombardo wisely said, “Progress, not perfection, is what we should be aiming for.”
Creating a timeline for achieving your goals
Without a timeline, goals often remain distant dreams. By setting a realistic timeline for achieving your objectives, you create a sense of urgency and hold yourself accountable. Ask yourself, “By what date do I hope to incorporate these healthy habits consistently?” Treat this timeline as a gentle reminder rather than a strict deadline. Remember, change takes time, and every step counts. As leading dietitian Dr. Michelle May advocated, “Progress, not perfection, is the key to success.”
Planning and Preparing Nutritious Meals
Now that you’ve set realistic goals, it’s time to put them into action. Here are some practical tips to help you plan and prepare nutritious meals:
Meal planning strategies for busy teachers
As a teacher, time is often scarce. But with proper meal planning, you can save time and ensure you have nutritious options readily available. Dedicate a few minutes each week to plan your meals. Choose recipes that are quick and easy to prepare, and consider batch cooking and meal prepping to streamline your routine. As renowned dietitian Dr. Abbey Sharp rightly said, “Planning your meals ahead of time is like having a roadmap to follow when you’re hungry and pressed for time.”
Tips for grocery shopping and stocking a healthy pantry
When grocery shopping, make a list of the nutritious ingredients you need and stick to it. Avoid shopping on an empty stomach to prevent impulse purchases. Focus on fresh produce, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. And when stocking your pantry, remove temptation by replacing unhealthy snacks with nourishing alternatives. As famous psychologist Dr. Carl Jung wisely stated, “Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakes.” By filling your pantry with wholesome foods, you awaken your inner motivation to make healthier choices.
Incorporating Balanced Nutrition into Your Daily Routine
Developing a healthy eating habit should not feel restrictive or burdensome. Instead, think of it as an opportunity to nourish your body and elevate your overall well-being. Here are some strategies to help you incorporate balanced nutrition into your daily routine:
Understanding the basics of a well-rounded diet
A well-rounded diet consists of a variety of nutrients that our bodies need to thrive. It includes carbohydrates for energy, proteins for tissue repair and growth, healthy fats for brain function, and a rich array of vitamins and minerals. Think of your daily meals as a symphony where each nutrient plays a vital role. As pioneering dietitian Dr. Marion Nestle aptly observed, “We have control over our diet and can make decisions about what we eat, understanding that our food choices affect both our health and the environment.”
Incorporating essential nutrients into meals and snacks
Every time you sit down to eat, aim to include a variety of food groups and colors on your plate. For example, combine whole grains, lean proteins, and vibrant fruits and vegetables in your meals. And don’t forget to keep healthy snacks on hand, such as nuts, seeds, and yogurt, to satisfy your cravings between meals. As well-known dietitian Dr. David L. Katz once said, “The more you eat, the less flavor; the less you eat, the more flavor.” By consciously incorporating essential nutrients into your meals and snacks, you savor the flavors of healthy living.
In conclusion, as a teacher, your well-being plays a vital role in your ability to positively impact the lives of your students. By developing a healthy eating habit, you invest in your energy, productivity, and resilience. Remember, Rome wasn’t built in a day. Be kind to yourself, celebrate small victories, and gradually cultivate a nourishing relationship with food. As renowned dietitian Dr. John Berardi wisely said, “The journey is where we learn the most about ourselves.” | <urn:uuid:6661642d-a592-475e-abdd-8d88ca4d42d0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://healthyofficehabits.com/how-to-develop-a-healthy-eating-habit-for-teachers/ | 2024-02-25T06:05:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.940958 | 2,495 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
10746,
281,
261,
3898,
316,
261,
11687,
3065,
18,
2519,
4641,
10845,
292,
3000,
281,
7540,
16,
3067,
356,
5957,
341,
268,
679,
16,
577,
3099,
1667,
2563,
7710,
18,
1440,
659,
261,
296,
9397,
5806,
16,
362,
372,
87,
2289,
292,
2053,
1702,
3104,
4585,
2341,
419,
268,
1714,
496,
18,
1163,
268,
4755,
316,
16,
261,
10170,
1859,
316,
1505,
331,
3067,
292,
2503,
403,
732,
963,
16,
4474,
16,
291,
9865,
18,
450,
456,
1989,
16,
445,
372,
660,
2408,
268,
2557,
289,
261,
1702,
3104,
2997,
331,
3067,
291,
1153,
4183,
3651,
341,
667,
292,
709,
597,
18,
203,
21,
18,
3793,
268,
9054,
289,
261,
9064,
9610,
10077,
297,
331,
9851,
203,
5190,
6699,
16,
445,
970,
1064,
274,
6669,
268,
1393,
289,
662,
1859,
341,
662,
2114,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
1163,
1039,
730,
261,
877,
1470,
1630,
3307,
292,
1673,
6106,
16,
662,
3910,
291,
8143,
1131,
1225,
4920,
292,
1596,
2516,
523,
18,
3023,
372,
87,
1071,
261,
5941,
1500,
430,
881,
1558,
3378,
289,
1702,
3104,
4585,
331,
3067,
30,
203,
1461,
1393,
289,
1859,
341,
1138,
1506,
291,
5543,
203,
45,
81,
484,
475,
424,
1073,
352,
261,
1056,
1380,
16,
291,
934,
352,
268,
3307,
336,
7290,
362,
18,
365,
1630,
289,
268,
3307,
337,
2869,
2978,
4238,
424,
1138,
1506,
18,
1097,
337,
5793,
5842,
17,
72,
1455,
2334,
730,
4308,
16,
4059,
16,
2399,
7266,
16,
291,
9283,
5073,
16,
337,
1153,
424,
1073,
360,
268,
1990,
5769,
291,
5405,
292,
1844,
261,
10326,
1138,
2744,
2309,
268,
1196,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
4308,
730,
3212,
10409,
356,
2941,
288,
9061,
16,
518,
1780,
1638,
1225,
5908,
291,
3504,
1596,
18,
1895,
7374,
3212,
10409,
352,
923,
289,
261,
1702,
2603,
9169,
375,
1153,
337,
360,
261,
1493,
1138,
4663,
292,
1236,
424,
1196,
18,
203,
2983,
1879,
16,
2399,
7266,
730,
272,
1378,
1462,
1874,
8930,
336,
356,
6104,
1537,
7293,
16,
2352,
261,
10326,
4133,
289,
1138,
658,
669,
18,
540,
375,
617,
1463,
1138,
793,
9005,
291,
1288,
337,
4474,
995,
917,
3254,
6575,
18,
203,
9076,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
261,
1859,
695,
288,
6654,
2334,
291,
1379,
556,
3007,
1968,
375,
912,
292,
1138,
793,
9005,
291,
269,
519,
9123,
557,
822,
18,
948,
2334,
356,
970,
695,
288,
1210,
1451,
10891,
16,
518,
1342,
261,
3306,
440,
1514,
288,
1364,
2980,
1506,
4138,
419,
261,
6368,
5639,
18,
540,
4995,
1325,
83,
1764,
2365,
375,
3756,
337,
3900,
10350,
291,
6320,
292,
3174,
381,
18,
203,
54,
270,
871,
286,
2532,
4728,
1698,
18,
996,
4998,
391,
481,
7907,
2340,
1211,
16,
538,
2983,
1544,
292,
7546,
16,
689,
648,
261,
2266,
289,
1817,
17,
73,
1848,
1495,
16,
292,
5380,
1875,
360,
5752,
292,
2148,
268,
9720,
2855,
9563,
291,
7162,
647,
289,
943,
1053,
1285,
314,
455,
2793,
424,
1073,
360,
342,
2969,
436,
2334,
16,
337,
372,
267,
462,
794,
3307,
281,
424,
1646,
1138,
566,
525,
285,
4395,
5339,
424,
1993,
5752,
292,
2425,
268,
2219,
289,
3254,
18,
203,
1461,
1476,
289,
4920,
288,
4641,
1751,
291,
4888,
4107,
491,
203,
56,
73,
4457,
375,
327,
261,
1751,
703,
1742,
16,
291,
268,
6395,
4087,
341,
6699,
375,
970,
327,
9504,
18,
1121,
16,
419,
10265,
261,
1702,
3104,
2997,
16,
337,
375,
1222,
517,
424,
1073,
292,
3625,
360,
1751,
512,
2992,
18,
330,
864,
8940,
4920,
528,
712,
4331,
292,
3808,
1993,
661,
291,
3167,
767,
17,
2722,
18,
203,
7508,
337,
372,
267,
1064,
1751,
16,
424,
1073,
11330,
1751,
7129,
730,
273,
442,
277,
320,
18,
1508,
629,
7129,
356,
1505,
331,
1912,
285,
2319,
340,
289,
1138,
16,
9780,
3285,
292,
695,
1506,
289,
273,
442,
277,
320,
375,
437,
3047,
1814,
341,
424,
661,
18,
6268,
4920,
375,
617,
7075,
629,
7129,
291,
1590,
268,
1393,
289,
1751,
341,
424,
1073,
18,
203,
8679,
1214,
16,
2334,
2941,
288,
10881,
17,
23,
7050,
5656,
16,
659,
352,
9986,
291,
2599,
82,
1557,
16,
437,
712,
2853,
292,
437,
261,
1534,
2280,
2365,
341,
268,
1860,
291,
375,
617,
1590,
3083,
291,
1434,
5215,
18,
2965,
6889,
629,
2334,
288,
424,
1859,
375,
2885,
292,
261,
512,
4573,
286,
291,
5218,
1247,
289,
1710,
18,
203,
52,
7300,
1489,
10657,
3437,
1698,
18,
720,
2246,
441,
7797,
80,
2340,
1211,
16,
538,
38,
364,
7402,
6760,
310,
291,
2629,
16,
686,
316,
261,
1846,
18,
450,
336,
1846,
316,
662,
1056,
292,
2869,
662,
2629,
1053,
1285,
3307,
281,
424,
1073,
360,
261,
5218,
1859,
16,
337,
1153,
2757,
360,
268,
1646,
291,
1993,
5752,
1990,
292,
5881,
268,
4079,
9269,
289,
3254,
1298,
10623,
3568,
281,
292,
4107,
491,
18,
203,
5190,
87,
368,
281,
2073,
6838,
9610,
10077,
764,
203,
10746,
852,
3612,
294,
505,
341,
723,
3405,
16,
362,
372,
87,
1821,
292,
2123,
853,
337,
3794,
1323,
18,
2011,
356,
579,
2845,
292,
617,
337,
5992,
424,
1619,
3104,
4585,
30,
203,
45,
72,
560,
74,
1411,
10421,
3104,
3092,
203,
56,
1387,
261,
3841,
292,
5295,
341,
424,
3104,
4585,
2309,
268,
1196,
18,
2094,
337,
1255,
2757,
885,
5566,
6072,
361,
304,
2173,
341,
10421,
3007,
1968,
352,
2025,
3648,
274,
35,
2987,
337,
3104,
1710,
7811,
1020,
1726,
1712,
505,
35,
9303,
1790,
629,
3092,
316,
268,
855,
2483,
4094,
1355,
2262,
1703,
18,
760,
4572,
3787,
287,
3222,
1698,
18,
5057,
282,
391,
18,
4125,
657,
340,
3158,
88,
325,
5411,
16,
538,
5139,
807,
424,
4324,
291,
337,
1317,
424,
887,
1053,
1285,
8083,
1893,
291,
4079,
424,
10421,
3104,
3092,
16,
337,
372,
267,
2265,
261,
1297,
2483,
2547,
8213,
6361,
4585,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
7315,
5037,
636,
268,
3313,
289,
10421,
3104,
3092,
18,
860,
8488,
3104,
3092,
375,
8438,
288,
1320,
1714,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
885,
5566,
6072,
375,
912,
292,
658,
73,
673,
2135,
288,
268,
1196,
16,
352,
424,
1073,
7084,
692,
331,
268,
2850,
289,
1138,
18,
1245,
268,
586,
1129,
16,
304,
2173,
341,
10421,
3007,
1968,
352,
2025,
3648,
274,
602,
1153,
7724,
8768,
566,
375,
2885,
292,
917,
17,
950,
661,
1659,
659,
352,
6712,
291,
5842,
4630,
9989,
18,
203,
7353,
1099,
1112,
10421,
3104,
2223,
316,
1710,
1465,
3104,
1020,
1726,
1712,
505,
18,
540,
970,
4301,
649,
445,
2564,
288,
3775,
289,
268,
7716,
361,
1020,
1795,
341,
662,
5578,
18,
1097,
445,
372,
267,
462,
3590,
1487,
291,
4474,
341,
662,
6072,
16,
445,
3020,
292,
2564,
512,
687,
445,
648,
291,
2335,
292,
5562,
2622,
268,
934,
445,
372,
267,
7687,
18,
203,
54,
312,
1396,
1790,
291,
1616,
629,
10421,
3104,
3092,
316,
1505,
331,
1355,
2262,
1703,
18,
1285,
5678,
268,
1430,
4871,
336,
2885,
292,
424,
10421,
4585,
16,
337,
375,
709,
2737,
292,
6101,
622,
291,
3577,
6361,
11346,
18,
203,
54,
312,
1396,
1790,
8969,
331,
10421,
3104,
4548,
203,
3464,
516,
437,
1575,
8969,
336,
804,
407,
1271,
265,
1070,
3719,
427,
261,
1702,
3104,
4485,
18,
553,
911,
327,
1751,
16,
6670,
16,
3167,
3104,
16,
361,
919,
8549,
3033,
18,
1285,
5678,
629,
8969,
16,
337,
3277,
3717,
291,
1357,
658,
424,
3104,
3073,
18,
760,
10803,
2532,
4728,
1698,
18,
11617,
461,
2748,
1820,
6461,
601,
11214,
16,
538,
55,
884,
17,
8409,
822,
316,
268,
1882,
292,
2591,
597,
372,
87,
1044,
5817,
887,
291,
667,
362,
3960,
1548,
1053,
1285,
3832,
2337,
289,
424,
8969,
16,
337,
375,
709,
2737,
292,
6101,
622,
291,
804,
6361,
4548,
18,
203,
48,
364,
372,
87,
2408,
579,
1112,
8969,
331,
10421,
3104,
4548,
18,
8685,
316,
261,
1297,
3488,
336,
970,
4198,
292,
3167,
3104,
18,
1097,
445,
372,
267,
10470,
16,
662,
3910,
4133,
273,
442,
277,
320,
16,
261,
6494,
336,
3675,
9399,
291,
793,
548,
762,
331,
695,
17,
10500,
10561,
2334,
18,
540,
375,
1636,
288,
1710,
1465,
3007,
3303,
361,
612,
346,
1893,
288,
10421,
5829,
2334,
352,
261,
898,
292,
9120,
360,
1751,
18,
203,
42,
271,
5843,
316,
1515,
5048,
336,
375,
912,
292,
10421,
3104,
4548,
18,
1097,
445,
372,
267,
10350,
16,
662,
3910,
793,
1284,
2025,
2419,
289,
1138,
16,
659,
352,
1379,
556,
3007,
1968,
361,
9756,
18,
948,
4548,
1153,
7724,
1138,
1337,
6939,
566,
375,
3756,
407,
3900,
919,
512,
2272,
333,
4477,
288,
268,
917,
1673,
18,
203,
41,
81,
8639,
3104,
316,
261,
1112,
2629,
292,
4197,
289,
8644,
822,
16,
7151,
306,
1127,
16,
361,
285,
2723,
311,
18,
4010,
375,
1153,
5829,
291,
9161,
2873,
460,
6073,
407,
427,
3047,
3982,
18,
1121,
16,
304,
2173,
341,
934,
352,
261,
9920,
6004,
375,
912,
292,
363,
10421,
2051,
360,
934,
291,
296,
4966,
662,
1882,
292,
1750,
268,
3382,
2384,
289,
662,
3982,
18,
203,
52,
73,
265,
3033,
316,
1515,
5048,
336,
375,
1370,
350,
662,
3104,
4548,
18,
1097,
445,
372,
267,
10599,
419,
3295,
361,
7140,
650,
804,
10421,
934,
4548,
16,
445,
602,
1350,
1987,
72,
292,
565,
268,
1162,
18,
540,
375,
327,
2467,
4079,
288,
1234,
3887,
361,
649,
3104,
628,
430,
8690,
862,
18,
203,
10646,
9845,
629,
8969,
291,
1616,
667,
502,
1393,
424,
3104,
4548,
16,
337,
375,
709,
2737,
292,
6101,
622,
18,
540,
1276,
3820,
2697,
3833,
1714,
292,
9120,
360,
1751,
16,
5996,
281,
3061,
291,
1817,
17,
2178,
292,
6537,
6670,
16,
4840,
3167,
1105,
427,
3295,
361,
3789,
16,
291,
1355,
5286,
4548,
336,
4394,
360,
424,
661,
3002,
16,
6779,
289,
8549,
3033,
18,
203,
55,
364,
542,
8683,
1784,
2926,
645,
331,
9064,
9610,
203,
50,
329,
336,
337,
992,
268,
2557,
289,
1702,
3104,
4585,
291,
437,
10983,
424,
1619,
3104,
3092,
16,
362,
372,
87,
669,
292,
1075,
3002,
336,
513,
2933,
306,
337,
2547,
261,
512,
10170,
4185,
18,
2011,
356,
881,
1821,
2845,
292,
617,
337,
3577,
1700,
10370,
541,
6233,
30,
203,
41,
87,
1466,
2793,
1430,
291,
1351,
11944,
6233,
203,
55,
364,
542,
385,
6036,
3002,
730,
538,
73,
673,
6361,
537,
375,
327,
9504,
291,
2203,
292,
3719,
2674,
18,
4507,
16,
2603,
1190,
424,
6233,
636,
1430,
291,
1351,
11944,
2845,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
2517,
292,
7099,
430,
2144,
881,
1043,
762,
289,
4059,
291,
597,
6914,
289,
3714,
636,
1011,
5884,
18,
540,
898,
16,
337,
437,
261,
1763,
2886,
292,
716,
2547,
291,
375,
7434,
1139,
3463,
6913,
1910,
268,
898,
18,
760,
4572,
10657,
3437,
1698,
18,
10165,
458,
5053,
485,
83,
6461,
601,
1211,
16,
538,
10651,
2103,
16,
462,
10483,
982,
16,
316,
768,
445,
788,
327,
2517,
281,
331,
1053,
203,
39,
554,
281,
261,
584,
4633,
331,
6549,
424,
3002,
203,
59,
349,
491,
261,
584,
4633,
16,
3002,
970,
3406,
10450,
10288,
18,
1285,
2652,
261,
8529,
584,
4633,
331,
6549,
424,
6233,
16,
337,
1408,
261,
2266,
289,
2112,
75,
1150,
291,
3325,
2757,
4481,
1576,
18,
6626,
2757,
16,
538,
10646,
768,
3933,
565,
334,
3571,
292,
7099,
629,
1702,
4585,
8270,
5643,
4241,
456,
584,
4633,
352,
261,
8575,
10140,
2359,
687,
261,
7020,
3751,
1279,
18,
4897,
16,
1317,
2844,
669,
16,
291,
953,
2483,
894,
340,
18,
760,
2469,
3787,
287,
3222,
1698,
18,
4963,
306,
298,
2924,
5110,
488,
16,
538,
10651,
2103,
16,
462,
10483,
982,
16,
316,
268,
1558,
292,
1577,
1053,
203,
11919,
282,
668,
291,
2412,
1541,
281,
6941,
7136,
2172,
645,
203,
50,
329,
336,
337,
372,
317,
1075,
8529,
3002,
16,
362,
372,
87,
669,
292,
1927,
622,
636,
2433,
18,
2011,
356,
579,
4183,
3651,
292,
617,
337,
1200,
291,
5060,
10170,
6072,
30,
203,
49,
6472,
3434,
2737,
331,
9693,
3067,
203,
5190,
261,
3898,
16,
669,
316,
970,
6607,
339,
18,
1163,
360,
1225,
5884,
3434,
16,
337,
375,
3831,
669,
291,
1530,
337,
437,
10170,
2772,
9317,
1608,
18,
413,
286,
3057,
261,
1374,
3373,
1011,
2569,
292,
1200,
424,
6072,
18,
7853,
11139,
336,
356,
2025,
291,
2289,
292,
5060,
16,
291,
1119,
285,
1421,
6052,
291,
5884,
561,
3752,
292,
4045,
1279,
424,
4485,
18,
760,
10803,
3787,
287,
3222,
1698,
18,
2605,
1330,
93,
1395,
294,
84,
1328,
325,
1211,
16,
538,
11919
] |
Best Practices: Using Popular Media for Active Learning: Engaging Students Outside of the Classroom
By: Prof. Jillian Abbott, MFA
Queensborough Community College (CUNY)
Best Practices: Using Popular Media for Active Learning: Engaging Students Outside of the Classroom
Abstract: Creating engaging, interactive, online learning models may be a good first step to improving classroom success and possibly student learning outcomes. One way this can be achieved is by using SoftChalk, an educational software program that allows teachers to create user-friendly interactive lessons delivered via any standard web browser. The lesson discussed in this paper, “Eminem is Not Afraid,” engages students by recreating the experience of surfing the internet while guiding them through the stages of researching and writing a paper in a Freshman English composition class.
Teaching first year English composition, a compulsory subject at Queensborough Community College (QCC), can be challenging, especially when trying to engage a diverse student population with a wide range of prior educational backgrounds. According to QCC’s Fact Book 2011–2012, the student population of first time freshman at QCC in fall 2011 was roughly evenly divided between Hispanic (29%), Black, Non-Hispanic (25%), Asian or Pacific Islander (24%), and White, Non-Hispanic ( 21%), with the remaining one percent made up of American Indians or native Alaskans. ( Lackner and Fichera, 2011, p. 27) Over 100 languages are spoken by this diverse student body , with, “Over 39 percent of the fall 2011 freshmen speaking a language other than English at home.” (Lackner and Fichera, 2011, p.16)
English 101 is a compulsory subject and one that many students would rather not take, which makes engaging them in the course content doubly demanding. Technology provides myriad opportunities to engage this population. Randy Bass, among others, believes that “Technologies can play a key role here as new digital, learning, and analytics tools now make it possible to replicate some features of high-impact activities inside classrooms, . . . whether through the design of inquiry based learning . . . or redesign when and how students can engage course content.” (Bass, 2012, p. 26)
QCC encourages faculty to incorporate the use of technology pedagogy with a number of incentivized projects such as the Student Wiki Interdisciplinary Group (SWIG), a project that forms interdisciplinary virtual learning communities which collaborate online through the Epsilen platform and ePortfolio, and the now annual eLearning Institute, which trains faculty to teach online and partially online courses. Full time and part time faculty are encouraged to attend workshops and Teaching with Technology seminars at the Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning and the Academic Computing Center. These include “Creating Micro Lectures with Camtasia,” Blackboard and SoftChalk.
This emphasis on technology pedagogy provided me with the opportunity to create a learning module using SoftChalk. SoftChalk is educational software that allows teachers to create user-friendly interactive web pages delivered via any standard web browser. It is easy to use, yet allows educator to access the power of the internet to create engaging lessons, quizzes and interactive learning experiences.
Adding a technology component to a course such as EN101 not only enriches student experience but also embraces QCC’s general education learning objectives, and, in particular, the objective to “use information management and technology skills effectively for academic research and lifelong learning,” as stated in its Assessment Handbook. Elements of this objective include:
- Determine the extent of information needed for a research question, problem or issue,
- Access needed information effectively and efficiently,
- Evaluate information and its sources critically and assimilate selected information,
- Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose,
- Demonstrate an understanding of the economic, legal, social, and ethical issues surrounding the use of information and information technology,
- Employ technology in research and fields of interest, and
- Identify the role of technology and its impact on the individual, society and the environment. (2011 , p.38 )
Much has been made of this generation’s Web prowess, with terms such as “digital native” becoming so pervasive it is almost a cliché. A regular lament among faculty is that today’s students won’t read. Looking out at my classroom filled with students transfixed by their phones and other devises, it doesn’t seem to me that young people are reading and writing less, it seems that they’re reading and writing different. According to Apple development executive Jon Landis, the current generation of college students is the most prolific writing generation ever. (Landis, 2011) However, as Dutch academic Dick Swart points out, “The Internet has created a new reading style. Today we are changing from a concentrated sustained and linear reading style into a more fragmented reading style .” (Swart, 2011, p.27)
The challenge in the classroom then becomes: How does one engage students in the literature one wants them to read and write about?
There is a wide variety of skill levels, technology experience and confidence among my students; however, a love of the Internet, social media, and music unites this divergent population. This seemed fertile ground.
The response I get when I ask students to read an essay from the text book is often the equivalent to what I might expect if I had asked them to read a passage in an unfamiliar, foreign language. I began to wonder if it was the medium itself that put them off. What if I gave my students the opportunity to read the material I wanted them to read using their preferred medium – browsing on the internet?
In trying to mimic this experience, I had to think through how information is uncovered on the internet. Swart refers to “WILFING” – What Was I Looking For, which he says “refers to immersive effects on the reader.” (2011, p.27) But the Internet is wide and deep and I wanted to keep my students within a certain universe of knowledge. Coincidently, around this time I took a QCC Academic Computing Center workshop on SoftChalk and realized immediately that this software had the capacity to recreate the experience of surfing the Internet, incorporating multimedia links, while containing users inside a knowledge set of my creation.
Through my participation in High Impact Practices projects such as SWIG and because of the groundbreaking work of Dr. Jean Darcy, an Associate Professor of English at QCC and the founder of SWIG, and Dean Michele Cuomo, a founding faculty member and the person who serves as SWIG’s ongoing administrative advocate, I am very aware of the learning advantage of a welcoming attitude towards the learned experience that students bring to the classroom. Awareness of the value of embracing prior student learning is by no means limited to QCC, for example, “No educator will be especially surprised to learn that success in a Web-based learning environment is heavily influenced by what the student brings to the learning situation.” (Meyer, 2003, p.14)
The SoftChalk lesson I created is an attempt to take students by the hand and lead them through the process of reading critically, researching and writing a paper. Its success relies on the students’ intrinsic love of and knowledge about how to find things out (research) on the web. It combines the experiences of surfing the net, listening to music, and learning about the artist, while simultaneously deepening the experience by adding the disciplinary knowledge of English 101. That disciplinary knowledge includes:
- Interpreting texts critically
- using writing to create and clarify meaning,
- applying principles of critical listening to evaluate information,
- using analytical reasoning to identify issues or problems and evaluate evidence in order to make informed decisions,
- distinguishing the problem or question from a proposed solution or answer,
- differentiating between facts, assumptions, and conclusions in the formulation of a proposed solution or answer,
- evaluating the quality of evidence, and
- describing and comparing the way questions, issues, or problems are formulated within various fields of study.” (Assessment handbook 2010 p. 28)
By using the internet in this way and capitalizing on the preexisting learning preferences of today’s students, the lesson I created allows students to use the unique skills of the “Digital natives.” “There has been some research which asserts that growing up digital changes the way information is processed in the brain. But , what is even more intriguing is that these students also arrive with brains that are more likely to have been shaped by very visual, rapid movement, hypertext environments.” (Healy as quoted in Myer, 2003, p.15).
The SoftChalk learning module I have created allows students to pursue knowledge and learning outside of the classroom, alone, and at his or her own pace. “The Learning Paradigm frames learning holistically, recognizing that the chief agent in the process is the learner. Thus, students must be active discoverers and constructors of their own knowledge. In the Learning Paradigm, knowledge consists of frameworks or wholes that are created or constructed by the learner. Knowledge is not seen as cumulative and linear, like a wall of bricks, but as a nesting and interacting of frameworks . . . In the Learning Paradigm, learning environments and activities are learner-centered and learner controlled. They may even be “teacherless.” (Barr & Tagg, 1995, p.2721). This is not to diminish the role of teacher, but rather to see that role in terms of empowering the learner, or as Barr and Tagg put it, “While teachers will have designed the learning experiences and environments students use . . . -they need not be present for or participate in every structured learning activity.” (1995, P.2721)
The text I use in my English 101 classes is a collection of writings, mostly personal essays, entitled,Across Cultures: A Reader for Writers, edited by Sheena Gillespie and Robert Becker. For the SoftChalk learning module I begin with, “…well if you can’t hold the torch… then why pass it…,” an essay by Todd Craig. (2011, pp. 410–417) In this essay, Craig, a former JD, laments the passing of the golden age of Hip hop, the mid 1990s, and argues that Hip hop since has lost its meaning and become a litany of sex and drugs and money. (Craig, 2012, pp. 410–416) In my classroom, we discuss this piece and compare Craig’s sentiment to that of Tom Lee, author of another essay in the collection, entitled, “A Timeless Classic,” (2011) which, loosely speaking, argues that every era of popular culture produces a great deal of ordinary material, but that there are always those individual artists or works that rise above the ordinary and become timeless classics. (Lee, 2011, pp. 401 –404) The class discussion then turns to Eminem’s 2010 hit “I’m Not Afraid.” This song remains popular among most students, even though some either don’t like Eminem, that song, Hip hop, or even music in general. It is not unusual for my students to argue that “I’m Not Afraid” is destined to be a classic and that it proves Craig wrong because it is a song from the heart, both meaningful and inspirational, which was released in 2010, some 15 years after Craig’s “golden era” of the mid 1990s (Craig, 2011, p. 411). As time goes on, of course, my 17 year old freshmen have begun to argue that this song is an oldie from way back in 2010, thus proving Craig’s thesis that the only good music is old music (2011).
In any case, classes in which Hip Hop is the subject matter tend to be lively, with the students fully engaged in the topic. This seemed like great material to condense into a SoftChalk lesson which students could use as a study guide for writing their papers on this topic.
My SoftChalk lesson is entitled, “Eminem Holds the Torch.” SoftChalk creates a website which is hosted on the QCC server. I then upload a single link for the entire Web site to Blackboard where students can access the lesson by clicking on the link. Once opened, the lesson works like an enclosed Web search where students can decide how far to delve into the lesson. The lesson begins with a contents page, which allows students to navigate back and forth through the pages of the module. Students click on the pages of the lesson that attract their attention. After a page with a photo of Eminem performing in Los Angeles, comes a page that contains a link to a PDF of the Craig essay. The rest of the page is full of prompts to get the student working and thinking towards the eventual paper. Drawing on Gillespie and Becker I ask students to think about questions such as “How does Craig portray the “golden era” of hip-hop?” (Gillespie and Becker, 2011, p.416). This prompt is placed under the essay so that they can spend some time thinking about Craig’s argument .
If the student has already decided to do this essay, or if their interested is piqued, they can progress deeper into the Web site to the next page which contains a link to the lyrics of “I’m Not Afraid” and another link to the official music video of Eminem singing the song. I’ve included further prompts, such as asking the student if there is a difference in the experience of reading the lyrics rather than watching the song performed or if the student thinks Craig would approve of the song.
The next four pages contain links to some of my earlier students’ responses to this essay. In these essays, the students compare the Eminem song to another song that they believe either proves Craig’s thesis (Hip hop is over), or disproves it. Each of these pages has the YouTube video of the song to which each student compares and contrasts the Eminem song embedded in it.
The next page contains a PDF of the Lee essay and several prompts to get them thinking about it, followed by an article on writing about music and a quiz on that article. Students are then directed to a page of links to critical essays on Hip hop and Eminem. If the student is on campus or logged into the QCC library, the links are live, taking the student to the full text article in the library data base. The final page contains the essay prompt fromAcross Cultures, which asks the student to choose a current song, album, or music video that he or she thinks will transcend popular culture and become a “classic.” In addition, the student is asked to write an essay explaining why their selected song will accomplish this feat. When framing the argument, students are advised to think about the historical, sociological, and personal arguments used by Lee and Craig in their essays and told to apply a similar long view to their own essays. (Gillespie and Becker, 2011, p.216)
The SoftChalk learning module is set up so that students who want to learn more about the subject can move deeper into the website, uncovering more information with each click. The particular topic was chosen because each semester I received more reading responses and essays on Craig’s essay and Eminem’s lyrics than any other topic from my EN 101 students.
In the low tech class version of this lesson, I hand out the “Not Afraid” lyrics, which were read before class and held a follow up discussion in class that examined Eminem’s writing style, his target audience, how his biography plays into the lyrics, how his work relates to others in the field, and in music history, etc. This discussion takes place with the back drop of the Craig and Lee essays.
The class discussed both texts, considering whether Eminem qualifies as a true artist or a sell-out, as defined by Craig’s terms. They also address other issues Craig raised in his essay.
The goals in creating a SoftChalk website to upload to Blackboard are to engage students in discussion and analysis, hone their critical thinking skills, and enhance their relationship with language in order to give them an appreciation of the continuing relevance of the essay form. The Web site is designed to encourage students to explore this topic and to generate the desire to research it further and articulate their results, and improve their writing skills in the process.
Because music is of central importance to my students, this lesson allows me to use their love of music to increase language skills while also showing that music is an important form of cultural expression? Examining music through lenses such as critical essays on Rap and Hip hop, biographical interviews, interviews focused on the creative process, alongside the actual lyrics and musical performance, should also build on their prior knowledge .
So far the students who chose to write their responses and essays on this topic displayed an extensive knowledge of Eminem and other artists, their life, their music and the place of the work of individual artists in the spectrum of Hip Hop, Rap and Rhythm and Blues. This gives the lessons the added appeal of validating students’ prior knowledge, or, as stated in QCC’s General Education Objectives, it uses “writing and oral communication to connect prior knowledge to disciplinary discourse.” (Lackner and Fichera 2011)
Although I have not had the chance to formally evaluate student responses to this lesson, anecdotally it seems to be appreciated by the students. They point to the inclusion of the songs’ lyrics and the other students’ papers as the most useful aspect of the lesson. I plan to develop a survey examining student use of this module and eventually make a comparison between a class that uses this model and a control group. The ability to do this relies on scheduling of two EN 101 classes in the same semester, however. Despite using this learning module being a solitary experience for students, it does allow them the opportunity to interact with the material and expert opinion on the material (through the critical articles), which seems to bear out Myers view that, “ . . . if there is one strong area where the Web is used to consistent effect, it is by making ample interaction feasible, including students interacting with the course material, faculty or other experts . . .” (Meyer, 2003, p.16.
Meyer talks extensively about the opportunity that Web-based teaching offers students for interaction with faculty, experts and fellow students. (2003) The module I created lacks the capacity for interaction with peers, but in the future I plan to link it to a Blackboard discussion board, allowing students to discuss the module online and participate in each other’s learning processes.
I agree with Swart that “Due to hours spend on the Internet we have attained a new reading style that can be described as more fragmented, intuitive and associative,” ( 2011, p.27) and believe that leaning modules like the one I have created are welcoming and structurally familiar to today’s students. Swart describes a phenomenon he calls WILFING – What was I Looking For, “which he says refers to immersive effects [of the internet] on the reader.” (2011, p. 27) My SoftChalk lesson provides an environment where today’s students can learn, explore, questions, evaluate and finally write.
Barr, R. B., & Tagg, J. (1995). From teaching to learning—a new paradigm for undergraduate education. Change, 2712-25.
Bass, R (2012 ) “Disrupting Ourselves, The Problem of Learning in Higher Education.” Educause Review March/April p 23–33 http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM1221.pdf
Craig, T. (2011 ) “…well if you can’t hold the torch… then why pass it…,”Across Cultures: A Reader For Writers.Gillespie, Sheena, and Becker, Robert. (Eds.). (8). New York: Pearson. Print 410–417.
Landis, J. (2012) “Leveraging mobile Information and Social Technologies for The Classroom”. Summer Faculty Institute 2011. University of Delaware. September 21, 2012 https://sites.google.com/a/udel.edu/sfi2011/keynotes/dr-jon-landis
Gillespie, S, and Becker, R. (Eds.) (2011) Across Cultures: A Reader For Writers. (8). New York: Pearson. Print
Lee, T.. “A Timeless Culture.” Across Cultures: A Reader For Writers. Gillespie, S., and Becker, Rt. (Eds.) (8). New York: Pearson 2011. Print pp. 401– 404
Meyer, K. A. (2003)”The Web’s Impact On Student Learning.”, The Journal. 30(10), 14
Swart, D. (2011) The New Read. Exploration of New Genres In Literature. Self-Published Master’s thesis MaHKU, Utrecht Graduate School of Visual Art and Design, The Netherlands
Trackback from your site. | <urn:uuid:0cd07b12-026d-4d7a-b730-794d713170b5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hets.org/ejournal/2014/07/28/best-practices-using-popular-media-for-active-learning-engaging-students-outside-of-the-classroom/ | 2024-02-25T06:08:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.939089 | 4,499 | 3.125 | 3 | [
38,
443,
5024,
7025,
30,
3737,
7570,
705,
9531,
331,
2058,
656,
4068,
30,
1581,
1516,
4271,
480,
1557,
496,
289,
268,
4889,
2275,
203,
10646,
30,
3641,
18,
596,
399,
779,
2605,
70,
10190,
16,
383,
10924,
203,
53,
610,
614,
3528,
713,
6979,
5387,
421,
39,
9803,
61,
13,
203,
38,
443,
5024,
7025,
30,
3737,
7570,
705,
9531,
331,
2058,
656,
4068,
30,
1581,
1516,
4271,
480,
1557,
496,
289,
268,
4889,
2275,
203,
37,
825,
6073,
30,
9197,
4797,
16,
6237,
16,
2049,
1217,
3159,
602,
327,
261,
1060,
855,
2483,
292,
3949,
3660,
1577,
291,
6761,
2443,
1217,
4041,
18,
1507,
898,
456,
375,
327,
5484,
316,
419,
1001,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
16,
363,
3409,
2436,
1192,
336,
2089,
3067,
292,
1408,
2849,
17,
5350,
6237,
5102,
7435,
3785,
723,
2786,
3236,
9913,
18,
365,
5511,
5709,
288,
456,
2237,
16,
538,
41,
81,
475,
81,
316,
3217,
1986,
10219,
1272,
1201,
1172,
1052,
419,
632,
554,
281,
268,
1432,
289,
828,
74,
281,
268,
4092,
1020,
2426,
281,
622,
734,
268,
5046,
289,
922,
281,
291,
2445,
261,
2237,
288,
261,
418,
2704,
1820,
2525,
5964,
1280,
18,
203,
56,
73,
4457,
855,
715,
2525,
5964,
16,
261,
494,
5310,
961,
2783,
430,
6316,
614,
3528,
713,
6979,
5387,
421,
53,
5850,
989,
375,
327,
4079,
16,
1803,
649,
3738,
292,
4151,
261,
3596,
2443,
2196,
360,
261,
2816,
1749,
289,
2676,
3409,
10545,
18,
2580,
292,
1539,
5850,
372,
87,
418,
613,
6676,
6244,
2453,
1388,
3011,
16,
268,
2443,
2196,
289,
855,
669,
3525,
1820,
430,
1539,
5850,
288,
2341,
6244,
454,
8230,
919,
325,
5883,
858,
1869,
5301,
300,
421,
7064,
9,
989,
3454,
16,
7332,
17,
44,
277,
5301,
300,
421,
4638,
9,
989,
7662,
361,
6746,
6002,
265,
421,
5697,
9,
989,
291,
5404,
16,
7332,
17,
44,
277,
5301,
300,
421,
4440,
9,
989,
360,
268,
6533,
597,
2078,
1146,
644,
289,
1781,
10371,
361,
4289,
996,
3903,
504,
18,
421,
458,
583,
1331,
291,
418,
477,
4256,
16,
6244,
16,
279,
18,
5778,
13,
2730,
2881,
4814,
356,
9253,
419,
456,
3596,
2443,
1073,
3942,
360,
16,
538,
51,
357,
777,
29,
2078,
289,
268,
2341,
6244,
3525,
4320,
5749,
261,
1719,
586,
687,
2525,
430,
1311,
1053,
421,
48,
583,
1331,
291,
418,
477,
4256,
16,
6244,
16,
279,
18,
3801,
13,
203,
9453,
75,
2389,
1474,
21,
316,
261,
494,
5310,
961,
2783,
291,
597,
336,
772,
1052,
830,
2359,
462,
1071,
16,
518,
1892,
4797,
622,
288,
268,
1911,
2064,
6180,
325,
11687,
18,
4666,
1956,
1290,
634,
354,
2824,
292,
4151,
456,
2196,
18,
434,
481,
93,
391,
594,
16,
1694,
1548,
16,
9173,
336,
538,
56,
748,
2542,
375,
1152,
261,
1558,
1476,
1671,
352,
733,
2256,
16,
1217,
16,
291,
8968,
2133,
1315,
804,
362,
1522,
292,
2227,
3057,
579,
2630,
289,
695,
17,
8539,
613,
1740,
3004,
10845,
16,
2353,
2353,
2353,
2026,
734,
268,
1019,
289,
288,
10760,
1585,
1217,
2353,
2353,
2353,
361,
2243,
274,
533,
649,
291,
667,
1052,
375,
4151,
1911,
2064,
1053,
421,
38,
594,
16,
6056,
16,
279,
18,
5866,
13,
203,
53,
5850,
7265,
10804,
292,
7099,
268,
666,
289,
1428,
6650,
484,
446,
93,
360,
261,
1289,
289,
9650,
90,
963,
2830,
659,
352,
268,
10579,
9966,
77,
3514,
10733,
6493,
421,
55,
59,
8521,
989,
261,
1707,
336,
2779,
630,
10733,
4520,
1217,
2552,
518,
11446,
2049,
734,
268,
416,
782,
309,
270,
4412,
291,
303,
52,
442,
7836,
981,
16,
291,
268,
1315,
5187,
303,
48,
521,
668,
3767,
16,
518,
432,
1437,
10804,
292,
1292,
2049,
291,
11148,
2049,
5128,
18,
10563,
669,
291,
923,
669,
10804,
356,
7440,
292,
6926,
10587,
291,
10284,
360,
4666,
447,
2048,
1267,
430,
268,
3842,
331,
1206,
8723,
514,
288,
10284,
291,
4068,
291,
268,
5974,
2320,
2132,
2956,
3842,
18,
948,
1226,
538,
39,
554,
281,
5698,
458,
312,
1601,
360,
6769,
1712,
563,
1272,
3454,
4401,
291,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
18,
203,
4326,
7747,
341,
1428,
6650,
484,
446,
93,
2756,
479,
360,
268,
3249,
292,
1408,
261,
1217,
9213,
1001,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
18,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
316,
3409,
2436,
336,
2089,
3067,
292,
1408,
2849,
17,
5350,
6237,
3236,
5938,
7435,
3785,
723,
2786,
3236,
9913,
18,
553,
316,
2289,
292,
666,
16,
2770,
2089,
1168,
1622,
292,
1310,
268,
1056,
289,
268,
4092,
292,
1408,
4797,
5102,
16,
626,
7153,
274,
291,
6237,
1217,
2891,
18,
203,
37,
72,
526,
261,
1428,
4391,
292,
261,
1911,
659,
352,
416,
50,
2316,
21,
462,
794,
8207,
274,
2443,
1432,
566,
525,
4150,
1632,
1539,
5850,
372,
87,
2177,
1637,
1217,
6233,
16,
291,
16,
288,
1510,
16,
268,
6433,
292,
538,
2013,
1009,
1794,
291,
1428,
1607,
2992,
331,
3965,
922,
291,
2339,
11601,
1217,
1272,
352,
6331,
288,
606,
9932,
8105,
4207,
18,
416,
4923,
289,
456,
6433,
1226,
30,
203,
17,
11917,
475,
268,
5571,
289,
1009,
2224,
331,
261,
922,
2302,
16,
1676,
361,
2682,
16,
203,
17,
6134,
2224,
1009,
2992,
291,
6106,
16,
203,
17,
10872,
381,
1009,
291,
606,
2419,
11747,
291,
780,
344,
309,
381,
5951,
1009,
16,
203,
17,
2932,
1009,
2992,
292,
9094,
261,
1430,
3094,
16,
203,
17,
5227,
2822,
381,
363,
1616,
289,
268,
2268,
16,
2953,
16,
1234,
16,
291,
5321,
1659,
4539,
268,
666,
289,
1009,
291,
1009,
1428,
16,
203,
17,
10858,
1428,
288,
922,
291,
4161,
289,
1669,
16,
291,
203,
17,
11737,
268,
1476,
289,
1428,
291,
606,
1393,
341,
268,
1769,
16,
2429,
291,
268,
1072,
18,
421,
1388,
3667,
3942,
279,
18,
8475,
11366,
203,
49,
872,
528,
712,
1146,
289,
456,
4015,
372,
87,
5482,
347,
91,
368,
16,
360,
2560,
659,
352,
538,
72,
333,
1050,
4289,
537,
3832,
576,
574,
11180,
362,
316,
2764,
261,
551,
477,
3489,
18,
330,
1998,
308,
3081,
1694,
10804,
316,
336,
1853,
372,
87,
1052,
3768,
372,
88,
1078,
18,
11741,
628,
430,
1290,
3660,
6043,
360,
1052,
817,
74,
1156,
286,
419,
444,
9449,
291,
586,
1363,
2329,
16,
362,
2752,
372,
88,
3003,
292,
479,
336,
2129,
689,
356,
2568,
291,
2445,
1165,
16,
362,
3959,
336,
502,
372,
267,
2568,
291,
2445,
865,
18,
2580,
292,
9433,
1208,
9139,
596,
266,
6936,
277,
16,
268,
1619,
4015,
289,
4906,
1052,
316,
268,
710,
10244,
708,
2445,
4015,
2577,
18,
421,
48,
481,
277,
16,
6244,
13,
1121,
16,
352,
9437,
3965,
413,
868,
3512,
531,
3097,
628,
16,
538,
1461,
4868,
528,
2370,
261,
733,
2568,
3836,
18,
4120,
445,
356,
3934,
427,
261,
11190,
10941,
291,
9034,
2568,
3836,
636,
261,
512,
6634,
9263,
2568,
3836,
225,
1053,
421,
55,
91,
531,
16,
6244,
16,
279,
18,
6872,
13,
203,
1461,
3659,
288,
268,
3660,
1023,
3125,
30,
784,
1082,
597,
4151,
1052,
288,
268,
4800,
597,
6204,
622,
292,
1078,
291,
3562,
608,
35,
203,
6695,
316,
261,
2816,
2233,
289,
4736,
1506,
16,
1428,
1432,
291,
5124,
1694,
1290,
1052,
31,
2281,
16,
261,
2680,
289,
268,
4868,
16,
1234,
2612,
16,
291,
2403,
543,
2154,
456,
11053,
6151,
2196,
18,
540,
9107,
2805,
5302,
2107,
18,
203,
1461,
2629,
334,
886,
649,
334,
2379,
1052,
292,
1078,
363,
4403,
427,
268,
2631,
2077,
316,
970,
268,
7501,
292,
768,
334,
1276,
3176,
717,
334,
850,
4214,
622,
292,
1078,
261,
8024,
288,
363,
4372,
7881,
3499,
16,
4562,
1719,
18,
334,
3035,
292,
5144,
717,
362,
454,
268,
5232,
2635,
336,
1927,
622,
1070,
18,
1021,
717,
334,
4934,
1290,
1052,
268,
3249,
292,
1078,
268,
1193,
334,
5171,
622,
292,
1078,
1001,
444,
8001,
5232,
796,
7098,
281,
341,
268,
4092,
35,
203,
2983,
3738,
292,
9928,
300,
456,
1432,
16,
334,
850,
292,
1779,
734,
667,
1009,
316,
8565,
286,
341,
268,
4092,
18,
3512,
531,
4080,
292,
538,
59,
8718,
42,
7015,
537,
796,
1021,
388,
301,
334,
11741,
906,
16,
518,
431,
1977,
538,
267,
7695,
292,
8484,
464,
1814,
341,
268,
6659,
1053,
421,
1388,
3667,
16,
279,
18,
6872,
13,
1163,
268,
4868,
316,
2816,
291,
2295,
291,
334,
5171,
292,
1288,
1290,
1052,
1291,
261,
1575,
6601,
289,
1772,
18,
351,
826,
71,
323,
1402,
16,
1149,
456,
669,
334,
3077,
261,
1539,
5850,
5974,
2320,
2132,
2956,
3842,
11003,
341,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
291,
9840,
4248,
336,
456,
2436,
850,
268,
3493,
292,
8358,
381,
268,
1432,
289,
828,
74,
281,
268,
4868,
16,
6855,
1540,
473,
6162,
5672,
16,
1020,
6207,
2718,
3004,
261,
1772,
1075,
289,
1290,
4314,
18,
203,
2422,
672,
1290,
6571,
288,
3194,
7160,
5024,
7025,
2830,
659,
352,
343,
59,
8521,
291,
971,
289,
268,
2107,
10885,
716,
289,
1698,
18,
596,
9405,
9322,
2405,
16,
363,
4131,
381,
5962,
289,
2525,
430,
1539,
5850,
291,
268,
11709,
289,
343,
59,
8521,
16,
291,
1354,
282,
4963,
73,
298,
351,
89,
311,
83,
16,
261,
986,
281,
10804,
4147,
291,
268,
959,
650,
5155,
352,
343,
59,
8521,
372,
87,
5123,
10116,
11149,
16,
334,
792,
1040,
2337,
289,
268,
1217,
4174,
289,
261,
4269,
6319,
8815,
2547,
268,
4574,
1432,
336,
1052,
2477,
292,
268,
3660,
18,
11621,
822,
289,
268,
2003,
289,
10671,
2676,
2443,
1217,
316,
419,
688,
1486,
3064,
292,
1539,
5850,
16,
331,
1214,
16,
538,
50,
83,
1168,
1622,
513,
327,
1803,
11906,
292,
1213,
336,
1577,
288,
261,
5482,
17,
2127,
1217,
1072,
316,
7318,
6291,
419,
768,
268,
2443,
6044,
292,
268,
1217,
3118,
1053,
421,
49,
7600,
265,
16,
9181,
16,
279,
18,
4022,
13,
203,
1461,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
5511,
334,
2370,
316,
363,
5661,
292,
1071,
1052,
419,
268,
1129,
291,
912,
622,
734,
268,
833,
289,
2568,
11747,
16,
922,
281,
291,
2445,
261,
2237,
18,
3837,
1577,
10283,
341,
268,
1052,
372,
4746,
1054,
300,
2680,
289,
291,
1772,
608,
667,
292,
1255,
1612,
628,
421,
379,
2124,
13,
341,
268,
3236,
18,
553,
11138,
268,
2891,
289,
828,
74,
281,
268,
1647,
16,
6489,
292,
2403,
16,
291,
1217,
608,
268,
7392,
16,
1020,
8779,
2295,
1981,
268,
1432,
419,
4654,
268,
5739,
2749,
1772,
289,
2525,
1474,
21,
18,
2015,
5739,
2749,
1772,
2356,
30,
203,
17,
3514,
5408,
542,
7448,
11747,
203,
17,
1001,
2445,
292,
1408,
291,
5949,
3049,
2442,
16,
203,
17,
7062,
3995,
289,
2421,
6489,
292,
5992,
1009,
16,
203,
17,
1001,
2533,
962,
9763,
292,
2423,
1659,
361,
1626,
291,
5992,
2495,
288,
1544,
292,
804,
4443,
3073,
16,
203,
17,
6115,
2793,
268,
1676,
361,
2302,
427,
261,
5684,
2966,
361,
3257,
16,
203,
17,
7790,
673,
858,
5265,
16,
11429,
16,
291,
10880,
288,
268,
926,
1218,
289,
261,
5684,
2966,
361,
3257,
16,
203,
17,
10333,
268,
1630,
289,
2495,
16,
291,
203,
17,
11539,
291,
10439,
268,
898,
2212,
16,
1659,
16,
361,
1626,
356,
926,
3025,
1291,
1320,
4161,
289,
1147,
1053,
421,
5190,
87,
368,
367,
1129,
4207,
5853,
279,
18,
5837,
13,
203,
10646,
1001,
268,
4092,
288,
456,
898,
291,
3507,
1790,
341,
268,
561,
1389,
2529,
1217,
6813,
289,
1853,
372,
87,
1052,
16,
268,
5511,
334,
2370,
2089,
1052,
292,
666,
268,
2070,
1607,
289,
268,
538,
40,
333,
1050,
1318,
1022,
1053,
538,
6695,
528,
712,
579,
922,
518,
780,
8168,
336,
2574,
644,
2256,
1703,
268,
898,
1009,
316,
6654,
288,
268,
1860,
18,
1163,
3942,
768,
316,
919,
512,
11360,
5980,
316,
336,
629,
1052,
525,
11196,
360,
8147,
336,
356,
512,
1792,
292,
437,
712,
7957,
419,
1040,
3101,
16,
3306,
2710,
16,
5063,
10400,
4218,
1053,
421,
8472,
3852,
352,
626,
7560,
288,
3491,
265,
16,
9181,
16,
279,
18,
3546,
802,
203,
1461,
1426,
1188,
5139,
4789,
1217,
9213,
334,
437,
2370,
2089,
1052,
292,
9109,
1772,
291,
1217,
2856,
289,
268,
3660,
16,
3773,
16,
291,
430,
615,
361,
954,
1044,
8280,
18,
538,
1461,
4068,
2441,
354,
333,
81,
968,
1785,
1217,
8494,
523,
16,
9845,
336,
268,
7437,
8383,
288,
268,
833,
316,
268,
1213,
265,
18,
4387,
16,
1052,
1204,
327,
3009,
2677,
332,
291,
4211,
909,
289,
444,
1044,
1772,
18,
450,
268,
4068,
2441,
354,
333,
81,
16,
1772,
5347
] |
Subsets and Splits