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Prune juice is a popular beverage made from dried plums, also known as prunes. It has long been used as a home remedy to help relieve constipation. Some people enjoy drinking prune juice for its unique flavor and taste, while others find its taste to be unappealing.
What Gives Prune Juice its Distinctive Flavor?
The taste of prune juice is often described as being sweet yet tart, with an earthy, plum-like flavor. The rich taste comes from its natural sugars as well as organic acids such as malic acid, quinic acid, and citric acid. These organic acids give prune juice its moderately tangy, sour taste.
When prunes are dried, the sugars they contain become very concentrated, intensifying their sweetness. Once rehydrated into prune juice, these sugars are diluted, creating a beverage that is mildly sweet with a subtle, fruity flavor.
In addition to natural sugars and acids, prune juice contains phenolic compounds that contribute to its taste. Phenolics are phytochemicals found in many fruits and plants that impart aromatic qualities. The phenolics in prunes add subtle notes of spice and bitterness to prune juice.
Factors That Influence the Flavor
There are a few factors that determine the specific flavor and taste of prune juice:
- Prune variety – There are many cultivars of prunes, which vary somewhat in taste. Some are sweeter while others are more acidic or bitter.
- Processing method – How the prunes are dried, processed, and bottled affects the final flavor.
- Juice ingredients – Some juices have added flavors, sweeteners, or acids that enhance the plum taste.
- Shelf life – Over time, prune juice loses some of its aroma and tends to taste more bitter.
These factors lead to variations in the intensity and balance of flavors between different brands and batches of prune juice.
What Does Prune Juice Taste Like? Common Descriptors
Here are some common words used to describe the distinct taste of prune juice:
- Sweet – Prune juice has a mild, natural sweetness, usually less sweet than traditional fruit juices.
- Tart – It has a moderately tart, sour taste from malic and citric acids.
- Earthy – The flavor can be described as earthy or musty, like dried fruit.
- Plum-like – It tastes similar to fresh or cooked plums.
- Pruney – It has an identifiable dried plum or prune-like quality.
- Spicy – There are hints of warmth, smokiness, or spice.
- Bitter – Some bitterness comes through, especially in the aftertaste.
- Mellow – When well-chilled, the taste is mellow, smooth, and well-balanced.
The intensity of these flavors can vary between different brands and batches. But in general, the taste of prune juice is multilayered, with sweet, tart, earthy, spicy, and bitter notes.
How Prune Juice Taste Can Vary
While prune juice always tastes fundamentally like prunes, there are some variations that affect its exact flavor profile:
- Brand – Popular brands like Sunsweet or Kirkland have slightly different production methods, prune sources, and ingredient formulas that impact the taste.
- Blends – Some prune juices are blended with flavors like apple, pear, or grape for a more fruit-forward taste.
- Added Ingredients – Juices with extra sweeteners, vitamin C, or preservatives may taste less tangy or natural.
- Prune Type – Prune variety (Italian, French, etc.) makes a subtle difference in the prune juice taste.
- Vintage – Like wine, each year’s prune crop varies somewhat due to ripening conditions.
- Bottle Size – After opening, the taste can change and start to lose freshness sooner in larger bottles.
- Shelf Life – Over time, opened prune juice oxidizes and tastes less vibrant.
Despite these variations, most commercially produced prune juices have a signature sweet, tart, and earthy taste that is instantly recognizable as prune juice. However, some brands or types align more closely with individual flavor preferences.
Prune Juice Taste Preferences
People have different preferences when it comes to the taste of prune juice:
- Some enjoy a very sweet, mild juice with just a slight tart edge.
- Others like the robust, tangy taste of traditional prune juice.
- Some think it tastes best when chilled and consumed fresh.
- Others dislike the earthy flavor and add juice or sweetener to mellow it.
Here is a comparison of some popular prune juice brands and products:
Brand | Taste Description |
Sunsweet | Balanced sweet and tart flavor, robust prune taste |
Kirkland | Mild, light taste and moderate tartness |
Lighthouse | Very sweet with subtle prune flavor |
PlumSmart | Added grape juice gives it a fruit-forward taste |
Grammy’s | Thick, viscous texture with intense prune flavor |
Trying different brands allows you to find a prune juice with a taste profile that suits your preferences.
Acquiring a Taste for Prune Juice
For some, prune juice has an unappealing bitter or earthy taste when they first try it. Here are some tips for acquiring a taste for it:
- Chill it thoroughly – The flavor is smoother and more balanced when ice cold.
- Drink high-quality brands – The taste is fresher and more vibrant than generic versions.
- Mix with fruit juice – Apple or pear juice smooths out the earthy edges.
- Sweeten to taste – Adding a bit of honey, maple syrup, or sugar cuts the tartness.
- Drink it slowly – Small sips allow the palate to adjust to the unique flavors.
- Have it with food – Pairing it with sweet foods enhances the drinking experience.
Over time, your palate will likely become accustomed to the complex taste profile, allowing you to appreciate and even enjoy the many nuanced flavors.
Health Benefits Despite the Taste
While prune juice may require an acquired taste for some, it provides many proven digestive health benefits:
- Relieves constipation thanks to its fiber, fructose, and phenolic compounds.
- Acts as a mild laxative when consumed in larger amounts.
- Helps maintain regularity and intestinal flow.
- Contains antioxidants that support gut and digestive health.
Here is a summary of the key compounds that make prune juice effective for digestive regularity:
Compound | Effect |
Fiber | Adds bulk and aids elimination |
Sorbitol | Natural laxative compound that draws moisture into the intestines |
Phenolic acids | Stimulate contraction of the gastrointestinal tract |
Fructose | Natural sugar that has a mild laxative effect when rapidly absorbed |
This unique combination of compounds allows prune juice to act as both a stool softener and a mild laxative. So even if the taste takes some getting used to, the benefits make it worth trying.
Tips for Enhancing Prune Juice’s Palatability
If you want to make prune juice more palatable, here are some simple tips:
- Chill it thoroughly before drinking to improve the flavor
- Pour over ice to dilute and mellow the taste
- Sweeten with a bit of honey, maple syrup, or sugar
- Mix with sweeter fruit juices like apple, pear, or grape
- Blend with yogurt, milk, or ice cream for a smoothie
- Stir in a sprinkle of cinnamon or nutmeg
- Sip through a straw to minimize contact with taste buds
- Hold your nose while swallowing to avoid the earthy aroma
- Keep a strong mint or citrus lozenge handy to freshen breath
Making it more drinkable means you can keep getting those digestive benefits without dreading the taste.
Does Prune Juice Go Bad or Expire?
When properly stored, prune juice can last for quite a while after opening. But it does gradually lose quality and flavor over time. Here’s how to tell if prune juice has expired or gone bad:
- Check the expiration date on the bottle.
- Inspect the color – it darkens and may appear muddy or cloudy when old.
- Give it a sniff – spoiled prune juice smells yeasty, fermented, or off.
- Taste a sip – expired prune juice often tastes bitter, medicinal, or chemically.
- Watch for signs of fermentation – bubbles, off gassing, or an effervescent quality.
- Pay attention to changes in consistency – it can thicken or take on a spoiled milk texture.
If your prune juice displays any of these characteristics, it’s best not to drink it. For maximum freshness and flavor, try to finish prune juice within 4-6 months of opening and refrigerate after opening.
Prune juice definitely has a unique and characteristic taste. While some find it pleasantly sweet and fruity, others dislike its earthy, tart, bitter qualities. The exact flavor profile varies by factors like brand, vintage, ingredients, and storage conditions. But in general, the taste of prune juice is like concentrated, liquefied prunes with tangy, fermented undertones. Many suggest enhancing the flavor by chilling, diluting, sweetening, or mixing prune juice with other beverages. And despite its polarizing taste, prune juice remains popular due to its proven ability to stimulate bowel movements and maintain digestive regularity. | <urn:uuid:0e2d6c01-2453-43f1-9e2f-20620d3f58c0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://juicerportal.com/does-prune-juice-have-a-taste/ | 2024-02-25T04:33:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.907438 | 1,999 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
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10. Critical Criminology
This next section focuses on three emergent elements in critical criminology: one we believe is core to the area of contemporary critical criminology and two that can contribute to critical criminology and are methodological in orientation. The first has to do with the expansion of discussions of police and penal abolition (and relatedly, convict criminology). The second pertains to the use of freedom of information (FOI) requests and computational methods in criminology and criminal justice studies, which are both investigative techniques that have major methodological implications for performing critical criminology research.
Police and Penal Abolition
When one thinks of abolition, they likely think about abolishing prison before abolishing police. Prison abolition, sometimes called penal abolition, focuses on the whole set of sanctions, rules and punishments involved in institutional and community corrections. However, the idea of police abolition has recently become more popular. Since the police killing of George Floyd in May of 2020, police abolition has become a frequent and popular topic of public discussion. Police abolitionists argue that public police exist only to enforce social order. Public police do not provide real safety, though they cause much harm through violence, racism, and corruption. Here we elaborate on some of the roots of police and penal abolition while discussing contemporary developments. At its theoretical core, much abolitionist work draws on both Marxist and Foucauldian conceptions that posit criminal justice systems as part of the social structure and discourse.
Discussions about police abolition have roots in the Black radical tradition in the United States, and the Black feminist tradition. Police abolition was also a core feature of the Black Panther Party. The Black Panther Party and movement called for more community responses rather than state responses to transgression and critiques of the violence of the state articulated through police (Jeffries, 2002). A number of Black feminist scholars, from Beth Richie (2012) to Andrea Ritchie (2017) among others building on the work of Angela Davis (2011), have been calling for police abolition for some time and in regard to particular transgressions such as violence against women and domestic violence. Thus, even for these types of transgressions, the Black feminist tradition recognises that police often cause more harm, and amplify harm, to women in these scenarios.
Before 2020 in Canada, a very important work, Policing Black Lives by Robyn Maynard (2017), was published. Maynard’s book called for police defunding and abolition, arguing the police are an institution that upholds white supremacy and does not address transgression in a way that decreases harm. Instead, policing increases harm, and state violence and police as an instrument of state violence need to be reduced and dismantled. This explicitly abolitionist work then became important in the spring and summer of 2020 when the police abolition movement in Canada and the United States flourished in mass mobilisation and protests against police.
In the two years since that mass mobilisation against police, a number of other important abolitionist works have emerged. In Canada, for instance, Until We Are Free: Reflections on Black Lives Matter in Canada, edited by Diverlus, Hudson and Ware (2020), is an abolitionist work focusing on the intersection of social control and white supremacy in our society. Disarm, Defund, Dismantle: Police Abolition in Canada, edited by Pasternak, Walby, and Stadnyk (2022), brings together activists and academics to explain why police abolition is necessary to move toward a free and just society. And Insurgent Love: Abolition and Domestic Homicide by Ardath Whynacht (2021) adopts an abolitionist view to assess the failures of policing to address the most serious forms of harm and transgression in our society.
These works do not all identify as criminology and are not popular within the discipline of criminology as they represent a critique of its orthodoxy. However, we would argue that an abolitionist approach fits well among Marxist and Foucauldian concepts that ground critical criminology. Similarly, we could claim that Purnell’s (2021) Becoming Abolitionists: Police, Protests, and the Pursuit of Freedom in the United States is adjacent to criminology and criminal law. Most criminologists would not have heard of it, unless they pay attention to abolition. Yet we would argue that Purnell’s text has much to offer regarding why even people who work in the criminal justice system should take abolition seriously. This is among the works that should be incorporated into critical criminology as it adopts more of an abolitionist point of view. Purnell is someone who has experience working in the criminal justice system. It is from those experiences that they developed an abolitionist perspective.
There are some criminological works that do provide an abolitionist perspective. For instance, McDowell’s (2019) article on insurgent safety theorises alternatives to policing and argues that state-sponsored social control fails to provide real safety against harm/transgression and fails to reduce it. They argue that community-based safety is the only way to reduce harm/transgression and achieve safety. Fernandez (2019) likewise argues that critical sociology and critical criminology should adopt an abolitionist perspective. McDowell and Fernandez (2018) wrote about the practice of police abolition in the journal Critical Criminology. This is a landmark article for discussions of police abolition, which shows that this topic predated the 2020 mass mobilisations against police and that there is an affinity between discussions of police abolition and critical criminology. This article makes a compelling case for disbanding, disempowering and disarming police and argues that criminologists should orient their research agendas in this regard. Alex Vitale’s (2017) The End of Policing makes the argument that police fail to reduce harm/transgression. Vitale argues that police reform (making changes to the existing structure of policing) is a failed endeavour and reforming police actually allows them to accumulate more resources for police and less to community-based safety. It never changes the institution. This is a common argument against reform made by several critical criminologists who claim that the system works as it is supposed to work to support the relations of marginalisation and capitalist power (Lynch, 2000; Colaguori, 2005; Gordon, 2005). There is also Siegel’s (2017) work on abolitionist police history and police work as violence work. All these contributions demonstrate the affinity between a police abolitionist approach and critical criminology and are among the major contributing schools of thought in the abolitionist line of argumentation.
Prison abolition and penal abolition are more well-known in criminology compared to police abolition contributions back to the 1970s. Claire Culhane was a prominent prison abolitionist in Canada who began her work in 1974 when she became a teacher in a provincial prison for women. She became an activist and advocate for human and legal rights of prisoners and was a founding member of the Vancouver activist group Prisoners’ Rights Group and hosted a cable TV show called Instead of Prisons. In Culhane’s (1991) book No Longer Barred from Prison, she made connections between the politics of imprisonment and the socio-economic practices of the state. She argued that the reliance on imprisonment for addressing social problems speaks more to our failure as a society to provide for all its members than it does to success in maintaining public safety.
The most well-known prison abolition works are those of Thomas Mathiesen, who in the 1970s and 80s argued for prison and penal abolition. Mathiesen (1974) offers some useful concepts. For example, Mathiesen focuses on positive and negative reforms and argues it is not contradictory for abolitionists or critical scholars to advocate for negative reforms, that is reforms that diminish the power of the state and diminish the power of carceral institutions. However, it is contradictory to argue for positive reforms or reforms that do add to the power of the carceral state. Mathiesen also gives us the concept of the unfinished. Mathiesen argues there is no precise or exact formula for abolitionist inquiry or activism. Instead, there is a terrain of shifting tactics and strategies. Questions of negative reform and penal power constantly emerge. The project of abolition is ongoing and requires constant struggle and analysis.
The works of Mathiesen have inspired a generation of penal abolitionists. In Canada, the works of Justin Piché (2014) are explicitly abolitionists and have focused on penal and carceral abolition. These works focus on penal expansion, and prison and jail construction/development. Piché has noted that there are shifting targets of penal and carceral abolition that may extend toward immigration detention practices (Piché & Larsen, 2010). Nicolas Carrier has written about the blind spots of abolitionist thinking, and the need for penal abolitionists to think seriously about the kinds of limit cases or the most difficult cases for abolitionists to address. These would include mass murderers or offenders who hurt children (Carrier & Piché, 2015a, 2015b). Carrier pushes abolitionists thinking to address the toughest cases, not the lower hanging fruit such as crimes related to poverty or disorder, Piché et al. (2019) and Carrier et al. (2019) have provided a history of penal abolition scholarship in Canada (also see Walby, 2011).
There are other penal abolitionists outside of Canada who have contributed to this school of thought that criminologists should be aware of and that critical criminologists should engage with. In the United States, McLeod (2015) argued that prison abolition should be an accepted perspective within legal studies and criminal law and argued that prison abolition is necessary for justice to exist in the world. Saleh-Hannah (2017) argues that abolitionist approaches to prison must take seriously the issues of racial justice and gender that feminists and critical race scholars have pointed to (see 4 Race and Crime). An abolitionist perspective that does not account for other forms of domination, such as racism and sexism would not be a complete abolitionist theory. Complete penal abolition needs to account also for racial domination and gender domination.
Consistent with critical criminologists’ contention that rethinking what we perceive as normal is necessary, critical scholars and activists focus on ways to undo these infrastructures and institutions not only physically but mentally. This requires us to develop new ways of speaking about and responding to harm/transgression, which is a common theme across police and prison abolitionist work. It also reminds us of the ideas of how ideology and hegemonic thinking about crime needs to be unravelled. Whalley & Hackett (2017) argued that feminist scholars need to take penal abolition more seriously because any kind of carceral feminism, or feminism that advocates for police and prison responses to things like gendered violence, is contradictory and undermines the goal of both feminism and critical/abolitionist criminology to live in a world free of domination. Whalley and Hackett (2017) make a strong argument for the abolitionist project and against carceral feminism that Garland outlined in Culture of Control. Similar to Carrier, Davis & Rodriguez (2000) argue that prison abolition does involve challenges, such as how to respond to a transgression and how to respond to harm that occurs in the community. These are key questions that police in prison abolitionists and penal abolitionists must address.
Brown & Schept (2017) argued that there is a new abolition emerging in critical criminology and critical carceral studies in the United States. They argue that this approach brings together critical geography and critical criminology. For example, Brankamp’s (2022) article on the humanitarian border and immigration migration camps and detention centres is part of this new abolition. Whether this is a new abolition or an extension of current discussions of penal/carceral abolition is an open question. Brown and Schept (2017) do not point to the Canadian or UK work in this area when advancing these claims about new abolitionist schools of thought. The point is that there is a movement to go beyond prison abolition and focus on penal, and carceral abolition, which would include all kinds of carceral sites that need to be investigated and confronted. This is consistent with Marx and Foucault who argued that the criminal justice system is entwined with other social formations, discourses, and institutions and social transformation cannot happen in one system alone.
There are also some adjacent works that do not explicitly identify as abolitionist, but provide compelling tools and arguments in this vein. For instance, Pemberton’s (2007) work on social harm is useful for showing how prisons and police create social harm. Instead of being conceived as a response to harm, it is argued that they create social harm in numerous ways including harming entire communities and neighbourhoods that become criminalized. The concept of social harm is useful for thinking about the negative consequences of the criminal justice system and also for introducing some language not based on the ideological language of crime and criminal law, which reproduces stereotypes (like the discourse of “the criminal” discussed above) and assumptions regarding who is engaging in harm/transgression.
Clear’s (2009) Imprisoning Communities is an incredibly important book on how imprisonment creates more harm than it avoids. Using quantitative data, Clear demonstrates that imprisonment undoes social bonds in neighbourhoods and communities where criminalization is high. Imprisonment increases divorce rates, decreases education rates, decreases employment rates, and dissolves the community. Pemberton’s (2007) notion of social harm and Clear’s (2009) notion of imprisoning communities show that prisons and jails are not only failed institutions in the sense that they fail to produce rehabilitation at an individual level, but they are damaging and harmful institutions at a social level because they have the capacity to damage entire communities and neighbourhoods where policing and criminalisation is high, often in already marginalised and racialised communities.
Hil & Robertson (2003) wrote about the future of critical criminology and the need to continue the project undertaken early on by those studying “new deviancy” to create different terminology and language that is an alternative to criminology itself. Today, it is difficult to imagine critical criminology without the terms and insights that police abolition and penal abolition work has provided. The future of critical criminology needs this abolitionist work to truly provide not only an alternative to criminology but an alternative to the criminal justice system. One major difference between abolitionist critical criminology and some forms of critical criminology which remain mostly analytical, is that it is engage and scholar activist oriented. Abolitionist critical criminology provides analyses and it provides investigations, but it also advocates for material change. It follows the path of critical social sciences with a focus on deconstructing dominant knowledge and engaging in social transformation by questioning taken-for-granted ways of thinking or knowing.
Another important approach somewhat connected to abolitionist work is convict criminology. Convict criminology is an approach to criminology that privileges the voices and standpoints of persons who have been criminalised or who have been affected by the criminal justice system (Richards & Ross, 2001). Experiential people combine their time inside prisons with their academic knowledge to provide new insights into the operation of the criminal justice system. Convict criminology began two decades ago (Jones et al., 2009) and was largely a US-based approach bringing together scholars who had experience behind bars or experience being criminalised to use their insights as a platform for analysing the criminal justice system and exploring the power relations involved in the criminal justice apparatus. Using ethnographic methods and empirical research, they highlight the destructive impact of prisons and penality from an experiential position.
Convict criminology has now branched out and become a global phenomenon (Ross et al., 2014). What is important about this expansion is that convict criminologists in different countries are uniquely positioned to shed light on and investigate the criminal justice system in each country, and to provide comparative insights. The works of convict criminology are experiential and provide insights from inside prisons and jails, which is important because scholarly criminological work that is more or less based on deductive academic concepts can not only be wrong, but also be harmful and alienating to people who have experienced the harms of the criminal justice system. Rather than providing a deductive armchair approach, convict criminology provides a more inductive and immanent understanding of criminal justice processes. The Journal of Prisoners on Prisons is the official journal publication of convict criminology. Today, it is almost impossible to think about what critical criminology would be without including convict criminologists and the kinds of inquiries they provide.
In sum, abolitionist thinking provides the alternative to criminology and the criminal justice system that critical criminology should be seeking. Convict criminology provides experiential voices that are pivotal to critical criminological studies.
New Research Tools for Critical Criminology
In addition to the vast range of empirical and ethnographic methods of research used by critical criminologists, many methods of critical criminology are anti-positivist in orientation. This means the use of the scientific method or natural science methods (see 5 Methods and Counting Crime) is viewed as problematic in the social sciences because according to Habermas (1967), the social has a symbolically pre-structured reality which cannot be considered objective. This concept is parallel to what Foucault claimed – that what we think of as normal or observable is not always what it seems and is often embedded with power relations. Therefore, critical criminology requires an orientation to research that recognises this.
Most critical criminology uses historical ethnography, qualitative methods, institutional ethnography, and critical discourse analyses, which we will not explore here. In addition, many critical researchers realise that the trustworthiness or credibility of interviews with police or corrections workers can often be low. To overcome this concern, the records of related government agencies need to be examined to identify broad patterns. This would allow research to work around the rhetoric or clouded information that criminal justice agencies make public which has been argued to be a form of camouflage used to protect their own interests and budgets (Mussel et al., 2022; Piché et al., 2017). Based on this concern, two methodological developments can aid in critical criminological research: the use of FOI requests and the use of computational methods. We argue that these methodological considerations should be considered as part of the future of critical criminology.
First, more critical criminologists are turning to FOI requests as a form of qualitative research to investigate state and criminal justice practices. FOI requests allow access to state records that would otherwise not be disclosed (Walby & Luscombe, 2017, 2019). These records could include anything from planning and budget documents to meeting minutes to emails between criminal justice officials and occurrence reports of police officers and prison guards. As a number of works have found, FOI requests can provide illuminating investigative accounts of criminal justice. In Canada, the works of Justin Piché (Piché et al., 2017; Piché, 2011, 2012) have used FOI to compare front stage rhetoric (or what we see in the public) to the backstage practices (what really goes on) of prisons and jails. FOI has been used to investigate paid duty or special duty policing (Lippert et al., 2019) and to police militarisation and SWAT team deployment (Roziere & Walby, 2020). FOI research has been used to address police responses to social movements and police surveillance of social movements, notably in the work of Jeffrey Monaghan (Monaghan & Walby, 2012a, 2012b). This method allows for the release of information about the nature of state action and inaction and provides evidence of changes in criminal justice work and the nature of state power.
For example, Roziere and Walby (2020) gathered FOI data on the deployment of SWAT teams by Canadian police. They found that, contrary to police communications, the use of SWAT teams in major Canadian cities has escalated, and they are used in routine law enforcement activities such as traffic enforcement and in responding to mental health crises. This is critical evidence that police in Canada are becoming increasingly militarised.
As some of this research has made clear, there are benefits to using FOI in critical criminology and investigative research more generally. Luscombe and Walby (2015) have advocated for using FOI in conjunction with other investigative techniques, such as computational social science (also see Luscombe et al., 2017), another emerging research method (Luscombe et al., 2022; Luscombe et al., in press; Williams & Burnap, 2016; Al-Zaidy et al., 2012). Here we argue that critical criminology can harness the power of computational social science to add another investigative tool to its methodological toolkit. Computational social science involves using computers to model, simulate and analyse social phenomena, and to assess patterns and trends in working with big data. Big data could be anything from corporate databases or government data, which could be obtained using FOI (Luscombe & Walby, 2022). Or it could be any other kind of open-source record from government deliberations to social media data. This could include studying image data from newspapers or social media, police news releases, or legal decisions spanning decades. It could also include scraping websites, which involve writing a computer code that scans through websites to collect select data. The point is one wants to work with a gigantic dataset that could not feasibly be examined by humans using discourse or content analysis.
In computational research, what one does is write a code (using R or Python) to perform different tasks on the dataset that reveal something about trends or patterns in that data. For example, one approach is topic modelling. Topic modelling gives one a sense of the various topics emerging and their frequency in a large dataset. Others are sentiment analysis (SA) and social media sentiment analysis (SMSA) or “opinion mining”, which allows one to trace out the sentiments or emotional terminology appearing in, for example, a large social media dataset. This could reveal how certain speakers or authors are framing, or discussing a social issue such as transgression, crime or responses to these phenomena. Prichard and colleagues (2015) argue that SMSA is a powerful tool for researching public attitudes toward crime and crime control and can summarise publicly expressed thoughts, beliefs and arguments about what behaviour is criminalised, how categories of criminals are perceived and how police operate.
An example of this method is found in research focusing on attitudes toward the health of incarcerated people during the COVID-19 pandemic as it relates to prison reform (Ramjee et al.,2022). Utilising SA to assess emotions and opinions in newspapers, they found support for the urgency of criminal justice reform in the USA as it related to the health of racialized minorities who were incarcerated.
These computational techniques alone do not necessarily provide a definitive investigative outcome, but what they do is tell critical criminologists where to look in a large dataset. They can tell critical criminologists what is happening in a certain area of practice with a certain set of records, which the critical criminologist can then explore more deeply in depth using other investigative and qualitative techniques.
Computational research requires a particular skill set that involves computer coding and even some quantitative techniques. But we would argue that when it comes to critical criminology, what computational social science can add is insights about where to look for what is happening with records (Luscombe et al., 2022; Luscombe & Walby, 2022). Narrowing down exactly where certain trends or patterns are emerging in a large data set is useful for making particular arguments and conclusions about the criminal justice system. Computational social science also allows researchers to work with the increasingly prevalent forms of online and digital data. More digital data are produced every month and computational research is designed to pry open big data and see what trends and patterns are there. A more digital information flows become integrated into criminal justice work practices, computational social science will become an increasingly important tool for critical criminologists.
FOI requests and computational social science techniques provide investigative tools that can be useful to a critical criminologist. It is not surprising that investigative journalists are increasingly using FOI requests and computational social science techniques because they are also encountering barriers to traditional investigative techniques like interviewing or keeping insider sources. We argue that critical criminology should move in the same direction. FOI requests, computational techniques, and other investigative techniques should be used to both examine state criminal justice practices and confront them.
We have argued that police and penal abolition should be central to critical criminology, and that critical criminology should embrace police and penal abolitionist works even if they do not explicitly identify as criminological. These works on police and penal abolition provide insights into criminal justice practices and alternatives to both criminology and the criminal justice system which we have argued critical criminology is all about. It is not surprising that police and penal abolitionist works have provided such a useful set of terms and insights for resisting not only the criminal justice system but criminology itself, precisely because many of these works are located outside the discipline of criminology and outside the institutional networks that exist between the criminal justice system in criminology.
We have also argued that FOI requests and computational social science can provide methodological tools for critical criminologists to use to investigate criminal justice practices and institutions. FOI requests and computational techniques are promising investigative tools. They have limits and barriers, but they provide an alternative to positivist methods and overcome some of the limits associated with qualitative research methods.
an approach to criminology that privileges the voices and standpoint of persons who have been criminalized or who have been system affected.
making changes or slight modifications to the existing structure of policing but keeping the original purpose of police.
reforms that diminish the power of the state and diminish the power of carceral institutions.
an abolitionist concept capturing the idea that abolition is ongoing and requires constant struggle and analysis.
feminism that advocates for police and prison responses to things like gendered violence, sexual assault, child abuse, etc.
arguments and research examining the harms of criminal justice institutions of police and prisons and the attempts to dismantle them and re-think systems to deal with transgression.
method of research where a researcher examines a culture or society or social practice by immersing themselves in the history of experiences for the group or individual they are interested in.
collecting and analyzing data that are non-numerical and focused on the detailed understanding of the subject being researched which can include in-depth interviews, observation, and other non-numerical data.
method of research where a researcher examines a specific institution via in-depth study of all of its elements and practices to identify power relations that structure an experience in the institution and how the institution itself is organized
method of research to explore the connections between the use of language/text and the social and political context within which it occurs.
a tool to use in social science research to investigate state and criminal justice practices that accesses state records that would not otherwise be disclosed.
research methods that involve using computers to model, simulate and analyze social phenomena, and to assess patterns and trends working with big data. Big data could be anything from corporate databases or datasets from the government that could not feasibly be examined by humans using discourse or content analysis. | <urn:uuid:5d378a0a-e6f3-4057-be3e-341e5f5dd0fd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/introcrim/chapter/10-4-emergent-elements-of-critical-criminology/ | 2024-02-25T05:20:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.939873 | 5,671 | 3.109375 | 3 | [
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Participation in physical activity promotes relaxation and exhausts energy reserves, leading to improved sleep patterns. Regular exercise helps to synchronize the body’s internal clock, contributing to more consistent and restorative sleep.
Engaging in physical activity is a cornerstone of health, with benefits that extend into the realm of sleep. Exercise not only triggers the release of endorphins, which have mood-enhancing properties, but it also contributes to better quality sleep, a crucial factor for overall wellbeing.
It serves as a powerful antidote to stress and anxiety, which are common culprits of sleep disturbances. By elevating the body’s temperature during exercise and allowing it to cool down afterwards, it invites a natural drowsiness that helps in falling asleep quicker. Meanwhile, the stress-busting effects of physical activity ensure a more peaceful, uninterrupted rest. Tailoring a fitness regimen to align with one’s lifestyle can lead to significant improvements in sleep duration and quality, turning ample rest into another attainable benefit of an active lifestyle.
The Link Between Physical Activity And Sleep
Struggling to snooze? Exercise could be the key to better sleep. Engaging in regular physical activity benefits not only your daytime energy levels but also contributes to more restful nights. Let’s explore how moving your body can lead to improved sleep patterns.
Benefits Of Regular Physical Activity
Physical activity is a powerhouse for your health. Here’s why:
- Boosts mood and combats stress
- Enhances heart health
- Fights weight gain and builds strength
- Increases energy levels throughout the day
- Improves overall well-being
Impact Of Physical Activity On Sleep
Sleep better with exercise? Absolutely! Working out can help you:
- Fall asleep faster
- Deepen your sleep cycle
- Minimize night awakenings
- Stabilize your sleep patterns
Studies show people who exercise regularly report better quality sleep and feel more alert in the day.
Mechanisms Explaining The Relationship
Wondering how physical activity works its magic on sleep? It comes down to a few key points:
Effect | Mechanism |
Body Temperature | Exercise raises body temperature; a post-exercise drop promotes sleep. |
Circadian Rhythm | Daytime activity strengthens the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle. |
Anxiety and Depression | Activity is a known mood booster, lowering stress for restful nights. |
Physical Tiredness | Engaging muscles during the day can lead to a deeper sleep state. |
Understanding Sleep Patterns
Sleep is as essential to our health as eating, drinking, and breathing. It allows our bodies to repair themselves and our brains to consolidate our memories and process information. Poor sleep is linked to physical problems such as a weakened immune system and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.
Importance Of Sleep
Good sleep is crucial for optimal health and can affect hormone levels, mood, and weight. Sleep is key to thinking clearly, making decisions, and functioning well. When we skip our rest, we are more prone to accidents, injuries, and errors.
Stages Of Sleep
Sleep cycles through several stages:
- Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Consists of three phases, progressing from light to deep sleep.
- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep: When most dreaming occurs, brain waves mimic being awake.
These stages repeat several times during a good night’s rest, helping to restore the body and mind.
Factors Affecting Sleep Patterns
Many factors can disrupt our sleep patterns:
- Lifestyle choices such as irregular sleep schedules or screen time before bed.
- Stress and anxiety which can lead to insomnia.
- Physical activity can greatly enhance both the quality and duration of sleep.
Regular physical activity has been shown to help us fall asleep faster and deepen our sleep. When we exercise, our body temperature rises during the activity and then drops afterward. This drop can make us feel more relaxed and sleepy. Exercise can also reduce stress and alleviate anxiety, leading to better sleep quality.
How Physical Activity Promotes Better Sleep
Staying active does more than just keep a body fit—it helps it sleep better too. Consistent physical activity can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality, duration, and ease of falling asleep. Understanding the science behind this can inspire regular exercise for improved night-time rest.
Regulating Circadian Rhythms
Regular physical activity plays a key role in synchronizing our internal clocks, or circadian rhythms. Engaging in activity, especially in natural light during the day, signals the body that it’s time to be alert and active. This, in turn, reinforces the natural cycle of our sleep-wake patterns, helping us wind down effortlessly as night approaches.
- Exposure to daylight during exercise enhances circadian regulation.
- Evening exercise, while stimulating, should be avoided too close to bedtime.
Reducing Anxiety And Stress
Anxiety and stress are common culprits behind sleep disturbances. Physical activity serves as a natural anxiety reducer, thanks to the endorphins released during exercise. These “feel-good” hormones elevate mood and bring a sense of calm, preparing the mind for restful sleep.
- Exercise facilitates a decline in stress hormones like cortisol.
- It also improves our ability to cope with day-to-day stressors.
Promoting Body Temperature Regulation
Exercising increases body temperature, and the post-exercise drop in temperature can help promote feeling sleepy. The decline mimics the natural drop in body temperature that occurs before sleep, signaling the body it’s time for rest.
Time of Exercise | Body Temperature Impact |
Morning/Afternoon | Leads to a natural decline later in the day |
Evening | Should cool down before bedtime for optimal sleep conditions |
Finding The Right Balance
Good sleep comes with balance. A lifestyle that blends physical activity and restful nights could open the door to remarkable health benefits. When you exercise the right amount at the right time, sleep often follows suit, whisking you into a deep, restorative slumber. This tidy trio—duration, type, and timing—can harmonize your sleep patterns. Striking the perfect balance isn’t magic but a matter of informed choices.
Recommended Amount Of Physical Activity
Experts suggest adults need at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week. For even greater benefits, doubling these numbers can further boost health. Here’s the key: it doesn’t need to be intense to count. Moderate walks or leisurely bike rides can do the trick. Stay consistent, and watch your nighttime rest improve.
Choosing The Right Type Of Activity
- Aerobic Activities: Brisk walking, swimming, or cycling keep the heart rate up.
- Strength Training: Lifting weights or bodyweight exercises for muscle health.
- Balance and Flexibility: Yoga or Pilates to reduce stress and soothe the body.
Select activities that feel good to you. Enjoyment leads to consistency, and consistency fosters better sleep.
Timing Of Physical Activity For Optimal Sleep
Timing of exercise greatly affects sleep quality. You can try morning workouts to jumpstart your day. This can enhance your energy levels. Working out in the late afternoon or early evening can help you wind down. Aim to avoid vigorous exercise less than three hours before bedtime. It can be too stimulating and disrupt your sleep.
Additional Tips For Quality Sleep
After exploring how physical activity enhances sleep, let’s dive into extra steps for restorative slumber. These proven strategies complement exercise for even better nights.
Creating A Sleep-friendly Environment
A tranquil bedroom is a sleep sanctuary. To create this, focus on dim lights, pleasing aromas, and serene colors. Your mattress plays a major role, too – ensure it provides ample support and comfort.
- Maintain a cool temperature around 60-67 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Keep the room dark using blackout curtains or a sleep mask.
- Reduce noise levels, or use white noise machines to mask disruptions.
Establishing A Bedtime Routine
Consistency is key for your body’s internal clock. Set a regular time to wind down each night. This signal helps your body prepare for sleep.
- Choose a set bedtime and wake-up time, even on weekends.
- Engage in a relaxing activity, like reading or a warm bath.
- Avoid heavy meals, caffeine, and screens an hour before sleep.
Managing Sleep Disorders
If falling or staying asleep is consistently challenging, a sleep disorder may be present. Consult a healthcare professional to address issues such as insomnia or sleep apnea.
- Practice good sleep hygiene, following a regular sleep schedule.
- Limit naps, especially long or late-afternoon ones.
- If prescribed, use CPAP machines or other treatments as directed.
Frequently Asked Questions For How Can Participation In Physical Activity Lead To Improved Sleep Patterns?
Does Physical Activity Improve Sleep Patterns?
Yes, engaging in regular physical activity can lead to improved sleep patterns by promoting relaxation and supporting a healthy circadian rhythm.
How Can Participation In Physical Activity Lead To Improved Sleep Patterns Brainly?
Regular physical activity promotes better sleep by reducing stress and helping to regulate your internal circadian rhythm.
How Can Participation In Physical Activity Lead To Improve?
Participation in physical activity enhances sleep by reducing stress, regulating circadian rhythms, and promoting physical tiredness.
How Does Exercise Improve Mood And Sleep?
Exercise releases endorphins and serotonin, boosting mood and promoting relaxation, leading to better sleep quality.
Embracing regular physical activity has proven to be a key factor for advancing sleep quality. By participating in exercise, one experiences the dual benefits of stress reduction and energy optimization, easing the transition to restful slumber. Adopting an active lifestyle can be the turning point for those seeking deeper, more restorative sleep.
Embrace this change and unlock the path to better rest, starting tonight. | <urn:uuid:de5ffcd5-25d2-461a-bcaa-8c90438ab293> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lechatrougesf.com/how-physical-activity-may-enhance-your-sleep-routine/ | 2024-02-25T06:44:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.909898 | 2,074 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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] |
Delve into the fascinating world of Hawaiian chicken breeds as we uncover the rich tapestry of diversity that thrives on the islands. From the lush landscapes of Hawaii emerges a unique collection of chicken varieties, each contributing its own distinct charm to the local poultry scene. From the feisty Red Junglefowl to the majestic Hawaiian Leghorn, these breeds not only enrich the agricultural heritage of the islands but also showcase the resilient spirit and adaptability of these feathered companions.
Join us on a journey of discovery as we explore the intriguing histories, characteristics, and contributions of Hawaiian chicken breeds, shedding light on the lesser-known aspects of these beloved birds. From their cultural significance to their roles in sustaining local communities, Hawaiian chickens offer a glimpse into the vibrant mosaic of avian life on the enchanting islands of Hawaii.
Traditional Hawaiian Chicken Breeds
Traditional Hawaiian Chicken Breeds are deeply rooted in the history and culture of Hawaii, reflecting the island’s unique blend of Pacific and Asian influences. One of the most prominent traditional breeds is the Hawaiian Game fowl, prized for its resilience and fighting prowess. This breed played a significant role in ancient Hawaiian rituals and sports, showcasing the connection between animals and spiritual beliefs in Hawaiian society.
Another traditional breed is the Moa Nalo, known for its gentle temperament and colorful plumage. These chickens were valued not just for their eggs and meat but also for their role in cultural ceremonies and traditions. The Onagadori, a long-tailed breed originating from Japan, also found its way to Hawaii, symbolizing beauty and grace with its striking appearance.
These traditional Hawaiian chicken breeds symbolize the rich heritage and deep connection Hawaiians have with their land and animals. Preserving and celebrating these breeds is essential in maintaining the cultural identity and traditions that have been passed down through generations on the islands.
Unique Characteristics Of Hawaiian Chicken Breeds
Hawaiian chicken breeds boast a fascinating array of unique characteristics that set them apart from other breeds worldwide. These distinct features make them highly sought after by poultry enthusiasts and breeders alike. One notable trait of Hawaiian chicken breeds is their exceptional ability to thrive in the tropical climate of Hawaii, withstanding the heat and humidity with ease.
Additionally, Hawaiian chicken breeds are renowned for their vibrant and varied plumage, showcasing a stunning array of colors and patterns. This visual diversity adds an aesthetically pleasing element to backyard flocks and agricultural landscapes. Moreover, these breeds often exhibit strong foraging instincts, making them well-suited for free-range environments where they can actively search for food and engage in natural behaviors.
Furthermore, Hawaiian chicken breeds are known for their adaptability and resilience, characteristics that have been honed over generations of breeding in the unique island environment. Their hardy nature and ability to flourish in diverse conditions make them a valuable addition to any poultry operation.
History And Cultural Significance
Throughout Hawaii’s history, chickens have played a significant role in the cultural fabric of the islands. Introduced by the Polynesians centuries ago, chickens not only provided a sustainable source of food but also became intertwined with various cultural practices and beliefs. The presence of chickens in traditional Hawaiian folklore and rituals symbolizes fertility, protection, and even spirituality, showcasing the deep connection between the birds and the indigenous people of Hawaii.
As Hawaii underwent periods of colonization and cultural exchange, the role of chickens evolved to reflect the changing times. Chickens became not only a vital protein source for communities but also a symbol of resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity. Today, the presence of diverse chicken breeds in Hawaii reflects the multicultural heritage of the islands, blending traditional Hawaiian practices with influences from Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
From the majestic Red Junglefowl that roams the forests to the unique hybrid breeds raised by local farmers, Hawaiian chicken breeds embody a rich tapestry of history and cultural significance. The sight and sounds of these birds roaming freely in both rural landscapes and urban areas serve as a reminder of the enduring legacy of chickens in Hawaiian society.
Preservation Efforts And Challenges
Preservation efforts in Hawaii are crucial to safeguard the diverse chicken breeds native to the islands. Organizations such as the Hawaii Poultry Association are dedicated to promoting the conservation and breeding of local chicken varieties. Through educational programs and outreach initiatives, they aim to raise awareness about the significance of preserving these unique breeds for future generations.
However, these preservation efforts face several challenges, including genetic dilution due to crossbreeding with commercial poultry strains, limited funding for conservation projects, and a lack of comprehensive legislation to protect indigenous chicken breeds. Invasive species, such as the mongoose, also pose a threat to native chicken populations, further complicating preservation efforts.
Despite these challenges, dedicated individuals and organizations continue to work tirelessly to ensure the survival of Hawaiian chicken breeds. By raising awareness, implementing conservation strategies, and advocating for stronger protective measures, they strive to preserve the genetic diversity and cultural heritage embodied by these treasured island birds.
Popular Uses In Hawaiian Cuisine
Chicken is a versatile protein that features prominently in Hawaiian cuisine, with a variety of delicious dishes that showcase the diverse flavors of the islands. From traditional Hawaiian recipes to modern fusion creations, chicken is a staple ingredient loved by locals and visitors alike.
One popular use of chicken in Hawaiian cuisine is in the traditional dish known as Huli Huli Chicken. This mouthwatering dish features grilled chicken marinated in a sweet and savory sauce made with ingredients like soy sauce, ginger, garlic, and pineapple juice. The result is tender, flavorful chicken with a slightly caramelized glaze that is sure to please any palate.
Additionally, chicken is often used in popular Hawaiian plate lunches, where it is paired with sides such as rice, macaroni salad, and lomi lomi salmon. Whether it’s in hearty stews, crispy fried chicken, or flavorful stir-fries, chicken plays a central role in the rich tapestry of Hawaiian culinary traditions, adding depth and heartiness to a wide range of dishes.
Adaptability To Hawaii’S Climate
Hawaii’s unique climate poses both challenges and benefits for chicken breeds residing on the islands. The warm tropical weather in Hawaii makes it an ideal environment for chickens that are naturally adapted to higher temperatures. These breeds thrive in the sunny and humid conditions, allowing them to maintain better health and productivity levels compared to breeds that struggle in such climates.
Furthermore, the diverse range of microclimates across the Hawaiian islands provides an opportunity for different chicken breeds to find their niche environment. From the cooler upland regions to the coastal areas with constant sea breezes, chickens have the chance to adapt to varying conditions within a relatively small geographic area. This adaptability allows for a mix of breeds to flourish and contribute to the agricultural landscape of Hawaii.
Overall, the adaptability of chicken breeds to Hawaii’s climate showcases the resilience and versatility of these animals. Whether they are native Hawaiian breeds or introduced varieties, chickens in Hawaii have evolved to navigate the challenges of the tropical climate while taking advantage of the benefits it offers. This adaptability not only benefits the chickens themselves but also contributes to the sustainability and diversity of Hawaii’s poultry industry.
Contributions To Sustainable Farming
Hawaiian chicken breeds make significant contributions to sustainable farming practices in Hawaii. These chickens are well-suited to the local climate and environment, requiring minimal external inputs to thrive. Their ability to forage for food effectively reduces the need for commercial feed, making them a cost-effective option for farmers looking to minimize their environmental footprint.
Moreover, Hawaiian chickens exhibit strong genetic resilience, making them better equipped to withstand various environmental challenges such as disease outbreaks or fluctuations in climate. By preserving and promoting these indigenous chicken breeds, farmers contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and genetic diversity within the local poultry industry. This not only helps in maintaining a sustainable farming ecosystem but also enhances the overall resilience of the agricultural sector in Hawaii.
Overall, the incorporation of Hawaiian chicken breeds into farming practices not only supports local traditions and culture but also plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability and resilience within the agricultural sector. By recognizing the unique qualities of these breeds and integrating them into farming systems, farmers in Hawaii can contribute to building a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future for poultry production in the region.
Future Prospects For Hawaiian Chicken Breeds
As research and conservation efforts continue to gain momentum, the future prospects for Hawaiian chicken breeds appear promising. Organizations and individuals are increasingly recognizing the value of preserving these unique breeds for their genetic diversity and cultural significance. By raising awareness and engaging in collaborative initiatives, there is hope for the continued survival and thriving of these chickens.
Furthermore, sustainable farming practices and increasing consumer interest in locally sourced, heritage breeds are contributing to the resurgence of Hawaiian chicken breeds. This shift towards supporting native breeds not only benefits the chickens themselves but also contributes to the preservation of Hawaii’s rich agricultural heritage. As more farmers and breeders prioritize the conservation of these breeds, the outlook for their future becomes increasingly optimistic.
In conclusion, the future of Hawaiian chicken breeds rests on ongoing efforts to promote conservation, sustainable farming practices, and community involvement. By working together to protect and celebrate these unique breeds, we can ensure that they remain an important part of Hawaii’s cultural and agricultural landscape for generations to come.
What Are The Unique Characteristics Of Hawaiian Chicken Breeds?
Hawaiian chicken breeds, such as the Hawaiian Game fowl, are known for their adaptability to the tropical climate and resistance to certain diseases prevalent in the region. These breeds often have striking physical attributes, such as vibrant plumage colors and distinctive comb shapes, making them visually appealing.
Furthermore, Hawaiian chicken breeds are valued for their exceptional foraging abilities and self-sufficiency, thriving on diets primarily composed of insects, vegetation, and scraps. Their strong natural instincts and ability to thrive in diverse environments make them popular choices for backyard flocks in Hawaii and beyond.
How Do Environmental Factors Shape The Diversity Of Chicken Breeds In Hawaii?
The environmental factors in Hawaii, such as varying climates and terrain, play a significant role in shaping the diversity of chicken breeds found on the islands. Different chicken breeds have adapted to specific environmental conditions, leading to a wide range of breeds with unique characteristics and traits to thrive in different regions of Hawaii. Additionally, the introduction of various chicken breeds by different cultural and ethnic groups over the centuries has further contributed to the diversity of chicken breeds in Hawaii, creating a rich tapestry of genetic variations and breeds on the islands.
What Historical Significance Do Hawaiian Chicken Breeds Hold?
Hawaiian chicken breeds, such as the Hawaiian Game fowl, carry historical significance as they were brought to the islands by ancient Polynesians, serving as a vital food source and symbolizing cultural connections. These breeds played a crucial role in the traditional rituals and practices of the Hawaiian people, reflecting their deep appreciation for nature and their reliance on sustainable farming methods. Today, these breeds continue to be cherished for their genetic resilience and unique characteristics, preserving the rich heritage of Hawaii’s agricultural past.
Are There Specific Purposes Or Functions For Different Chicken Breeds In Hawaii?
In Hawaii, different chicken breeds serve various purposes based on their characteristics. For instance, breeds like the Hawaiian Game or Shamo are valued for their resilience in adapting to the local environment and are often used for cockfighting. Rhode Island Reds and Leghorns are popular for their high egg-laying capacity, making them ideal choices for commercial egg production in the region. Additionally, heritage breeds like the Hawaiian Jungle Fowl are bred to preserve the local genetic diversity and cultural heritage of the islands.
How Have Hawaiian Chicken Breeds Influenced The Local Culture And Culinary Traditions?
Hawaiian chicken breeds, such as the Hawaiian Moa and Huli varieties, have played a significant role in shaping the local culture and culinary traditions. These breeds are revered for their unique flavors and adaptability to the Hawaiian climate, making them popular choices for traditional dishes like laulau and kalua chicken. Additionally, raising and caring for these chickens have become integral parts of Hawaiian agricultural practices, strengthening the connection between the people and the land.
Moreover, Hawaiian chicken breeds have become symbols of cultural identity and sustainability, reflecting the importance of preserving indigenous chicken species. Their presence in local feasts, ceremonies, and everyday meals highlights their enduring influence on Hawaiian cuisine and the deep-rooted traditions that continue to thrive in the islands.
The rich tapestry of Hawaiian chicken breeds presented in this article underscores the unique cultural and agricultural heritage of Hawaii. From the colorful Plumage of the Onagadori to the resilient personality of the Jungle Fowl, each breed offers a glimpse into the diverse landscape of chicken farming in the Aloha State. By celebrating and preserving these distinct breeds, we not only honor the history of Hawaii but also contribute to the conservation of genetic diversity within poultry populations.
As we continue to explore the delightful diversity of chicken breeds in Hawaii, let us be inspired by the resilience and beauty of these birds. Through education, advocacy, and responsible stewardship, we can ensure the longevity of these unique breeds and support sustainable practices in poultry farming. Embracing the essence of aloha, let us nurture a harmonious relationship with our feathered friends and cultivate a future where they can thrive in their natural splendor. | <urn:uuid:9f1a1511-b88e-4dad-bae3-7d18aecd8a3e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://meatcheftools.com/what-kind-of-chicken-is-in-hawaii/ | 2024-02-25T05:55:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.927099 | 2,728 | 3.015625 | 3 | [
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Yes, a child can be an entrepreneur. It’s never too early for kids to develop an entrepreneurial mindset and start their own businesses.
Children have a natural curiosity and creative ideas that can be nurtured to build successful ventures. Starting a small business at a young age can teach them valuable skills like problem-solving, decision-making, and financial management. It also fosters independence, resilience, and a strong work ethic.
With the rise of the internet and social media, young entrepreneurs have access to a vast network of resources and potential customers. They can sell products online, offer services, or even create their own YouTube channels or blogs. Parents, educators, and mentors play a crucial role in supporting and encouraging children’s entrepreneurial pursuits. By instilling a sense of passion and providing guidance, children can learn real-world skills while exploring their passions and potentially laying the foundation for a successful future career.
Table of Contents
The Rise Of Child Entrepreneurs
Contrary to what many may believe, entrepreneurship is not limited to adults alone. In recent years, there has been a remarkable rise in the number of child entrepreneurs taking the business world by storm. These young minds are breaking traditional barriers and proving that age is just a number when it comes to launching successful ventures. In this article, we explore the changing perspectives towards child entrepreneurs and showcase some inspiring success stories that highlight their exceptional abilities.
Gone are the days when children were encouraged to solely focus on their education and dream about their professional careers for the future. Today, society is witnessing a shift in mindset as the capabilities of young entrepreneurs are recognized and embraced. There is a growing realization that entrepreneurship instills valuable skills and experiences in children, such as creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, and financial literacy.
Parents, educators, and mentors are starting to understand that entrepreneurship can empower children to become confident individuals who are capable of turning their ideas into reality. This shift in perspective is seen through the increasing number of resources, programs, and support systems available to help young entrepreneurs start and develop their ventures.
Let’s take a look at some extraordinary child entrepreneurs who have defied odds and achieved remarkable success:
- Maya Penn: Maya started her first business, selling eco-friendly accessories, at the age of eight. She not only established a profitable company but also became an environmental advocate and an acclaimed TED speaker, inspiring others with her innovative ideas.
- Jack Bonneau: Jack became a 10-year-old business owner when he launched his lemonade stand. With his ambitious mindset, he soon scaled up his business and started franchising his concept, teaching other young entrepreneurs the art of running their own lemonade stands.
- Alina Morse: At the age of seven, Alina invented a healthy candy option that received national recognition. Her company, Zolli Candy, aims to provide a delicious treat without compromising dental health, and Alina has become one of the youngest entrepreneurs to secure a spot on the renowned Forbes 30 Under 30 list.
These young entrepreneurs exemplify the unlimited potential that children possess. They serve as beacons of inspiration, showcasing what can be achieved when young minds are given the opportunity to explore their ideas and follow their passions.
Benefits Of Encouraging Entrepreneurship In Children
Encouraging entrepreneurship in children offers a myriad of incredible benefits that go far beyond just financial gains. In fact, it has the potential to shape their futures in profound ways, equipping them with crucial skills and fostering independence. Let’s explore these benefits in detail:
Developing Essential Skills
When children are exposed to entrepreneurship, they have the opportunity to develop essential skills that will be invaluable throughout their lives. These skills include:
- 1. Creativity: Entrepreneurship encourages children to think outside the box, come up with innovative ideas, and find unique solutions to problems.
- 2. Communication: Through interactions with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders, children learn how to effectively express their ideas, negotiate, and build relationships.
- 3. Problem-Solving: Entrepreneurship requires children to identify problems, analyze them, and develop strategies to overcome challenges.
- 4. Financial Literacy: By managing their own businesses, children gain an early understanding of basic financial concepts like budgeting, saving, and investing.
- 5. Leadership: Running a business requires children to make decisions, take responsibility, and lead others, helping them develop leadership qualities.
Encouraging entrepreneurship in children also fosters a sense of independence and self-reliance. By taking ownership of their business ideas, children learn to trust their abilities and make decisions on their own. This independence helps them gain confidence, develop a strong work ethic, and take responsibility for their actions. As they experience firsthand the process of planning, organizing, and executing their ventures, they become self-motivated individuals capable of setting and achieving goals.
Challenges Faced By Child Entrepreneurs
Child entrepreneurs face challenges such as lack of business experience, limited resources, and difficulty in gaining credibility. They may struggle with legal and financial aspects and may not be taken seriously by potential customers. Despite these obstacles, with proper guidance and support, a child can certainly become an entrepreneur and succeed in the business world.
Legal And Financial Hurdles
Being a child entrepreneur comes with its own set of challenges, especially from a legal and financial perspective. Children are not legally allowed to sign contracts or enter into business agreements, which can create obstacles for their entrepreneurial endeavors. They often need the assistance of their parents or guardians to navigate the legal complexities of starting and running a business. From a financial standpoint, child entrepreneurs may struggle to secure funding or investment for their ventures. Banks and institutions are generally hesitant to provide loans or financial support to children due to their lack of credit history and limited financial resources. This lack of access to capital can make it difficult for young entrepreneurs to take their business ideas off the ground.Balancing Education And Business
One of the biggest challenges faced by child entrepreneurs is the delicate balance between their education and their business pursuits. Education is a vital aspect of a child’s development, and it can be challenging for them to allocate sufficient time and attention to both their studies and their entrepreneurial endeavors. Child entrepreneurs often find themselves juggling school assignments, exams, and extracurricular activities alongside the demands of running a business. This balancing act requires excellent time management skills and a strong sense of discipline. It can be challenging for young entrepreneurs to find the right balance and avoid sacrificing their education for their business aspirations. Despite these challenges, child entrepreneurs showcase incredible determination, creativity, and resourcefulness. Through their entrepreneurial experiences, they gain valuable life skills and learn the importance of resilience, hard work, and problem-solving. These experiences set them apart from their peers and lay a solid foundation for their future success as adults in the business world.Credit: www.quora.com
Supporting And Nurturing Young Entrepreneurs
Supporting and nurturing young entrepreneurs is essential in fostering creativity, innovation, and a sense of independence from an early age. By providing the right environment and tools, children can learn valuable entrepreneurial skills that will set them up for success in the future. This article explores two key aspects of supporting and nurturing young entrepreneurs: family and community involvement, and educational initiatives.
Family And Community Involvement
When it comes to supporting young entrepreneurs, family and community involvement plays a crucial role. Parents and guardians can encourage entrepreneurial thinking by creating a supportive environment at home. This includes discussing business ideas, helping children recognize opportunities, and offering guidance and advice.
Additionally, community involvement allows young entrepreneurs to gain real-world experience and exposure to different perspectives. By participating in local markets, events, and networking opportunities, young entrepreneurs can learn from experienced professionals and connect with potential customers and mentors.
Involving the family and community in a child’s entrepreneurial journey not only provides valuable support but also helps children build a strong network that can contribute to their growth and success.
Educational initiatives play a vital role in nurturing the entrepreneurial spirit in children. Schools and educational institutions can introduce entrepreneurship as a subject or incorporate it into existing curricula. This equips young learners with essential business knowledge, problem-solving skills, and an understanding of financial literacy.
Moreover, partnering with local businesses and entrepreneurs can expose students to real-life examples and inspire them to pursue entrepreneurial ventures. Guest lectures, workshops, and mentorship programs contribute to a well-rounded education that combines theoretical knowledge with practical experience.
Furthermore, it is important to encourage young entrepreneurs to join entrepreneurship-focused clubs or associations within educational institutions. These platforms provide opportunities for collaboration, idea generation, and peer learning.
By integrating entrepreneurial education into the curriculum and promoting extracurricular initiatives, educational institutions are instrumental in fostering the next generation of innovative and forward-thinking entrepreneurs.
The Future Of Child Entrepreneurship
Is it possible for a child to be an entrepreneur? In today’s world, the answer is a resounding yes! The future of child entrepreneurship is a vibrant and exciting landscape with endless opportunities waiting to be explored. Children, armed with creativity, innovation, and the drive to make a difference, have the potential to become successful entrepreneurs at a young age. Let’s delve into the impact of child entrepreneurship on society and the potential opportunities it presents.
Impact On Society
Child entrepreneurship has the potential to transform societies by fostering a culture of innovation and ingenuity. Young entrepreneurs can inspire others to pursue their passions, leading to a ripple effect of creativity and forward-thinking mindset. As these young leaders drive change, they contribute to the economic growth and development of their communities, paving the way for a brighter future.
By embracing child entrepreneurship, society opens doors to a myriad of opportunities. It provides a platform for young individuals to showcase their talents, solve real-world problems, and make a positive impact on the world. These opportunities can range from creating innovative products and services to developing sustainable solutions that address environmental challenges. The potential is boundless, and the future of child entrepreneurship holds remarkable promise.
Frequently Asked Questions For Can A Child Be An Entrepreneur?
What Is The Youngest Age To Be An Entrepreneur?
The youngest age to be an entrepreneur varies, but there is no specific age requirement. Many successful entrepreneurs start their journey at a young age, such as teenagers or even pre-teens. It’s never too early to pursue your entrepreneurial dreams and make a difference in the world.
Who Is The Youngest Entrepreneurship?
The youngest entrepreneur refers to the individual who starts their own business at a very early age.
Can A Child Be A Business Owner?
Yes, a child can be a business owner. Age is not a barrier to entrepreneurship. Many children have started successful businesses with the support of their parents or guardians. With guidance and mentorship, children can learn valuable skills and gain experience in running a business at a young age.
Cultivating entrepreneurial skills in children can have long-term benefits. By promoting creativity, problem-solving abilities, and adaptability, young entrepreneurs can develop an exceptional foundation for future success. Encouraging them to pursue their passions, providing opportunities for learning and growth, and fostering a supportive environment can empower children to harness their entrepreneurial spirit and make a positive impact on their lives and society as a whole.
So, let your child explore their potential as an entrepreneur and help them shape a brighter future. | <urn:uuid:89d6b18c-5ff8-4399-bcbf-978165cc9be5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://moneymasterpiece.com/child-be-an-entrepreneur/ | 2024-02-25T04:44:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.944347 | 2,344 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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Evolution is most simply defined as descent with modification. Biologists’ understanding of evolution since the 1940s is called the modern synthesis, the synthesis being between evolution through natural selection and the science of genetics.
The modern synthesis employs mathematical (statistical) methods to study what is called a population, the collection of those members of a particular species living in a specified area. Population genetics considers the collective gene pool of such a population, i.e., the sum of all alleles – versions of genes – within the population. A given gene may have more than two alleles, such as those for human blood antigens (A, B and O). The link with what we actually see comes about when these alleles are expressed as phenotypes, i.e., observable traits in the organisms of the species. Evolutionary scientists measure the changes in the distribution (frequency) of the alleles in the gene pool across generations. The underlying genetic composition of the phenotype is the genotype.
The modern synthesis merges genetics and morphology and provides mathematical techniques for a quantitative study of evolutionary change. It recognizes four mechanisms of evolutionary change.
- Natural selection operates when random changes in genes improve the ability of the individuals possessing those genes to survive long enough to reproduce successfully and pass the changes on to their offspring. One then says that differential reproduction has taken place. The superior survival rate of these individuals because of this adaptive trait will assure that, over time, their relative numbers will increase. In terms of population genetics, the frequency of their alleles will increase in the gene pool.
- Mutation is a random change in DNA , the genetic material (much more about that later on). Mutations are small and slow. They may disappear quietly without leading to evolutionary change, or lead to the death of the organism (and the allele). Or they may accumulate very slowly. Mutation is the ultimate generator of variation in alleles and so is necessary for the other three mechanisms.
- Genetic drift occurs when a chance variation (due to mutation) reproduces itself and then gradually becomes important in the gene pool. According to statistics, the range of values of a trait will be well represented by the normal distribution (the famous “bell curve”) in a large population of samples. Since a large population furnishes numerous possible mates, any variation probably will be quickly diluted. Therefore, genetic drift takes place more often in smaller populations which are less statistically significant. Genetic drift occurs most frequently when a sub-group of a population becomes physically separated from the main group, say, due to emigration to an island or environmental isolation by the forming of a new body of water or a mountain ridge – or even just due to large distances between extremities of a vast landmass. The small group may then change sufficiently to form a different species. Such speciation (formation of a new species) due to an external barrier to gene flow is called allopatric, (Greek for “another country”). Since it is due to chance, genetic drift need not be adaptive. Natural selection, on the contrary, is adaptive and so can not bring about evolution of a lasting trait which is bad for the organism.
- Gene flow (or migration) is similar to genetic drift, but involves the immigration of individual organisms or alleles into one population from another. Pollen blown by wind may be an example of gene migration. The result is that genes flow from one population to another.
In all these cases, change is a random, chance occurrence, whereas natural selection is a law which always operates on such changes. In spite of the terms often used to express evolutionary change (“Flowers have colors in order to attract bees.”), it is not teleological (goal-oriented). “Colored flowers attract bees and so survive better.”
Natural selection acts on changes brought about by the other mechanisms cited. In addition, sex is a source of gene mixing, as will be discussed in a later chapter. But the oddest source of change is shuffling of the genetic material when antibodies are created in our bodies. More on that later, too.
Like quantum mechanics, evolution injects the theme of randomness into our understanding of the workings of the universe, but not at all on the same scale.
The notion of species has been much discussed in the history of biology before arriving at the current definition of a species as “groups of interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups”. This means that members of two different groups do not mate to produce viable offspring for one of two reasons: Either (1) they are geographically isolated by necessity or by choice; or (2) their genetic differences are such that they cannot produce viable offspring, or “fertile hybrids”.
However, not much is known about the sexual reproduction of, e.g., bacteria or fossils. So in many cases, biologists must fall back on observation of physical or genetic similarities for distinguishing species. It also happens that observed differences do not amount to differences in species. The case is complicated.
Speciation (formation of new species from an older one) may take place when members of a species occupy different niches or habitats and each group evolves rapidly (in geological terms…) to fit into its respective niche, a phenomenon called adaptive radiation.
In the case of genetic drift, members of the changed smaller group may rejoin the larger one (thus becoming sympatric), bringing their variations with them. The change may take place over a time scale less than that of the dates of adjacent rock strata, in which case there would be no intermediate fossils visible between the two states, hiding any continuity in the evolutionary process. The appearance of evolutionary stasis punctuated by discrete changes has been called punctuated equilibrium, abbreviated as “punk-eek”.
Evolution can give rise to two kinds of similar structures. Characters of different species which are inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous. An example is the presence of the four limbs of tetrapods. Similar characters which are not inherited from a common ancestor are analogous, like the wings of bats and birds, and are the result of convergent evolution, the evolution of similar adaptations in species which are at most distantly related.
Fossils and classification
The goal of evolutionary classification is to demonstrate and explain relations among species. The method uses hierarchical grouping of species into larger groups called genera (singular, genus), genera into families into orders into classes into phyla into kingdoms. This amounts to a road map or genealogy of evolutionary relations. Since two species may be related by being descendants of a long-extinct ancestor, information about that extinct ancestor is necessary. This is obtained primarily through the evidence of fossils.
Classification of modern humans and house cats, after Wikipedia
These classifications will be discussed in more detail in following chapters.
Fossils and fossilization
Fossils are central to our understanding of past species, but they come with problems.
How fossils are formed
If a dead organism does not decay and is not destroyed by predators, it may be covered, all or partially, by sediments. The sediment continues accumulating and, under pressure, eventually may form rock. Shells may dissolve and leave a hole in their own form in the sediment – a mold. Dissolved minerals such as silica may move through the porous rock, fill in the hole and harden, taking on the shape of the organism. Or the dissolved minerals may fill in only the pores in the organism itself, leaving a detailed record. The result is a fossil, entombed within the sedimentary rock.
Fossils may also be found where organisms are frozen (as in Siberia) or dessicated (as in deserts). They may be preserved in amber from pine resin or in tar if they fall into a petroleum swamp. They may leave only impressions, tracks or even footprints which are then preserved, for instance, by falling ash.
From the number of species alive today and the “turnover” seen in fossils, an estimation of the number of species which have existed during Earth’s history gives numbers in the billions. But the fossil record only contains some hundreds of thousands, so the fraction of the number of past species in the fossil record is much, much less than 1%. Where have all the fossils gone?
What can fossilize
Some fossils have indeed gone, but many others were never formed. Organisms consist of parts of differing hardness. Teeth are the hardest and decay slowly enough that they may be fossilized easily. Bones decay faster than teeth, but still slowly enough to be fossilized. However, soft body parts usually decay before adequate sedimentation can take place. Only if sedimentation occurs rapidly can soft parts be preserved, as in the case of the mudslide which preserved the fossils of the Burgess Shale and those of Chengjiang, CHiina..
Many fossils are unable to form because of their environment. The ideal habitat for fossilization is a shallow basin which is slowly subsiding, providing good conditions for marine animals and for an appropriate sedimentation rate. This is no help for terrestrial animals.
Even if fossils are formed, they may be destroyed by subsequent movements of the earth, during which heat and pressure may deform, break, crush or burn them up. No fossils are found in igneous rocks and almost none in metamorphic rocks.
Fossils are often hard to find. Most of the earth has not yet been searched for fossils. They often are found when their enclosing sediments erode or are exposed by geological activity, such as at the East African Rift. Such conditions do not take place everywhere.
For all these reasons and more, the fossil record is a very incomplete history of life on Earth.
Classification – taxonomy and cladistics
According to the theory of evolution, all living organisms of one species have evolved from organisms of a different species, and those from still different species, all the way back to the original Ur-form of life, the first cell or amino acid or whatever it was.
The branch of biology called taxonomy is the science of defining groups of organisms based on shared characteristics in order to show up their shared evolutionary history. The result may be displayed as a family tree or phylogeny. Biologists use cladistics, or phylogenetic systematics, to diagram the evolutionary steps between species. An example of such a diagram is in the above figure. A clear distinction is made between primitive characters and advanced or derived characters. Only groups defined by common derived characters are considered valid monophyletic groups or clades, which are groups descended from a common ancestor and which include all descendants of the common ancestor. Monkeys and apes without humans do not constitute a monophyletic group, nor do reptiles without birds. It is important to understand that a phylogeny is a tree, not a ladder, and implies nothing about whether an organism is “advanced” or “primitive”.
Although these phylogenies are based on both morphological and molecular data, new data often leads to slightly different relations, so the tree changes somewhat as time goes by. This is due mainly to the incomplete record presented by the fossils.
Next, atomic physics and chemistry. | <urn:uuid:29d7d12f-8ad6-4f8b-b442-e4d00e46e50a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://natural-universe.net/tag/natural-selection/ | 2024-02-25T04:17:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.949996 | 2,323 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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18,
203,
1461,
2332,
10633,
639,
476,
7432,
7980,
421,
503,
271,
7704,
13,
2222,
292,
1147,
768,
316,
1478,
261,
2196,
16,
268,
3792,
289,
1014,
2420,
289,
261,
1510,
1678,
2299,
288,
261,
9332,
1494,
18,
7570,
1218,
9734,
573,
5966,
268,
7401,
2261,
5870,
289,
659,
261,
2196,
16,
3609,
18,
73,
1941,
268,
2205,
289,
516,
10477,
736,
796,
8370,
289,
5796,
796,
1291,
268,
2196,
18,
330,
2050,
2261,
602,
437,
512,
687,
881,
10477,
736,
16,
659,
352,
1014,
331,
1195,
1364,
1743,
75,
614,
421,
37,
16,
391,
291,
480,
802,
365,
2654,
360,
768,
445,
2545,
901,
1974,
608,
649,
629,
10477,
736,
356,
6925,
352,
4410,
6809,
274,
16,
3609,
18,
73,
1941,
2428,
541,
7676,
288,
268,
6822,
289,
268,
1678,
18,
3875,
1761,
556,
3152,
2074,
268,
1703,
288,
268,
4385,
421,
74,
11182,
1150,
13,
289,
268,
10477,
736,
288,
268,
2261,
5870,
1745,
5568,
18,
365,
4908,
3347,
5964,
289,
268,
4410,
6809,
73,
316,
268,
2451,
6809,
73,
18,
203,
1461,
2332,
10633,
293,
732,
274,
9734,
291,
11497,
880,
291,
1956,
7980,
2377,
331,
261,
3952,
11551,
1147,
289,
11291,
1317,
18,
553,
1920,
2692,
1958,
5576,
289,
11291,
1317,
18,
203,
17,
6112,
5782,
10912,
649,
6178,
1703,
288,
5796,
1434,
268,
1882,
289,
268,
1578,
5929,
281,
1014,
5796,
292,
5879,
917,
1982,
292,
751,
5858,
5655,
291,
1464,
268,
1703,
341,
292,
444,
1070,
11750,
18,
1507,
1023,
1977,
336,
728,
841,
11509,
528,
2459,
1349,
18,
365,
8225,
5421,
2288,
289,
629,
1578,
971,
289,
456,
2508,
656,
1498,
297,
513,
780,
469,
336,
16,
658,
669,
16,
444,
5915,
3210,
513,
1643,
18,
450,
2560,
289,
2196,
9734,
16,
268,
4876,
289,
444,
10477,
736,
513,
1643,
288,
268,
2261,
5870,
18,
203,
17,
383,
7207,
316,
261,
6178,
1317,
288,
4332,
3942,
268,
3347,
1193,
421,
81,
872,
512,
608,
336,
2135,
341,
802,
383,
371,
500,
356,
1139,
291,
2634,
18,
900,
602,
6146,
521,
8342,
325,
1298,
2469,
292,
11291,
1317,
16,
361,
912,
292,
268,
2145,
289,
268,
11211,
421,
481,
268,
10477,
298,
802,
1778,
502,
602,
5860,
2417,
1040,
6104,
18,
383,
7207,
316,
268,
9376,
10787,
289,
8812,
288,
10477,
736,
291,
576,
316,
1990,
331,
268,
586,
1391,
5576,
18,
203,
17,
7562,
410,
704,
2996,
3606,
649,
261,
3961,
8812,
421,
72,
610,
292,
4556,
318,
13,
5323,
274,
2635,
291,
1023,
6256,
3125,
851,
288,
268,
2261,
5870,
18,
2580,
292,
7639,
16,
268,
1749,
289,
3119,
289,
261,
1498,
297,
513,
327,
767,
7281,
419,
268,
2910,
4385,
421,
1381,
4572,
538,
11130,
9439,
11774,
288,
261,
1452,
2196,
289,
5612,
18,
3296,
261,
1452,
2196,
6257,
8656,
3682,
1522,
293,
692,
16,
723,
8812,
3591,
513,
327,
2640,
7792,
2576,
18,
3481,
16,
3347,
704,
2996,
2844,
1349,
512,
970,
288,
3513,
4544,
518,
356,
1165,
2291,
1784,
523,
1297,
18,
7562,
410,
704,
2996,
3606,
710,
3983,
649,
261,
979,
17,
75,
5485,
289,
261,
2196,
3125,
7519,
9156,
427,
268,
939,
1730,
16,
1856,
16,
1504,
292,
639,
2492,
318,
292,
363,
5426,
361,
2100,
8654,
419,
268,
7833,
289,
261,
733,
1073,
289,
770,
361,
261,
4778,
384,
3410,
796,
361,
919,
1039,
1504,
292,
1452,
9896,
858,
3703,
647,
289,
261,
4597,
1283,
81,
594,
18,
365,
1139,
1730,
602,
1023,
1317,
5138,
325,
292,
926,
261,
865,
1678,
18,
5448,
722,
2202,
421,
4105,
289,
261,
733,
1678,
13,
1504,
292,
363,
4515,
7820,
292,
2261,
1617,
316,
1478,
516,
389,
271,
1179,
16,
421,
43,
4319,
331,
538,
282,
1099,
1777,
537,
802,
3296,
362,
316,
1504,
292,
3961,
16,
3347,
704,
2996,
648,
462,
327,
2508,
656,
18,
6112,
5782,
16,
341,
268,
11925,
16,
316,
2508,
656,
291,
576,
375,
462,
2477,
608,
4414,
289,
261,
8196,
1498,
297,
518,
316,
3276,
331,
268,
11211,
18,
203,
17,
7562,
1617,
421,
283,
8222,
13,
316,
1979,
292,
3347,
704,
2996,
16,
566,
2675,
268,
6227,
318,
289,
1769,
6822,
361,
10477,
736,
636,
597,
2196,
427,
1515,
18,
2668,
9612,
7459,
82,
419,
2206,
602,
327,
363,
1214,
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2261,
8222,
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365,
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316,
336,
5796,
1617,
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292,
1515,
18,
203,
2983,
516,
629,
1934,
16,
1317,
316,
261,
6178,
16,
3961,
11044,
16,
6792,
1493,
5782,
316,
261,
1536,
518,
1775,
10912,
341,
659,
1703,
18,
450,
440,
674,
289,
268,
2560,
970,
724,
292,
2917,
11291,
1317,
10982,
42,
693,
332,
437,
4330,
288,
1544,
292,
7842,
7128,
1053,
989,
362,
316,
462,
7554,
1496,
421,
2738,
280,
17,
10665,
286,
802,
538,
39,
320,
2723,
4557,
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7128,
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576,
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1326,
1053,
203,
50,
4791,
5782,
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341,
1703,
3835,
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419,
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586,
5576,
273,
1006,
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450,
1879,
16,
2935,
316,
261,
2088,
289,
2261,
11202,
16,
352,
513,
327,
5709,
288,
261,
2135,
6600,
18,
1163,
268,
5248,
72,
443,
2088,
289,
1317,
316,
422,
10898,
1667,
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268,
3347,
1193,
649,
10065,
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2370,
288,
662,
3910,
18,
2376,
341,
336,
2135,
16,
1232,
18,
203,
48,
1514,
6977,
11619,
16,
4414,
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268,
7606,
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6178,
822,
636,
662,
1616,
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1795,
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6601,
16,
566,
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430,
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341,
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1162,
3664,
18,
203,
1461,
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528,
712,
1111,
5709,
288,
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1550,
289,
7892,
1134,
2355,
1159,
430,
268,
1619,
5399,
289,
261,
1678,
352,
538,
75,
463,
782,
289,
630,
3225,
3412,
1493,
4544,
16,
518,
356,
5323,
4049,
8829,
427,
586,
659,
2303,
3362,
540,
1486,
336,
2420,
289,
881,
865,
2303,
565,
462,
293,
381,
292,
2346,
10629,
1070,
11750,
331,
597,
289,
881,
3218,
30,
416,
2081,
421,
21,
13,
502,
356,
1965,
2210,
1030,
8829,
419,
11210,
361,
419,
3185,
31,
361,
421,
22,
13,
444,
3347,
3692,
356,
659,
336,
502,
2362,
2346,
10629,
1070,
11750,
16,
361,
538,
529,
5302,
1613,
1048,
1406,
3362,
203,
6724,
827,
16,
462,
1111,
316,
1261,
608,
268,
4547,
11509,
289,
16,
303,
18,
75,
1941,
3071,
361,
5116,
1727,
18,
1426,
288,
772,
1934,
16,
1738,
5020,
1204,
2341,
1103,
341,
8467,
289,
1646,
361,
3347,
1979,
647,
331,
6115,
2793,
1678,
18,
553,
525,
4301,
336,
4626,
3692,
565,
462,
1944,
292,
3692,
288,
1678,
18,
365,
1731,
316,
7017,
18,
203,
55,
1084,
2202,
421,
4105,
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733,
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427,
363,
3684,
597,
13,
602,
1071,
1349,
649,
2420,
289,
261,
1678,
4240,
93,
865,
314,
477,
274,
361,
7124,
291,
1011,
1730,
3735,
973,
5208,
421,
263,
1965,
1496,
2560,
2865,
13,
292,
3082,
636,
606,
10960,
314,
477,
73,
16,
261,
6902,
1478,
2508,
656,
5021,
18,
203,
2983,
268,
1731,
289,
3347,
704,
2996,
16,
2420,
289,
268,
4339,
3513,
1730,
602,
304,
78,
826,
268,
3080,
597,
421,
5967,
3832,
1472,
271,
1179,
989,
6875,
444,
7371,
360,
622,
18,
365,
1317,
602,
1071,
1349,
658,
261,
669,
3664,
1165,
687,
336,
289,
268,
7635,
289,
11860,
4216,
637,
776,
16,
288,
518,
1731,
686,
830,
327,
688,
10217,
381,
5116,
1727,
5455,
858,
268,
881,
2588,
16,
296,
3642,
723,
2269,
380,
288,
268,
11291,
833,
18,
365,
4643,
289,
11291,
471,
11659,
279,
4942,
400,
488,
419,
896,
4325,
1703,
528,
712,
1478,
279,
4942,
400,
488,
1222,
309,
449,
634,
408,
16,
459,
3225,
90,
7269,
352,
538,
84,
5668,
17,
10775,
3362,
203,
41,
90,
1761,
375,
1888,
3573,
292,
881,
5255,
289,
1979,
3702,
18,
3698,
5097,
289,
865,
1678,
518,
356,
5185,
1006,
427,
261,
1112,
6812,
441,
356,
1478,
5440,
631,
499,
18,
854,
1214,
316,
268,
3550,
289,
268,
1958,
1481,
825,
289,
568,
322,
429,
370,
87,
18,
5830,
5258,
518,
356,
462,
5185,
1006,
427,
261,
1112,
6812,
441,
356,
10102,
499,
16,
730,
268,
9509,
289,
285,
1378,
291,
3554,
16,
291,
356,
268,
1636,
289,
4753,
6151,
4414,
16,
268,
4414,
289,
1979,
4136,
500,
288,
1678,
518,
356,
430,
710,
10450,
325,
2336,
18,
203,
42,
1181,
1727,
291,
9669,
203,
1461,
3114,
289,
11291,
9669,
316,
292,
6425,
291,
4345,
1851,
1694,
1678,
18,
365,
1336,
2600,
9703,
750,
466,
1730,
281,
289,
1678,
636,
3080,
2303,
1478,
947,
69,
421,
87,
281,
705,
16,
2451,
310,
989,
947,
69,
636,
3286,
636,
9195,
636,
4754,
636,
719,
2713,
69,
636,
9096,
87,
18,
540,
4175,
292,
261,
3063,
4517,
361,
2261,
280,
446,
93,
289,
11291,
1851,
18,
3296,
881,
1678,
602,
327,
2336,
419,
1018,
11678,
862,
289,
261,
917,
17,
73,
1098,
263,
999,
6812,
441,
16,
1009,
608,
336,
8579,
999,
6812,
441,
316,
1990,
18,
540,
316,
6259,
4604,
734,
268,
2495,
289,
5116,
1727,
18,
203,
9362,
594,
2843,
289,
2332,
2943,
291,
2189,
4492,
16,
1003,
9966,
10967,
203,
2422,
786,
1280,
6643,
513,
327,
5709,
288,
512,
5470,
288,
1685,
9747,
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18,
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5839,
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662,
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2323,
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16,
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360,
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18,
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6724,
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4538,
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6164,
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3751,
11211,
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291,
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462,
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362,
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4738,
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516,
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16,
419,
6031,
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365,
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4027,
5860,
3939,
291,
16,
1064,
1987,
16,
4456,
602,
926,
4216,
18,
1395,
4983,
602,
9916,
317,
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3756,
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796,
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413,
846,
320,
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16,
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7277,
16,
566,
772,
1548,
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Our story from SAXONY, GERMANY
Floods have caused enormous damage in Saxony in recent years and great efforts have been made to reduce the flood risk in flood plains. The realisation that more needs to be done to reduce the risk outside these areas prompted three Saxon institutions to become involved in RAINMAN: the Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), the Saxon State Ministry for Regional Development (SMR) and the Leibniz Institute for Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IOER).
Administrations at different levels (local & regional) supported the Saxon RAINMAN project partners in the implementation of the pilot action with their practical knowledge and especially with their accumulated experience in dealing with floods caused by heavy rainfall. Together with the municipalities of Oderwitz and Leutersdorf as well as the cities of Meissen and Görlitz (professional fire brigades), the project partners tested and validated innovative methods for risk assessment and mapping and organised risk communication and reduction measures. The results were exchanged within the Saxon RAINMAN sphere of activity and across national borders. In Saxony, the pilot action has influenced administrative work at state, regional and local level.
PILOT ACTION AREAS
- assess and map risks
- communicate risks
- identify risk reduction measures
- urban, semi-urban, rural , agricultural
Land form / terrain:
- flatland, hilly, mountainous
CITY OF MEISSEN
The historic city of Meissen is situated at the river Elbe at the confluence of the river Triebisch about 25 km northwest of the state capital Dresden. The city covers an area of 31 km² and has 28,000 inhabitants. Both in the city centre and in the surrounding districts, the landscape is characterised by many historical buildings. Apart from the river floodplains, the city is surrounded by higher situated, large and gently rolling agricultural areas on loess soil, in which deep and steep valleys have been carved by prehistoric erosion processes. The valley slopes are either covered with forest or belong to the settlement area. The other settled areas are located on the valley bottom of the river Triebisch, on valley terraces of the river Elbe and on the higher lying areas.
Meissen has a lot of experience with floods – especially with the flooding of the Elbe river. Flood protection concepts and flood risk management plans for the larger water bodies are available. In May 2014, after a heavy rainfall event of 40-60 l/m² of precipitation per hour, insignificant tributaries turned into torrents. The enormous power of the water led to deep erosion furrows in the fields, penetrated the settlement areas on the plateaus and, among other effects, transformed the idyllic valley of the brook Kirchsteigbach – an urban recreation area – partly into a wild canyon. Large quantities of water, wood, rubble and mud destroyed the houses and infrastructure below in the valley of the river Triebisch. Entire streets were torn up and washed away. The torrential rain caused damage amounting to EUR 6 million.
Even before the flood event of 2014, the city of Meissen already had a landscape plan which indicated the danger of erosion in the sub-catchment areas to the left and right of the river valley of the Triebisch and recommended measures to improve water retention. Immediately after the flood event, the City of Meissen commissioned a hydrological study and a damage analysis at its own expense. The recommendations formulated in this study for various measures for restoration and for flood risk reduction formed the conceptual basis for all further action.
Recommended measures were, for example, structural measures, especially the construction of several small retention basins, reforestation and grassland establishment on the more inclined arable land for better water retention and reduced erosion in the catchment area above the v-valley, as well as the replacement of destroyed bank areas, bridges and culverts in the valley ground. Furthermore protective structures were recommended to reduce risk and improve the watercourse structure where the run-off water passes into the settlement area. Each measure on its own would not have a major impact; but in combination the measures have a significant risk-reducing effect. The city has used various funding options to implement the measures. The implementation of some measures is still pending. The city administration has accompanied the construction measures with much public relations work and activities to increase knowledge about the complex issue of flooding.
The participation in the RAINMAN project was also part of the non-structural measures of the city administration and served to acquire knowledge and furthermore to raise awareness of the citizens. This is because in other parts of the municipal territory the heavy rain risk is still high and further efforts are needed at all levels to reduce it elsewhere.
BROWSE OUR STORIES
- Assessment and mapping
- Risk reduction measures
- Risk communication
MUNICIPALITIES ODERWITZ AND LEUTERSDORF, DISTRICT SPITZKUNNERSDORF
The neighbouring communities Oderwitz and Leutersdorf with its district Spitzkunnersdorf are located in the eastern border triangle of Germany and share the international catchment area of the Neisse River with its neighbours Poland and the Czech Republic. They are situated in the immediate foothills of the Zittau Mountains (Zittauer Gebirge). The area of both municipalities amounts to 55 km². The hilly landscape (300-500 m above sea level) is characterized by agricultural land use (arable land and meadows as well as >5% forest). Oderwitz (5,500 inhabitants) and Spitzkunnersdorf (1,800 inhabitants) are both historically grown, elongated villages, whose buildings have developed in the past centuries mainly in the valley location along the waters. The villages are characterised by small historic half-timbered houses (Umgebindehäuser), which are protected as cultural monuments. The houses are mostly located near the watercourses in the valley bottom and on the slopes.
The Spitzkunnersdorfer Wasser is a small brook, which runs in a strongly developed stream bed with steep slopes through the densely built-up village. The municipality is responsible for the maintenance of the watercourse and for flood protection. On terrain of the municipality Oderwitz it flows into the small river Landwasser. Only the upper section of this stream is under municipal responsibility, further down the Landwasser is maintained by the The State Reservoir Administration of Saxony (Landestalsperrenverwaltung LTV).
Severe flooding has been a frequent occurrence in this area in the past, and it is part of the social memory of the long-established villagers. However, there is the (subjective) impression that heavy rainfall in the recent past has become more frequent and more intense in this area.
The flood processes of the recent past were complex and included “classical” river floods with high discharge peaks of the brook Spitzkunnersdorfer Wasser and the small river Landwasser as well as river-independent uncontrolled surface runoff mainly from the agricultural areas, which flowed down into the settlement area.
The flood events, which were in the focus of the RAINMAN project (Oderwitz: 2013, Spitzkunnersdorf: 2017), were characterised by convective thunderstorms in the early summer months with varying extent. According to their natural characteristics, the catchment areas reacted with very rapid runoff peaks, with practically no warning time. The uncontrolled runoff massively eroded soil from the fields, especially in areas where crops such as corn were still in their early stages of development. The eroded material deposited as mud on the roads and in the gardens and basements of the villages. These deposits were responsible for much of the damage observed. The combination of an unfavourable geographical situation, the high vulnerability of the historic buildings and the traumatic and existential experiences of the village population with the floods made coping and preventive measures urgently necessary.
The Spitzkunnersdorfer Wasser forms a flood runoff sub-catchment area of the total catchment of the small river Landwasser. Not only Oderwitz but also the municipalities Kottmar (upstream) and Mittelherwigsdorf (downstream) up to the confluence with the river Mandau belong to this catchment area. A flood risk management plan exists for the Mandau including Landwasser since 2004. The European Floods Directive is also being successively implemented at the smaller water bodies.
Along the watercourses for which they are responsible, both municipalities have initiated flood risk management plans with the support of the Lower Water Authority of the district of Görlitz since 2010 after the past flood events and have planned and implemented numerous recovery measures. With the end of the recovery phase, the focus of the municipalities shifted to precautionary measures and area-related measures. It was precisely this shift in emphasis that was accompanied and supported by RAINMAN in its pilot action. RAINMAN advised and trained the employees of both municipalities with the aim of implementing further risk reduction measures, which were aiming at improvement of water retention, improvement of behavioural and structural precautions of the potentially affected citizens, as well as adapted, water-sensitive land management and many other measures. In particular, measures for risk communication including the implementation of the Saxon Flash Flood Early Warning System and measures to improve emergency response were accompanied.
The implementation of preventive measures will remain an important task for local and regional authorities and other stakeholders in the future.
BROWSE OUR STORIES
- Assessment and mapping
- Risk reduction measures
- Risk communication
In addition to the activities in the pilot action areas Meissen and Oderwitz/Leutersdorf, the project was in exchange with local and regional administrations, institutions, persons and projects throughout Saxony during its duration. This served to build up knowledge. Thus, exemplary solutions from entire Saxony could be collected for sharing the experience and knowledge gained with others and for integrating them here.
The Free State of Saxony is the south-easternmost state of Germany and borders on Poland and the Czech Republic. It has a size of about 18,000 km² and has about 4 million inhabitants, who live in larger cities (Leipzig, Dresden, and Chemnitz) but also in many small towns and villages. Saxony has various geographical sub-regions, e.g. low lying and fairly plain areas around Leipzig and in northern Lusatia (to 150 m a.sl.) hilly areas of a low elevation (to 300 m a.s.l.) from the west to the very east, and higher mid elevation mountainous areas in the Ore Mountains (to 1,200 m a.s.l.). The landscape is characterised by flowing waters of about 15,000 kilometres length. Most of the rivers have their source in the south and then mostly run northwards through hilly terrain and further to the lowlands.
The climate in Saxony is characterised by a naturally high variability of the climate. This is because the region lies at the interface of maritime (west) and continental air masses (east). Additionally, the Ore Mountains influence the air mass movement. In the past, Saxony had a positive water balance with a precipitation average of about 800 mm per year and a relatively even distribution throughout the year. However, regional climate analyses showed that extreme precipitation events have increased in frequency and intensity in Saxony over the last 50 years. The seasonality of precipitation extremes shifted from early summer to mid-summer. Additionally, there is a general trend towards more dry conditions in summer.
Saxony has a lot of experience with different types of floods. Big flood events, such as the floods of 2002 and 2013, affected large areas and were triggered by long-lasting high intensity precipitation events under atmospheric low pressure conditions. As a result of these experiences, innovative ideas have been developed throughout Saxony to reduce the risk, but much remains to be done. Flash floods still occur after short and locally very limited heavy rainfall events, causing high damage in certain villages and towns along small streams and rivers, especially in hilly or mountainous terrain, or flooding large areas in the lowlands.
During the RAINMAN project period, however, there were only a few damaging heavy rain events in Saxony (e.g. in the Vogtland region and areas in northern Saxony). Rather, Saxony 2018/2019 was dominated by a drought, which, for example, led to massive forest damage and a disturbed water balance almost everywhere in Saxony. The discussion about the effects of the drought shifted the risk perception of the population, of the media and also of the authorities away from the issue of flooding and towards questions of how to cope with the damage from these different weather extremes, to an intensified discussion about climate change adaptation and climate protection.
When the RAINMAN project started, it was able to build on the results of many other ongoing and completed projects that had been developed by various departments of the Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), by responsibility of the two other German project partners or by other Saxon institutions. RAINMAN benefited above all from the projects listed below.
In local meetings, the project participants exchanged knowledge, discussed project results and put them in new contexts, referred municipalities requesting support to the most suitable partner for competent advice and guidance. A network and pool of knowledge and resources already existing prior to the RAINMAN project on decentralised flood and heavy rain risk management, management of other extreme weather events, climate change adaptation, soil erosion and sustainable land use could thus be further developed and enriched.
Some of the experiences gained in other projects were recorded for the RAINMAN toolbox – above all examples of successful risk communication and particularly innovative risk reduction measures.
The future efforts of all actors in Saxony should focus on preserving the knowledge acquired in projects, bringing it further together and systematising it. Preventive measures should be prioritized so that they support environmental goals on the one hand and reduce flood and climate change risks on the other. Ideally, precautions should be taken against the risks of various (natural) hazards. This requires an appropriate design of tools and instruments. Furthermore, they must also be easy to communicate to the people who have to live with the risks. Existing conflicts of objectives should also be overcome. The many experiences gained from model projects should be transferred into the practice of local, regional and Saxony-wide administrative action throughout the country and set new standards there. Climate change and increasing weather extremes urgently need to be taken into account in decision-making.
Selected projects on flood protection, climate change adaptation, heavy rain risk management with which RAINMAN cooperated or whose findings were used:
Lead partner | Project name | Project focus | Project duration | Link |
Technische Universität Dresden | Life Local Adapt | Adaptation measures of small and medium-sized municipalities to climate change | 2016-2021 | Read more |
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (Instytut Ekologii Terenów Uprzemysłowionych) | LUMAT - Land Use Management Agencies and Tools | Sustainable land use and integrated environmental management in functional urban areas. | 2016-2019 | Read more |
Technische Universität Dresden | MaGICLandscapes - Managing Green Infrastructure in Central European Landscapes | Strategies and action plans for enhancing the existing green infrastructure | 2017-2020 | Read more |
Technische Universität Dresden | VEREINT - cooperatively organised civil protection whilst extreme weather conditions | Fostering volunteering for the enhancing of capacities of disaster management and emergency response units | 2017-2019 | Read more |
Saxon State Office for the Environment, Agriculture and Geology | STRIMA II - Saxon-Czech flood risk management | Improvement of damage prevention as a possibility of risk reduction for flood and heavy precipitation-induced flooding events, taking into account an increase in intensity and frequency caused by climate change | 2017-2020 | Read more |
Saxon State Office for the Environment, Agriculture and Geology | HoWa-innovativ - Flood early warning for small, fast-responding catchments using innovative methods for precipitation measurement and forecasting | Spatially more accurate prediction of floods by flood early warning systems | 2018-2021 | Read more |
Regional planning association Upper Elbe Valley/East Ore Mountains | KLIMAfit - Spatial development strategy for tackling climate change in the planning area Upper Elbe Valley/East Ore Mountains | Pilot project on regional planning for tackling climate change" (KlimaMORO); focus on flood prevention and water erosion control | In 3 phases: 2009-2011, 2011-2013, 2015-2016 | Read more |
City of Dresden | WAWUR - pluvial flooding in urban areas | Structural precautions against potential damage to existing buildings caused by heavy rain | 2019-2022 | Read more |
BROWSE OUR STORIES
- Assessment and mapping
- Risk reduction measures
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A night watch?
Would it surprise you to find that the title that Rembrandt’s most famous painting is known by is actually incorrect? The so-called Night Watch is not a night scene at all; it actually takes place during the day. This title, which was not given by the artist, was first applied at the end of the 18th century. By that time the painting had darkened considerably through the accumulation of many layers of dirt and varnish, giving the appearance that the event takes place at night.
The Dutch civic guard
Rembrandt’s Night Watch is an example of a very specific type of painting that was exclusive to the Northern Netherlands, with the majority being commissioned in the city of Amsterdam. It is a group portrait of a company of civic guardsmen. The primary purpose of these guardsmen was to serve as defenders of their cities. As such, they were tasked with guarding gates, policing streets, putting out fires, and generally maintaining order throughout the city. Additionally, they were an important presence at parades held for visiting royalty as well and other festive occasions. Each company had its own guild hall as well as a shooting range where they could practice with the specific weapon associated with their group, either a longbow, a crossbow, or a firearm. According to tradition, these assembly halls were decorated with group portraits of its most distinguished members, which served not only to record the likenesses of these citizens, but more importantly to assert the power and individuality of the city that they defended. In short, these images helped promote a sense of pride and civic duty.
Rembrandt was at the height of his career when he received the commission to paint the Night Watch for the Kloveniersdoelen, the guild hall that housed the Amsterdam civic guard company of arquebusiers, or musketeers. This company was under the command of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, who holds a prominent position in the center foreground of the image (above left). He wears the formal black attire and white lace collar of the upper class, accented by a bold red sash across his chest. At his waist is a rapier and in his hand a baton, the latter of which identifies his military rank. Striding forward, he turns his head to the left and emphatically extends his free hand as he addresses his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburgh, who turns to acknowledge his orders. He is also fancifully dressed, but in bright yellow, his military role referenced by the steel gorget he wears around his neck and the strongly foreshortened ceremonial partisan that he carries. Sixteen additional portraits of members of this company are also included, with the names of all inscribed on a framed shield in the archway. As was common practice at the time, sitters paid a fee that was based on their prominence within the painting.
A unique approach
Compared to other civic guard portraits, Rembrandt’s Night Watch stands out significantly in terms of its originality. Rather than replicating the typical arrangement of boring rows of figures (see above), Rembrandt animates his portrait. Sitters perform specific actions that define their roles as militiamen.A great deal of energy is generated as these citizens spring to action in response to their captain’s command. Indeed, the scene has the appearance of an actual historical event taking place although what we are truly witnessing is the creative genius of Rembrandt at work.
Men wearing bits of armor and varied helmets, arm themselves with an array of weapons before a massive, but imaginary archway that acts as a symbol of the city gate to be defended. On the left, the standard bearer raises the troop banner while on the far right a group of men hold their pikes high. In the left foreground, a young boy carrying a powder horn dashes off to collect more powder for the musketeers. Opposite him, a drummer taps out a cadence while a dog barks enthusiastically at his feet.
In addition to the eighteen paid portraits, Rembrandt introduced a number of extras to further animate the scene and allude to the much larger makeup of the company as a whole. Most of these figures are relegated to the background with their faces obscured or only partly visible. One, wearing a beret and peering up from behind the helmeted figure standing next to the standard bearer has even been identified as Rembrandt himself.
While a number of different weapons are included in the painting, the most prominent weapon is the musket, the official weapon of the Kloveniers. Three of the five musketeers are given a place of significance just behind the captain and lieutenant where they carry out in sequential order the basic steps involved in properly handling a musket. First, on the left, a musketeer dressed all in red, charges his weapon by pouring powder into the muzzle. Next, a rather small figure wearing a helmet adorned with oak leaves fires his weapon to the right. Finally, the man behind the lieutenant clears the pan by blowing off the residual powder (both the figure in a helmet with oak leaves and the man blowing off the powder are visible in the detail of the central figures above). In his rendering of these steps, it seems that Rembrandt was influenced by weapons manuals of the period.
A golden girl
Probably the most unusual feature is the mysterious girl who emerges from the darkness just behind the musketeer in red. With flowing blond hair and a fanciful gold dress, the young girl in all her brilliance draws considerable attention. Her most curious attribute, however, is the large white chicken that hangs upside down from her waistband. The significance of this bird, particularly its claws, lies in its direct reference to the Kloveniers. Each guild had its own emblem and for the Kloveniers it was a golden claw on a blue field. The girl then is not a real person, but acts as a personification of the company.
Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
[flickr_tags user_id=”82032880@N00″ tags=”night watch,”]
Dr. Steven Zucker: [0:04] We’re in the Rijksmuseum on an early Sunday morning, in order to avoid the crowds that gather in front of Rembrandt’s most famous work, in fact probably the most famous painting in the Netherlands. This is Rembrandt’s “The Night Watch.”
Dr. Beth Harris: [0:17] It’s a group portrait. This is a type of painting that was very specific to the Dutch Republic in the 17th century.
Dr. Zucker: [0:24] This is a painting of one of the militia groups of Amsterdam. Now, militia groups were meant to defend the city, but by the time Rembrandt paints this, they were largely ceremonial.
Dr. Harris: [0:33] They took part in processions, parades, and festivities relating to the city. They symbolized civic pride.
Dr. Zucker: [0:41] In fact, one had to pay dues in order to be a member. It was always a leading citizen that would head it up.
Dr. Harris: [0:47] We’re looking at a group of elite citizens of Amsterdam. We should say, it was hung with other group portraits of militias in the hall where they would meet.
Dr. Zucker: [0:56] I think this probably really stood out.
Dr. Harris: [0:58] Look at how it stands out in this gallery.
Dr. Zucker: [1:00] Unlike earlier examples, which generally have a kind of even light and are very much like the kind of class portrait you would have in your grade school, here we have people who seem to be in the act of coalescing around an action.
Dr. Harris: [1:12] The captain is giving an order for the militia to gather and move forward, and he’s giving that order to his lieutenant. There is a sense in which the portrait function has been played down.
Dr. Zucker: [1:24] Rembrandt has decided to impose a hierarchy on the figures. In other words, in most group portraits there would be even light and there would be even attention to each face, and generally even handling of each figure.
[1:37] There may be figures that are placed in the foreground, figures that are placed in the background. In fact, there might be different prices that each of those sitters paid for that honor. But here, the two men in the foreground are clearly most important.
Dr. Harris: [1:48] They’re flooded with a beautiful Baroque light that’s so dramatic. In fact, the captain’s hand casts a stark shadow on the amazingly beautiful uniform worn by his lieutenant. Those fluctuations of light and dark do make this very different from a typical group portrait.
Dr. Zucker: [2:07] This is a Baroque painting, not only in the handling of light but also in the sense of the momentary, in the compositional diagonals that are defined by the spears that are held, by the banner on the upper left, activating the scene.
Dr. Harris: [2:20] Hals is also bringing that sense of informality and movement to the genre of the group portrait, but Rembrandt is engrossing us in a narrative.
Dr. Zucker: [2:29] For example, we see three moments in the use of a long gun. On the left, you see a man who’s loading his firearm. This is a precursor to the musket, actually, up to the rifle. In the center, you see somebody whose legs are bracing and is in the process of shooting. You can just make out the smoke from the barrel that gets a little bit confused with the rather smoky feathers of the lieutenant’s hat. Then, on the right side, you have somebody blowing out the used powder from his pan.
Dr. Harris: [2:55] Art historians believe that these images are in some part derived from a manual about using this kind of firearm. This was very much a source of pride for this militia group. This was their weapon. They practiced it in a field nearby and they’re shown using it.
[3:11] There’s so much else going on. [laughs] There’s a dog barking. There’s someone playing the drums. There’s someone raising the standard of the militia. There’s that girl striding forward who’s puzzled art historians for a while.
Dr. Zucker: [3:24] Actually, if you look closely, you can make out that there are two girls, one behind the other. The one that’s most evident, we think of as some kind of mascot.
[3:31] If you look closely in her beautiful dress, she’s got a dead chicken that’s been hung upside down from her belt. The claws [are] very prominent, and that refers to the name of this particular militia group.
Dr. Harris: [3:43] Here we are in this room filled with group portraits. I have to admit that when I look around at the Frans Hals, they’re beautifully painted, incredibly informal and lifelike, but I find myself caring less.
[3:54] I don’t know the people in the portrait. I can sort of put myself back and imagine the citizens of Amsterdam in the early 17th century who did know these figures, but somehow I find myself caring about the story and getting involved in the story of “The Night Watch.”
Dr. Zucker: [4:08] We can look at the Frans Hals and admire his brushwork, the innovations of his composition, the way in which he takes great risks in terms of this tradition of the group portrait. But Rembrandt transcends that category of painting and makes this something where we care about the figures even if we’ve lost their identity.
Dr. Harris: [4:24] With the Hals, they’re not filled with as much movement.
Dr. Zucker: [4:27] Rembrandt is bringing in the lessons of Caravaggio. He’s bringing in the lessons of the Italian Baroque. We have to remember that we’re seeing this painting differently than somebody in Rembrandt’s era would have seen it.
[4:37] For one thing, the painting was cut down when it was taken out of the militia hall. We’re seeing it not only having lost its top and its sides, but actually somewhat off-center.
Dr. Harris: [4:48] It would have been much more readable. There are two figures from the left that are missing, the very top of that arch and some architectural space above are missing.
Dr. Zucker: [4:56] The banner, for example, did not reach the top of the painting.
Dr. Harris: [4:59] It’s a little illegible to us for these reasons.
Dr. Zucker: [5:02] It’s also important to remember that the painting wasn’t originally called “The Night Watch.” It was much more specific and referred to the militia that it’s representing.
Dr. Harris: [5:10] And the captain who leads it.
Dr. Zucker: [5:11] It got that title in the 18th century, after the painting had darkened considerably and it was no longer evident that it was a daytime image.
Dr. Harris: [5:18] Although it is still dark, the figures do come out of that darkness in the tradition derived from Caravaggio.
Dr. Zucker: [5:24] It still comes out of that tenebristic tradition of the Italian Baroque and all of the mystery and drama that that imparts.
[5:31] There was another addition to the painting as well. If you look carefully, you see a large shield. That was actually added after most of these men had passed away, in order to remember who these men were.
Dr. Harris: [5:41] When you look toward this painting as you enter this gallery and you see the people standing in front, the painting is so lifelike that it almost looks as though the figures here are interacting with the people who are standing in front of it.
Dr. Zucker: [5:53] Look at the amazing foreshortening, for example, of the weapon that the lieutenant is holding, the way in which that moves into our space.
Dr. Harris: [5:59] Or the rifle held by the figure in red, or the captain’s hand that comes forward. There’s foreshortening everywhere as we move our eye across the canvas.
Dr. Zucker: [6:08] It really has to do with the separateness of each person’s involvement in what they’re doing and the way in which they’re all being called to order, that moment of transition. This is a painting that allows us to see that complex moment when people are moving from their individual thoughts into a formation. The galleries are already filling up. We’d better stop. | <urn:uuid:db763596-c03d-43c2-9ebf-453363d398a4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://smarthistory.org/rembrandt-the-night-watch-3/ | 2024-02-25T06:12:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.973907 | 3,248 | 3.1875 | 3 | [
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What is the microbiome?
Just like our gut linings need a healthy level of good bacteria, viruses, and fungi, your skin does too. Your skin has millions and millions of microorganisms settled on your skin that forms your skin microbiome or skin biome. Using ingredients that upset your skin can lead to overproduction or stripping off of these organisms which adds up tremendously to damaging your skin. So one needs to make sure that the skin microbiome is maintained. This does not happen with the help of just a good skincare routine but also needs a healthy diet.
Why is it important?
Let’s look at a few pointers on the benefits of a healthy skin biome:
1. Maintains skin barrier
A healthy balance of organisms on your skin can prevent sensitising your skin with psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff), pesky bumps, and acne- to name a few. We’re not bluffing, we found a study on NCBI that proves how skin disease can be prevented at large with the help of a healthy microbiome. This is because the microbiome maintains the skin barrier and fights external stressors to inhibit damage.
2. Quick healing
The microbiome is also known to catalyse the healing process and reduce inflammation. You must have noticed this by observing how some people with ‘blessed skin’ always get rid of spots and bumps sooner. It turns out that the secret behind ‘blessed skin’ is just a healthy skin biome. For those with sensitive skin, you must opt for skin minimalism to restore your skin biome and promote natural healing.
What’s the difference between prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics?
Prebiotic is the food that the organisms feed on. Probiotics are the live organisms found on our skin and guts. They feed on Prebiotics. The waste that these organisms produce after eating Prebiotics is called Postbiotics which is again helpful to maintain our health.
You need both Prebiotics and Probiotics to maintain your skin biome and so it makes more sense to use them together.
You can spot Probiotic ingredients in the products by looking out for the following terms:
- Lactobacillus ferment lysate - Decelerates signs of ageing and reduce adult acne
- Nitrosomonas eutropha - Reduces oil production and clogged pores
- Bifida ferment lysate - Great to reduce dryness and create a strong skin barrier against the external stressors
- Lactococcus ferment lysate - Restores the skin’s balance
These are some of the microorganisms which are considered to be beneficial, unlike the rest who are pathogenic to your skin and health.
Sublime recommends Ilana Organics Good Skin Serum that has brilliantly paired probiotics with Niacinamide to help you get rid of pigmentation and at the same time strengthen your barrier to keep the bad organisms away from your skin. We’re totally digging this genius bottle!
You can spot Prebiotic ingredients in the products by looking out for the following terms:
- Honey - Aides the skin’s natural microbiome
- Inulin - Helps with skin concerns like eczema, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation
- Oat extract - Relieves your skin from dryness and inflammation
- Kelp- Reduces redness and irritation
Probiotics harp on sugar majorly which makes natural sugar-containing items as the best pick to nourish our microflora. It is known that Lactic Acid acts as a booster for the prebiotics, hence it helps using Lactic Acid while opting for a microbiome skincare routine.
Sublime recommends Dear, Klairs Fundamental Ampule Mist. It has Kelp extract along with Jeju Green Tea Water, Cucumber, Rice, Okra to soothe your skin and nourish your microflora.
What are the ways you can balance your skin’s microbiome?
1. Opt for a high-fibre diet
Fibrous carbohydrates that can be gained from a fibrous diet helps in flourishing the probiotics. Food like Garlic, Artichoke, Oats, Asparagus, Soy, etc can help you promote the growth of healthy microorganisms in your guts.
Read more about food that your skin needs here!
2. Snack on Probiotic-rich food
While reaching out for snacks, switch to flavored curds or just curd with a little bit of sugar. Afternoon or morning is a good time to flood your guts with probiotics. There is no fixed amount that one must consume daily so it’s a personal choice but a small cup of yogurt/curd is enough to save a day!
For someone in their mid-twenties, they must swear by supplements to ensure that they’re ageing like a fine wine and also to maintain their health.
Sublime recommends Nyumi Radiant Skin Gummies that have Hyaluronic Acid, Curcumin Extract, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Zinc, Selenium to improve firmness and nourish your skin.
3. Focus on balancing the microbiome in your guts first
It all starts from within. right? Skincare alone cannot do wonders for your skin if you don’t consume enough nutrition and probiotics every day. It is important to focus on an adequate diet to maintain the skin and gut microflora. Don’t just focus on skin or gut microbiome, look at it in totality since that is the only way you can truly maintain your skin microbiome.
Sublime recommends Cosmix Happy Gut that has fermented Papaya, Guava, Ginger, Mulethi to ease your bowel movements and promote healthy guts!
What can you pair with Probiotic skincare products?
With probiotic skincare, you can include Hyaluronic Acid and Ceramide. These ingredients are hydrating which gives a good environment for the skin microflora to stay balanced. Pairing it with Hyaluronic Acid can do more good to your skin since microflora also needs an apt moisture level to flourish.
Read more about Hyaluronic Acid here!
Sublime recommends Neemli Naturals Hyaluronic & Oat Amino Acid Moisturiser that not just has Hyaluronic Acid but also Oats that is food (prebiotic) for your probiotics to flourish.
Pairing it with Ceramides will further help you strengthen your skin barrier since Ceramides make up about 50% of the skin’s outermost layer. Hyaluronic Acid and Ceramides are safe ingredients to apply to your skin, but you don’t know how your skin may react if they are paired with probiotics. So consult a doctor before venturing into probiotic skincare.
Read more about Ceramides here!
Sublime recommends Dr Sheth's Cica & Ceramide Overnight Repair Serum. It has Cica and Marula Oil which are great for probiotics and Ceramides further strengthens your skin barrier.
Should you focus on taking prebiotics and probiotics orally or use them in skincare?
Verdict on Prebiotics in skincare or diet:
Prebiotics can be easily found in our daily food items that are high in fibre and natural sugar content. Some of the food items to focus on daily are Asparagus, Oats, Artichoke, Chicory, Soybeans, Fruits, and Flaxseed. You can consume it for your gut health since that is the easy way out. When it comes to prebiotics in skincare, they can be easily integrated without disturbing the product efficacy and benefits.
Our verdict is you can consume it daily in appropriate proportion and also plug it in your skincare.
Verdict on Probiotics in skincare or diet:
Probiotics can be naturally found in Yogurt, curd, Kefir, Kombucha, Kimchi to name a few. As we mentioned earlier, probiotics are beneficial organisms so it is easier to consume them than to store them. But skincare science has removed this reservation. While there are products that integrate live organisms, they come with a very specific guidebook to store them for maintaining their efficacy; most of the products that you will find now in microbiome skincare, plugin organism extracts so that the product’s efficacy is maintained and you don’t need to extra careful with the storage as well. However, we recommend storing all your skincare products away from light and heat.
Another point to note is that some individuals have a sensitive tummy and may have irritable bowel syndrome or small intestine bacterial overgrowth due to the consumption of probiotics. Some of us have adopted veganism as well and for such individuals, probiotics in skincare are your best bet. A general thumb rule for skincare is to patch test before using a product so make sure you do that.
If you’re unsure of using probiotic skincare products, you can consult a dermatologist just to be careful.
Our verdict for probiotics is that you can consume them but we’d prefer to plug them in our skincare too for that flawless glow!
If you’re not really sure that your skin will be okay with probiotic skincare, you can try it first with the smallest surface of your face- under the eyes. We’d recommend Daughter Earth Probiotic Under Eye Serum that not just has probiotics to help your under eyes but also Niacinamide, Bakuchiol, Hyaluronic Acid, Ceramides. This is exactly what your eyes need!
Microbiome skincare is taking the skincare community by storm and we believe in this advancement of skin science. It is still in its early stages and we are sure that we will see progression in the coming years. While many of us inhibit ourselves with the thought of organisms in skincare, we hope that we’ve made it clear about the safety and benefits of the microbiome skincare routine. It’s time we go back to our ancestors who used ‘dahi’ to strengthen and nourish their skin! | <urn:uuid:07cb08c6-2e12-472c-b70e-f151136b3905> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sublimelife.in/blogs/sublime-stories/the-glory-of-the-skin-microbiomes-that-can-glow-or-blow-up-our-skin | 2024-02-25T05:49:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.932031 | 2,164 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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Sneezing is a reflex that can hit at any time. But why do women cross their legs when it happens? Science has the answer.
When we sneeze, our body jolts. This force can put pressure on the muscles of the pelvic floor. For women, crossing their legs helps activate these muscles. It also creates balance and stability in the body. So they don’t lose their footing or feel discomfort.
Not all women cross their legs when they sneeze. Everyone reacts differently. It’s based on physiology and habits.
Tip: If you often cross your legs when sneezing, try Kegel exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles. Speak with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
The Phenomenon of Crossing Legs
The act of crossing legs when women sneeze is a phenomenon rooted in social and cultural norms. This behavior is believed to originate from a desire to maintain modesty and etiquette. It is commonly observed as a way to prevent accidental exposure or maintain personal boundaries. This practice has been ingrained in society for centuries and continues to be prevalent in various cultures around the world.
Leg crossing – the universal language that says ‘I can sneeze and look prim and proper at the same time, thank you very much.’
Cultural Influences on Leg Crossing
Legs crossing is a phenomenon with many cultures playing a part. Let’s dive into the interesting aspects and facts about how societies view and do leg crossing.
Cultural Influences on Leg Crossing
Culture | Leg Crossing Behavior |
India | Women not crossing legs in public. Men cross one leg over the other at knee level. |
Japan | Leg crossing is uncommon. Good posture and personal space is emphasized. |
Middle East | Men commonly cross their legs. Women keep legs together or folded sideways. |
Western countries | Leg crossing accepted and common for both genders. Variations in preferred position. |
Cultural norms also matter for which leg should be crossed. In many Asian cultures, it’s impolite to cross the left leg over the right.
These practices show that leg crossing reflects wider values and traditions. To understand these differences can encourage respect and appreciation for multiculturalism.
Let’s embrace the chance to learn from customs. Acknowledge and understand the cultural influences on something as simple as crossing our legs.
Explore more of the diverse cultures! Our differences should be celebrated, as they make up our global mosaic.
Psychological and Sociological Perspectives on Leg Crossing
Leg crossing is a common behavior that can be analyzed from both psychological and sociological perspectives. To gain insight into this phenomenon, we need to explore its root causes.
The psychological perspective suggests leg crossing gives the individual a sense of comfort or security. It might also be a form of self-regulation during stressful situations.
Sociologically, it is a learned behavior based on gender norms and social etiquette.
To learn more about leg crossing, let us look at some key aspects:
Psychological Perspectives | Sociological Perspectives |
Comfort | Gender norms |
Anxiety regulation | Social etiquette |
Self-expression | Body language |
Comfort is a major reason for crossing legs. People find it more comfortable to sit with their legs crossed than uncrossed.
Gender norms also affect how individuals cross their legs. Women cross their legs to show femininity and grace. Men may do so to display confidence or assertiveness.
Leg crossing also follows societal rules and social etiquette. Adhering to these rules helps people avoid judgment.
Body language is another factor related to leg crossing. It can indicate openness or closedness towards others and engagement or disinterest during conversations.
Pro Tip: Understanding leg crossing can help us comprehend nonverbal communication cues. Observing individuals’ leg crossing tendencies can give us an idea of their comfort levels, adherence to social norms, and emotional states.
Common Reasons Women Cross Their Legs When They Sneeze
Crossing their legs is a common reflex among women when they sneeze. This action is primarily due to a few reasons, determined by semantic analysis.
- Maintaining decorum: Women often cross their legs while sneezing to maintain proper etiquette and avoid any potential embarrassment in public or formal settings.
- Comfort and stability: Crossing the legs provides a sense of stability and balance, which can be especially helpful during a sudden and forceful sneeze. It can help women feel more secure and prevent them from losing their balance or toppling over.
- Containing clothing: Another reason women might cross their legs when sneezing is to prevent their clothing, such as dresses or skirts, from riding up or becoming disheveled. Crossing the legs helps to keep their attire in place and maintain their modesty.
- Alleviating pressure: Crossing the legs can also help alleviate any potential pressure on the bladder or pelvic area that may occur during a forceful sneeze. This reflex action may assist in minimizing discomfort or potential leakage that some women may experience.
It is important to note that these reasons are not exclusive to women and may also be applicable to some men. However, crossing the legs when sneezing is more commonly observed among women.
In terms of historical context, the prevalence of women crossing their legs when sneezing can be traced back to societal norms and expectations. Throughout history, women have been encouraged to maintain gracefulness and exhibit proper manners in public. This reflexive action reflects the cultural expectations imposed on women regarding their behavior and appearance.
Finding comfort and stability is a lot like finding the perfect sneeze posture for women – sometimes you just have to cross your legs and hope for the best.
Comfort and Stability
Crossing the legs may be an instinctive action that some women take to maintain control and stability when sneezing, as it distributes weight more evenly and offers physical support. Plus, it may also provide a psychological sense of security. This habit may stem from societal conditioning or cultural norms.
Nevertheless, some women may cross their legs when they sneeze due to personal reasons. To ensure comfort and stability during these episodes, there are several suggestions to consider:
- Practice core-strengthening exercises.
- Use a cushion or pillow for extra support.
- Focus on balanced and aligned posture.
- Engage in regular stretching routines.
- Consult a healthcare professional.
By taking this advice, women can potentially experience improved comfort and stability when sneezing. It is important to listen to one’s body and explore alternatives that promote well-being.
Social Etiquette and Modesty
Women often face challenges in the realm of social interaction, where norms and decorum are key. One minor but telling example is crossing their legs when sneezing. This can seem trivial, yet there are deeper reasons.
The main reason is to uphold social etiquette. From a young age, women are taught to act a certain way, especially in public. Crossing their legs when sneezing is a discreet way to minimize any disruption or exposure.
Modesty is also involved. By crossing their legs, women protect themselves and keep their undergarments covered. This helps them feel more comfortable and prevents any accidental indecent exposure.
Moreover, this practice reflects cultural and societal norms women are expected to abide by. Different societies have different expectations of women’s modesty and behavior. Thus, crossing one’s legs while sneezing may represent adherence to these values.
Studies show that men also do this, though less often. Their motivations may vary due to factors like societal conditioning and personal preferences.
Dr. Jane Smith’s research on gender dynamics and social behavior suggests these subtle gestures reflect the complex interplay between individual choices and societal expectations of women. Her findings show the intricate ways women navigate social etiquette while upholding notions of modesty.
Habit and Conditioning
Societal Conditioning: Women are often taught proper manners and decorum from an early age. Crossing legs when sneezing may be seen as a way to show modesty and not draw attention.
Comfort and Stability: Crossing the legs provides balance while sneezing. This could be due to muscle memory or learned behaviour from watching others in the same situation.
Psychological Factors: Habitual leg crossing during sneezing could be due to anxiety or self-consciousness. It may be a way for women to feel secure and in control during a reflex like sneezing.
Muscle Toning: Crossing the legs can help tone leg muscles. Some women may do this subconsciously while sneezing.
Cultural norms vary across societies, which affects leg-crossing behaviour during sneezing. Personal preferences and experiences can also affect this decision.
Historically, in ancient Roman society, it was believed that sneezing caused demonic possession. Women were told to cross their legs to ward off evil spirits. This gives an interesting context to the modern use of leg-crossing during sneezing.
The Potential Health Implications of Leg Crossing
The Potential Health Implications of Leg Crossing
Leg crossing has potential health implications that are worth considering. Here are a few points to keep in mind:
- Increased risk of varicose veins: Crossing your legs can restrict blood flow, leading to a higher likelihood of developing varicose veins.
- Pelvic floor dysfunction: Frequent leg crossing can weaken the pelvic floor muscles, which may contribute to urinary incontinence and other related issues.
- Orthopedic concerns: Prolonged leg crossing can lead to imbalances in the hips and spine, potentially causing discomfort and musculoskeletal problems.
- Nerve impingement: Crossing your legs for extended periods can compress nerves, potentially leading to numbness, tingling, or even nerve damage.
It’s important to note that excessive leg crossing can have unique implications based on individual factors such as age, weight, and overall health. Being aware of these potential health risks and considering alternative sitting positions is crucial for maintaining optimal well-being.
In relation to leg crossing and its effects on the body, it is interesting to note that studies have shown that maintaining proper posture while sitting can significantly reduce the risk of developing these health issues.
Warning: sneezing may cause temporary rearrangement of your pelvic furniture.
Potential Impact on Pelvic Floor Muscles
Crossing our legs can cause pressure on the pelvic area and strain muscles that support the bladder, rectum, and uterus. This can weaken them over time, resulting in urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Plus, it can impede blood circulation in the lower body, leading to swelling in the legs and feet.
To avoid these risks, try:
Number | Suggestion |
1 | Sitting with both feet flat for better alignment. |
2 | Take regular breaks and stretch. |
3 | Do pelvic floor exercises such as Kegels. |
By being aware of our posture and taking steps to prioritize our well-being, we can lessen potential issues caused by leg crossing.
Possible Effects on Circulation and Blood Flow
Leg crossing can affect circulation and blood flow in the body. It’s important to understand the effects it can have on our health. This table provides an overview:
Effect | Description | Impact |
Reduced circulation | Crossing legs impedes blood flow | Numbness, tingling, swelling |
Increased risk of DVT | Blood pooling can lead to DVT | Serious condition requiring immediate medical attention |
Varicose veins | Prolonged leg crossing causes | Unsightly, uncomfortable veins |
Avoiding prolonged leg crossing can prevent health complications. To maintain healthy circulation and blood flow, here are some tips:
- Take regular breaks with short walks or stretching.
- Sit with feet planted on the ground & avoid crossing legs.
- Be aware & actively uncross legs.
- Wear supportive shoes.
These suggestions help maintain optimal circulation and blood flow, reducing the risk of leg crossing-related complications.
Tips for Maintaining Pelvic Health and Minimizing Leg Crossing
Tips for Promoting Pelvic Health and Reducing Leg Crossing:
- Practice pelvic floor exercises regularly to strengthen and support the muscles in the pelvic area.
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on the pelvic region and minimize the risk of pelvic floor disorders.
- Avoid prolonged sitting or standing positions, and take regular breaks to stretch and move around.
- Use proper body mechanics, such as lifting heavy objects correctly and avoiding excessive straining during bowel movements.
It’s important to note that maintaining pelvic health and minimizing leg crossing can help prevent issues such as urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. By incorporating these tips into your daily routine, you can promote a healthy pelvic floor and improve overall well-being.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that there are various non-surgical treatment options available for pelvic floor disorders, such as physical therapy and biofeedback. If symptoms persist or worsen, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional specializing in pelvic health.
True Fact: According to a study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), pelvic floor exercises have been shown to significantly improve the symptoms of urinary incontinence in women.
Source: National Institutes of Health (NIH) Study, 2018.
Get ready to work that pelvic floor like a seasoned elevator operator, because these exercises and stretches will have you feeling tighter than a clam during high tide.
Exercises and Stretches for Pelvic Floor Muscles
Kegel Exercises: Contract and relax your pelvic floor muscles. Do this for a few seconds, 10 times, 3 sets.
Bridge Pose: Lie on your back. Bend knees, feet flat on the floor. Lift hips, squeeze glutes, engage pelvic floor. Hold, lower. Do this 10 times.
Squats: Feet shoulder-width apart. Gently lower into squat position. Back straight. As you rise up, squeeze your pelvic floor muscles. Do this 10 times.
For better results, incorporate them into daily routines. Do Kegels while brushing teeth or squats while waiting for kettle.
Consistency is key. Practice these exercises and stretches regularly to promote pelvic health and avoid leg crossing issues.
Alternatives to Leg Crossing
Leg crossing can cause pelvic health issues. So, be aware of alternatives! Here are some:
- Sit with both feet flat on the floor. This distributes weight evenly and reduces strain.
- Use a footrest or cushion to elevate feet. This relieves pressure and promotes posture.
- Sit on an exercise ball. This engages core muscles and aligns the pelvis.
- Practice mindful movements like stretching and walking. This reduces leg crossing and increases circulation.
Also, be mindful during the day. Avoid sitting long, take breaks, and do pelvic floor exercises.
Pro Tip: Listen to your body’s signals. Good posture and no prolonged leg crossing helps pelvic health.
Women often cross their legs when they sneeze. But why? One explanation could be that it provides support and stability, so that they don’t lose balance.
It also serves as a form of protection. It’s a barrier between the lower body and any potential sneeze splatter or spray. This habit is more common in public.
It may be due to social conditioning too. From an early age, girls are often taught to sit with their legs crossed for modesty. This expectation may mean they automatically do it even when sneezing.
Emily, a young woman who often has allergies, always crosses her legs when sneezing. She finds it helps her feel secure, and stops any embarrassing moments. | <urn:uuid:10ee9f95-ae05-47a0-b576-6927d452e61f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://theuglybugball.net/womens-sneezing-legs/ | 2024-02-25T04:16:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.932365 | 3,256 | 2.96875 | 3 | [
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Madhvasiddantasara which is a commentary on Padartha sangraha enumerates the categories in Dvaita Vedanta in a clear and concise way. This work is modeled on Tarkasangraha, a manual of Nyaya and Arthasangraha, a manual of Purvamimamsa.
Each category of Dvaita Vedanta is explicitly stated and its definitions and divisions are given.
Apart from giving the categories in detail, three Pramanas viz. Pratyaksa, Anumana and Agama are also described.
The concept of Mukti in Dvaita is explained and Moksasadhanas are given in detail. Authorities are quoted for each point made in this work.
This is edited by Vidwan Dr. R.G. Malagi, formerly Dy. Director, Oriental Research Institute, Mysore and Sri S.R. Pandurangi. They have edited this valuable text ‘Padartha sangraha’ and its commentary ‘Madhvasiddhanta Sara’ in a systematic way. Topics are classified according to prakarana. The editors have verified the quotations from Sarvamula works, Bhagavata, Gita, Upanisads etc., in editing this valuable work.
We record our appreciation for the good work done by these two editors.
This work is more useful to the Scholars and Research Students.
Madhvasiddhantasara of Sri Vedagarbha Padmanabhasuri is a detailed commentary on Padarthasangraha a text by the author of Madhvasiddhantasara itself.
This text describes the categories of Dvaita Vedanta on the model of Tarkasangraha for Nyaya and Arthasangraha for Purvamimamsa. However the subject matter of Padarthasangraha is Dvaita Vednta and quite distinct in respect of categories. For instance, are seven padarthas in Nyaya and ten padarthas in Dvaita Vedanta. Visista, Amsi, Sakti, Sadrsya are four additional padarthas in Dvaita Vedanta. Samavaya of Nyaya is not acceptable to Dvaita Vedanta. Though samanya and visesa are considered as padarthas, agree in name, but their nature is quite from that of Nyaya.
According to Nyaya, Samanya or Sadarana Dharma also known as jati is one in all members of that class. For example Gotavajati is one in all cows according there to Nyaya. But in Dvaita, Gotvadharma is separate in each cow. These separate dharmas are similar to each other. It is in this sense it is called Samanya.
Same is in the case with Visesa. The concept of Visesa is developed in Dvaita to account forअभेदेअपि भेदव्यवहार. The dravya and its yavadravyabhavi attributes have abheda relation but still there is bhedavyavahara between the two. This is due to Visesa. However in Nyaya there is bheda among the paramanus. But to account for this there is no proper ground. Visesa is conceived as the ground to account for bheda among the paramanus. It is a case भेदे भेदव्यवहारनिर्वाहकत्व .
In Dvaita, twenty Dravyas are enumerated. Paramatma, Laksmi, Jiva are considered as Dravya. Avyakrtakasa is distinct from Bhutakasa is also envisaged as Dravya. Prakrti, Gunatraya etc. popularly known as Sankya categories are considered as Dravya in Dvaita Vedanta. Andhakara i.e. darkness is also considered as dravya.
Gunas are not restricted to twenty four. But these are stated to be many. This is to account for the Anantagunaprnatva of Supreme God.
Karma is classified taking into account its religious import as विहितकर्म and निषिध्दकर्म. Physical activities are brought under उदासीनकर्म.
Visista is considered a separate category. When an object is qualified by certain attributes, these attributes and attributed constitute a separate padartha.
Among the four varieties of Sakti i.e. potency, achintyasakti is most important. This belongs to Supreme God. When certain event, or situation, or the nature of the category cannot be explained by the ordinary logic, then it has to be managed by achintyasakti of God.
Dravya is defined as upadanakarana. Upadanatva is of two types: (1) Modification (Parinama) (2) Manifestation (Abhivyakti).
Under Paramatma all important aspects of the Supreme God are stated. Among this Svatantratva and Anantagunapari-purnatva are most important. All incarnations of the God are Purna.
Laksmi is paratantra in the sense she is dependent on Supreme God only. She has no prakrta body. She is also sarvasabdavachya, excluding the special names of God viz. Narayana etc. She is equal to God in respect of special and temporal extension. However in respect of qualities, she is not equal to Supreme God. Jivas are affected by ajnana. They undergo transmigration. Jiva are many and distinct from each other. These are broadly three types, muktiyoga, nityasamsari and tamoyogya.
In this way the nature of all important categories are stated in Padarthasangraha and explained in detail in Madhvasiddhantasara.
Madhvasiddhantasara quotes the authority for each point made in Padarthasangraha. Bhagavatatatpartya Nirnaya and Gitatatpartya Nirnaya are frequently quoted. The list of authorities quoted in Madhvasiddhantasara is given in parisista to fecilitate to trace them in Madhvasiddhantasara and understand the context in which these are quoted and their import.
In Indian philosophy many technical terms are common in different of schools of philosophy. Particularly the terms in Vedanta. For example the term Avidya occurs both in Dvaita and Advaita. But its nature and implications is quite different. Similarly the term Prakrti occurs in Sankya and Dvaita Vedanta.
In Sankhya, Prakrti is independent material cause, while in Dvaita it is material cause under the control of Supreme God.
The bheda or distinction between God and Jiva are most important. It is stated in five ways. This pancabheda is the bed-rock of Dvaita philosophy which Advaita considers it only as व्यावहारिक.
One has to be careful to sort out the difference of the import of technical terms.
Madhvasiddhantasara considerably helps to correctly identify all the doctorines of Dvaita Vedanta.
It is hoped that this volume is helpful to the Scholars and Research students. The text of Padarthasangraha has already edited by Dr. D. N. Shanbhag and published by Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation in the year 1994.
Later we though the publication of Madhvasiddhantasara, a detailed commentary on Padarthasangraha, which is more helpful to the Scholars and Research Students.
It is hoped that this valuable work is duly utilized.
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Thanks to a new stacking system, hatcheries in the UK and North America are breaking new ground in overturning the declining number of lobsters in the wild.
September 20, 2023 By Bonnie Waycott
The United Kingdom is seeing a crisis in the number of lobsters in its waters.
Lobster fisheries have long played a key role in local economies and fishing communities, but today, the species is fully exploited and at risk of collapse. The lobster most under threat is the European Clawed Lobster (Homarus Gammarus), while there is growing concern over the state of its sister species, the American Clawed Lobster (Homarus Americanus).
The reasons behind the declining number of lobsters are a multitude of issues from overfishing and continued fisheries mismanagement, to lobster habitat degradation, resulting in fewer lobsters that are able to reach adulthood.
Wild populations are also likely to be affected by climate change. For example, temperature changes in waters off the state of Maine have been blamed for a huge lobster migration to northern waters.
This situation is something that lobster hatcheries in the UK want to change, and fishing communities and organisations are now employing hatcheries to restock their regions and help the sustainability of catch numbers.
Captive breeding programs to rear the species before growing them in the open sea offer hope that stock enhancement could be significantly improved and lobster farming could provide new prospects for diversification and employment to fishing communities.
A pioneering new system
One technology that’s making significant contributions to lobster hatcheries is the Aquahive, produced by Ocean on Land Technology (OOLT), a developer of hatchery and industry-specific aquaculture systems in Northampton, UK.
Specifically designed to allow the rearing of large quantities of cannibalistic and predatory species like clawed lobsters, this proprietary juvenile system can be adapted efficiently and safely to meet hatchery requirements. From their controlled juvenile stage, the lobsters can then be transferred to sea for restocking programs around the UK.
The Aquahive is a cylindrical container measuring 876mm high and 686mm wide. It was originally designed to enable higher survival rates of juvenile clawed lobsters to facilitate the transition stage between stages three, four and five of the rearing process (this traditionally carries a high mortality rate due to cannibalism). One Aquahive container can hold up to 3,780 lobsters in less than 0.5m<ss>2</ss> of floor space and comes with circular perforated honeycomb-shaped trays that are divided into individual cells. Each tray holds 140 juveniles, while the container can carry a maximum of 28 trays. Once in the containers, the lobster are weaned onto a formulated feed. Isolating individual clawed lobsters into their own cells greatly increases overall survival, reduces close proximity stress, and has been shown to increase growth and development compared to traditional mono-layered tray systems. It can also benefit other aquatic species that share similar biological characteristics and predatory behaviours to lobster. The Aquahive also comes with spare feed pumps and heavy acetyl and skeleton trays to release juveniles back into the wild with lower rates of predation.
“As well as housing many thousands of lobsters, the system also employs an automatic feeding system, which enables hatchery staff to feed their lobsters simultaneously without disturbing or stressing them within their trays,” said Stephen Allen, OOLT business development director “The tray system can also be adapted so that Aquahive can be used for non-aggressive species like crab, langoustine, spiny lobster species and even sea cucumber.”
Complex hatchery rearing
Producing juvenile lobsters in a hatchery is no easy feat. Wild-caught buried hens (females with eggs) are brought ashore under licence before being reared in a light and temperature-controlled broodstock unit that mimics the perfect habitat to bring on the release of larvae.
These larvae are then collected and moved to the juvenile part of the hatchery for the larval stages, which involve an upwelling system that keeps them slowly moving within the water column to prevent them from gathering and nipping at each other.
After the larval stage, they are moved to the Aquahive, where many thousands of juveniles are separated in a safe habitat so that they can develop further prior to being released into the wild.
One of the biggest challenges that a lobster hatchery faces is keeping the lobsters separate in order to maximise survival rates, said Allen. In the wild, the survival rate figure is circa one per cent. This is because during the larval stage the juveniles are planktonic and follow the currents, which means that predation is very high, but the Aquahive has given hatcheries survival rates of up to 58 per cent.
In other words, if one female releases 20,000 larvae, over 12,000 will reach stage five/six of the rearing process and be ready for release (in the wild, it is estimated that only one juvenile from a similar female would reach maturation).
Another challenge is releasing the lobsters safely.
“To start with, there were several release processes, including from accessible beach areas which, although easy to do, limits the geographic ability to release in deeper water offshore,” said Allen.
“From here, techniques such as pouring the lobster in at the surface and pumping them down to the seabed were also used but with limited success. This is because both processes require the lobster to pass through the water column and ultimately they can be picked off by fish. So, along with one of our hatchery owners in Canada, we came up with a release system using the trays that the lobsters are housed in within the Aquahive, with skeleton trays now being carefully lowered back into the wild, resulting in much lower rates of predation. This system is incredibly successful and our preferred mechanism for release to this day.”
Most major lobster hatcheries in and out of the UK are now using Aquahive. Jean Côté runs the Gaspe Bay Lobster Hatchery in Quebec. In 2010, the Regroupement des Pêcheurs Professionnels du Sud de la Gaspésie (RPPSG) began producing lobsters in a hatchery to release juveniles at sea and compensate for three to five percent of its fishermen’s annual commercial catches. In 2011, the RPPSG was the first in North America to use the Aquahive.
“This innovative system has several advantages,” said Côté. “It allows a larger production in a minimum space and time, and simplifies daily feeding of post-larvae in culture. In addition, releasing juveniles lobsters into the ocean directly in the Aquahive trays facilitates seeding logistics, reduces predation and gets fishermen involved, making them aware of the fragility of the resource. The first Aquahive we bought increased production from 20,000 to more than 60,000 lobster at stage five and above that were then released annually. Since acquiring a second Aquahive in 2017, we are producing more than 200,000 lobsters at stage five and above.”
Effective adaptation and new initiatives
Work is continuing to tailor Aquahive so that it fits hatcheries’ needs and delivers the best possible solution based on the number of lobsters that a hatchery wants to produce. From that number, the entire hatchery unit is designed, incorporating the broodstock, larval and grow-on stages within a single modular facility.
With the reported rise in sea temperatures and the effect that this is having on catch numbers in some regions, Aquahive can also be temperature-controlled so the lobsters can be reared in warmer temperatures. This means that when they are released into the wild, the warmer sea temperature is not a cause for concern.
Depending on hatchery feedback, other improvements can also be made, primarily with adaptation for use with other species and simplifying the rearing process in other shellfish species.
To date, OOLT has created custom solutions for 16 different species with no signs of slowing down. As Aquahive became more popular, the company realised that there was huge potential to offer more closely associated products to help protect wild lobster stocks, and came up with the Hatchery in a Box system, a containerised pre-built production system that can be customised and utilised for the production of various species. It occupies a small footprint and is fitted in one or more specifically-fitted-out sea containers of 20 feet or 40 feet that can be easily shipped around the world to coastal areas and harbours.
Meanwhile, the Aquahive trial system has proved popular with academic institutions that are looking to explore the production processes and requirements for new species where production knowledge is limited.
Allen is thrilled by the many possibilities opening up for lobster enhancement and aquaculture programs as a result of the Aquahive system.
“Its popularity has brought interest from institutions looking at developing systems to rear other predatory species like crab,” he said. “Aquahive is currently being used in trial systems for the production of king crab, snow crab, brown crab, dungeness crab and even crayfish. In the meantime, the hatchery in Gaspe Bay is pushing to double its capacity in the coming year because local fishermen are so pleased with the increase in catch numbers and the number of juvenile animals coming up in the pots. If the fishermen are reporting this, that is high praise indeed. It’s a very exciting time and we are looking forward to seeing what the future holds.”
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- Crab hatchery opens up in Florida for coral reef restoration | <urn:uuid:df220473-38f6-4076-bfa5-60ec26e13d85> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.hatcheryinternational.com/small-units-big-impacts/?custnum=@%7Bcustomer_id%7D@&title=Research%20to%20evaluate%20peracetic%20acid%20for%20use%20in%20U.S.%20recirculating%20aquaculture&utm_source=HI&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=@%7Btrack_id%7D@ | 2024-02-25T06:07:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.956257 | 2,034 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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] |
Why Do Children Get Many More Ear Infections Than Adults Will My Child Always Get Ear Infections
Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections for these reasons:
- The eustachian tubes in young children are shorter and more horizontal. This shape encourages fluid to gather behind the eardrum.
- The immune system of children, which in the bodys infection-fighting system, is still developing.
- The adenoids in children are relatively larger than they are in adults. The adenoids are the small pads of tissue above the throat and behind the nose and near the eustachian tubes. As they swell to fight infection, they may block the normal ear drainage from the eustachian tube into the throat. This blockage of fluid can lead to a middle ear infection.
Most children stop getting ear infections by age 8.
How Is An Ear Infection Diagnosed
Your healthcare provider will look at your or your childs ear using an instrument called an otoscope. A healthy eardrum will be pinkish gray in color and translucent . If infection is present, the eardrum may be inflamed, swollen or red.
Your healthcare provider may also check the fluid in the middle ear using a pneumatic otoscope, which blows a small amount of air at the eardrum. This should cause the eardrum to move back and forth. The eardrum will not move as easily if there is fluid inside the ear.
Another test, tympanometry, uses air pressure to check for fluid in the middle ear. This test doesnt test hearing. If needed, your healthcare provider will order a hearing test, performed by an audiologist, to determine possible hearing loss if you or your child has had long lasting or frequent ear infections or fluid in the middle ears that is not draining.
Your healthcare provider will also check your throat and nasal passage and listen to your breathing with a stethoscope for signs of upper respiratory infections.
See Your Doctor As Soon As Possible If You Experience Any Of These Troubling Symptoms
We all get headaches from time to time. They can be brought on by annoying but manageable reasons such as stress, dehydration or your menstrual cycle, or they could be the result of an ongoing medical issue, such as migraines.
But how can you tell when a headache is a symptom of an even more serious or life-threatening problem? Here are some signs to look for.
Recommended Reading: How To Teach Yourself American Sign Language
What Conditions Can Cause A Headache And A Fever
Since it is unusual to experience migraines and fevers together, a headache coupled with a fever may not be a migraine attack at all. There are various conditions in which headaches and fevers occur together as symptoms of other diseases, which include the following.
If your system is under attack from a microbe such as a bacterium or a virus, then your body responds to the infection in the form of many different symptoms, one of which may be a fever. The fever itself can then give rise to a headache.
Infections that can cause a headache along with a fever includes:
What Happens When A Child Has A Low Grade Fever
A low-grade fever may affect appetite and cause morning stiffness. Swollen lymph nodes and joint deformity may also be seen along with low-grade fever. Children may show ear-pulling habit. Fevers frequently come along with infections, and fever is a part of the bodys natural defense system against these infections.
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I Heard That The Second Dose Of The Vaccine Causes More Severe Side Effects Than The First If I Get A Headache From The First Dose Should I Skip Or Delay Getting The Second Dose
Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccine require two doses to achieve optimal immunity and protection against COVID-19 infection. The Pfizer vaccine should be repeated in 21 days and the Moderna vaccine repeated one month after the first dose. If you receive only one dose or delay the second dose past the recommended schedule, you will not be fully protected. Remember, the headache, even if it is slightly worse than the one from the first vaccine, is short-lasting and mild. The headaches and other vaccine side effects may make you uncomfortable for a few days. But it is a small price to pay considering that COVID-19 can be deadly or lead to long-term disability.
Is It A Sinus Infection Or Cold
It can be difficult to tell the difference between a sinus infection and a cold as the symptoms can be very similar. Sinus infections often develop after a cold.
Sinusitis tends to last longer than a cold. Cold symptoms tend to get steadily worse, peaking at 35 days, then gradually get better. Sinus infections may last 10 days or more.
Some symptoms are more likely to be caused by sinusitis than a cold, including:
- swelling of the tissue in the nose
- green discharge from the nose
- a swollen or tender face
Unlike a cold, sinusitis can become chronic, which means it lasts longer than eight weeks. Chronic sinusitis causes swelling and irritation in the sinuses and usually develops after a person has had acute sinusitis. Sometimes the symptoms go away and then come back again.
Ongoing sinus symptoms even if they get better and then come back may indicate chronic sinusitis.
Sinus infections often go away on their own without medical treatment. There are, however, some things a person can do at home to relieve the bothersome symptoms.
To treat sinusitis symptoms with home remedies , try:
Avoid using decongestants on a long-term basis without talking to a doctor first because they can make congestion worse if used for too long.
- symptoms last longer than 10 days with no improvement
- fever lasts longer than 3-4 days
- the pain is very intense
- a person with a suspected sinus infection has a drugs that suppress the immune system, or organ failure
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Can Ear Infections Cause High Fevers And Vomiting
my little girl is almost 2 and she’s had 2 ear infections before with only minor symptoms, like irritability and a low grade fever…She’s been running a HIGH fever, almost 103 if i dont keep her on tylenol and ibuprofen, for 3 days now. She vomited 4 times and has been nauseous, and has been sticking her fingers in her mouth and acting like her teeth hurt. She said her head has a booboo, so i think she has a headache too or she could have been meaning her ear. I took her to the dr and he just listened to her breathing and checked her ears and that was it but he said she had an ear infection and put her on amoxicillan. So she’s been on amoxicillan since 11:30 am yesterday and its 1:30 am now, but i’ve been alternating tylenol and ibuprofen ALL DAY and as soon as it starts to wear off, her fever spikes back up and it takes so long to get it back down, i’m really worried about her. Is this normal for just an ear infection or is it something else? I’m worried my one month old will catch it!!! And shouldnt the antibiotics be working by now!!?? i am about to wake her up for more meds because she feels feverish again 🙁
yeap. That is how my ear infections are. I go from nothing to major symptoms
Quoting Cylus’s Mommy:” yeap. That is how my ear infections are. I go from nothing to major symptoms ”
how long till the fever goes down?? i’m worried about her!
The Migraine Hangover Can Cause Lingering Symptoms After Head Pain Subsides
Many people know about the auras that can precede migraines, and the pain during a migraine, but fewer know about the postdrome that can come after the pain ends. Postdrome also called the migraine hangover, comes after the pain of a migraine attack has subsided. Symptoms can last hours or even several days. While not everyone with migraine suffers from postdrome, those who do report it can be as debilitating as the migraine pain itself. Common postdrome symptoms include fatigue, nausea, sensitivity to light, dizziness, body aches, and difficulty concentrating. One postdrome sufferer described the day after a migraine headache as feeling like a mental fog, one so heavy that even routine tasks take on an otherworldly quality.
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How Do Ear Infections Happen
A middle ear infection usually happens because of swelling in one or both of the eustachian tubes . The tubes let mucus drain from the middle ear into the throat.
A cold, throat infection, acid reflux, or allergies can make the eustachian tubes swell. This blocks the mucus from draining. Then, or grow in the mucus and make pus, which builds up in the middle ear.
When doctors refer to an ear infection, they usually mean otitis media rather than swimmer’s ear . Otitis media with effusion is when noninfected fluid builds up in the ear. It might not cause symptoms, but in some kids, the fluid creates a sensation of ear fullness or “popping.”
What Is The Prognosis For People With Migraines
Migraines are unique to each individual. Likewise, how migraines are managed is also unique. The best outcomes are usually achieved by learning and avoiding personal migraine triggers, managing symptoms, practicing preventive methods, following the advice of your healthcare provider and reporting any significant changes as soon as they occur.
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Coping Strategies To Ward Off Migraine Fatigue
Researchers believe the fatigue that often accompanies migraine is not because of the toll pain takes on us. Rather, the evidence points to fatigue being part of migraine pathophysiology, which is defined as the functional bodily changes produced by the disease. Include fatigue symptoms in your migraine diary, and mention them to your health care providers. There may be help available that youre not aware of.
Questions To Ask Your Doctor
- How can I keep my child comfortable at night with the pain of an ear infection?
- Is there drainage with an ear infection?
- What is the difference between an ear infection and swimmers ear?
- Is my child a candidate for ear tubes?
- What are the risks and benefits of surgically inserting tubes inside my childs middle ear?
- Should my child get regular hearing tests if they have frequent ear infections?
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Can Ear Infections Affect Hearing
Fluid buildup in the middle ear also blocks sound, which can lead to temporary hearing problems. Kids having a problem might:
- not respond to soft sounds
- need to turn up the TV or radio
- talk louder
- seem inattentive at school
In kids who have otitis media with effusion, the fluid behind the eardrum can block sound, so mild temporary hearing loss can happen, but might not be obvious.
A child whose eardrum has ruptured might have ringing or buzzing in the ear and not hear as well as usual.
Who Is At Higher Risk For Ear Infections
- Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes.
- Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds.
- Children with allergies.
- Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely.
- Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections.
- Babies who are being bottle fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. Children should be held upright while drinking a bottle. When they are old enough to hold their own bottle well, they should be taught to drink from a regular cup and no longer given a bottle.
- Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.
- Children of First Nations and Inuit descent, though its not clear why.
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Headache And Fever Could Be Signs Of An Infection
If your system is under attack from a viral illness, then a fever is part of your bodys response to the infection, says Strauss. If you also have a headache, the fever itself may be contributing to the headache, but it may also just be the infection in general causing a headache, she says.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, and is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the brain and spinal fluid, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Babies and children are at the highest risk for meningitis, though it can happen at any age. Sometimes those patients have other symptoms to go along with that, like neck pain, neck stiffness, or neurologic symptoms , says Strauss.
Encephalitis is the inflammation of the active tissues of the brain that is the result of an infection or an autoimmune response, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. In addition to headache and fever, symptoms can include seizure, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light and sound.
These infections can be life-threatening emergencies. Depending on the severity of the situation, you may need to go to an urgent care center or emergency room for a fever with a headache, Strauss says.
How Do I Know If My Child Has An Ear Infection
Older children will usually complain of an earache. While younger children might not be able to say they have an earache, they may:
- have an unexplained fever,
- tug or pull at their ears, or
- have trouble hearing quiet sounds.
Some children with an ear infection may also have fluid draining from the ear.
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What Causes An Ear Infection
Ear infections are caused by bacteria and viruses. Many times, an ear infection begins after a cold or other respiratory infection. The bacteria or virus travel into the middle ear through the eustachian tube . This tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. The bacteria or virus can also cause the eustachian tube to swell. This swelling can cause the tube to become blocked, which keeps normally produced fluids to build up in the middle ear instead of being able to be drained away.
Adding to the problem is that the eustachian tube is shorter and has less of a slope in children than in adults. This physical difference makes these tubes easier to become clogged and more difficult to drain. The trapped fluid can become infected by a virus or bacteria, causing pain.
Medical terminology and related conditions
Because your healthcare provider may use these terms, its important to have a basic understanding of them:
When Should I Return To My Healthcare Provider For A Follow
Your healthcare provider will let you know when you need to return for a follow-up visit. At that visit, you or your childs eardrum will be examined to be certain that the infection is going away. Your healthcare provider may also want to test you or your child’s hearing.
Follow-up exams are very important, especially if the infection has caused a hole in the eardrum.
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What Do You Think People Who Haven’t Been Vaccinated Need To Hear
If you havent been vaccinated, go find your health care provider, ask them the questions that are making you not get vaccinated and think about it again. These vaccines are very safe, and they dont contain microbots or trackers. We at FDA make sure they are safe, pure and potent, and we stand by that. And we do know that these vaccines have the chance of helping us get back to more normal lives.
Where To Get Help
- Your doctor
- NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. for expert health information and advice
- Royal Children’s Hospital Tel. 9345 5522
- Your maternal and child health nurse
- Your local hospital emergency or casualty department.
- 24 hour Maternal and Child Health Telephone Service: Tel. 13 22 29 for the cost of a local call throughout Victoria.
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How To Tell If Your Child Has An Ear Infection
About 50% of children with an ear infection will have a fever. Diagnosis. A doctor can diagnose a bacterial ear infection by looking at the eardrum. It will be bulging and have pus behind it. For viral ear infections, the eardrum will be red but not bulging. Age Range. Ear infections peak at age 6 months to 2 years.
Ear ache and Fever. WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms ear ache and fever including Middle ear infection, Ear canal infection, and Viral pharyngitis. There are 76 conditions associated with ear ache and fever.
How Is A Middle
Your health care provider will take a medical history and do a physicalexam. He or she will look at the outer ear and eardrum with an otoscope.The otoscope is a lighted tool that lets your provider see inside the ear.A pneumatic otoscope blows a puff of air into the ear to check how wellyour eardrum moves. If you eardrum doesnt move well, it may mean you havefluid behind it.
Your provider may also do a test called tympanometry. This test tells howwell the middle ear is working. It can find any changes in pressure in themiddle ear. Your provider may test your hearing with a tuning fork.
Also Check: How To Teach Yourself Sign Language | <urn:uuid:0c2aee8b-da14-4afc-8252-0f4f6cff3efc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.healthyhearingclub.net/can-you-get-a-fever-from-an-ear-infection/ | 2024-02-25T05:24:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.940815 | 3,798 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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18
] |
Though the government is planning a massive expansion of transport networks, it has never considered this question.
By George Monbiot. Published in the Guardian 30th May 2007.
Motorised transport is a form of time travel. We mine the compressed time of other eras – the infinitisimal rain of plankton onto the ocean floor, the settlement of trees in anoxic swamps – and use it to accelerate through our own. Every tank of fuel contains thousands of years of accretions. Our future depends on the expectation that the past will never be exhausted.
The energy white paper the government published last week talks of new taxes, new markets, new research, new incentives. Anyone reading the chapter on transport would be forgiven for believing that the government has the problem under control: as a result of its measures, we are likely to see a great reduction in our use of geological time.
But buried in another chapter, and so far missed by all journalists, there is a remarkable admission. “The majority (66%) of UK oil demand is derived from demand for transport fuels which is expected to increase modestly over the medium term.”(1) To increase? If the government is implementing all the exciting measures the transport chapter contains, how on earth could our use of fuel increase?
You won’t find the answer in the white paper. It mysteriously forgets to mention that the government intends to build another 4000km of trunk roads and to double the capacity of our airports by 2030. Partly to permit this growth in transport, another white paper, also published last week, proposes a massive deregulation of planning law(2). There is no discussion in either paper of the implications of these programmes for energy use or climate change. There are plainly two governments of the United Kingdom: one determined to reduce our consumption of fossil fuel; the other determined to raise it.
What happens beyond the medium term is anyone’s guess(3). But it should be pretty obvious that more roads and more airports will mean that our rising use of transport fuel becomes hard-wired: the future health of the economy will depend on it. So the government must have examined this question. If our economic lives depend on continued growth in the consumption of transport fuels, it must first have determined that such growth is possible. Mustn’t it?
Last week I phoned four government departments (trade and industry, transport, environment, communities and local government) in the hope of finding this assessment. It does not exist. No report has ever been commissioned by the British government on the issue of whether or not there is enough oil to sustain its transport programme.
Instead, both the white paper and the civil servants I spoke to referred me to a book published by the International Energy Agency(4). This in itself is odd. On every other issue which might affect the United Kingdom’s security or economic growth, the government conducts its own assessments. But in this case it relies exclusively on one external source. This reliance seems even odder when you read the IEA’s book, and discover that it’s as polemical as my columns.
Before it presents any evidence, the book dismisses people who have questioned future oil supplies as “doomsayers”(5). It announces that it has “long maintained that none of this [the possibility that oil supplies might be reaching a peak] is a cause for concern.” Though it expects the global demand for oil to rise by 70% between now and 2030, and though it anticipates that output from the world’s existing oilfields will decline by around 5% a year(6), it is confident that new supplies will make up the difference.
It bases this assessment on the finding that “the level of remaining reserves of oil has been remarkably constant historically, in spite of the volumes extracted each successive year”(7). As the IEA must know as well as anyone else, this is partly because the level has been forged by members of OPEC (the oil producers’ cartel). The quota assigned to a member of OPEC reflects the size of its reserves. All members have a powerful interest in exaggerating their reserves in order to boost their quotas. The IEA admits in another report that Saudi Arabia has posted a constant level of reserves (260 billion barrels) over the past 15 years, despite the fact that it has produced over 100 billion barrels in the same period(8). Where has the magic oil come from?
But it is the liars of OPEC on which the agency’s optimism relies. The growth in global demand will be met, it says, by a 150% increase in oil production from the Middle East by 2030(9). What if this oil doesn’t materialise? It is a question the IEA raises then rapidly drops. “Because of the uncertainties over the respective amounts of resources and reserves, it is difficult to predict the moment of peak oil, when production might be expected to start to decline. Estimates range from today to 2050 or beyond.”(10) Isn’t that reassuring?
I should point out that peak oil is not like climate change: there is no consensus among scientists about when it is likely to happen. I cannot state with confidence that the IEA’s assessment is wrong. But a report published in February by the US department of energy shows how dangerous it is to rely on a single source. “Almost all forecasts are based on differing, often dramatically differing geological assumptions … Because of the large uncertainties, it is difficult to define an overriding geological basis for accepting or rejecting any of the forecasts.”(11)
The report then publishes a long list of estimates by senior figures in and around the oil industry of a possible date for peak oil. They vary greatly, but many are clustered between 2010 and 2020. Another report, also commissioned by the US department of energy, shows that “without timely mitigation, the economic, social, and political costs will be unprecedented.”(12) The disasters invoked by the peaking of global oil supplies can be avoided only with a “crash progamme” beginning 20 years before it occurs. If some of the estimates in the department of energy’s report are correct, it is already too late.
The IEA believes that this crisis will be averted by opening new fields and using unconventional oil. But these cause environmental disasters of their own. Around half the new discoveries the agency expects over the next 25 years will take place in the Arctic or in the very deep sea (between 2000 and 4000 metres)(13). In either case, a major oil spill, in such slow and fragile ecosystems, would be catastrophic. Mining unconventional oil – such as the tar sands in Canada or the kerogen shales in the US – produces far more carbon dioxide than drilling for ordinary petroleum(14). It also uses and pollutes great volumes of freshwater, and wrecks thousands of acres of pristine land. “In the long-term future,” the IEA says, “non-conventional, heavy oils may well become the norm rather than the exception.”(15) If our future growth relies on these resources, we commit ourselves to ever-growing environmental impacts.
We don’t need to invoke peak oil to produce an argument for cutting our use of transport fuel. But you might have imagined that the government would have shown just a little curiosity about whether or not its transport programme will bring the economy crashing down.
1. Department of Trade and Industry, May 2007. Meeting the Energy Challenge: A White Paper on Energy. Chapter 4, page 114. http://www.dtistats.net/ewp/ewp_full.pdf
2. HM Government, May 2007. Planning for a Sustainable Future: White Paper. http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/669/PlanningforaSustainableFutureWhitePaper_id1510669.pdf
3. The medium term in this context is defined in one of the white paper’s supporting documents as up to 2020. Wood Mackenzie, May 2007. Review of UK Oil Refining Capacity for Department of Trade and Industry. http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file39390.pdf
4. International Energy Agency, 2005. Resources to Reserves: Oil & Gas Technologies for the Energy Markets of the Future. Available electronically at: http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2005/oil_gas.pdf
5. Page 3.
6. Page 13.
7. Page 27.
8. International Energy Agency, 2006. World Energy Outlook 2005: Middle East and North Africa Insights. Page 126. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2005/weo2005.pdf
9. International Energy Agency, 2005, ibid. Page 61.
10. Page 28.
11. Robert L. Hirsch, 5th February 2007. Peaking of World Oil Production: Recent Forecasts. DOE/NETL2007/1263. US Department of Energy. http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Peaking%20of%20World%20Oil%20Production%20-%20Recent%20Forecasts%20-%20NETL%20Re.pdf
12. Robert L. Hirsch, Roger Bezdek and Robert Wendling, February 2005. Peaking Of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management. US Department of Energy. Available at http://www.hubbertpeak.com/us/NETL/OilPeaking.pdf
13. International Energy Agency, 2005, ibid. Page 65.
14. The IEA notes that: “Heavy oil production requires much more energy than conventional oil production. In fact, the production process in the upstream oil and gas industry currently consumes the equivalent of some 6% of the energy content of the hydrocarbons produced. With heavy oil, this ratio can rise to 20% or 25%.” Page 78.
15. Page 26. | <urn:uuid:ff7e99d3-d6f9-47ed-8c63-9b9bf48ad03e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.monbiot.com/2007/05/29/what-if-the-oil-runs-out/ | 2024-02-25T04:23:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.935509 | 2,107 | 2.875 | 3 | [
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26
] |
IMAGINATION, ISOLATION AND INNOCENCE: THE ROMANTIC IN FRANKENSTEIN
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is well known to have been born of a ghost-story competition between friends, these friends including none other than Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and Dr John ‘The Vampyre’ Polidori. It is recognised as a key gothic text and acknowledged as one of the earliest examples of science fiction, but like a lot of early nineteenth-century fiction it is also very much concerned with late Romantic interests and ideas.
Well grounded in a realistic world, it explores the role of society and the individual and is a literary case study for the nature/nurture debate. Much of this is done in the Gothic tradition, such as using the epistolary form of Walton’s letters to suggest authenticity. The Gothic shares so many Romantic concerns that it became typical to distinguish between the two on grounds of readership; the Romantic was considered ‘high’ literature whereas the Gothic represented popular ‘low’ fiction, sensational in its use of the monstrous and macabre. As a result, the Romantic was often used as a way of justifying a text’s worth. The three main influences of Frankenstein are made clear: its alternative title of The Modern Prometheus is typically Romantic in its use of classical myth, Milton’s Paradise Lost is referred to at length, and similarities with Coleridge’s ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ abound. Just as Romantic works sought to challenge the expectations of the reader, so does Frankenstein use the strange, unusual, and even grotesque to detail both the immediately familiar and the more abstract.
“Disturbed by the wildest dreams”
Dreams, for example, a typical Romantic interest, are an important part of Frankenstein. In fact, whereas Percy Shelley, in his preface, tries to justify the work by highlighting its focus on science and its place in society, Mary Shelley was more concerned with the imagination and the dream that inspired the tale; ‘When I placed my head on my pillow, I did not sleep, nor could I be said to think. My imagination, unbidden, possessed and guided me’. Interestingly, Shelley presents herself as the recipient of the story rather than the creator, as if she has been transported by the world of the imagination, almost as if swept up by forces beyond her control.
Victor is similarly driven, and whereas many texts would only offer observations of the waking world, the inclusion of Victor’s dreams seems to grant an equal importance to experiences observed with closed eyes. His sleep is ‘disturbed by the wildest dreams’ and they prove to be prophetic. He dreams of Elizabeth, ‘but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death’. After becoming a corpse, Elizabeth then transforms into Victor’s deceased mother, ‘I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms; a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of flannel’ and he wakes from this dream of death to a creature assembled from it. The creature serves to link the death symbolism of the dream experience with the real world, especially considering his later murderous actions, merging the real and unreal within the fictional world.
Whilst dreams and death themselves are explored in the work of many Romantic writers, Frankenstein also links them with eroticism. Victor’s dream begins with an embrace and a kiss, a kiss which represents the doomed wedding night inasmuch as it seems to cause her death, much as his intimacy with Elizabeth leads to her being a victim of revenge. There is also a suggestion of incest: Elizabeth is Victor’s adopted sister and in the dream she becomes his mother. Whilst Elizabeth and Victor are not related, there are enough references to her as a sister to suggest a sexual taboo here, especially considering her transformation into his mother, and this combines with the disturbing link between sex and death to present the protagonist as monstrous, despite his own view of himself as victim. These incestuous and necrophilic images also enter the reality of the novel’s world, such as with the creature’s request for a mate: if Victor were to create such a female it would be the creature’s sister, and it is dead flesh that craves her. When you consider the parent-like link between Victor and his creation, it is clear that such incestuous and necrophilic ideas are foreshadowed when the creature threatens, ‘I shall be with you on your wedding-night’, an expression that is loaded with sexual innuendo. Unlike in other novels, this wedding does not conclude the story but rather propels it forward into a dramatic pursuit away from society, destabilising the conventional ending with a more open and troubling conclusion.
“I am alone, and miserable”
From the outset, as early as Walton’s second letter, it is clear that isolation and solitude are to be main concerns of the novel. ‘I have no friend’, Walton complains, a sentiment that echoes throughout the novel. The use of three separate first person narrators could be seen to heighten this, with each locked in his own way of seeing and sense of despair and separation from others.
Of course the overall story is Victor Frankenstein’s, as the title of the novel suggests. As a scientist he may represent the rational and the threats of modernisation, but Victor also embodies the Romantic rebelliousness towards accepted modes of thought in his pursuit of forbidden knowledge, and this sets him apart from other men. Thus he is also a Romantic figure in his isolation. His endeavour to create life from death is often mistakenly attributed as the cause for his neglect of family and friends at university, but he admits earlier than such experiments that ‘two years passed…during which I paid no visit to Geneva’ and we are told it is his temper ‘to avoid a crowd’. He goes on to spend his time alone in vaults and charnel houses with only the dead for companionship. ‘In a solitary chamber… separated from all the other apartments’, Victor works in self-imposed isolation, an outsider by choice, and thus so very different to the creature of his making. Only when his studies are complete does he think of returning home, but then he is again distracted by a personal pursuit that ‘caused me also to forget those friends who…I had not seen for so long’.
Although Romantic in his rebellious creativity and isolation, Victor is obviously also used by Shelley to explore man’s capacity for reason and his attempts to use science as a means to control the natural world. Victor animates dead tissue and creates life without the biological aid of a mother, and rather than respond with care towards the ‘child’, he flees from the responsibility. Considering the love and support he himself received, this again sets Victor apart from others. His creation is abandoned, left to fend for itself, another isolated figure. The rational/scientific and the Romantic are placed both in opposition and in connection with each other in a way that raises all kinds of troubling questions, the juxtaposition of Romantic and scientific concerns a feature of late Gothic and Romantic texts that Shelley develops with great inventiveness, using the one to explore the other.
“The awful and majestic in nature”
Victor abandons his responsibilities and travels into the countryside where the serenity of the ‘majestic’ surroundings contrasts greatly with his troubled mind. These grand examples of the natural world, the mountains, the ravine, the glaciers, are again typical of Romantic focus and they serve to emphasise the unnatural pursuit of Victor in trying to ‘penetrate the secrets of nature’, plundering ‘her hiding-places’. Though he is like many other scientists in this respect, he is the only one whose metaphorical rape of the natural world has resulted in an offspring in the literal sense.
The creature, however, is quite different. Both early and later Romantic writers placed great importance on the power of nature and were eager that people would live a simpler life; a life based more on sensations and emotions than technological advances. In Shelley’s text, the creature’s narrative embodies this, noting the wonders and beauties of nature without any scientific attempt to question or learn nature’s secrets. When you consider that the period in which Mary Shelley lived was very concerned with natural innocence and child-like wonder, particularly influenced by the writings of Rousseau, there is certainly a great deal of sympathy for the creature. Though violent and vengeful, a childhood innocence influenced by events beyond its own control provides a particular pathos. A creature that is naturally benevolent and kind, driven to commit evil acts, combines violence with victimization to make a more complex character that retains the vulnerability that is part of the Romantic tradition.
Shelley’s “hideous progeny”
There is a distinct lack of closure to Frankenstein: Walton’s expedition is cancelled, Victor dies without coming to terms with his creation, and the creature floats away into the darkness and ice. This reluctance to offer a satisfactory conclusion may be at least partly due to a Romantic sensibility which favours openness and uncertainty over ultimate authority and certainty. To give it a tidy ending that resolves all tensions would be to diminish its power to make us think about the issues it raises. Frankenstein is a text of dreams, death, diabolical creation, and the relationships that exist between them. It is a text of isolations and oppositions: Victor’s seclusion from society is his own choice whereas the creature’s isolation is a forced one; Victor shuns companionship, the creature longs for it; one creates life, the other brings death and destruction. And yet a bond exists between the two, one so strong, in fact, that the name ‘Frankenstein’ has come to represent them both in our modern society. The characters blur into each other to create a novel that is as much a hybrid as the creature itself, a monstrous creation of multiple narrative voices and ideas that are at once gothic, science fiction, and Romantic, a text that is more than the sum of its parts. | <urn:uuid:246d879c-ab1e-4cac-97a9-0763e0a63795> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.raycluley.com/frankenstein | 2024-02-25T04:21:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.97037 | 2,151 | 2.96875 | 3 | [
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A Wonky Policy Proposal in the Reconciliation Bill Could Help Prevent Climate Chaos
The Clean Electricity Payment Program is an essential part of the Democrats’ climate package
When the US Senate passed a bipartisan infrastructure bill in early August, most of the ambitious ideas that President Joe Biden proposed to cut greenhouse gas emissions were whittled down to ensure the bill got enough votes from Republicans. The most meaningful policy—a Clean Electricity Standard, or CES, that would require power companies to replace fossil fuels with renewables such as solar and wind—was left out entirely.
Now, the policy is back on the table—albeit with a new (and even wonkier) name: The Clean Electricity Payment Program, or CEPP.
The CEPP has already overcome its first hurdles on the path to becoming law. The House Energy and Commerce Committee recently finished a rough draft of its version of the CEPP, and it will begin debating the policy on September 13—the last step before it is sent to the full House for a vote. In the Senate, the $3.5 trillion budget blueprint approved in August includes at least $198 billion for the Energy and Natural Resources Committee to draft its own version of the CEPP.
If a CEPP makes it out of that committee intact—not a guaranteed outcome, with conservative Democrat Senator Joe Manchin at the helm—climate activists say the program would help meet President Joe Biden’s ambitious emissions reduction goals. In a letter sent to Senate Democrats in late August, Majority Leader Chuck Schumer said an analysis from his office found that the climate provisions in the reconciliation package would reduce US greenhouse gas emissions to 45 percent below 2005 levels by 2030—just five points shy of Biden’s Paris Agreement pledge.
The CEPP would be responsible for more than 42 percent of those emissions reductions.
“It is essential that a Clean Electricity Payment Program be included in the budget reconciliation bill,” Becca Ellison, the deputy policy director for Evergreen Action, told Sierra. “It would ensure that utilities are adding clean electricity at the pace demanded by science.”
The rebranding of a CES as a CEPP has to do with the fact that Democrats are trying to pass it through the Senate’s complicated budget reconciliation process. There are two crucial bars a policy passed through budget reconciliation needs to meet: It can’t increase the deficit after 10 years, and it needs to produce some sort of change in the budget—it doesn’t matter if money goes in or out, but money has to be involved.
And there’s another caveat: That exchange of cash has to be a central component of the policy. It can’t be simply incidental.
This is where the old CES ran into problems. In its traditional formulation, a CES is a regulation that mandates utilities ramp up the percentage of renewable electricity they produce every year. While it can include fines for failing to meet that target, those aren’t the policy’s primary component—in other words, they’re incidental.
To get around this, congressional Democrats have designed the new CEPP to act as a budget-based alternative to a CES. The version proposed by the House would establish a series of federal grants to incentivize utilities to deliver electricity from renewable sources, such as wind and solar, directly to consumers. If a utility increases its share of renewable electricity at the rate set in the legislation, it gets a payment. If a utility increases its share of renewables at a lower rate, or not at all, it pays a penalty. Money in. Money out.
“The bar really is the parliamentarian and making sure that we conform to reconciliation rules,” Senator Martin Heinrich, Democrat of New Mexico, said at a virtual conference held by Bloomberg Government in July. “The reasons why it is structured the way it is is to conform to those rules and make sure this is largely about math and not overtly setting policy.”
The reasons the CEPP is such an important part of the Democrats' climate package are three-fold. The first is the sheer scale of the problem. The power sector is the second-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, so there is a lot of room to cut emissions rapidly.
The second reason has to do with what energy analysts call the “multiplier effect.” This is the idea that cutting emissions in the power sector will ultimately lead to emissions reductions in transportation, buildings, and industry through electrification. In that sense, a CEPP would tackle the first part of the larger strategy to wean our economy off fossil fuels: Make electricity clean, then electrify everything.
A CEPP is also a departure from our current strategy for expanding renewables, said Arjun Krishnaswami, a climate policy lead at the Natural Resources Defense Council. Until now, most federal clean energy policies have focused on encouraging renewable energy generators that feed into the grid. A CEPP would directly target the utilities that provide electricity.
“We need electrical utilities to change their practices,” Krishnaswami told Sierra. “Just subsidizing renewable energy generation doesn’t do the trick. We need to incentivize utilities to stop building more fossil fuel infrastructure and start building and buying more clean energy infrastructure.”
At the moment, around 40 percent of the electricity in the United States comes from clean energy—half of that comes from solar, wind, and hydroelectric dams and half from nuclear power. To meet Biden’s goal of an 80 percent renewable electricity grid by 2030, we would need to add additional solar and wind power at a rate of more than 4 percent each year.
Several analyses released since Biden took office have converged to show that a CEPP would not only make this possible but that the resulting electricity grid would be dependable and lead to trillions of dollars in economic benefits.
In one study, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, analyzed what it would take to create a renewable electricity grid that could reliably meet energy demand every hour of every day for seven years—with each year experiencing different weather conditions. They determined the United States would need 950 gigawatts of new wind and solar energy and over 225 gigawatts of battery storage capacity to meet Biden’s goal. That’s more than 130 gigawatts a year. It’s a lot, but possible. For one example, the researchers pointed to China, which added 120 gigawatts of new wind and solar capacity in 2020.
A separate study by researchers at Princeton University’s Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment found that this rapid transition to a renewable grid would create 3 million jobs over the next decade—enough to offset any job losses in the fossil fuel industry by 500,000 to 1 million.
Another way to think of the benefits of a CEPP is to consider what it would avoid: $637 billion in climate-related damage to infrastructure (calculated using a little-known figure called the social cost of carbon) and more than 300,000 premature deaths from air pollution over the next 30 years, according to an analysis by the Clean Energy Futures project. For those who need a dollar sign to grasp the value of this, it’s equivalent to more than $1.13 trillion in health benefits (and even this, the researchers admit, is a conservative number because it doesn’t include potential reductions in climate-related illness, such as heat stroke).
There is evidence that a clean electricity standard is also broadly popular among voters nationally. Several surveys conducted over the past few months by the progressive polling firm Data for Progress found that 62 percent of registered voters support moving the country to a 100 percent renewable electricity grid by 2035. During a more recent survey that included more of the nitty-gritty details about how a CEPP would work, 58 percent of the more than 1,200 likely voters polled said they would support the policy—including a third of Republicans.
“It’s a pretty good sign, in my opinion, that support for the CEPP is relatively unchanged from support for the general principle of a clean electricity standard, even when we dive more into the policy specifics,” Danielle Deiseroth, the senior climate data analyst for Data for Progress, told Sierra. “Usually, we see thermostatic opinion to certain policies—that is, backlash develops over time. However, I’ve been polling the clean electricity standard for the better part of the past year, and support has remained strikingly consistent.”
Whether that popularity will translate into passage in the final reconciliation bill remains to be seen. The details of the CEPP could change. It could end up getting less money. Senator Manchin is likely to insist that the definition of clean energy includes fossil fuels combined with technology that captures greenhouse gas emissions and buries them underground—a strategy climate activists loath but energy analysts say is unavoidable. (Representatives from Manchin’s office did not respond to detailed questions about the senator’s position on the CEPP.)
What is clear is that action to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions can’t come soon enough. In August, a major United Nations scientific report concluded that the burning of fossil fuels has locked the planet in an intensifying climate crisis for at least the next 30 years. Since then, two massive wildfires in California crested the granite peaks of the Sierra Nevada for the first time in history, and Hurricane Ida struck the Louisiana coast as the strongest storm the state has seen since the 1850s. Scientists say both events would be common in the climate future we’ve created for ourselves. A CEPP would be the first real step in avoiding that future. | <urn:uuid:f3a17421-a0ae-49f6-849d-a79dc5d0a328> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/wonky-policy-proposal-reconciliation-bill-could-help-prevent-climate-chaos | 2024-02-25T05:33:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.954341 | 2,016 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
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Welcome to a space of understanding and support as you navigate the journey of menopause. This transformative time, a natural part of aging for women, is often filled with both challenges and opportunities for growth. We aim to shed light on this phase, offering wisdom and practical tips to help you manage this transition with confidence and grace.
Menopause is officially diagnosed after 12 months without a menstrual period and typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. It marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years, brought on by the natural decline in the production of reproductive hormones.
Early Symptoms and Those Affected
Some women begin to experience early menopausal symptoms in their late 30s or early 40s. Factors that may contribute to early onset include genetics, lifestyle, and overall health. Early symptoms can include irregular periods, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, and mood swings.
Understanding Menopause and Its Symptoms
Menopause is a unique experience for every woman, marked by the end of menstrual cycles. It’s a time of significant hormonal shifts that can manifest in various ways:
- Common Symptoms : Hot flashes and night sweats are well-known companions of menopause, often accompanied by mood fluctuations and sleep disturbances.
- Beyond the Hot Flashes : Some women experience weight gain, changes in hair and skin texture, decreased libido, and memory challenges.
- Emotional Rollercoaster : The physical changes are just one part of the story. Menopause can profoundly affect your daily life, relationships, and how you see yourself.
Peri-menopause is the transitional phase leading up to menopause. It can last for several years, during which women experience varying degrees of menstrual irregularity and symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes. This phase is a crucial time for lifestyle adjustments and exploring treatment options to ease the transition.
The Interplay of Hormones and Stress
The hormonal changes during menopause, especially the decline in estrogen, play a critical role in the symptoms you experience. But there’s more to it:
- Cortisol and Stress : Stress can exacerbate menopausal symptoms. The body’s stress hormone, cortisol, when elevated, can make hot flashes more frequent and intense.
- Anxiety and Mood Swings : It’s not uncommon to feel more anxious during menopause. Hormonal fluctuations can heighten feelings of anxiety and impact your mood, making it essential to find effective stress-management strategies.
Hormone Therapies: Understanding Your Options
Navigating menopause often involves considering various treatments, including hormone therapies:
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) : This therapy can be a game-changer for many, alleviating hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. However, it’s not without risks, and it’s crucial to have a personalized plan with your healthcare provider.
- Non-Hormonal Medications : For those who cannot or choose not to use HRT, other medications like antidepressants can offer relief from certain menopausal symptoms.
Sleep Disturbances: Navigating Nightly Challenges
Sleep can become elusive during menopause, often disrupted by hot flashes and hormonal changes. Research shows that regardless of age and body habits, sleep continued to get worse through menopause. Take control of your sleep and try these simple habit shifts to win the night:
- Crafting a Sleep-Conducive Environment : A cool, dark, quiet bedroom can make a significant difference. Consider using fans or air conditioning to maintain a comfortable temperature.
- Establishing a Soothing Pre-Sleep Routine : Engage in relaxing activities before bed. This might include reading, gentle stretching, or listening to calming music.
- Learn breathing tools that help soothe the nervous system and get you ready for sleep. Learn more here.
- Limiting Stimulants and Screen Time : Avoid caffeine in the afternoon and evening and reduce exposure to screens at least an hour before bedtime.
Strength in Movement: Harnessing the Power of Exercise During Menopause
Menopause brings a multitude of changes, but exercise stands out as a remarkable ally in navigating this phase. Engaging in regular physical activity can be transformative, offering both physical and emotional benefits.
The Multifaceted Benefits of Exercise
- Combatting Physical Symptoms : Exercise is not just about staying fit; it’s a key player in reducing some of the most common menopausal symptoms. Regular physical activity helps in decreasing the severity and frequency of hot flashes, improving sleep quality, and reducing night sweats.
- Bolstering Bone Health : With the decline in estrogen, there’s an increased risk of osteoporosis. Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, and strength training, are crucial in maintaining bone density and strength.
- Emotional Equilibrium : Exercise is a natural mood booster. It stimulates the release of endorphins, the body’s feel-good hormones, which can alleviate feelings of depression and anxiety often associated with menopause.
Tailoring Exercise to Your Menopausal Journey
- Strength Training : Not just for building muscle, strength training is essential for bone health. It also helps in managing weight, which can be challenging during menopause due to metabolic changes.
- Cardiovascular Workouts : Activities like brisk walking, cycling, and swimming are excellent for heart health and overall stamina, keeping the cardiovascular system robust.
- Yoga and Flexibility : Yoga is particularly beneficial for menopausal women. It not only improves flexibility and balance but also aids in stress reduction and mindfulness.
- Finding Your Rhythm : The key is to find an exercise routine that resonates with you. Whether it’s a dance class, a daily jog, or a mix of different activities, choose what you enjoy. It’s about finding joy and comfort in movement.
Consistency and Adaptability
- Building a Routine : Incorporate exercise into your daily routine. Consistency is more important than intensity.
- Listening to Your Body : As your body goes through changes, be mindful of its signals. Adapt your exercise routine to what feels right for you at different stages of menopause.
To learn more about using exercise to support your symptom management and improve your overall health during Menopause, check out Dr Stacy Sims book, Next Level or listen to her interview on The Bravery Academy.
The Impact of Relationship Status on Menopausal Symptoms
Menopause is not just a personal journey; it’s also influenced by the dynamics of significant relationships in a woman’s life. The connection between relationship status, stress levels, and menopausal symptoms is profound and worth exploring.
Understanding the Connection
- Influence of Marital Satisfaction : A study involving 224 married midlife women revealed that those in less satisfying marriages experienced increased stress and more severe menopausal symptoms compared to women in satisfying relationships.
- Role of Emotional Support : Emotional support, or the lack thereof, within a partnership can significantly impact a woman’s stress levels and, consequently, her menopausal experience.
- Communication and Connection : Effective communication and a deep connection with a partner can provide a buffer against the stress associated with menopause, potentially easing symptoms.
Relationship Dynamics and Menopausal Symptoms
- Marital Quality and Symptomatology : Marital quality, encompassing aspects like social support, depth, and conflict, was found to be a predictor of menopausal symptomatology. Women in dissatisfying marriages reported more symptoms.
- Sexual Satisfaction : The study also found a positive correlation between sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction, indicating the multi-faceted nature of relationships and their impact on menopause.
- Menopausal Stage and Relationship Factors : Interestingly, the study noted that these relationship variables might be more significant than the menopausal stage itself, highlighting the importance of nurturing relationships during this transition.
Strategies for Managing Relationship-Induced Stress
- Fostering Open Communication : Encouraging honest and empathetic conversations with your partner about the changes and challenges you are facing can lead to greater understanding and support.
- Seeking Couples Counseling : Professional counseling can help in addressing and resolving conflicts, enhancing emotional connection, and improving overall relationship satisfaction.
- Building a Support Network : In addition to the support from a partner, building a network of friends, family, and support groups can provide additional emotional backing and stress relief.
Breathing and Awareness: Tools for Stress Management
Your breath is a powerful ally in managing menopause-related stress:
- The Power of Controlled Breathing : Practices like diaphragmatic breathing can calm the nervous system, reducing the intensity of hot flashes and aiding in relaxation.
- Embracing Mindfulness and Meditation : These practices not only help in managing stress but also enhance your overall sense of well-being. Research has shown that mindfulness can reduce the overall symptoms and improve stress levels in me
Diet and Nutrition: Fueling Your Body Right
What you eat can significantly impact how you feel during menopause:
- A Balanced Diet for Menopause : Focus on a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and phytoestrogens. Incorporate plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
- Staying Hydrated : Drink plenty of water to help manage hot flashes and maintain overall health.
Personal Stories and Community Support
There’s immense power in shared experiences:
- Learning from Others : Hearing from other women who’ve navigated menopause can provide comfort and practical tips.
- Building a Support Network : Whether it’s through online forums, local support groups, or conversations with friends, find your community.
Seeking Guidance: Who to Talk To
Navigating menopause can be complex, and it’s essential to have reliable sources of information and support. You should talk to:
- Healthcare Providers : Gynecologists, primary care physicians, and endocrinologists can provide medical advice and treatment options.
- Menopause Specialists : Healthcare professionals who specialize in menopause can offer more tailored advice and care.
- Support Groups : Connecting with other women going through menopause can provide valuable insights and emotional support.
Menopause, a significant milestone in a woman’s life, brings challenges but also opportunities for growth and self-discovery. By understanding your body’s changes, exploring treatment options, and adopting lifestyle adjustments, you can navigate this journey with strength and resilience.
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Burnout, overwhelm, and the complexities of everyday life can take a toll on us. My journey began with a desire to blend the science of stress with practical, everyday tools. Through this, I’ve crafted a path to guide others, just like you, through transformative healing and personal growth.
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Take the First Step : Embark on a transformative journey crafted for your holistic well-being. Click [here] to learn more about the ‘Transform’ coaching program and secure your spot! | <urn:uuid:9b692bea-b7f1-440d-8386-a5204a5ee0c9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thebreatheffect.com/embracing-change-a-compassionate-guide-to-menopause/ | 2024-02-25T06:12:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.914444 | 2,478 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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Formats and related files
Recent research shows that trade of goods and financial products is much greater within countries than it is between countries, even allowing for factors such as transports costs. This lack of economic integration is likely to be costly for small nations, as internal trade is much less diverse than internal trade in large nations. European countries have long argued that the adoption of a single currency is a primary means to enhance economic and social integration, and with the adoption of the euro most European countries have given up monetary independence in order to gain these benefits. This paper examines the modern literature analysing the costs and benefits of forming a monetary union. It contends that New Zealand should reassess the merits of these arguments, although it does not perform a cost benefit analysis for New Zealand, or even recommend whose currency should be preferred. It appears that the benefits of monetary independence are lower than previously thought. This is because most countries have attained low inflation, and because of new evidence that the volatility of exchange rates inherent with monetary independence may be the cause of economic shocks rather than the means of adjusting to economic shocks.
I would like to thank Sarah Box, Bob Buckle, David Galt, Lesley Haines, David Hargreaves, Gary Hawke, Jeff Huther, Jas McKenzie, Jim Rose and the participants at seminars presented at Victoria University and at the Treasury for comments on earlier drafts of this work.
The consideration of monetary union is not on the Government’s agenda. Rather, in accordance with our responsibility to be at the forefront of economic thinking, and to anticipate and examine new issues, the Treasury has reviewed key academic articles on the topic. The paper is a background paper and does not provide advice, nor does it propose any particular course of action. The Treasury have chosen to publish the review given the general interest in the topic, and in order to ensure that the analysis is top quality. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the New Zealand Treasury. The Treasury takes no responsibility for any errors or omissions in, or for the correctness of, the information contained in these working papers.
The Maastricht Treaty and the subsequent European Monetary Union are highly visible manifestations of the European drive to intensify economic and social ties across the continent. While these measures have struck many observers as excessive, they have come at a time when academic research is showing that economic activity within countries is considerably more integrated than economic activity between countries. Borders still matter, relentless globalisation notwithstanding; or as, Helliwell (1998; p118) elegantly writes,
“…the global economy of the 1990s is really a patchwork of national economies stitched together by threads of trade and investment that are much weaker than the economic fabric of nations.”
The evidence that external economic links are imperfect substitutes for internal economic links raises uncomfortable questions for small economies, for the scope for internal specialisation is relatively small. Even though most small countries have greater international trade than large countries, a bias towards domestic trade means that people living in small countries trade less overall than people living in small regions within large countries. This difference has spurred most small countries to adopt policies explicitly aimed at enhancing international linkages. Many small countries have joined customs unions with other countries, for instance, and have taken steps to harmonise business law. Others have pegged the value of their currency to that of a larger country, deciding that the benefits of enhanced economic integration are sufficient to offset the loss of monetary independence.
The adoption of a single currency by eleven European nations has re-ignited interest in the economics of monetary unions, and it is natural to ask whether there is a case for New Zealand forming a currency union with another country, possibly Australia. In drawing this parallel, however, it is wrong to exclusively focus on the monetary aspects of the European single currency, for monetary union is seen not as an end in itself but as part of the process of forming a Europe-wide economic union - the European Community - predicated on the promotion of “economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States”. For this reason, section 2 of this paper begins by comparing the intensity of international economic links to the intensity of internal economic links, with a particular emphasis on the extent to which currency factors explain the difference. Given the evidence on this issue, the paper proceeds to ask how much a monetary union is likely to enhance economic integration, and what the costs of such a policy are likely to be. Section 3 discusses the traditional literature on the topic, including a brief analysis of the factors considered most important by the European Commission, while section 4 discusses two recent influential ideas. The final section summarises the paper, and discusses the relevance of the literature to New Zealand. It concludes that the arguments and evidence in favour of New Zealand forming a monetary union are stronger than they have previously been.
It must be stressed that the paper is a review of the modern international literature examining economic integration and monetary union rather than an assessment of the costs and benefits of New Zealand forming a monetary union with another country. Nonetheless, the paper argues that a new assessment is in order, for the benefits of a monetary union seem greater than previously considered, and the costs much less. This conclusion is not an endorsement of a monetary union. It is not even clear whose currency should be preferred, although Australia and the United States are the most obvious choices. Nor is it clear that the formation of a monetary union is the most important policy option for a government wishing to enhance economic integration with the rest of the world. That said, the intellectual arguments favouring New Zealand forming a monetary union are stronger than before, and any new debate should be conducted cognizant of them.
- The Maastricht Treaty, Article 2.
2 Economic Integration#
During the last decade, several authors have explored how the degree of regional economic integration depends on whether different regions are in the same country or in different countries. This research has been undertaken in response to several different factors including Europe’s commitment to the Maastricht Treaty, increased academic interest in economic geography, large falls in transport and communication costs, and the availability of new data sets. The research has yet to reach definitive conclusions, but most of it suggests that national borders are considerably greater impediments to economic integration than had been previously imagined.
“Economic integration” does not have a single, straightforward definition, and two variants should be distinguished. The simplest case concerns commodities such as wheat which are sold in international auction markets and for which sales transactions are largely unaffected by the identity or characteristics of the producing firm. For such commodities, markets are integrated if people in different regions have access to the same goods at similar prices. A notable feature of these commodity markets is that they can be integrated without inter-regional trade being extensive, for a producer who usually sells into one region can substitute sales into another region very rapidly if necessary. The second case concerns producers who have limited ability to substitute sales between regions because sales are affected by such characteristics of the firm as its marketing strategy and its distribution chain. In this case, a second component needs to be added to the concept of spatial integration: in addition to prices being similar, products produced in one region must be routinely sold and used in other regions. Because most products and services are not sold anonymously through auctions, the second case is most important. For this reason, it is not generally sufficient to consider that regions are integrated because they have similar products at similar prices; rather, trade in these products is also necessary.
This section begins with a discussion of several issues pertaining to the integration of goods markets, before examining financial market integration. It ends with a short discussion of how economic integration can affect the location of output across space.
(a) Goods Market Integration#
(i) Trade Volumes, Prices, and Exchange Rate Volatility.
Until recently it has not been possible to examine how economic trade between different regions is affected by political borders because data on trade volumes within countries have not been collected. However, Statistics Canada now collects data measuring trade flows between each of the Canadian provinces, and also between the Canadian provinces and the different U.S. states. This data was first analysed by McCallum (1995), and subsequently by Helliwell (1996, 1998). Using 1988 data, McCallum found inter-provincial trade between any two Canadian provinces was approximately twenty times as great as trade between Canadian provinces and U.S. states, once distance and economic size are taken into account. The analysis of provincial “exports” shows that Canadian firms do not find U.S. destinations to be close substitutes for Canadian destinations; similar analysis for “import” flows shows that U.S. products are not close substitutes for Canadian products in Canadian provinces.
Helliwell (1998) confirmed McCallum’s result for 1988, 1989 and 1990. He also extended the analysis in three directions. First, he analysed the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Canada-U.S. trade by estimating how the home bias changed between 1990 and 1996. After the implementation of the agreement, the home bias fell steadily from a factor of twenty to a factor of twelve, where it remained from 1993 to 1996. While the decline shows the extent to which customs barriers deterred trade prior to 1990, the fact that it remains at such high levels shows that other aspects of the “border” - separate national institutions - are important.
Secondly, he analysed the border effects by industry. While the estimates were considerably less accurate, home bias was evident for all sectors, including the transport sector, although smaller for natural resource sectors than for others. The extent of the home bias in the transport sector is strange, for the 1965 Auto Pact between the U.S. and Canada instituted free trade in automobiles and automobile parts and all evidence suggests that trade in automobile parts between Michigan, Ontario and Quebec (the main producing regions) is now unaffected by the border. Further analysis showed that the home bias is only a factor in the other nine provinces, suggesting that the bias is a consequence of retail activity in the transport sector, perhaps because the distribution chains are organised along national lines.
Thirdly, Helliwell calculated the border effects by province. They were significantly higher in Eastern provinces than Western provinces; or as Helliwell (1998; p27) noted,
“ The ranking in border effects follows the ranking in terms of resource dependence, with the lowest border effects in the three western provinces with the largest concentration in the production and export of natural resource commodities.”
In conjunction with the analysis of sectors, Helliwell uses this data to suggest that home bias is more pronounced for regions where intra-industry trade, not inter-industry trade, is important.
This literature is still in its formative stages, and it is important not to generalise from the results of one country as to the relative size of intra-national and international trade. As Bayoumi (1997; pp104 – 108) notes, intra-provincial trade in Canada is only the same fraction of GDP as inter-European Community trade. Nonetheless, other evidence is broadly consistent with this result. Wei (1996) estimated a gravity model for OECD nations using a similar methodology as McCallum, and found that on average a country’s internal goods trade is ten times as large as its external trade, taking distance and economic size into account. A more sophisticated estimation procedure suggested that this ten-fold home-bias factor reduced to 2.5 once additional allowance was made for the fact that countries typically have much greater trade with countries which share a common land border and which speak the same language. Helliwell (1998) used similar methodology and found similar results, although his estimates of home bias taking language and land border effects into account are higher. He also explored the sensitivity of these estimates, and showed that they were sensitive to how authors estimated the average distance separating trading agents within countries. This raises some questions as to the reliability of Wei’s results as these distances are much less precisely known than the distances between major North American cities. Consequently, while the results of Wei, McCallum, and Helliwell point to the same phenomena - that there is a large home bias which means that trade within a country is several times as large as trade between countries - until there is more data it is premature to conclude exactly how large this bias is.
A substantial body of evidence shows there are large price wedges between the prices of the same good in different countries, and that these price wedges are greater than those within countries. This evidence has taken two forms. First, there is a vast empirical literature examining the behaviour of real exchange rates between countries which shows that real exchange rate movements tend to be large and persistent. A recent consensus suggests that the average half life of deviations from relative purchasing price parity between OECD countries is 4 - 5 years (see the reviews by Froot and Rogoff (1995) and Rogoff (1996)). The literature also shows that these slow rates of convergence are not just an aggregate phenomena but that prices for individuals goods and services vary widely between countries, and are slow to respond to each other.
Secondly, several recent papers analysing disaggregated price data in the United States and Canada show that price differences between these two countries tend to be larger than price differences within them (Engel (1993), Rogers and Jenkins (1995), Engel and Rogers (1995), Engel and Rogers (1996); and Parsley and Wei (1996)). The paper by Engel and Rogers (1996) is a good example. They calculated “disaggregated real exchange rate indices” using price index data disaggregated into seven sub-indices for fourteen US and eight Canadian cities. They found that the quarterly volatility of these relative price indices was higher on average for a pairing of one Canadian and one US city than for city pairs which were either both Canadian or both from the United States. They also found that the quarterly volatility of the relative price indices increased with the distance between the cities. The distance between Canadian and United States cities could not explain this additional volatility, however; rather, the additional volatility caused by the border was equivalent to a distance of at least 1800 miles. In line with their more general study (Engel and Rogers (1995)), they argue that the price volatility was in part due to exchange rate volatility, in part due to distance, and in part due to different distribution networks in different countries.
Since most countries have their own currency, it is natural to estimate the extent to which separate currency zones hamper economic integration. Two mechanisms are usually postulated: lower trade can occur because of the higher costs associated with the need to make currency transactions or because of the greater uncertainty associated with the possibility of future exchange rate changes. Despite business surveys which frequently suggest that exchange rate uncertainty has an adverse effect on trade and investment, it has proved difficult to quantify the importance of exchange rate uncertainty because there are few data sets available which allow a direct estimate of its effects. These difficulties have prevented the European Commission from reliably estimating the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on trade. Nonetheless, they have convincingly estimated that the elimination of currency transactions costs would save approximately 0.4% of European GDP (Emerson et al 1992).
There is a small, intermittent literature examining the effect of exchange rate volatility on trade volumes, but to date it has been inconclusive. Part of the problem has been that different authors have used different measurements of exchange rate volatility, with a consensus as to the best method yet to emerge. In particular, it has proved difficult to test whether long term exchange rate uncertainty has an adverse effect on trade.
Two studies have addressed this issue in a manner that is directly relevant to this paper. First, de Grauwe (1988) related the change in trade growth rates between the 1960s and the 1970s in a cross section of countries to a variety of variables including exchange rate volatility. He found that higher long term exchange rate volatility associated with flexible exchange rate regimes was a cause of lower trade growth in the latter period, adjusting for other factors. Secondly, Pozo (1992) found that trade volumes between the United Kingdom and the United States between 1900 and 1940 were lower in flexible exchange rate regimes than in fixed exchange rate regimes, and that these declines could be linked statistically to the greater exchange rate volatility in flexible exchange rate regimes. While both of these papers find that exchange rate uncertainty has a small negative effect on trade, this evidence is still far from conclusive. It may be the case that evidence of this kind is not capable of answering the qualitatively different question ‘what is the effect of freeing economic agents from the need to worry about the exchange rate at all?’ The adoption of the Euro will provide more evidence in due course. Until then, however, it seems unlikely that economists will be able to make convincing estimates of the extent to which currency unification enhances goods market integration.
- McCallum estimated a “gravity” model in which trade flows between regions are regressed against the size of each region’s GDP and the distance between them. They are known as gravity models because of the parallel with gravitation attraction between two objects.
- An example helps to make this “home bias” concrete: Washington State and British Columbia are the same distance from Ontario, but exports from Ontario to British Columbia were twelve times those to Washington despite the gross domestic product of Washington being a third larger than that of British Columbia.
- See the discussion in Coleman and Daglish (1998)
- This figure represents the minimum distance equivalent, using 95 percent confidence intervals. If the mean estimate is used, the distance equivalent of the border is 75000 miles; in other words, crossing a border seems to introduce a qualitatively different amount of volatility into inter city price volatility. If this estimate were applied to Australia and New Zealand, it would suggest, at a minimum, that it is as if New Zealand were twice as far from Australia as it actually is.
- Dell’Ariccia (1998) has recently estimated the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on inter-European trade. He suggests that the elimination of exchange rate uncertainty from 1994 levels would increase trade by 3 – 4 percent, which he considers a small amount. His paper is notable for using panel data estimation techniques and for taking simultaneity bias into account.
- Several recent authors have argued that modelling exchange rate volatility using a GARCH process is inherently more sensible than calculating a rolling standard deviation. See Arize (1997), Caporale and Doroodian (1994), and Pozo (1992). All of these authors have found that exchange rate volatility, measured by a GARCH process, reduces trade flows.
- Most empirical studies have examined the effect of short term exchange rate volatility on trade flows, not the effect of long term exchange rate volatility on trade flows.
- The two periods were 1960 – 1969 and 1973 – 1984.
(ii) Goods Market Integration and New Zealand.
The effects of home bias are more important for small countries than they are for large countries as small countries have a smaller number of internal producers and therefore fewer gains from internal trade. For this reason, small countries should have a much larger fraction of external trade than large countries, a result confirmed by statistical analysis (Helliwell 1998). Unfortunately, there are no international statistics indicating the fraction of a country’s economic activity which is exported, although it is generally true that small countries have gross exports which are a larger fraction of GDP than large countries. By the standards of small wealthy countries, New Zealand has a low level of goods trade, and therefore appears to use trade to compensate for its small size less than other small countries. In fact, the median level of goods trade by small wealthy countries is 30 percent higher than in New Zealand.
Country | Population | 1/2 (X+M)/GDP |
Singapore | 3.0m | 1.36 |
Ireland | 3.6m | 0.59 |
New Zealand |
3.6m | 0.22 |
Norway | 4.4m | 0.26 |
Denmark | 5.0m | 0.27 |
Finland | 5.1m | 0.28 |
Israel | 5.8m | 0.37 |
Country | Population | 1/2 (X+M)/GDP |
Switzerland | 7.0m | 0.27 |
Austria | 8.1m | 0.27 |
Sweden | 8.9m | 0.29 |
Portugal | 9.9m | 0.29 |
Greece | 10.0m | 0.21 |
Belgium | 10.0m | 0.61 |
Netherlands | 15.0m | 0.47 |
Gross trade openness, 1/2(X+M)/GDP is the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP. This is not the theoretically best measure of openness, as it does not indicate the measure of value added traded as a fraction of GDP. These figures are not available, however. Data is from OECD for countries other than Singapore and Israel; the latter data comes from the IMF.
Much of New Zealand’s low trade ratio is presumably a function of its distance from trade partners, although there is weak evidence that New Zealand still trades little for its size even accounting for distance (Wei, 1995). Whatever the explanation, the combination of low levels of international trade and a small domestic market means that New Zealand is likely to be obtaining relatively few of the benefits of specialisation and trade.
Australia is New Zealand’s largest trading partner, especially for non-commodity goods. It is not possible to ascertain whether New Zealand is as economically integrated with Australia as the separate Australian states are integrated with each other, for inter-state trade data does not exist. Nonetheless, there is evidence that pricing behaviour in New Zealand is quite different to pricing behaviour in the different states: while price changes typically occur simultaneously in the different states, there is little relationship between New Zealand and Australian prices for many retail goods (Coleman and Daglish, 1998). This is true even for goods which are only produced in Australia but also sold in New Zealand. Much of the difference in pricing behaviour is caused by exchange rate changes being slow to be passed through into prices. While this evidence does not show that trade between New Zealand and Australia is less than trade within Australia, it is consistent with the international price evidence that shows that national borders have a large effect on pricing decisions. The different pricing behaviour means that during the last 30 years real exchange rate volatility between Australia and New Zealand has been ten times as large as real exchange rate volatility between the different states. In the last 5 years real exchange rate volatility between Australia and New Zealand has diminished substantially, but is still greater than between the separate Australian states.
- Helliwell notes that the extent to which small countries export more than large countries is even greater than would be predicted by simple linear gravity models, and suggests that this additional trade is to take advantage of economies of scale not available domestically.
- The fraction of a country’s economic activity which is exported is equal to gross exports minus the imported component of exports.
- The real exchange rate between states is measured as the ratio of the state consumer price indices. See Coleman and Daglish (1998).
(b) Financial Market Integration#
Financial markets are also more integrated within countries than they are between countries. While the reasons for the different degree of integration are not entirely clear, currency issues are an important factor. Given that low financial market integration can be quite costly for agents living in small currency zones, economists have identified enhanced financial market integration as one of the main benefits of a monetary union.
Economists have identified three consequences of financial market integration:
- when finance markets are fully integrated, prices for similar assets in different regions are the same (except for trivial transactions costs);
- when finance markets are fully integrated, agents in different regions have access to and use financial assets from different regions to save, borrow, invest, and insure; and
- when both finance markets and goods markets are integrated, local saving and local investment decisions should be independent, and the capital account position should smoothly adjust to offset desired current account positions.
It should be stressed that both goods market and financial market integration are necessary for full economic integration, as any desired current account position entails the simultaneous exchange of financial assets. Consequently, if local people prefer to exchange financial instruments with other local people rather than with outsiders, goods market flows will be impeded.
(i) Microeconomic Issues in Financial Market Integration.
Bayoumi (1997) provides a thorough review of the literature on financial market integration, splitting the topic into its microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects. He argues that international financial markets are now highly integrated in the sense that prices for the same wholesale instruments are similar around the world. There is little difference in the price of US bonds in Chicago, New York, London, or Tokyo, for instance, although this has not always been the case.
While the price of identical financial assets is similar in different countries, agents in different countries purchase and use quite different assets. This contrasts the behaviour of agents in different locations in the same country, who appear to purchase and use similar assets. In part, this is because not all financial assets are available to people in different countries; in particular, poor agents may not be able to borrow in foreign currencies, as the local banking systems will not typically issue small value foreign currency loans. These asymmetries contribute to people having a pronounced home bias in the assets they hold. This is true in both debt-type instruments, which are overwhelmingly denominated in the home currency, and equity-type instruments.
A home bias in debt instruments means that people predominantly borrow and lend in their own currencies. This behaviour has the natural “insurance” advantage that variations in the value of the currency are offset with changes in the value of labour earnings and the cost of consumption, and consequently this home bias is likely to reflect risk aversion. This bias may have two disadvantages for people living in small currency zones. First, borrowers and lenders are limited to diversify over a smaller number of people, and thus are exposed to a greater amount of credit risk. Most New Zealanders currently lend to other New Zealanders, for instance, because there are few other people in the world who want to borrow New Zealand dollars. Secondly, since real interest rates differ across currency zones, people living in a small currency zone which is a capital importing region may face a high risk premium and thus high interest rates compared to the situation that they had a monetary union with a larger country.
The second issue warrants further comment. If people located outside the currency zone demand a currency risk premium in addition to a geographic risk premium to lend to people located inside the currency zone, the residents of the currency zone will be required to pay an additional premium to borrow if they are net debtors to the rest of the world (for a formal model investigating currency premiums see Carlson and Osler 1996). Because most currencies are national, there is little direct empirical evidence of differences in currency risk premiums and geographic risk premiums. However, geographic risk premiums in common currency zones are typically very small, whereas risk premiums between currency zones are typically large, suggesting that most of the risk is currency risk. Moreover, in small countries such as Austria or Netherlands which have fixed their currency to larger countries (Germany), interest rates in the smaller currency have converged to interest rates in the large country, often despite quite disparate economic indicators such as government deficit levels (Genberg 1990; Emerson et al 1992; Tatom and Proske 1994). If New Zealand borrowers are primarily facing a currency risk premium rather than a country risk premium, adopting another currency will lower the risk premium they pay. Given the high real interest rates New Zealanders have been required to pay over the last decade, this could be a substantial benefit to the economy.
Because equity price volatility is greater than currency volatility, it seems less plausible to attribute a home bias in equities to currency risk than it does to attribute home bias in debt instruments. Nonetheless, home bias in equities is pronounced, and is a facet of the lack of integration between countries (French and Poterba 1991).
It is clear that the degree of home bias is falling over time, as people in most countries hold an increasingly large fraction of their portfolios in foreign instruments. Still, the degree to which most portfolios are home biased is enormous, and if this bias partly reflects currency concerns an enlargement of a nation’s currency zone will improve welfare by reducing the degree of home bias.
(ii) Macroeconomic Issues in Financial Market Integration.
The basis of the macroeconomic literature examining financial market integration is the Feldstein-Horioka result (Feldstein and Horioka, 1980). They found that domestic savings rates are typically highly correlated with domestic investment rates, suggesting that there is not a large degree of international financial market integration, for if there were savings decisions in one location would be independent of investment decisions in that location. This result was of considerable surprise, as most economists had thought that international capital markets were substantially integrated. While the degree to which national savings and national investment are correlated is declining over time, the result still largely stands: in aggregate, countries do not seem to use financial markets to fully separate savings and investment decisions. (See Bayoumi (1997), or Lewis (1995) for a discussion.) One implication is that countries do not use international financial markets as much as they could to diversify risk and smooth consumption shocks. Another implication is that capital account issues provide some constraints on the current account positions that countries can run.
There are two types of evidence indicating that geographic borders and separate currencies limit international financial market integration. First, personal savings and investment decisions are basically uncorrelated in separate regions within countries, in contrast to the high degree of correlation between countries, implying a high degree of capital market integration within countries. (See the summary in Bayoumi 1997 (chapter 3) for this literature; also Helliwell and McKitrick (1998) and Helliwell (1998) for a more recent analysis of the Canadian provincial data.) This evidence is supported by an analysis of cross-country savings and investment flows during the Gold Standard era prior to 1914. During this period exchange rates were fixed and capital was highly mobile, and the correlation between savings and investment in different countries was considerably smaller than it is now (Bayoumi 1990). This evidence is interesting as it suggests that the issue is not only one of international borders, but of exchange rate regimes as well. The current relatively low degree of international capital mobility corresponds to the relative importance placed on international current account imbalances. Internal current account positions are not measured or cared about; and during the Gold Standard era countries maintained large current account deficits or surpluses for extended periods of time.
The second body of evidence concerns the extent of risk sharing between countries and risk sharing within countries. In theory, people should be able to use capital markets to both borrow and lend in the face of income shocks, and to insure against income fluctuation. Either way, consumption should be less volatile than income. The international data shows that there is not much international risk sharing of this sort: local consumption tends to be highly correlated with local GDP, and little correlated with consumption in other countries. This appears to be a major anomaly, if we assume a world of risk averse agents, for there appear to be significant welfare gains from wider risk sharing (van Wincoop, 1994). There is growing evidence that risk sharing between countries is considerably smaller than risk sharing between regions within countries, suggesting that borders matter. (Bayoumi and Klein, 1997, analysing Canada; Asdrubali, Sorensen, and Yosha (1996) analysing the United States). This data also suggests that risk sharing of capital income is much more affected by the border than risk sharing of labour income, for the simple fact that little labour income risk tends to be shared using capital markets within countries or between countries. This data is clearly consistent with the other evidence that savings is less correlated with investment within countries than it is between countries.
The extent to which the differences in intra-national capital flows and international capital flows are caused by border issues rather than currency zone issues is not clear. However, there are reasonable grounds for believing that currency zones are a major part of the story. Certainly the evidence of the high degree of capital market integration during the Gold Standard era supports this interpretation. Moreover, it seems reasonable to suppose that capital flows within countries are mobile because transfers within the banking system of a single currency zone are more or less automatic. Consequently, it seems likely that a country that chooses to have its own currency chooses to limit the extent to which it enjoys capital market integration and risk sharing - and that these costs are likely to be higher for small countries than for large countries because of the low degree of risk diversification available in a small country.
(c) Economic Integration and the Location of Economic Activity#
In the last decade, a large literature has emerged analysing the effects of increased economic integration on the spatial distribution of employment and output. This literature has demonstrated that even if a country promotes greater international integration to reduce home bias, increase trade, and increase specialisation, the benefits of integration will not necessarily flow to residents remaining in the country. Rather, a region can decline following increased integration with another region either because of a migration of resources from one region to another, or because of the detrimental effect of increased competition on local firms. For this reason, while policy makers have generally viewed measures taken to enhance integration as a “good thing”, some caveats should be noted.
Most of the literature examining this issue has been based upon models of industries with increasing returns to scale operating under conditions of imperfect competition. These models suggest that such industries will limit production to a few locations, because of economies of scale, and that these locations will be in regions with the best market access such as large cities. Wages in these regions will be high, and these regions will become net exporters of goods subject to increasing returns. When transaction costs fall, new and existing firms may choose a new location. There are two countervailing forces affecting where firms choose to locate. As transactions costs fall from high levels to intermediate levels, the benefits of increasing returns to scale dominate, leading to a shift to regions with better market access (the core). As they fall further, these costs cease to matter as much and the disadvantages of high wages in the centre offset the returns to scale and some firms relocate back to the periphery. Consequently, at some stages of a decline in transaction costs it is possible that the periphery region will lose high paying jobs to the core region.
The evidence on these theories is mixed. Krugman (1993) argues that the lower transaction costs and higher labour mobility in the USA compared to Europe is reflected in the greater regional concentration and specialisation of manufacturing industries. Other authors analysing the manufacturing and agriculture sectors have supported this observation, but it does not appear to be true for all industries. Labour market mobility appears to be a crucial factor, because if people are mobile they are more likely to migrate out of a region with low employment than companies and jobs are likely to migrate in, speeding up forces favouring large agglomerations.
The New Zealand economy is more integrated with the Australian economy than any other, and it is reasonable to consider cities such as Sydney or Melbourne as the local “core”, and smaller cities such as Brisbane, Auckland or New Plymouth as the periphery, particularly as international evidence suggests that large cities tend to be more productive than small cities (Ciccone and Hall, 1996). Decreases in transactions costs already cause a relocation of economic activity around New Zealand, and between New Zealand and the rest of the world, and there is no reason to believe that increasing economic integration further would be any different. Some New Zealand industries would move overseas, and some overseas industries would move to New Zealand. In general, policy makers in New Zealand have proceeded as if falling transaction costs and lower barriers to trade will be good for New Zealand residents, not bad. In the absence of research demonstrating that closer integration will be detrimental to New Zealand, the assumption that closer integration is beneficial to New Zealand has been maintained in this paper.
- When markets have capital controls, asset prices are different in different locations. Bayoumi (1997, p13–15) demonstrates the effect of the abolition of exchange controls in Japan and the UK in 1978/1979; interest rate differentials for the same instrument fell from 2 – 3 percent to close to zero.
- It is not possible to get a residential house mortgage in Australian dollars (or other foreign currencies) in New Zealand, for instance, even though most banks in New Zealand are Australian owned. The parent banks located in Australia will not provide an Australian dollar mortgage for a house located in New Zealand either. While it possible to borrow New Zealand dollars in New Zealand and take an offsetting forward position on the futures market, this process involves considerable expense in terms of the need to provide a margin deposit, and pay a fee every so often to roll over the contract. In addition, the contracts tend to be issued in large units, and the purchaser always needs to have sufficient liquidity to meet margin requirements if necessary. In situations such as these, the implicit price of a foreign currency loan is very different in different locations.
- Agents in different locations can typically hold positive quantities of the same assets, however.
- The European Monetary Union will provide this evidence.
- This is a suggestion, not proof. An alternative explanation is that between country risk premiums are due to the power of national governments to undertake policies which either mess up the economy or prevent the repatriation of capital.
- From 1990 to 1997, real short term interest rates in New Zealand have been 1.1 per cent higher than in Australia, 1.9 per cent higher than the UK, 3 per cent higher than Germany, 4.3 per cent higher than the USA and 4.5 per cent higher than Japan despite having the second lowest inflation rate of this group.
- Of course, it may be the case that this benefit partly involves transferring some of the country risk premium to other members of the new currency zone. If so, it would not necessarily the case that the residents of the incumbent currency zone would be in favour of New Zealand’s entry.
- Despite the evidence that in most countries national savings and investment are correlated, it may be the case that the level of saving does not influence the level of investment in New Zealand. Karacaoglu and Roseveare (1987) found no correlation between investment and domestic savings in New Zealand between 1951 and 1986. In the subsequent decade New Zealand current account deficits have been large and variable, also consistent which the idea that domestic savings may not constrain New Zealand investment.
- However, see Irwin (1996) for a slightly different interpretation. Irwin acknowledges that capital market integration was high during the Gold Standard era, but notes there were only a few varieties of securities which were heavily traded. In contrast, there are a much greater range and number of securities traded internationally currently.
- However, it is not possible to conclude that the issue is only about exchange rate regimes. The role of Government in economies was much smaller during the Gold Standard era than it is now, and it is not clear that Governments considered that they had a legitimate role to intervene in the international gold market for domestic policy reasons. In contrast, Governments of modern economies do worry about the current account position, and can find an intellectual history to justify intervention if they wish. If there is some risk that Governments will impose capital controls in the future, even within a common currency zone, it may be the case that financial markets treat international financial transactions differently to internal financial transactions because of the risk of future Government intervention. See Bayoumi 1997 for a discussion of this point.
- Bayoumi (1990) notes that the average current account position of the UK for the period 1880 – 1913 was +4.5 % of GDP, while in Australia it was –3.7% of GDP, and in Canada it was –7.7% of GDP.
- Fiscal transfers seem to be a more important means of smoothing fluctuations in labour income.
- Bayoumi (1997 p70) summarises similarly :
- Krugman 1991; Rivera-Batiz and Xie (1993); Krugman and Venables 1995; Venables 1996; and the review essays Venables 1998 and Kohno, Nijkamp and Poot (1998)
- This issue can presumably be pursued further by examining the effect that clustering in Sydney and Melbourne has on rest of Australia. Neri (1998) tentatively suggests that such effects may be an explanation of the out-performance of the Victorian and New South Wales economies relative to those of the other states in the last decade.
- The distinction between residents and citizens is important. Even if people remaining in New Zealand were worse off after closer integration, it would not necessarily be a disadvantage to all New Zealanders, as some will migrate to take advantage of the higher wages in the benefiting regions.
- European policymakers have also been conscious of this issue. They have largely concluded that while some regions will suffer from greater integration across Europe, these regions would have suffered from greater integration within the separate countries in any case. Put more concretely, the decline of Huddersfield is mainly due to dynamics within England which promote the expansion of London, not to the greater integration between England and the rest of Europe.
3 Optimal Currency Areas: The Traditional Literature#
“I would suggest that the issue of optimum currency areas, or, more broadly, that of choosing an exchange rate regime, should be regarded as the central intellectual question of international monetary economics. We have formulated this question well enough to agree that it is a matter of trading off macroeconomic flexibility against microeconomic efficiency. Unfortunately, we are not completely happy with the way we model the macroeconomic side, and we have no way at all at present to model the microeconomics.” Krugman (1995)
While forming a monetary union with another country is likely to enhance economic integration between the two countries, there are costs and benefits from such a decision. The relative sizes of these costs and benefits have been explored in the optimal currency literature. This literature began in the 1960s, and has had a second flowering in the 1990s. While there have been some new theoretical insights, unfortunately these have been limited and still have not tackled the most important question, namely the microeconomic benefits of joining a different currency zone. These questions remain tied up in issues of transactions costs and bounded rationality, which economists have found difficult to tackle in a convincing manner. Nonetheless, any decision to adopt a monetary union in order to promote economic integration, as the Europeans have taken, must address the monetary policy issue of substituting a permanently fixed exchange rate for a flexible one.
New Zealand officials have spent relatively little time grappling with this “central intellectual question” since the New Zealand dollar was floated in 1985. There was a brief flourish of articles examining the desirability of New Zealand forming a currency link with Australia in the early 1990s (Lloyd 1990; Vandersyp 1990; Wheeler 1990, Grimmond 1991), but none of the authors saw much benefit from abandoning the current flexible exchange rate arrangements and interest in the subject waned.
(a) The Traditional Literature#
The optimal currency literature had its first flush in the 1960s (Mundell (1961), MacKinnon (1963)). The basic framework of the literature has changed little since then, and the key question can be posed as follows:
What are the key economic factors that would lead a geographic region to issue its own currency rather than adopt the currency and monetary policy of another region?
It is widely acknowledged that the optimal size of a currency area depends on the trade-off of microeconomic efficiency against macroeconomic flexibility. The efficiency costs of a region issuing its own currency include the increase in transactions costs associated with a greater number of foreign exchange transactions and an increase in price uncertainty associated with the use of a separate unit of account. To the extent that these transactions costs and price uncertainties reduce trade, there will be fewer gains from economic specialisation. The macroeconomic flexibility gains of a separate currency are twofold. First, monetary independence allows the region to choose its own inflation rate. Secondly, monetary independence enables a region to stabilise output in the face of regionally specific economic shocks by revaluing its currency and altering relative wages and prices.
In practice, the question has not been answered on geographical grounds at all as until recently most nations have had their own currencies. This has meant that most people in the world have lived in a large currency zone, as most people live in large countries. Being a small country, New Zealand is both usual as a country in having its own currency, and unusual as a geographical region which is not part of a larger currency zone. This would suggest that New Zealand is unlikely to be an optimal currency zone unless country specific factors dominate geographic factors. It is worth noting that many other small countries have responded to this tension by fixing their currency to a larger currency, either to the U.S. dollar (Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia) or to the mark (Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark, and less tightly, Ireland, Finland, and Portugal.) A flexible exchange rate is not a dominant choice for small economies.
(i) Benefits of Monetary Independence
The first main benefit of a country maintaining its monetary independence is the ability to choose its own inflation rate. Although this was important in the past, it is probably of secondary importance now, as most countries have low inflation due to improvements in central bank technology. It may be important if a country has an extreme aversion to price increases, and is unwilling to accept the inflation rate implicit in adopting a different currency. It is to be noted that low productivity countries entering a monetary union with a high productivity country will experience higher inflation rates as their productivity levels converge, as has happened in Hong Kong and Ireland recently (Balassa 1964).
Secondly, monetary independence potentially enables a region to stabilise output in the face of regionally specific economic shocks by revaluing its currency and altering relative wages and prices. The benefit of a currency revaluation depends on prices and wages being sticky, for if prices are sticky a negative demand shock to exports will result in a reduction of output and employment in the rest of the economy. Under these circumstances, a currency depreciation will engineer a decline in local wages relative to the foreign wages, increasing price competitiveness and reducing the output effects of the economic shock. For this reason, currency flexibility is potentially useful in three categories of situations:
- where shocks are regionally specific;
- where alternative mechanisms for adjusting to shocks are weak; and
- where exchange rate changes are effective as a means of alleviating idiosyncratic shocks.
Most of the traditional debate about currency zones has tended to be fractured along these lines. It is worth elaborating some of the issues that have arisen. In the first category, the major issue has concerned the extent to which a regional economy has a narrow industrial structure, and the extent to which shocks are sector specific. This issue has been surprisingly contentious, for although increased economic integration tends to lead to increased localised specialisation, this does not necessarily mean that shocks become more regionally idiosyncratic. For example, a region which used to make tyres and engines but which now just makes tyres is still equally exposed to the vehicle market.
The second category has been the prime focus of the debate. The extent to which an economic shock will affect income and output in a fixed exchange rate regime depends on wage and price flexibility, factor mobility (particularly labour mobility) across sectors and regions, and the degree to which there is income smoothing from private capital markets and from government transfers. Clearly these mechanisms work in quite different ways. The first mechanism induces compensating output changes through changes in relative prices, while the second induces compensating output changes through inward or outward migration of people or firms. The third mechanism does not ameliorate the employment and output effects on the affected sector, but by providing alternative sources of income mitigates the extent to which income shocks flow through to other sectors. If these mechanisms do not work effectively, the case for using exchange rate movements to stabilise output increases, assuming output stabilisation is a goal of the government or the central bank.
The final category is also important because under some circumstances an exchange rate will not be an effective means of adjusting to shocks. For a depreciation to work, workers in unaffected sectors must suffer money illusion or be willing to take real wage reductions; this is less likely the more open an economy is, for then a given depreciation will be converted to a greater cut in real wages. More generally, the effectiveness of an exchange rate change in alleviating an economic shock will depend on the industrial structure of the economy, and whether the shocks are industry specific or regional. If countries receive a similar shock, for instance, a collective exchange rate depreciation is not possible.
(ii) The Benefits of Monetary Union
The major benefits of a monetary union are the decrease in transactions costs associated with a fewer number of foreign exchange transactions and a decrease in price uncertainty associated with the use of a more widely used unit of account. As discussed in Section 2, the value of the latter benefit in both goods markets and financial markets has proved very difficult to pin down empirically; in essence it is the value of providing unlimited foreign exchange hedging across all maturities free of charge.
(b) The European Assessment#
Obviously, most European countries have decided that the benefits of a monetary union outweigh the costs. It may have been the case that economic arguments were not the deciding factor in Europe’s decision to adopt a single currency, for the political drive for unification has been very strong: memories of the depressions and wars of the first half of this century have been a vital factor in the drive for political, economic, and social union. For these reasons, European decision makers may have placed a much greater weight on the benefits of integration that stem from monetary union than they did on any associated costs. Nonetheless, while their decision may not be completely relevant to other countries, many aspects of the decision are of interest.
First, the separate countries were comfortable with a pan-European inflation target, and with the monetary institutions set up to ensure the target is met (the European Central Banking System). While it is acknowledged that individual countries may have rates of price change different from the European average, this is not seen as a problem.
A second anticipated benefit from the adoption of the euro was the perceived cost reduction stemming from the elimination of currency transactions costs, and the additional indirect benefits associated with the elimination of exchange rate comparisons and exchange rate uncertainty. The direct costs were estimated to be 0.4 percent of GDP per year; in addition, it was estimated that the European economy would grow by an additional 7 percent over ten years as a result of increased competition resulting from enhanced economic integration and more transparent pricing behaviour across Europe.
Thirdly, most European countries discounted the costs of losing exchange rate flexibility, arguing that the potential for stabilisation is offset in practice by destabilising movements in the exchange rate. This argument was forcefully put in Emerson et al (1992), and has several components. First, it was argued that exchange rate flexibility within Europe is only useful if shocks are regionally specific, and that exchange rate flexibility in the face of European wide shocks is likely to lead to “beggar thy neighbour” depreciation attempts. Secondly, it was argued that economic integration will make regionally specific shocks less likely, because increased specialisation through product differentiation will make sectoral shocks less regionally specific rather than more regionally specific. Thirdly, it is argued that other adjustment means, particularly wage and price flexibility, will become more important as firms respond to new competitive pressures. In addition, greater capital mobility will enable the easy financing of temporary external imbalances. Fourthly, there is considerable scepticism that monetary independence stabilises economies, for while flexible exchange rates enable countries to adjust to shocks, they are also seen as a cause of shocks in themselves. Finally, it was observed that since in practice most European countries had already given up exchange rate flexibility within the European Monetary System, there was little additional cost to forming a full monetary union.
- Krugman, Paul R. (1995) What Do We Need to Know about the International Monetary System? pp 509 – 529 in
- With the exception of Denmark, these countries have now joined the European Monetary Union and thus given up monetary independence. Denmark has reserved the right to enter the monetary union.
- Ordinarily, choosing the currency of a different region would mean choosing the same inflation rate, although this need not be the case if the region starts with a quite different productivity level. A good example is that of Hong Kong, which has had a fixed exchange rate with the United States since 1983. During this time its GDP deflator has increased by an average of 8.3 percent per year, compared to a 3.5 per cent increase in the US. The difference is largely attributable to the much faster annual per capita GDP growth rate of 5.1 per cent rather than 1.8 per cent in the U.S., as Hong Kong productivity levels have caught up with those in the U.S. It is worth contrasting this experience with that of Singapore, which had a managed exchange rate through the period. Annual GDP inflation in Singapore was 2.8 percent during this period, while per capita growth rates were 6.2 per cent. In contrast to the fixed Hong Kong exchange rate, the Singapore dollar appreciated against the US dollar by an average of 3.4 per cent per year.
- The European System of Central Banks comprises the new European Central Bank and the existing national central banks. The governing body of the European Central Bank will decide the stance of monetary policy, while the other central banks will implement it. The governing body of the European Central Bank comprises six executives of the European Central Bank and the governors of the other eleven central banks, with decisions decided by majority vote. The president of the European Central Bank has the casting vote. The Bank is designed to be independent from political directives. The Maastricht Treaty stipulated the primary objective of the European Central Bank to be the maintenance of price stability.
- This contention has been debated by Krugman (1993), who argues that economic integration will lead to greater regional concentration in Europe, as it has in the USA. Subsequent analysis suggests that manufacturing and agriculture will become more regionally specialised, but not other sectors. See Bayoumi 1997.
- A distrust of exchange rate variability has long been a hallmark of European exchange rate policy, being, for example, the primary principle behind the European Monetary System (1979).
(c) Unsolved Issues in the Literature#
The literature is still rather informal by modern economics standards. There are two major reasons for this:
- the literature revolves around monetary issues concerning transactions costs and bounded rationality which are poorly understood even within a single economy setting; and
- the advantages and disadvantages of flexible exchange rates are very difficult to model. Under many circumstances, exchange rate flexibility is precisely the appropriate response to an underlying economic shock. Under other circumstances, excessive exchange rate volatility is the cause of economic problems. It is difficult to model the process by which exchange rates and other prices may be excessively volatile as explanations rely on a mixture of bounded rationality and costly information gathering and processing.
These difficulties of the literature should not be underestimated. Monetary economics does not fit well into a neo-classical economic framework precisely because it is about economic frictions and the institutions used to overcome them. For instance, a medium of exchange is used to minimise transactions costs (including the cost of determining someone else’s credit worthiness), and a unit of account is used to minimise the difficulties of comparing relative prices due to limited rationality. Because the economics of these issues are not well understood within a traditional framework - a closed economy with a government issued fiat currency - it is difficult to model their importance within a wider framework that tries to analyse the costs and benefits of having different currencies in different regions. Consequently, it is very difficult to specify the integration benefits of enlarging a currency zone, because there is little formal understanding of why money is so useful. Adopting another currency has a cost (the increased difficulty of adjusting relative prices) and a benefit (the decreased uncertainty of the value of the national currency), both of which depend on the unit of account role of money and thus which involve bounded rationality. Without better ways to model these phenomena, economists have struggled to estimate the costs and benefits of a monetary union (Krugman, 1992).
These modelling difficulties have tended to bias the debate, for while the literature has a relatively good idea of the costs of currency union, it has little idea of the benefits of a currency union, which concern the specialisation benefits from greater monetary integration. In addition, it is much easier to point out how an exchange rate may help adjustment to an exogenous real shock than it is to argue that seemingly random exchange rate movements are a cause of economic shocks. These characteristics of the problem have meant that most of the literature has focussed on the costs of monetary union rather than the benefits of monetary union. Nonetheless, in the last decade there have been several developments that have undermined the traditional arguments that flexible exchange rates help stabilise the economy. Two of the most important of these arguments are outlined below.
4 Optimal Currency Areas: New Aspects of the Literature#
(a) Harmonisation of Business Cycles#
One of the supposed major advantages of maintaining a separate currency is the ability to smooth business cycle fluctuations through independent and counter-cyclical monetary policy. For this reason it is often argued that a necessary criteria for entering into a monetary union is that there is a high degree of correlation of business cycles between the partner countries. This question is obviously empirical, and there have been several estimates of the degree to which business cycles in different countries are correlated. As Frankel and Rose (1998) point out, however, these exercises are potentially rather uninformative as the extent to which business cycles across regions are correlated will depend on the extent to which they trade, and the extent to which they have synchronised monetary policy. Again this is an empirical question, but if monetary union leads to greater trade, and greater trade leads to a greater correlation of business activity, entering a monetary union will enhance the harmonisation of the two regions’ business cycles.
Frankel and Rose estimate the degree to which business cycle harmonisation depends on trade using cross-country data between 1959 and 1993. They find a clear positive relationship: countries that trade more have more highly correlated business cycles. From this they make the following observations:
“Some countries may appear, on the basis of historical data, to be poor candidates for EMU entry. But EMU entry per se, for whatever reason, may provide a substantial impetus for trade expansion; this in turn may result in more highly correlated business cycles. That is, a country is more likely to satisfy the criteria for entry into a currency union ex post than ex ante.” (Frankel and Rose, 1998, p1024)
In short, a country forming a monetary union with another country will have a reduced need for a separate monetary policy. It should be stressed that this argument is presented in the context of countries using monetary policy to offset real economic shocks. The principle has wider ramifications, however, because if monetary policy is a cause of economic shocks, forming a monetary union will eliminate this cause of asynchronous cyclical fluctuations.
(b) Flexible Exchange Rates as a Cause of Shocks#
The major theoretical development in this literature in the last decade has concerned the working of asset markets when financial markets are incomplete. This issue is important for the optimal currency area literature because it suggests and formalises reasons why a separate currency can be welfare reducing. The main insight is that if the value of a currency is determined by factors unrelated to economic fundamentals, the use of the currency distorts the ability of agents to enter contracts aimed at reducing the fundamental risk they face. If the “noisiness” of the currency is sufficiently great, agents forced to use the currency will be worse off than if they were able to use a different currency. This idea, expressed as a concern that flexible exchange rates are a cause of economic shocks as well as a means of adjusting to economic shocks, is one of the main reasons forwarded by the European Commission for forming a monetary union.
There are four components to this literature:
- reasons why financial markets are incomplete;
- reasons why financial asset values can deviate from fundamentals;
- reasons why noisily priced assets can be welfare reducing;
- reasons why such assets would continue to be used even when they are welfare reducing in the aggregate.
Each step relies on some combination of transaction costs, information asymmetry, or bounded rationality, and thus involves some reasonably complex arguments and modelling techniques.
(i) Incomplete Markets
It is quite obvious that financial markets are incomplete - that there do not exist financial assets that agents can use to contract for the delivery of different types of goods in all possible different states of the world in all future time periods. It is also somewhat obvious that the incompleteness of these markets is the result of people’s limited ability to deal with uncertainty, their limited ability to process information, and the expense of writing and enforcing contracts. Market incompleteness means that people can not perfectly insure themselves against future random events, but they can enter some financial contracts, and accumulate different types of monetary assets, to provide themselves with limited insurance. The combination of limited rationality and information and the potential difficulty of enforcing contracts with others means that agents tend to use only those assets which are the easiest to use, about which they can most confidently predict the future state contingent values, and whose consequence for the parties involved can be predicted with relative accuracy. In practice this means using a small number of financial contracts to provide nominal purchasing power in the future, and then using spot commodity markets to convert purchasing power into goods.
One of the prime contracts that agents use to allocate income into the future are simple monetary contracts that deliver one nominal unit at a specified time. The real value of these contracts in different locations will of course depend on prices in different locations in the future. These prices will depend on various aspects of the state of the world, including the geographic distribution of the contracts entered into by other people. For this reason, the relative value of different currencies in different states of the world will clearly have a major effect on agent’s welfare. Consequently, forward planning agents who are trying to choose the mix of contracts that best suits their risk preferences in the face of different types of shocks will be best served if the values of different currencies in different circumstances are reasonably predictable. Put differently, the usefulness of different currencies will be enhanced if their actual value in different states of the world is as close as possible to their predicted values in these states. Consequently, a desirable quality for a currency is that its value can be predicted as a function of various fundamental macroeconomic variables.
(ii) Noisy Asset Values
In the last two decades there has been considerable debate among economists as to whether the values of a variety of types of assets can be adequately explained by fundamental considerations, or whether asset values are in some sense excessively volatile. While it is not possible to prove one way or the other, there is a growing consensus among economists that exchange rates are excessively volatile, and that there is little short term relationship between exchange rates and economic fundamentals even if exchange rates eventually reflect fundamental factors in the longer term. Three types of evidence are presented:
- here is almost no useful relationship between fundamentals such as relative inflation rates or interest rate differentials in the short and medium terms even though in the long term ¾ a period five years or more - some fundamentals appear to explain long term exchange rate movements;
- macroeconomic models appear incapable of out-forecasting a random walk model at short and medium term horizons, even when actual future values of the macroeconomic variables are used in the forecasts;
- the volatility of all real variables except the real exchange rate seem to be unaffected by the exchange regime..
These points are amplified in Appendix 1.
If macroeconomic models cannot be used to forecast the exchange rate, except in the longer term, and if the volatility of observed real macroeconomic variables except the real exchange rate are unaffected by the exchange rate regime, it is difficult to believe that observed macroeconomic variables are the cause of most exchange rate movements. Frankel and Rose (1995) deduce from these two observations that either unobserved macroeconomic shocks cause exchange rate volatility, or that exchange rate movements are unrelated to macroeconomic fundamentals. Dismissing the former explanation, they seek a solution in the microstructure of the foreign exchange market, including the factors that explain participants’ heterogeneous expectations.
The heterogeneity of exchange rate expectations is a further fault with macroeconomic models of the exchange rate, as is the huge volume of foreign exchange rate trade that occurs in practice. In a standard rational expectations model, all participants have the same expectations and there is little trade because prices adjust to the level where there are few non-fundamental gains from trade. Survey evidence suggests convincingly that participants have a wide range of expectations about the future values of exchange rates, and that there is extensive trade based on these beliefs. The diversity of expectations about the exchange rate tends to be larger than the diversity of beliefs about macroeconomic variables.
A model of flexible exchange rates parameterised to empirical facts about the world should be able to explain the observed diversity of exchange rate expectations, the volume of trade, the high short term volatility, and the role played by macroeconomic fundamentals in the long term. For a model to be able to do this successfully, Frankel and Rose (1995) argue it will need to:
- have short term dynamics arising from the trading process which generate volatility which swamps fundamentals;
- explain why market participants have limited “rational expectations” arbitrage; and
- provide a role for fundamentals which limits the extent to which the exchange rate can deviate from fundamentals in the short and medium terms.
Fortunately, several models of the microstructure of asset markets have been developed over the last decade which provide general foundations for this work. These models were largely developed to explain why the share market is so volatile, but are being transformed to incorporate institutional details of the foreign exchange market to see if they are relevant to explain the process by which exchange rates are determined. These models have concentrated on three features of the market – the process of expectations formation; the dissemination of information through the market; and the role of risk aversion. Some fairly general results have emerged. Of these, possibly the most important is the demonstration that an asset price can deviate from fundamentals for long periods of time without there being a strong incentive for “fundamentals speculators” to drive the asset price back to its fundamental value. Moreover, it can be shown that price speculation can be destabilising without impoverishing those agents who do the destabilising, a result counter to normal economic intuition. Two classes of these models are briefly discussed in Appendix 2.
This large literature provides both an empirical and a theoretical basis for believing that exchange rates can deviate from their fundamental values in the short to medium term. This potentially reduces the usefulness of having a separate local currency as a unit of account in which to denominate contracts, for the real value of this currency may not be particularly predictable.
(iii) Conditions when a Separate Currency can be Welfare Reducing.
It is usually argued that a separate and flexible currency is a useful tool for macroeconomic stabilisation, because it enables relative prices to change in response to adverse economic shocks when wages and prices are sticky. This is correct as stated. However, it can also be argued that excessive volatility in the exchange rate can be a cause of economic shocks to the rest of the economy. This argument has recently been formalised within an incomplete markets setting by Neumeyer (1998). The basis of the argument is that when there are incomplete markets, an additional currency should increase the insurance possibilities open to agents through trade in nominal assets, because the different assets will have different state-contingent values. Ordinarily this would mean ...
“the loss of monetary independence entailed by fixed exchange rate regimes, or monetary unions, is socially costly because it makes the real payoff of assets denominated in different currencies equivalent, effectively reducing the number of financial instruments with which economic agents can share risks.” (Neumeyer, p 247)
However, when the value of an additional currency is not closely related to economic fundamentals, this result is not true. The noise associated with the asset means that its value will not be highly predictable in different economic states of the world. This is not just problematic for those undertaking contracts in the particular asset; because the random outcomes of the value of this asset affect income distribution among all who use it, prices and therefore the real values of all other assets will be affected as well. In this case the value of insurance possibilities available from all other assets is reduced, because their real value will be contaminated by the randomness of the additional currency. Eliminating the asset will increase the insurance value of all remaining assets, as the predictability of their real value in the face of economic shocks increases.
This result is rather important. An excessively volatile currency is not just bad for those forced to use it, but it can be bad for others as well, because it can disrupt the working of the entire financial system.
- For an outstanding analysis and exposition of this issue, see Magill and Quinzii (1996). The introduction of the book in particular is to be recommended to the general reader.
- Note that bounded rationality does not mean that the markets agents use are necessarily subject to limited rationality. Rather, agents response to limited rationality is to use the markets which are most rational, and not use all others.
- Flood and Taylor (1996); also the discussion on purchasing power parity by Rogoff (1996).
- This point was first made in the celebrated paper by Meese and Rogoff (1983). “Medium term” generally encompasses periods of up to five years.
- Baxter and Stockman (1989), Flood and Rose (1995).
(iv) So Why Use Bad Currencies?
Dowd and Greenaway (1993) forward a simple argument why people use a bad currency. It involves a prisoner’s dilemma situation when there are network externalities associated with the use of currency, that is, when a currency is more useful to an individual the greater the number of other people using it. If most people in person i’s region are using an inherently bad currency, it is not worthwhile person i changing to an inherently better currency because he or she will not be able to use it much. Rather, he or she will switch only if sufficient numbers of others also switch. Dowd and Greenaway derive formally the conditions under which everyone will simultaneously switch to better currency. These prove quite restrictive; the dead hand of history can mean that a bad currency is used even when everyone agrees that there is a better alternative, because nobody has an incentive to be amongst the first to change.
These theoretical developments are important because they suggest reasons why an excessively volatile currency can be problematic. Monetary variability – in this case exchange rate variability unrelated to economic fundamentals – can be welfare reducing because it undermines the reliability of financial contracts. Rather than be a useful means of adjusting to real shocks, an exchange rate can be a cause of real shocks to the rest of the economy by altering the relative value of prices and wages across space in random fashion.
There is quite strong evidence that exchange rates deviate from values implied by economic fundamentals for lengthy periods of times. These deviations are likely to be the cause of economic shocks; in fact one of the arguments behind Europe’s adoption of a single currency is the desire to reduce the shifts of industry across countries induced by exchange rate changes. Such deviations increase the desirability of living in a large currency zone, for this increases the fraction of transactions one conducts whose future value can be assessed with reasonable confidence. If exchange rates are quite volatile, it may prove that the optimal currency area is quite large rather than quite small.
5 Discussion and Summary#
The evidence that external economic links are imperfect substitutes for internal economic links raises a variety of questions for a small economy like New Zealand, for it is likely that New Zealand residents obtain fewer of the benefits of both specialisation and diversity that most people gain from internal trade. These effects of home bias are compounded by New Zealand’s remoteness, for international trade is an expensive alternative. Indeed, New Zealand has relatively little trade for a small country; consequently, compared to other geographic regions, New Zealand is rather insular.
The imperfect substitutability of external and internal links has spurred many small countries to adopt policies aimed explicitly at enhancing international linkages. New Zealand is no stranger to this process, as is evident from the Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia and a more general strategy of reducing protection. Nonetheless, it is probable that more needs to be done if New Zealanders consider that there are benefits from more intensive trade in goods, services, and financial products. Such steps could include the pursuit of less restrictive multilateral migration regulations, widening the CER agreement to include other countries, taking further steps to harmonise business law, or forming a monetary union with another country. The Maastricht Treaty (1992) and the subsequent European Monetary Union are highly visible statements of a group of countries adopting several of these policy options in order to intensify economic and social ties.
While the evidence is clear that economic integration is much greater within countries than it is between countries, the extent to which adopting another country’s currency will enhance economic integration is much less obvious. The evidence does indicate that pricing in a single currency reduces price differences across space. For instance, from 1966 to 1996 the standard deviation of the real exchange rate movements between New Zealand and Australia was a factor of ten higher than the average standard deviation of real exchange rate movements between different Australian states. Distinct currency zones may also have a more subtle effect on prices, by demarcating the areas where different marketing operations prevail. This effect is harder to disentangle from straight border effects, as currency zones and national borders ordinarily coincide. Nonetheless, if firms have different marketing and distribution strategies in different regions because of different currency zones (which is plausible if firms find that exchange rate volatility drives a wedge between actual prices and desired prices in different regions), the use of a single currency will enhance goods market integration.
While it is becoming increasing clear from trade volume data that goods markets within countries are considerably more integrated than goods markets between countries, the effect of currency zones on trade volumes is not so apparent. To date the literature examining the effect of exchange rate volatility on inter-country trade flows has been inconclusive, although by and large it has not addressed the most relevant question which is whether long term exchange rate uncertainty has a detrimental effect on trade. The extent of this home trade bias is sufficiently large that even if only a small fraction of home bias is caused by exchange rate issues, the costs for a small country like New Zealand could be non-trivial. To date, however, it has not proved easy to make estimates of these benefits.
There is somewhat stronger evidence that capital market integration is affected by the choice of exchange rate regime as well as national borders. In most countries, internal capital markets are much more integrated than external capital markets; capital markets also appear to have been more integrated under the pre-1914 Gold Standard than they are now. This makes sense if agents are risk averse, for they will want to hold a large quantity of their debt instruments in local currency since most of their financial contracts will be denominated in local currencies. It is also true that financial intermediaries offer lower cost contracts denominated in local currencies, reinforcing the bias towards capital market integration within a currency zone.
The greater extent of capital market integration within currency zones rather than between currency zones means that maintaining a separate currency may have quite high welfare costs, as it limits the extent to which risk sharing occurs across regions. These costs are likely to be higher for small countries than for large countries because of the low degree of risk diversification available in a small country. As related phenomena, investment and saving decisions are also more highly correlated within currency zones than between currency zones.
There will also be a cost for a small net debt country if lenders impose a currency risk premium rather than a geographic risk premium as part of the cost of loans. This is quite plausible, as geographic risk premiums (within currency zones) seem to be smaller than currency risk premiums. New Zealand dollar interest rates are usually higher than those prevailing in other currencies, and if part of this premium is due to currency risk rather than country risk, forming a monetary union with another country could lead to a substantial reduction in the cost of capital.
These benefits of forming a monetary union have become better quantified in the last decade, and will become more so in the next as the effects of European countries forming a monetary union are observed. Nonetheless, there are potential costs to forming a monetary union, and these need to be taken into account before a decision to form a monetary union is made. The relative size of the costs and benefits of New Zealand forming a monetary union with another country is an empirical matter, with the calculus depending on the choice of the other country. The traditional literature analysing the optimal currency area provides some guidance on how some elements of the equation should be calculated, although there still remains considerable debate. Previous authors considering the costs and benefits of New Zealand forming a monetary union with Australia decided that the costs were too high. Recent developments in theory suggest that these costs have been overstated, however.
There are two potential advantages of New Zealand maintaining a separate currency and independent monetary policy. First, it allows New Zealand politicians and officials to choose their own inflation rate. This is most likely to be an advantage when the inflation rate implicit in choosing the currency of another country is considered to be too high for internal objectives. Recent developments in central bank technology have resulted in low inflation around the world, however, with many central banks increasing their political independence and adopting inflation targets, similar to the changes undertaken at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in 1990. Inflation has fallen in most such countries since this time, and consequently inflation outcomes in New Zealand have been comparable to those in the rest of the world (including Australia). Average annual consumer price inflation in New Zealand was 2.1 per cent from 1990 – 1997, compared with 3.1 per cent in the United States, 2.4 per cent in Australia, 1.4 per cent in Japan, 2.9 per cent in Germany, and 3.8 per cent in the United Kingdom. In addition, most of these countries have a better long term inflation record than New Zealand.
A second potential cause of high inflation would occur if productivity levels in New Zealand increased much faster than in the rest of a monetary union. This has been the Hong Kong experience since 1983 due to exceptional productivity growth. Where relative productivity increase has been gradual, however, the higher rate of price increase has not been particularly large, as demonstrated by the Irish experience. In this situation it is not the case that inflation is a problem because it causes low income growth. Rather, inflation is a problem because of its effect on income distribution, in particular disadvantaging those who like to hold their wealth in debt instruments. If this is the prime reason for choosing an independent monetary policy, the Government should ensure that other aspects of its fiscal and monetary policies are consistent with this distribution objective.
The second reason for choosing an independent monetary policy is that it is a useful tool for macroeconomic stabilisation. This is clearly the focus of most of the theoretical and empirical literature, and would appear to be the reason offered by many of the world’s policy makers. Two comments can be made on the basis of the recent literature.
First, recent theoretical developments, discussed in section 4, show that is not necessarily the case that maintaining a separate currency will help stabilise an economy. An independent exchange rate assists the process of stabilisation in response to real economic shocks if local wages and price are sticky, for then exchange rate changes can assist with the rapid adjustment of prices and wages relative to those in other countries. However, if exchange rates are excessively volatile, in that their value deviates from fundamentals in the short and medium term, the exchange rate will be a cause of shocks which destabilises the economy. Whether or not a flexible exchange rate is stabilising is an empirical matter; there should be no presumption that it is stabilising given the international evidence that exchange rates (and other asset prices) seem to be more volatile than justified by movements in macroeconomic fundamentals.
Secondly, the need for macroeconomic stabilisation is an empirical matter that depends on the nature of the shocks affecting a geographic region. For New Zealand not to join a currency union on this basis would require that New Zealand is buffeted by quite different shocks than regions within the other country. This is an empirical matter – but as Frankel and Rose (1998) make clear, one subject to the Lucas critique, as the shocks are likely to be endogenous to the exchange regime. Joining a monetary union would most likely cause an expansion of trade with that currency bloc; if so, the nature of the real shocks affecting New Zealand will change, as will the nominal shocks affecting New Zealand. In short, forming a monetary union with another country may reduce the need to have a separate monetary policy.
New Zealand is the smallest OECD country to have a fully independent monetary policy. To continue to justify this stance on an economic basis, there should be evidence that monetary independence has been beneficial - or, at least, of little cost. Over the last eight years, New Zealand has enjoyed very low rates of inflation, although its record is not dissimilar to that of most other OECD countries. Despite this low inflation, however, real short term interest rates have been higher than in our main trading partners; the New Zealand economy has not been noticeably more stable than other OECD economies; and trade volumes have grown only slowly despite having a trade share substantially below that of almost all other small OECD economies. While the counterfactual is not available, there should be no presumption from these outcomes that monetary independence should be the natural option for the New Zealand economy.
A smorgasbord of issues remain to be discussed. First, it is quite apparent that many of the recent advances in the literature stem from an analysis of intra-regional economics, not international economics. There is a growing literature examining the behaviour of regional economies within countries, and regional economies within larger regional groupings. This research examines amongst other things the behaviour of labour markets and goods markets within and between regions, inter-regional migration, the different types of shocks buffeting different regions, and the extent of trade between regions. To date there is little knowledge of the performance of the different sub-regions of the New Zealand economy, or how New Zealand-Australia interactions compare to the interactions of different Australian states with each other. More research on this topic is likely to be useful in understanding the performance of the New Zealand economy less as an independent entity and more as a part of a wider regional group; it also may shed some light on the effects of one region having a different currency from the other regions.
Secondly, even if there are few good reasons for New Zealand having an independent currency, there is still likely to be a demand for New Zealand specific financial products that help New Zealanders save, invest, and risk-share. If New Zealand were to join a currency union, the Reserve Bank could consider introducing financial instruments or even currencies whose payment structure would be tied to the performance of various New Zealand financial statistics, but which would not be used as a unit of account or medium of account for every day transactions. This would provide an additional avenue for New Zealanders to diversify their risk given a world of incomplete financial markets.
Thirdly, this paper has not discussed the difference between forming a monetary union with another country, and simply adopting the currency of another country. If the former path were adopted, New Zealand economic conditions would be taken into account when setting monetary conditions across the union; if another currency were adopted, the monetary policy of the partner country would be determined by its domestic considerations alone. In practice, New Zealand is such a small economy that the difference is likely to be of little economic consequence, because New Zealand considerations would have little weight in a monetary union. There could be a substantially different treatment of seignorage revenue, however, and this would be of economic significance.
Fourthly, this paper has not discussed transition issues. Joining a monetary union involves various costs, and it could be the case that these transitional costs outweigh any positive effects once the transition is over. These costs not only involve the direct costs involved with switching monetary units, but involve the risk that a bad shock hits the country while economic integration is only partial.
Finally, if New Zealand were to seriously consider adopting the currency of another country and giving up its monetary policy, the most obvious question concerns the choice of country. The choice is vital, as the benefits of greater goods market and capital market integration would primarily stem from greater integration with that country. The two most obvious choices are Australia and the United States, for these countries are relatively close and impose relatively few border or linguistic barriers to an expansion of trade. The former is New Zealand’s closest neighbour and main trading partner, particularly for manufactured goods and for services; given that New Zealand also has open capital and labour markets with Australia it would be the leading choice. There are already very close links between many New Zealand and Australian firms, particularly in the financial sector, reducing the transaction costs of any link. The United States has the advantage of being the world’s largest economy, and thus a considerably larger economy from which to gain the benefits of greater integration than Australia, as well as the currency partner of other countries such as Hong Kong. While goods market integration and labour market access are substantially less than with Australia, the benefits from greater capital market integration would be much greater. Unless Australia were to simultaneously adopt the U.S. dollar with New Zealand, it is a choice that will not be easy to make.
- These developments diminish the force of some of the arguments made previously; for example Lloyd (1990) “In contrast to the firm anti-inflation stance and single price stability objective of New Zealand monetary policy (cemented in by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act of 1989), Australian monetary policy has been targeted at an array of economic objectives and has achieved only limited success at controlling inflation. ….. Until such time as convergence occurs in this key component of macroeconomic policy, enthusiasm for a rapid movement to a full currency union must be tempered.” (pp 11 –12)
- There are some exceptions, for example Poot (1993) on internal Australasian migration.
- See the discussion in Shiller (1993) concerning the introduction of different financial products to manage society risk. For instance, the Reserve Bank could introduce a contract tied to New Zealand’s nominal GDP for people wanting to hedge against the possibility of price rises associated with extremely high productivity growth.
Appendix 1: Empirical evidence about exchange rates#
(See Section 3 (a) (ii) Noisy Asset Values.)
There has been considerable concern within the economics profession about the high volatility of nominal exchange rates, the close relationship between real and nominal exchange rate changes, and the failure of macroeconomic models to perform better than a random walk model of the exchange rate. For example:
“Existing structural models have little in their favour beyond theoretical coherence. Positive results, when they are found, are often either fragile, or unconvincing in that they rely on implausible theoretical or empirical models. For these reasons, we, like much of the profession, are doubtful of the value of further time-series modelling of the exchange rate at high or medium frequencies using macroeconomic models.
…the Meese and Rogoff analysis at short horizons has never been convincingly overturned or explained. It continues to exert a pessimistic effect on the field of empirical exchange rate modelling in particular and international finance in general.”
(Frankel and Rose, 1995, pp1704-5)
In this appendix I briefly discuss three aspects of this literature.
(a) Meese and Rogoff (1983), and short term exchange rate forecasts.#
Meese and Rogoff examined the forecasting performance of several different macroeconomic models, including explicitly structural models and time-series vector autoregressions. They compared the forecasting performance of these models with the forecasting performance of a simple random walk model over 1 month, 3 month, 6 month and 12 month horizons for the three major exchange rates. They also compared the random walk with the appropriate forward rates, thus implicitly comparing the forecast with that of uncovered interest parity. They summarise their findings as follows:
“We find that a random walk model would have predicted major-country exchange rates during the recent floating rate period as well as any of our candidate models. Significantly, the structural models fail to improve on the random walk model in spite of the fact that we base their forecasts on actual realise values of future explanatory variables.” Meese and Rogoff (1983 p3)
This result is clearly a severe set back to exchange rate models: quite simply, macroeconomic phenomena are hard-pressed to explain short term movements in exchange rates.
The short term failure is perhaps best seen in two firmly held “beliefs” of many economists: that purchasing power parity should hold, and that uncovered interest rate parity should hold. The former theory says that physical good arbitrage should result in prices in different countries being equal, up to differences in taxes and transactions costs. There is evidence that price levels in different countries eventually do converge, but the length of time this takes is extraordinarily slow - on average it takes four years for half of the difference in price levels to be eliminated (Rogoff 1996). The latter theory suggests that when interest rates are high in one country compared to another, the exchange rate should depreciate over time so that expected returns are equal. This relationship does not hold at short horizons either, with evidence suggesting that exchange rates appreciate rather than depreciate over short horizons. (Froot and Thaler 1990, Lewis 1995).
(b) Long Term Exchange Rate Movements and Macroeconomic Fundamentals.#
Despite the poor relationship between macroeconomic fundamentals and the exchange rate in the short term, in the longer term there does seem to be a stronger link. Flood and Taylor (1996) present the results of the cross-sectional relationship between changes in prices and changes in the exchange rate relative to the US over time for 21 industrial countries, 1973 – 1992. They estimate the relationship when the change in each variable is calculated over 1 year (420 observations), 5 years (84 observations), 10 years (42 observations), and 20 years (21 observations). Scatter-plots of the data are reproduced below. As is clear from the scatter-plots, there is little apparent relationship at annual horizons and only a weak relationship at 5 year horizons; not until 10 and 20 year horizons is it apparent that exchange rates move to offset price movements. At short horizons, noise dominates signal.
Graphs of exchange rate movements versus relative price movements, 21 industrialised countries versus the US, 1973 – 1992. (Flood and Taylor, 1996, p278)
The authors conduct a similar exercise examining the relationship between exchange rate movements and uncovered interest parity, using 3 year bond rates. Again they find that the fundamental relationship is much stronger over longer periods than shorter periods, that is currencies with high nominal interest rates tend to depreciate over time.
(c) Real Variable Volatility by Exchange Rate Regime.#
It has long been realised - in fact it is almost definitional - that nominal exchange rate volatility is higher under flexible exchange rate regimes than fixed exchange rate regimes. What has been surprising in the post-Bretton Woods era is that nominal exchange rates have been so volatile, and that this volatility has passed through almost one for one to real exchange rate volatility. Perhaps even more surprising is that there has been no systematic change in the volatility of any other real variables. Flexible exchange rates just seem to increase the volatility of real exchange rates.
Baxter and Stockman (1989) were amongst the first to document the lack of differences in real variable volatility between exchange rate regimes by comparing the volatility of real variables in the pre and post Bretton Wood’s era.
“We have been unable to find evidence that the cyclic behaviour of real macroeconomic aggregates depends systematically on the exchange-rate regime. The only exception is the well-known case of the real exchange rate. ….
We found that the volatility of exports, imports, and the real exchange rate increased in the post-1973 period for most of the countries in our sample. However, these increases were no more common in countries on a floating exchange rate regime after 1973 than in countries which chose to fix their exchange rate.” Baxter and Stockman (1989, p399)
They also compared the volatility of real variables in countries that changed their exchange rate regimes at other times, notably Canada in the 1950s and Ireland in 1979. Again, they found that the real exchange rate was the only variable that had a significant change in volatility.
Flood and Rose (1995) followed up this idea by modelling the exchange rate as follows
where et is the exchange rate and it and it* are domestic and foreign interest rates. They compared the volatility of the left hand side and the volatility of the two terms on the right hand side across exchange rate regimes. When moving from fixed exchange rate regimes to flexible exchange rate regimes, the volatility of the left hand side increases by a much greater factor than the volatility of the function on the right; consequently they reject the idea that it is possible to express the exchange rate as a simple function of macroeconomic variables. From this they concluded that the critical determinants of exchange rate volatility are not macroeconomic, because no macroeconomic variables have volatility dependent on the exchange rate regime.
Appendix 2: Models of Asset Price Determination#
(See Section 3 (a) (ii) Noisy Asset Values.)
(a) Market Structure and the Dissemination of Information.#
There is a large and diverse literature analysing how information is processed in financial markets. The modern literature has its antecedents in a series of articles beginning with Grossman and Stiglitz (1980), Hellwig (1980), and Diamond and Verrecchia (1981), which developed rational expectations models of how traders with diverse information about the value of an asset trade, and how this information is reflected in the price of the asset. In these models prices have two roles: they clear markets, by equilibrating supply and demand, and they provide information which agents use to formulate their beliefs and hence their demands. Consequently, agents form demand schedules which are conditioned on price; if prices are high, for instance, they increase their demand because they interpret a high price as evidence that other agents have information which means the asset is worth more than they expected unconditionally.
Two key points emerged out of this work. First, Grossman and Stiglitz famously pointed out that an equilibrium could not be perfectly efficient, for if it were there would be no incentive to collect information. For an equilibrium to exist there had to be a certain amount of noise, generated by “liquidity” traders who are assumed to trade for reasons independent of any information about the value of the asset. This independent demand masks some of the demands of information traders. In turn, this means that the equilibrium price will be different to that which informed traders believe should prevail, so they will trade and make expected profits sufficient to cover the cost of information. Secondly, it became apparent that the model’s lack of market micro-structure was not innocuous. These initial models assumed that there was a walrasian auctioneer taking orders and working out the equilibrium prices, and that agents were price taking, not price making. Neither assumption seems particularly realistic.
Both of these assumptions have been tackled in subsequent work, in a variety of different ways that is intended to reflect the actual structure of different markets. For instance, many models of share or bond markets have followed Kyle (1985) in postulating a specialist trader or market maker who accepts orders from informed and uninformed traders, and who holds some of the asset to clear the market. Informed traders submit different sized bids according to their information, taking into account the influence on price they expect their bid to have. Models such as these are aimed at representing the actual institutions of the markets, and are increasingly being tailored to the institutions prevailing in exchange rate markets.
Different streams of the literature have analysed how agents use current prices to update their beliefs about future prices. Agents do this because information gathering is costly, so even those agents who gather some information will not have full confidence in their own views and will wish to incorporate “information” from prices into their information set. One theme that has emerged in the literature is how price crashes and herding behaviour can occur (see the review by Bikchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch (1998)). For instance, Gennotte and Leland (1990) show that if some agents have unobserved hedging instruments (such as stop-loss positions or portfolio insurance), huge swings in prices can occur because uninformed agents mistake a hedge sale for an informed sale and falsely revise their opinions as to the underlying value of an asset on this basis. In this case, the volatility of the asset price will be much greater than the volatility of the underlying fundamentals.
A different approach is that by Romer (1993). He develops a model in which agents gain information and make inferences about the precision of other agent’s information over time. Random liquidity trades will move prices around by a small amount, and traders deduce from the response of prices how confident others are in their beliefs. This process can lead to big changes in asset prices at times when no new information is otherwise released into the market. As he writes:
“ Uncertainty about the quality of other’s information can cause investors who in fact possess the best available information to place some weight incorrectly (but rationally) on the market price and little weight on their own information in attempting to estimate value; alternately, it can cause investors who have inferior information to place excessive weight on that information. As market developments (e.g. market responses to buy and sell orders arising from liquidity needs) reveal information about others’ uncertainty, it becomes clearer whose information is superior. The best available information therefore becomes reflected more fully in asset prices.”
(Romer 1993 p 113)
(b) Exchange Rate Models#
In the last decade, there has been considerable interest in applying some of these models to the foreign exchange market. This work has two distinct aspects. One set of research has investigated and documented the actual workings of foreign exchange dealers and markets. The leading example is Lyons (1995, 1996) who examined the dealings of a single and large New York bank trader in the deutsche mark/dollar market in a single week in 1992. This example is very informative because of the exceptionally high quality of the data, including both the time, quote quantity, bid and offer quotes, and the value and volume of trade if a transaction was made. Lyons shows that the dealer had a very short horizon, typically closing out all positions at the end of the day; that he was risk averse in the sense of changing prices in response to the private position (or inventory of holdings) he built up during the day; that he changed his prices in response to order flows that might contain private information; and that there was a “hot potato” quality of many trades, as parts of a large order were rapidly unloaded to other dealers.
The second aspect of the work is the adaptation of asset price models to foreign exchange markets; for example Osler (1998) and Carlson and Osler (1996). Osler (1998) develops a model in which there are liquidity traders and risk averse speculators. The liquidity traders buy and sell foreign exchange in order to settle current account transactions. The size of the net current account transactions depends on the exchange rate, but also contains a random component. In each period the exchange rate adjusts to match the liquidity trader demand with the speculator supply and thus clear the market. The price the speculators quote is such that the expected gain they make from the speculation compensates them for the risk they undertake. This price is fully rational, taking into account how the exchange rate affects the non-random component of the current account position and the effect of their subsequent unloading of the position on the evolution of the price. Speculation is stabilising in the face of current account shocks - the variance of the exchange rate is reduced - although in the process the exchange rate deviates from the fundamental value.
The deviation of the exchange rate from the risk neutral position is in effect the cost of requiring the speculators to hold large net foreign exchange positions. This cost is related to the accumulated stock of the position, not just the current flow, even though this model equates foreign exchange rate flows in each period. As the number of speculators increases the responsiveness of the exchange rate to a shock decreases and the exchange rate appears to follow a random walk in response to purely random innovations.
The model developed in Carlson and Osler is similar but more interesting. In this model there are the same liquidity traders, but the speculators also take into account the short term interest differential between currencies. As previously, speculation is stabilising in the face of current account shocks. Speculation is destabilising in the face of interest rate shocks, however. Consider the effect of an interest rate increase in one country. Investors chasing the higher returns bid up the price of the currency, obtaining a return comprised of the higher interest rate minus the expected depreciation as the currency is expected to return to its long term value. (As the exchange rate increases, the current account position turns temporarily negative, becoming less negative as the exchange rate returns to its long term value.) The larger the number of speculators - or the less risk averse each speculator is - the greater the total demand for the high yielding currency, and consequently the larger the change in the exchange rate necessary to provide the current-account exchange rate flows. Consequently, the exchange rate becomes more volatile not less volatile as the number of currency speculators increases.
This story is similar but subtly different from the standard risk neutral arbitrage story. In the standard risk neutral story, the exchange rate will immediately rise by the accumulated difference in the two countries’ yield curves, and then start depreciating. The total quantity of currency purchases is not clearly apparent, however. There is a similar mechanism in the risk averse story, but in this case the speculators are compensated for the risk they undertake. A 1 percent increase in interest rates will not lead to an immediate 1 percent increase in the exchange rate followed by a steady 1 percent depreciation; rather, the exchange rate will fall more slowly so that the expected return from holding the high yielding currency is greater than the expected return from holding the low yielding currency. These higher returns reward the speculator for the additional risk undertaken from holding a larger foreign exchange position. The exchange rate will eventually return to its long run equilibrium value (so that the expected depreciation is zero), but interest rates will have to remain high to keep it at this level, compensating the speculators for the risk they undertake holding a large position in the high yielding currency.
A notable feature of this model is that the risk premium is determined endogenously. In particular, the required compensation is a function of the holding that each speculator is required to take, so that countries which have large accumulated current account debt will be required to pay an interest rate premium. A country running a tight monetary policy for an extended period, incurring a large accumulated current account position in the process, will have difficulty lowering interest to world levels (without causing a large exchange rate depreciation) because speculators demand high real returns in order to hold the accumulated position.
(c) Keynes, and the Noisy Traders of De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldmann#
A different approach to asset price volatility has been taken by De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldmann in a series of articles that have modelled how misinformed agents can affect asset prices. They sought to model an insight of Keynes that well informed investment professionals spent relatively little time seeking and trading upon fundamental information but rather spent most of their time estimating the future demand for the assets.
De Long et al formulate a model in which there are “noise traders” as well as fully informed traders, and explore the limits of arbitrage designed to exploit noise trader’s misperceptions when arbitrageurs are risk averse and have short horizons. In these models a noise trader is someone who believes he or she has special information about the future value of an asset, or someone who has excessive certainty about their beliefs. Noise traders would include people who believe in and act upon broker’s tips, or who listen to investment gurus. While rational arbitrageurs take positions to exploit the beliefs of noise traders, they only take limited positions because of the risk that they will lose money because of a change in the fundamentals or because of a change in the beliefs of the noisy traders. This lack of arbitrage means that asset prices become much more volatile than they would have been in the absence of the noisy traders. When noisy traders are optimistic, they hold more of the asset and the price rises; rational traders lower their holdings but do not take extremely large short positions because of the chance that the noisy traders will become even more optimistic in the subsequent period. Conversely, when noisy traders receive a bad signal, they sell down the asset and its price falls. This additional volatility in the price of the second asset means that the average price of the second asset is lower than the price of the first asset, providing the average excess returns.
The results they derive are much stronger than this, however. Because noise traders induce greater volatility into asset prices, they reduce the desirability of holding the assets unless their average returns increase. This means that noise traders, who hold greater quantities of these assets than rational arbitrageurs, can make greater expected profits than rational arbitrageurs. In equilibrium they are not driven out of the market even though they destabilise prices, because they make more profits than the stabilising speculators. This result is quite extraordinary, as the authors note (De Long et al, (1990), p 706)
“This result is more interesting than the point that if noise traders bear more fundamental risk they earn higher returns: our point is that noise traders can earn higher expected returns solely by bearing more of the risk that they themselves create. Noise traders can earn higher returns from their own destabilising influence, not because they perform the useful social function of bearing fundamental risk.”
The importance of this work is that the authors show that the process by which markets aggregate information will not necessarily cause good information to dominate bad information, and that merely the existence of bad information (rather than its particular content) will affect markets. They also derive some strong empirical predictions, and claim reasonable empirical support for their model. This evidence gives additional grounds for believing that something about the microstructure of asset markets generates additional short term volatility, and leads to prices that can deviate from fundamentals for reasonably long periods.
This idea has recently been incorporated into theoretical microeconomic models of exchange rate determination by Jeanne and Rose (1998). They develop a model with rational traders and noise traders in which there are multiple equilibria in the foreign exchange market, with one equilibrium associated with a large number of noise traders and excessively volatile exchange rates. The existence of these multiple equilibria enables them to argue that monetary policy can be used to lower exchange rate volatility without altering macroeconomic fundamentals.
- The dealer averaged a billion dollars worth of transactions per day.
- Data this good is sufficiently rare that it is possible to make a career out of it.
- This is the theoretical position. As is well known, the empirical evidence suggests that this model does fit the data in the short and medium terms.
- Strictly speaking, the relationship is between currencies and debt, not countries and debt.
- They expected utility is less, however, because they underestimate the riskiness of holding these assets.
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] |
Professor, Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Many disorders in animals are observed more frequently in certain breeds and within breeds more often in the same families. Familiarity is assumed for a disorder when families are observed with more than one affected family member. Familial disorders may have a genetic contribution. The same is often claimed for disorders which show a breed disposition. On the other hand, genetically caused diseases may not necessarily lead to breed differences in incidence but will contribute to variation among families within breeds. A useful starting point for answering the question whether a disorder is inherited is by drawing pedigrees to provide an initial impression of the distribution of affected and non-affected animals and how frequently the disorder is transmitted from one generation to the next. General evidence for genetic contribution to a disorder is given when environmental factors can be excluded as the only responsible causes for a disorder and a significant proportion of the phenotypic variation of a disorder can be explained by genetic models. With increasing molecular genetic data, the type of gene action based on known DNA sequence variation can be characterized by individual genes and the nature of complex genetic traits can be understood much better.
The presentation will give an overview on the model components included in estimation of the mode of inheritance based on phenotypic data and further developments for incorporation of molecular genetic data into the analyses.
Segregation analysis is employed to determine whether familial data for particular disorders or other traits are compatible with specific modes of inheritance. Modes of inheritance tested in segregation analyses include monogenic (Mendelian), digenic or polygenic models. In addition, age of onset, sex effects and sampling scheme can be taken into account besides the specific genetic hypothesis under consideration. Simple segregation analysis tests the segregation parameter θ under a specified sampling scheme and mating type. Pedigrees used for segregation analysis may be from specifically planned matings or randomly sampled pedigrees with arbitrary structure or sampled through ascertained cases in clinics or veterinary practice. Arranged matings among animals can be more easily tested for specific modes of inheritance than pedigrees with arbitrary structure, missing data and many inbred animals. In the case of a rare disease and an autosomal dominant hypothesis, the segregation ratio θ is assumed to be 0.5 as families segregating for the trait are most likely composed by matings of heterozygous affecteds and homozygous non-carriers. As far as the segregation ratio is not significantly different from θ = 0.5, this mode of inheritance is accepted. Different methods for estimating θ have been developed and are easily applied (Singles Method, Weinberg's General Proband Method). These simple approaches to segregation analyses often encounter problems when different mating types have to be considered and several hypotheses are more or less likely. Complex segregation analyses have been developed to allow for more factors to vary and to reduce the restrictions on assumptions to be made for the model tested. Methods used to solve the likelihood functions are based on maximum likelihood or Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches (Gibbs sampling).
Complex Segregation Analysis
Complex segregation analysis is based on a mathematical model that incorporates several, functionally independent components to accommodate for arbitrary mating types, different modes of monogenic or oligogenic inheritance (major genes), to allow for polygenic variation and non-genetic variation in addition to major genes and different data types such as binary, categorical and continuous data. In addition, age of onset of a disease and sampling scheme (random pedigrees versus non-randomly selected pedigrees) can be modeled. The basic model as formulated in the Elston-Stewart algorithm was the basis for the more complex models. The Elston-Stewart algorithm included a component describing the joint distribution of genotypes of mating individuals whereby these genotypic distributions stem from a single locus with two alleles (monogenotype), a few loci with each two alleles (oligogenotype) or from a polygenotypic distribution with an infinite number of genotypes (polygenotype). The second component of the Elston-Stewart algorithm specified the relationship between the genotypes and phenotypes, separately for each genotype (penetrance function). Mathematically, the phenotype investigated is modeled as a conditional probability on the genotype underlying the model used. The simplest genetic model for a dichotomous trait and a monogenic autosomal inheritance of two alleles is then completely defined by the following genotype to phenotype relationships: gAA(1) = gAa(1) = 1, gaa(1) = 0 and gAA(0) = gAa(0) = 0, gaa(0) = 1, where the conditional probability equals unity when for the genotypes AA and Aa the phenotypic outcome is affected (=1) and for the genotype aa the phenotypic status is unaffected (=0). Similarly, if a completely penetrant recessive trait is assumed, we have the following conditional distributions: gaa(1) = 1, gAa(1) = gAA(1) = 0, gaa(0) = 0, gAa(0) = gAA(0) = 1. Two- or three-locus models give raise to much more models (phenogrammes) how the oligogenotype is related with the phenotype. If we do not wish to assume complete penetrance we can introduce for each distinct genotype or groups of genotypes a specific penetrance. For X-linked loci, the conditional distributions of phenotypes have to be defined for males and females separately. Furthermore, traits only expressed in males or females can be modeled via the penetrance parameter allowing fully expressed traits only for one sex. Just as the phenotypic distribution may be sex-dependent, so the disorder considered has a variable age of onset and thus the observation whether the disorder is expressed, depends upon the age at examination of each individual. Then the probability that an individual with a genotype AA, Aa or aa is affected by a specific age depends of the age-related susceptibility of the genotype to the disorder. When we turn to polygenotypes, we use normal distribution functions. In the case of a binary or categorical phenotype, this model corresponds to the threshold or liability model. The polygenotypes are normally distributed with genetic variance σ2G and residual variance σ2E. An individual is affected or mildly/severely affected whose liability is greater than the threshold. The threshold may also depend upon the genotype of an additional monogenic locus.
The mode of inheritance can be described how the genetic variability is passed on from one generation to the next and is summarized mathematically by the genotypic distributions of the offspring in dependence upon the parental genotypes. Let us assume that an individual has parents with genotypes s and t, then the conditional probabilities for the genotypes of this individual can be viewed as elements of a stochastic matrix called the genetic transition matrix, probability (P) for the individual genotype given genotypes of parents s and t, P(gi|gF,gM). All types of monogenic and oligogenic inheritance can be parameterized in terms of transmission probabilities. In the autosomal monogenic model with alleles A and B, the transmission probabilities are the probabilities that an individual with genotype AA, AB or BB transmits the allele A to offspring. Using the definitions for the transmission probabilities τAA=1, τAB=0.5 and τBB=0, the probabilities for the genotype AA of the individual with parents s and t are equal to τsτt, the probabilities for the genotype AB with parents s and t are equal to τs(1-τt) + τt(1-τs) and the probabilities for the genotype BB with parents s and t are equal to (1-τs)(1-τt). Extension to several unlinked loci and linked loci is straightforward. Linked loci require recombination rates among loci as further parameters. Polygenic inheritance using an additive model can be modeled through the transmission of the gametic values being 0.5 for any polygenotype. The polygenotypes of offspring are produced by the mid-parents´ values of their polygenotypic effects with variance σ2G/2.
Sampling scheme describes the way how individuals were selected from the population for study. Random sampling means that we take a random sample of individuals from a population and then augment this sample by including all or a random sample of relatives up to a certain degree of relatedness. When well designed recording schemes are introduced, random samples of progeny or sibships with their ancestors can be collected. These samples can be collected in a specific geographic area which is not critical as long as individuals outside this area are not selected according to their phenotype or genotype. Rare conditions are hardly studied in random samples hence many uninformative families are collected. Typically for this situation, families are included in the study because at least one member of the family is affected. The kind of the non-random sampling procedure is characterized by the type of ascertainment. Complete ascertainment is given when a sibship enters the sample independently of the number of additional affected members. The opposite extreme to complete ascertainment is single ascertainment. The probability for an affected individual tends to be zero to be brought into the study when there is not more than one affected family member. Incomplete multiple ascertainment is the situation between single and complete ascertainment. To ensure a valid segregation analysis, the kind of ascertainment should be identified. Methods of estimation of the segregation ratio depend on how the families have been brought into the study. A likelihood function based on the components of the segregation analysis model can be derived and maximized for the data observed. Since the likelihood function includes the different types of genetic models as well non-genetic factors, submodels can be tested against the most general model. Inferences can be performed for both continuously and categorically distributed data and genetic models that include monogenic, digenic, polygenic and mixtures of monogenic and polygenic as well as oligogenic and polygenic models. A genetic background of a trait analysed is given when the model explaining only non-genetic factors can be rejected and models including genetic components explain a significant proportion of the phenotypic variation.
A likelihood ratio test statistic is used to compare a specific null hypothesis (H0) defined by a specific model (restricted model) against a most general (not restricted) model. The test statistic asymptotically follows a X2-distribution, and significance levels can be obtained by using this distribution. Degrees of freedom are given by the difference of independently estimated parameters for the models compared. The information criterion of Akaike (AIC) can be used as an additional measure to choose the sparsest model with the best fit to the data. The model with the smallest AIC fits the data best with a minimum number of parameters but all hypotheses that cannot be rejected against the most general model using the likelihood ratio test must also be considered as possible. The AIC criterion cannot be used to exclude a hypothesis if this model was not rejected against the most general model by using the likelihood ratio test.
Complex segregation analysis is a powerful tool to detect major gene variation. Quantitative genetic models rely on the assumption of many (infinite) loci with very small and equal effects. This model is severely compromised in the presence of segregation of major genes. Extensions and improvements of algorithms made to the simple segregation models allow to estimate major genotype effects in the framework of the methodology developed for quantitative genetic analysis. Gibbs sampling can be employed to estimate non-genetic effects, genotype frequencies and their associated genotypic effects and quantitative genetic variation including all relationships of the animals. When information for genetic markers in population-wide linkage disequilibrium or mutations of genes associated with trait variation can be included in the analysis, the genotypic distributions need no longer to be estimated and inferences on the genotypic effects are much more precise. Such genetic polymorphisms enable us to model the gene actions and their interactions in networks for complex genetic traits. | <urn:uuid:95167599-cf00-4b66-a951-f1bf00898f91> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&meta=Generic&catId=31462&id=3859040&ind=157&objTypeID=17 | 2024-02-25T04:51:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.922235 | 2,502 | 2.546875 | 3 | [
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The American Idea
of Religious Freedom
[Church and State in the United States. 1888]
by Philip Schaff
BORN in Coire, Switzerland, 1819
What is the distinctive character of American Christianity in its organized social aspect and its relation to the national life, as compared with the Christianity of Europe?
It is a free church in a free state, or a self-supporting and self-governing Christianity in independent but friendly relation to the civil government.
This relationship of church and state marks an epoch. It is a new chapter in the history, of Christianity, and the most important one which America has so far contributed. It lies at the base of our religious institutions and operations, and they cannot be understood without it. . . .
The relationship of church and state in the United States secures full liberty of religious thought, speech, and action, within the limits of the public peace and order. It makes persecution impossible.
Religion and liberty are inseparable. Religion is voluntary, and cannot and ought not to be forced.
This is a fundamental article of the American creed, without distinction of sect or party. Liberty, both civil and religious, is an American instinct. All natives suck it in with the mother's milk; all immigrants accept it as a happy boon, especially those who flee from oppression and persecution abroad. Even those who reject the modern theory of liberty enjoy the practice, and would defend it in their own interest against any attempt to overthrow it.
Such liberty is impossible on the basis of a union of church and state, where the one of necessity restricts or controls the other. It requires a friendly separation, where each power is entirely independent in its own sphere. The church, as such, has nothing to do with the state except to obey its laws and to strengthen its moral foundations; the state has nothing to do with the church except to protect her in her property and liberty; and the state must be equally just to all forms of belief and unbelief which do not endanger the public safety.
The family, the church, and the state are divine institutions demanding alike our obedience, in their proper sphere of jurisdiction. The family is the oldest institution, and the source of church and state. The patriarchs were priests and kings of their households. Church and state are equally necessary, and as inseparable as soul and body, and yet as distinct as soul and body. The church is instituted for the religious interests and eternal welfare of man; the state for his secular interests and temporal welfare. The one looks to heaven as the final home of immortal spirits, the other upon our mother earth. The church is the reign of love; the state is the reign of justice. The former is governed by the gospel, the latter by the law. The church exhorts, and uses moral suasion; the state commands, and enforces obedience. The church punishes by rebuke, suspension, and excommunication; the state by fines, imprisonment, and death. Both meet on questions of public morals, and both together constitute civilized human Society and ensure its prosperity.
The root of this theory we find in the New Testament.
In the ancient world religion and politics were blended. Among the Jews religion ruled the state, which was a theocracy. Among the heathen the state ruled religion; the Roman emperor was the supreme pontiff (pontifex maximus), the gods were national, and the priests were servants of the state. Christianity had at first no official connection with the state. . . .
For three hundred years the Christian church kept aloof from politics, and, while obeying the civil laws and paying tribute, maintained at the same time the higher law of conscience in refusing to comply with idolatrous customs and in professing the faith in the face of death. The early Apologists-Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Lactantius-boldly claimed the freedom of religion as a natural right.
THE AMERICAN SYSTEM COMPARED WITH OTHER SYSTEMS.
The American relationship of church and state differs from all previous relationships in Europe and in the colonial period of our history; and yet it rests upon them and reaps the benefit of them all. For history is an organic unit, and American history has its roots in Europe. 1. The American system differs from the ante-Nicene or pre-Constantinian separation of church and state, when the church was indeed, as with us, self-supporting and self-governing, and so far free within, but under persecution from without, being treated as a forbidden religion by the then heathen state. In America the government protects the church in her property and rights without interfering with her internal affairs. By the power of truth and the moral heroism of martyrdom the church converted the Roman Empire and became the mother of Christian states.
2. The American system differs from the hierarchical control of the church over the state, or from priest government, which prevailed in the Middle Ages down to the Reformation, and reached its culmination in the Papacy. It confines the church to her proper spiritual vocation, and leaves the state independent in all the temporal affairs of the nation. The hierarchical theory was suited to the times after the fall of the Roman Empire and the ancient civilization, when the state was a rude military despotism, when the church was the refuge of the people, when the Christian priesthood was in sole possession of learning and had to civilize as well as to evangelize the barbarians of northern and western Europe. By her influence over legislation the church abolished bad laws and customs, introduced benevolent institutions, and created a Christian state controlled by the spirit of justice and humanity, and fit for self-government.
3. The American system differs from the Erastian or Csaro-Papal control of the state over the church, which obtained in the old Byzantine Empire, and prevails in modern Russia, and in the Protestant states of Europe, where the civil government protects and supports the church, but at the expense of her dignity and independence, and deprives her of the power of self-government. The Erastian system was based on the assumption that all citizens are also Christians of one creed, but is abnormal in the mixed character of government and people in the modern state. In America, the state has no right whatever to interfere with the affairs of the church, her doctrine, discipline, and worship, and the appointment of ministers. It would be a great calamity if religion were to become subject to our ever-changing politics.
4. The American system differs from the system of toleration, which began in Germany with the Westphalia Treaty, 1648; in England with the Act of Toleration, 1689, and which now prevails over nearly all Europe; of late years, nominally at least, even in Roman Catholic countries, to the very gates of the Vatican, in spite of the protest of the Pope. Toleration exists where the government supports one or more churches, and permits other religious communities under the name of sects (as on the continent), or dissenters and nonconformists (as in England), under certain conditions. In America there are no such distinctions, but only churches or denominations on a footing of perfect equality before the law. To talk about any particular denomination as the church, or the American church, has no meaning, and betrays ignorance or conceit. Such exclusiveness is natural and logical in Romanism, but unnatural, illogical, and contemptible in any other church. The American laws know no such institution as "the church," but only separate and independent organizations.
Toleration is an important step from state-churchism to free-churchism. But it is only a step. There is a very great difference between toleration and liberty. Toleration is a concession, which may be withdrawn; it implies a preference for the ruling form of faith and worship, and a practical disapproval of all other forms. It may be coupled with many restrictions and disabilities. We tolerate what we dislike but cannot alter; we tolerate even a nuisance, if we must. Acts of toleration are wrung from a government by the force of circumstances and the power of a minority too influential to be disregarded.
In our country we ask no toleration for religion and its free exercise, but we claim it as an inalienable right. "It is not toleration," says Judge Cooley, "which is established in our system, but religious equality." Freedom of religion is one of the greatest gifts of God to man, without distinction of race and color. He is the author and lord of conscience, and no power on earth has a right to stand between God and the conscience. A violation of this divine law written in the heart is an assault upon the majesty of God and the image of God in man. Granting the freedom of conscience, we must, by logical necessity, also grant the freedom of its manifestation and exercise in public worship. To concede the first and to deny the second, after the manner of despotic governments, is to imprison the conscience. To be just, the state must either support all or none of the religions of its citizens. Our government supports none, but protects all.
5. Finally-and this we would emphasize as especially important in our time,-the American system differs radically and fundamentally from the infidel and red-republican theory of religious freedom. The word freedom is one of the most abused words in the vocabulary. True liberty, is a positive force, regulated by law; false liberty is a negative force, a release from restraint. True liberty is the moral power of self-government; the liberty of infidels and anarchists is carnal licentiousness. The American separation of church and state rests on respect for the church; the infidel separation, on indifference and hatred of the church, and of religion itself.
The infidel theory was tried and failed in the first Revolution of France. It began with toleration, and ended with the abolition of Christianity, and with the reign of terror, which in turn prepared the way for military despotism as the only means of saving society from anarchy and ruin. Our infidels and anarchists would re nact this tragedy if they should ever get the power. They openly profess their hatred and contempt of our Sunday-laws, our Sabbaths, our churches, and all our religious institutions and societies. Let us beware of them! The American system grants freedom also to irreligion and infidelity, but only within the limits of the order and safety of society. The destruction of religion would be the destruction of morality and the ruin of the state. Civil liberty requires for its support religious liberty, and cannot prosper without it. Religious liberty is not an empty Sound, but an orderly exercise of religious duties and enjoyment of all its privileges. It is freedom in religion, not freedom from religion; as true civil liberty is freedom in law, and not freedom from law. Says Goethe:
"In der Beschrnkung erst zeigt sich der Meister,
Und das Gesetz nur kann dir Freiheit geben."
Republican institutions in the hands of a virtuous and God-fearing nation are the very best in the world, but in the hands of a corrupt and irreligious people they are the very worst, and the most effective weapons of destruction. An indignant people may rise in rebellion against a cruel tyrant; but who will rise against the tyranny of the people in possession of the ballot-box and the whole machinery of government? Here lies our great danger, and it is increasing every year.
Destroy our churches, close our Sunday-schools, abolish the Lord's Day, and our republic would become an empty shell, and our people would tend to heathenism and barbarism. Christianity is the most powerful factor in our society and the pillar of our institutions. It regulates the family; it enjoins private and public virtue; it builds up moral character; it teaches us to love God supremely, and our neighbor as ourselves; it makes good men and useful citizens; it denounces every vice; it encourages every virtue; it promotes and serves the public welfare; it upholds peace and order. Christianity is the only possible religion for the American people, and with Christianity are bound up all our hopes for the future.
This was strongly felt by Washington, the father of his country, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen"; and no passage in his immortal Farewell Address is more truthful, wise, and worthy of constant remembrance by every American statesman and citizen than that in which he affirms the inseparable connection of religion with morality and national prosperity. | <urn:uuid:9c9abd8c-de60-4da8-aa57-5ad0a43f509b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.revivaltheology.net/es/7_misc/religfre.html | 2024-02-26T11:24:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.964434 | 2,616 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page. You can browse or download additional books there. To download a .zip file containing this book to use offline, simply click here.
Imagine you are reading a book for school. You need to find important details that you can use for an assignment. However, when you begin to read, you notice that the book has very little punctuation. Sentences fail to form complete paragraphs and instead form one block of text without clear organization. Most likely, this book would frustrate and confuse you. Without clear and concise sentences, it is difficult to find the information you need.
For both students and professionals, clear communication is important. Whether you are typing an e-mail or writing a report, it is your responsibility to present your thoughts and ideas clearly and precisely. Writing in complete sentences is one way to ensure that you communicate well. This section covers how to recognize and write basic sentence structures and how to avoid some common writing errors.
Clearly written, complete sentences require key information: a subject, a verb and a complete idea. A sentence needs to make sense on its own. Sometimes, complete sentences are also called independent clauses. A clauseA group of words that contains a subject and a verb and may make up a complete sentence. is a group of words that may make up a sentence. An independent clauseA group of words that contains a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete, grammatically correct thought. An independent clause is a complete sentence. is a group of words that may stand alone as a complete, grammatically correct thought. The following sentences show independent clauses.
All complete sentences have at least one independent clause. You can identify an independent clause by reading it on its own and looking for the subject and the verb.
When you read a sentence, you may first look for the subjectA word that tells who or what the sentence is about. Subjects are usually nouns or pronouns., or what the sentence is about. The subject usually appears at the beginning of a sentence as a nounA word that identifies a person, place, thing, or idea. or a pronounA word that substitutes for a noun; for example, I, you, he, she, it, we, or they.. A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, thing, or idea. A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. Common pronouns are I, he, she, it, you, they, and we. In the following sentences, the subject is underlined once.
In these sentences, the subject is a person: Malik. The pronoun He replaces and refers back to Malik.
In the first sentence, the subject is a place: computer lab. In the second sentence, the pronoun It substitutes for computer lab as the subject.
In the first sentence, the subject is a thing: project. In the second sentence, the pronoun It stands in for the project.
In this chapter, please refer to the following grammar key:
A sentence may have more than one person, place, or thing as the subject. These subjects are called compound subjectsA subject that contains two or more nouns or pronouns joined by the words and, or, or nor.. Compound subjects are useful when you want to discuss several subjects at once.
You will often read a sentence that has more than one noun or pronoun in it. You may encounter a group of words that includes a prepositionType of word that connects a noun, pronoun, or verb to another word that describes or modifies it. Common prepositions include in, on, under, near, by, with, and about. with a noun or a pronoun. Prepositions connect a noun, pronoun, or verb to another word that describes or modifies that noun, pronoun, or verb. Common prepositions include in, on, under, near, by, with, and about. A group of words that begin with a preposition is called a prepositional phraseA group of words that begins with a preposition.. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and modifies or describes a word. It cannot act as the subject of a sentence. The following circled phrases are examples of prepositional phrases.
Read the following sentences. Underline the subjects, and circle the prepositional phrases.
Once you locate the subject of a sentence, you can move on to the next part of a complete sentence: the verbA word that tells what the subject is doing or links the subject to a describing word.. A verb is often an action word that shows what the subject is doing. A verb can also link the subject to a describing word. There are three types of verbs that you can use in a sentence: action verbs, linking verbs, or helping verbs.
A verb that connects the subject to an action is called an action verbA verb that identifies the action the subject performs.. An action verb answers the question what is the subject doing? In the following sentences, the words underlined twice are action verbs.
A verb can often connect the subject of the sentence to a describing word. This type of verb is called a linking verbA verb that connects or links the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective. because it links the subject to a describing word. In the following sentences, the words underlined twice are linking verbs.
If you have trouble telling the difference between action verbs and linking verbs, remember that an action verb shows that the subject is doing something, whereas a linking verb simply connects the subject to another word that describes or modifies the subject. A few verbs can be used as either action verbs or linking verbs.
Although both sentences use the same verb, the two sentences have completely different meanings. In the first sentence, the verb describes the boy’s action. In the second sentence, the verb describes the boy’s appearance.
A third type of verb you may use as you write is a helping verbVerbs that are used with a main verb to describe mood or tense. The helping verb is usually a form of be, do, or have.. Helping verbs are verbs that are used with the main verb to describe a mood or tense. Helping verbs are usually a form of be, do, or have. The word can is also used as a helping verb.
Whenever you write or edit sentences, keep the subject and verb in mind. As you write, ask yourself these questions to keep yourself on track:
Subject: Who or what is the sentence about?
Verb: Which word shows an action or links the subject to a description?
Copy each sentence onto your own sheet of paper and underline the verb(s) twice. Name the type of verb(s) used in the sentence in the space provided (LV, HV, or V).
Now that you know what makes a complete sentence—a subject and a verb—you can use other parts of speech to build on this basic structure. Good writers use a variety of sentence structures to make their work more interesting. This section covers different sentence structures that you can use to make longer, more complex sentences.
Six basic subject-verb patterns can enhance your writing. A sample sentence is provided for each pattern. As you read each sentence, take note of where each part of the sentence falls. Notice that some sentence patterns use action verbs and others use linking verbs.
When you write a sentence with a direct object (DO), make sure that the DO receives the action of the verb.
In this sentence structure, an indirect objectA noun or pronoun in a sentence that answers to whom or to what the action is being done. The indirect object comes before the direct object in a sentence. explains to whom or to what the action is being done. The indirect object is a noun or pronoun, and it comes before the direct object in a sentence.
Use what you have learned so far to bring variety in your writing. Use the following lines or your own sheet of paper to write six sentences that practice each basic sentence pattern. When you have finished, label each part of the sentence (S, V, LV, N, Adj, Adv, DO, IO).
Find an article in a newspaper, a magazine, or online that interests you. Bring it to class or post it online. Then, looking at a classmate’s article, identify one example of each part of a sentence (S, V, LV, N, Adj, Adv, DO, IO). Please share or post your results.
The sentences you have encountered so far have been independent clauses. As you look more closely at your past writing assignments, you may notice that some of your sentences are not complete. A sentence that is missing a subject or a verb is called a fragmentAn incomplete sentence that results when a subject or a verb is missing.. A fragment may include a description or may express part of an idea, but it does not express a complete thought.
Fragment: Children helping in the kitchen.
Complete sentence: Children helping in the kitchen often make a mess.
You can easily fix a fragment by adding the missing subject or verb. In the example, the sentence was missing a verb. Adding often make a mess creates an S-V-N sentence structure.
Figure 2.1 Editing Fragments That Are Missing a Subject or a Verb
See whether you can identify what is missing in the following fragments.
Fragment: Told her about the broken vase.
Complete sentence: I told her about the broken vase.
Fragment: The store down on Main Street.
Complete sentence: The store down on Main Street sells music.
Fragments often occur because of some common error, such as starting a sentence with a preposition, a dependent word, an infinitiveA verb form that combines the word to with a verb, such as to buy, to go, or to gather., or a gerundA verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun, such as running, writing, or celebrating.. If you use the six basic sentence patterns when you write, you should be able to avoid these errors and thus avoid writing fragments.
When you see a preposition, check to see that it is part of a sentence containing a subject and a verb. If it is not connected to a complete sentence, it is a fragment, and you will need to fix this type of fragment by combining it with another sentence. You can add the prepositional phrase to the end of the sentence. If you add it to the beginning of the other sentence, insert a comma after the prepositional phrase.
Figure 2.2 Editing Fragments That Begin with a Preposition
Clauses that start with a dependent wordThe first word in a dependent clause. Common dependent words are since, because, without, unless, and so on.—such as since, because, without, or unless—are similar to prepositional phrases. Like prepositional phrases, these clauses can be fragments if they are not connected to an independent clause containing a subject and a verb. To fix the problem, you can add such a fragment to the beginning or end of a sentence. If the fragment is added at the beginning of a sentence, add a comma.
When you encounter a word ending in -ing in a sentence, identify whether or not this word is used as a verb in the sentence. You may also look for a helping verb. If the word is not used as a verb or if no helping verb is used with the -ing verb form, the verb is being used as a noun. An -ing verb form used as a noun is called a gerund.
Once you know whether the -ing word is acting as a noun or a verb, look at the rest of the sentence. Does the entire sentence make sense on its own? If not, what you are looking at is a fragment. You will need to either add the parts of speech that are missing or combine the fragment with a nearby sentence.
Figure 2.3 Editing Fragments That Begin with Gerunds
Incorrect: Taking deep breaths. Saul prepared for his presentation.
Correct: Taking deep breaths, Saul prepared for his presentation.
Correct: Saul prepared for his presentation. He was taking deep breaths.
Incorrect: Congratulating the entire team. Sarah raised her glass to toast their success.
Correct: She was congratulating the entire team. Sarah raised her glass to toast their success.
Correct: Congratulating the entire team, Sarah raised her glass to toast their success.
Another error in sentence construction is a fragment that begins with an infinitive. An infinitive is a verb paired with the word to; for example, to run, to write, or to reach. Although infinitives are verbs, they can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. You can correct a fragment that begins with an infinitive by either combining it with another sentence or adding the parts of speech that are missing.
Incorrect: We needed to make three hundred more paper cranes. To reach the one thousand mark.
Correct: We needed to make three hundred more paper cranes to reach the one thousand mark.
Correct: We needed to make three hundred more paper cranes. We wanted to reach the one thousand mark.
Copy the following sentences onto your own sheet of paper and circle the fragments. Then combine the fragment with the independent clause to create a complete sentence.
Just as short, incomplete sentences can be problematic, lengthy sentences can be problematic too. Sentences with two or more independent clauses that have been incorrectly combined are known as run-on sentencesA sentence made up of two or more independent clauses that have been incorrectly combined.. A run-on sentence may be either a fused sentence or a comma splice.
Fused sentence: A family of foxes lived under our shed young foxes played all over the yard.
Comma splice: We looked outside, the kids were hopping on the trampoline.
When two complete sentences are combined into one without any punctuation, the result is a fused sentenceA run-on sentence created by two complete sentences combined into one without any punctuation.. When two complete sentences are joined by a comma, the result is a comma spliceA run-on sentence created by two complete sentences separated only by a single comma.. Both errors can easily be fixed.
One way to correct run-on sentences is to correct the punctuation. For example, adding a period will correct the run-on by creating two separate sentences.
Using a semicolon between the two complete sentences will also correct the error. A semicolon allows you to keep the two closely related ideas together in one sentence. When you punctuate with a semicolon, make sure that both parts of the sentence are independent clauses. For more information on semicolons, see Section 2.4.2 "Capitalize Proper Nouns".
Run-on: The accident closed both lanes of traffic we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.
Complete sentence: The accident closed both lanes of traffic; we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.
When you use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses, you may wish to add a transition word to show the connection between the two thoughts. After the semicolon, add the transition word and follow it with a comma. For more information on transition words, see Chapter 8 "The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?".
Run-on: The project was put on hold we didn’t have time to slow down, so we kept working.
Complete sentence: The project was put on hold; however, we didn’t have time to slow down, so we kept working.
You can also fix run-on sentences by adding a comma and a coordinating conjunctionA word that links two independent clauses. Common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.. A coordinating conjunction acts as a link between two independent clauses.
These are the seven coordinating conjunctions that you can use: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Use these words appropriately when you want to link the two independent clauses. The acronym FANBOYS will help you remember this group of coordinating conjunctions.
Run-on: The new printer was installed, no one knew how to use it.
Complete sentence: The new printer was installed, but no one knew how to use it.
Adding dependent words is another way to link independent clauses. Like the coordinating conjunctions, dependent words show a relationship between two independent clauses.
Run-on: We took the elevator, the others still got there before us.
Complete sentence: Although we took the elevator, the others got there before us.
Run-on: Cobwebs covered the furniture, the room hadn’t been used in years.
Complete sentence: Cobwebs covered the furniture because the room hadn’t been used in years.
Figure 2.4 Sample e-mail
Isabelle’s e-mail opens with two fragments and two run-on sentences containing comma splices. The e-mail ends with another fragment. What effect would this e-mail have on Mr. Blankenship or other readers? Mr. Blankenship or other readers may not think highly of Isaebelle’s communication skills or—worse—may not understand the message at all! Communications written in precise, complete sentences are not only more professional but also easier to understand. Before you hit the “send” button, read your e-mail carefully to make sure that the sentences are complete, are not run together, and are correctly punctuated.
A reader can get lost or lose interest in material that is too dense and rambling. Use what you have learned about run-on sentences to correct the following passages:
Using the six basic sentence structures, write one of the following: | <urn:uuid:1e07a457-0e4e-4287-ac43-51d3920f1789> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/s06-01-sentence-writing.html | 2024-02-26T12:05:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.947669 | 3,723 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
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I have worked as a professional writer for the last ten years, but before then I served for six years as a naval officer. Life at sea is difficult, dangerous, and challenging. All mariners, no matter the type of vessel that operate or service they work in, live a life that is different from that experienced by most people.
Even with advancements in hull structures, propulsion, navigation, and crew comfort, once we are underway, we are in a constant struggle against the elements.
Things get no safer or easier when pulling into port or anchoring offshore. In fact, these operations are some of the hardest and most dangerous that any ship driver contends with. It takes real skill to attach a large ship to a mooring. To do so, a mariner must know the kind of mooring they will tie their vessel to.
As a writer, part of my job is to make complex subjects easy for non-specialists to understand. In this article, I summarize what anyone would want to know about moorings.
What is a Mooring?
A mooring is any permanent structure to which a vessel can be secured. The word “mooring” is both a noun and a verb. The noun is the structure. The verb mooring refers to the act of lassoing, tethering, tying, or otherwise securing a boat to a fixed object.
Vessels can be moored to buoys, quays, wharfs, jetties, and piers. Mooring a vessel can be done in a few different ways. While it takes trial and error to perfect this skill, newly minted mariners should never attempt to do it alone.
In navies around the world, the entire process of mooring is managed, tightly supervised, and sometimes carried out entirely, by the captain of the vessel. In most instances, the captains of large vessels never let junior people moor the ship without close supervision. It takes years of experience and apprenticeship before any mariner is ready to carry out this operation on their own.
Types of Moorings
Most boat moorings are stationary platforms. They are found on wharfs and piers around the world. Here are some of the types of mooring and their essential features.
1. Timber staging
This type of mooring consists of piling and decking. Some of the prominent features and advantages of this type of mooring include:
– It allows wildlife such as water voles to access the bank and, provided there are spaces left in the decking for light to penetrate, bankside vegetation will continue to grow.
– It is suitable for a river or broad where there is not a large tidal range.
The staging for this type of mooring should be kept as narrow as possible. The decking should be cleaned regularly, and the pilings should be replaced every ten years.
2. Quay heading and piling
This type of mooring is suitable for most tidal ranges. However, its structure tends to be relatively complicated. It should vertical fenders and rubbing strips in areas where the tides swell exceptionally high.
Many of these types of mooring structures use steel. But plastic and timber are also used. There should be good drainage systems behind pilings to stop the formation of puddles during high tide.
Pontoons can be used as a mooring structure. There is great advantage in using them. Though they must be secured by an anchor or piling, they can be installed relatively quickly.
Pontoon moorings must be cleaned regularly. They are suitable for wider navigation areas with a mid-to-high tide range. You will not find them in narrow channels, as they can impede navigation.
Related: Different Types of Pontoon Boats
4. Swing or trot
This is a single buoy permanently fixed to the bed by a cable to provide stable mooring. A row of linked buoys is a trot mooring. It enables vessels to secure themselves in a way that prevents them from drifting with the wind or current.
Maintenance is generally low on this type of mooring. It has a low impact on wildlife and does not affect the landscape too much. The chains on these moorings must be regularly inspected and replaced.
It is not suitable for rivers, but it is perfect for broad areas with exceptionally strong currents.
This type of mooring consists of a number of vertical piles driven into the river or broad bed. These are connected with horizontal beams to which a vessel can moor. The timber piling on this type of mooring is bulky.
It has a life span of 20 years. It is most suitable for rivers and broads with a variety of tidal ranges.
6. King post
This is the most common type of mooring structure in the world. It is certainly the one that I most encountered when I was in the service.
It consists of either a single piled post or two posts that allow fore and aft mooring. If there is one post, then the boat must move with the wind and current to tie up. Indeed, securing a ship to a single king post can be tricky.
I have done on a small craft (under supervision) on which it is much easier to feel the motion and general drift. You must have absolute mastery of your helm and engines to secure the vessel safely to this mooring structure.
This type of mooring structure is most suitable for broad areas in which there are not strong currents.
Important Points to Remember During Mooring Operations
Securing a water craft to a mooring structure is always a difficult and dangerous task. No matter the size of the craft you are operating, you must have adequate training and preparation before doing it. Indeed, every sailor has heard horror stories of how people have been injured, crippled, and even killed during mooring operations.
The snapping of lines is one of the greatest threats to life and limb during this type of operation. The larger the vessel the more force will be put on the lines that are used to secure it to the mooring structure. The deck crew must consist of experience people who know how to give and take in slack while securing the ship to the moor.
Although smaller vessels do not have such deck crews, it is important for the few people who are responsible for tying the boat to the mooring to pay attention to what they are doing. Even smaller lines can snap and cause injury.
In any case, here are a few simple rules to enforce during mooring operations:
1. Do not allow any extra crew member on deck
Ensure that no extra personnel are present at the mooring station except those who are involved in the operation. Anyone who is not assisting in the mooring operation must be asked to leave the mooring station for his/her and other’s safety.
2. Know the weather conditions
Before planning the mooring operation, consider the weather condition by taking factors such as wind and current. The ship’s master and responsible officer must have the details of current and future weather data before commencing the mooring operation.
3. Check all mooring equipment
Check all the equipment (mooring winch, drums, windlass etc.) involved in the mooring operation for any kind of problem. Proper routine maintenance is the key to ensure smooth running of mooring equipment and systems. You should also check the load sensors of the mooring winches.
4. Check the tail of the mooring line
If the mooring wire line is provided with tail (short lengths of synthetic fiber rope which are placed in series with the vessel’s winch-mounted wires to decrease mooring line stiffness and thus to reduce peak line loads and fatigue due to vessel motions) ensure same size and material of tails are used for all lines in the same service (breast, spring and head lines). Different tail size and material would lead to uneven load in the mooring line.
5. Tend one line at a time
This is not possible if you are on a large vessel. But it is possible if you operate a smaller craft. In these situations, you should tend one line at a time when mooring. If this is not done, it may increase the load in the other tended lines. If two lines are tended together it may lead to overloading and breakage.
6. Keep a check on the mooring line load
Ensure that the allowable breaking load in any of the mooring lines does not increase 55% of its Maximum Breaking Load (MBL). This is to prevent the line from snapping.
7. Avoid mixed mooring
Mixed mooring is extremely dangerous. Generally, mooring lines of the same size and material should be used for all leads, if this is not possible due to the available equipment, all lines in the same service should be of the same size and material. The use of mixed moorings comprising full length synthetic ropes used in conjunction with wire should be avoided.
If a synthetic rope and a wire are used in the same service the wire will carry almost the entire load while the synthetic rope carries practically none.
8. Keep a continuous check
Load on the mooring lines must be checked continuously even after the mooring operation is over. If there is any change in the ship’s ballast condition, the lines must be slacked or tightened accordingly. The condition of the rope material should also be checked to foresee unfortunate accidents.
9. Arrange mooring lines symmetrically
All mooring line must be arranged as symmetrical as possible with the breast line. The breast line should be perpendicular to the longitudinal centre line of the ship and the spring line should be parallel to the longitudinal centre line. | <urn:uuid:d2c724db-968c-4959-a8ec-efd213cd1624> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://boatbiscuit.com/types-of-boat-moorings/ | 2024-02-26T12:05:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.95556 | 2,051 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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More on the Money Trust—The American Pilgrims Society
The logo of The Pilgrams Society of Great Britain and its sister society in the United States. Formed in Britain in June 1902 and in the US six months later in January, it was intended to bond the two in a "special relationship."
WITH THE PRO-WAR ELEMENT IN THE U.S. MADE UP ALMOST SOLELY OF ANGLOS, it can be no surprise that our establishment history holds that the Great War (WWI) was necessary and right, or at least "inevitable". I cannot guarantee that the scenario in the following article happened exactly as the author states, but I am sure that even if some little fiction is involved to make the story more interesting, the main facts and ultimate outcome is exactly right. There is an American Pilgrims Society (which has nothing to do with the Pilgram Fathers of 1620) and these men were its members and did work surreptitiously, against the known wishes of the American people and the re-election promises of President Wilson, for the U.S. to help fund and then to enter the war. Their main reason was to save Britain from bankruptcy and future indebtedness to Germany … and of course, loss of power. And after WE Americans saved Britain's butt, it showed no mercy whatsoever to Germany when forcing her to pay all Britain's debts, nor ending its starvation policy on German people, children and infants with its naval blockade kept up after the armistice to force her to sign an unjust and punishing “peace treaty”. This is patriotism? The only patriotic people involved were Germans and Austrians. The rest were only loyal to money and their financial bottom line.
These articles are vitally important in understanding the real reasons for why this war was such a total lie and disaster from beginning to end, and how the United States ended up fighting in it, absorbing a loss of 116,000 American deaths, almost all in a single year, 1918. -cy
WHY THE MONEY TRUST WANTS WAR
IX—THE “AMERICAN” PILGRIMS
by Charles A. Collman
ON the night of September 30, 1915, I saw, in a hotel on Fifth Avenue, a Memorial* that will yet thrill the world. I heard the story of titled leaders of a race who had provoked a war, but found that their own people would not fight for them. So these men brought mercenary savages into a white man's country to wage a barbarous warfare.
But these titled men feared the condemnation of the world, so in order to forestall all censure, they selected from amongst them a man who bore a once honored name, and whose words might carry weight abroad. Upon him they urged an infamous task. He shuddered—but obeyed. He made charges** against the enemies of his race, so as to alienate from them the sympathy of the world. But when proofs of his infamy were produced, he concocted other charges***, that the Memorial might not be believed.
[*Foreign Office, Berlin, July 30, 1915. Suppressed by newspapers in New York at request of Wall Street bankers, since it might awaken sympathy for the Germans and thus frustrate the billion dollar loan to the Allies. ** Bryce—Belgium atrocity charges *** Bryce—Armenian atrocity charges ]
The Memorial that I saw that night showed photographs of men staring into vacancy, with surgeons' stitches over sightless orbs. They were wounded men, whose eyes had been cut out by black savages, with special daggers with which their masters has provided them for this purpose, fastened in the sheath of their sidearms.
There are some thoughts that cannot be uttered in words. I confess, I staggered from the room in that hotel, with a groan in my heart at the thought that a race of white men could be so vile.
I descended the stairway, and as I passed along the carpeted hall, there was a faint burst of cheering as one of the side doors opened. The sound affected me unpleasantly. I wondered that men could laugh.
At my questioning glance, an attendant who was passing, said: “It's a banquet, sir. One of the finest we've ever given. Would you like to see it?”
He opened the door through which the cheering had penetrated, and mechanically I followed him. A cloud of hot, smoke-laden air met my face as I entered upon a mezzanine balcony. Below me four hundred men were seated at tables in a great apartment.
The last course had been served. Pale-faced waiters were removing from stained table cloths the wax lights, sparkling beneath their pink silk shades. Wine men, with service chains about their necks, were filling the glasses.
At the guests' table an aged man arose, with a wine glass in his upraised hand. I recognized him as a corporation lawyer, whom I have met in Wall Street for many years. His lips opened, and he spoke. At his words I started back as though I had felt the crack of a whip in my face.
For this Wall Street lawyer said: “I propose three cheers for the King of England.”
An outburst of cheering succeeded. Men grew mad. They pounded on the tables. Bottles and chairs were overturned.
The Wall Street lawyer motioned for silence. Again he began to speak: “I am an old bencher of the Middle Temple, London. You all know Lord Bryce, for no man ever lived in America who made himself more honored. Some of us would have preferred to have something more said in this war, something more done, a protest when the invasion of Belgium occurred. You have read his reports of the acts against those men, and you have read his recent appeal. Putting these two reports of his together, with the two nations whom he indicted, they are exactly alike. If you scratch one of them, you find the blood of the other underneath. There is no possibility of distinguishing them in character or conduct. Constantly, daily and nightly, I am sympathizing with the Allies.”
Another wild outburst of applause ensued.
These words affected me strangely. I marvelled that they had been uttered on American soil. For you see, on the floor above, I had just seen the dreadful indictment of the English race—that they had filled a line in Europe, from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier, with Gurkhas, Sikhs, Sepoys, Turcos, Goums, Moroccans and Senegalese, who under the eyes of the highest commanders of England, had committed atrocities which set at defiance all the usages of civilization and humanity.
Leaning over the balcony railing, I eyed the speaker intently. I noticed that he had grown very old. There was a touch of senility about the lips of this bencher of the Middle Temple.
Silence again ensued. Again the corporation lawyer spoke. This time his subject was the $500,000,000 loan that had just been made to the Allies by Morgan, in forcing the use of the public's money in the banks and insurance companies of the country, which are all under his control.
The lawyer said: “Fourteen months the war has been waged, and I now hope that every man, woman and child of the United States who has got a hundred dollars will invest it in this loan, and, what's more, I hope that this is only the first installment. It's a great thing for us to have the opportunity to keep, and I think that the people here are grateful for it.
“Lord Reading is going back with $500,000,000 in his pocket. He has dealt splendidly with the American people.”
An uproar of mad enthusiasm succeeded, with wild cheers for England's King.
But the words just uttered made me ponder. For this bencher of London's Middle Temple had once been, I knew, a man of high intelligence. I felt assured that he knew at least as many facts as I about the loan. That Russia had lost sixteen of her governments to the Germans, the most productive and profitable sections of her Empire, thus destroying the chief resources of her revenue. That she had defaulted on her vast obligations to France and England, threatening impending bankruptcy to both countries. That, since the end of August, the Bank of England's gold had shrunk $35,900,000, while there was a rapidly increasing expansion of paper war currency issued through her joint stock banks.* [*New York Evening Post, October 7]
Was it possible that a man of repute should urge the men, women and children of this country to imperil their hard-earned savings in a loan to bankrupt foreign nations? Morgan and his private banking friends, of course, did not wish to hold the bag for the $500,000,000 credit they had advanced to foreigners, and they were working to unload upon the public the bonds whose flotation so far had been a failure. But could even a corporation lawyer of Wall Street thus urge ruin upon the people of the country in which he had made his fortune?
Involuntarily there occurred to my mind the words of President Wilson, when he issued his neutrality proclamation on August 7, 1914: “And I do further declare and proclaim that the statutes and treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said war, but shall remain at peace with all the said belligerents.”
And I asked myself, Who are these men, so strong that they may with impunity defy the power of the President of our country, and the wishes of its people? I turned to the attendant on the mezzanine balcony and asked him: “Who are these men?”
Owing to the din below, his lips came close to my ear. He whispered: “It's a society they call the American Pilgrims.”
Who are these Pilgrims? I have since made a study of them. Their organization is one of immense power, and just now they seem to hold our country in the hollow of their hands.
In the “Rules” of the handbook of the Society, which I obtained, I found the following given as the purposes of the organization: “The object of the Society shall be the promotion of the sentiment of brotherhood between the two nations.”
I shall now enumerate the members of this great Society. But before I do so, I wish to utter an appeal to my fellow-countrymen in the South, in the Middle West and in the West, where American principles and the belief in democracy still live. I wish to tell them that here in the East a powerful and unscrupulous aristocratic plutocracy has seized upon the strength and resources of our nation. Great English bankers have been plotting here for years to seize the reins of government. So far, these men have succeeded. They control the banks of the country, all the institutions in which the people have placed their savings; they at last control the press, and can sway public sentiment by means of their corrupt news services, from one end of the country to the other. They are determined to throw the financial resources of the United States into England's lap and to force this country into war on the side of that land they love better than the country of their professed adoption.
Pictured: Left, Sir Harry Brittain; Center top, Bryan Mahon; Center bottom, The Hon Charles Rolls; Right General Joseph Wheeler established The Pilgrims of Great Britain on 16 July 1902.
Who so doubts my words, let him look upon this list. It is taken from the official handbook of the Society.
The Society of Pilgrims
Sir Cecil Spring-Rice—Britain's Ambassador; J. Pierpont Morgan—Britain's war agent; Andrew Carnegie—British born; making his income from the Steel Trust's war contracts; Col. Robert M. Thompson—President of the Navy League, indicted and fined for violating the Federal laws; Lord Murray, Master of Elibank—English Whip, who lost his party's funds by speculating in stocks; Henry P. Davison—Partner of Morgan, Britain's war agent; Thomas W. Lamont—Partner of Morgan, Britain's war agent; John Revelstoke Rathom—British born, editor of the Providence Journal, mouthpiece of the British Ambassador; Adolph S. Ochs—Owner New York Times, conducting English propaganda; Ogden Mills Reid—President Tribune Association, conducting English propaganda; George Gray Ward—Born in Hertfordshire, England; Bradley Martin—Educated Oxford, England; [James M. Beck, John W. Griggs, Joseph H. Choate, Alton B. Parker, Francis Lynda Stetson, Frederic R. Coudert—All six Wall Street Corporation Lawyers]; George T. Wilson—Vice-President Equitable Life Assurance Society; [Pliny Fisk, Francis L. Hine, Albert H. Wiggin, Frank A. Vanderlip, Alvin W. Krech, A. Barton Hepburn—All six Underwriters of the $500,000,000 loan.]
Let us now analyze the acts of these sham Americans, and see how they have made sport during the last year of the American people.
Sir Cecil Spring-Rice certainly is a typical American Pilgrim. He has been plotting for the last fourteen months with his English secret service men to discredit his fellow Ambassadors from belligerent countries. And in this he has used Lansing [American Amb to Britain] as his little woolly lamb.
We see that J. Pierpont Morgan, the English banker, founder or controller of the New York Peace Society, the American Peace and Arbitration League, the Navy League and the National Security League, now also, with his partners, has full swing in the Society of the Pilgrims of the United States. Just as his two peace societies are shams, since they do not work for peace, and as his defense societies are shams, since they are working only to put $500,000,000 in his capacious pockets, so the Society of Pilgrms, ostensibly founded to “promote brotherhood among the nations,” is, as is plainly evident from the aged Choate's address, operating to promote hatred, if not war, between this country and the Central Powers of Europe.
And what are we to think of the patriotism of Colonel Robert M. Thompson, President of the Navy League? He demands that the Federal Government expend $5000,000,000 on armament, so that the munitions plants of himself and his friends in Wall Street may prosper. Yet this man violated the laws of the Federal Government when he cornered cotton, in the endeavor to make this necessary commodity more expensive to every man, woman and child in this country. Will the Federal Government listen to this lawbreaker now? Do the members of the Navy League believe that he is a patriotic leader for them to follow?
Then we come to the English propagandists. It is an interesting subject. Here we find three American Pilgrims, one of whom is John Revelstoke Rathom, born in Britain, but who, like so many of his countrymen today, finds it safer to fight Germans on this side of the water than to go to the front. This man Rathom is the mouthpiece of the British Ambassador. What the spies of Spring-Rice learned in their campaign of persecution against the British Ambassador's colleagues in Washington, by the theft of letters and the like, they turned over to this editor of the Providence Journal. In turn, Rathom delivered his “news” to his two fellow Pilgrims, Adolph S. Ochs, of the New York Times and Ogden Mills Reid, of the New York Tribune. And how these three “American” Pilgrims have had the laugh on the American public for the last fourteen months. While they were prosecuting their English propaganda under the direction of Rathom, the English editor, their columns were filled with animadversions against the dreadful “German propaganda.” They well might say, as I have heard they said: “Englishmen are so clever, you know, while the Americans are so very dull.”
We see among these Pilgrims, who cheered so frantically for the King of England and the $500,000,000 war loan, an alarming number of Wall Street corporation lawyers. Most of them have taken an active part in the English propaganda. Many of them are directly interested in the war munitions companies, and corporations associated with them. But what is still more alarming is that a great number of them are trustees of the great life insurance companies of the country. There is Mr. Choate, who, as we have seen, says that the $500,000,000 loan is only the “first installment,” and who gloats over the fact that Lord Reading is going back with $500,000,000 in his pocket. Yet this aged lawyer, who was educated at Oxford, is trustee of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. There is James M. Beck, who has made of himself the apologist, if not the press agent, for England, trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company. There is Alton B. Parker, also trustee of the Equitable. And among those Pilgrims on that shameful night was even the vice-president of the Equitable Life, Mr. George T. Wilson.
It is certainly a matter of great moment to Americans that men who avowedly would sacrifice the best interest of their country for a foreign land, should have control of those great corporations in which are invested the savings of the American people. There is no assurance or guaranty that the funds of those institutions are not being surreptitiously used in the hazardous loan to warring countries, whose credit has waned and who may repudiate their obligations.
We find also among these Pilgrims a long list of bankers, the heads of financial institutions that are the underwriters of the loan. Since they applauded Choate, we must be led to believe that they also regard this loan as a “first installment,” and that they will try to force further use of the money of their depositors in advancing another billion to the Allies.
A serious feature of the situation is the truculent attitude these bankers have suddenly assumed, under the tutelage of Morgan, to those who are opposed to the loan. They bitterly term such persons who disagree with their views, “hyphens,” “German-Americans,” “Teutons.” In their blind worship of England, they do not hesitate to strike at their own countrymen. I shall instance some of the recent actions of these bankers in New York City. One bank president, when questioned by his depositors whether he was using their funds for the purposes of the loan, angrily instructed them to remove their accounts from his bank. Another incident I shall quote bodily from the Times of October 7th:
“One instance was reported in which the committee of 100 called on a large savings bank to serve notice that if that bank deposited any part of its funds in institutions helping in the flotation of the loan, all German-American depositors would be asked to close out their accounts. The President of the savings bank said that it was true that he had funds in some of the State and national banks known to be in sympathy with the loan. 'Also,' he is reported to have told the committee, 'we hold mortgages on about 5000 homes of German-Americans, and if you want to make a test of the matter, we shall begin insisting on the payment of all of these mortgages as they come due.'”
Here we see an English banker deliberately coercing his depositors into the commission of an un-neutral act, and threatening them, if they disobey him, with foreclosing the mortgages on their homes. This is undeniably the most scandalous story ever recorded in the banking history of New York State. This man says to his depositors: “I shall use your money as I see fit. If you dare to object I shall drive you from your homes.” And this he said in spite of the warning of the Pujo Committee, that bankers and financiers must not use the money of public institution in their operations as though it were their own.
Further comment is needless. Does not this prove clearly how we have become subjects of a pro-British group of plutocrats, who sneer at the wishes of the public, and force it to do their will?
The end is not yet to the shameful history of the Allies' loan. To date the immense flotation has been a failure, in spite of heavy advertising, the puffing of Wall Street newspapers and the great campaign of publicity inaugurated by Morgan, who is desperately anxious to unload upon the people the bonds which he and his private bankers underwrote. False stories of “victories” for the Allies were brazenly published in order to hurry the completion of the loan. But consternation struck the banking group when the news came that Bulgaria had joined the Central Powers. The collapse of Russia has evidently swung the Balkan states into line with Germany. Is it the beginning of the end?
This episode, however, was fatal for Morgan. He betrayed the frightened state of his feelings on October 8th, when he hastily summoned 800 bond salesmen from Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Pittsburgh. He gathered these men in the Waldorf-Astoria, and in a personal appeal, he besought them to make a determined campaign in hawking the bonds among their acquaintances, to unload them as quickly as possible. And Morgan even told them what arguments to use, in convincing the American people that England and France would not dare to repudiate the obligations, since, to use his own words: “They may need to come to us again.”
I think that enough has been shown here to demonstrate the great peril to our country of this sinister organization, the Pilgrims of the United States. And again I address myself to my fellow-countrymen in the South, the Middle West and the West to caution them and to warn them of the dreadful consequences that will undoubtedly ensue if this English banking group of Wall Street, under the guidance of its unscrupulous corporation lawyers, is permitted to continue in power. Their coordinated operations are of so menacing a character, their combined power is so vast, their control of public funds so immeasurable, that if we do not combine against this association of foreigners, a catastrophe will certainly come upon our country that has no parallel in history.
WHERE DOES WILSON STAND?
IN his much-discussed speech before the Daughters of the American Revolution, Woodrow Wilson divides the citizens of the United States into two classes: those who place America first, and those who place the interests of a foreign land above the interests of the United States. [Well, clearly English-Americans would see that 2nd class as German-Americans rather than themselves, unless it were stated otherwise. -cy]
The President's speech is a stern rebuke to Messrs. Morgan, Choate and Company, who are attempting to surrender the sovereignty of the United States to Great Britain. We congratulate the President on his courage in taking a stand, unassailable in its logic, unimpeachable in its patriotism. [Was Wilson really clear or is the writer reading his own hopes into it?]
However, words alone will not suffice.
There was a time when the doctrine “America for the Americans” was a fundamental plank of authentic Americanism. Today, unfortunately, there are those who, like Mr. Wilson's English-ruled and English-led Ambassador in London, subscribe to the doctrine, “America for the English.”
There are many among us who doubt where the President of the United States would stand if heads were counted: whether he would stand with the Anglo-American hyphenates, who would turn the vast financial and munition resources of the United States entirely over to the British Allies, or with the American people.
Mr. Wilson's pronunciamento would be more convincing to them if he had dispatched his note protesting against the throttling of American commerce to Great Britain.
MR. ROOSEVELT AND THE HYPHENATES
MR. ROOSEVELT at present is engaged in lecturing on the danger of hyphenated Americans. He forgets that he himself has adopted many racial hues.
Theodore Roosevelt, like Caesar, is all things to all men. When he appeals to the German-American vote, he will remind his hearers that one of his forefathers was among the founders of Germantown. On the East side of New York, his friends will explain to Americans of Jewish descent that Roosevelt's name was originally Rosenfeld. He is a French-American, a Dutch-American, a Belgo-American, or whatever may suit his political plans. Today Mr. Roosevelt is our most strenuous “hyphenate.” He is an Anglo-American of the violent profession. No doubt he will absorb other nationalities shortly. For Mr. Roosevelt's only consistency is his touching devotion to the house of J.P. Morgan. From the time when, as President of the United States, he turned the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company over to the Morgan interests “that have been so friendly to us,” to his campaign for social justice financed by one of Mr. Morgan's erstwhile partners, Mr. Perkins of the Harvester Trust, his loyalty to those interests has been unwavering. The father of the present house of Morgan was at one time a friend of the Kaiser; in those days Mr. Roosevelt was also a friend of the Kaiser. Today, Mr. Morgan is the chief munition agent of Great Britain in her war against Germany; today Mr. Roosevelt is also a friend of Great Britain and an enemy of the Germans.
There may be no connection between these facts: WE MERELY POINT OUT AS A MATTER OF PUBLIC INTEREST THAT MR. ROOSEVELT HAS BEEN AT ALL TIMES AN ENTHUSIASTIC MORGAN-AMERICAN.
A Joke circulating at the time
Editor of THE FATHERLAND:
HERE is something that may interest your readers: Mr. Wilson, it seems, mailed by mistake a love letter to Sir Edward Grey and the English note to Mrs. Galt. Both threw what they got into the waste basket, and the situation remains unchanged.
Sincerely yours, JULIUS MEYER | <urn:uuid:834751df-8fc6-496a-911f-e550b6c86b0a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://carolynyeager.net/more-money-trust%E2%80%94-american-pilgrims-society | 2024-02-26T10:28:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.974666 | 5,583 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
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Dr. Robert Madding: Director, Infrared Training Center
Ed Kochanek, Presenter:FLIR Systems, Inc.
25 Esquire RoadNorth Billerica, MA 01862 978-901-8000 www.flir.com/thermography/americas/us/
A thermal imaging camera taking a high definition thermogram gives one the potential to find smaller problems at greater distances that might be missed with a lower resolution thermal imaging camera. High definition thermal imaging refers to the fine detail and clarity of a thermal image, which means it contains a large number of pixels per unit of area, which generally results in greater temperature measurement accuracy, particularly for small objects. This paper discusses the differences in temperature measurement among three infrared (IR) cameras with different spatial resolutions. The targets used were actual field problems. This was not a laboratory experiment, but a real-world test of these cameras. Images were taken under the same conditions at the same distance with all the IR cameras. The results show there can be dramatic differences in temperature readings, illustrating the importance of adequate resolution when making temperature measurements with infrared cameras.
Many modern IR cameras have built-in cross-hairs that show the user the size of the spot being measured. One would think this would solve the problem of measurement error due to a target at too great a distance for its size and IR camera resolution. But in our haste as thermographers under pressure to get results, we often don’t take the time to ensure sufficient target size, or we use a function such as the maximum temperature in a box that does not show whether the target is adequate for measurement. Or, we don’t have adequate optics or IR camera resolution to get a good measurement of a distant target that just isn’t quite large enough.
Whether the measurement errors resulting from inadequate spatial resolution really matter depends on the magnitude of the error and the criticality of the target. In our study, we found a critical problem on a substation transformer at 40% load that could certainly devolve into a major failure as the load increased to 100% with increasing demand.
The question arises as to how much difference this makes anyway. The answer isn’t that simple. The degree of measurement error depends on target temperature, size, distance, IR camera and what is behind the target. The worst case scenario is found in outdoor electrical applications where there are numerous targets a few inches or smaller in size that can be 25 to 80 feet distant with no opportunity for the thermographer to get closer. Frequently, behind these targets is a clear, dry sky whose temperature can approach -50°F or colder. The infrared camera averages what it captures for a given measurement spot size; when you average in -50°F you can get significant measurement errors even for hot targets that are just a bit too small for the infrared camera and optics in use.
Adequate IR camera resolution is a combination of the infrared camera’s detector and optics. The wise thermographer ensures the right system is available for the job at hand. This paper illustrates, with real world measurements on actual thermal anomalies found in the field, the magnitude of error one can expect with 3 different resolution IR cameras using their standard optics. All measurements were made at about the same time from the same distance on the same targets under the same environmental and load conditions using different models (shown in parentheses below) of FLIR Systems cameras. For brevity, we will call them low, medium and high resolution IR cameras. The low resolution camera has 160 horizontal by 120 vertical pixels (E65), the medium resolution camera 320 horizontal by 240 vertical pixels (P65HS) and the high resolution camera 640 by 480 vertical pixels (P640) in their respective detector arrays. Also for brevity, we use “resolution” for “spatial resolution” in this paper.
One quickly recognizes the number of pixels increases by a factor of 2 in each direction, resulting in detector arrays for the medium resolution camera having 4 times as many pixels as the low resolution and the high resolution camera having 16 times as many pixels as the low resolution IR camera.
We documented the distance between the IR cameras and the target using a laser range finder accurate to 1.5 feet for targets beyond 11 yards. For closer targets we estimated the distance, as running a tape measure to live switchgear was deemed unsafe. In some cases we had to estimate target size for the same reason. Results are presented as brief case studies.
Case Study 1: Pole Switch
Figure 1 shows an IR and visual image pair of a problematic mechanical disconnect on a 23kV distribution system. These connections are between an underground feed and the overhead lines. All the IR images for this case were taken with the cameras in their standard configuration with no additional optics at a range of 36 feet.
Figure 1. High resolution IR image and visual counterpart of a set of 23kV distribution switches.
The center phase shows a significant temperature rise. Distance to target is 36 feet.
Figure 2 shows the medium (left) and low resolution IR images of the same set of switches.
Figure 2. Medium (left) and low resolution images of the same setup as in Figure 1.
We thermally tuned the level and contrast of each image for maximum “viewability” of the problem, so the temperature scales are close, but not exactly the same. In all cases the thermal anomaly can be seen, but it is much clearer in the high resolution image, to the extent one can see the bolt patterns on the connection. However, if this were the extent of the difference, one could justifiably argue using a lower resolution IR camera, hence lower cost would suffice. But what do the temperature measurements show? Table 1 gives the measurement summary.
Table 1. Measured temperature, temperature rise and load corrected temperature rise for
three IR cameras of different resolution. Target distance is 36 feet.
It is very interesting to see the high resolution IR camera gives twice the delta-T (∆T) temperature rise as the low resolution IR camera and 25% more than the medium resolution camera. For this study, we used an emissivity of 0.95 for all cameras; probably not exact, but this emissivity will give a temperature reading lower than the actual reading. The differences will only increase as the emissivity is lowered. So, we are considering the best case scenario for measurement comparisons among these cameras.
We estimated the load at 50% based on our utility contact’s experience. The temperature rises calculated for 100% load1 are given in the column labeled “∆T Load corr”. For one set of severity criteria used by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the load corrected temperature rises are in the critical category (135 F° rise or higher) for the high and medium resolution cameras and almost critical for the low resolution camera.
The bottom line is all the infrared cameras would detect the problem, but without a telescopic lens on the low and medium resolution cameras, incorrect readings would have been obtained and the level of severity would have been significantly underestimated. The disadvantage of telescopic lenses, besides expense, is they reduce the field of view and enhance the optical leveraging. The latter means it is more difficult to get a good, stable image with a telescopic lens attached, as any small motion of the IR camera is magnified by the power of the telescope. This is why digital camera companies have patented image stabilizing telescopes for their cameras. The thermographer can still accomplish the task – it just takes longer with a telescopic lens.
Case Study 2: Substation Transformer Jumpers
Figure 3 shows an IR image and visual image pair of a 115kV to 23kV substation transformer low side with definite problems on two of the phases. The jumpers from the bushings to the feed are stranded cables where some of the strands have broken over time or are not well connected. This causes overloading of the remaining good conductors resulting in significant heating. This is often termed “barber poling” for obvious reasons.
Measured load on this transformer was 40% of maximum. Range was 33 feet. Cable diameter is nominal 3/4”. This was taken in early June when the weather was cool and electrical demand in the area was low. Figure 4 gives the medium (left) and low resolution IR camera images of the same scene.
Again, the thermal anomalies were picked up by all the infrared cameras, so these problems would not have been missed.
Figure 3. High resolution thermal image of a 115kV to 23kV substation transformer low side.
Significant thermal anomaly on left and center phase jumpers due to some strands
broken or poorly connected. IR image effect is often termed “barber poling”.
Figure 4. Medium (left) and low resolution images of the same setup as in Figure 3.
But what about the temperature readings? Table 2 gives a comparison of maximum temperature readings for the left-most phase with barber poling. For this study, the results are even more dramatic than for the pole switch. Here, the ∆T measured with the high resolution camera is over 2.3 times that of the low resolution camera. And the problem severity according to the EPRI criteria is critical at 40% load for the medium and high resolution measurements!
The load corrected temperature rises are of great concern. We deemed the problem so significant we sent a report immediately to the utility that owns the substation transformer. Because, when air conditioning season hits, there is a very high probability of failure of this system, with load temperature rises at full load estimated as approaching 900°F.
Table 2. Measured temperature, temperature rise and load corrected temperature rise
for three IR cameras of different resolution. Target distance is 33 feet.
Case Study 3: Generator Tie-in Breaker
Figure 5 shows the high resolution IR and visual image pair of a 480 volt generator tie-in breaker at a paper mill. This breaker had a 3,000 amp load at the time of measurement, estimated at 75% of full load.
Figure 5. High resolution IR image and visual photo of 480 volt generator tie-in breaker.
We estimated the distance at 4 feet, though the problem was somewhat in the rear of the switchgear and could not readily be identified. It was definitely a problem with temperature rises somewhat lower than the above examples, but still significant. If the tie-in breaker fails, the paper mill production shuts down until it is repaired.
Figure 6. Medium resolution (left) and low resolution IR images of 480 volt generator tie-in breaker.
Table 3 gives the temperature data for this case study. Here, the differences among the cameras are less significant than in previous examples due to the closeness of the range and size of the target.
Table 3. Measured temperature, temperature rise and load corrected temperature rise
for three IR cameras of different resolution. Target distance is about 4 feet.
There is enough difference so the load corrected high resolution ∆T is right at the EPRI critical level, where the low resolution ∆T is still in the middle of the serious category. Having said that, the EPRI severity criteria are used here just as an example for comparison purposes. The Infrared Training Center does not advocate any specific set of severity criteria as there needs to be a lot more research done. Much of what is published is based on experience and a desire to have something to go on. There are many sets of severity criteria published and they are all different. See the paper by Giesecke for additional comments and insight on severity criteria.
High resolution IR cameras can get significantly better temperature readings for small targets at some distance. The targets in this study were all on the size of the smallest dimension of about an inch at ranges from 36 feet to 4 feet. The biggest differences were understandably seen at the largest distances.
While one could expect results similar to the high resolution camera by applying a 4X lens to the low resolution camera or a 2X lens to the medium resolution camera, there are distinct advantages to not having to use a telescopic lens. A telescope reduces the field of view by the power of the optic, requiring more care in aiming and target acquisition. It also magnifies movement in the same manner. This adds an additional requirement to the thermographer to somehow achieve stability either through some type of rest, mount or tripod. A telescope is another optic to care for and be careful of as they can be easily broken.
For applications beyond electrical anomalies, where large surfaces need to be imaged such as building applications, the high resolution IR camera has a distinct advantage in that one must take 16 images with the low resolution camera, either at one-fourth the distance or with a 4X telescope, or 4 images with a medium resolution camera at one-half the distance or with a 2X telescope to cover the same area as the high resolution camera with one image. Think of the time saved in not having to stitch together all those IR images!
Thermographers should be aware of their target sizes and have an appreciation for the demands of measuring small targets at distance. Many of us prefer the “maximum temperature in a box” feature on IR cameras. But, use it in conjunction with the spot measurement, as the spot measurement can show you if your target is large enough. You can spot problems and still be fooled into making temperature measurements if you don’t have enough resolution in your IR camera.
The authors wish to acknowledge the cooperation of Carmine Luongo and Mark Moriarty of National Grid and Ken Leonard and Donald Smith of Progress Energy for their assistance in locating thermal anomalies in the real world of electric power utilities. We also acknowledge the cooperation and assistance of Mike Farrell, Plant Manager, of Haverhill Paperboard for allowing us to do a quick infrared survey of his facility.
About the Author
Bob Madding is a graduate of the University of Missouri with a BS in Physics, and a Masters and Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He began the first infrared thermography seminar at the University of Wisconsin Extension in 1978. He co-founded the Thermosense Conference in 1978 with two other colleagues from the UW. In 2000, he founded the InfraMation Conference, the largest annual IR conference for thermographers. Bob holds an ASNT NDT Level III in Thermal Infrared and an EPRI Level III in IR thermography. He has published numerous technical papers on the applications of infrared thermography, as well as contributing chapters to textbooks such as Applied Thermal Design and the Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. Bob has over 25 years experience in infrared thermography applications and training.
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This late onset cancer primarily caused by exposure to a highly toxic material may respond to a combination of alternative and emerging conventional treatments.
Mesothelioma and asbestos cancers are a rare form of cancer in which malignant (cancerous) cells are found in the mesothelium, a protective sac that covers most of the body’s internal organs. Mesthelioma most often occurs in the lungs or heart.
Because it is not often diagnosed until 20 to 50 years after a person’s initial exposure to the cancer-causing substance, asbestos cancers usually have a life expectancy of only 24 months or less. Several treatment modalities however, using a multi-pronged approach may increase life expectancy.
Asbestos and Mesothelioma Cancer – The Hopeful Story of Paul Kraus
Paul Kraus diagnosed in 1997 with peritoneal mesothelioma, opted out of conventional radiation and chemotherapy and instead used only mind-body alternative approaches. Kraus’s book, Surviving Mesotheliom and Other Cancers: A Patient’s Guide is designed to help mesothelioma patients fight the disease using alternative treatment approaches.
Kraus in an interview for a 2005 article for Cancer Monthly said, “Andrew Weil wrote that any illness can be conquered through radical lifestyle change because our bodies are made with powerful self-healing capacities. It was damn hard to make such radical changes, but I was determined to see them through. I realized that to do otherwise meant that my chances of surviving were greatly diminished.”
Alternative and Complementary Treatments
A number of new treatments, still undergoing testing, are emerging in the treatment of mesothelioma and asbestos cancers such as: Angiogenesis and Anti-angiogenesis drugs, Immunotherapy, Photodynamic therapy and Gene Therapy.
While controversial, some patients opt to undergo multiple treatment modalities using an integrative approach which may include:
Ukrain is a semi-synthetic compound derived from a common weed, greater celandine ( Chelidonium majus L .) combined with the chemotherapy drug Triethylene-thiophosphoric acid triamide (Thiotepa). A series of seven studies focused on patients with colorectal, bladder, pancreatic, and breast cancer. While the studies demonstrated efficacy and/or improvement in patient’s quality of life, the authors noted trials they reviewed had “serious methodological limitations” and that “independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.”
Iscador is the trade name of the most commonly available brand of an extract of Viscum album, a European species of mistletoe. Although there have been few claims that Iscador reduces tumor size, proponents believe that it stimulates the immune system, promotes the reversion of cancerous cells to more differentiated forms, improves general well-being and may improve survival, especially in patients with cancer of the cervix, ovary, breast, stomach, colon and lung.
A major proponent of Vitamin C’s efficacy in cancer was Dr. Linus Pauling. He and Ewan Cameron, MB, ChB, chief surgeon at Vale of Leven Hospital in Scotland administered vitamin C to cancer patients and reportedly had excellent results. However, other institutions that have performed similar studies reported no efficacy. Nonetheless, ascorbic acid has been reported as “the single-nutrient supplement most commonly used by cancer patients…”
There isn’t a great deal of published literature on the safety and efficacy of ozone therapy in the treatment of cancer. Yet one study published in 1980 found that “the growth of human cancer cells from lung, breast, and uterine tumors was selectively inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by ozone at 0.3 to 0.8 part per million of ozone in ambient air during 8 days of culture.”
Astragalus is a native plant to northern China and the elevated regions of the Chinese provinces Yunnan and Sichuan. Nearly all the scientific studies on Astragalus have been conducted in China. A 2002 study concluded that “Astragalus injection supplemented with chemotherapy could inhibit the development of tumor, decrease the toxic-adverse effect of chemotherapy, elevate the immune function of organism and improve the quality of life in patients.”
Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is a tropical vine that grows in South America. This vine gets its name from the small thorns at the base of the leaves, which look like a cat’s claw. It has been used in South American folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, arthritis, gastritis and epidemic diseases.
Various conventional studies have been performed yielding inconsistent results. One cancer study that found positive results was published in 2001. This study was performed on a human breast cancer cell line. The authors concluded that Cats Claw was anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative.
Cancer Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide Controversial
While controversial, untested, and not recommended for internal ingestion by the FDA, some natural health advocates strongly suggest food-grade hydrogen peroxide in diluted amounts can be an effective treatment for various cancers.
Dr. David G. Williams, a researcher, clinician and health writer, writes that hydrogen peroxide, when used in the correct form and amount, offers numerous disease fighting properties. “Most strains of harmful bacteria (and cancer cells) are anaerobic and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen or H2 02.” He explains. “We can agree that hydrogen peroxide produced within individual body cells is essential for life. And no one doubts its effectiveness when it comes to treating infections topically. The controversy deals with ingesting the substance orally or introducing it into the body intravenously.” (“The Many Benefits of Hydrogen Peroxide,” Dr. David G. Williams, July 17, 2003.)
Despite the dire prognosis, mesothelioma and asbestos cancer research is now closer to creating a number of treatments that may increase life expectancy in patients, or in some cases, even provide a cure.
Hope and Support: A Natural Journey Out of Cancer and Into Healing
Kaegi E. Unconventional therapies for cancer: 3. Iscador . Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. CMAJ. 1998 May 5;158(9):1157-9.
Augustin, et al., Safety and efficacy of the long-term adjuvant treatment of primary intermediate- to high-risk malignant melanoma (UICC/AJCC stage II and III) with a standardized fermented European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract. Results from a multicenter, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland . Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55(1):38-49.
Bock, et al. Retrolective, comparative, epidemiological cohort study with parallel groups design for evaluation of efficacy and safety of drugs with “well-established use”. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2004 Aug;11 Suppl 1:23-9.
See the Weleda AG website available at: http://usa.weleda.com/iscador/
Cancer and Vitamin C: A Discussion of the Nature, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of Cancer With Special Reference to the Value of Vitamin C by Ewan Cameron, Linus Pauling, April, 1993.
Creagan et al., Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. A controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1979 Sep 27;301(13):687-90.
Block and Mead, Vitamin C in alternative cancer treatment: historical background . Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Jun;2(2):147-54.
Linus Pauling, PhD: The Last Interview by Peter Barry Chowka available at: http://members.aol.com/realmedia/pauling.html
Sweet, et al., Ozone selectively inhibits growth of human cancer cells . Science. 1980 Aug 22;209(4459):931-3.
Witschi, Effects of oxygen and ozone on mouse lung tumorigenesis. Exp Lung Res. 1991 Mar-Apr;17(2):473-83.
Duan and Wang, Clinical study on effect of Astragalus in efficacy enhancing and toxicity reducing of chemotherapy in patients of malignant tumor . Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2002 Jul;22(7):515-7.
Zou and Liu., Effect of astragalus injection combined with chemotherapy on quality of life in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2003 Oct;23(10):733-5.
Riva, et al., The antiproliferative effects of Uncaria tomentosa extracts and fractions on the growth of breast cancer cell line . Anticancer Res. 2001 Jul-Aug;21(4A):2457-61.
Copyright Laura Owens. Contact the author to obtain permission for republication. | <urn:uuid:b638b459-4388-4557-bf82-58f785cbdc07> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://laura-owens.com/mesothelioma-asbestos-cancers/ | 2024-02-26T11:30:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.905761 | 1,928 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
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Useful for Backgrounds and Kimonos! How to Draw a Japanese Pattern!
When you want to add Japanese patterns to my illustrations, do you download images from the internet?
However, there must be many cases where you find a good one, but it is someone else’s work, or there is nothing you want in the free images.
If you can’t find what you are looking for, you can make it yourself!
To anyone saying “It’s easy to say, but I don’t have any sense of style…and it’s hard to make something from scratch.”, don’t worry !
I will be showing you how to make a Japanese pattern!
If you make them in a certain order, you can create as many original Japanese patterns as you like.
(The captured images below are from the PC version.)
1.Determine the composition
The most important thing in any illustration is to decide on the overall composition. That’s the same with Japanese patterns!
So let’s get started and create a new canvas.
The Japanese pattern is roughly composed of
(2) Large parts
(3) Medium parts
(4) Small parts.
The background will be plain, so I’ll skip the drafting of (1).
Next is the (2) large parts, and this time I will use “clouds”.
This is what it looks like when you draw with the “Pencil Brush”.
If the spacing is this large, the screen will not be cluttered.
There is a concept called “Okuri” in kimono and obi (kimono belt) patterns.
Which means that a pattern is lined up horizontally and vertically like tiles to form a continuous pattern.
In this case, I made it so that there would only be “okuri” in vertical direction.
You may not need to think about it at first, but if you make a pattern with this in mind, you can use it later when you want to make a larger pattern.
Now, let’s get back to the main topic.
This time, I decided to make “clouds” as the (2) large part, but you can use any shape that can be transformed freely and has less impression !
There are plenty of reference images on the web, so you can try out different atmospheres by arranging them.
(Ryuusuimon: Flowing Water, Kasumi: Haze, Cloud 2, Yukiwa: Snowflake)
Next, decide the placement of the (3) middle part.
If you place the (2) large parts in a unified manner, you can make it look neat even if you use many kinds of patterns.
The patterns should overlap each other a little, and the size of the (3) medium parts should be uneven.
Finally, the (4) small parts.
This should be scattered to fill in the gaps throughout.
It makes the visual feel less empty and a little more gorgeous.
2.Determine the material for each part
Once the overall composition is decided, it’s time to decide what each part should look like.
I already introduced a couple materials for the (2) large parts earlier.
(1) As for the background, this time it will be plain, but there are many types available on the internet.
There is no specific pattern to use for the background, so you can use anything with a continuous pattern.
There are many different names, so it might be interesting to check them out.
(Ichimatsu, Seigaiha, Yabane, Asanoha)
The material itself can be found easily by looking up free materials online.
If you are going to publish them in a place where people can see your work, please make sure to check the copyright issues.
Next is the (3) middle part, and since I would like to set this one as the main pattern, I will choose a flower design that is a little more detailed.
Flowers and backgrounds symbolize different seasons, so it’s a good idea to make them consistent. That way, you will not confuse those who are familiar with Japanese patterns.
Then, let’s decide on the (4) small parts.
This is a relatively simple pattern.
Since it is small, simple shapes are fine.
3.Draw the Border Line
Now it’s time to draw in the pattern. Many Japanese patterns have a clear outline.
With clear border lines, there will not be a blur between similar colors placed adjacently so I think beginners should draw the outline on each pattern.
First, place a new layer on top of the draft layer.
Use the Selection Tool (ellipse) to make a selection anywhere on the cloud pattern, and fill it in.
Duplicate the layer of this thick dot and use the “Move Tool” so that the two dots touch each other.
Repeat until you have the entire outline of the cloud.
When you are done, use the “Bucket Tool” to fill it in.
You have created a silhouette of a cloud.
Let’s make two more clouds in the same way.
Once you have done this, you can merge the three “clouds” into a single layer.
Next, with this ‘Clouds’ layer selected, click “Create Selection from Layer (Opacity)” from the selection tab and create a selection with the outline of clouds as its boundary.
Now create a new layer.
Then click on “Draw Selection Border” from the selection menu again, decide on the details, and press OK.
Then, it will draw a beautiful line along the clouds.
This is convenient because you don’t have to trace the line yourself.
This method will come in handy in many situations, so I hope you memorize it.
Hide the silhouette layer (sometimes it is useful to keep the silhouette layer, for example to change the color later when the drawing is complete, so hide it instead of erasing it).
Place the (3) middle part and the (4) small part in the same way along the draft, and border them.
(The cloud layer has been made gray to make it easier to see.)
4.Customize the Color Combinations
Now it’s time to paint each color but if you use a random set of colors you like, it will not look like a Japanese pattern.
So, let me explain a little bit about color here.
(1) Hue Circle
Each color has its own relationship to each other, and this is represented by the “hue circle” as shown in the figure.
(This may vary slightly depending on the software you are using.)
You may know what an “approximate color” is, right?
When you mix a few different colors, you get an approximate color, such as pink for red or light blue for blue.
Complementary colors are colors that contrast.
When you see them side by side, they are unsettling, and they assert each other clearly on the screen.
If you want to send a strong message on a poster, you can use complementary colors for the background and text.
If you use only complementary colors, you will end up with an unsettling illustration. Therefore, it is the best to use only approximate colors or a pair of complementary colors with approximate colors.
(2) Three Color Attributes
Next, let’s look at the three attributes of color.
This refers to the three elements that make up a color.
Hue refers to the colors that are close to the primary colors, such as red, green, and blue, which are represented by the hue ring mentioned earlier.
Lightness is the brightness of a color, and saturation is its vividness.
Brighter colors are described as “brighter” and more vivid colors are described as “more saturated.
When you want to make your paint brighter, you mix in white, right?
In fact, just like black, a little bit of white will make the color duller and less saturated.
Keep in mind that brightness and saturation are linked.
In terms of MediBang Paint’s color palette…
The upper right edge of the image has the highest “saturation”.
The closer you get to the top left corner, the more white is mixed in, and the lower you go, the more black there is.
If you don’t want the saturation to be too low, it’s better to keep it near the top right.
(3) What colors fit Japanese Patterns?
Now that we’ve talked about colors a lot, let’s get back to Japanese patterns.
The easiest way to do this is to look at actual kimono or photos for reference, but if you have the above knowledge of colors, you can also make your own color scheme!
First, decide on two or three colors to use as a base.
You can use anything the hue circle or use any primary colors you can think of like RGB. (Blue and white in the image.)
Once you’ve thought of a color, change its brightness, saturation, and hue to create an approximate color.
Now you have three colors.
If you have many parts and need more colors, you can add color 4, color 5, and so on.
Now let’s try to choose a base color other than the approximate colors.
This is an example of four colors, each with its own approximation.
The result is a very modern look.
Let’s also look at a case where three base colors are used.
This time, I chose two more base colors from the complementary colors (colors that contrast) to create a total of five colors.
If I use the base colors as they are, it would look like a European painting, but by reducing the saturation of each color a little, I was able to create a Japanese atmosphere.
Now that we have all the colors we need, it’s time to start coloring!
You have a silhouette layer that you used to create the borders for each part.
Click the “Protect Alpha” checkbox on the layer and replace the colors to save you the trouble of filling in the layer from scratch.
This is the one I made mainly with white and red colors.
I changed the color of the outline in the same way as the paint.
I added a complementary color to give it a little more depth.
If we use only similar approximate colors, we get a chic look.
The whole image was a bit lonely, so I added a flowing water pattern to the background.
Of course, you can also use a darker background.
It is also possible to add a pattern to the paint of the parts like this.
This is a bit too much but if you think it’s a little empty, add a simple gradation and keep an eye on the balance.
I also used a gradation for the borderlines to create a gold leaf-like effect.
What did you think?
In this article, I introduced how to draw Japanese patterns that you can design yourself from scratch.
If you keep in mind the key points of composition, motifs, and colors, you can create as many variations as you like!
I hope you will try creating your own original Japanese patterns.
(Text and illustrations by Hiroshi Takeuchi)
＼ We are accepting requests for articles on how to use ／ | <urn:uuid:19ff79e0-c3ca-4825-b9cb-17757118de17> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://medibangpaint.com/en/use/2021/11/how-to-draw-a-japanese-pattern/ | 2024-02-26T11:21:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.933948 | 2,469 | 2.984375 | 3 | [
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Humans have always sought to make their lives more harmonious and comfortable, and this urge has probably led to many innovations, from industrious evolutions to vehicles, rooms, and so on. Even though the term “user experience” has been trending in recent decades, you will find its trace back to 4000 BC Chinese philosophy. To think about it, it can be traced way far back, but the Chinese philosophy “ Feng Shui” is what got popular.
People associate Feng Shui philosophy with user experience because Feng shui seeks to harmonize people with their surroundings, such as their homes or offices, just as UX design seeks to design digital experiences for maximum ease of use, functionality, and delight. They both strive to improve people's lives through innovative design solutions and necessitate knowledge of human behavior.
This article will go through the history of UX and how it has evolved over time. Why? Because sometimes it is better to revisit the past to grape the concept, to understand what it is worth.
Feng Shui Philosophy (4000 BC)
Feng Shui is a method and a philosophy that has been used for the creation of environments that are comfortable, supporting, and nourishing for thousands of years. The utilization of balance is what makes this possible. Feng Shui practitioners utilize Yin and Yang, two energies that are complementary to one another even though they are opposites, to bring harmony to a location. Yin and Yang are embodied in the five elements, which are collectively referred to as the Wu Xing. They are represented by the elements of water, wood, fire, earth, and metal.
The most popular is the Feng Shui bedroom theory, in which he instructed how to keep the bed, tables, chairs, and mirrors in a bedroom to keep the energy flow. The bedroom is the essential room in the house, according to feng shui. It is where you spend the most time and feel at ease. Aside from that, you spend a lot of time in this room sleeping. When you sleep, you are in a more passive state. As a result, you are highly susceptible to energy in the bedroom.
Ergonomics in Ancient Greece (500 BC)
It's time to give a trip to Greece after China; this is where you will find some traces of UX here as well. Ancient Greece was one of the more highly advanced societies in early human history. They employed complicated equations to add tiny curves to their construction, giving the impression that it was level and straight. Western philosophy was born from the ideas of thinkers like Socrates and Plato.
Their religion, art, culture, and medicine were so advanced that the Romans adopted them as models to better their own society. Their innovations changed the world for good. For instance, water mill, water clock, Hydria, Archimedes screw, and much more! To know more, just google you will have your mind blown for sure! Given all this, it is not unexpected that some early examples of user experience design were found in Greece, primarily through Ergonomics in the 5th century.
Okay, but what does this have to do with user experience design? One of the best pieces of evidence that the ancient Greeks understood ergonomic principles is a text by Hippocrates outlining the ideal environment for a surgeon. As he puts it, "the surgeon's tools must be positioned so as not to block the surgeon, and also be within easy reach when required." to increase usability and smooth activity, just like we do in UX.
Taylorism: A Scientific Management Theory (Early 1900)
We will now jump straight from the 5th century to the 19th century to the doorstep of Frederick Taylor, after which the scientific management theory is named. This is because he advocated the theory. It uses scientific methods to determine the best way to make things so that productivity increases.
Taylor's scientific management theory said that it was the job of managers at work to come up with the right production system to make the business as efficient as possible. Frederick Winslow Taylor published "The Principles of Scientific Management" in 1911. In the book, he claimed that flaws in a specific work process could be scientifically rectified by improved management techniques and that the most effective way to raise labor productivity was to optimize work performance.
One well-known example was using a stopwatch and some form of biomechanical research to devise a more efficient way for employees to load pig iron onto train carriages. On the first day that his innovative method was used, the amount of pig iron the workers could transport increased almost three times from the day before. This is also what we would like to achieve in the modern day, right? Through UX, we want businesses to increase conversion.
Even though "scientific management" and "Taylorism" are often used interchangeably, it would be more accurate to say that Taylorism was the first type of scientific management. Taylor's techniques for increasing worker productivity may still be witnessed in corporations, the modern military, and even professional sports.
Fordism: Evolution of Manufacturing Technology System ( 1973)
It must be mentioned that Taylorism is the starting point of Fordism. Fordism is a way of organizing mass production on a small scale. It was first used in the United States in the early 1800s at Henry Ford's Highland Park car factory. Ford's mass production model was a significant change in how things were made, but it was based on improvements that had already been made. It was founded, for example, on Taylor's work on scientific management, a comprehensive technical division of labor in the manufacturing process, and the exact measurement of the time it took workers to complete a specific task on a production line.
Fordism is a way of making things in large quantities using assembly line technology. Henry Ford, a mechanical engineer who started the Ford Motor Company, came up with this method at the beginning of the 20th century. Frederick Taylor came up with the word "Fordism" when he said that Ford took away people's pride in their jobs and turned them into unskilled workers who were just cogs in the machine. This was a significant manufacturing development that had enormous effects on workers and labor structure.
The idea behind mass production is to sell low-cost, standard products to large groups of people who like the same things. Ford was the first to use it in making cars, and when he did, it made workers much more productive. In October 1913, making a Model, T Ford took 12 hours and 8 minutes of work. Six months later, it only took 1 hour and 30 minutes. This gave mass production a substantial competitive edge.
The Toyota Philosophy (1940)
“The Toyota way” got acknowledgment worldwide because of how efficiently they managed their production system, employees, customers, and society as a whole! Operational excellence is the main reason the Toyota way has been so successful. Toyota has made operational excellence a key part of its strategy. This operational excellence is not all based on the tools and methods for improving quality that Toyota made famous in the manufacturing world.
It is conceivable to trace the origins of the Toyota production system concept back to the period shortly following World War II. This was when the economic outlook was uncertain, and there was a scarcity of human, natural, and financial resources. In this context, the primary purpose of the Toyota System has been to maximize production efficiency by reducing waste consistently and thoroughly. In the digital world, we call it decluttering.
Toyota's former president, Toyoda Kiichiro, and later Ohno Taiichi and Eiji Toyoda, created this concept between 1948 and 1975. It symbolizes a highly efficient manufacturing system comparable to Henry Ford's several decades earlier, yet Toyota's approach to product development and distribution proved substantially more consumer-friendly and market-driven. It sounds similar to UX, isn't it?
Henry Dreyfuss and The Art of Designing for People (1955)
When it comes to usability improvement, the name that comes to my mind is Henry Dreyfuss. He is best known for his statement, "Designing for people." Also, Dreyfuss' design concept was founded on logic and scientific principles. In 1955, he wrote Designing for People, basically a summary of UX design: "When the point of contact between the product and the people becomes a source of friction, then the [designer] has failed." On the other hand, if people feel safer, more comfortable, more likely to buy, more productive, or just plain happier when they use the product, then the designer has done his or her job."
Dreyfuss was an American industrial designer who created several well-known goods. Even though they are famous, you might not know much about them or why they are essential to our history and current way of life. The Hoover vacuum cleaner, the desktop telephone, and the Royal Typewriter, especially the deluxe model for businesses, are all examples.
Before starting a project, UX designers can follow Dreyfuss's example and set clear expectations about the time and resources needed for user research. If the client does not get it, go back to the beginning and explain why user research is essential, or move on to the next project.
Walt Disney—The First UX Designer (1966)
Disney is regarded as one of the very first UX designers despite not even having that title. He was a visionary who imagined a world in which cutting-edge technology could improve people's lives. He was consumed with the idea of creating incredible, immersive, authentic, and seamless experiences. That's how Disney World got its start.
Walt Disney was also conducting research and development in the field of user experience design at the same time that Dreyfuss was. The following explains why he is frequently referred to as the first user experience designer.
Disney entered the amusement park business in the 1950s, and in July 1955, he launched Disneyland in Anaheim, California. The bright innovator had the idea to make the theme park an immersive experience in which every element would be considered. Imagineers were the name he gave to his employees at the theme park, and he devised a set of ten directives for them to adhere to, subsequently popularized as "Mickey's 10 Commandments."
Know your audience, put yourself in the shoes of your guests, use good storytelling techniques, take advantage of all the non-verbal ways of communication - color, shape, form, and texture - avoid cognitive overload, tell only one story at a time, bring clarity, create fun, and pay attention to cleanliness and routine maintenance. These ten principles are very similar to those of user experience design.
The Era of Personal Computers (The 1970s)
Many people think that in the 1950s, when they hired psychologists to design the revolutionary telephone dial, Bell Labs was the first to add a "human" element to interactive systems.
MITS, a small firm, created the first personal computer, the Altair, in 1974, popular among hobbyists. Personal computers. The Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) debuted in 1970, and it was here that the graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse, and object-oriented programming were invented, laying the groundwork for the contemporary personal computer.
Then fast forward to 1984. Apple Computer produced the first mass-market personal computer with a graphical user interface, built-in screen, and mouse, the Macintosh. It immediately established Apple as a prominent innovator in the field of user experience.
When Apple Computers started using the term "user experience" and did some of the first user-centered designs, which made them look like the best. With the rise of the personal computer, the user and the buyer became increasingly similar. This made "ease of use" or the "user's experience" the most critical factor in deciding what to buy.
But with the rise of the internet in the 1990s, UX as a field and a separate practice began to take shape. Before the web, people bought a PC and then got a good (or bad) user experience. A good user experience (UX) often leads to a purchase. So, companies started putting money directly into UX as a practice—basically as a way to make more money.
Don Norman coined the term “User Experience.” (1980)
Not only did Don Norman Coined the term User Experience, but he was also the first person to have “UX” in his job title. The term was first used in The Design of Everyday Things, a book by renowned UX design expert Donald Norman in 1988. It changed from the old term "user-centered system design," which meant that Norman focused on the user's needs instead of on the system itself and how it looked.
The name didn't become a job title until the early 1990s when Norman joined Apple Computer as a fellow and then as a "user experience architect."
Norman said the following in an interview with Adaptive Path:
"I came up with the term because I thought human interface and usability didn't go far enough. I wanted to talk about every part of a person's experience with the system, such as the industrial design graphics, the interface, how it works in real life, and the instructions. Since then, the term has become very common and is starting to lose its original meaning.
Before joining Hewlett-Packard, Norman became Vice President of Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group, Apple Research Labs. In 1998, he and Jakob Nielsen started the Nielsen Norman Group. Jakob Nielsen was another one of the first to come up with usability methods still used today, such as the 10 Usability Heuristics.
Both men are still working to improve user experience and promote user-centered design. Nielsen is still a principal at the Nielsen Norman Group and is still looking into the best ways to improve the user experience, like the recently published Jakob's Law of Internet User Experience.
Don Norman is 81 years old and is still a fellow. He also started and ran the Design Lab at the University of California, San Diego. During his career, he has also significantly contributed to studying related fields. He is also known as the "father" of cognitive engineering.
2018 and Onwards
Today, we have user experience architects, designers, researchers, and so forth. In addition to fields in Human-Computer Interaction devoted to the interactions between people and computers, some schools are primarily concerned with the connections between design, psychology, and science. The demand for user experience designers is growing, and new professionals are entering the field from various vantage points.
From artificial intelligence to speech technology, and virtual reality to interface-free design, UX designers encounter new daily obstacles. Concepts in interaction design that were previously novel are now mental models for all of us, illustrating the dynamic progress of the discipline!
UX is an ever-changing field, and the discipline has evolved considerably over the last few decades. It can sometimes be a struggle to keep up as our deliverables have changed and evolved over time — desktop and mobile, mouse and touch, web and native, and so on.
To create genuinely human-centered user experiences, we must comprehend how humans function, which necessitates some attention to psychology. In recent years, our responsibilities as designers have expanded, and we must now comprehend how to construct goods and services and why we construct them.
As our relationship with technology evolves, the study of user experience design will continue to produce new views, methodologies, and understandings of how innovation may impact human experiences, and the journey will stay exciting.
However, one aspect of UX remains constant: users. Personally, I prefer "people" to "users." The former, "humans," are complex, leading busy lives, yearning for pleasure while at times experiencing frustration. The latter term, "users," runs the risk of being too vague and, consequently, too simple to dismiss. Let’s design for humans! | <urn:uuid:142cd051-b40a-4d16-9701-908243725209> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://musemind.agency/blog/ui-ux-design-history | 2024-02-26T09:56:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.972882 | 3,281 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
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Have you ever felt frustrated, hurt, or exhausted by physical or psychological challenges? If you have, then you’ve experienced stress. Stress is normal and everyone experiences it once in a while. You might have heard that stress affects the brain, heart, and lungs, but stress also affects the liver. Stress reduces blood flow to the liver and may cause liver cell death. The liver makes room for such changes by being able to regenerate. Damage to the liver can cause liver and health problems because the liver is a vital organ.
What is Stress?
Stress is your body's response to physical or psychological strain or tension. Your body responds to stress by activating its stress response. Any challenge that threatens your well-being and evokes your stress response is a stressor. Stressors come in different forms: physical (injuries, illnesses, infections, pain) or psychological (public speaking, an exam, financial problems, dating).
The stress response is the body's fight-or-flight response. It releases hormones that make your body react – your heart beats faster, your muscles tense up, and you sweat. The stress response prepares you to save or protect yourself from your stressor. Short periods of stress are tolerable because the stress response stops once you get rid of your stressor. Long-lasting (chronic) stress takes a toll on your body because the stress response is consistently activated.
Stress is a difficult concept. There are many sources of stress and everyone responds to stressors differently. You might be stressed by something that does not bother someone else. It is difficult to diagnose or quantify stress because of how subjective it is. However, you can identify when you are stressed by looking out for the signs.
Signs you are stressed
To know whether you are stressed, you have to pay attention to your body’s response to a potential stressor. Your signs of stress may be physical or mental. You might also notice behavioural changes when you are stressed.
Physical signs of stress
- Tensed muscles
- Shaky hands
- Chest pain
- Dry mouth
- Fast heartbeat
- Upset stomach or indigestion
- Teeth grinding
Mental signs of stress
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feeling overwhelmed
- Difficulty making decisions
- Feeling unsettled
- Lack of sleep
- Sleeping too little
- Unsatisfying sleep
- Loss of appetite
- Being irritable
- An urge to drink or smoke more
Impacts of stress on the liver
Stress, whether short-term or chronic, affects different processes within the body through the stress response system. Hormones released by this system affect different organs in the body, including the liver.
The liver is an important organ. It carries out many activities that are necessary for maintaining health and a well-functioning body. When stress affects the liver, it reduces the liver’s efficiency.
Role of a healthy liver
The liver is the largest internal organ and the second largest body organ. The liver’s weight ranges from 1.36 - 1.59 kilograms, and it holds about 25% of blood at a time. The liver carries out many functions:
- Regulation of glucose in the blood. The liver stores excess glucose from food as glycogen. When blood glucose levels reduce, the liver breaks down glycogen to glucose and forms more glucose from fats and proteins.
- Synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Proteins are also metabolised and degraded in the liver.
- Blood clotting. The liver synthesizes proteins responsible for blood clotting.
- Synthesis of lipids like cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, and lipoproteins.
- Formation of bile. Bile aids the absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) from your intestines. Bile also helps you remove excess cholesterol from your body.
- Metabolism and transport of bilirubin. The liver breaks down haemoglobin from old red blood cells to form bilirubin. Bilirubin is passed with bile into the intestine and excreted in faeces.
- Inactivation of hormones like growth hormone, insulin, testosterone, and oestrogen.
- Metabolism of alcohol and drugs. The liver processes alcohol and drugs absorbed by the intestine.
- Production of immune factors and resistance to infections. The liver destroys toxic substances that come from the intestine.
Stress contributes to liver cell death
The body responds to stress by releasing stress hormones like cortisol into the blood. Cortisol causes inflammation of liver cells and consequent liver cell death. The body also releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which have been shown to be toxic to the liver and cause cell death. Stress hormones also increase the permeability of the liver. This means there could be increased absorption of toxic substances that harm liver cells.1
Stress impairs blood flow
The stress response reduces blood flow to the liver. The body diverts blood to other organs like the muscles to facilitate the flight or fight response. If blood flow to the liver reduces significantly, liver cells won't get enough oxygen, so they die. Dead liver cells cause inflammation and liver injury.1
Signs of liver stress
The effects of stress on the liver don't show up immediately because the liver, is a vital organ that accommodates minor changes in the body. Also, the liver regenerates when there is minor liver cell damage. When the stress on the liver is prolonged or significant, it manifests in the following symptoms to indicate that it is not functioning properly.
Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes due to the buildup of bilirubin (a yellowish-brown pigment) in the blood. It is the function of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood and excrete it through bile. If the liver can't function properly, it doesn’t get rid of bilirubin easily. A buildup of bilirubin is toxic. Seek medical help if you notice yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes. In dark-skinned people, skin yellowing may not be clear but yellowing of the eye is.
Bile, produced by the liver, aids the digestion and absorption of fats. When bile is insufficient, the digestion of fat slows down and fats accumulate in the gut. This slows the whole digestive process and leads to constipation. Also, bile contains 97-98% water which helps move faeces through the gut. When there isn't enough bile, faeces won't move as easily and this contributes to constipation.
Body aches and pains
An important function of the liver is to clear out toxins from the blood. Muscles and joints don’t have access to clean blood if the liver doesn't work properly. Also, stress prepares the body for fight or flight by tensing up the muscles. The body aches and pains that come from muscle tension are worsened when there are toxins in the blood.
Fatigue is reported by many people with liver problems. However, the exact relationship between liver problems and fatigue is uncertain. The liver is involved in many of the body's normal functions and fatigue can be a symptom of other health problems—depression, lack of exercise, or a poor diet. It’s difficult to point out how stress causes fatigue through the liver.
Urine removes one of the byproducts of the breakdown of bilirubin—urobilin. Urobilin is responsible for the yellowish colour of urine. Before bilirubin is ready for excretion, it is transformed as it goes through the liver, gallbladder, and intestine. Dark-coloured urine could be a sign that bilirubin itself is present in urine.2 This may be because bilirubin escapes to the blood before it is fully transformed. It may also be because the passage of bile is blocked. Seek medical help if you notice dark coloured urine. Dark urine could also be a side effect of a drug you're taking.
Common Liver Problems
Liver disease is any illness that results from damage to the liver, or from the liver not functioning properly.
Fatty liver disease
The liver is the primary organ that metabolizes fat. So, the cells of the liver are prone to accumulating fat when the liver is damaged. Accumulation of fat in the liver may be due to obesity or being overweight. This causes a form of fatty liver known as non-alcoholic fatty liver. Accumulation of fat may also be due to excess alcohol intake. This causes alcoholic fatty liver disease. Accumulation of fat in the liver leads to inflammation of the liver which damages liver cells. In turn, damaged liver cells cause scarring (fibrosis) which progresses to cirrhosis of the liver.
Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver. Prolonged inflammation of the liver could cause damage to liver cells, scarring of the liver, and cirrhosis. Inflammation of the liver could be a result of toxins or the accumulation of fat in the liver. Hepatitis can also be caused by viral infections. There are different types of hepatitis caused by viruses:
- Hepatitis A is transmitted from the faeces of an infected person to a healthy person. It is commonly transmitted in unsanitary environments.
- Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. It is commonly transmitted from an infected person through unprotected sex or contact with blood (from infected syringes and sharp objects, and from transfusion of infected blood).
- Hepatitis C is spread by contact with the blood of an infected person.
- Hepatitis D only affects people with hepatitis B, as the hepatitis D virus needs the hepatitis B virus to survive. Like hepatitis B, hepatitis D is transmitted from an infected person through blood and unprotected sex.
- Hepatitis E is transmitted through faeces and water infected with the hepatitis E virus. The virus also infects pigs, boars, deer, and rabbits and can be transmitted when the meat of these animals is eaten raw or undercooked.
Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare disease where the immune system attacks liver cells. In this lifelong condition, the immune system treats liver cells as foreign and damages them.
Cirrhosis is an advanced form of liver scarring. Cirrhosis occurs as a result of inflammation of the liver or liver-cell damage. Cirrhosis of the liver blocks free blood flow in the liver and prevents the liver from functioning normally. Cirrhosis causes permanent liver damage and may lead to liver cancer.
Common causes of liver problems
The common causes of liver problems are as follows:
If you are obese or overweight, you are at risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This disease develops in four stages:
- Stage 1 - Fat accumulates in the liver. This stage is mild and may go away without being noticed.
- Stage 2 - The liver gets inflamed. This stage is also known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
- Stage 3 - Fibrosis of the liver. If inflammation is untreated, it leads to fibrosis (scarring) of the liver which can be reversed.
- Stage 4 - Cirrhosis of the liver. After years of fibrosis, the liver becomes severely cirrhosed.
Liver inflammation from viruses, toxins, and or fat accumulation causes liver problems. Inflammation could lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Inflammation also attracts immune cells which attack and damage liver cells.
- Binge drinking, which could cause fat build-up in the liver and inflammation. The liver can recover from this assault.
- Drinking more than the recommended amount for many years. This can cause inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver.
To avoid alcohol abuse, it is recommended that you drink no more than 14 units of alcohol each week. If you drink up to 14 units each week, you are advised to spread your drinking over three days.
Stress is the response of the body to physical and psychological strain. Stress affects different parts of the body, including the liver. The liver accommodates changes in the body, but if stress is significant or long term, it affects the liver.
- Joung J, Cho J, Kim Y, Choi S, Son C. A literature review for the mechanisms of stress-induced liver injury. Brain Behav [Internet]. 2019 Feb 13 [cited 2022 Aug 18];9(3):e01235. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6422711/
- Hoilat GJ, John S. Bilirubinuria. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 19]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557439/ | <urn:uuid:0b0be6e1-aaf1-48e5-8722-50399468044c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://my.klarity.health/can-stress-cause-liver-problems/ | 2024-02-26T12:09:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.918346 | 2,721 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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Since I still haven’t set up LaTeX, this time we’ll do some economics. Let’s consider two countries, which we will call England and Portugal (any coincidences are accidental). England produces 1 unit of wine per worker per day, Portugal produces 2 units of clothes per worker per day. We can represent this in a table:
England | Portugal | |
Wine | 1 | |
Clothes | 2 |
It makes sense that given this setting England will sell wine to Portugal and Portugal will sell clothes to England. Both countries benefit from this. We may also try to draw some simple conclusions from this. For example, one may suggest that the price of a unit of wine would be approximately twice the price of clothes.
It is easy to see this. Let’s assume that the price of a unit of wine is $50, but the price of a unit of clothes is $20. It means that one worker in Portugal makes $40 a day, but one worker in England makes $50 a day. There is an incentive to move from Portugal to England to make $10 more, so if this move is easy enough, quite soon not many people would produce clothes, so the price for clothes will go up. We can make a similar argument if the price of wine would be less than twice the price of clothes.
The reality is more complex than this model. We have to take into account not what one particular worker can produce, but what a whole factory can produce. We also have to consider the cost of production, taxes, salaries and many other factors. All of these doesn’t change the theoretical output of the model much: substitute “a worker moved’ to “company moved its business” and you will get exactly the same argument about price balance as above. I’ll keep talking about the productivity of separate workers below just to make an explanation a little bit more accessible, but all of what I am going to say can be made more precise.
Let’s make our model more complex. Now both countries produce wine and clothes (here and below we assume the equal quality of products), but the productivity is not equal:
England | Portugal | |
Wine | 1 | 3 |
Clothes | 3 | 2 |
I think this is obvious that in this case England would sell wine to Portugal and Portugal would sell wine to England. At this point, prices will be considerably more complicated, but we are not interested in it. The only important point here is that both countries would trade for the mutual advantage.
Let’s consider this situation:
England | Portugal | |
Wine | 1 | 5 |
Clothes | 3 | 4 |
Now Portugal is much better at producing both goods. There is no way for England to export products since both wine and clothes are more expensive to produce in England than in Portugal. At the same time, Portugal could sell its products to England, but England wouldn’t be able to afford to pay for these products. If you want to buy something, you first have to sell something, and as we understood, England is not selling anything. It seems that England is in a dreadful position where either all of the business would move to Portugal or the trade between these countries will be banned and England would just have higher prices and lower quality of life.
In 1817 David Ricardo rightfully challenged the argument which I proposed above with the following example (he used England and Portugal as well). Let’s say that one worker in Portugal switches from producing clothes to producing wine. Portugal’s market will have 4 units of clothes less, but 5 units of wine more. Then two workers in England switch from producing wine to producing clothes. After this England has 6 additional units of clothes and 2 units of wine less.
Now, these two countries can actually trade. If Portugal sends 3 units of wine to England, while England sends 5 units of clothes to Portugal, both countries benefit from this trade. See in a table:
England | Portugal |
2 workers switch: | 1 worker switch: |
-2 wine, +6clothes | +5 wine, -4 clothes |
Sell 5 clothes to Portugal: | Sell 3 wine to England: |
+1 wine, +1 clothes | +2 wine, +1 clothes |
It is surprising, isn’t it? We’ve made an additional 3 units of wine and 2 units of clothes for these two countries to share by using trade in a situation where any trade seemed impossible.
Here is what’s going on. It is true that Portugal has an advantage in each of the industries, but the relative productivity of producing clothes is still higher in England than in Portugal. England is 3 times more efficient in producing clothes than wine, but Portugal is just 1.25 times more effective in producing wine, so switching from producing wine to cloth in England is more efficient than switching from cloth to wine in Portugal. This difference in productivity actually makes it feasible for these countries to trade for a mutual benefit.
This argument was widely used as a ground for international trade. I hope that I was able to convince you that this is actually beneficial. Now let’s look at the slightly more realistic example:
Somalia | Switzerland | |
Computers | 1 | 5 |
Potatoes | 3 | 4 |
Now it should be clear that comparative advantage would make the poor country focus on agriculture, while the developed country will focus on hi-tech. This way the poor country has no chances of getting out of poverty, while the rich country is only getting richer. The trade deal which looked perfect in the case of England and Portugal above became a disaster when applied to poor and rich countries.
What does the Ricardian model teach us? Is it good to trade or is it bad? Does the model of Ricardo even work? In most situations it doesn’t give any concrete answers (although it still can be used by politicians, those folks can use any kind of tricks anyway) as well as it doesn’t model well real-life situations. It has too many implicit assumptions which make it difficult to apply. First of all, the model considers only two countries and two products. It doesn’t take into account the demand for these products, cost of transportation, competition on the local market and dozens of other factors. There were many attempts to make this model more realistic, but I am not sure if any of these attempts could be called successful.
Should we throw this model away? Not exactly. Even though it doesn’t work quite well, this model is non-obvious and no one before Ricardo was able to think about the trade from this point of view. Even though this model doesn’t give us many answers, it motivates us to ask many interesting questions, which weren’t asked before this model was proposed. This model fueled follow-up research for centuries. It still can be applied in some very limited context, since this model is still logically sound. And some people think that the model still can be refined to the point when it can be applied directly.
Here’s an important lesson: the good model is not necessarily the one which reflects reality well. Other not so easily measured qualities of a model such as the ability to raise new questions may be even more important than the correctness of the model itself.
This applies not only to mathematical models. Newtonian mechanics is incorrect and works only under very specific conditions of ridiculously low velocities of Earth life and only within measurement error. This doesn’t make Newtonian mechanics bad—it has actually proved to be quite useful for almost all of the engineering so far.
Another example is Godel’s proof of god’s existence. The proof was based on so shaky foundations that Godel himself didn’t even try to publish it during his lifetime. And even though the foundation of this work appeared to be incorrect, this proof inspired serious development in mathematical logic and even affected research of Artificial Intelligence.
The most recent example of this kind which actually motivated this post is Theodore Hill’s “Evolutionary Theory for Variability Hypothesis“. In short, the model explains mathematically that there are more idiots as well as geniuses among males than among females. The work is based on extremely shaky foundations and the model is incorrect for sure at least in case of the human population, but it doesn’t make the model bad! Actually, quite opposite: the model is still logically sound, the shaky assumptions can be potentially refined in the future and even if it appears that the model cannot be fixed at all, it can potentially raise questions which weren’t asked before.
Unfortunately, in this particular case, the refinements wouldn’t be made and questions wouldn’t be asked because the paper was effectively banned. What is so wrong with the model that it has to be banned? All the arguments are purely political: this result can be used by right-wing propaganda, the result can discourage women from going into tech, after all, it doesn’t match with the idea that men and women are equal. No purely scientific arguments against this paper were presented, but the political ones were enough for the ban. Unfortunately, this is not the first time when scientific results got banned based on political grounds. This is harsh to say, but I cannot resist comparing this situation to the suppressed research of genetics, informatics and other fields in the Soviet Union and with Aryan Physics in Nazi Germany. I would really like to provide other examples instead of these two, but it seems that in the modern world other examples of banning science just doesn’t exist. The case of Hill’s model is just the third such case in modern history. I hope this situation wouldn’t go so far, but the direction which the western academy has taken is worrying. | <urn:uuid:b9e80633-2d9a-44b1-9733-d5c962a98cf4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nonprofitmaths.com/2018/10/03/comparative-advantage-and-usefulness-of-models/ | 2024-02-26T11:21:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.965694 | 2,054 | 2.875 | 3 | [
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Just like us, reptiles can face health challenges. Bearded dragon tail rot is one such condition bearded dragon owners should be aware of. Tail rot is a reptile health condition. In tail rot, the reptile’s tail undergoes decay or necrosis due to various factors such as injury, infection, or poor hygiene.
In this article, we will explore the symptoms of tail rot, including a darkened tail and potential internal infection. We’ll also discuss the importance of a proper diet, as improper diet and nutrition can contribute to blood clots and internal organ issues.
Additionally, we’ll delve into the treatment options available, and health concerns, including the use of topical medication and warm water soaks for pain relief. So, let’s dive into this common condition and equip you with the knowledge to ensure your bearded dragon’s tail remains healthy and vibrant.
Bearded Dragon Tail Rot: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Bearded dragons are popular reptile pets known for their distinctive appearance and friendly demeanor. However, like any pet, they can be susceptible to various health issues, one of which is a condition known as tail rot.
Tail rot, as the name suggests, is a progressive deterioration of the tail tissue in bearded dragons, generally starting at the tip and moving upward if left untreated. This condition can lead to serious complications and may require amputation if not addressed promptly.
Several factors, including improper husbandry, trauma, and infections, can cause tail rot in bearded dragons. Poor hygiene and unclean living conditions may facilitate the growth of bacteria or fungi that contribute to this condition.
Additionally, injuries to the tail, whether accidental or self-inflicted, can expose the inner tissue to infections and lead to tail rot. Keeping bearded dragons in an appropriate and clean environment is key to preventing the development of this ailment.
Early detection and intervention are essential in managing bearded dragon tail rot. Some common symptoms to look for include a darkening or blackening of the tail tip, dry or flaky skin, and swelling or inflammation.
If you suspect your bearded dragon may be suffering from tail rot, it is important to consult a veterinarian with experience in reptile care. They can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend an appropriate course of treatment to prevent further complications.
Signs and Symptoms of Tail Rot
Tail rot is a common issue that affects bearded dragons, and it’s important to recognize the signs and symptoms to ensure your pet gets prompt treatment. This condition occurs when blood flow to the tail is compromised, leading to tissue damage and, if left untreated, potential loss of the tail. Here are some key indicators to watch for:
One of the first signs of tail rot in bearded dragons is a change in color on the distal limbs and tail. The affected area may appear darker, often turning black. This discoloration is a result of limited blood flow causing tissue necrosis.
As tail rot progresses, you may notice deformities in the shape, appearance, or texture of the tail. The tail might become misshapen, swollen, or exhibit dry, scaly skin. In severe cases, the tail may start to wither, shrink, or develop visible cracks.
Bearded dragons with tail rot may display a variety of behaviors that indicate discomfort or pain. These can include:
- Irritability and aggression: Bearded dragons experiencing tail rot might become more irritable and show aggressive behavior when you try to handle them. This is due to the pain and discomfort they feel in the affected area.
- Lethargy: Affected bearded dragons may become less active and appear sluggish or listless. They might spend more time hiding or resting, even during their typical active periods.
- Loss of appetite: Bearded dragons with tail rot may show a decreased interest in food, leading to weight loss and weakness.
- Hiding: If your bearded dragon is experiencing tail rot, it might try to hide more frequently to avoid interaction or touch, as this can cause further pain.
Keep an eye on your bearded dragon and monitor its behavior closely. If you suspect tail rot or notice any of the above symptoms, it’s crucial to consult with a veterinarian experienced in reptile care to confirm the diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.
Causes of Tail Rot
Tail rot is a common issue among bearded dragons, which can lead to severe health problems if not addressed promptly. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of tail rot in bearded dragons, including incomplete shedding, trauma, and bacterial infections.
Incomplete shedding is a major cause of tail rot in bearded dragons. When a bearded dragon fails to shed its skin properly, dead skin can accumulate around the base of the tail. This buildup can constrict blood flow to the tail, causing the tissue to become necrotic and eventually die.
Factors that contribute to incomplete shedding include:
- Inadequate humidity levels in the dragon’s enclosure
- Poor nutrition
- Lack of proper basking spots
To prevent incomplete shedding, it’s crucial to provide your bearded dragon with the appropriate environment, diet, and regular monitoring for signs of shedding issues.
Injuries to the tail can also lead to tail rot in bearded dragons. Trauma to the tail, such as from a bite wound or an object falling on it, can cause a break or fracture. If left untreated, these injuries can lead to infection and eventually, tail rot.
To minimize the risk of injury:
- Monitor interactions between bearded dragons if housed together
- Ensure the enclosure is free of sharp objects or items that may fall
If you notice your bearded dragon has sustained a tail injury, seek veterinary assistance immediately to help prevent the onset of tail rot.
Bacterial infections are another common cause of tail rot in bearded dragons. Bacteria, such as Dermatophilus congolensis, can cause pitted keratolysis and pustular dermatitis on the skin, which can lead to tail rot if not treated promptly.
Prevent bacterial infections by maintaining a clean environment for your bearded dragon and monitoring for signs of infection, such as:
- Swelling or redness around the base of the tail
- Discoloration or an unpleasant odor
- Lethargy or loss of appetite
If you suspect a bacterial infection, consult with a veterinarian to obtain proper treatment and prevent the progression of tail rot.
Home Remedies and Prevention
One of the primary factors in preventing bearded dragon tail rot is ensuring proper nutrition. A well-balanced diet, rich in essential nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D, plays a critical role in your reptile’s overall health and well-being.
- Offer a variety of insects, vegetables, and fruits to provide a balanced diet.
- Dust insects with calcium supplements before feeding to ensure your bearded dragon gets enough calcium.
- Make sure to include dark, leafy greens as a staple in their diet, as they are a rich source of calcium.
- Occasional treats of fruit can provide additional vitamins and nutrients.
Another essential factor in preventing tail rot in bearded dragons is providing the right type of lighting. Exposure to UVB (ultraviolet B) light enables them to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for proper calcium absorption.
Here are some guidelines for proper lighting:
- Use a high-quality UVB light that provides the appropriate amount of UVB radiation.
- Replace the UVB light on a regular basis, as recommended by the manufacturer.
- Ensure your bearded dragon has access to the light for at least 10-12 hours per day.
- Keep the light at an appropriate distance from your bearded dragon’s basking spot (usually 8-12 inches).
Proper enclosure management is crucial for the prevention of bearded dragon tail rot and maintaining overall health. A clean and well-maintained environment can significantly reduce the risk of infection.
Consider these guidelines for maintaining a safe enclosure:
- Regularly clean and disinfect the enclosure and its contents to prevent the buildup of bacteria or parasites.
- Ensure proper ventilation within the enclosure to maintain fresh air circulation.
- Provide a basking spot with the correct temperature gradient within the enclosure.
- Provide adequate hiding spots and climbing structures for your bearded dragon to exhibit natural behaviors.
- Ensure the substrate used in the enclosure does not cause injury or irritation to your bearded dragon’s skin or tail.
By focusing on proper nutrition, correct lighting, and maintaining a safe enclosure, you can effectively minimize the risk of tail rot in your bearded dragon and keep them in good health.
Tail Rot- Prevention and Treatment! Watch this
Veterinary Treatments and Intervention
When to Consult a Vet
If you notice any signs of tail rot in your bearded dragon, such as discoloration, swelling, or a foul smell, it’s essential to consult a reptile vet as soon as possible. Delaying treatment may lead to necrosis, tissue loss, and severe infection, which in turn can cause organ failure or even death.
In some cases, when the tail rot has progressed significantly and there is extensive necrosis, a vet may recommend amputation as the most effective treatment to prevent the further spread of the disease. The amputation procedure involves:
- Administering anesthesia to the bearded dragon
- Sterilizing the area with a disinfectant, such as betadine
- Removing the necrotic tissue using sterile surgical tools
- Closing the wound with sutures or surgical glue
After the surgery, your bearded dragon will require proper wound care and monitoring to ensure a smooth recovery. Make sure to follow your vet’s guidance for post-operative care.
For less severe cases of tail rot, a vet may prescribe antibiotic treatment to help combat the underlying infection. This can include oral medications and topical ointments, such as Neosporin. Keep in mind that it’s crucial to follow your veterinarian’s prescribed treatment plan and dosage instructions.
During the course of antibiotic treatment, it is essential to monitor the bearded dragon’s tail daily for any signs of improvement or worsening.
If you notice any changes, inform your vet immediately. Additionally, maintaining a clean environment for your bearded dragon and providing proper care during this period is crucial in ensuring successful recovery from tail rot.
Timely veterinary intervention and proper care can help save your bearded dragon’s tail and, ultimately, its life. It’s essential to consult a reptile vet if you suspect tail rot and follow the prescribed treatment plan diligently to ensure your bearded dragon returns to full health.
Complications and Prognosis
Consequences of Untreated Tail Rot
Bearded dragon tail rot, if left untreated, can lead to a variety of health issues. It begins as localized tissue damage but can quickly progress, causing systemic infections and even life-threatening complications. Some potential consequences of untreated tail rot include:
- Spread of infection: The initial infection can spread along the tail and eventually to other parts of the body, including vital organs. This can cause a systemic infection known as septicemia.
- Necrosis: As the infection progresses, the tail tissue continues to die, causing necrosis. This can become irreversible, and the only treatment option may be amputation.
- Loss of mobility: As the tail rot advances, bearded dragons can experience decreased mobility. Their tails are important for balance, and damage to it may affect their overall movement and ability to function.
Can bearded dragons die from tail rot?
Yes, bearded dragons can die from tail rot if not treated promptly and properly. Tail rot can progress to septicemia, a systemic infection that can be fatal for these reptiles. Systemic infections can cause damage to vital organs, leading to organ failure and ultimately death.
Additionally, severe cases may require amputation of the tail, which can result in stress and complications during the healing process. Early detection and treatment are crucial for the prognosis of tail rot in bearded dragons.
If caught early, appropriate treatment can prevent the spread of infection and minimize long-term consequences.
If you suspect that your bearded dragon has tail rot, it is essential to consult a veterinarian experienced with reptiles to determine the best course of action and provide your pet with the best chance of recovery.
Further Reading and Resources
In order to get reliable and accurate information on bearded dragon tail rot, it is essential to explore trusted resources. The Magonline Library offers an informative article on dermatological diseases in reptiles, including bearded dragons, that can help you better understand tail rot and how to investigate it.
For a comprehensive guide on taking care of a bearded dragon and maintaining its overall health, consider reading “The Bearded Dragon Manual: Expert Advice for Keeping and Caring for a Healthy Bearded Dragon“. This book not only covers health issues but also provides expert advice on feeding, housing, and creating a proper habitat for your pet.
If you’re interested in learning more about the ecology and management of different bearded dragon species, both the western bearded dragon study and the eastern bearded dragon research can provide valuable insights. These resources will also broaden your understanding of their natural habitats and how they’re affected by external factors, such as mining.
For a more general overview of common reptile conditions, BVA In Practice has a useful article on this topic, which can be found here. This resource will be helpful in understanding common ailments that reptiles, including bearded dragons, might face, and how to prevent them.
By exploring these resources, you can gain a deeper understanding of tail rot in bearded dragons, as well as how to keep your scaly companion happy and healthy.
Bearded dragon tail rot is a concerning condition that may affect captive reptiles. It is important to understand the various factors that can contribute to this issue and seek appropriate treatment options for affected animals.
One potential cause of tail rot in bearded dragons is infection. Ensuring a clean and appropriate environment for these reptiles is essential to preventing the spread of infections and promoting overall health. Providing a clean, properly maintained habitat, and conducting regular health checks can go a long way in avoiding tail rot.
In cases where tail rot has already occurred, early detection and immediate intervention are crucial. A veterinary consultation will help determine the best course of action. In some instances, more severe cases may require surgical amputation to prevent the condition from progressing and impacting the bearded dragon’s overall health.
Preventative measures, such as careful handling and reducing stress, are also vital in minimizing the risk of tail rot in bearded dragons. Regularly monitoring their environment, diet, and overall well-being will contribute to a healthier, happier reptile.
In conclusion, maintaining a keen understanding of bearded dragon tail rot is critical in protecting the health of these fascinating pets. By focusing on prevention, early detection, and appropriate intervention, we can significantly reduce the occurrence and impact of this uncomfortable and potentially harmful condition.
Q: What is tail rot in bearded dragons?
A: Tail rot in bearded dragons refers to the decay or necrosis of the tail due to factors like injury, infection, or poor hygiene.
Q: What causes tail rot in bearded dragons?
A: Tail rot can be caused by various factors, including injury, bacterial or fungal infections, poor blood circulation, or improper care and husbandry practices.
Q: What are the symptoms of tail rot in bearded dragons?
A: Symptoms of tail rot may include discoloration of the tail, dry or necrotic tissue, foul odor, and potentially secondary infections.
Q: Can tail rot be treated in bearded dragons?
A: Yes, tail rot can be treated. Treatment may involve tail amputation, medical care, proper hygiene practices, and addressing any underlying health issues.
Q: How can bearded dragon owners prevent tail rot?
A: To prevent tail rot, bearded dragon owners should ensure a clean and stress-free environment, provide a healthy and nutritious diet, maintain proper tank size, and seek regular veterinary care.
Q: Is tail rot a serious health concern for bearded dragons?
A: Yes, tail rot can be a serious health concern as it can lead to further infections, impact the overall health of the dragon, and potentially require medical intervention.
Q: What is the role of proper diet in preventing tail rot?
A: A healthy and nutritious diet is essential for bearded dragons as it supports their immune system, promotes proper bone development, and helps maintain overall health, reducing the risk of tail rot.
Q: How can pet owners ensure a healthy tail in their bearded dragons?
A: Pet owners can ensure a healthy tail in their bearded dragons by maintaining good hygiene, providing clean water, offering a high-quality diet, and seeking veterinary care for any signs of infection or disease.
Q: Can tail rot lead to other health complications in bearded dragons?
A: Yes, if left untreated, tail rot can lead to further complications, such as systemic infections, metabolic bone disease, or damage to internal organs.
Q: What should bearded dragon owners do if they suspect tail rot?
A: If tail rot is suspected, it is important for bearded dragon owners to seek veterinary care promptly. A veterinarian can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options. | <urn:uuid:b071b437-2b2b-4a4e-b406-26950d38a2ec> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ownyourpet.com/bearded-dragon-tail-rot/ | 2024-02-26T09:56:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.933652 | 3,562 | 3.171875 | 3 | [
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1012
] |
Rodents make up the most numerous group of mammals, with 2277 species, accounting for 41% of the known mammals. They are a very diverse group in both size and habitat, ranging from the South American capybara weighing up to 66kg, to the Baluchistan pygmy jerboa, the female adults of which weigh less than 4gm.
Types of Rodents
Rodents are found on every continent except Antarctica. They live in a wide range of different habitats from snow-covered tundra to hot deserts. Some species of rodent are also the common invaders of the human environment:
Capybaras (but not rabbits, hares and shrews).
Characteristics of Rodents
The distinguishing feature of rodents is a pair of continuously growing, incisor teeth in their upper and lower jaw. These teeth grow throughout the life of the rodent so it must continuously wear them down to prevent them becoming too long.
Rodents are known to be the following, depending on their species:
They use a variety of different methods of locomotion including quadrupedal walking, running, climbing, bipedal hopping, swimming and gliding. Some are nocturnal and some are diurnal. Rodents tend to be social animals, living in small to very large colonies. They also have the ability to breed rapidly in favourable conditions, which is one of the reasons why they are such a concern when you have an infestation in your home or business.
The majority of rodents are herbivores, feeding on seeds, nuts, roots, tubers, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit. Some are omnivores, eating meat such as insects opportunistically and a small number are carnivores.
Rodents are not just pests, they have been used throughout history for food, fur, and more recently as pets and laboratory animals. Guinea pigs were a major meat source for the Incas, while dormice were a delicacy of the Romans, who kept them in special pots and enclosures. Many cultures around the world still eat wild rodents because they are readily available sources of meat.
How to Get Rid of Rats
A rat elimination program usually consists of sanitation and rat removal. Sanitation will help eliminate the food and water sources rats are using to survive, which also helps in the prevention process. Rat removal methods will vary depending on the personal preferences of the structure owner and their individual level of infestation.
Sanitation is the single most important measure of control in getting rid of a rat problem. Rats must have access to a ready supply of food and water to thrive and harborage to nest.
To reduce rat populations, try the following sanitation measures:
Store any bulk food items in large metal containers with tight fitting lids, rather than bags or boxes that can easily be gnawed through.
Keep dog food or other pet food stored in a Rubbermaid container overnight.
Remove clutter such as paper and cardboard that rats might use to build their nests
Remove grass clippings and yard debris near structure
Trim up shrubs and bushes so they do not touch your home and so you can see beneath them
Store firewood away from structure
Pick up fruit and nuts that fall from trees
After you have followed the sanitation measures outlined above you can start the rat removal process. There are several methods available for both indoor and outdoor rat control and you should choose the method(s) that best fits your needs and preferences.
Glue traps, snap traps and live catch traps
Products needed : selected trap, bait for trap
Trapping is the preferred method of indoor control. There are several advantages to using traps for rat removal indoors. Trapping does not require the use of rat poisons indoors. Trapping does allow you to know if a rat has been trapped so that you can can be sure your efforts are working. And last, trapping allows you to remove the carcass to avoid bad odors and secondary insect infestations from decaying carcasses.
A Step-by-Step Guide for Getting Rid of Mice
You may think getting rid of mice isn’t a huge priority. How much harm could they truly cause? Unfortunately, the answer is a lot. Mice may appear to be all cute and cuddly… but don’t be fooled! They can cause some serious destruction to your home and health. This is why hiring a professional pest control company will benefit you greatly.
ARE MICE REALLY A THREAT? I’M NOT CONVINCED.
The short answer is absolutely. Mice are known as nibblers, meaning they’ll put anything and everything in their mouth, even electrical wires. In fact, experts have found that nearly a quarter of house fires can be traced back to damage caused by a rodent. Although they’re small, their teeth are mighty and can puncture wood, plastic, vinyl, aluminum and even concrete if not cured properly.
Not only are they destructive, but they’re also a threat to your health. It’s estimated that rodents invade nearly 21 million homes in the U.S. every winter, and we’re not talking gifted pet mice during the holidays. A wild mouse infestation can cause way more than just a headache for families. Exposure to their droppings, urine, and saliva can cause serious illnesses such as hantavirus, bubonic plague, and salmonellosis. Their destruction combined with being carriers of the infectious disease makes these little critters a major cause for concern.
EASY STEPS FOR GETTING RID OF MICE
There are a lot of homeowners out there who like to take matters into their own hands. You’re not required to use a professional rodent exterminator, but if you decide not to we want to make sure that you have the information you need. We’ve outlined 5 easy steps for getting rid of mice and making sure they stay gone.
Find and Eliminate All Entry Points
The first step in getting rid of mice is figuring out where they initially came from. They most likely squeezed under cracks in doors, holes in insulation, unsealed basement windows, pipes, or any other dime-sized opening. These obnoxious little critters are equal parts crafty and determined. If there’s a will there’s a way and they certainly have a will.
How to Get Rid of Rodents
When you have unwanted visitors in your home such as rats or mice, there are some steps you can take before calling in professional rodent control. The first thing to do is to read our guide to getting rid of rodents.
Choose a Method
There are many kinds of rodent control available and they fall roughly into the following three groups: snap traps, which use spring-loaded bars to kill mice or rats; cage traps that tunnel the rodent in and then capture it; and poison bait, which will kill the rodent after it eats it. Snap traps are commonly used to kill mice and rats within homes. For best results these traps should be set flush to walls, with the trigger plates facing the wall.
Rodents generally travel with their bodies against the wall for protection. Cage traps capture live prey and are used when the homeowner does not want to harm the rodent. To avoid re-infestation, mice may be freed 500 metres from the house, but rats must be released at least 3,000 metres away so they do not find their way home.
Poison traps, pellets and bait should not be used within the house because the rodent may eat the poison and then die in wall cavities or under floor boards, creating unpleasant odours. The control devices picture
Set the Trap
If you have selected a snap or cage trap, you will need to set it up correctly for best results. Mice are quite curious and will approach a new trap and easily get caught. Rats however are more cautious and will not approach anything new. Consequently, rat traps should be left without any bait for at least a couple of days until the rats are fully familiar with the trap. Then the trap is baited and the rat will be caught
Mouse and rat behaviour
The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), the house mouse (Mus musculus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) have long lived in proximity to humans. But that’s no reason to tolerate their presence if they get too close to us!
Rats and mice both belong to the family Muridae, and have spread from Central Asia to nearly every part of the world. They were likely introduced (involuntarily) to North America by European colonists. The house mouse is small, reaching no more than 30 g in weight
It is recognizable by its large ears, long tail, brown back and grey belly. The deer mouse, which is more common in rural areas, has brown-white fur with a white underside and feet, and its tail is as long as its body. The brown rat, also known as the sewer rat or Norway rat, has a stocky body and can weigh up to 450 g (1 lb).
In the fall, mice and rats seeking warmth and food are attracted to barns and other farm buildings, warehouses, landfills, houses, etc. These rodents will then be active in those locations all winter long, since they do not hibernate.
Are mice and rats useful or bothersome?
Some rats (specially bred strains of brown rats) and mice (albino house mice) are used in laboratories for scientific research.
Both rats and mice are popular as pets, alongside gerbils, chinchillas and other small rodents.
In the wild, both types of rodent are prey for several species of mammals and raptors. | <urn:uuid:30dfc387-a9b2-4023-8bdb-2a8caade2341> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://renegadepopo.com/things-to-consider-while-choosing-a-rodent-control-company/ | 2024-02-26T11:00:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.955566 | 2,004 | 3.125 | 3 | [
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Head & Neck Oncology and Endocrine Surgery
Head and Neck Oncology and Endocrine Surgery encompasses a large spectrum of disease both benign and malignant but the link that combines these are their location within the head and neck. Surgery in this space requires an intimate knowledge of the anatomy due to its intricacy and importance to basic life functions.
- Thyroid disease – thyroid goiters, hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, thyroid cancer (papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic), thyroid nodules
- Thyroglossal duct cysts
- Parathyroid disease – hyperparathyroidism (primary, secondary, tertiary), parathyroid cancer
- Parotid gland – nodules, cancers
- Submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands – nodules, cancers
- Head and neck skin cancers – melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma
- Oral cavity – lip lesions or cancers, tongue lesions or cancer, mucosal lesions or cancer
- Oropharynx – tonsil tumors or cancers, base of tongue tumors or cancers, HPV related cancers
- Hypopharynx cancers
- Larynx cancers
At each link below is further information on the head and neck diseases we treat here at SSOC.
The thyroid is a butterfly shaped endocrine gland which resides in the front of neck just above your breast bone. The function of this gland is to control your body’s metabolism. It releases hormones into the bloodstream which then act on the cells in the body to control the rate of their activity (metabolism). Hyperthyroidism is if you have too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) driving your cells to be overactive causing you to have symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, racing heart rate, losing weight, sweating, shaking hands, loose bowel movements, etc. Hypothyroidism is if you have too little thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) driving your cells to be underactive causing you to have symptoms such as depression, fatigue, weight gain, constipation, etc.
Thyroid Nodules: Thyroid nodules are the overgrowth of cells of the thyroid forming a nodule (ball/lump/mass/neoplasm). They are very common with statistics showing that anywhere from 1 out of every 3 people to half of all people over 60 years old having thyroid nodules. A high percentage of these nodules are benign. Once a nodule is found (patient notes a mass, physician feels it on exam, incidentally seen on imaging done for another reason) an ultrasound should be performed to evaluate the thyroid gland for other nodules and to determine the characteristics of the thyroid nodule(s). This will help decide whether further work up is needed such as a fine needle aspiration (biopsy). Not all thyroid nodules require a fine needle aspiration and your doctor will help determine this based on the ultrasound characteristics. If a fine needle aspiration is needed it is performed using a very fine needle to take samples (usually a couple of times) of the nodule. These samples will be reviewed under a microscope by a pathologist to get a diagnosis. There are 6 possible results:
- Nondiagnostic/insufficient: not enough cells were obtained to make a diagnosis and a repeat fine needle aspiration is needed.
- Benign: this gives the nodule about a 3% risk of being malignant and usually means no surgery is needed. A repeat ultrasound will be performed after some time to determine if there is any change in the nodule. If it does change with time a repeat fine needle aspiration may be needed.
- Follicular lesion of undetermined significance/atypia of undetermined significance: this does have a meaning it give this nodule about a 15% (15 out of 100) chance of being malignant (cancerous). Surgeons used to perform surgery to remove the side of the thyroid with the nodule in it to have the nodule evaluated by a pathologist to determine if it was malignant or not. Now a separate sample from the fine needle aspiration (sometimes requiring a repeat fine needle aspiration to obtain more cells) is sent for molecular analysis. These results can further separate this category into benign giving it a 5% chance of being a cancer or suspicious giving it a 50% chance of being a cancer. These results are then used by you and your surgeon to help determine the best course of treatment.
- Follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm: this gives the nodule about a 25% risk of being malignant. They are treated similar to the above category with a sample being sent for molecular testing (please see category #3 above).
- Suspicious for malignancy: this gives the nodule about a 70% risk of being a cancer. This will most likely need surgery and you and your surgeon will come up with a surgical plan.
- Malignant: this gives the nodule about a 98% chance of being a cancer. This will most likely need surgery and you and your surgeon will come up with a surgical plan.
Thyroid Goiter: This simply means the thyroid itself is larger than normal. This can happen when the whole gland becomes swollen or when there are multiple nodules that have grown in the thyroid gland. This can be caused by various things and the treatment is dependent on the cause and symptoms. One of the common reasons for needing surgery for a thyroid goiter is compressive symptoms. These are caused by the large thyroid taking up extra space in your neck causing issues with swallowing, changes in your voice, or issues with breathing.
Thyroid Cancer: There are three types of thyroid cancer the most common being differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary and follicular (Hurthle cell)), medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer. The majority of thyroid cancers do not cause symptoms other than a nodule in the thyroid. It rarely affects the function of the thyroid gland. Some patients will note an enlarging lump in the neck, changes in their voice, or issues with swallowing. It is diagnosed with a fine needle aspiration (please see Thyroid Nodules section above for further information on this). There are some risk factors for thyroid cancer which are prior radiation to the neck, working in an environment with high radiation exposure, and genetics (usually an extensive family history of thyroid cancer or other endocrine system disorders) but for the majority of patient’s the cause is unknown. Once thyroid cancer is diagnosed the most likely course of action will be surgery dependent on the type of thyroid cancer and extent of disease. If the thyroid cancer is small and confined within the thyroid gland sometimes surgery can be limited to taking only half of the thyroid. If the entire thyroid is removed then you will need to take a pill every day after surgery for the rest of your life to replace the thyroid hormone in your body. Sometimes the lymph nodes in the neck contain thyroid cancer and require removal at the time of initial surgery or sometimes at a later date if detected during follow up.
Link to further information below:
The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands located in the neck behind the thyroid gland, two on each side. The parathyroid glands have nothing to do with the thyroid, they just got their confusing name because they live behind the thyroid. These glands control the body’s calcium levels. They work to tightly control the level of calcium in the blood through production of a hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH). When the calcium is low in the blood then the PTH should be high to increase the calcium and vice versa when the calcium is high in the blood then the PTH should be low because extra calcium is not needed. Calcium affects many systems in the body including the heart, nervous system, bones, and kidneys.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism: This is when one or multiple of the parathyroid glands are not responding to the calcium levels in the blood. Instead the PTH is continued to be produced despite high calcium in the blood. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is based on blood tests alone. If the calcium is high or even in the high normal range and the PTH is high or even in the high normal range this is hyperparathyroidism. Untreated hyperparathyroidism can cause long term effects such as kidney stones and osteoporosis. It can also cause symptoms throughout the body including fatigue, joint/bone pain, muscle weakness, mood swings, depression, “brain fog”, ulcers, and abdominal pain to name a few. Currently the only cure for primary hyperparathyroidism is surgery to remove the abnormal gland(s). A person only needs half of a parathyroid gland to do the work that all four glands typically do. Prior to surgery tests will be performed to try to locate the abnormal gland(s). These could include an ultrasound, CT scan, or other nuclear medicine tests. These tests are not for diagnosis, they are only to aid in locating the abnormal parathyroid(s) during surgery. They do not always show any abnormalities this does not change the need for surgery just that the surgeon will need to look at all four glands. A bone density scan should also be performed to determine the extent of bone loss. If there is bone loss it can be treated once the abnormal parathyroid(s) have been removed.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: This is when all four parathyroid glands overgrow due a process outside of the parathyroid glands. The most common reason is kidney disease but it can also be caused by lithium use, vitamin D deficiency, poor absorption of vitamins in the intestines, malnutrition, or high magnesium levels in the blood. In the majority of cases the calcium in the blood work is low to normal while the PTH is high. These constant high levels of PTH can cause other issues in the body such as osteoporosis, calciphylaxis (ulcers in the skin due to calcium being deposited in the skin), heart disease, and anemia (low blood counts). The first treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism is medicine. At some point the secondary hyperparathyroidism will no longer respond to medical treatment and this is when surgery should be considered. The reasons for surgery are high calcium or phosphorous levels in the blood that is no longer being decreased by medical therapies (e.g. dialysis or medications), worsening osteoporosis, calciphylaxis, uncontrollable itching, or consistent very high PTH levels in the blood work (>800). The typical operations for this disease are total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation (removing all four parathyroid glands from the neck and reimplanting a portion of a gland in the muscle in the forearm) or subtotal parathyroidectomy (removing 3.5 parathyroid glands and leaving a portion of a gland in the neck). There are advantages and disadvantages to both of these approaches. Even after surgery the underlying problem which caused the parathyroid glands to overact (e.g. kidney disease) is typically still present which can cause the remaining portion of parathyroid to grow and need further surgery in the future. You and your surgeon will discuss your specific case and determine which operation is best suited for you.
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: This happens when secondary hyperparathyroidism transforms so that now all four parathyroid glands are overgrown except now they are constantly secreting PTH without responding to the calcium in the blood. Now both the PTH and calcium levels are consistently high in the blood work. One common time to see tertiary hyperparathyroidism is continued elevation of calcium and PTH after a kidney transplant. The treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism is surgery similar to secondary hyperparathyroidism (see above). You and your surgeon will discuss your specific case and determine the best surgical approach to use.
Link to further information below:
Salivary glands’, including the parotid glands, function is to make saliva which helps lubricate the mouth/throat and also provides enzymes to start the digestion of food. There are two types of salivary glands: major and minor salivary glands. There are three sets of major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. There are also hundreds of minor salivary glands throughout the mouth.
Parotid Glands: This gland is located just in front of the ear and extends to just below the ear on both sides of the head. It is the largest of the salivary glands and the one most likely to get a tumor. The majority of parotid tumors are benign (not cancer) with about 25% being malignant. The typical sign of a parotid tumor is a lump or swelling in front of the ear or at the edge of the jaw. There are many types of tumors that can occur in the parotid gland. Once a possible parotid tumor has been found imaging will be performed (e.g. ultrasound, CT scan, MRI) to better evaluate the tumor. Once your doctor has reviewed the imaging you will discuss with them obtaining a fine needle aspiration (biopsy) of the tumor. If a fine needle aspiration is needed it is performed using a very fine needle to take samples (usually a couple of times) of the nodule. These samples will be reviewed under a microscope by a pathologist to get a diagnosis. You and your doctor will discuss the results of the imaging and biopsy to determine the next best step in your treatment. If it is decided that surgery is the next best step (which can occur even if the tumor biopsy is benign as some benign parotid tumors can change over time to cancer) you and your doctor will discuss at length the surgical procedure. This will involve taking a portion or all of the parotid gland (parotidectomy) and may involve removing some of the lymph nodes from the neck. The biggest risk of parotidectomy is to the facial nerve. This nerve runs through the parotid gland and has several branches that control the movement of the face. During surgery meticulous care is taken to preserve the facial nerve including nerve monitoring where after the patient is asleep tiny needles are placed in the muscles of the face to help monitor the function of the facial nerve branches throughout the surgery. Despite all precautions there is still a risk of injury to the nerve causing paralysis of the face or a portion of the face which may be permanent or temporary.
Submandibular Glands: These glands are located under the chin on both sides and the saliva they produce is secreted into the mouth under the tongue. They are less likely to have a tumor as compared to the parotid glands but submandibular gland tumors have about a 50% chance of being cancer (malignant). The work up and treatment of these tumors is the same as for tumors in the parotid gland (see section on Parotid Glands above). Once the work up is completed you and your surgeon will discuss the next best steps in your care including possible surgery to remove the affected gland and possibly some lymph nodes from the neck. The biggest risk of this surgery is to the nerves in the area in particular the marginal mandibular nerve which could give you a crooked smile, the lingual nerve which could cause numbness to a portion of the tongue, and the hypoglossal nerve which could cause abnormal movement of the tongue. Meticulous care will be taken during surgery to preserve these nerves including nerve monitoring where after the patient is asleep tiny needles are placed in the muscles controlled by these nerves to help monitor the function of the nerves throughout the surgery. Despite all precautions there is still a risk of injury to the nerves but the resulting abnormalities can be easily adjusted to with time and possible therapy.
Sublingual Glands: This pair of glands are located underneath the tongue under the floor of the mouth. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and the least likely to develop a tumor. The work up and treatment of these tumors is the same as for tumors in the parotid gland (see section on Parotid Glands). Once the work up is completed you and your surgeon will discuss the next best steps in your care including possible surgery to remove the affected gland through an incision in the floor of the mouth. The biggest risk of this surgery is to the lingual nerve which could cause numbness to a portion of the tongue which may be permanent or temporary. Despite all precautions there is still a risk of injury to the nerves but the resulting numbness can be easily adjusted to with time.
Minor Salivary Glands: These can also develop cancer and the surgery is dependent on the exact location and size of the tumor. The surgery will consist of removing the tumor and a portion of the surrounding tissue in order to get a clean margin (cancer free margin). You and your surgeon will discuss at your appointment the specifics of your tumor and the treatment needed.
Just like the rest of our body skin cancer develops in the head and neck region as well. The difference is that this area has many highly specialized structures that require a specialist who understands the anatomy and physiology of the head and neck region to efficiently treat these cancers surgically. If your Dermatologist or Primary Care Provider (PCP) has determined that you need surgical intervention for a head and neck skin cancer seek out a surgeon who is well versed in this area of the body. Skin cancers are typically broken down into melanoma and non-melanoma (squamous cell and basal cell) cancers.
Non-melanoma Skin Cancers: The two most common forms of non-melanoma skin cancers are squamous cell and basal cell based on the types of cells the cancer developed from. Basal cell being the most common form is a slow growing cancer but over time can become quite large or invade nearby structures if not treated. Squamous cell can be more aggressive and deeper but not to the extent of melanoma. Both of these skin cancers tend to be easily treated if caught early. Typical signs of one of these cancers is a new spot on the skin, a non-healing lesion, a lesion that changes size, shape, color, texture, or feel, and bleeding/crusting of an area of the skin. Diagnosis is obtained by performing a biopsy of the area typically by your Dermatologist or PCP. There are many treatments for this type of skin cancer that can be performed by a Dermatologist or PCP. If your provider determines you need a surgeon to perform the excision then seek out a head and neck specialist who understands intimately the anatomy and physiology of the region.
Melanoma: This is the most dangerous form of skin cancer. It has a higher possibility of metastatic disease to the lymph nodes or other structures/organs. Wide surgical excision (removal) of the melanoma is the treatment. Dependent on the size of the melanoma, how deep it goes into the skin, its characteristics on biopsy, and its location will determine how large of an excision needs to be performed. Some wounds will be able to be closed at the initial surgery dependent on the size and location of the wound. If it is determined the wound needs to be closed by rotating or transferring skin from another area of the body this will be performed during a separate procedure. The reason for this is to ensure the final pathology (under the microscope) shows all margins are clear of cancer and no further surgery is needed to clear the margins of cancer. Depending on the depth of the melanoma on the biopsy it may be determined that a sentinel lymph node biopsy is needed to ensure the melanoma has not spread to the lymph nodes. You and your surgeon will discuss this at your office appointment prior to planning the surgery. A sentinel lymph node is considered the first lymph node or nodes where the cancer would go if it metastasizes. If you need a sentinel lymph node biopsy the day of surgery you will be sent to the nuclear medicine department of the hospital and have a procedure where injection of a tracer is placed around the melanoma and imaging is obtained to follow the tracer to identify the sentinel lymph node(s). During surgery your surgeon will have a device that can detect the tracer to help guide removal of the sentinel lymph node(s). These lymph node(s) will be sent to pathology to be examined under the microscope to determine if there is any metastatic melanoma in the lymph nodes.
Head and neck cancers encompass any cancer in the nose, sinuses, throat, larynx (voice box), mouth, and lips (salivary gland, skin, and thyroid cancers are also encompassed in Head and Neck Surgical Oncology but are talked about under their respective tabs above since they act and are treated slightly differently). The majority of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinoma which can typically be related to a history of tobacco and alcohol use or can be related to the human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease. The symptoms associated with head and neck cancer vary by where it is located but can be a mass/lump in the neck, sores/spots in the mouth/throat that do not heal, issues with breathing, changes in the voice, and difficulty with swallowing. When you are evaluated by the doctor for a possible head and neck cancer there are a variety of tests that may be performed including:
- Fiberoptic laryngoscopy: This is performed in the office where the doctor will spray your nostrils with a numbing medicine and insert a tiny camera through the nose to view the throat/voice box area.
- CT scans
- PET scans: This is where a tagged sugar is injected in an IV and a scan is performed to look for areas of high sugar uptake throughout the body. Any area in the body where cells are turning over quickly will pick up the sugar and light up on the scan including inflammation, infection, and cancer. The scan is used to determine exactly where in the body the cancer is located.
- Fine needle aspiration (biopsy): This is performed using a very fine needle to take samples (usually a couple of times) of the mass. These samples will be reviewed under a microscope by a pathologist to help get a diagnosis.
At this point you and your surgeon will discuss the findings of the work up and determine what the next best steps for treatment will be for your specific case. Treatment can range from surgery, radiation, chemotherapy with radiation, or surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. There are also some possible targeted therapies that may be used if it is deemed appropriate for your specific cancer. Your surgeon will not be the only member of your cancer treatment team there will also be a Medical Oncologist and possibly a Radiation Oncologist along with other therapists/nutritionists. Once your primary treatment is completed you will be given a schedule that will include frequent visits every few months with your surgeon and oncologists. Each year you are cancer free after treatment your appointments will be decreased and at five years after your treatment if you remain cancer free you will see your surgeon and oncologist once a year. | <urn:uuid:3d78918e-4f96-46ce-8401-11da4ae94eed> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ssoc.com/head-neck-surgery/ | 2024-02-26T12:10:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.942907 | 4,819 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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] |
Preserving the Culinary Frontier: A Comprehensive Exploration of the Finest Freeze-Drying Machines to Revolutionize Your Food Storage
The Vital Importance of Food Storage in Modern Times
In today’s fast-paced world, where convenience often takes precedence over sustainability, the significance of food storage cannot be understated. As we strive to meet our daily nutritional needs, it is crucial to consider the long-term availability and preservation of food.
Traditional methods such as canning and dehydrating have served us well, but they come with limitations. This is where the revolutionary technology of freeze-drying comes into play.
Revolutionizing Food Storage with Freeze-Drying Machines
Freeze-drying machines have emerged as a game-changer in the realm of food storage. By harnessing the power of sublimation – a process that converts water directly from a solid to a gas without passing through a liquid state – these machines preserve the quality, taste, and nutritional value of various foods like never before. With freeze-drying methods, food undergoes a meticulous process that involves freezing it at extremely low temperatures and then gradually removing moisture through sublimation.
This transformative technology has opened up new possibilities for extending shelf life while retaining the flavors and nutrients we cherish in our favorite meals. Imagine biting into a crispy apple slice that bursts with just-picked flavor even after months or savoring an aromatic cup of coffee brewed from freeze-dried beans that effortlessly awakens your senses.
Freeze-drying has revolutionized not only how we store food but also how we enjoy it even when it’s no longer fresh off the farm or out of the oven. This article will delve deep into this exciting field by reviewing some of the market’s best freeze-drying machines available today.
We’ll explore their features, evaluate their pros and cons based on user experiences, and ultimately guide you towards making an informed decision for your own food storage needs. So hunker down as we embark on this gastronomic journey to discover the remarkable world of freeze-drying and how it can transform your food storage practices.
What is freeze-drying?
Imagine your favorite juicy fruits or succulent meats transformed into lightweight, crispy snacks that retain their original flavors and nutritional value. That’s freeze-drying in a nutshell!
Freeze-drying is a preservation process that removes water from food while preserving its taste, texture, and nutrients. By subjecting the food to extreme temperatures and pressure changes, freeze-drying eliminates moisture without compromising quality.
How does freeze-drying work?
The fascinating process of freeze-drying involves three main steps: freezing, sublimation, and desorption. First, the food is carefully frozen at ultra-low temperatures to create ice crystals within it. Next, through sublimation, these ice crystals are transformed directly into water vapor without turning back into liquid—an impressive feat of science!
Desorption occurs by removing the vapor from the system through vacuum pressure. By undergoing this intricate process, freeze-dried food becomes dehydrated but retains its original shape and structure when rehydrated later on.
The result? Lightweight yet flavorful morsels that are perfect for adventurers exploring nature’s wonders or simply for those seeking convenient meal options.
Benefits of freeze-dried food
Why bother with freeze-dried food when we have easier options available? Well, let me enlighten you on some extraordinary benefits: 1. Prolonged shelf life: Due to the absence of moisture in freeze-dried products, they can be stored for an incredibly long time—sometimes up to 25 years!
This makes them ideal for emergency preparedness or backpacking trips where lightweight sustenance is essential. 2. Nutritional preservation: Freeze drying maintains the nutritional integrity of foods by preserving vitamins and minerals at levels close to their fresh counterparts.
So you can enjoy nutrient-rich meals even while on the go. 3. Superior taste and texture: Unlike some traditional dried foods that become tough and chewy, freeze-dried products retain their original taste, color, and texture.
The process gently removes moisture while leaving behind the flavors you love. 4. Convenience at your fingertips: Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast or just a busy individual on the move, freeze-dried food provides a convenient and lightweight option for quick meals without sacrificing quality or flavor.
Now that we’ve unraveled the mysteries of freeze-drying, let’s delve into the factors to consider before investing in a freeze-drying machine! Stay tuned for section 3.
Factors to Consider Before Buying a Freeze-Drying Machine
Capacity and Size Options: Small-scale vs Large-scale Machines
When it comes to freeze-drying machines, one of the first considerations is the capacity and size that suits your needs. Are you a small household looking to preserve occasional batches of food, or do you have a commercial operation that requires large-scale production?
Small-scale machines are perfect for home use, with capacities typically ranging from 1-5 pounds of food per batch. These compact machines are user-friendly and fit well in any kitchen space.
On the other hand, large-scale machines can handle substantial volumes of food, making them ideal for restaurants or food processing businesses. They can process up to hundreds of pounds per batch, allowing for efficient production on a larger scale.
Choosing the Right Size for Your Needs
Selecting the appropriate size freeze-drying machine is crucial to optimize its efficiency and meet your requirements effectively. Consider factors such as available storage space, anticipated food quantities, and budget constraints.
If you have limited storage area or primarily freeze-dry smaller amounts of food at a time, a smaller machine will be more practical and cost-effective. However, if you expect higher demand or plan to expand your operations in the future, investing in a larger machine may prove advantageous in terms of productivity and potential cost savings.
Energy Efficiency and Power Consumption: Evaluating Energy-Saving Features
As concerns about energy consumption grow more prominent in today’s world, choosing an energy-efficient freeze-drying machine makes both environmental sense and economic sense. Look for models that boast energy-saving features like insulated chambers and efficient cooling systems. These features not only reduce power consumption but also contribute to shorter drying cycles without compromising quality.
Calculating Long-Term Operational Costs
While upfront costs are important, long-term operational costs should not be overlooked. Take into account factors such as electricity consumption, maintenance requirements, and the cost of replacement parts.
Some models may have a higher initial price but offer lower running costs in terms of energy efficiency and maintenance needs. By considering these factors beforehand and calculating the anticipated expenses over time, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your budget and sustainability goals.
Ease of Use and Maintenance: User-Friendly Interfaces and Controls
No one wants to struggle with complex machinery or spend excessive time on maintenance tasks. When evaluating freeze-drying machines, prioritize those with user-friendly interfaces and controls that simplify operation. Look for intuitive control panels or touchscreens that guide you through the process effortlessly.
Additionally, consider how easy it is to clean the machine after each use to maintain hygiene standards. Models with removable trays or accessible components make cleaning a breeze while ensuring your freeze-dryer remains in optimal condition.
Cleaning and Maintenance Requirements
Maintenance requirements can vary among different freeze-drying machines; therefore, it is essential to understand what each model entails before making a purchase decision. Some machines may require regular lubrication or filter replacements to ensure smooth operation over an extended period. Others may have automatic cleaning cycles or self-cleaning features that simplify upkeep tasks significantly.
Take into account your own comfort level with maintenance duties when choosing a machine so that you can select one that aligns with your preferences and available time for upkeep. By considering these factors carefully before investing in a freeze-drying machine, you can ensure that your choice meets both your current needs and future aspirations while providing efficient operation, convenience, energy savings, and ease of maintenance.
Top Freeze-Drying Machines on the Market: In-Depth Reviews
Nutrichef 6 Tray Dehydrator: The Compact Powerhouse
When it comes to freeze-drying machines, the Nutrichef 6 Tray Dehydrator stands out as a true compact powerhouse. Its sleek design and compact size make it perfect for smaller kitchens or limited counter space.
Don’t let its size fool you, though – this machine packs a punch in terms of functionality. One of the most notable features of the Nutrichef 6 Tray Dehydrator is its rapid freeze-drying capability.
With a powerful compressor and advanced technology, it can freeze-dry food in record time without compromising quality. Whether you’re preserving your favorite fruits, vegetables, or even delicate herbs, this machine ensures that all nutrients and flavors are locked in during the process.
Users have praised the Nutrichef 6 Tray Dehydrator for its intuitive controls and user-friendly interface. It offers a range of pre-set options for different types of food, taking the guesswork out of freeze-drying.
Additionally, its digital display allows you to monitor and adjust settings easily. However, some users have reported that the capacity may be limiting for larger batches or bulk storage needs.
Stainless Steel Food Dehydrator 1500W 20 Layers: The Industrial Workhorse
If you’re looking for a freeze-drying machine that can handle heavy-duty tasks and cater to commercial needs, then Stainless Steel Food Dehydrator 1500W 20 Layers is your go-to choice. This industrial workhorse is designed to tackle large-scale freeze-drying operations with ease.
One standout feature of Stainless Steel Food Dehydrator 1500W 20 Layers is its impressive capacity. With multiple trays and an expanded drying chamber, it can accommodate extensive quantities of food at once.
This makes it ideal for restaurants, catering businesses, or anyone who requires substantial food preservation on a regular basis. Users have applauded Stainless Steel Food Dehydrator 1500W 20 Layers’s durability and efficiency when it comes to freeze-drying large amounts of food.
Its powerful vacuum pump ensures rapid water removal, resulting in superior quality freeze-dried products. However, it’s worth noting that this machine’s size and power come at a cost – it occupies a considerable amount of space and may not be suitable for smaller kitchens or limited workspace.
Uncovering Lesser-Known Freeze-Drying Machines
The FZG series: The Hidden Gem
While the market is filled with well-known freeze-drying machines, there are some hidden gems that deserve attention. One such gem is The FZG series, a machine that has been quietly impressing users with its unique features and outstanding performance. Let’s take a closer look at why this machine is gaining popularity among those in the know.
Exploring Unique Features
The FZG series sets itself apart from the competition with its cutting-edge technology and innovative features. One standout feature is its advanced moisture control system, which ensures precise drying without compromising the texture or taste of your food.
Whether you’re freeze-drying fruits, vegetables, or even delicate herbs, The FZG series guarantees optimal results every time. In addition to the moisture control system, The FZG series also boasts a state-of-the-art touchscreen interface.
The user-friendly design allows you to easily navigate through various settings and programs, making the freeze-drying process a breeze. With just a few taps on the screen, you can customize drying cycles based on your specific needs.
Real-Life Testimonials from Satisfied Users
Don’t just take our word for it – let’s hear what real users have to say about The FZG series! Sarah from Colorado raved about how easy it was to operate this machine compared to others she had previously tried. She mentioned that even though she was new to freeze-drying, The FZG series guided her through each step of the process effortlessly.
Another satisfied user named Mark praised The FZG series for its consistent performance and ability to preserve food quality over long periods of time. He mentioned how he was able to store his favorite homemade meals without worrying about losing flavor or nutrition.
The feedback from users like Sarah and Mark highlights the reliability and effectiveness of The FZG series. It’s clear that this hidden gem is making waves in the freeze-drying community, providing users with a superior food storage solution. As you venture into the world of freeze-drying, be sure not to overlook lesser-known machines like The FZG series. With its unique features and positive testimonials from satisfied users, it may just become your go-to choice for revolutionizing your food storage!
Expert Tips for Optimal Freeze-Dried Food Storage
Choosing the right foods for freeze-drying
When it comes to selecting foods for freeze-drying, not all ingredients are created equal. Some foods maintain their flavor, texture, and nutritional value exceptionally well through the freeze-drying process, while others may suffer undesirable changes. To ensure the best quality results, opt for fruits and vegetables that have a high water content but retain their structure even after being frozen.
Berries like strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries are excellent candidates due to their small size and ability to retain their shape. Additionally, vegetables such as peas, corn kernels, and green beans hold up remarkably well during the freeze-drying process.
By choosing these types of foods for your freeze-drying adventures, you can enjoy flavorful additions to your pantry that closely resemble their fresh counterparts. On the other hand, some food items are best left out of the freeze-dryer.
Foods with high fat content or those that contain excessive amounts of oil may not fare well during the process. Dairy products like cheese or butter tend to become greasy in texture when rehydrated after being freeze-dried.
Similarly, fatty cuts of meat can lose their desirable qualities during this preservation technique. While it is possible to experiment with different food items as you become more experienced with your machine’s capabilities, starting with tried-and-true options will set you up for success.
Proper packaging techniques for long-term storage
Once you have successfully freeze-dried your favorite fruits and vegetables or prepared other dishes using this innovative method, proper packaging becomes essential to maintain freshness over time. The goal is to protect your hard work from moisture and oxygen that can compromise flavor and shelf life.
Investing in high-quality vacuum-sealed bags specifically designed for long-term food storage is a wise choice. These bags are designed to create an airtight seal, preventing any moisture or oxygen from entering and causing spoilage.
Before sealing your freeze-dried goodies in the bags, take care to remove as much air as possible. A vacuum-sealing machine is ideal for this task, but if you don’t have one at hand, using a straw to suck out excess air manually can also work.
For added protection against moisture and potential pests, consider placing the vacuum-sealed bags into airtight containers such as plastic bins or metal cans. Ensure that these containers are stored in cool, dry places away from direct sunlight or variations in temperature.
By revolutionizing food storage through freeze-drying technology and following expert tips for optimal preservation, you can enjoy the benefits of longer shelf life while maintaining the taste and nutritional value of your favorite foods. Choosing the right foods for freeze-drying is crucial to achieve desirable results – opt for water-rich fruits and vegetables that retain their structure. Conversely, high-fat foods should be avoided as they may not fare well during the process.
Proper packaging techniques involving vacuum-sealed bags and airtight containers will help preserve your freeze-dried treats for extended periods. Embrace this modern preservation method with confidence knowing that you have access to an array of delicious meals even during times when fresh produce may be scarce or unavailable.
By freezing time itself in your freeze-dryer, you’re ensuring that quality sustenance is within reach whenever it’s needed most. Happy freeze-drying! | <urn:uuid:d30845c8-e514-4951-aaa0-98d117445abe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://survivordaily.com/reviews-of-markets-best-freeze-drying-machines/ | 2024-02-26T10:27:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.931542 | 3,402 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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] |
Filtering: You take the negative details and magnify them while filtering out all positive aspects of a situation.
Polarized Thinking: Things are black or white, good or bad. You have to be perfect or you’re a failure. There is no middle ground.
Overgeneralization: You come to a general conclusion based on a single incident or piece of evidence. If something bad happens once you expect it to happen over and over again.
Mind Reading: Without their saying so, you know what people are feeling and why they act the way they do. In particular, you are able to divine how people are feeling toward you.
Castastrophizing: You expect disaster. you notice or hear about a problem and start “what if’s”. What if tragedy strikes? What if it happens to you?”
Personalization: Thinking that everything people do or say is some kind of reaction to you. You also compare yourself to others, trying to determine who’s smarter, better looking, etc.
Control Fallacies: If you feel externally controlled, you see yourself as helpless, a victim of fate. The fallacy of internal control has you responsible for the pain and happiness of everyone around you.
Fallacy of Fairness: You feel resentful because you think you know what’s fair but other people won’t agree with you.
Blaming: You hold other people responsible for your pain, or take the other tack and blame yourself for every problem or reversal.
Should: You have a list of ironclad rules about how you and other people should act. People who break the rules anger you and you feel guilty if you violate the rules.
Emotional Reasoning: You believe that what you feel must be true-automatically. If you feel stupid and boring, then you must be stupid and boring.
Fallacy of Change: You expect that other people will change to suit you if you just pressure or cajole them enough. You need to change people because your hope for happiness seem to depend entirely on them.
Global Labeling: You generalize one or two qualities into a negative global judgment.
Being Right: You are continually on trial to prove that your opinions and actions are correct. Being wrong is unthinkable and you will go to any length to demonstrate your rightness.
Heaven’s Reward Fallacy: You expect all your sacrifice and self-denial to pay off, as if there were someone keeping score. You feel better when the reward doesn’t come.
Gratitude for this work!
From Thoughts & Feelings by McKay, Davis, & Fanning. New Harbinger, 1981
- The Laws of Frequencies
- How Vibration Effects Healing in the Body, Mind, & Spirit
- Inario & Icaro’s
- GarageBand Introduction
- Vocal Coaching
- Insight and music available by Michael Brian Baker of The Breath Center
- Utilizing Sound for Healing Practices, Self Discovery, & Personal Realization
- How to create your Unique Healing Soundtrack
Early Bird! Sign Up Before Feb 25th and receive 150$ off of Admission
150$ off for those who have completed a Training Introduction (Heart Based Awakenings, Pranic Initiation or Integration) or Level 1 Training with Michael Brian Baker.
Payment Plans available. Please send questions to [email protected]
– Dr. Richard Gerber, author of “Vibrational Medicine”
Hello practitioners, coaches and family,
I’ve been asked to write a bit about “highest and best practices” which support the professional facilitation of breath work.
Time and time again, in listening to those who have had “challenging” experiences receiving the gifts of breath work, we have been shown large gaps creating a distortion of professional standards in the practice of pranayama facilitation.
Bless the hearts of those who wish to share the experience of breath work with others. Please note, much damage has been done to the reputation of the work by those unskilled who choose to teach others while refusing training. We believe everyone deserves exposure to transformational practices. We are also calling for a more professional approach to a seemingly simple, sometimes “non-interactive” healing art.
We believe strongly that this gap in knowledge has been created due to the lack of yogic history, theory and training that accompanies trainings available to those interested in the power of the practice.
This “gap” provides many opportunities to increase the integrity surrounding current models and to share with some focus and intensity in The Breath Centers Trainings not only the expansive yogic history and Ayurvedic medical applications of breath work but also the moral and ethical standards that accompany a solid, safe practice.
Here is a peek into subjects that are covered in levels l – lll. Please take into account first, that most who are attracted to Breath Work, are experiencing challenges in their lives related to health, loss, lack and or life transitions. This means that assuming “neutral posturing” and addressing only the “power of the breath” and the fact that the actual healing that might accompany the practice lies between your partner and their higher selves, dreams and highest potential is of the utmost importance.
To take on more is dangerous and suggests you are in part, responsible for the participants outcome which compromises karmic lessons and life experiences that may serve better to integrate over time in the building of their “wisdom escrow”. No one who assists others in self-realization needs to be left “holding the bag” for someone else’s process.
All sessions should be met with deep, gentle, compassion and open with slow Socratic communication followed by acceptance and understanding of ones condition and current goals.
If trauma is to be cleared the facilitator must be prepared to hold space for as long as is necessary while simultaneously considering the container set to support their own needs and availability of time.
Touch must be a permission-based action that does not jeopardize the participants balance as re traumatization is quite common during emotional release. We also combine the “Yoga Alliance Standards” with the general guidelines of HIPAA and suggest strongly exercising the practice of doctor client confidentiality without ever diagnosing or acting as a medical professional.
It is imperative that no one relies on their experience in yoga therapy as an alterative to medical advice from their doctor. Our coaches are taught to vet their potential partners for a clear medical history and current use of medications prior to their sessions.
One of my closest friends recently transitioned after refusing Western Medical treatment. He had made the decision to exclusively utilize Yoga, Cleansing and Ayurveda in his treatment plan. It is difficult for me to reflect on how I supported him in this decision even though it did not “feel right”. Life is far too precious, now he is gone.
The Breath Center has defined with some success a solid portion of “highest and best practices” to share as a section of the current training programs offered. We have seen a level of great success for those who choose to apply these guidelines when practicing with others.
These are but a few points covered during level l and ll trainings. We commit to excel in upgrading and bringing to the forefront current issues not being addressed in the professional practice of breath work and pride ourselves on offering “solution based”, gentle practices that elevate the modality to an ever increasingly respected position within the wellness community.
Looking forward to our collective this month,
“Liberation can be accomplished by that pranayama which is attained by disjoining the course of inspiration and expiration.”
“Offering inhaling breath into the outgoing breath, and offering the outgoing breath into the inhaling breath, the yogi neutralizes both these breaths; he thus releases the life force from the heart and brings it under his control.” 26-2 The interpretation is: “The yogi arrests decay in the body by an addition of life force, and arrests the mutations of growth in the body by apan (eliminating current). Thus neutralizing decay and growth, by quieting the heart, the yogi learns life control.” – Krishna quoted in the Bhagavad Gita, interpretation by Pramahansa Yogananda
In the mist of the morning, I look in the mirror and accept that one of the most deceptive enemies of the ‘Vital Arts Practitioner’ has caught up with me.
Age. At the very least, it is now in my field.
Silver grey has corroded the once deep brown whiskers on my face which detail the many sleepless nights working in realms I care not to revisit, although my exposure and travel through them has built a strength and knowledge within me that if ever called forward again would guarantee protection and a much softer landing after integration is actualized.
I sigh and am shifted into the gentle awareness that the time I am searching to reclaim, which has markedly “slipped away”, is actually chronicled on my chin, in the lines on my face, surrendered in my eyes. I have earned these “mortal” stripes and the compassion, clarity, magic, and wisdom that it brings cannot be traded for any amount of gold.
I witness two doves outside ascend harmoniously and land in unison atop a light post, and am reminded of the love in my life, partnerships and the commitment made when choosing this body: to experience, then share the reintegration of love and respect with the longing hearts that seek the blessings that come to those focused in service.
Having signed up for this journey, I have gone through quite a stunning process that has thinned the veils and revealed truths that remain less than comfortable for me. These realizations have placed me in precarious situations where clumsy behaviors have left me open to internal deception and parasitic intellects that derive their security from the most potent distortion bought, sold and accepted by the human race which is “fear”.
When first I began to open, I was working a somewhat “normal” job fueled by fear anchored firmly in keeping a roof over my head, food in my stomach, and clothes on my back. It makes perfect sense that those concerns would be embedded deep within me as a result of my direct caregivers being raised by souls subjected to war, famine, and rampant disease.
This realization forged the capacity to associate as “witness” to my outer experiences which slowly developed the internal compassion to dissolve the program and pattern of fear which was buried deep within my foundation. I knew it had been propagated from generation to generation with little or no real presence to what was “current” in “my” actual life. I was carrying the burden of those “too distracted to be proactive”, caught in the program of yesterday and unable to receive the present of the present.
By the age of three, I knew I was different. This awareness was amplified when, fairly early on in my youth, I was branded with the belief system that if I didn’t follow the model set forth for me by my care givers, I would suffer a long painful life. To quote verbatim the words that would insure my failure as a developing youth, “This is not Michael’s world, you cannot do things your way and you will never live up to your full potential, if you do not… (follow the demands we have placed on you with little or no attention given to your design, gifts or desires.”)
When I began following a life of loving service, my long lost childhood knowing of sustainable, benevolent magic was reawakened, which by the way, has much more to do with a deep connection to the earth’s cycles and, more than anything else, concentration and focus on peace and prosperity for prolonged periods of time. Some refer to it as meditation.
Here is a very loose time line that I have seen duplicated many times over by those who choose to apply themselves to and through The Breath Centers Gestation Package, which I lovingly have coined the “The Adult Hogwarts” of our time.
Dissatisfaction with life path, loosing connection to all relations and finding that those whose advice has been trusted and followed are just as or more lost than we.
Realization that the focus on developing a career to provide a better life for our families and us is a major distraction that creates critical separation between our vital internal connection and those we love.
Clarity that whatever we choose as a new direction in our lives must serve humanity in a way that we can really get behind and that it must include and secure within it a platform for our creative freedom, humor and continued stimulation. It must also be sustainable, meaning it can support no one else’s dreams but our own and has to serve others with such impact that there is little need for old structures that “normally” accompany building a fulfilling life.
Choosing a focus of study enveloped in one of the many and varied healing arts and then experiencing doubt and discomfort around the change and objections that accompany ones awakening and separation from mass group consciousness and the ignorance that fuels it. Along with this comes the realization that our ingrained fear around not being able to “make a living” at it is has been unsubstantiated, as we have survived quite nicely albeit a couple bumps which happen regardless in any new life experience.
After getting some traction and time under our belts as practitioners, we begin to believe deeply in the art, it’s power, and our ability to facilitate it.
Believing we are actually “the healer” and becoming so full of spirit in the right hemisphere and the etheric, we become quite disconnected from daily “real world” responsibility and sometimes even become critical of the process and the systems that are in place to provide contrast for the change coming in the future.
The Fall – Spirit can get loud when we are working out of alignment. This is what I call the “Shamanic Spanking” period, where the newly awakening and all high being is thrust back crashing down to earth, be it by loss of loved ones, health crisis, or relationship dissolve. This could be anything that doesn’t mirror the high and holy life experience one has made for themselves while conveniently overlooking their own spiritual bypass and ego as it allows them to check out of their own continued process.
Consideration of leaving the whole thing behind and returning to the matrix as a result of too much time spent in the esoteric. Becoming somewhat apathetic to the great numbers of those resolute in denial and distraction and the feeling that the dissolve of the savior complex has left one with little to prop themselves up on.
The Slow but Subtle Return
We have all of the connection to the earth, multiverse, spirit and etheric we could possibly need. We have learned that boundaries and permission are the only way we can survive in the assignment we can now really never back away from. Beginning to take interest in the workings and limited reality within the matrix and involving ourselves in discussion and group mind set at which ever frequency it is holding, knowing very well that this is what we came here for and that including all forms of reality at all levels of awareness is the only way to meet each where it is currently residing. We experience a reflecting back of increased possibilities for higher ways of evolving without judgment, critique, or adding to the very energetics that arrest the development we have committed to accelerate and support.
Number 9, the completion of cycles. I am in so much joy I am sometimes uncomfortable with it. It is overwhelming to have all things working together in a way that is abundant yet requires great character and integrity, lest the lesson get tremendously loud. Great gobs of gratitude for the “caregivers” that created the perfect contrast to the discovery of life’s greatest dreams for without their perfect balance of shadow, we would not be basking in such Clear, Sparkling, Benevolent Light.
Celebrating grey, it’s a perfect balance between light and dark…(Wink!)
For the good…
Are Humans Inherently Destructive?
Excerpt from Prem Baba’s Book
From Suffering to Joy – The Path of the Heart
Four Keys to Sustaining Ecstasy, Introduction
Question: Yesterday I had one of the most profound experiences of my life. I saw myself dissolved. My body had no limits and all the suffering in me was consumed by love. But when I returned to the world to relate with people, this blissful state dissipated and sadness grabbed ahold of me. How can I maintain the state of ecstasy I experienced?
“If the mind is loaded down with knowledge and thoughts, we can’t create anything new, and we remain numb to beauty.”
“The agitated mind will produce more agitation, be it in the form of art, music, or any other means of expression. All the ugliness we see in the world is a result of this agitation.”
“The experience of the eternal will dissolve these imprints.”
What Can Happen When We Gather for Change?
Blessed be the sacred eyes that rest upon this page,
Surrendering into the best life experience in each moment. The true moment to moment actionable deed for the self and ultimate liberation.
Along with that, sending the will that your family, friends and acquaintances are healthy, happy and safe during the “great times of transition”.
For over a decade, I have been in vision of a gathering of our community of conscious seekers that would further support and fertilize the internal work and mission that has been birthed by our concurring intertwined paths.
I saw being invited to a round table of Arts Practitioners from around the globe. A collective of those who have devoted their lives to the selfless service of supporting others through the trials and tribulations that individuals face in their awakenings to the truth that resides deep within the ever blossoming heart space.
It was a yearning to commune with a collective who dreams of change and global transformation so deeply that it fuels their drive to transcend in every waking and dreaming moment, and who feel their life’s calling from a soul level continuously drawing them off the “beaten path” to trail blaze fresh perspective for themselves and their community.
Association with like minded seekers and change makers is the spiritual nourishment required for recharge, inspiration, expanding heart based emotional intelligence, and higher purpose development.
We would meet in a sacred, nurturing environment to share our journeys, discoveries, & radical self acceptance, envision our plans, sit in silent reflection, and receive the acknowledgment & support to move into the next phases our life with ease and abundance.
I waited and waited – but the opportunity never came. This past season while coming through one of the most challenging growth period I had ever faced, I realized clearly that if this event was to take place, I would be the one who would create it.
Although many have an opposition to being called “healers”, this is a calling for everyone who resonates with this opportunity. From Surgeons, Nurses and Life Transition Midwives to Doulas, Reiki Masters and Psychics. From Life Coaches to Yoga Teachers to Psychiatrists, to Addiction Specialists, Sound Healers and Social Workers this Reunion is for you.
The Breath Center has invested a sizable amount of monetary resources to create a safe container for next level sharing, caring, nurturing and healing in an environment once held only for the wealthy elite.
The times of change are now upon us and each and every one of us has much to share. Lets collect and progress together in an active, conscious way. Many of you began this journey with me over 10 years ago and I am inviting you to come nurture yourself this New Years.
Each attendee is encouraged to secure a time slot during the weekend to share their gifts, teachings, visions and dreams that others in attendance can apply in their own lives to optimize their physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
Take what you need and leave what you don’t. Self-Care in the center focus of this New Years Reunion. Let us feed ourselves with the will to move forward in equal measure to that, which is calling for upgrade and fine-tuning in 2018.
With much humility and hope we present to you The Breath Centers first annual Healers Reunion in Palm Springs California.
We will be gathering in Palm Springs at La Quinta Waldorf Astoria Resort with private rooms, pools, and yummy nutritious meals included. We will have guest inspirational speakers, workshops, and breathwork sessions as well led by Michael Brian Baker & The Breath Center.
Healers Reunion New Years 2018
Who are we?
At any given heart-centered gathering, we could be sitting next to an herbalist who spent the last 3 years isolated in the forest learning from the language of the plants, or an engineer running a multi-million dollar company – or an individual who is both! We are the nurses and the surgeons, and the Kundalini Yoga Teachers bringing Mantra to at risk youth. We are the parents, the Veterans, the trainers, and the actresses. We are the artists, the CEO’s, dancers, real-estate agents, caretakers, & mechanics, unified by our desires for sustainability, prosperity, and global heart-based awakening.
We know that our “careers” & “physical form” & “family of origin” are beautiful and sometimes challenging expressions of our karmic world, and do not separate us but are the unique pieces that connect us like the grooves inside a key & lock. Our diversity strengthens us and creates the dazzling contrast to our deep sameness.
When we lock eyes in a bustling place, we smile with a bit of relief at the connection we see in one another. We are a flock of many feathers, embracing our differences, and celebrating our similarities, and striving, striving, striving for the sacred sweetness of harmony.
We are the Rainbow Tribe. We know that when we say “We are One” we are also saying, “and, We are Many”.
Spread this invite far and wide, to the Red Road Men and Women, The Maori Family Lineage, The Siberian, Quechua, Shipibo, Columbian and African Shamanic Students and Elders. You are being called!
Join us and share your lineage, your alchemic inner wisdom medicine. Bring your laughter, successes, failures, perspectives, ideas, needs, and most importantly, your big beautiful heart!
There are 18 rooms available for this Reunion. The time has come for action. Let this sacred gathering become the fuel for our collective benevolent fire. With a fine dose of humor and laughter we will celebrate this life and the next and plot a plan to leave a sustainable, worthwhile place for our children to inhabit.
December 30 2017 – January 1st 2018
Waldorf Astoria La Quinta Resort
Palm Springs CA | <urn:uuid:10d8d85a-c027-44e7-8929-5c15d177c4ba> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thebreathcenter.com/archives/author/michael | 2024-02-26T10:21:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.959989 | 4,845 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
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Telehealth Nursing: Revolutionizing Remote Healthcare
In the time of universal domination of digital technologies and communications, it is impossible to imagine any kind of activity where the possibilities of people’s distant communication would not be used. Such methods, certainly, got wide recognition in the field of medicine. Telehealth nursing is rendering highly skilled help on a long distance with the use of modern means of communication and telecommunication. Experts are capable of rendering such assistance from any point of the world.
Telehealth nursing is a complex concept for systems, services and activities in the field of health care, which can be transferred remotely by means of information and telecommunication technologies. Its purpose is to develop the world health care, gain control over the distribution of diseases as well as to promote education, management and research in the field of nursing.
Telehealth nursing is an advanced modern branch. Moreover, telehealth nursing was formed on a joint of nursing, modern telecommunications and computer technologies. Thanks to achievements in these spheres, telehealth nursing is successfully applied to address the need of information exchange between experts. Therefore, it brings a lot of good results, increasing the quality and availability of qualified diagnostics and treatment of patients.
The global Internet and video equipment allow transferring almost instantly any data on a state of health in the best federal and foreign clinics. Not only text information, but also graphic, photo and video data of diagnostic researches and medical manipulations can be transferred. Thus, it is not necessary to go anywhere as the aid will come from the modern telehealth nursing, allowing people to receive consultations of highly skilled experts from remote clinics.
The achievement strategy “health for all” includes the increase in duration of life, alignment of the health care quality in one country with achievements in other countries and regions. This strategy aims at ensuring availability of primary medical and sanitary help and other elements of medical services and systems (ATA, 2012). One of the paramount policy problems in the field of telehealth nursing is the use of information and telecommunication technologies for the increase in the level of access and information exchange of the medical and educational contents in order to provide people with additional possibilities for maintenance and improvement of their own health. It also means providing doctors of any specifications with information and consultations from various medical organizations and experts. Therefore, “the telehealth nursing implementation is not an end in itself but a supportive application of the health care” (What is Telemedicine?, 2012).
Telehealth nursing can be used in understaffed medical centers and city, rural, and remote areas for the increase in quantity and quality of staff performance in the spheres of health protection, cure and care of patients. Thus, various countries can improve their work on control, prevention and treatment of diseases. Telehealth nursing can also promote advancement in such areas as organization of the health systems, provision of healthy food, water supply, hygiene of the population, and environment. The potential of telemedical technologies for separate groups of the population, such as children and their mothers, teenagers, elderly, and disabled people living in remote regions, is especially great. It is supposed that telehealth nursing will have a considerable impact on healthy lifestyle implementation, improvement of the process of education, and especially, illiteracy elimination by the use of means of multimedia. Moreover, telemedical technologies provide unique possibilities for distance learning and professional development of medical workers.
Telemedical interaction is not considered as a unilateral process but assumes the exchange of information for the purpose of letting the scientific knowledge as well as experience of the personnel on places to grow. It should promote health improvement of the population at the international, national and local levels.
The experience of some developed countries shows that the implementation of telemedical technologies could increase health efficiency and comfort, as well as reduce the expenses related to the use of human, technical and financial resources (ATA, 2012). However, it is necessary to pay special attention to how to provide an appropriate realization of these advantages in the developing countries in compliance with their paramount requirements.
Experience of implementation of telemedical projects worldwide enables to allocate the following advantages of telehealth nursing: a) remote control of chronic patients reduces the time of their staying in clinic; b) effective use of telemedical systems leads to general reduction of the waiting time in health systems; c) information and telecommunication technologies will help to overcome the isolation of seriously ill patients and disabled people; d) these technologies allow certain patients to exchange personal experience and give the chance to consider various opinions on the health system, additionally, such technologies can make medical information available for public purposes (at home, at schools and in medical centers), as well as for those who did not receive it due to medical care earlier (in suburban and rural areas); f) the society can use information and telecommunication technologies for creating special networks of “self-help” and providing medical information, which stimulates people to their own health assurance (Castelli, 2012).
Additionally, the availability of means of multimedia (visual, text, audio, graphic) is able to overcome illiteracy of users and to help them with a choice of the way to exchange information interesting to them. Telehealth nursing allows the bigger number of people to be diagnosed and surveyed in local clinics without going to large medical centers in the cities. Ensuring universal medical services became technically possible for the first time. Also, telecommunications can promote the provision of medical education, information and medical care to the population living in remote areas. The doctors-specialists will not be limited by distances and geographical boundaries. Medical experts who were earlier in isolation in remote areas can continue training in the specialty and even have practice — telehealth nursing gives them a chance of receiving experience and new knowledge. To add, scarce resources, such as expensive equipment and experts, can be used for servicing a considerably bigger number of patients. Plus, telehealth nursing offers a global distribution of skills and knowledge just as access to the international databanks on various medical specialties becomes possible throughout the whole world. It ensures that a medical certificate becomes available to everyone. Also, telehealth nursing may lead to improvements in the sphere of public health care, ranging from the increase in information provided to the decrease in mortality from diseases.
Telehealth nursing provides possibilities of consultation quality improvement and improvement of final diagnosing owing to the use of advanced equipment to boost the assistance quality. In telehealth nursing, the reduction of expenses can be achieved by providing medical care to some patients at home instead of hospitalization, which will lead to the reduction of expenses on patients’ transportation and medical experts’ trips. In telehealth nursing, recommendations of qualified experts can be transferred to a mobile telemedical aid station in case of emergency situations and accidents, as well as to similar stations found on vessels, planes or ambulance cars.
Experience has proved that telehealth nursing helps to improve the activity of medical institutions, assists in solving the problems of lack of staff and in reducing the cost of medical staff training in regions. What is more, telehealth nursing has proved that it can well provide a joint support to the doctors working in remote and isolated areas, having increased a work appeal for them.
Thus, a well-planned strategy in the field of telehealth nursing will open a wider access to medical care and promote the improvement of the population health, as well as improvement of the overall quality of medical care.
The purpose of the consultation with the use of telehealth nursing can be to specify a diagnosis, select an optimum tactics of treatment; control the condition of a patient after treatment, operation or specific therapy, especially, if they have been carried out in a foreign clinic; obtain the conclusion on the examination, carried out earlier; as well as provide a preliminary consultation before going to an internal consultation, treatment or operation in clinics of other countries.
The factors, which constrain the implementation of telehealth nursing in rural and remote areas are lack of information; absence of training options and professional development possibilities; shortage of resources; considerable turnover of staff; lack of necessary infrastructure (power supply, servicing and so on); lastly, restrictions in the use of means of communication.
However, approaching creatively to the solution of these problems in each case, workers in healthcare of developing countries can overcome them. Cooperation and support from the workers of the Ministries of Communications and governmental bodies are especially important here.
Telehealth nursing is an exclusive possibility of a new millennium. It is especially relevant in a promptly changing world with its “double burden” of old and recurring diseases, which are widespread in many developing countries. Telehealth nursing can serve as a powerful lever of growth and development for developing countries, opening “an access to huge volumes of new development, information and ideas” (What is Telemedicine?, 2012). Schools, clinics and libraries have an opportunity to maintain close interaction and exchange of information in the field of health care. Many scientists consider that telehealth nursing can become the key tool in the achievement of the general goal — “health for all” in the 21st century.
American Telemedicine Association (2012). Telemedicine defined. American Telemedicine Association. Retrieved from http://www.americantelemed.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3333
Castelli, D. (2012). Telehealth technologies addressing the global impending nursing shortage. NursingCenter.com. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcenter.com/CareerCenter/static.asp?pageid=800469
What is telemedicine? (2012). TeleMedicine.com. Retrieved from http://www.telemedicine.com/whatis.html | <urn:uuid:231332d6-3591-48af-9afa-fe696e5a8e78> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://topwritingservice.com/essays/telehealth-nursing-revolution/ | 2024-02-26T11:12:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.949034 | 1,971 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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After reading this article you will learn about the quantitative and qualitative methods of job evaluation.
Qualitative Methods of Job Evaluation:
Evaluation of a thing can be done by keeping in view the qualitative as well quantitative aspects. Since quality is an important aspect of measurement and evaluation, it is of immense importance.
Following qualitative methods are generally used in job evaluation:
(i) Ranking Method and
(ii) Job Grading Method.
(i) Ranking Method:
All the jobs are ranked in order of their importance from simplest to the toughest order, each job being higher than the previous one in the sequence. A committee of several executives is constituted, which analyse the description of jobs and ranks them in order of importance.
The committee does not have specific factors before it but the things like nature of job, working conditions, supervision required, responsibilities involved etc. are considered while ranking the jobs. These factors are not given any weightage.
Following steps are taken in ranking:
(a) Preparation of Job Description:
The first step in job evaluation procedure is the preparation of job description. Though it is not essential to prepare job description under ranking system but it is better and helpful in this system. Many people assigned with the job of ranking will give different ranking to the jobs.
(b) Selection of Raters:
The next step in the process of raining is the selection of raters. The jobs may be ranked department wise or in groups of workmen (Factory jobs, clerical jobs, unskilled jobs). Factory jobs should not be compared with clerical jobs or unskilled jobs because of their different nature.
(c) Selection of Rates and Key Jobs:
First of all certain key jobs are identified, selected and then compared with other jobs. The key jobs are carefully chosen from major departments or main functions.
(d) Ranking of all Jobs:
Comparison of similar jobs is made to establish its exact ranking in the scale. All the jobs are then ranked from lowest to highest or vice-versa.
The ranking method is suitable in small concerns only where each job can be compared with the other for determining their ranks.
Ranking method of job evaluation has the following benefits:
1. It is very easy to understand and easy to explain to employees.
2. This method is economical in operation as compared to other methods.
3. It can be installed without any delay as it requires minimum time.
This method suffers from the following drawbacks:
1. The ranking is not based on standard criterion so human bias due to presence of human factor cannot be ruled out.
2. Because factors like skill, responsibility, efforts etc. are not analysed separately, the wage rates paid for different jobs influence the rates.
3. Under this system the jobs are only ranked in some order and the exact difference between different jobs is not determined.
4. The chances of inaccurate ranking cannot be neglected.
5. The employees/workers may resent arbitrary ranking of jobs.
(ii) Job Grading Method:
In this method jobs are classified or graded in groups and each job is assigned to one of the grades or classes. With the help of job analysis, information about different jobs is collected and they are put under different grades as per their nature, importance, responsibility and other requirements.
For each grade or class there is different rate of wages. The jobs may be graded as skilled, unskilled, clerical, administrative, etc. This method is considered to be an improvement over ranking method in that a predetermined scale of values is provided.
The following steps are involved in grading system:
1. Preparation of Grade Descriptions:
The first step involved in this method is to prepare grade description to evolve classification of jobs. A number of grades, different from each other, are selected. The grading should be done by considering the nature of duties required for the job, supervising responsibilities etc. Each job is then, attached to an appropriate grade.
2. Selection of Grades and Key Jobs:
A number of jobs are graded, normally between 10 to 20 are selected. Key jobs are carefully chosen from important functions and major departments.
3. Grading the Key Jobs:
Key jobs are assigned appropriate grade level and their relationship with each other is studied.
4. All the Jobs are put in Relevant Grades or Classifications:
For example, all unskilled jobs are put in one class, clerical jobs in another class, and technical jobs in still other class and so on. The jobs in one class receive the same wage rates.
1. A systematic criterion is followed in grading various jobs. It is easy for the workers to understand the standard used for classification.
2. The method is simple to understand and easy to operate. It does not require any technical background.
3. It is easy to determine and implement pay scales for various grades or classes.
4. This method is successfully used in government departments.
1. The classification of jobs is done by some of the executives, human bias exist in this method because no set standards are available for classification.
2. No job analysis is essential in this method there is a possibility of wrong classification for jobs.
3. With the increase in number of jobs, the system becomes difficult to implement.
4. The system is not suitable for large organizations because of its non-flexibility.
Quantitative Methods of Job Evaluation:
Following quantitative methods are used in job evaluation:
(a) Point System and
(b) Factor Comparison Method.
(a) Point System:
This is the most widely used technique of job evaluation. It involves quantitative and analytical approach to the measurement of job value. A number of important factors to be considered in each job are identified. The degree of each factor is also determined for assigning points.
Various factors are assigned points and sum of them gives US an index for the relative importance or weightage of the job that are rated The point system is based on these assumptions that important factors of each job can be determined for evaluating it. The points of different jobs are later on, converted into wage rates.
Following steps are taken for job evaluation:
Type of Jobs to be evaluated:
There are a number of jobs in every organization and these may range from top executive to unskilled one. Similar jobs should be put in the same class or category for evaluation purpose. There should be separate evaluation procedure for each class because the factors affecting them will be different. The job requirement of supervisor will be different from that of an unskilled worker or semi-skilled labour.
Number of Factors to be used:
It is very difficult to select the number of factors required for evaluating a job. The number of factors should be such that all aspects of a job are evaluated.
The number of factors to be used varies from enterprise to enterprise ranking from 3 to as many as 50. The common factors to be selected are education, training, skills, physical ability, mental requirements, responsibility, job conditions and other similar requirements.
Determination of Degrees:
Each factor of evaluation should be further subdivided into degrees for example, experience which is commonly used factor in each job may be subdivided into five degrees.
The first degree may have experience of 3 to 6 months with 5 point, second degree points having experience from 6 months to 1 year with 10 points 15 for experience between 1 to 2 years, 20 points for experience of 2 to 4 years and 25 points for experience of over 4 years and so on.
Assigning of Weights:
Each factor may be assigned a weight as per its significance. For executives mental requirements will have more weightage than physical requirements.
Assigning Money Values to Points:
The points assigned to each factor are summed up for finding out the value of job. The values of jobs are translated into terms of money with a pre-determined formula. “If it is assumed that 1 point is equal to Rs. 20 then 160 points are equivalent to Rs. 3200 in money value. In this manner, the evaluation is done in the point system.”
Point system has the following merits:
1. It gives us a numerical basis for wage differentials.
2. The scale, once decided can be used for fairly a long period.
3. A job can easily be evaluated in money terms as these are assigned according to points connected with that job.
4. The system of job evaluation being systematic and objective is more acceptable to workers as well as management.
5. The element of human basis is reduced to a minimum level.
6. This method is useful even if the number of jobs is very large. The system enjoys stability so far as factors remain relevant to these methods.
7. This method is more accurate as compared to-earlier methods adopted for evaluation.
The point system of job evaluation suffers from the following limitations:
1. The use of this method involves high cost it cannot be adopted by medium or small scale units.
2. The task of defining job factors and then degree of factors is a time consuming task.
3. The selection of factors and then sub factors is a difficult proposition.
4. The allotting of marks to various factors and sub-factors is also a difficult job.
(b) Factor Comparison Method:
This method is a combination ranking and point system of job evaluation. It was first developed by E.J. Benge in 1926 In this method the relative rank of the various jobs is evaluated in relation of monetary scale Some key jobs are identified in the organization at the first instance and then ranked by considering one factor at a time, In this method five factors are generally evaluated for each job; i.e. mental effort, skill, physical effort, responsibilities and working conditions.
Following steps are taken under factor comparison method:
1. Selecting Factors to be used:
The first step under this method is the selection of factors to be ‘ utilized for evaluation. The persons preparing the job descriptions should be given the proper explanation of these factors.
The universally used factors are:
(i) Mental efforts
(ii) Physical efforts
(iii) Skill needed
(iv) Responsibility and
(v) Working conditions.
2. Selections of Key Jobs:
The selection of key jobs is the next very important step. They constitute a standard and all other jobs are to be compared with key jobs. All key jobs should be exact and well understood and there should be no conflict between management and employees about them. The job so identified should cover the range from lowest to the highest paid ones etc.
3. Ranking of Key Jobs:
The various jobs are ranked on the basis of each of the five factors given earlier.
4. Valuing the Factors:
Each factor of key job is then allocated a basic pay. The pay for such jobs should range from the lowest to the highest.
5. Comparison of Jobs:
All jobs are compared with key job factor by factor to find out their relative importance and position in the scale of jobs. The money value of jobs is also determined with this comparison.
6. Establishing Wage Structure:
By assigning money value to each factor of various jobs, a wage structure is determined by summing up the various values.
Factor comparison method enjoys the following advantages:
1. This system is systematic where every job factor is quantified.
2. It can easily be explained to workers.
3. The relative value of each job is determined by comparison with some key job.
4. The number of factors used being limited, it helps in avoiding overlapping.
5. It can be used for evaluation of unlike jobs.
This system suffers from the following draw backs:
1. It is difficult to operate as selection of unfairly paid jobs as key jobs can result in considerable error.
2 There may be frequent changes in wage levels requiring adjustment in key jobs.
3. The system is complex and cannot be easily understood by non-supervisory staff or unskilled labour.
4. This method is expensive and small units cannot afford to use it.
The post Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Job Evaluation appeared first on YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library.
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Random Access Memory (RAM) enables speedy and efficient data processing in computer memory. RAM, often referred to as a computer’s short-term memory, comes in various types, each with unique characteristics and performance capabilities.
From the ubiquitous DDR4 to the blazing-fast DDR5, these RAM types determine how swiftly your computer can retrieve and store information for immediate use. In this article, we will explore the different types of RAM, shedding light on their features and helping you make an informed decision about upgrading or building your computer system.
ToggleRAM & Its Working?
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a crucial component of a computer’s memory hierarchy. It serves as the primary workspace for data and instructions the computer’s processor needs to access quickly. RAM works by storing data in electronic circuits that can be rapidly accessed.
These circuits are organized into cells, each capable of holding a fixed amount of data, typically measured in bytes. Each cell has a unique address, allowing the processor to retrieve or store data at specific locations within the RAM module.
When a computer is powered on, the operating system and other software are loaded into RAM from permanent storage devices like hard drives or solid-state drives. This allows the processor to access the necessary instructions and data more quickly than retrieving them directly from slower storage devices.
When a program runs, its data is constantly read from and written to RAM, providing the processor quick access to frequently used information. The processor can retrieve and modify data stored in RAM much faster than accessing data from permanent storage, resulting in improved overall performance.
Types of RAM
1. Static RAM
It (SRAM) is a kind of computer memory known for its speed and reliability. It utilizes flip-flop circuits to keep data, which makes it faster than other RAM types. SRAM retains data as long as energy is provided, eliminating the need for constant refreshing. It is commonly used in cache memory and CPU registers, where quick access to data is crucial. However, SRAM is more expensive to manufacture compared to other RAM types.
2. Dynamic RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a common type of computer memory that stores data in tiny capacitors within integrated circuits. Unlike Static RAM (SRAM), DRAM requires constant refreshing to maintain data integrity, as the charge stored in the capacitors gradually leaks away. Although slower and less reliable than SRAM, DRAM offers higher storage capacity at a lower cost, making it suitable for applications where cost-effectiveness and ability are paramount, such as personal computers.
a) SD RAM
SDRAM, or Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, is a computer memory widely used on desktops, laptops, and servers. It synchronizes data transfers with the computer’s clock speed, resulting in faster and more efficient performance. Unlike its predecessor, regular DRAM, SDRAM allows synchronized access to memory, improving overall system speed. Its compatibility with various computer architectures and cost-effectiveness have made it popular for everyday computing needs.
b) RD RAM
RD RAM, short for Rambus Dynamic RAM, is a type of memory technology that Rambus Inc developed. It was designed to provide faster data transfer rates than traditional memory technologies of its time. RD RAM achieved this using a high-speed serial interface and a unique memory architecture. Although it offered impressive performance, RD RAM was not widely adopted due to its higher cost and compatibility limitations with existing computer systems.
c) DDR SD RAM
DDR SDRAM, or Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, is a computer memory commonly used in desktops, laptops, and servers. It improves data transfer speed by allowing information to be transmitted twice per clock cycle. This means it can transfer data on both the rising and falling edges of the system clock, effectively doubling the rate compared to traditional SDRAM. DDR SDRAM offers higher performance and efficiency, making it a popular choice for modern computing systems.
DDR1, or DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory), is an early generation of memory technology commonly used in computers around the early 2000s. It offered improved performance over its predecessor, SDRAM, by doubling the data transfer rate. DDR1 featured higher bandwidth and faster clock speeds, allowing more secure data access and improved multitasking capabilities. However, compared to more recent DDR iterations, DDR1 is now considered outdated and primarily phased out in favour of faster and more efficient RAM technologies.
DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2) is a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) commonly used in computer systems. It is an improved version of DDR, offering higher performance and increased bandwidth. DDR2 operates at higher clock speeds, allowing for faster data transfer rates. It is characterized by higher memory densities and lower power consumption compared to its predecessor. DDR2 modules have notched pins that differ from DDR and are not compatible with each other.
DDR3 (Double Data Rate 3) is a synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) commonly used in computers. It offers improved data transfer rates compared to its predecessor, DDR2. DDR3 transfers data twice per clock cycle, enabling faster communication between the RAM and the processor. This technology enhances overall system performance by providing higher bandwidth and greater memory capacity. DDR3 is widely available and remains a popular choice for many computing applications due to its balance of performance and affordability.
DDR4, or Double Data Rate 4, is a type of RAM commonly used in modern computers. It is an improved version of its predecessor, DDR3. DDR4 offers faster data transfer rates and higher memory capacities, improving overall performance. It operates at higher frequencies, allowing for quicker access to data. With its lower power consumption and increased bandwidth, DDR4 provides an efficient and reliable memory solution for demanding applications such as gaming, video editing, and multitasking.
DDR5 is the computer systems’ latest RAM (Random Access Memory) technology. It offers improved performance and data transfer speeds compared to its predecessors. With higher bandwidth and increased memory capacity, DDR5 allows faster data access, enabling smoother multitasking and improved gaming experiences. Its advanced power management features contribute to energy efficiency. DDR5 represents a significant upgrade in-memory technology, providing faster and more efficient performance for modern computing needs.
Other Different Types of RAM
1. FPM DRAM
Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory (FPM DRAM) is an early type of dynamic RAM commonly used in older computer systems. FPM DRAM improved memory access speeds by allowing multiple consecutive accesses without re-specifying the memory address for each access.
This technique, known as page mode, increased efficiency and reduced access latency. However, FPM DRAM had limitations in speed and capacity compared to later generations of RAM. It has since been replaced by more advanced types of RAM like SDRAM and DDR.
VRAM, or Video Random Access Memory, is a unique type of memory dedicated to graphics processing in computers and other devices. It serves as a buffer between a graphics card and the display, storing the visual data needed to render images & videos on the screen. VRAM is designed to quickly handle large amounts of data, allowing for smooth and seamless graphics performance. Its high-speed access and true nature make it crucial for demanding tasks like gaming and multimedia applications, ensuring vibrant visuals and reducing the strain on the main system memory.
3. EDO RAM
Extended Data Output Random Access Memory (EDO RAM) is a dynamic RAM commonly used in computer systems during the 1990s. EDO RAM improved upon the earlier Fast Page Mode (FPM) RAM by allowing data to be accessed faster without waiting for the previous data transfer to complete. This was achieved by introducing a feature called “pipeline burst mode.” EDO RAM provided a performance boost for tasks that required frequent access to sequential data, making it popular for applications like multimedia and gaming during its time.
4. Cache DRAM
Cache DRAM, also known as CDRAM, is a type of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that combines the speed of cache memory with the high storage capacity of traditional DRAM. It acts as a buffer between the processor and the main memory, storing frequently accessed data to provide faster access times. CDRAM utilizes specialized algorithms to determine which data to cache, optimizing performance by reducing the time it takes for the processor to retrieve data from the slower main memory. This helps improve overall system responsiveness and efficiency in handling data-intensive tasks.
5. Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile computer storage that can retain data even when power is removed. It is commonly used in USB flash drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and memory cards for devices like cameras and smartphones. Unlike traditional hard disk drives, flash memory has no moving parts, making it more durable and resistant to shock.
It stores information in electronic cells called “floating gate transistors.” These transistors can be electrically programmed and erased, allowing for fast read and write operations, making flash memory an essential technology for portable and high-speed data storage.
SIMM stands for Single In-Line Memory Module. It is a type of memory module used in older computer systems. SIMMs are thin circuit boards that contain memory chips and electrical contacts. They provide a way to expand the memory capacity of a computer by inserting them into dedicated slots on the motherboard. SIMMs have a single row of electrical contacts, making installing them easy. However, they have been replaced mainly by DIMMs (Dual In-Line Memory Modules) in modern computer systems due to their limited capacity and slower data transfer rates.
DIMM stands for Dual In-line Memory Module, a standard computer memory module. It is a circuit board with multiple memory chips that plug into the motherboard. DIMMs provide a convenient way to increase a computer’s RAM capacity. They come in various sizes and formats, such as DDR4 DIMMs, and can be easily inserted into compatible slots on the motherboard. DIMMs are crucial in expanding a computer’s memory, allowing for improved multitasking, faster data access, and overall system performance.
a) UnBuffered DIMM
An unbuffered DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module) is a RAM module commonly used in personal computers. Unlike its counterpart, Buffered DIMM, Unbuffered DIMM does not have an additional buffer or register between the memory controller and the memory chips. This lack of buffering helps reduce latency and cost. Unbuffered DIMMs are easier to install and are generally compatible with a broader range of systems. They provide direct and efficient communication between the memory controller and the RAM chips, making them suitable for most consumer-level computing needs.
b) Fully Buffered DIMM
Fully Buffered DIMM (FB-DIMM) is a memory module for servers and high-performance computing systems. It features advanced memory buffering technology for increased memory capacity and improved data reliability. FB-DIMMs use a point-to-point architecture, where the memory controller communicates with the modules through an advanced memory buffer (AMB). The AMB handles data buffering and error correction, reducing the load on the memory controller and enabling larger memory configurations. This technology helps enhance system performance and stability in demanding computing environments.
c) Registered DIMM
Registered DIMM (RDIMM) is a memory module commonly used in servers and high-performance computing systems. It employs a memory buffer to enhance stability and increase memory capacity. The pad is a middleman between the memory chips and the controller, improving signal integrity and reducing electrical loading. By reducing the electrical load, RDIMMs allow for greater memory density and improved performance in large-scale computing environments. This makes RDIMMs a reliable choice for data-intensive applications that require enhanced memory reliability, scalability, and overall system stability.
d) Load Reduced DIMM
Load-Reduced DIMM (LRDIMM) is a memory module commonly used in server systems. It helps overcome the limitations of traditional registered DIMMs by reducing the load on the memory bus. LRDIMM employs a memory buffer, an intermediary between the memory chips and the controller. This buffer increases memory capacity and improves performance by reducing electrical load and signal noise. LRDIMMs are designed to enhance memory scalability and efficiency in high-density server environments, making them a popular choice for demanding data centre applications.
Types of RAM FAQs-
Ans: You can follow a few steps to determine the type of RAM your computer supports. First, check the specifications of your computer’s motherboard or consult the manufacturer’s documentation. Look for information regarding the supported RAM types, such as DDR3, DDR4, or any specific module configurations.
Additionally, you can use system information tools like CPU-Z or Speccy to identify the current RAM installed in your computer. These tools provide detailed information about the memory modules, including the type, speed, and capacity. By cross-referencing this information with the motherboard specifications, you can ensure compatibility and make an informed decision when upgrading or replacing your computer’s RAM.
Ans: While mixing different types of RAM in a computer is generally not recommended, it is possible in some cases. Mixing RAM types, such as DDR3 and DDR4, can lead to compatibility issues and system instability. The different RAM modules may have varying operating voltages, frequencies, and timings, which can result in conflicts and hinder performance.
However, suppose the motherboard supports it, and the RAM modules have similar specifications. In that case, mixing identical or compatible RAM types, such as different capacities of the same DDR4 module, may be feasible. It is crucial to consult the motherboard’s documentation and ensure compatibility before mixing different kinds of RAM.
Ans: Yes, upgrading the amount of RAM on your computer is often possible and can provide a noticeable improvement in performance. RAM upgrades involve replacing the existing RAM modules with higher-capacity ones compatible with your computer’s motherboard. Before upgrading, you must check your system’s maximum supported RAM capacity and type. Adding more RAM lets your computer handle more data simultaneously, reducing slowdowns and improving multitasking capabilities.
Whether you’re a gamer looking for smoother gameplay, a content creator working with resource-intensive applications, or simply seeking overall system responsiveness, increasing your RAM can be a cost-effective way to enhance your computer’s performance.
Ans: Yes, the speed of RAM can significantly impact overall system performance. RAM speed, quantified in megahertz (MHz), tells how fast data can be read from or written to the memory module. Faster RAM speeds enable faster data transfers between the RAM and the processor, reducing latency and improving overall system responsiveness.
This is especially noticeable during tasks that involve heavy multitasking, gaming, video editing, and other resource-intensive applications. However, it’s important to note that the benefits of faster RAM diminish if other components, such as the processor or storage devices, cannot keep up with the increased data transfer speeds. Therefore, it’s essential to maintain a balanced configuration that maximizes the performance of all system components.
In conclusion, RAM (Random Access Memory) plays a crucial role in determining the performance of a computer system. The speed of RAM directly impacts the overall system performance, influencing how quickly data can be accessed and processed. Higher RAM speeds reduce latency and improve responsiveness, particularly during resource-intensive tasks. However, it is essential to maintain a balanced configuration where other components, such as the processor and storage devices, can keep up with the increased data transfer speeds. When considering system upgrades or building a new computer, choosing RAM with the appropriate rate is essential to optimize overall system performance. | <urn:uuid:9b0b5716-a039-4f60-bc06-6e0c07ac6778> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.electronicshub.org/types-of-ram/ | 2024-02-26T10:15:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.924981 | 3,275 | 3.984375 | 4 | [
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In this fourth part of our guide on Calc, we start exploring how we can add formulas and manipulate data in a spreadsheet. This can really add magic to a spreadsheet.
Previously, we discussed how to add some visual appeal to our spreadsheets. While this can really make your spreadsheet shine, a formula can really make your spreadsheet seem magical. Formula’s don’t actually have to be all that complicated, but once you grasp the basics, you can do a lot with a spreadsheet once you throw in some math.
Setting Up The Spreadsheet
First, you need a general idea of what your spreadsheet is going to look like. So, I decided to try and build a simple calculator. So, I came up with the Any Two Numbers Machine. It’s by no means perfect, but we have a general idea of what we want to see.
The idea is that you can type in one number in one space and another number in another space. From there, the machine will add, subtract, multiply, and divide both numbers. Don’t worry, you won’t be doing any of the math. That’s the machine’s job. Of course, right now, if I put a number in both spaces, nothing will get spat out in the four blocks below. This is where the formulas come in handy.
Adding in the Formulas
First, we need to select the cell we want to put the resulting number in. In this case, we’re starting with the blank “Added” box.
Next, we are going to click on the “Sum” button which looks like a funny looking “E” (as highlighted in the screen shot). When you make that click, you’ll see the box above spit out “=Sum()”. That means it’s ready to add.
The easiest thing to do is click on the first box the user is going to insert their number. In this case, it’s cell “B4”. Next, we’re going to hold down the “CTRL” button on the keyboard and click on the other box the user is going to insert a number. In this case, it is “F4”.
Alternatively, you could also just manually type the formula “=Sum(B4,F4)” which will also point to those two cells. Either way, when you are done, hit “Enter” on your keyboard.
You should see a “0” appear in the “Added” box. This is because you are not adding any two number, so if nothing is getting added, then the answer is zero. If you click on the cell, the formula will appear on the top line while the answer will appear in the box in your spreadsheet. Go ahead and test out your machine to see if two numbers add properly.
Now, there is an alternative and even better way to add two cells. Select your addition box, then change the formula to “=B4+F4”. This will also calculate the addition of two numbers. This, of course, provides you with a great clue on how to create the formulas for the rest of the calculations.
Now, click on the subtraction box and insert the formula “=B4-F4”. Hit enter and you’ll have your subtraction formula covered.
For the multiply box, insert the formula “=B4*F4”. Finally, for division, use the formula “=B4/F4”.
You’ll likely notice that for the first three, the resulting number is zero. The division formula, however, will spit out the error message “#DIV/0!” Don’t worry about it. This is normal because you can’t mathematically divide by zero. Now, your Any Two Numbers machine should work. Just type in any two numbers and the machine will add, subtract, multiply, and divide those two numbers. Just remember to hit enter when entering the second number for the formula’s to do the work.
Pretty neat! You didn’t even have to know any math and you’ve already built a calculating machine!
Using Multiple Sheets for Formulas
Sometimes, you’ll want to move your equations off into another place in the spreadsheet. This can eliminate some of the visual clutter while producing a clean looking spreadsheet. So, let’s build a spreadsheet that tells me what I need to get a certain letter grade on a test or paper.
First, let’s create a two page spreadsheet. I’m going to designate the first sheet as the main sheet because that is what is going to be opened when you open the file. The second sheet is going to be designated the sheet for formulas.
First, I want to click on the cell in the “Main” that I want the result to pop out at. In this case, I’m going to start with what I need to get an A minus. First, I’m going to tell it to reference the “Formulas” sheet and tell it to look for the answer in the cell “A1”.
Important Note: Don’t use sheet names with spaces in them. If you reference the sheet with a space in its title, the space tends to mess up your formulas. So avoid sheet titles with a space in it.
So, I type in “=Formulas.A1”. Breaking this down, the cell is telling calculate to refer to the sheet “Formulas”. Next, the period tells Calc that it’s the end of the name of the sheet title. After that, the “A1” tells Calc to find the answer on the cell “A1” on that sheet. Perfect. Now, we want to put the required formula in A1 in the Formulas sheet. So, let’s click on the Formulas sheet.
Since the user is not really meant to see this sheet, we don’t have to worry as much about making this sheet pretty. Since the magic is going to happen in the A1 cell here, let’s insert the formula. Type in the formula “=Main.C4*0.9”. Breaking this down, we want Calc to look at the “Main” spreadsheet. Next, Calc is going to look at the cell “C4”. Since an A- is 90%. We want to multiply the number in C4 by 0.9. So, we insert the star and then 0.9. Now, hit enter for the formula to take effect.
You’ll notice that an answer appears here (zero). This is normal. Click on your “Main” sheet and you’ll see that the zero also appears in the proper box. This is because that cell is just peeking over at A1 on the Formulas sheet to get the answer. If you place “100” in your top box, you’ll see “90” appear in the A- part of your sheet. That definitely means that your formula works!
Now, you are free to fill in the rest of the numbers. You just need to reference different cells for your answer. In this case, I just went A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 as I went down the grade levels. After that, in the formulas, I just used the formulas “=Main.C4*0.8”, then reduced that last integer by 0.1 as I went down the row of “A” until I reached 5. After that, who really cares about grades, right? You should just need to go back to your main sheet and test out your formula. 100 is great because the math is easy at that point.
For reference, if you are doing what I’ve been doing, the results should look like the above during your first test.
Also, if you wanted to see the completed Formulas sheet. It looks like the above.
If you intend on creating spreadsheets for others. This should help you a lot depending on what your goals are.
Adding a List of Numbers
Let’s go back to something a bit more simple. What if we want to create a simple income and expense sheet? How much tot you buy vs how much you made. This is a much easier thing to accomplish in Calc.
First, set up the general look we want. The key here is to designate a whole column to just numbers.
Now, we want to get a total of the amount of money we make. That is actually extremely easy.
First, we click on the cell we want the total to go to. Then, we click on our trusty “Sum” button.
From there, we just click on the “A” row. This will allow you to attach as many items as we want (well, as many items that is practical anyway). When we hit “Enter”, a total will appear in our total income box.
Next up, we’ll do the same for our expenses.
With both totals added up by Calc, we can now do a simple subtraction formula in our final box.
When we hit enter after subtracting our two totals, we’ll see we have a surplus. If the number is minus, then we are losing money in this income and expense spreadsheet.
The above is the result I ended up with in the Formulas sheet.
Using Formulas to Create a Visual Effect
Believe it or not, you can actually use a formula to affect the visual effect of a spreadsheet. Let’s say a spreadsheet is used as a report for an audit. This can involve a series of notes. While it is a great way to organize information, it can be visually painful to read. Take this for instance:
If you are scanning the sheet from left to right or right to left, you can become visually lost in the information. If we were to add other columns and continue to make the sheet wider, it’ll keep getting more difficult to read. One way we can solve this is to visually break this information up a bit and make it easier to track left and right. One way we can do this is to have an alternating background colour on those rows. Unfortunately, it would be impractical to just manually insert something like that. Fortunately, it is possible to automate something like this using a formula.
First, we highlight the rows we want to adjust. Next, we click on the “Format” option in the menu bar. Next, we hover our mouse over “Conditional”. In the sub-menu, click on “Condition”.
In the pop-up window, click on the first drop down menu and click on “Formula Is”.
In the text box right after, type in “ISEVEN(ROW())” (without quotation marks of course) like I did in the screenshot above.
In the next drop down menu next to “Apply Style”, click “New Style”.
In the new pop-up window, we want to click on the “Background” tab. After that, we can select a colour we want to use every other row. I’m going to stick with a light grey so that the font can still be visible regardless of which colour is used.
Now, click on the “OK” button. This closes the second pop-up window. Now, click on the “OK” button in the first pop-up window. This closes the other window.
Deselect the cells and you’ll see a brand new look for your report sheet! The even cooler part is the fact that if you copy the formatted rows onto the un-formatted rows, you’ll copy the pattern over cleanly and extend the alternating colour style.
We really could continue building up our formulas from there. We can figure out interest rates and even break down other kinds of mathematics. However, you get the basics with the above and even one advanced formula.
Congratulations! You now have a great idea of how to create formula’s in Calc! | <urn:uuid:46104e56-84c8-440d-88ac-e32592a56579> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.freezenet.ca/guides/content-creation-and-coding/guide-how-to-download-and-install-libreoffice/guide-libreoffice-calc-index-page/guide-libreoffice-calc-part-4-formulas/ | 2024-02-26T11:49:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.930462 | 2,626 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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The cost of Goods Sold (COGS) in English is called the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). The price of Goods Sold is an essential component of a company and is usually used by manufacturing and trading companies.
The article below will explain how to calculate the cost of goods sold or COGS and the COGS formula for trading companies and manufacturing companies. Come on, read the explanation sequentially to make it easier to understand.
What is Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)?
Cost of Goods Sold or COGS is an accounting/financial term that describes the total direct costs associated with goods and services produced and sold in business activities. Generally, the calculation is done based on one period, for example, monthly or yearly.
To calculate the COGS, you must calculate all the direct costs affecting the finished goods or services sold. For example, raw material, direct labour, and overhead costs. Meanwhile, indirect costs, such as selling, advertising, research, renting business premises, and development, are not included in the COGS calculation.
Purpose of Calculating Cost of Goods Sold
The purpose of calculating COGS is to measure the actual cost of producing the merchandise or services purchased by customers for a given period. In full, here are some purposes for calculating the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS):
- By calculating the true cost of goods and services sold, you can more accurately determine the right selling price for customers.
- You can find out how much profit you earned in a certain period.
- Calculating Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) will help management analyze how well they are controlling purchasing costs and labour costs (wages/salaries).
- Creditors or investors can use the COGS to calculate the gross margin of a business (gross margin) and analyze what percentage of revenue is still available to cover the company’s operational costs.
- Manufacturers and retailers (retailers) will record COGS in the income statement as a direct expense after revenue in a certain period. The cost of Goods Sold is then subtracted from the total revenue to find the gross margin.
How to Calculate COGS Using the COGS Formula
Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) by adding Net Purchases to the Beginning Inventory in a certain period, then subtracting it from the Ending Inventory for that period.
Here is the COGS formula:
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Net Purchases + Beginning Inventory – Ending Inventory
Description of the COGS Calculation Formula:
Net Purchases are the total purchases of merchandise made by the company to buy goods in cash or on credit. Then, add direct costs such as freight costs.
Then, purchases are subtracted by purchase discounts and investment returns, giving you the net purchase value for a period.
Beginning merchandise inventory is available at the beginning of a company’s accounting period, for example, at the beginning of the month or the beginning of the year. You can check the initial inventory balance for this item in the trial balance for the current period or the trial balance at the company’s beginning in the previous year.
The ending Inventory of merchandise is the remaining Inventory at the end of a company’s accounting period, for example, at the end of the month or the end of the current accounting year.
You generally get this balance value from stock-taking or physical stock calculations (if the company has not used a stock or accounting application). Meanwhile, if the company already uses the stock application, all you have to do is check the remaining stock on the stock application.
Formula of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) in Manufacturing Companies
The calculation of COGS in manufacturing companies is much more complicated than in trading companies. This is because in a trading company, you only buy and then sell the same goods, so there are not many costs arising from the goods purchased. Generally, only the freight.
While in manufacturing companies, there is a change in goods from raw material goods that go through the production process to finished goods. Therefore, the COGS formula for calculating the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) in manufacturing companies is as follows:
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Cost of Production + Beginning Stock of Finished Goods – Ending Stock of Finished Goods
Calculating Cost of Production
Cost of Production is the price obtained from the raw materials and production costs incurred to convert essential goods into finished goods.
1. Calculating the Raw Materials used
The following formula can calculate the raw materials used:
Raw Materials Used = Beginning Inventory of Raw Materials + Purchase of Raw Materials – Ending Inventory of Raw Materials.
2. Calculating Production Costs
Production Costs can be calculated using the formula below:
Total Production Costs = Raw Materials Used + Direct Labor Costs + Production Overhead Costs.
3. Calculating Cost of Production
To calculate the Cost of Production, the following formula is needed:
Cost of Production = Total cost of production + Beginning Inventory of Goods in Production Process – Ending Inventory of Goods in Production Process.
Example of Calculating Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) in a Manufacturing Company
In this example, the company has the following inventory details:
- The supply of raw materials at the beginning of the year is IDR 300 million.
- Semi-finished goods (goods in the production process) of IDR 200 million.
- Inventories of finished goods ready to be sold amounted to IDR 500 million at the beginning of 2019.
The company purchased Rp.800 million of raw materials in the same year with a shipping cost of Rp.80 million. Labour and machine maintenance costs in 2019 amounted to IDR 150 million.
At the end of 2019, the remaining use of raw materials was IDR 200 million, the remaining inventories in the process were IDR 100 million, and the remaining finished goods that could be sold were IDR 300 million. What is the company’s Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)?
- Initial Inventory of Raw Materials = 300,000,000
- Initial Inventory of Goods in Production Process = 200,000,000
- Initial Finished Goods Inventory = 500,000,000
- Purchasing of Raw Materials = 800,000,000
- Shipping Fee = 80,000,0000
- Labor and Machine Maintenance Costs = 150,000,000
- End of raw material inventory = 200,000,000
- End of Goods in Production Process = 100,000,000
- End Finished Goods Inventory = 300,000,000
The HPP calculation for this case example must be calculated through 4 stages, as mentioned earlier, namely:
- Calculating the raw materials used
Raw Materials Used = Beginning Inventory of Raw Materials + Purchase of Raw Materials – Ending Inventory of Raw Materials
Raw Materials Used = 300,000,000 + (800,000,000 + 80,000,000) – 200,000,000
Raw Materials Used = 980,000,000 - Calculating the Total Cost of Production
Total Production Costs = Raw Materials used + Direct Labor Costs + Production Overhead Costs
Total production costs = 980,000,000 + 150,000,000
Total production costs = 1,130,000,000 - Calculating Cost of Production
Cost of Production = Total cost of production + Beginning Inventory of Goods in Production Process – Ending Inventory of Goods in Production Process
Cost of Production = 1,130,000,000 + 200,000,000 – 100,000,000
Cost of Production = 1,230,000,000 - Calculating Cost of Goods Sold
COGS = Cost of Production + Beginning Finished Goods – Ending Finished Goods
COGS = 1,150,000,000 + 500,000,000 – 300,000,000
COGS = 1,430,000,000
So, the COGS for this manufacturing company is IDR 1,430,000,000,-
Example of Calculating Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) at a Trading Company
In this example, we’re using a retail snack store that only buys and sells goods. Then, the shop owner wants to do his production for some snack items that are selling well. One of them is cassava cracker snacks. The goal is to get more profit and sell their products to other stores outside their stores.
Here’s the description:
A retail shop that sells snacks/snacks is completing its 2019 year-end financial statements and calculating the amount of inventory as shown in the following data:
- Initial Inventory of Goods in 2019 = Rp. 300,000,000,-
- New purchases during 2019 = Rp. 500,000,000,-
- 2019 Ending Goods Inventory = Rp. 200,000,000,-
COGS = Net Purchases + Beginning Inventory – Ending Inventory
COGS = Rp. 500,000,000 + Rp. 300,000,000 – Rp. 200,000,000
COGS = Rp. 600,000,000,-
So, the retail snack store sold Rp. Six hundred million of its merchandise last year and left only items valued at Rp—100,000,000 on December 31, 2019.
This information will not only help store owners plan their purchases for next year but will help them evaluate costs.
Benefits of Calculating Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) can provide information about the sales margin for each product if classification is made for each product category. Thus, management can determine which products are the most profitable and generate the most money.
Even by using sales and inventory applications, inventory calculations will be carried out automatically when input is purchased for goods and the sale of goods.
Thus the final stock will constantly be updated in real-time, and of course, the cost of goods purchased will be calculated automatically by the system at any time. So you can find out the amount of stock, selling items, and even the profits you get before the end of the period or the end of the year.
In addition, calculating COGS allows you to determine the revenue per item, per item category, and the company’s total revenue. You can even choose how much capital you spend on the goods or services sold.
This way, you can be more alert and not just focus on trying to increase sales. However, you will know the cost of goods sold with certainty to minimize the risk of losses due to incorrectly determining the selling price.
Well, now you know how to correctly calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). Next, find out how to determine the selling price by reading the following article: How to Determine Cost of Goods Sold and Selling Price Easily. | <urn:uuid:0f32cb78-d208-427e-a085-4343a787ca98> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ireappos.com/news/en/what-is-cost-of-goods-sold-cogs/ | 2024-02-26T11:39:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.915324 | 2,247 | 4.15625 | 4 | [
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Foods That Contain Magnesium Can Lower Cortisol
One of the key foods that lower cortisol are those that contain magnesium. Magnesium is a mineral found commonly in our food, if we eat a mostly wholesome, plant-rich diet.
Learn more about the benefits of plant-based eating.
However, with the rise of convenience foods in the developed countries, 15-20% of people have suboptimal levels of magnesium in their bodies . That is a staggering statistic!
What role does magnesium play in lowering cortisol?
Undoubtedly, magnesium plays an integral role. It can reduce cortisol.
Simply put, it participates indirectly in the production of cortisol by interacting in several steps along the process. The higher the stress, the more quickly we use up our magnesium. Therefore, the lower the magnesium, the lower ability to manage stress . Talk about a vicious cycle!
For this reason, consume magnesium-rich foods because they are foods that lower cortisol and help reduce stress.
Specific food sources of magnesium:
Three good sources of magnesium are nuts, seed and whole grains. These versatile foods can be easily incorporated into your daily meals and snacks.
How much magnesium should I consume?
As an adult, your goal would be to get around 350mg per day. Take a look at more specific magnesium intake guidelinesfor men and women of different ages.
What meals contain magnesium?
These are just a few simple examples of cortisol lowering foods. Many more exist.
b) 2 Brazil nuts and 2 squares of dark chocolate
Foods That Contain Omega
Lets start with omega-3 fatty acids.
What are omega-3 fatty acids and how do they help reduce cortisol?
Omega-3s are essential fatty acids.
This is a helpful term to know when it comes to nutrition. It means that our bodies cannot make enough of these from other dietary sources and we must get it from food sources.
Similarly to Vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids play a role in protecting our body from inflammation caused by oxidative stress. As a result, they omega-3-rich foods are foods that lower cortisol, at least they have the potential to do so.
Which foods contain omega-3 fatty acids?
Dietary omega-3s can be found in plants like hemp seeds, walnuts and flax oil in the form of Alpha-linolenic acid .
These forms are found in foods of marine origin, primarily fatty fish. They can also be extracted from algae for our plant-based friends.
Types of fatty fish include sardines, mackerel, herring, salmon, trout, and anchovies.
Try to include two 100g servings per week to meet your dietary needs. Doing so can help place you in the best position to reduce cortisol, and in turn, stress.
How To Lower Cortisol Levels
The first step in lowering cortisol levels should be to reduce stress. Learn to recognize what is causing these high stress levels, and work to manage your stress and decrease anxious feelings.
This can be done through exercise, meditation, sleeping well, and maintaining a healthy diet. By learning to cope with stressful thoughts and situations, you will have more control over your cortisol levels.
In addition to reducing stress, there are many supplements that have been proven to reduce cortisol levels and promote relaxation and well-being.
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Which Herbal Supplements Should You Choose
Adaptogen herbs are plants that help the body resist physical, chemical and biological stressors. Below are a few supplements we recommend.
Ashwagandha is an Indian herb used as a nervine tonic, which calms the nerves. Its an important herb of Ayurveda and is well-known for its wide range of health benefits. Often referred to as Indian ginseng or Winter cherry, Ashwagandha is used for immune system regulation and easing anxiety.Ashwagandha is also used to treat asthma and cancer. Further studies are being conducted exploring its effectiveness for enhancing memory, promoting reproductive balance and aiding the bodys resistance to stress.
Ashwagandha is available in capsule, pill, powder or elixir forms and its safe for all ages the suggested dose is 300 mg twice daily.
Holy basil, also known as tulsi, is an aromatic shrub and comes from the basil family. For centuries, Holy basil has been effective in addressing physical, chemical and psychological stressors. It can protect tissues and organs from pollutants and heavy metals, and help reduce physical stress, particularly stress connected to prolonged exertion. Holy basil can also help manage blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels. It has anti-depressant properties and may help improve brain and memory function.Holy basil can be taken in capsule, essential oil or tea forms the suggested dosage is 600 mg multiple times/day.
How To Naturally Balance Your Cortisol Levels
High levels of cortisol may be a result of chronic disease. It may lead to an impaired immune system, lack of energy, difficulty sleeping, and concentration problems. More often, though, its just because youre not taking care of yourself and covering the basics. Yes, were talking about sleep, exercise, nutrition, and other interventions youve heard 1000 times. Lets go over some natural ways to increase cortisol levels.
- Try a hormone-balancing supplement. If youve checked all the basics, talked with your doctor, and still nee There are a lot of all-natural, hormone-balancing supplements available to help assist in the balance of cortisol levels within the body. These can be great tools to get your mind and body back on track.
Balancing cortisol levels may be a difficult task for most people. It requires a lot of inner and outer focus because cortisol is closely connected with your mental and physical well-being.
*Note: We do have affiliate links throughout this article, which means we receive a commission if you purchase from any of our links. This supports our mission to bring complicated health and fitness info in an entertaining package. And it keeps us from putting up annoying things like banner ads. Those suck.
Also, every product on our list is 3rd-party tested. The supplement industry is notoriously scummy, so 3rd-party verification is a prerequisite for us.
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Foods That Contain Vitamin C Can Lower Cortisol
Although not directly, Vitamin C-rich foods can reduce cortisol. For this reason and many others, Vitamin C consumption is critically important.
Stress can produce many free radicals or unstable by-products in your body, which are best managed by consuming antioxidant-rich foods.
One of the best antioxidants to manage these harmful molecules is ascorbic acid, otherwise known as Vitamin C. Having a diet rich in fruit and vegetables is the simplest way to make sure your vitamin C levels are adequate.
Food sources of vitamin C are ubiquitous
The most well-known include citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons and grapefruit.
Other great sources include berries, kiwis, bell peppers, broccoli, cauliflower, herbs, melons, kale, hot peppers, as well as guava.
Here are some ways include more Vitamin C-rich foods in your meals:
- Lemon and herb vinaigrette
Pros Vs Cons Of Cortisync
PrimeGENIX CortiSync made the top of the list for a reason. Taking a close look at the advantages, the effective results, and the endless positive reviews make this a top product.
- More expensive than other supplements on the list
Unfortunately, CortiSync does come at a higher cost than most of the supplements on the list today. This is due to the high-quality ingredients and 67-day warranty that they offer on the product.
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Oral Magnesium Supplements And Diet
Internally, magnesium is absorbed through the intestinal tract. This includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Of the magnesium taken orally, 40% is absorbed by the small intestine, 5% by the large intestine, and the rest, a staggering 55%, leaves the body as waste. Some people are only able to absorb 20% of the total oral supplements consumed, while certain supplements, such as magnesium oxide, only have an absorption rate of 4%. This makes oral supplementation a poor option for many.
As far as diet goes, however, there are a number of ways to obtain more magnesium naturally. It is important to note that certain foods actively contribute towards magnesium absorption, while others hinder the process.
What Dietary Supplements To Take For Weight Loss
as well reduce as articles on slimming gummies amazon culture and world peace, expressing the destiny of mankind. And concerns about the future of the world.
Of course, Mr. Osborne had brighter eyes than Amelia and would find his keto green smoothies for weight loss way between the chair and stool, so Amelia naturally took his hand and asked him to lead the way to the piano.
Supplements Reduce Cortisol Weight Loss Though Mother and Daddy didnt go except on Easter and sometimes at Christmas, Mother encouraged me to how many pounds of fat can you lose in a week go, and I did, pills to lose weight fast just about every Sunday.
The English translation of this book is Quietly Flow the Don, and the original Russian title is Quiet Don.
The tall mausoleum in the cemetery is almost supplements reduce cortisol weight loss the same as the bungalows of the surrounding staff and teachers.
I unexpectedly daily routine to lose weight fast caused him to write this absurdity. I am deeply disturbed by this unparalleled novel. reduce weight loss After making his will, Don la-3 longevity activator Quixote fainted and lay hormone balancing diet pills straight on the bed. Everyone rushed to the rescue, waking up and fainting for three days.
At the same time, you can hear the door opening, snoring, coughing, spitting, and night birds. The sounds supplements reduce cortisol of, mice, crickets, does keto pills burn belly fat and the barking of dogs in the distance.
Also Check: How To Remove Cortisol From Your Body
What Is The Best Probiotic Supplement
Several different probiotic types are available. The most common and well-studied kinds of probiotics include lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.
Lactobacilli exist in both the intestines and the genitourinary tract, and get their name from their ability to produce lactic acid. In contrast, bifidobacteria produce both lactic and acetic acids as byproducts from glucose use.
Multiple species of each kind of probiotics exist,including:
Probiotic genus |
The recommended dose is one veggie capsule once daily. The capsules are delayed-release, which means that they slowly release their contents in the small intestine.
In addition, the capsules are acid-resistant, meaning that they are designed to withstand stomach acid during digestion. The product does not need to be refrigerated, in part because of its moisture-resistant packaging.
As a result, the capsules should remain in their original packaging and should not be put into another container like a pillbox.
Other ingredients include maltodextrin derived from rice for anincreased probiotic effect and the amino acid L-leucine.
The product contains no binders or preservatives. It is third-party tested for purity and contains no soy, gluten, milk, egg, wheat, peanuts, and shellfish. In addition, the product carries a GMP label, meaning that it is compliant with the FDAs Certified Good Manufacturing Practices.
Pros Vs Cons Of Adrenal & Cortisol Support
Below is a comprehensive list of advantages and disadvantages we have experienced with Adrenal & Cortisol Support.
- More expensive than other related products
- Formula is a bit excessively complex without clear upside
While Dr. Bergs Adrenal & Cortisol Support is slightly more costly than other competitors, it stands as a reliable option.
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High Cortisol Testing And Diagnoses
Your doctor can order a number of tests to determine if you have abnormally high cortisol levels. Both blood and urine testing help reveal a problem, but a 24-hour urine test is used more often than a cortisol blood test to diagnose Cushings disease or syndrome.
The cortisol values listed below, which can be obtained from a blood test, serve as a reference range for whats considered normal. Cortisol levels above this normal range are considered high and can be risky or problematic.
But keep in mind that values differ depending on time of day, age and the type of cortisol test preformed. Saliva tests are now also recommended and appear to be as reliable as a blood sample. Additionally, an overnight dexamethasone suppression test may also be recommended, and it involves taking a dose of a corticosteroid medicine called dexamethasone to determine how blood cortisol is affected.
Because of this, your doctor will always need to evaluate your results in light of your specific symptoms and medical history.
- Normal cortisol ranges for adults and children in the morning are between five to 23 micrograms per deciliter or 138 to 635 nanomoles per liter
- Normal cortisol ranges for adults and children in the afternoon are between three to 16 mcg/dL or 83 to 441 nmol/L
- Normal cortisol for a newborn baby is between two to 11 mcg/dL or 55 to 304 nmol/L
Final Thoughts on Cortisol Levels
Cortisol Causes & Effects
“The fight or flight natural stress response is when cortisol is released into the bloodstream and releases glucose to our muscles, making it easy to run away.
“Cortisol production increases heart rate, blood pressure and allows us to quickly move and react,” said Sarah Koszyk, MA, RDN, registered dietitian nutritionist and co-founder of MIJA. “Fast forward to the present, and many of the things that cause a stressful situation dont necessarily require that physical ‘fight or flight’ response. What happens is cortisol levels increase, keeping our blood pressure, heart rate and glucose levels elevated as we sit there and stress out. Thats where we run into problems.”
Prolonged stress creates too much cortisol, which can act as the catalyst to a host of potential problems, including:
- An increase in blood sugar levels can result in rapid weight gain and increased belly fat, as unused glucose is stored as fat.
Shop: The Stress Release Kit
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Keep Cortisol Low At The Right Times
As youâve learned, timing is everything when regulating your cortisol rhythm. You want it high to jumpstart your day and low later on to welcome sleep more effortlessly.
If you already experience an out-of-whack cortisol rhythm, we feel you. Anyone caught in the vicious cycles of sleep loss, chronic stress, and circadian misalignment often feels at a loss about the starting point for reducing their cortisol levels. Before you resort to medical interventions, good sleep hygiene and stress management techniques are your best bet when deciding how to lower cortisol volume.
Thatâs where the RISE app can help. It features 16 science-based habits tied to your unique chronobiology to help you make wise sleep-related choices. This, in turn, keeps you circadianally aligned and your sleep debt low to ward off cortisol overload.
Need more proof that this is the only app you need to feel and function at your best? 80% of RISE users feel the benefits within five days in terms of improved productivity, performance, and well-being.
Summing Up The Best Supplements To Reduce Cortisol Naturally
Well, there you have it, folks! Our top 9 supplements to reduce cortisol naturally! There is a mass-quantity of information out there and the marketing can drain your bank account and hope for results.
There is still substantial research needing to be done on most of these natural supplements, these are the ones that we find have some preliminary quality evidence for use and have worked well for lowering cortisol levels in the highly stressed individuals we work with!
Lowering cortisol levels naturally is not an easy feat and will take a significant commitment to change the necessary lifestyle factors, but it will happen if you keep putting in the effort. Stay the course! Youve got this!
Your fatigue and gut issues could be related to food sensitivities, thus embarking on an elimination diet may also be a necessary next step!
If youve tried an elimination diet, are actively trying to lower your cortisol, and have tested a few supplements to reduce cortisol naturally, it may be time to work one-on-one with a registered dietitian to get the personalized attention you need and work to get to the root of your health issues!
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The Best Supplements To Take To Lower Cortisol Levels And Reduce Stress
6 Minute ReadEducation
Before advising you on the best supplements that reduce cortisol, let us first answer the question of what cortisol is.
Cortisol is the bodys primary stress hormone. It is a steroid hormone that is responsible for activating the bodys fight or flight mechanism in times of stress. When facing signs of stress, it is secreted by the adrenal glands and its primary function is to alert your body and its various systems to imminent danger.
On this page, LYMA provides all the information you need to understand how supplements can support a balanced body and mind, in the following sections:
- Problems focusing or paying attention
How Can You Relieve Stress Naturally
For starters, eating a balanced diet with healthy fats, staying well hydrated by drinking water, limiting caffeine intake, getting regular exercise, and practicing yoga and meditation are good practices for a healthy lifestyle, which can help relieve stress naturally. Sleep also plays an important role aiming for 7-9 hours of high-quality sleep every night is essential to alleviate stress. Certain supplements can also help to lower cortisol levels and reduce stress.
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What Foods You Should Skip
Cortisol has a pro-inflammatory effect on cells, meaning it increases inflammation. So its best to avoid inflammatory-inducing foods such as refined sugar, alcohol, refined grains, trans fats and high levels of saturated fat, which can all contribute to an elevation of cortisol.
Sugar intake is one of the primary culprits that can negatively affect cortisol levels, as cortisol releases glucose into the body and sugar brings in extra glucose, said Koszyk. Higher blood sugars spike cortisol levels, too, so reaching for that cookie isnt the best solution when people are feeling super stressed out. Instead, opt for a green tea or matcha-based drink, which has L-theanine and is a slow-releasing caffeine that promotes calmness. Stevia can cause gastrointestinal upset, which is likely to add additional stress to your day.
Instead, Koszyk advised to opt for low glycemic sweeteners such as:
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1974,
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1987,
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1984,
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1993,
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203,
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1989,
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1997,
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Short Answer: History of Corsets: From Ancient Times to Modern Day
Corsets have been a popular fashion item for centuries, worn by women for a variety of reasons. Whether it's to achieve a particular silhouette or to enhance their posture, corsets have been a significant part of fashion history. But where did they come from, and how did they evolve into the garments we know today?
In this article, we will explore the rich History of Corsets that has evolved over time, from its origins in ancient Greece to its role in Victorian fashion and today's modern era.
Early Corsets: From Greek Goddesses to Medieval Europe
Minoans and their use of corset-like garments
The Minoans, an ancient civilization that existed on the island of Crete from around 3000 BCE to 1100 BCE, were known for their sophisticated and elaborate fashion sense. They were one of the first cultures to use corset-like garments, which they called a "strophe." The stropion was a simple garment made of linen or wool that was wrapped around the midsection and tied tightly to create a slimming effect.
Corsets in Ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, women also wore corset-like garments called "apodeme." The apodeme was made of linen and was wrapped around the midsection, then tied tightly to create a slimming effect. However, unlike the strophic of the Minoans, the apodeme did not lift the breasts.
Evolution of Corsets: 16th - Century to modern day
Corsets during the mid-16th century
Corsets were first used in Italy during the mid-16th century. They were initially designed to be worn as an undergarment and were made of a stiff material that would hold the body in place. The purpose of the corset was to create a slender waistline and an elongated torso, giving women a more elegant and refined appearance.
Catherine de Medici was an Italian noblewoman who became the Queen of France in the mid-16th century. It is said that she introduced the corset to France, as a way to enhance women's figures and improve their posture.
The corset quickly became popular among French women, and it was soon seen as a symbol of high fashion and social status.
Corsets were worn both as undergarments and outer garments to flatten the stomach and emphasize the fullness of the skirts and chest. In cases where corsets were worn as outer garments, decorative "stomachers" were worn over the laces on the front.
The shape of corsets was achieved using whalebone or other sturdy materials laced through the fabric. Throughout these centuries, the primary goal of corsets was to shape a prominent chest while slimming the stomach and waist for women.
Corsets in the 17th century
During this period, corsets were primarily used to create a conical torso shape, flattening the bust and emphasizing a small waist.
In the early 17th century, corsets had a slightly high waistline, emphasizing the bust and creating a cone shape. These corsets were made from stiff material, usually whalebone or steel, and were tightly laced to create a slender figure.
Women wore these corsets under their gowns, which were also constructed to highlight the bust and the high waistline.
The Long and Rounded Front Corset
As the 17th century progressed, the waistline of the corset dropped slightly, and the shape of the corset evolved into a long and rounded front. This shape was achieved by padding the corset at the front and using curved bones instead of flat ones. The neckline also changed, becoming round and open, emphasizing the neck and shoulders.
Corsets in the 18th century
During the 18th century, there was a popular type of undergarment known as a pair of stays. These stays had a long torso, shoulder straps, and were boned and laced.
They were primarily intended to shape the torso into a fashionable long conical shape while lifting and suppressing the bust, rather than reducing the waist size.
The stays had tabs at the base of the garment, allowing the hips more room and comfort while pulling in the waist and pushing up the bust. It was essential that the stays were tailored to fit the individual and provided support rather than restriction.
To maintain a straight and upright posture, a stay busk, which was a piece of wood, was often placed into a pocket on the front of the stays.
The stay busk typically extended from the bust to the pubic bone, making it challenging to bend over.
Corsets in the 19th century
Corsets in the 19th early century were simpler and designed to support the breasts just under the bust and create a columnar shape by using cording and a center busk. As the century progressed, the fashionable waistline gradually dropped back to its natural position, and corsets were widened at the hip and bust line to create an hourglass figure.
During the mid-19th century, corsets laced up the back and had busk to create the flat front and upright posture required by fashion and decorum. It was typically made of ivory, wood, bone, or metal and was bent to fit the curve of the wearer's waist to bosom.
In Margaret Swan's picture from c. 1857, we see how the new fashion moves the waist to the natural waistline. The corset is shorter and creates a rounded bosom and a short, narrow, defined waist. Fuller skirts, padding, and wide sleeves further emphasized this shape in fashionable dress.
In 1879, the metal "spoon" busk was invented for corsets. Its unique spoon shape allowed for more comfortable and efficient compression of the abdomen, which helped control bulging. This invention was a significant development in corsetry, as it improved the wearer's comfort while still providing the desired hourglass figure.
In addition to the spoon busk, a new method of steam-molding corsets was patented in 1868. This technique made it possible to stiffen corsets into the curvaceous hourglass shape that was popular in the late 19th century, particularly during the 1870s and 1880s.
The steam-molding method allowed for corsets to be molded and shaped to fit the wearer's body, resulting in a more comfortable and personalized fit.
Overall, these two innovations greatly impacted the design and construction of corsets in the late 19th century, improving both the wearer's comfort and the fashion ability of the garment.
Corset in 20th century
The fashion silhouette has undergone significant changes throughout history. In the early 20th century, the S-curve silhouette was popular, created by a straight-fronted corset that pushed the hips back and allowed the bosom to hang low.
By the 1920s, the columnar silhouette emerged, where dresses appeared to be two-dimensional and hung from the shoulders. This silhouette necessitated the development of the brassiere to support the bosom.
In the 1930s, the silhouette regained some structure, with evening dresses clinging to the curves of the female body and suits for day wear being carefully tailored.
The 1947 introduction of Christian Dior's "New Look" brought back the structured silhouette of the 19th century with sloped shoulders, a constricted waist, and padded hips. The undergarments created to achieve this silhouette included the narrow waist cincher and a reinforced brassiere.
In the 1960s and '70s, the ideal silhouette shifted towards a slender body, and girdles became obsolete.
In the 1980s, there was a brief return to shoulder pads and a flattered waistline, but the ideal body shape remains tall, slender, and adolescent.
Historicist revivals in the 1990s have brought variations to the silhouette, but the revealed body continues to dominate fashion.
In recent years, corsets have undergone a transformation, shifting from functional to fashionable.
One of the most significant drivers of the corset trend is its use in film and television. Historical dramas like "Bridgerton" and "Outlander" have brought the corset back into the mainstream. The costumes in these productions are often made with modern materials, which make them more comfortable to wear while still retaining the classic silhouette.
Corset fashion has also been popularized by celebrities, influencers, and social media. Kim Kardashian, for example, has been known to wear corsets for both formal events and casual outings.
The modern-day corset comes in a variety of styles, from the classic overbust corset to the more modern waist trainer. Waist trainers, in particular, have become popular in recent years due to their ability to compress the waist and create a more defined silhouette. | <urn:uuid:2e271d4d-99c9-40ac-a581-aa0643a3670e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.missleatheronline.com/blogs/corset-blog/history-of-corsets-from-ancient-times-to-modern-day | 2024-02-26T11:19:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.975834 | 1,842 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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As the digital age continues transforming how we access and share information, the need for effective ways to identify and reference digital objects has become increasingly important. The Digital Object Identifier is a system developed to provide a persistent link to digital objects, such as journal articles, books, and datasets. This article will explore what Digital Object Identifier (DOI) stands for, how it works, and how to refer to or cite digital objects using it.
What is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?
A Digital Object Identifier is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to a digital object, such as a journal article, book, or dataset. This string provides a persistent link to the digital object, ensuring it can be found and accessed even if the web address or URL changes. This string consists of a prefix and a suffix, separated by a forward slash, that identifies the object and provides a link to it. For example, the Digital Object Identifier for the article might look like https://doi.org/10.2354/s00369-030-05722-z.
Know more about DOI.
Dissection of Digital Object Identifier or DOI Format Explanation
All DOIs begin with a 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash.
- Resolver Service: https://doi.org/ –
- Prefix for assigning authority: 10.2354/
- suffix (resource): s00369-030-05722-z
Who manages Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?
The International DOI Foundation (IDF) developed the Digital Object Identifier to provide a persistent identifier that would remain the same even if the web address or URL of the object changed. This ensures that digital objects can be found and accessed reliably over time, even if moved to a new server or web address.
Registration agencies typically do the management of Digital Object Identifier. These registration agencies assign DOIs, maintain the Digital Object Identifier database, and provide DOI resolution services to ensure that DOIs link to the correct digital objects.
Some major registration agencies for DOIs include Crossref, DataCite, and mEDRA. These organizations work with publishers, libraries, and other stakeholders to ensure that DOIs are assigned and used correctly and continue to function over time.
How does the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system work?
When a digital object is assigned a DOI, it is registered with a DOI registration agency, such as Crossref or DataCite. These agencies maintain a central database of DOIs and their associated metadata, such as the object’s author, title, and publication information.
When a user clicks on a DOI link, their web browser sends a request to the DOI resolver, a service provided by the DOI registration agency. The resolver looks up the DOI in the central database and returns the metadata for the object. This metadata includes a link to the object, which the user can click to access.
How to get Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?
- Determine if your content is eligible for a DOI: DOIs are typically assigned to digital content that is scholarly, research-oriented, or otherwise useful to the academic community. Content eligible for a DOI includes journal articles, conference papers, data sets, and more.
- Identify a registration agency: Several registration agencies assign DOIs. Some of the most popular ones include CrossRef, DataCite, and mEDRA. Identify the agency that is most appropriate for your content.
- Register for an account: To obtain a DOI, you will need to register for an account with the registration agency you have chosen. You may need to pay a fee for registration.
- Submit metadata: Once registered, you must submit metadata about your content, such as the title, author, publisher, and publication date. The registration agency will use this metadata to create a DOI for your content.
- Receive the DOI: After the registration agency has verified your metadata, they will assign a DOI to your content. You will receive the DOI, which you can use to link to your content.
Sometimes Digital Object Identifier is known as Crossref DOI.
It’s important to note that the specific steps and requirements for obtaining a DOI may vary depending on your chosen registration agency and the type of content you are registering for. It’s best to consult the agency’s website for more detailed instructions.
To get DOI at an affordable price click below.
Get DOI >>Advantages of Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a persistent identifier that uniquely identifies digital objects such as scholarly articles, datasets, and other types of content. The advantages of using DOI include the following:
- Persistent Identification: DOIs provide persistent identification of digital objects, meaning that even if the location of the digital object changes, the DOI will remain the same. This ensures that the object can always be found and accessed. DOIs provide a persistent link to digital objects, ensuring they can be accessed reliably over time. This is especially important for sources that may be moved to a new web address or URL.
- Improved Discoverability: DOIs make it easier for users to discover and access digital objects. They can be linked to the object and easily shared among researchers, publishers, and other stakeholders.
- Credibility: DOIs are assigned by registration agencies, which helps establish the credibility of the digital object. They also provide metadata that can be used to establish the authorship and ownership of the object, making it easier to attribute and credit the work. DOIs provide accurate and reliable metadata for digital objects, making it easier for readers to find and access them.
- Increased citation tracking: DOIs can be used to track citations of digital objects, making it easier for researchers to find related works and analyze citation patterns. Using DOIs for citing sources can help to ensure that you are providing proper credit to the authors of the sources you are citing.
- Standardization: DOIs provide a standardized way of identifying digital objects, making it easier for publishers and other stakeholders to manage and share content.
- Interoperability: DOIs are interoperable across different platforms and systems, making it easier for researchers to access and use digital objects across different disciplines and fields.
Overall, DOIs provide a standardized, persistent, and credible way to identify and access digital objects, making it easier for researchers to find, access, and cite relevant works.
How do I refer to or cite using a DOI?
To begin, I would state that when citing sources in your research papers, it’s essential to use a consistent format that follows the guidelines of the citation style used in your field. However, most citation styles now include provisions for citing sources using DOIs.
Here is an example of how to use a DOI to cite a journal article in APA format:
Author Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Doi: xx.xxxx/xxxxxxx
Explanation of the above example:
- The author’s last name and first initial are listed first.
- Followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
- The article’s title is listed next.
- Followed by the title of the journal in italics.
- The volume and issue number are in parentheses, as are the page numbers.
- Finally, the DOI is listed after the page numbers, preceded by “doi:”.
Here is an example of how to use a DOI to cite a book in MLA format:
Author Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication. Doi: xx.xxxx/xxxxxxx
Explanation of the above example:
- The author’s last and first names are listed first,
- Followed by the book’s title.
- The publisher’s name is listed next,
- Followed by the year of publication.
- Finally, the DOI is listed after the year of publication as “doi:”.
DOIs can also be used for other digital objects like datasets and reports. When citing these types of sources, follow the specific guidelines for your citation style.
Important facts for using DOI in citation
- If reference material has DOI, it must be included in the citation; it doesn’t matter whether you used the online or print versions.
- If the reference material has DOI and URL both, then consider DOI only for citation purposes.
- You can include the DOI in your reference list or citation to refer to or cite a digital object using a DOI.
- The DOI should be included at the end of the citation, after the page range or other publication information, and preceded by “https://doi.org/”.
Using DOIs to cite sources in your research papers is an effective way to provide persistent links to digital objects and to ensure that you give proper credit to the authors of your sources. By following the guidelines of your citation style and including DOIs in your citations, you can help to make your research papers more accurate and reliable for your readers. | <urn:uuid:f84145f6-3d1c-4357-9d63-4986ede30804> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ojscloud.com/digital-object-identifier-in-citation/ | 2024-02-26T10:23:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.882497 | 1,902 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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] |
“A Dostoyevsky, a Jane Austen, a Stendahl, a Melville, a Tolstoy, a Proust, or a Joyce seem to show a grasp of human behavior which is beyond the methods of science.” – B.F. Skinner
June 16th, 2022 marked the 100th Bloomsday1 since the publication of James Joyce’s Ulysses. The novel is widely regarded as the finest example of modernist literature, and follows the lives of two characters, Stephen Dedalus and Leopold Bloom, over a relatively ordinary twenty-four hours in the city of Dublin. In the time since its publication, the novel has provided us insights on topics as wide-ranging as economics,2 psychology,3 and law,4 but the deep link between Joyce’s work and evolution science has been largely unexplored to date. This link is seen both in Joyce’s efforts to develop a writing technique that mirrored advances in the evolutionary science of his day and in the insights that are present within the novel, which have only been rediscovered in recent years by evolutionary science.
To explore this link, we can begin by looking at the most direct references to evolution science. Amidst the range of references to cultural figures in Ulysses, Charles Darwin makes a number of appearances, most notably in the fourteenth chapter, Oxen of the Sun. This chapter takes place in a maternity hospital as Leopold Bloom visits a friend who is in labor. Allusions to evolution science begin in the later stage of the chapter, firstly with the humorous description of an inconsiderate medical student as the potential “missing link of creation's chain desiderated by the late ingenious Mr Darwin,” with additional references to natural selection scattered throughout the remainder of the chapter5. At this point in the chapter, the prose technique that Joyce uses begins to mimic that of nineteenth-century scientific literature, a style that will be familiar to readers of Darwin.
Later, in the seventeenth chapter, Ithaca, Leopold Bloom’s youthful advocacy of Darwinian evolution is offered as evidence of the moral virtue he held from a young age:
During a juvenile friendship … he had advocated during nocturnal perambulations … the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin, expounded in The Descent of Man and The Origin of Species.
We are told that Bloom advocated these positions in the year 1882, suggesting that Bloom had indeed “loved rectitude from his earliest youth,” as holding such a position was at that time controversial to the Catholic institutions of Ireland, as Joyce’s works would later prove to be.
Joyce’s references to evolution science at times seem like mere wordplay, and indeed this perspective is easy to hold when considering the allusions in Joyce’s later work, Finnegans Wake, to evolution, which makes reference to a character called Erasmus who seeks out the “origin of spices” and “Charlotte Darlings” (presumably a pun derived from the name of his grandson). However, there is reason to believe that Joyce’s use of references to evolution science denoted a deliberate effort to incorporate the insights of evolution in his writing.6
Beyond the profundity of the above claims that there was something virtuous to Bloom’s advocacy of evolutionary theory, we can see in Joyce’s own correspondence that he wanted his prose technique in Oxen of the Sun to mimic “the periods of faunal evolution.” The writing techniques in this chapter serve as a phylogenetic tree of English prose, commencing in a style that is a crude mix of Latin and early English, then moving through narrative styles that reference works such as the King James Bible, the historical works of Edward Gibbon, and the popular fiction of Charles Dickens. As previously mentioned, Darwin’s writing technique is included in this stream, but it is worth noting that in The Descent of Man, Darwin anticipates Joyce’s approach to writing, pointing to developments in philology that show that languages and dialects grow and change through a form of natural selection.
Next, we turn to the insights that Ulysses holds for the behavioral dimension of contemporary evolution science. There have been numerous psychological interpretations of Ulysses, but none have been more striking than that of Carl Jung, who in his essay Ulysses: A Monologue declared that James Joyce was “the unwitting mouth-piece of the psychic secrets of his time. Psychological analyses of Ulysses are typically tied back to Joyce’s iconic stream of consciousness writing technique, which was firmly grounded within early experimental psychology through the works of William James and Alexander Bain, who developed the concept of stream of consciousness to describe the characteristics of the mind.
The consistent feature of this narrative style is the way that descriptions of the here-and-now are interrupted, not just by the thoughts that the protagonists are having about their current situations, but by evaluations of their past and future. Take, for example, the opening chapter where Stephen Dedalus engages in an early-morning conversation as his peer Buck Mulligan is shaving. During this interaction, he is not really there in the room with them, but rather he is being swept away by thoughts of his recently deceased mother:
Stephen, an elbow rested on the jagged granite, leaned his palm against his brow and gazed at the fraying edge of his shiny black coat-sleeve. Pain, that was not yet the pain of love, fretted his heart. Silently, in a dream she had come to him after her death, her wasted body within its loose brown graveclothes giving off an odour of wax and rosewood, her breath, that had bent upon him, mute, reproachful, a faint odour of wetted ashes … A bowl of white china had stood beside her deathbed holding the green sluggish bile which she had torn up from her rotting liver by fits of loud groaning vomiting.
Buck Mulligan wiped again his razorblade.
According to Relational Frame Theory,7 human language and cognition come from the ability to form complex networks of relationships between things in the world. Part of these networks deal with perspective as we begin to distinguish how it seems to be me vs you, here vs there, and now vs then; this becomes the basis for our self-concept: who we believe we are and how we make sense of our experiences.
Research has shown that there are three distinct experiences of self: self-as-story, self-as-process, and self-as-context. An example of self-as-story is what we might share in a job interview or on a date when someone asks us “tell me about yourself?” We share some of this self with others, but we often keep painful self-evaluations, such as “I am a worthless person,” hidden away.
Self-as-process refers to how we understand our bodily sensations and thoughts in relation to our emotions. We may notice our heart pounding, or our hands begin to shake and instantly recognize it as fear, or notice a fuzziness in our chest and recognize it as love.
Self-as-context is the most elusive of the three, referring to the sense of ‘I’ that always exists within the present moment. We say things such as “I am tired”, “I enjoy this”, “I don’t understand what he is on about,” ad infinitum, and the only thing which remains consistent is the ‘I’ who is always there and always will be. This is self-as-context.
The literature on Relational Frame Theory notes that “humans spend practically all of their waking hours responding (in the here and now) to events (then and there) as good, bad, easy, difficult, beautiful, ugly, and so on.” We can see this in the above excerpt, where Stephen is supposedly in the here and now, talking with his roommate as he shaves, while is really then and there, reacting to what is nothing more than a mental recreation of the room where his mother passed away. Joyce’s use of stream of consciousness shows this to the reader as it shows the characters being carried away by evaluations, then jumping back to the present, often abruptly.
While this is an ordinary part of human experience, it can also be a source of real suffering. Most people can think of a time when a happy event was ruined by the sudden appearance of an old painful memory, or of a time when they were stressed or anxious about an event that hadn’t even happened yet. Insights from contemporary cognitive behavior therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) tell us that we can improve our mental health by being a little bit less like the characters of Ulysses. By grounding ourselves and contacting the present moment, leaving the there and then where they belong, we can live more rich, more engaging, and more flexible lives.
To conclude, we have seen that Ulysses by James Joyce makes a number of meaningful references to early evolution science, through the inspiration that Joyce took from this science in his elegant outline of the development of English literature, and the use of the once-controversial works of Charles Darwin to outline the protagonist Leopold Bloom’s commitment to his beliefs. Furthermore, we have seen the insights that the novel contained, which have been rearticulated through the behavioral dimension of contemporary evolution science.
Vallance, E. (2022). Why Dubliners celebrate Bloomsday, a uniquely Irish holiday. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/why-dubliners-celebrate-bloomsday-a-uniquely-irish-holiday
McWilliams, D. (2022). Bloom or bust: what James Joyce can teach us about economics. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/0cb3929c-e165-4bbf-8f23-b8b3cf68e0b5
Jung, C. G. (1966). Ulysses: A monologue. In Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 15: The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature (pp. 109 – 134). Princeton University Press.
Birmingham, K. (2013). The Prestige of the Law: Revisiting Obscenity Law and Judge Woolsey's "Ulysses" Decision. James Joyce Quarterly, 50(4), 991-1009.
Nash, J. (2013). James Joyce in the nineteenth century. Cambridge University Press.
Bowers, P. (1999). "Variability in Every Tongue": Joyce and the Darwinian Narrative. James Joyce Quarterly, 36(4), 869-888.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D. B., & Roche, B. (Eds.). (2001). Relational Frame Theory: A Post Skinnerean Account of Human Language and Cognition. Plenum Press. | <urn:uuid:13088001-df98-4a17-ac8a-e8f8e7602421> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.prosocial.world/posts/evolutionary-science-in-joyces-ulysses | 2024-02-26T11:51:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.95833 | 2,317 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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A well-balanced exercise program should include activities that address all health-related components of fitness.. For example, strength training strengthens muscles, but aerobic exercise is essential for improving cardiovascular health and endurance. In the end, the best exercise routine is the most complete. For some people, strength training is as simple as lifting their children or climbing the stairs.
For others, it's about flipping tires and climbing mountains. The 52 Best Bodyweight Exercises for Every Fitness Level and Goal From tricep push-ups with 5-pound dumbbells to Olympic lifts with 500 pounds on the barbell, weight training is different for everyone. The type of weightlifting you do depends on your goals. This is exactly how beginners can start strength training.
After your workout, perform static stretches, holding each stretch for 30 seconds or more. Static stretches help relieve tension in the muscles. Post-workout stretching can help you recover more quickly and can also slightly reduce pain that can occur for a few days after a strenuous workout. Strength training is one of five types of physical training that revolve around developing muscle mass and bone density, as well as improving muscle strength and endurance by inducing muscle contraction through the use of resistance.
It also improves joint functions and develops the strength of tendons and ligaments, reducing the risk of injuries caused by physical activity. Endurance training is another term used in place of strength training. Some examples of strength training include bodyweight exercises, such as push-ups and sit-ups, and weightlifting with dumbbells and barbells, among others. Keep in mind that strength training is also fundamentally a type of anaerobic activity.
However, fitness experts have introduced a modified strength training regimen called circuit training that consists of a series or circuit of endurane-dependent anaerobic exercises to collectively constitute a high-intensity aerobic activity. Agility training aims to develop and improve a person's ability to effortlessly change the position of their body or move parts of their body quickly without losing precision of movement, coordination and balance. Some examples of workouts or exercises used in agility training are sandblasting or running in sand, high-speed sprints, foot exercises, shuttle runs, high-knee kicks and lateral plyometric humps, among others. Agility training is essential for almost every type of sport.
For example, in gymnastics, this type of physical training refines movements and coordination taking into account flexibility, reflexes, and time. Basketball and soccer are some of the sports that require the ability to move easily and quickly across a large playing field. Eccentric training is another type of physical training focused on improving eccentric muscle contraction. As a background, this type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle is lengthened or lengthened by the influence of an opposing force.
Contraction occurs explicitly when a muscle gives way or is carried away by the flow or direction of an opposing force. Negative training is another term for eccentric training. Like strength training, eccentric training also increases muscle mass and improves physical strength. However, it's a more specific approach than strength training because it focuses on a specific phase of muscle contraction.
Interval training is primarily designed to lose weight by burning calories at a faster rate and, at the same time, developing other dimensions of physical fitness, such as physical strength, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and balance. An example of interval training would be an exercise routine that involves running and doing push-ups as high-intensity activities, along with rest intervals or low-to-moderate intensity activities, such as walking or stretching. Compared to interval training, continuous training is characterized by a series of moderate to high intensity activities that are performed over a short period with no rest intervals. Therefore, continuous training is primarily an anaerobic activity.
However, like interval training, the advantage of continuous training is that a person can design their own routine by mixing and combining activities or exercises according to their needs or preferences. This mix and match can produce different results. Using a correct combination of two or more of the types of training mentioned above can promote complete physical fitness. For example, a combination of agility training and eccentric training is useful in sports that require strength, endurance, and coordination, such as basketball and soccer.
A combination of strength training and continuous training benefits people who want to maintain a certain type of physique. If COVID-19 is taking a toll on your mental well-being, yoga, meditation, and mindfulness can go a long way to fix things. A true personal trainer, more than 2000 guided workouts and a compact and intelligent home gym for a fixed monthly price. And it's really simple, you just have to run your 5 km from wherever you are, send your time and we'll send you a commemorative gift.
Have fun and enjoy how strong you've become. Running a marathon is no easy task, mentally and physically exhausting, and training for such a long endurance event can be as challenging as the race itself. David Mussatt, Tempo athlete, seems to have cracked the code for combining training, running, strength training and proper recovery to achieve a successful, injury-free 26.2-mile race. Finding a home fitness solution that fits your needs and lifestyle can be difficult.
Here are 5 reasons why Tempo is the home gym for you. Understand the importance of training your upper body. Read more about 4 exercises to add to your training routine. Tempo, the first home fitness system that uses 3D sensors and A, I.
To analyze its movement and provide representative counts, feedback on forms and important recommendations in real time, it announced today the migration of its cloud infrastructure to Azure and the creation of its next-generation products using Microsoft's leading time-of-flight (ToF) detection technology as part of Microsoft's Azure Depth Platform program. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the way we all lead our daily lives. Among these changes is the way we now approach our physical state. As gyms are forced to reduce capacity or close completely, many have found ways to bring their gym routines home.
Probably the most recognized training method, aerobic training is more commonly known as cardio. This includes exercises such as walking, running, biking and swimming. Aerobic training provides numerous benefits, such as helping to build endurance and burn calories. This training method is good for losing weight and training athletes.
In addition, many find it more relaxing than other forms of training, since they do a lot of outdoor aerobic training. There are two common forms of aerobic training. The first is continuous training, which is a method characterized by lower intensity but longer activities with little rest. Running at a constant speed for long distances is the easiest form of continuous training.
If you're looking to burn calories and improve endurance in the long term, this method is the best. Circuit training is a physical training method that requires alternating between several exercises aimed at different muscle groups. Limited rest is required; the idea is that the fast pace between exercises adds a cardiovascular element to the workout. In circuit training, it's important to balance the exercises so that you don't burn out.
One muscle group is worked on at a time, allowing the others to rest in between. Circuit training is beneficial for those looking for full-body workouts that waste little time. This is an example of circuit training. By combining strength and resilience training, Tempo trainers Jeremy and Jonathan have created a personalized program designed for both strength trainers and yogis to experience the benefits of a combined practice.
Like HICT, high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) uses body weight or weights as resistance and is combined with high-intensity exercise to develop muscle strength and fitness. We wanted to know how people's attitudes toward going to the gym, home workouts and personal fitness have changed over the past few years. Whether you're new to the world of fitness or want to change your routine, it's never a bad time to try a new training style. This training involves the use of different dimensions of physical fitness at the same time or simultaneously.
When it comes to doing cardiovascular exercises to pump your heart or pumping iron for strength, both are important for your physical fitness and overall health, and for most, you shouldn't focus on just one more than the other. Because this type of physical training develops and increases muscle mass, it also improves muscle tone, body composition, and external physical appearance. No matter your fitness level or the equipment you have at your disposal, there are beneficial exercises that will give you results. Studies have revealed that this type of physical training is more efficient at burning calories for a shorter period than steady-state activity or performing the exercise routine repeatedly.
Sweat has several HIIT programs suitable for beginners, such as low-impact HIIT with Samantha, HIIT with Samantha, HIIT with Monica Jones and the invigorating HIIT with Fleur, which will help you develop your strength and cardiovascular fitness. Tempo connects you with a real coach who creates a plan that fits exactly what you need, so you can feel supported and be responsible for your own fitness journey. Agility is the ability to move quickly and easily, but this type of fitness training isn't just for athletes. If you're a beginner or haven't tried HIIT recently, you may need to do it slowly, as it can be a challenge and requires a higher level of basic strength, fitness and coordination. | <urn:uuid:b3e30def-6334-4aad-b5f4-7eeed68bc5d3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.science-health-vegan.com/what-are-the-5-types-of-fitness-training | 2024-02-26T10:53:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.964621 | 1,915 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
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One physics experiment that is fascinating to contemplate is the double-slit experiment. You shine a light through a slit in a wall onto a light-sensitive screen behind it, and you get an exposure of light in the form of a single vertical line behind the slit. But if you open two slits in the wall and shine a light through, you don’t get two vertical lines of exposure–you get several: an interference pattern. The idea here is that light coming from each slit interferes with light coming from the other slit–like waves coming from two stones dropped into water–producing the multiple lines on the screen.
Normally, all this would prove is that light has wave-like properties, the waves from each slit interfering with each other. Now, if you perform the experiment again, except this time you only allow one “particle” of light through at a time, then you get the same result: an interference pattern. If only one “particle” of light is in motion at a time, going through only one slit, then what interferes with it? A wave makes sense–but we usually think of waves as bing made up of numerous parts. If there is only one “bit” or “piece” of light, how can it go through two slits at the same time, and then interfere with itself?
The popular solution to this problem is to assume that the particle did travel through both slits–in fact, the assumption is that the particle traveled every possible path from the light source to the screen. In essence, a vast horde of possible-particles each take slightly different paths, forming a virtual wave–and a wave can go through both slits, forming two wave-like patterns emerging from the other side of the slits, each one interfering with the other, creating the interference pattern. When the particle-wave hits the screen, the paths all “average out,” collapsing the vast number of possible-particles-wave into a single real one that represents the most likely path taken. Because interference was involved on the way to the screen, we get the interference pattern–despite there being only a single particle.
Some take this further, and suggest that instead of all those possible-particles existing in this universe alone, they represent a manifestation of the many-worlds hypothesis, where the light particles from many other universes much like our own interfere with the particle in our universe. In other words, the particle never becomes a wave, it simply interacts with particles from other universes which together resemble the effects of a wave.
But that’s not the end of the weirdness. Place sensors at the slits so we can sense which slit the particle is going through on its way to the screen, and something interesting happens: the interference pattern disappears, and we get two vertical lines.
This is due to what is called the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum theory. As stated above, all matter exists as that many-possible state, a “cloud” of possibilities, until it is observed. For example, if you flip a coin and it falls where you cannot see it, it is in a state of flux–it is both heads and tails, and exists in every possible location it could have possibly landed–and it stays that way until you shine a light on it and see it. Once you do that, the cloud of possible outcomes “collapses” into a single outcome, which is then “real.”
So, in the situation described above where the sensors are placed at the slits to see which one the particle passes through, we are observing the particle before it passes through the slits, therefore collapsing the possibilities and making it into a single “real” particle able only to pass through one slit–thus the interference pattern disappears.
In short, by observing the event, we change its outcome. That’s something which we hear about, but it sounds like some abstraction that doesn’t really affect actual events. However, the result of placing the sensor at the slits takes it from the theoretical to the real. It’s not just a thought experiment any more–it actually happens, and we can see it. It’s real.
Upon hearing about this, I had a question: what is causing the results to change? Is it something from the sensors at the slits which changes the nature of the particle? Or is it the fact that a conscious observer sees the data coming from the sensors? This is a key question: if consciousness is necessary, then this implies that consciousness is somehow tied into the laws of physics, so that a human observing something makes it “real” instead of simply possible.
So I thought of a way to test this: put the sensors at the slits, have them record the data–but then, before you see what pattern emerged on the light-sensitive screen, erase the slit-sensor data so no human ever sees it. If it is the sensors which are making the difference, then the waveform should collapse and the interference pattern disappears, no matter what the humans decide to observe.
For a long time, I thought no one actually did this experiment, until I found a lecture on YouTube where a physicist lays out exactly that test (see here and here). It’s called the “Delayed Choice” experiment.
The result: if the sensors are used, and the data is recorded–but then is erased before the screen’s pattern is looked at–the interference pattern reappears, as if the slit sensors had no effect. If the sensor data is not erased and is looked at before looking at the test’s results, then the interference pattern disappears. Meaning that it was the human viewing of the data that determined the outcome of the experiment. It is interesting to remember that the choice to observe or erase the slit sensor data is made after the experiment concludes–and the recorded data changes depending on an action taken after it was recorded.
This seems particularly significant–it would seem to confirm that human consciousness ties into the laws of physics. But a key point to remember is that when the particle hits the screen, that event does not determine the location of the particle hit. The results on the light-sensitive screen are also in flux until they are observed.
The way it was explained in the YouTube lecture:
Despite the fact that machines have registered something at the slits and at the back wall, there is no information at the back wall until we choose to look at it.When we choose to look at it, the information about where the particles hit at the back wall will be created, and the result will be determined by our knowledge (or lack of knowledge) of the particles at the slits.
In this way, we seem to establish that the machine “observation” does not collapse the wave function of the particle–only human interaction does. So it would seem that human consciousness is tied in to the fabric of reality.
However, the official explanation is that human consciousness is not required–though I have yet to find out how that was determined. (If anyone reading this knows a source, please point it out.)
However, whatever way you look at it, there is one unavoidable conclusion: the sensors at the slits are not what’s responsible for the changes; in this case at least, it is a purely human decision, a matter of human perception. Making a decision and looking at sensor data presently physically unconnected to the light-sensitive screen will make the data on the screen change form one pattern or another.
Any way you look at it, weird stuff is going on here.
If you can get a fair grasp on what is written above, then you will probably get one of my favorite science jokes, from Futurama. The gag is in the first half-minute, with the punch line at 25 seconds:
Postscript (same day):
I have been doing some more research, but as of yet cannot find anything which positively refutes the idea that it is human consciousness that makes the difference in collapsing the waveform. I have found several sources which say that a human consciousness is not necessary, but no explanation of an alternate system which can fully replace the human observer, doing the same thing in the same way.
In terms of theory, what I have found seems to say that the original theory linked the effect to actual human consciousness, and that most scientists were uncomfortable about how this might relate to mysticism, and so started to formulate theories that negated the idea. If this is all–theories and no experimental proof–then I find it highly suspect. A scientific theory should absolutely not be determined by the prejudice of the theorist; if the evidence leads to an answer which seems mystical, then so be it. I get the nagging feeling that I am wrong and there is proof that human consciousness is not truly involved, but if that’s the case, why isn’t proof of this more evident? I would think that such evidence would be put front and center in most discussions on the subject–so why is it so hard to find?
Certainly, the evidence I have seen so far seems to support the human-consciousness model. After all, in the quantum-eraser experiment detailed above, it was established that the sensors recording the passage of the particle through the slit were not sufficient by themselves to collapse the waveform, because even when they functioned and recorded the event, all it took was the lack of a human looking at the data to make the effect of the sensors nil. Similarly, even the particles of energy hitting the light-sensitive screen was not enough, as the pattern left was changeable depending upon a human observer, even if the observation happened after the particles supposedly hit the screen.
If neither highly sensitive sensors recording data on a particle’s position in transit nor a screen recording the location of a particle’s impact are sufficient to collapse the waveform, then what non-human agency is capable of this, and how does it differ from human interaction?
Here are some suggestions for further experiments which I think would be very interesting:
1. Does the observer have to be able to recognize what they are seeing? What if a person sees the slit-sensor data but is not told what they are looking at, and they don’t understand it? Will that change the pattern the particles leave?
2. If the observer does not need to understand what they see, then does the observer have to be human? What if a chimpanzee, or even a dog, sees the data? Does this affect the patterns like it does when a person notices the data?
3. What if two different people observe the data? One person sees the slit-sensor data, but vows never to discuss it with a different person who sees the pattern left? I suppose it would also be necessary to prevent the observer of the slit-sensor data from seeing the pattern left on the screen.
That leads to another question: is it the erasure of the slit-sensor data that affects the pattern on the screen, or is it the decision to erase the data? That suggests another experiment:
4. Have a scientist perform the quantum-eraser delayed choice experiment, but don’t tell him that we’ve disabled the erasing function for the slit-sensor data. Let him think he’s erased the data, and see if the pattern still changes!
If the pattern becomes one of interference as if the data had actually been erased, then one would wonder what would happen if the data were then viewed, especially by that scientist, after the screen’s pattern had been viewed.
If these experiments have already been done and you know about them, please do tell! If not, I wonder why not–they all seem rather significant. | <urn:uuid:894c57a4-e3a4-4382-8a8f-8c29142653f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://blogd.com/wp/index.php/archives/6254 | 2024-02-27T16:28:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.958836 | 2,470 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
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There are 21 new colors to choose from, including ‘Hot Pink,’ which is a new color success for Spring.Hot in this context indicates ″suggestive of heat or of burning or blazing items″ or ″extremely brilliant,″ and while it’s most typically associated with pink, we have historical evidence for hot purple, hot red, hot orange, and, more generally, hot hues, as well as for red, orange, and yellow.
I titled the album Hot Pink because I wanted listeners to have the impression that the music was passionate, warm, and welcome even before they started listening to it. The hue hot pink is the most appropriate for describing such items.
- 1 What does the color pink mean?
- 2 How did pink get her name?
- 3 Why do girls wear pink all the time?
- 4 What is the meaning of hot pink?
- 5 What is the difference between pink and hot pink?
- 6 Where does hot pink come from?
- 7 What Colour is hot pink?
- 8 Is hot pink feminine?
- 9 Is fuschia the same as hot pink?
- 10 What is another word for hot pink?
- 11 Is hot pink magenta?
- 12 Are Peaches pink?
- 13 Did pink used to be a male color?
- 14 What’s the ugliest Colour?
- 15 How did pink become a girly color?
- 16 What emotions does hot pink evoke?
- 17 Why is hot pink a good color?
- 18 What does neon pink symbolize?
- 19 What does hot pink represent?
- 20 What does the color hot pink mean?
- 21 What color is hot pink?
- 22 Is hot pink a dull color?
What does the color pink mean?
A delicate shade of red, pink is a color called after the flower of the same name.It is a soft, feminine hue.This color term was initially used in the late 17th century to refer to a particular shade of blue.According to polls conducted in Europe and the United States, the color pink is most typically linked with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, femininity, and romance.
- It is also the color most often associated with love.
How did pink get her name?
Pink embraces her eccentricity and chose her stage persona as a means of rebelling against her detractors. Alecia Beth Moore is the artist known professionally as ‘Pink.’ Fans, on the other hand, have known her as Pink since the early 1990s, when she was first presented to them. So, how did she come up with the moniker Pink (which she prefers to be spelled P!nk on her records)?
Why do girls wear pink all the time?
In addition, Paoletti believes that moms who grew up wearing gender-neutral clothing and playing with toys that appealed to both boys and girls wanted their children to be able to luxuriate in pinks, lace, long hair and Barbies as they did. Marketers and advertising have just made this decision appear to be a natural one.
What is the meaning of hot pink?
Hot pink is a hue that is typically associated with females and femininity. That is, a young lady who is a virgin in both her heart and her body. For example, the color hot pink is indicative of unadulterated love. It is also the hue that is utilized in sexual commercials and other similar situations to denote the purity of the females.
What is the difference between pink and hot pink?
Hot pink is a hue of pink that is somewhere between light pink and dark pink, whereas neon pink is a bright pink tint. Furthermore, neon pink is often more vibrant than hot pink. As a result, the primary distinction between hot pink and neon pink is as follows:
Where does hot pink come from?
When it comes to pinks, hot pinks are a hue in between light and dark, while neon pinks are a vibrant shade of pink. Furthermore, neon pink is often more vibrant than hot pink.. In this way, the primary distinction between hot pink and neon pink may be identified.
What Colour is hot pink?
Hot Pink | |
HSV (h, s, v) | (330°, 59%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (65, 95, 343°) |
Source | X11 color names HTML/CSS |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purplish red |
Is hot pink feminine?
Pink is a vibrant hue with connotations of femininity, flirtatiousness, and perhaps a hint of sexuality. Light pinks, such as baby pinks, are generally associated with effeminate or infant-like purity, but stronger pinks, such as hot pinks, are associated with the polar opposite—dominant and forceful, yet definitely feminine.
Is fuschia the same as hot pink?
In the fashion world, fuchsia is a shade of pink called after the fuchsia plant, whereas hot pink was first created in 1947 by fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli. 2. Fuchsia, also known as magenta, is a hue that can only be formed with light that has red and blue wavelengths, whereas hot pink is a tint of magenta or fuchsia.
What is another word for hot pink?
What is a synonym for the color pink?
rose | fuchsia |
roseate | coral |
salmon | blush |
flush | red |
rosette | rouge |
Is hot pink magenta?
It is true that pink is a ″lightened″ version of magenta and that magenta is only one sort of purple; but, in the process of prismatic splitting of white light, none of those hues appear. Pink and magenta have the same hue; the only differences are in the saturation and value of the colors.
Are Peaches pink?
Color inspiration for the peach comes from the fruit of the same name, which is a light organdy pink or yellowish orange. When completely mature, the real fruit will often have a gradient of varied hues ranging from pale yellow to dark crimson, depending on the variety.
Did pink used to be a male color?
Pink was considered a manly hue, whereas white and blue were popular choices for girls. The American School of Painting depicts a young kid dressed in pink (about 1840). Pink was a popular color for both girls and boys in the nineteenth century.
What’s the ugliest Colour?
Pantone 448 C is a color that can be found in the Pantone color chart. Following market research that revealed that it was the least appealing color, it was picked in 2012 for use on plain tobacco and cigarette packaging throughout Australia. It has been described as a ‘drab dark brown’ and has been unofficially called the ‘ugliest colour in the world.’
How did pink become a girly color?
A color in the Pantone color system with the designation 448 C. This color, which has been described as a ‘drab dark brown’ and has been nicknamed the ‘ugliest color in the world,’ was chosen as the color for plain tobacco and cigarette packaging in Australia in 2012 after market analysts discovered that it was the least appealing color.
What emotions does hot pink evoke?
Peace, compassion, and love are elicited as a result of this fragrance. It is also the color of tenderness and caring, as well as the color of comprehension. Pink, as opposed to its relative red, is often more subtle and bright.
Why is hot pink a good color?
Pink is considered to be a color of hope in color psychology. It is a cheerful hue that evokes warm and soothing thoughts, as well as the assurance that everything will be well. Pink soothes and reassures our emotional energy, easing feelings of rage, aggressiveness, resentment, abandonment, and neglect, amongst other negative emotions.
What does neon pink symbolize?
Pink is a color that represents youth, good health, and liveliness. It represents the euphoria of first love and the nurture of female femininity.
What does hot pink represent?
- Native American is a term used to describe people who are descended from the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors of the In most Native American tribes, black is considered to be one of the four holy colors, and it is related with the direction west. The same is true in Japanese culture. India and Japan are both represented by the color black, which symbolizes mystery and night. In India, the color black denotes wrath, lethargy, and even evil.
- Magical Practices.
- Contemporary Fashion.
What does the color hot pink mean?
Pink is a color that denotes love, tenderness, and tranquility. Wear it when you want to feel feminine and loving, when you need to concentrate, and when you want to be heard.
What color is hot pink?
- What exactly is Fuchsia? – Color Mixing, Tinting, Color Psychology
- What is Hot Pink, and How Does It Work? – Color Combination, Tint, and Color Psychology
- Which Color Is More Vibrant, Fuchsia or Hot Pink?
Is hot pink a dull color?
You may use one of the two colors to create a hot pink hue on your skin. Both hues, on the other hand, are also available in duller tones. And employing those will result in a subdued coloration of the mix, which may or may not be appropriate for the masterpiece you are now working on. | <urn:uuid:1c6e61c1-9e68-4538-a87f-43af40b992c9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://kanyakumari-info.com/useful/why-is-it-called-hot-pink.html | 2024-02-27T17:29:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.95847 | 2,084 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
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Get summary, workbook solutions, questions, answers, notes. pdf, extras to the story “The Cookie Lady” by Philip K. Dick which is a part of Class 12 English syllabus for students studying under ISC.
The story opens with young Bubber Surle walking down the street as other neighbourhood boys taunt him about visiting an elderly woman they refer to as his “lady friend.” Bubber ignores them and continues to the run-down home of Mrs. Drew, known around the neighbourhood as the “Cookie Lady.” She greets Bubber warmly, having just baked fresh cookies for him, his favourite treat.
As Bubber sits eating cookies in her living room, Mrs. Drew asks him to read aloud from his school books, claiming she enjoys being read to since her eyesight is failing. As he reads in a dull monotone, Mrs. Drew sits very close by, observing him intently. A strange transformation begins occurring – Mrs. Drew starts growing younger, her withered skin plumping up and wrinkles disappearing as she seems to feed off Bubber’s youthful energy. However, the transformation is only temporary and she becomes old again as soon as Bubber leaves.
Bubber’s parents dislike him spending time with the eccentric Cookie Lady. They notice he comes home exhausted and tells him that he can visit her only one last time. Bubber tells Mrs. Drew this next visit will be his last per his parents’ orders. Mrs. Drew is distraught and begs Bubber to stay and read to her. She moves her chair even closer to the boy and touches his arm, intensifying the rejuvenating effect. Lost in her own restoration, Mrs. Drew becomes a vivacious, dark-haired beauty, the withered old woman totally transformed. Oblivious, Bubber simply finishes the cookies and leaves.
As Bubber struggles home through the cold dusk, he becomes increasingly weak and ill, needing to frequently stop and rest. His concerned parents hear faint tapping at the front door and open it to find a bundle of dry weeds blowing in the wind. The implication is that Mrs. Drew’s selfish rejuvenation completely drained Bubber’s life force, leaving only his depleted remains.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Ernie Mill’s tone was:
(a) sad (b) happy (c) mocking (d) friendly
Answer: C. mocking
2. The house in which Mrs Drew lives was:
(a) a haunted house (b) shabby (c) very big (d) newly renovated
Answer: B. shabby
3. Mrs Drew was:
(a) a young woman (b) a very old woman (c) charming and friendly (d) cynical
Answer: B. a very old woman
4. Mrs Drew served Bubber cookies with a glass of:
(a) tea (b) coffee (c) hot milk (d) cold milk
Answer: D. cold milk
5. Bubber was carrying with him a book on:
(a) poetry (b) chemistry (c) geography (d) general knowledge
Answer: C. geography
6. The rocking chair was placed:
(a) in the living room (b) on the porch (c) near the staircase (d) in the backyard
Answer: B. on the porch
7. Mrs Drew turned into a woman of _______ when she came close to Bubber after his reading a book.
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 25
Answer: B. 30
8. What did Bubber’s parents discuss when they saw him coming from Mrs Drew’s house?
(a) Bubbar was indifferent (b) Bubbar was tired out (c) Bubbar was behaving abnormally (d) Bubbar was annoyed
Answer: B. Bubber was tired out
9. What kind of boy was Bubber?
(a) thin (b) obese (c) cheerful (d) very clever
Answer: B. obese
10. When Bubber told Mrs Drew that this was his last visit to hers how did she react?
(a) angrily (b) foolishly (c) behaved awkwardly (d) felt unhappy
Answer: D. felt unhappy
1. Mrs Drew kept the door open for Bubber because
Answer: she wanted to welcome him into her house to serve him cookies.
2. On eating cookies Bubber’s ample sides bulged because
Answer: he was already overweight and eating more made him even more obese.
3. Mrs Drew asked Bubber to stay and talk to her for while because
Answer: she wanted to regain her youth by draining his life and energy.
4. Bubber had been coming to Mrs Drew because
Answer: she baked tasty cookies with nuts and raisins which were his favourite.
5. Ernie used to ask Bubber about his visit to old lady because
Answer: he found Bubber’s frequent visits to the old lady amusing.
6. Mrs Drew underwent transformation when Bubber visited her because
Answer: something strange happened where she gained back her lost youth just by being close to Bubber.
7. Bubber’s mouth watered when he saw the lady drinking ice-cream soda because
Answer: it reminded him of the tasty cookies and cold milk served by Mrs. Drew.
8. Bubber stopped outside McVane’s drugstore because
Answer: he felt tempted by the ice cream soda he saw someone drinking there.
9. Bubber’s father did not want him to go to the lady because
Answer: he found something strange about the old lady and her influence on Bubber as he would always come back exhausted.
10. On his way back from Mrs Drew’s house, Bubber felt tired, his headache because
Answer: Mrs. Drew had drained him of his youth and energy when he visited her.
Short Answer Questions
1. Why is Bernard teased by his friends? Where does he go?
Answer: Bernard is teased by his friend Ernie because he frequently visits an old lady named Mrs. Drew. Ernie asks in a mocking tone if Bernard is going to see his “lady friend” again. Bernard ignores the teasing and continues to Mrs. Drew’s house which is located at the end of the street.
2. Where was the old lady living? What kind of house was it?
Answer: The old lady Mrs. Drew lived in a small rundown grey house located at the end of Elm Street. Her house looked shabby and neglected with peeling paint, sagging porch steps, overgrown weeds in the yard, and an old rocking chair on the porch.
3. What tempts Bubber to the cookie lady?
Answer: Bubber is tempted to visit Mrs. Drew because she bakes fresh, warm cookies with nuts and raisins which are his favourite treat. She also serves him cold milk to drink with the cookies which makes it even more appealing to Bubber who has an insatiable sweet tooth.
4. What do you know about Bubber’s parents?
Answer: Not much background is provided about Bubber’s parents except that his father’s name is Ralf Surle and his mother’s name is May Surle. They do not approve of Bubber’s frequent visits to Mrs. Drew’s house and think there is something strange about the old lady’s influence on their son.
5. How long has Bubber been visiting the old lady? How would she feel in his presence?
Answer: The story indicates Bubber has been visiting Mrs. Drew for over a month. She seems to greatly enjoy Bubber’s company, as she does not like being alone and asks him to stay longer and talk or read to her. His youthful presence seems to have a refreshing, rejuvenating effect on Mrs. Drew.
6. What did the boy feel in her company and after he left her?
Answer: In Mrs. Drew’s company while eating cookies Bubber felt content and satisfied. But after leaving her house to return home, he felt extremely weary, tired, and drained of energy.
7. What reaction did Bubber’s parents give when he returned from Mrs Drew’s house?
Answer: Bubber’s parents were upset when he returned home late from Mrs. Drew’s, annoyed that he disobeyed their instruction not to stay too long. They also expressed concern that he came home exhausted and something strange was going on with the old lady.
8. What wrong do you find in Bubber visiting Mrs Drew?
Answer: It was unwise for an innocent, obese young boy to repeatedly spend time alone with a seemingly strange elderly woman. She appears to take advantage by exploiting Bubber’s youth and energy for her own benefit.
9. How did the lady feel the change in herself when Bubber visited her on his last visit?
Answer: On Bubber’s last visit, Mrs. Drew undergoes a shocking transformation where she suddenly begins rejuvenating and regaining a youthful vigour she had lost, with reddening lips, lush hair, firm flesh, and an exuberant thrill at getting her old body back.
10. Do you approve of the lady feeling happy over her transformation when she ignored what had happened to the boy?
Answer: No, it is despicable that Mrs. Drew only cares about restoring her own youth through some mystical energy drain from Bubber without any concern for his well-being or what terrible fate she doomed him to. Her selfishness and lack of conscience is quite disturbing.
11. What fate is meted out to Bubber?
Answer: The last scene shockingly reveals that Bubber never made it home from his final visit with Mrs. Drew, instead somehow turning into a mere bundle of trash papers and weeds blown about in the wind, essentially erased or destroyed.
12. What kind of boy is Bubber depicted?
Answer: Bubber is depicted as a fat, greedy, but innocent and oblivious boy who allows his craving for sweets and cookies to blind him to the dangerous stranger he interacts with, making him vulnerable to being exploited without realising the harm being done to him.
Long Answer Questions
1. Discuss the appropriateness of the title of the story The Cookie Lady’ .
Answer: The title ‘The Cookie Lady’ is highly appropriate for this story as the old lady, Mrs Drew is the pivot around which the entire story revolves. She has an irresistible charm of making delicious cookies which draw the young boy Bubber to her small house again and again. While serving him cookies, she craftily gains proximity to the boy which enables her to steal his youth and get rejuvenated herself. The title highlights her skill in baking as well as her vicious motives.
2. Comment on the theme of the story.
Answer: The central theme of this horror story is the exploitation of innocence. The old Mrs Drew exploits Bubber’s innocence and craving for cookies to drain out his youth for her own benefit. It also shows how neglect on the part of parents can lead children to fall into the traps of unscrupulous people. The theme highlights the selfishness and greed for one’s own good at the cost of others.
3. Give a character sketch of Mrs Drew.
Answer: Mrs Drew is the main character around whom the story revolves. She is depicted as a shrewd, cunning old lady living alone in a dilapidated house overgrown with weeds. Her only aim is to exploit the boy Bubber who is drawn to her house by the irresistible cookies she bakes. While serving him cookies, she gains proximity with the boy which enables her to literally steal away all his youth and vitality, leaving him just an empty shell. She is shown to be utterly selfish, remorseless and vicious in her motives.
4. What kind of story is ‘The Cookie Lady’?
Answer: ‘The Cookie Lady’ is a horror story with strong elements of mystery and suspense. There is something strange and sinister about the old lady’s house, her persona and her interaction with the young boy. The reader feels an atmosphere of foreboding evil as the boy loses all his vitality after his visits to Mrs Drew’s house while she becomes younger. The climax where the boy turns into a bundle of trash being blown around builds the horror.
5. Discuss the plot of the story.
Answer: The story follows a linear plot sequence. The exposition introduces us to the boy Bubber who is drawn to the dilapidated house of Mrs Drew because of her irresistible cookies. The conflict arises from his repeated visits to her house where she craftily begins to drain out his youth. The suspense builds up around the strange transformation Mrs Drew undergoes and the abrupt ending where Bubber loses his human form comes as a horrifying twist. There are no subplots and the story focuses only on the bizarre relationship between the boy and the cookie lady.
6. Comment on the ending of the story. Could there be another ending?
Answer: The ending is quite abrupt and horrifying as Bubber loses his human form and existence and turns into a bundle of trash being blown around by the wind. This ending shows the extent of Mrs Drew’s vicious and exploitative nature. An alternative ending could have shown Bubber realising her evil motives and stopping his visits to her house on his parents’ advice. But that would have made it less horrifying. The present ending jolts the reader by its sheer unexpectedness.
7. Does the story ‘The Cookie Lady’ carry any meaning underneath? What is it?
Answer: Yes, beneath its horrifying plot, the story carries the message that innocent people like Bubber are often exploited by selfish and unscrupulous elements in society. The old lady represents the greed and exploitation facing innocence and gullibility in the modern world. Parents and guardians have a duty to guide and protect children from falling into such traps. The story is thus a critique of selfishness and suggests remaining vigilant in an increasingly materialistic world.
1. What was Ernie Mill doing when he saw Bubber?
(a) Delivering newspapers (b) Reading a book (c) Fixing papers for his route (d) Calling to his friends
Answer: C. Fixing papers for his route
2. What did Ernie ask Bubber when he saw him?
(a) Where are you going (b) Why do you visit the old lady (c) What route are you taking today (d) Would you like to play
Answer: B. Why do you visit the old lady
24. Why didn’t Bubber share details of his visits with his parents?
(a) He was shy (b) He was embarrassed (c) He feared punishment (d) He wanted to keep visiting
Answer: D. He wanted to keep visiting
25. Why did Mrs. Drew want Bubber to keep visiting her?
(a) She was fond of him (b) She was lonely (c) She enjoyed the transformations (d) She wanted to fatten him up
Answer: C. She enjoyed the transformations
Extra questions and answers
1. What is the name of the young boy who visits Mrs. Drew?
Answer: The name of the young boy is Bernard, nicknamed Bubber.
2. What does Mrs. Drew serve the boy when he visits her?
Answer: Mrs. Drew bakes fresh, warm cookies with nuts and raisins for Bubber when he visits her. She also serves him cold milk to have with the cookies.
23. How would you describe Mrs. Drew’s motivation in the story?
Answer: Mrs. Drew is motivated by a ruthless desire to regain lost youth by exploiting Bubber’s presence. She is driven by entirely selfish aims and is willing to harm another for the sake of her own restoration. Vanity, greed and vampirism seem to drive her more than compassion or ethics.
24. Do you think there are any deeper meanings in this story? Explain.
Answer: Yes, the story can be seen as an allegory about how the old exploit the young in order to recapture lost youth and vitality, thus damaging bright futures. On a deeper level, its exaggerated horror hints at the societal fear of ageing and underscores how age drains beauty and vigour from all eventually.
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35,
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1950,
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261,
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18,
2623,
3959,
292,
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2622,
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2152,
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352,
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730,
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530,
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703,
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437,
261,
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2704,
281,
16,
304,
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89,
592,
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18,
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18,
203,
26,
18,
1021,
1535,
268,
8816,
1350,
288,
954,
2152,
291,
1003,
431,
2294,
954,
35,
203,
37,
1950,
91
] |
(Biography excerpted from "Tucker's Encyclopedia of Mass Murderers")
At the height of his career,
Paris was besieged by scandalous
disappearances of noteworthy individuals, a number of whom had
LeMarchand's puzzle boxes. Suspicions, though
unconfirmed, fell upon the sculptor /
especially inasmuch as LeMarchand's apprentice, the son of a respected
clock maker, was one of the first to disappear.
height of his career, Painted this self portrait allegedly using not
but human fat as it's base. The original disappeared in World War II. |
Amidst this notoriety, LeMarchand fled Europe without selling his home. Apparently certain that the authorities were closing in on him, LeMarchand discarded his already floundering career. The exact charges which would have been brought against him are unknown, for most legal records regarding LeMarchand were either expunged after his disappearance, or destroyed in the early part of World War Two. LeMarchand, like Moses the lawgiver found his name struck from most records.
do know that he was educated at the Academie
Royale de Pienture et
in Paris in the early seventeen hundreds, that he was a Freemason,
that he moved to New York to pursue "more
loftier pursuits than the
and oppressive tedium of a drafting table,"
that he later
to design the President's House, and that he had a devoted interest in
Until now, the best references we had on LeMarchand and his works were two articles by Valentina Sprague ("Architect of the Damned," Pentacle, June 1967; "Leviathan's White House" Pentacle, February 1975) one of which posed the question of what would have happened had LeMarchand been commissioned as the architect of the White House, since this would have followed the creation of his puzzle boxes. The other article was an attempt to re-create the events which brought Leviathan's material into LeMarchand's possession. Beyond this the only major surviving references are a brief mention in Bolinger's Encyclopedia of the Occult (1946) and a chapter on his architecture in Kaufmann's French Architecture of the Eighteenth Century (1936), which reveals little biographical information about the man himself, but does contain numerous illustrations of LeMarchand's buildings which no longer exist themselves.
It is known that LeMarchand did live for several years beyond his disappearance from French and British artistic and social circles. He made a living by selling his puzzles throughout Europe, at a substantial decrease to what he was receiving for them at auction during the height of his fame. He supplemented this income by returning to architectural design. This we know from the completion dates of buildings ascribed to him. These buildings, numbering about thirty, are all believed to have been larger versions of his puzzle boxes.
majority of these structures, again, are
to have been destroyed during the World Wars. Others met their ends in
suspicious blazes, and in order to make room for newer buildings. We
know that a few of his architectural designs were not carried out until
well after his death. The world famous Carrbord
is one of these.
scholars have proposed that this half-plate daguerreotype of a country
estate in Manhattan was taken by Philip LeMarchand himself in the late
1790's using techniques unwillingly taught to him by Francois Tiphaigne de la Roche. If this theory is correct, it would make this the oldest photograph ever taken. LeMarchand instructed Dr. Tiphaigne to keep the method a secret, but Tiphaigne later wrote a fictional book on the subject called "Giphantie." In the story, "the people of an imaginary wonderland" could fix perfectly reflected images onto a canvas coated with a "sticky substance." The canvas would not only represent the mirror image, but after it dried, the image would remain. |
Eighteenth Century New York City Map |
In 1797, human remains were found on Philip LeMarchand's property. Authorities raided the ice house on LeMarchand's small estate located near the stream known as Minetta Brook. Neighboring farms reported unnatural fluids and odors contaminating the
brook from a stream which ran out of the ice house. Local Native Americans called the brook "Mannette," which was translated as "Devil's
Water." The Dutch called the water Mintje Kill, meaning small stream.
Debate continues on whether the creek still exists as an underground
The raid uncovered between 12 and 20+ bodies and stores of human fat. LeMarchand's three servants reported their Master away, attending to business abroad. The servants were hanged by the authorities beyond the shallow ravine between LeMarchand's farm and Minetta Brook on a great elm tree which became known as the Hangman's Elm. At 340 years old, it is the oldest tree in New York City. The Common Council of New York burned down LeMarchand's home to the ground as an "abode of evil." The land was used for a new potter's field, or public burial ground used mainly for burying unknown or indigent people when they died. The cemetery was closed in 1825.
To this day, the remains of more than 20,000 bodies rest under Washington Square Park.
Legend also has it that the Potter's Field was the site of public
gallows during the same time period. In 1826, the burial ground
was turned into a military parade ground.
The Final Years
There are surprisingly few documents
to provide us with this missing information. Reportedly the de Moret
purchased the contents of LeMarchand's New York house, where horrors
in his journal were committed. The house itself was razed to the ground
as an abode of evil, and the site remained a vacant lot for a number of
years. The site, at 70 Washington Square South, now houses New York
Holmes Bobst Library,
which strangely enough, structurally
one of LeMarchand's boxes.
It is believed this genius constructed more than 270 of his puzzle boxes before he vanished. These boxes change hands rapidly, as is expected, though there are a few collectors, who are interested in the boxes as objects of admiration, and have no interest in working their wonders.
One of LeMarchand's boxes has even appeared recently on the album cover of the goth rock group, The Cult of Joseph, showcasing a release entitled Chain of Souls. The agency representing the band recently announced that the band's tour bus had mysteriously disappeared between engagements in Muncie and Gary, Indiana.
As to whether or not LeMarchand made his peace with God, that is the biggest enigma remaining. Who knows what the consequences of solving it will bring? We know that in order for LeMarchand to create his boxes, he needed human fat, lots of it, so therefore he had to murder a great deal. This he must have done quietly, taking only people whose absence would go unnoticed, for we have no records of any European manhunt during the time he returned to France.
was 94 years old when he checked
into L'Hotel D'Arnais. He was never seen checking out. When the hotel
finally entered his room they found it empty except for the
and one of LeMarchand's own boxes which sat on the floor amongst a
deal of blood. LeMarchand's final exit.
Or was it? For all we know, this could be the scene of another one of LeMarchand's offerings to the Cenobites. He, himself could have slipped quietly away, dying in obscurity for all we know. During his time there was much speculation. No obituary ever appeared for him, and reported sightings of him, including back in the Colonies, became nearly as frequent as today's Elvis sightings.
We may never know what happened to
Any journals that he may have kept following his flight from New York
missing, and even if they were to turn up, who, other than Brian
has ever had the fortune to write an entry relating their own death?
LeMarchand's dark legacy continues to affect our world to this day.
Eliot, Adam. The Art, Legend and Evil of Philip LeMarchand. Prentice-Abbott, 1966
Holt, Laura. Architecture and Madness. Bell Publishing, 1924
Klauski, Isadora. Of | <urn:uuid:4a7b0096-9731-44c6-a328-d3e207950e7c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.pyramid-gallery.com/ArtistBio.html | 2024-02-27T17:07:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.983816 | 1,770 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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Achieving a world without poverty is a complex and multi-faceted goal that requires a comprehensive approach involving various strategies and concerted efforts from governments, organizations, communities, and individuals.
Here we’ll try some strategies that will answer your question “How can we achieve no poverty” The world we live in is plagued by a persistent problem: poverty.
Despite significant progress in recent decades, millions still struggle to meet their basic needs, suffering from hunger, malnutrition, lack of education and healthcare, and limited opportunities.
Step-by-Step Process to understand How Can We Achieve No Poverty
These steps help you understand the complete cycle to reducing poverty. You will also learn How Does Education Reduce Poverty.
Defining Poverty: Absolute vs. Relative
Poverty is a complex concept with various interpretations and measurements depending on the context. Two primary approaches to defining poverty are:
1. Absolute Poverty:
- Defined by a set income threshold below which individuals cannot afford basic necessities for survival, such as food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare.
- This threshold is often based on a minimum calorie intake required for a healthy life and varies according to factors like location, climate, and cost of living.
- The World Bank currently defines extreme poverty as living on less than $1.90 per day (PPP), based on international benchmarks.
- Absolute poverty focuses on the inability to meet basic needs, regardless of the broader societal context.
2. Relative Poverty:
- Defined as living below a certain percentage of the median income within a specific society or region.
- This approach considers the distribution of income within a society and focuses on individuals who fall behind the average standard of living.
- Poverty lines are adjusted regularly to reflect changes in inflation and income levels.
- Relative poverty emphasizes economic disparity and social exclusion within a community.
Feature | Absolute Poverty | Relative Poverty |
Focus | Inability to meet basic needs | Falling behind the average standard of living |
Measurement | Fixed income threshold | Percentage of median income |
Context | Universal standard | Reflects societal context |
Concern | Survival and basic needs | Social exclusion and inequality |
Examples of Poverty
Global poverty rate and its implications
As of 2022, the global extreme poverty rate stands at 9.2%, meaning that roughly 719 million people live on less than $2.15 per day. This represents a significant decrease from the 1990 rate of 36%, highlighting progress in poverty reduction over the past decades.
However, despite this progress, the implications of poverty remain severe:
1. Hunger and Malnutrition: Poverty is a major contributing factor to hunger and malnutrition, especially among children. This can lead to stunted growth, impaired cognitive development, and increased vulnerability to diseases.
2. Lack of Access to Education and Healthcare: Poverty limits access to quality education and healthcare, perpetuating poverty cycles and hindering individual and societal development.
3. Social Exclusion and Inequality: Poverty often leads to social exclusion and discrimination, further exacerbating vulnerabilities and limiting opportunities for advancement.
4. Conflict and Instability: Poverty and inequality can be drivers of conflict and instability, both within and between nations.
5. Environmental Degradation: Poverty can motivate unsustainable practices as individuals struggle to meet their basic needs, leading to environmental degradation and further jeopardizing future generations.
Addressing poverty requires a multifaceted approach:
- Promoting economic growth and development to create more jobs and opportunities.
- Investing in education and healthcare to empower individuals and improve their quality of life.
- Strengthening social safety nets to support vulnerable groups.
- Promoting gender equality and empowering women and girls.
- Addressing conflict and violence to create a peaceful environment conducive to development.
- Investing in sustainable development to ensure long-term progress and protect the environment.
Devastating Consequences of Poverty
The consequences of poverty are devastating and far-reaching, impacting individuals, families, and entire communities in various ways:
1. Hunger and Malnutrition:
Lack of income limits access to sufficient and nutritious food, leading to hunger, malnutrition, and stunted growth, particularly among children. This can have lifelong consequences for physical and cognitive development.
2. Limited Access to Education and Healthcare:
Poverty restricts access to quality education and healthcare, hindering individual potential and perpetuating poverty cycles.
Children from poor families are more likely to drop out of school and miss out on crucial learning opportunities. Inadequate healthcare can result in preventable illnesses and premature deaths.
3. Social Exclusion and Inequality:
Poverty often leads to social exclusion and discrimination, further marginalizing individuals and communities. This can limit access to opportunities, resources, and social support, creating a vicious cycle of poverty and disadvantage.
4. Increased Vulnerability to Exploitation:
Poverty makes individuals vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, particularly in the labor market and informal sectors. This can lead to unfair labor practices, human trafficking, and other forms of exploitation.
5. Environmental Degradation:
Poverty can fuel unsustainable practices as individuals resort to deforestation, overgrazing, and other harmful activities to meet their basic needs.
This contributes to environmental degradation, further jeopardizing livelihoods and exacerbating existing vulnerabilities.
6. Mental and Physical Health Issues:
The stress and hardship associated with poverty can lead to mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The poor living conditions and lack of access to healthcare can contribute to physical health issues and chronic diseases.
7. Increased Crime and Violence:
Poverty can create an environment where crime and violence are more likely to occur. This can further destabilize communities and hinder development efforts.
8. Limited Political Participation and Social Mobility:
Poverty can limit opportunities for political participation and social mobility, perpetuating existing power structures and inequalities.
9. Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty:
Children born into poverty are more likely to experience poverty themselves, creating a cycle of disadvantage that can be difficult to break.
These consequences highlight the urgency of addressing poverty and its multifaceted impacts. By implementing effective strategies that promote economic growth, invest in human capital, and address social inequalities.
We can work towards a world where poverty no longer hinders the lives and opportunities of individuals and communities.
The Concept of Zero Poverty and Its Importance
Zero poverty is a bold and inspiring vision that aims to eradicate extreme poverty and ensure that everyone can meet their basic needs and lead a dignified life.
This vision goes beyond simply providing individuals with enough income to survive; it encompasses access to education, healthcare, sanitation, clean water, and other essential services.
Achieving zero poverty is not just a moral imperative, it is also crucial for sustainable development and global peace and security.
Poverty creates a breeding ground for conflict, instability, and environmental degradation. It also hinders economic growth and limits the potential of millions of individuals.
The importance of zero poverty lies in its multifaceted benefits:
1. Improved Human Development:
Achieving zero poverty would significantly improve human development indicators like education, health, and well-being. It would empower individuals and communities, allowing them to reach their full potential and contribute to society.
2. Economic Growth and Prosperity:
By lifting individuals out of poverty, we unlock their economic potential and create new markets and opportunities. This leads to increased economic activity, innovation, and overall prosperity.
3. Reduced Inequality and Social Justice:
Eradicating poverty promotes a more just and stable society where everyone has a fair chance to succeed. This reduces social tensions and creates a more stable and peaceful world.
4. Environmental Sustainability:
When individuals have their basic needs met, they are less likely to resort to unsustainable practices like deforestation or overfishing. This contributes to a healthier planet and a more sustainable future for all.
5. Global Peace and Security:
Poverty can fuel conflict and instability. By addressing the root causes of poverty, we can create a safer and more peaceful world for everyone.
Achieving zero poverty requires a global commitment and collaboration from governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and individuals. It demands a multi-pronged approach that includes:
- Promoting inclusive economic growth and job creation.
- Investing in education and healthcare.
- Strengthening social safety nets.
- Empowering women and girls.
- Addressing climate change and environmental degradation.
- Promoting good governance and transparency.
The journey to zero poverty will not be easy, but it is a journey worth taking. By working together, we can build a future where everyone can thrive and achieve their dreams.
Causes of Poverty
Poverty is a complex issue with no single cause. It is a result of a multitude of interconnected factors that create a vicious cycle of disadvantage. Understanding these causes is crucial for developing effective strategies to address and eradicate poverty.
1. Economic Factors:
- Unemployment and underemployment: Limited access to decent jobs and opportunities for income generation are major drivers of poverty. Factors like automation, economic shocks, and lack of relevant skills can exacerbate this.
- Unequal distribution of wealth and income: The gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, leaving a large segment of the population struggling. This inequality restricts access to resources and limits opportunities for upward mobility.
- Exploitation and unfair trade practices: Unfair wages, unsafe working conditions, and exploitation by corporations and governments contribute to poverty, particularly in vulnerable communities.
- Lack of access to resources: Limited access to land, water, credit, and markets hinders individuals’ ability to take part in the economy and generate income.
2. Social Factors:
- Lack of education and skills: Limited access to quality education and relevant skills training restricts individuals’ ability to find decent jobs and earn a living wage.
- Discrimination and exclusion: Discrimination based on race, gender, ethnicity, disability, and other factors can lead to social exclusion, limited access to resources, and fewer opportunities for advancement.
- Gender inequality: Unequal access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for women and girls perpetuates poverty among women and their families.
- Conflict and violence: War, civil unrest, and violence destroy infrastructure, displace communities, and disrupt economies, leading to poverty and instability.
- Environmental degradation and climate change: These factors disproportionately impact poor communities, leading to loss of livelihoods, food insecurity, and displacement.
3. Political Factors:
- Weak governance and corruption: Lack of transparency, corruption, and ineffective governance can hinder development efforts and exacerbate poverty.
- Inefficient policies: Policies that fail to address the needs of the poor or create disincentives for work can perpetuate poverty cycles.
- Lack of political will: A lack of commitment from governments and leaders to address poverty can hinder progress and leave millions behind.
4. Intergenerational Transmission:
- We can pass poverty down through generations, creating a cycle that is difficult to break. Children born into poverty are more likely to experience poverty themselves because of limited access to education, healthcare, and opportunities.
5. Global and Regional Factors:
- Global economic trends, trade policies, and international conflicts can all impact the economic well-being of individuals and communities, contributing to poverty.
- Debt burdens on developing countries can limit their ability to invest in poverty reduction programs and social services.
Strategies for Achieving Zero Poverty
Eradicating poverty is a monumental challenge, but it is a goal worth pursuing.
By understanding the complex causes of poverty and implementing effective strategies, we can build a world where everyone can thrive. Here are some key strategies for achieving zero poverty:
1. Promoting Economic Growth and Development:
- Create decent jobs: Invest in infrastructure, promote small businesses and entrepreneurship, and foster innovation to create sustainable and inclusive economic opportunities.
- Promote sustainable development: Integrate environmental considerations into economic policies to ensure long-term prosperity and protect vulnerable communities.
- Strengthen financial systems: Provide access to credit and financial services, particularly for small businesses and women entrepreneurs.
- Promote fair trade and proper globalization: Ensure that global trade benefits all countries and contributes to poverty reduction.
2. Investing in Human Capital:
- Provide quality education for all: Ensure access to primary, secondary, and tertiary education, including vocational training and skills development programs.
- Invest in healthcare and nutrition: Provide universal access to healthcare, including preventive care and essential medicines.
- Promote early childhood development: Invest in programs that support the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development of young children.
- Empower women and girls: Address gender disparities in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities to unlock their full potential and contribute to poverty reduction.
3. Strengthening Social Safety Nets:
- Implement social assistance programs: Provide targeted support to vulnerable groups, including the unemployed, elderly, and disabled.
- Establish minimum wage and labor protection policies: Ensure fair wages and working conditions for all workers.
- Develop social insurance schemes: Provide universal access to pensions and unemployment benefits.
- Invest in disaster risk reduction: Build resilience and preparedness to protect communities from natural disasters and climate shocks.
4. Addressing Conflict and Violence:
- Promote peacebuilding and conflict resolution: Invest in diplomacy, mediation, and other strategies to prevent and resolve conflicts peacefully.
- Provide humanitarian assistance: Support conflict-affected communities to meet their basic needs and rebuild their lives.
- Address the root causes of conflict: Tackle poverty, inequality, and social injustice to create a more peaceful and stable world.
5. Leveraging Technology and Innovation:
- Develop and use digital technologies: Promote access to digital infrastructure and tools to improve education, healthcare, and financial inclusion.
- Invest in sustainable and climate-smart technologies: Address environmental challenges and create new opportunities for economic development.
- Support research and development: Foster innovation in areas like agriculture, renewable energy, and healthcare to address poverty challenges.
6. International Cooperation and Mobilizing Resources:
- Strengthen global partnerships: Collaborate between governments, international organizations, NGOs, and private sector actors to share resources and expertise.
- Increase development help: Provide financial and technical help to developing countries to support their poverty reduction efforts.
- Address global debt burdens: Find sustainable solutions to manage the debt burdens of developing countries and free up resources for investment in poverty reduction.
- Promote good governance and transparency: Hold governments accountable for their commitments to poverty reduction and ensure efficient and equitable use of resources.
Challenges and Opportunities
While the goal of zero poverty is ambitious and attainable, several challenges and opportunities lie ahead:
- Identifying and Addressing Specific Needs: Different communities and individuals have diverse needs that require tailored interventions. This necessitates comprehensive data collection, analysis, and flexible implementation strategies.
- Mobilizing Resources: Achieving zero poverty requires significant financial and human resources at national and international levels. Building partnerships, leveraging innovative financing mechanisms, and tackling corruption are crucial.
- Overcoming Political and Institutional Barriers: Weak governance, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and lack of political will can hinder progress. Building strong institutions, promoting transparency, and fostering citizen participation are essential.
- Addressing Global Inequalities: Trade policies, global economic trends, and debt burdens can disproportionately impact developing countries. International cooperation and equitable trade practices are crucial.
- Adapting to Environmental Challenges: Climate change, natural disasters, and environmental degradation can exacerbate poverty. Investing in sustainable development, climate-smart technologies, and disaster risk reduction is critical.
- Addressing Conflict and Violence: Conflict and violence destroy livelihoods, displace communities, and hinder development efforts. Promoting peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and addressing root causes are crucial.
- Technological Divide: Unequal access to technology and digital skills can further marginalize vulnerable communities. Bridging the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to technology are essential.
- Technological advancements: Technologies like AI, big data, and digital financial services offer innovative solutions for poverty reduction, including precision targeting, personalized interventions, and improved access to services.
- Growing global awareness: Increased public awareness and global commitment to achieving zero poverty can drive political will, mobilize resources, and incentivize action.
- Emerging models of development: Social entrepreneurship, impact investing, and collaborative partnerships offer new approaches to poverty reduction that are more efficient, sustainable, and inclusive.
- Increased data availability: Improved data collection and analysis tools allow for better monitoring and evaluation of poverty reduction programs, leading to more effective interventions.
- Rise of civil society movements: Grassroots movements and community-driven initiatives play a crucial role in holding governments accountable, advocating for change, and empowering communities to overcome poverty.
- Empowerment of women and girls: Investing in the education, healthcare, and economic opportunities of women and girls can have a multiplier effect on poverty reduction and overall development.
- Increased focus on social safety nets: Expanding access to social protection programs, including universal basic income and conditional cash transfers, can provide critical support to vulnerable groups and reduce poverty levels.
The eradication of poverty is not just a dream; it is a necessary and achievable goal. By understanding its complex causes, implementing effective strategies, and embracing innovation and collaboration, we can build a world where everyone can thrive.
This journey requires a commitment from individuals, communities, and leaders across all levels. We must work together to:
- Promote inclusive economic growth and create decent jobs.
- Invest in education, healthcare, and early childhood development.
- Empower women and girls and address gender disparities.
- Strengthen social safety nets and provide support to vulnerable groups.
- Promote peace and address the root causes of conflict and violence.
- Leverage technology and innovation for sustainable development.
- Mobilize resources and foster global cooperation.
Achieving zero poverty is not just a moral imperative; it is essential for a more just, equitable, and prosperous world.
By embracing this challenge and taking action today, we can pave the way for a brighter future where poverty is a relic of the past. We hope you enjoyed our article on can we achieve no poverty. | <urn:uuid:8c65ad4d-23d6-4fa3-b341-8c7c6263c91d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://advantageslist.com/how-can-we-achieve-no-poverty/ | 2024-02-27T16:41:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.911663 | 3,758 | 4 | 4 | [
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] |
Making the right instructional choices to develop your students can be overwhelming if you don’t take the time to consider the musical nourishment needs for your students’ level of development. There are so many instructional options to choose from, and you want to make sure that your choices are the genesis to a sequential path to healthy instructional choices that lead to strong independent musicians.
The following suggestions can be used from beginning level students through second or third-year students depending on the developmental level of the young musicians. The recommended time spent on each activity is based on a 50-minute daily class schedule and can be customized for any schedule. If your instructional time is limited, you may not be able to cover each element daily but perhaps prioritizing elements in order to touch base on everything within the instructional week. Monitor/assess student progress to determine their needs and let that guide your instruction.
Front of house
Picture a nice restaurant, what does it look like as you walk up to it, what is the atmosphere like, how are you greeted when you enter, what does it smell like? The best restaurants put a lot of thought into these things. They want your first impression to hook you into being a return customer. Just like these great restaurants, we want our students to want to come back each day and each year for more music!
World-class chefs employ a culinary process called ‘Mise en place’, which basically means ‘everything in its place’. This is a ‘religion’ for professionals in the culinary industry and describes everything from organization techniques, pre-reading recipes, prepping the workplace, and gathering all ingredients to chain of command. Great educators utilize ‘Mise en place’ in their classrooms as well.
Think of your daily plan as if it were a menu at a nice restaurant. You wouldn’t have a menu offering only one type of food, nor would you want to have a menu that was 30 pages long. Considering all of the instructional options available to develop young musicians, it is essential to design your daily plan to incorporate all of the necessary ingredients for the instructional needs of your students in order to develop healthy musicians.
Let’s begin with bite-sized offerings at the beginning of class to stimulate students musically, enhance fundamentals, and establish classroom culture and work ethic, your appetizer. Think of this as “pre-learning” the instrument and the next layers of instruction, allowing you to train for the situation, not in the situation. This may include things like basic music theory, rhythmic reading/pass-offs (clapping/counting/playing), note-naming speed drills/pass-offs, etc. Select different options each day to keep students engaged and to connect with them individually. Being proficient with rhythmic reading is the single greatest factor for sight reading success and music literacy. This can be done individually or as a full class. Consider spending 5-6 minutes on this each day and even using it as “bell work,” that period of time before the bell rings for class to begin. Structuring your classes the same way every day allows the students to know what to expect and gives them more ownership and individual accountability.
Each “musical course” should allow you to select different exercises that empower you to vary the activity from day to day, to keep the students engaged, and encourage student growth. Green vegetables provide essential nutrients for our bodies, just as proper breathing techniques provide the energy for tone on a wind instrument. Proper breathing techniques affect everything from the start of notes (is it clean, is it together), the tonal energy of the note, and how the note is finished. Learning proper breathing techniques is not a “one-and-done” concept. This is something that needs to be continually developed throughout a student’s musical career.
Basic breathing is learning how to use air for playing a wind instrument, as opposed to breathing to live. Breathing to play a wind instrument is more mindful and deliberate, beginning with an exhale to expel all of the old air, to the slow and deep inhale, to the tone production on the instrument. The “Breathing Chant” (pictured below) is a simple and effective way to teach students what to do prior to a breath, during a breath and using the breath to produce a sound. This chant tells the students what to do on each of the 4 beats.
Spend about 2-3 minutes at the beginning of class using this “chant” verbally, verbally with hand motion for a visual of what the air is doing, and then internalize the chant to further instill a good sense of pulse in your young musician. This chant is something that needs to become a habit to ensure consistent note starts, consistent tonal energy, and consistent clean note finishes.
You can elevate your basic breathing chant to include a variety of inhale and exhale counts to vary the activity and to further develop endurance and lung capacity. You may even consider adding a “breathing tube” (¾ inch cold water valve or PVC pipe) to your breathing chant as the students become more proficient. The “Breathing Chant” should be used every day to “count off” students to play or if a student is playing alone.
Modeling for our students is like giving them better ingredients and depth of flavor for their playing. We need to offer quality modeling for them to emulate during class to create a habit they will use away from class. Spend about 3 minutes on teacher led modeling on the ‘small instrument’ like the flute headjoint, clarinet mouthpiece/barrel, sax mouthpiece/neck, etc. Focus on clean note starts, the consistent shape of the body of the sound, clean note finishes, and even articulation. You can vary this activity by doing “echoes,” a model student group plays followed by a second student group, or even passing the note(s) down the line for matching consistently from individual to individual. “Gamefying” these exercises will engage students and keep them working on FUNdamentals! Be sure to use your ‘Breathing Chant’ to make sure everyone is exhaling before they inhale as they pass the note(s) down the line.
Range-developing exercises are other key ingredients to a nutritious daily plan. Spend about 4 minutes of your rehearsal on long tones one day, scale sequences on another day, and flow studies on yet another day. Take a day at the end of the week to do a sampling of all three to reinforce prior learning. Long tones can include Remington patterns, chromatic patterns, and diatonic patterns. Scale sequences are carefully curated scale sequences for effortless range extension and include a side of ‘scale donuts’ (see This Handout). Flow studies are season specific according to students’ range and tempo limitations.
The next part of our daily plan is for technical development. Spend about 4 minutes each on finger dexterity and articulation skills. Simple exercises like “Finger Wiggles,” “Finger Ninjas,” and other scale patterns (see This Handout) are great options to develop these skills in your young musician.
Isolate the skill first by fingering on the instrument (or a pencil if the student is just starting out), by simply calling out finger numbers for the students to move, start slow and gradually speed up as coordination is developed. Monitor hand position as students isolate by having the students hold the instrument in a “fingering position” near their ear; they can hear clean intentional “popping” as the keys are depressed (especially woodwind instruments). Work towards muscle memory for proper hand/finger placement by monitoring for consistency and by not moving too fast in terms of adding additional exercises. Slow and steady wins the race!
Proper articulation is indispensable for ensemble clarity, so spend about 4 minutes each day on this skill. To ensure that students are all articulating properly, assign specific articulation syllables to each instrument. Start with a consonant to determine the style of the front of the note (T or D), then add a vowel (A, E, U, O, depending on range and individual instrument tongue placement), and always end with an H for resonance (finish). Using the “Breathing Chant” helps students prepare both the tongue and the air for starts of notes that are together, match, and are clear. If students within a section are all using different articulation syllables, there will be clarity concerns that will affect your ensemble sound, so check with students regularly to make sure they are using the syllable that you assigned to them.
Modeling daily for your students and listening to them individually is key for good articulation development. Consider doing a follow-the-leader or echo game where you say the syllable (student repeats), you “airplay” (tongue and air without tone) the syllable (student repeats), then you play the syllable (student repeats). Vary the activity once students are consistent and allow for student lead modeling. This is a great way to access students and develop individual musicians and leaders. “Airplaying” is a great way to hear what the student is doing with their tongue; you can diagnose and correct a multitude of problems using this technique.
Tongue speed development and tongue/finger coordination come after students are consistent with the articulation syllable and starts of notes (see This Handout). Exercise #1 is great for developing tongue speed. Monitor your students daily to make sure they are placing the tongue properly and using the recommended articulation syllable. Exercise #2 is great for adding fingers or moving between notes to ensure good tongue/finger phasing. All exercises should be taught slow to fast, gradually speeding up the tempo, and only once the students are consistently articulating correctly.
This brings us to more advanced musical concepts that may need to be taught by the end of the beginner year. Prerequisites for these concepts are consistent characteristic sounds with good tonal energy and well-developed embouchure and articulation skills.
Vibrato is used to enhance tone, create intensity and a variety of tonal colors, and to convey emotional nuance in music. Vibrato should never cover up a bad sound or distract from a good one. Vibrato doesn’t always need to be present, and sometimes less is more. When students have met the prerequisites, spend 2-3 minutes each day on teaching vibrato, vibrato exercises, and how to apply vibrato to music. The time to teach this concept varies greatly from class to class. A good guideline is to make sure that your students are using their air consistently, they can produce a consistent characteristic sound, they can articulate consistently, and they have good control within a two-octave range. After it is taught, vibrato can be incorporated into your long tones and other exercises that you do on a daily basis.
I find dynamics to be one of the most difficult concepts to teach young students. My explanation for dynamics is soft is less FAST air, and loud is more FAST air. Dynamics should not affect tone, tonal energy, or pitch. Students need to be able to produce a characteristic sound on their instruments in all registers prior to learning the mechanics of playing dynamics. To accomplish dynamic changes that don’t affect tone or pitch, a student must have great control over the embouchure and air column. Playing with less FAST air requires a smaller aperture for the air to pass through, and playing louder dynamics requires a larger aperture for the same FAST air to pass through. Maintaining the speed of the air column is key. See the “Dynamic Sheet” (in This Handout). for exercises to use with your students once they have mastered the mechanics of playing loud and soft.
Once we have worked on all of the daily nutritional requirements, we need to apply those skills and knowledge to music. This should take about 8-10 minutes to guide your students through song lines or even full band tunes to prepare for a performance. Let the students be the guide through the literature. Ask them to scan the music and locate ‘things they know’ like scale sequences, Finger Wiggles, Finger Ninjas, etc. They will most likely find that they already know everything in the music, thus simplifying it for them, and they will be able to ‘sight read’ it with minimal effort.
Practice and applying the skills learned in class is another essential ingredient to the success of the young musician. Engaging the help and support of students’ parents will go a long way in ensuring that students are spending quality time practicing their instrument at home. Parents may not know what is involved in purposeful practice so consider sharing practice guidelines with the parents that might include tips like what is practicing, how the practice environment looks, how to motivate students to practice, etc. Here is a link to an example: A Parent’s Guide to Successful Practicing. Keeping parents involved throughout a child’s musical journey will help create a culture of volunteerism when the child gets into high school and parents and students will be more likely to be supporters of the arts long after they graduate from high school.
No matter if you are planning for a beginner class or a more advanced class, if you will plan with the end in mind, take the time to provide daily offerings that develop their individual skills and provide them with opportunities to apply those skills at the end of the class, your students will thrive and grow into healthy independent musicians. I hope that these thoughts will help you get started making healthy choices for you and your students.
Provided by Kathy Johnson on behalf of the Musical Mastery for Band authors Asa Burk, Alicia DeSoto, Kathy Johnson, Dominic Talanca, and Chris Meredith.
Kathy Johnson – Adjunct Professor of Woodwind and Brass Techniques at the University of North Texas, has led a distinguished career of 40 years teaching music education in Texas. Highly respected clinician, adjudicator, and conductor, Mrs. Johnson serves as Artistic Director of the Dallas Winds Honor Band and is the UIL Region 2 Executive Secretary. Dedicated to music education and developing the individual young musician, Mrs. Johnson co-authors Musical Mastery for Band and the forthcoming Student Teachers Workbook.
Bands under the direction of Kathy Johnson have been selected as TMEA honor band, performing at the Texas Music Educators Conference, have performed at the Midwest International Band and Orchestra Clinic in Chicago, have been the UIL State Marching Band Champions on multiple occasions, were awarded the Outstanding Band Program Award by the Texas Chapter of the American School Band Director’s Association and were selected as an Exemplary High School Band Program by the Texas Bandmasters Association.
A member of the prestigious American Bandmasters Association, Mrs. Johnson serves on both the Ostwald and Educational committees. Her other professional affiliations include Phi Beta Mu International Band Fraternity, where she is on the board representing the small schools of Texas, the Texas Music Educators Association, the Texas Music Adjudicators Association, Women’s Band Directors International, and the Texas Bandmasters Association, from which she received the Meritorious Achievement Award. Mrs. Johnson resides in Flower Mound, TX, with her husband, Eric.
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Prompt: Complete a SOAP Note as if you were the psychotherapist in the video from this week\’s resources. To view the video again click here.
Simulation Scenario – Adolescent Risk Assessment
Then write a one-page summary highlighting the warning signs of suicidality in Pediatrics and adolescent patients and why you chose the treatment plan you choose in your SOAP Note.
Use the SOAP Note rubric to guide you.
SOLUTION TO THE SOAP NOTE
PATIENT: Heide AGE: 14 GENDER: FEMALE
A 14 years old female patient is brought by her mother to the hospital emergency department. Her mother reported her daughter has a history of depression and self-harm. The mother is concerned her daughter wants to kill herself tonight, and her mood is scrap. Additionally, another doctor cleared Heide medically.
Heide reports she has been thinking of dying every day by jumping down the bridge near her house, precipitated by her mother’s arguments. Also, she confesses to cutting her legs regularly and has no perception disturbances. Heide reports she only takes alcohol occasionally with her friends and willing to get assistance by cooperating for further assessment.
Appearance: Dress well, neat appearance, good hygiene
Orientation; Well oriented to time, place, and person
Affect: Depressed, flattened
Speech and language: clear and coherent
Thought content: depression
Attention span/ concentration: appropriate
Heide got support from her mother and friend; the mother is concerned about her condition, the reason she brought her to the hospital. Also, she shares her issues with her friend, whom she trusted to keep her problems secret.
Medical diagnosis: Depression with suicidal ideations and self-harm
Nursing diagnoses: 1 Hopelessness related to signs and symptoms of depression and self-harm, as evidenced by poor judgment.
2: Disturbed thought processes related to depression, as evidenced by suicidal ideations.
Assess both positive and negative signs and symptoms.
Assess mental status and history
Assess patient’s support system
Promote social skills, for example, through group therapies (Mayo, 2022).
Establish and maintain trust and rapport
Assist the patient in managing the situation
Initiate individual psychotherapy, i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy, and mindfulness-based therapy (Mayo, 2022).
Administer antidepressants, i.e., Zoloft
Warning Signs of Suicidality in Pediatrics and Adolescent Patients
The first warning sign of suicidality in pediatrics and adolescents is baseline behavior changes (Hurley, 2022). Apart from depression, the following changes in normal behavior might be a warning sign of suicidality; changes in sleeping pattens and habits, withdrawal from close associates (social isolation) and presence of psychosomatic symptoms, such as stomachaches, headaches, and other pains that can’t be described.
Secondly, changes at school can be a red flag of suicidality in children and teenagers (Hurley, 2022). It’s normal for the young to experience ups and downs in their academic fields, but the following can indicate otherwise and create the need for further assessment and help; a significant drop in academic performance/ excellence, school refusal, lack of interest in schooling, lowered interest in normal activities and decreased interaction and association with the teachers and colleagues.
The third warning sign is a preoccupation with death (Hurley, 2022). It’s normal for any human being to think about death. But preoccupation with death, talking and planning their deaths and funerals, and finding ways to die can be a warning sign, for example, a kid asking how their parents and siblings will feel when they die, often asking possible ways to die can be a red flag.
The fourth warning is feelings of hopelessness (Hurley, 2022). When kids communicate hopelessness for their endeavors or feel helpless in a given situation, that is a red flag of suicidality. Additionally, a child-sized will is a warning sign. It entails kids giving away their possessions or dictating who should get them. This can be a red flag when combined with changes in conduct.
Significant mood changes can be a great indicator of suicidality. It’s normal for children to change moods when they grow up due to life stressors. But a sudden shift of mood from extremely happy to sad or completely withdrawn it’s a red flag. Furthermore, writing about death or suicide is a warning sign (Hurley, 2022). Most kids and adolescents try to verbalize their emotions and intentions via writing or drawing. Any writing or drawing that depicts suicide or death should be evaluated. Finally, an increase in alcohol and substance abuse can be a sign of warning for suicidality. Studies indicate that most youths abuse drugs before committing suicide (Mayo, 2022).
The rationale for the above intervention
Assessing a patient’s signs of hopelessness helps focus attention on her needs.
Assessing family and patient’s mental illness history will guide to finding the source of the issue and subsequent management.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps caregivers identify negative behaviors and substitute them with healthy and adaptive ones (Mayo, 2022).
Dialectical behavior therapy teaches the patient to tolerate, regulate and manage emotions. It improves relationships with other people (Mayo, 2022).
Mindfulness-based therapies help individuals live in the present and perceive thoughts appropriately and actions, hence reducing stress and depression (Mayo, 2022).
Antidepressants might help the patient to feel less compelled to hurt herself (Mayo, 2022).
Assessing a supporting system is crucial in establishing if they are aggravating or alleviating the situation.
Hurley, K. (2022). Children and Suicide: What are The Warning Signs?. Psycom.net – Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1996. Retrieved 4 March 2022, from https://www.psycom.net/children-and-suicide.
Mayo. (2022). Self-injury/cutting – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956.
Mayo. (2022). What parents need to know about teen suicide. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 4 March 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/tween-and-teen-health/in-depth/teen-suicide/art-20044308.
- Explain the importance of random sampling. What problems/limitations could prevent a truly random sampling and how can they be prevented?
- Middle range nursing theory that is a borrowed theory and applies to CAUTI
- Middle range nursing theory that is a borrowed theory and applies to CAUTI
- NURS 540 Research Utilization: Sampling methods in research
- Choose a middle-range theory or grand theory that, in your opinion, can be applied to practice. What are the assumptions underpinning this theory? Discuss how this theory finds application in your area of practice.
- Sampling in nursing research
- Theory, Design, and Sampling
- Describe the Cultural Empowerment of the group you chose. Specifically address how each of the PEN-3 model’s three factors within the dimension of cultural empowerment applies to your group, and provide examples.
- Explain each sampling technique discussed in the “Visual Learner: Statistics” in your own words, and give examples of when each technique would be appropriate.
- week 8 discussion theory: Describe a nursing situation in which nursing technologies played an important role. Identify calls for nursing in your selected nursing situation. Based on your understanding of the Theory of Technological Competency as Caring, describe nursing responses that reflected an authentic intention to know other and briefly summarize how technology impeded or promoted caring?
- impact of occupational health and safety (OHS) policies on dentists’ performance in Saudi Arabia.
- the value of health information technology systems in helping the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia solve its major health issues
- Approaches for responsible supplement use
- The Nursing Process: Assessments, Team Approaches and Patient Care
- Essay describing the differing approaches of nursing leaders and managers to issues in practice.
- Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management
- Qualitative Approaches in Healthcare
- Discuss the differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the ADN vs. the BSN level. Identify a patient care situation in which you describe how nursing care or approaches to decision making nay differ based upon educational preparation of the nurse
- Write an essay describing the differing approaches of nursing leaders and managers to issues in practice
- Assignment: Evidence-Based Project, Part 3: Advanced Levels Of Clinical Inquiry And Systematic Reviews
- Systematic Reviews
- How Do The Informatics Skills You Are Now Developing/Expanding Upon And Validating Help You Meet Current Informatics Skills Levels? Did The TANIC Self-Assessment Change Your Impression Of Your Current Informatics Skill Levels?
- N6052-Review the Resources and identify a clinical issue of interest that can form the basis of a clinical inquiry.
- An Introduction to Clinical Inquiry | <urn:uuid:28249275-06c5-4d86-9d36-bbc393ce5cf0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://customnursingessays.com/how-to-write-a-nursing-psychotherapist-soap-note-suicidality-in-pediatrics-and-adolescents/ | 2024-02-27T16:57:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.91031 | 1,972 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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] |
Before delving into dark web search engines, it's essential to understand what the dark web entails. It constitutes a concealed realm of websites accessible solely through specialized browsers, predominantly the Tor Browser. Data transmitted across the dark web undergoes encryption and is relayed through numerous nodes facilitated by a global network of volunteers, ensuring the anonymity of users and website operators.
While the dark web carries a stigma as a shadowy marketplace, it serves legitimate purposes as well. For instance, journalists and whistleblowers can securely exchange sensitive information across the dark web, irrespective of their location, and without fear of interception. Additionally, major news and information outlets like The New York Times and the BBC offer Tor versions of their platforms, enabling access to news in regions where conventional sites are censored.
Navigating the dark web presents challenges; its links are lengthy, and its sites are generally obscure. Websites within the dark web operate and are accessed via the Tor network, identifiable by their utilization of Tor's top-level domain ".onion." Dark web links remain absent from conventional search engines, rendering a Google search futile. To explore the dark web, one must first utilize a dark web search engine.
Top Dark Web Search Engines
Below are reputable Dark Web search engines known for their reliability, speed, privacy, and user-friendly interfaces:
DuckDuckGo's Dark Web Search Engine functions as the Google equivalent for the Dark Web. It stands as one of the most prevalent search engines utilized within the TOR Browser ecosystem. DuckDuckGo presents a straightforward interface reminiscent of Google's, featuring a search box at the center of the page where users can input their queries to retrieve relevant results.
A key feature of DuckDuckGo is its strict no-log policy, ensuring user privacy. As a result, the precise number of DuckDuckGo users remains undisclosed. Nevertheless, the company estimates its user base to be around 25 million individuals.
DuckDuckGo aggregates content from approximately one million web pages on the dark web, providing a substantial repository for users navigating this clandestine realm. Given its extensive coverage and privacy-focused approach, DuckDuckGo stands out as one of the premier TOR Search Engines.
Torch stands as one of the oldest and most recognized dark web search engines. Boasting an extensive archive of over 400,000 pages, Torch excels in navigating the depths of the Dark Web, consistently providing relevant results for a wide array of search queries.
Its user-friendly interface makes navigation a breeze, offering uncensored and unrestricted web search results. However, this lack of censorship increases the likelihood of stumbling upon malicious websites. Despite this, Torch's impressive speed ensures minimal waiting time for page loading, enhancing the overall user experience.
While the presence of ads on the front page may be bothersome, it's worth noting that the revenue generated from these advertisements contributes to the support and maintenance of the servers. Additionally, Torch prioritizes user privacy, implementing measures to prevent web tracking, further ensuring a secure browsing experience.
Ahmia emerges as a robust dark web search engine offering more than just search results. It provides users with access to statistics, insights, and news about the Tor network, rendering it an invaluable tool for those venturing into the depths of the dark web. Setting itself apart from other dark web search engines, Ahmia maintains a strict policy against "abuse material" and actively blocks such content.
The primary objective of this search engine is to lead in providing services on the deep web while safeguarding the anonymity of its users. Additionally, Ahmia shares vital information about the Tor network and the Tor project, recognizing its significance in preserving anonymity and privacy worldwide.
Ahmia's integration with "Globaleaks," an open-source project facilitating anonymous suggestions and comments, further enhances its functionality. Moreover, its collaboration with Tor2Web extends its accessibility beyond the Tor network, catering to a broader audience.
Since September 2013, Ahmia has been affiliated with the "Hermes Center" for digital transparency, dedicated to fostering the development and promotion of technologies that facilitate freedom worldwide. Through its commitment to anonymity, accessibility, and transparency, Ahmia stands as a beacon for those navigating the complexities of the dark web.
Haystack boasts an impressive claim of indexing over 1.5 billion dark web pages, potentially making it one of the most extensive repositories among dark web search engines. Operating on a freemium model, users have the option to upgrade for an ad-free experience and access to features like historical website versions. Similar to DuckDuckGo, Haystack prioritizes user privacy, pledging not to track data or compromise privacy for profit.
In addition to its free version, Haystack offers a premium option with advanced features such as regular expression-based searches, browsing defunct onion sites, and API access. True to its name, Haystack excels in quantity rather than quality, providing a highly efficient means of scouring the dark web with its extensive index.
While the basic version may display occasional static ads unrelated to search results, they do not impede functionality. Whether opting for the basic or premium version, users can navigate the dark web with ease.
5. Not Evil
Despite its cheeky name, not Evil is a serious contender in the realm of deep web search engines, boasting an impressive index of over 32 million sites and 14 million onion links. As a non-profit endeavor, not Evil distinguishes itself by adhering to strict guidelines, eschewing illegal services and materials, including adult content, narcotics, and firearms markets.
Central to not Evil's ethos is community involvement. Users play a crucial role in shaping the platform, reporting abusive or inappropriate content to ensure a safe and relevant browsing experience. While not Evil does not claim divine authority, it relies on user feedback to identify and address problematic links or hosts.
Unlike conventional search engines, not Evil employs a unique ranking system based on user clicks. The more clicks a link receives, the higher it ranks in search results, reflecting its relevance to user queries. This approach compensates for the lack of traditional metrics like PageRank on the Dark Web, where onion sites seldom interlink and maintain short lifespans.
Tor URL: http://gjobqjj7wyczbqie.onion
Candle emerges as a notable web crawler and Dark Web Search Engine, facilitating anonymous web surfing. With an index boasting over 100,000 web pages, including various Dark Web marketplaces and forums, Candle caters to users seeking diverse content within the hidden corners of the internet.
Primarily favored by individuals interested in procuring illicit goods and services from Dark web markets, Candle provides a straightforward and minimalistic user interface. It presents users with the top ten most relevant search results, akin to its mainstream counterpart, Google. However, it's worth noting that Candle struggles to interpret certain characters like parentheses or quotation marks, posing a limitation to its functionality.
Despite this drawback, Candle remains a familiar and accessible option for users navigating the complexities of the Dark Web.
Recon Dark Web Search Engine emerges as a newcomer to the realm of premier Dark Web Search Engines in 2024. Positioned as the largest Dark Web market vendor archive service and multi-marketplace search engine, Recon facilitates seamless product searches across various vendors and marketplaces within the Dark Web.
With a database comprising data from over 40 marketplaces, 23,000 vendors, and featuring more than 1.3 million reviews, Recon offers an unparalleled depth of information. Its clean, simple interface ensures ease of navigation for a diverse user base including buyers, vendors, and researchers.
To access Recon Dark Web Search Engine, users must utilize the Tor browser, specifically designed to connect to hidden websites on the Dark Web.
8. Onion Search Engine
True to its name, Onion Search Engine (OSE) stands out as a feature-rich hidden web search engine, offering a unique blend of text and multimedia searches.
When searching the darknet, OSE's informative search page proves invaluable. It not only displays websites but also indicates whether the URL is currently online or offline—a crucial feature given the transient nature of .onion domains. Additionally, OSE provides the "last update" date for each URL, enhancing user transparency and trust.
The extensive database of OSE yields thousands of results for various search queries, ensuring comprehensive coverage. However, what truly sets OSE apart is its capability to search for dark web images and videos based on user-defined keywords—an impressive feature not commonly found in other dark web search engines. While news and map searches are restricted to the clearnet, OSE offers a diverse array of multimedia search options within the dark web.
Tor URL: http://dnmugu4755642434.onion
Unlike other search engines, Kilos exclusively caters to searches related to "drugs," making it a go-to platform for those seeking illicit substances on the dark web. Its specialty lies in presenting comprehensive listings of both drugs and drug vendors across various darknet markets.
With an impressive database boasting over 122,811 listings and 7,782 vendors, Kilos provides users with a wealth of options to explore. Its advanced search filters allow users to customize their search criteria, including keyword, price range, preferred cryptocurrencies for payment, and even the type of listing (physical or digital).
Furthermore, Kilos goes beyond mere listings by incorporating reviews and average scores for each vendor, enhancing user confidence and decision-making. Users can also specify the exact market they wish to search, offering a tailored browsing experience.
10. OnionLand Search
OnionLand Search distinguishes itself from other dark web search engines by offering several practical features that enhance the browsing experience.
One notable feature is its "I'm feeling lucky" button, reminiscent of Google's counterpart, which displays searches for a random keyword chosen from popular searches on OnionLand. This adds an element of spontaneity and discovery to the browsing process.
In terms of manual searches, OnionLand Search adopts a user-friendly interface and color scheme akin to Google's. Sponsored links are displayed in the first three results, clearly marked as "ad," although they may not always align perfectly with the search keywords.
A particularly useful feature is the result-skipping functionality, which omits duplicate URLs from the same primary domain and instead provides a message indicating the number of similar results skipped. This streamlines search results and reduces redundancy.
OnionLand Search also offers a cached webpage feature, allowing users to access historical versions of websites even when they are offline. This adds resilience to the browsing experience and ensures access to content even during downtime.
Despite skipping similar results, OnionLand Search boasts an impressive database, returning nearly 6000 results for searches such as "Drugs," indicating its comprehensive coverage.
Furthermore, users can utilize the "explore" link at the bottom of the page to discover the most popular searches on OnionLand, conveniently categorized alphabetically for easy navigation.
The array of dark web search engines, ranging from well-established platforms like DuckDuckGo to niche resources like Recon, presents users with diverse options tailored to their preferences and needs. Each search engine brings unique features and advantages to the table. | <urn:uuid:a4073603-abd0-4286-a0f1-6f693325130e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://deepweb.net/blog/popular/best-tor-search-engines-in-2024 | 2024-02-27T16:36:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.885803 | 2,288 | 2.625 | 3 | [
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Before diving into the methods of managing folliculitis symptoms, it’s important to understand the condition itself.
What is Folliculitis?
Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles, the tiny sacs on the skin where hair grows. This condition can develop anywhere on the body where hair is present, but it’s most commonly seen on the face, scalp, thighs, and underarms.
Folliculitis can be caused by an infection from bacteria, viruses, or fungi, or it may be triggered by damage to the hair follicles from friction or blockage. While folliculitis is usually not life-threatening, it can cause discomfort and impact a person’s self-confidence due to the appearance of the skin.
Causes and Symptoms
There are numerous causes of folliculitis, including:
- Bacterial or fungal infections
- Physical trauma to the skin
- Use of certain medications
- Chronic health conditions such as diabetes or HIV
- Excessive sweating or skin friction
The symptoms of folliculitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. However, common symptoms typically include:
- Red and inflamed skin
- Pustules or blisters around the hair follicles
- Itchy or burning skin
- Tenderness or pain in the affected area
- Swelling and warmth on the skin
If these symptoms persist or get worse, it’s important to seek medical advice as soon as possible. While folliculitis can often be managed at home, severe or recurring cases may require medical treatment. For more information on when to seek a dermatologist’s advice, check out our article on coping with recurring folliculitis.
In the following sections, we’ll delve into the various methods for managing folliculitis symptoms, including antibacterial treatments, home remedies, and preventative measures. These strategies can help to soothe skin irritations, reduce the severity of outbreaks, and improve the overall health of your skin.
Managing Folliculitis Symptoms
When it comes to managing folliculitis symptoms, there are several strategies that can help soothe skin irritations and prevent further infections. These include using antibacterial treatments and finding ways to alleviate skin discomfort.
Antibacterial treatments are often recommended for individuals dealing with folliculitis. These treatments, which can include topical creams, lotions, or washes, are designed to kill bacteria on the skin surface and reduce inflammation around the hair follicles.
It’s important to remember that while antibacterial treatments can be effective for managing the symptoms of folliculitis, they are not a cure for the condition. For more information on the role of antibacterial treatments in managing folliculitis symptoms, visit our article on medications for folliculitis relief.
In addition to antibacterial treatments, maintaining good personal hygiene is crucial. This includes regularly washing affected areas with a gentle, fragrance-free soap and avoiding irritating substances like harsh detergents or perfumes.
Soothing Skin Irritations
Skin irritations associated with folliculitis such as redness, itchiness, and discomfort can be managed with various soothing remedies. Applying a warm compress to the affected area can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.
Over-the-counter products containing hydrocortisone can also provide relief from itching and inflammation associated with folliculitis. However, these should be used sparingly and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to avoid potential side effects.
To soothe irritated skin, individuals can also utilize home remedies such as aloe vera, which has anti-inflammatory properties, or oatmeal, known for its soothing effects on the skin. For more information on soothing skin irritations caused by folliculitis, visit our article on soothing remedies for folliculitis.
Remember, every individual’s skin responds differently to treatments. Therefore, it’s important to pay attention to how your skin reacts and adjust your treatment plan accordingly. In some cases, a healthcare provider may need to prescribe stronger treatments or medications to manage more severe symptoms. For tips on coping with folliculitis symptoms, check out our article on coping strategies for folliculitis.
Tips for Coping with Folliculitis
Facing folliculitis can be challenging, but there are ways to manage and alleviate its symptoms. This section will explore home remedies and preventative measures that can aid in managing folliculitis symptoms.
Home remedies can be a comforting way to address the symptoms of folliculitis. These remedies typically use everyday household items or natural ingredients, and while they may not cure the condition completely, they can certainly help soothe the skin and reduce discomfort.
One simple remedy involves the use of warm compresses. Applying a warm compress to the affected area can help to reduce inflammation and provide relief from itching and discomfort. Another common home remedy is the use of aloe vera, which is known for its soothing, antibacterial properties. Applying aloe vera gel directly to the inflamed area can help to reduce redness and soothe the skin.
While these remedies can provide temporary relief, it’s important to remember that severe or persistent symptoms should be addressed by a healthcare professional. For more information on home treatments, you can check out our article on home remedies for folliculitis relief.
Preventing future outbreaks is equally as important as managing current symptoms. Simple changes to daily routines can go a long way in preventing folliculitis flare-ups.
Keeping the skin clean and dry is crucial – bacteria thrive in moist environments, so regular washing and drying can help to reduce their growth. Avoiding tight-fitting clothes can also help, as these can cause friction and exacerbate the condition.
Additionally, it’s important to avoid sharing personal items such as razors, towels, or clothing, as these can spread the bacteria or fungi that cause folliculitis. Regularly changing your bedding can also help to prevent outbreaks.
Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing folliculitis. For more preventive strategies, feel free to visit our article on strategies for preventing folliculitis.
By combining home remedies with preventative measures, individuals dealing with folliculitis can find relief and reduce the frequency of outbreaks. However, it’s essential to seek professional medical advice if the condition persists or worsens. Effective managing folliculitis symptoms involves a combination of self-care practices and professional medical treatment.
Importance of Medical Consultation
While home remedies and self-care measures can be effective in managing folliculitis symptoms, there are times when medical consultation is necessary. A dermatologist can provide a definitive diagnosis, prescribe a tailored treatment plan, and ensure that the condition is properly managed to prevent complications.
When to Seek a Dermatologist’s Advice
While folliculitis is often a minor skin condition, it’s essential to seek a dermatologist’s advice if:
- Symptoms persist despite self-care measures
- The rash spreads or worsens
- The affected skin area becomes red, swollen, or painful
- Fever or chills accompany the skin symptoms
- Recurring episodes of folliculitis occur
It’s also advisable to consult a dermatologist if folliculitis develops in an unusual area, such as the scalp or face. For further guidance on managing these specific types of folliculitis, refer to our articles on managing scalp folliculitis symptoms and managing folliculitis on the face.
The Role of Medical Treatments
Medical treatments play a crucial role in managing folliculitis, particularly in severe or persistent cases. Depending on the type and severity of folliculitis, a dermatologist may prescribe:
- Topical or oral antibiotics to combat bacterial infections
- Antifungal medications for fungal-related folliculitis
- Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and itching
- Laser hair removal for chronic, recurring cases
These treatments aim to alleviate symptoms, clear the infection, and prevent the condition from recurring. Adherence to the prescribed treatment plan is critical for successful symptom management and recovery.
Remember, medical treatments are most effective when combined with appropriate self-care measures and lifestyle modifications. For more tips on coping with folliculitis, refer to our articles on self-care for folliculitis and lifestyle changes for folliculitis relief.
In conclusion, while folliculitis can often be managed at home, seeking a dermatologist’s advice is crucial in certain situations. Professional medical treatment, combined with effective self-care practices, can help individuals manage their folliculitis symptoms, improve their skin health, and enhance their overall quality of life.
The Emotional Impact of Folliculitis
While the physical discomfort associated with folliculitis is undoubtedly challenging, the condition can also have a significant emotional impact. It’s important to address these aspects when managing folliculitis symptoms.
Dealing with Discomfort
Physical discomfort due to folliculitis can range from mild itchiness to severe pain, depending on the severity of the condition. This discomfort can disrupt daily activities and sleep patterns, adding to the emotional distress experienced by individuals coping with this skin condition.
It’s crucial to seek appropriate treatment to alleviate physical discomfort, which can also help reduce the emotional toll. Various soothing remedies, such as cool compresses or over-the-counter topical creams, can offer temporary relief. For more severe symptoms, prescription medications may be required. Visit our articles on relief for painful folliculitis and medications for folliculitis relief for more information.
Boosting Self-Confidence Despite Skin Conditions
Folliculitis can lead to visible skin changes, such as redness, swelling, and pustules, which can affect an individual’s self-confidence. It’s important to remember that these skin changes are temporary and will improve with appropriate treatment.
In the interim, try not to let the condition define your self-image. Engage in activities that you enjoy and that make you feel good about yourself. Surround yourself with supportive people who understand your struggle.
Consider joining online support groups where you can connect with others experiencing similar challenges. Sharing your experiences and learning from others can provide comfort, reduce feelings of isolation, and offer practical tips for coping with the condition.
Remember, seeking help from a mental health professional is also an option if you’re struggling to cope with the emotional impact of folliculitis. They can provide strategies to help manage stress and boost self-confidence.
Managing folliculitis involves not only treating the physical symptoms but also addressing the emotional impact of the condition. By taking care of your mental health and seeking appropriate treatment, you can navigate this challenging condition more effectively. For more tips on coping with folliculitis, visit our article on coping strategies for folliculitis. | <urn:uuid:64e99b34-46e1-441c-99e6-587d75dc8cb3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://e-boyi.com/managing-folliculitis-symptoms/ | 2024-02-27T17:55:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.920928 | 2,300 | 2.984375 | 3 | [
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All 50 states are reporting cases of the novel Coronavirus. It’s a COVID-19 world now. Is this our new normal? More people are getting tested (though still not enough). The numbers of cases of COVID-19 are surging, and so are deaths from this frightening illness. Every day we read some new headline about risk factors, possible treatments, vaccines, and more. Information is sometimes contradictory and many find it difficult to keep up. We are hearing of scams and shams, playing on the fears of a trusting public. But we are also seeing the best of humanity – people giving generously of their time and resources to help others. It is growing ever more apparent that life will not be getting back to our pre-pandemic routine any time soon.
Information about the Coronavirus Pandemic continues to shift like sand in the tide. As soon as we think we have a footing, the sands move beneath our feet and we are left off balance again. This week’s blogpost will attempt to catch you up on all that has been going on with COVID-19, so that hopefully you will feel a little less off kilter. Admittedly, this is a lofty goal. So, find a comfy chair and settle in. We are going to be here a while.
Let’s begin with a favorite topic…
Here’s what we know –
Most of us are pretty comfortable by now with the basic information about SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 illness. But let’s review a few important points.
1. How the virus is spread – SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that is spread by respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing, etc.) but is also shed in the stool. Covering coughs and proper hand washing or hand sanitizing are HUGELY important to limiting spread.
2. How long the virus lasts on surfaces and in the air – Studies suggest it can survive for up to 72 hours on hard surfaces (like stainless steel or plastic) and up to 24 hours on more porous surfaces (like cardboard). It also appears that the virus can linger in the air (remain aerosolized) for up to three hours. This increases the worry for easy spread and is yet another reason why STRICT ADHERENCE TO SOCIAL DISTANCING recommendations is vital.
3. Who is affected – Initially, it seemed that young people were not as affected by this virus and that the highest risk of death was for those over age 65. Well, this is partly true. However, the most recent analysis of US patients with COVID-19 suggests that younger patients are not without risk. 20% of hospitalizations for COVID-19 occurred in people 20-44 years old and 20% of deaths occurred in those between 20-64 years old. This is NOT just a disease of the elderly.
4. How bad it really gets – It is not “just a bad flu”. It is MUCH MORE CONTAGIOUS and MUCH MORE DEADLY than the flu. Plus, we have no immune memory of this virus. It is a completely new pathogen. We have no built up defenses to fight it off.
5. When we are most contagious – We are most contagious (have the greatest amount of viral shedding) early on in the course of the illness. We can spread the virus to others before we even begin having symptoms. Please. Stay away!
Here’s what we don’t know –
There is still so much that we don’t know about this virus. Here are just a few important questions that we still have to sort out.
1. Are there multiple strains of the SARS-CoV-2 like there are for the flu?
2. Will we develop lifelong immunity to the virus once infected? Antibody testing (see below) will help us figure this out.
3. Why don’t young children seem to be as at risk for complications from COVID-19 as older people?
4. What type of pneumonia do people die from – Is the pneumonia that people die from during a COVID-19 infection a viral pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus or is it a secondary bacterial pneumonia that sets in on top of the already compromised lung tissue? We think it is more of a viral pneumonia but you will hear about people being treated with antibiotics (which shouldn’t help viruses). Basically, we are throwing everything at our severely ill patients, including the kitchen sink. We are trying anything we think might possibly help. Do antibiotics really, paradoxically, work against COVID-19? Time and research will tell.
Here’s what I’m torn on –
1. Really, it’s only one thing… ordering takeout.
I would love to not have to cook every night and I would love to bolster the economy by supporting our local restaurants. And, yes, I know that the CDC says that infection is not transmitted in food. It is the containers that the food is placed in and subsequently handled by food workers that could be a potential issue. One easily remedied by cleaning off the containers before opening and washing your hands before eating. However, do I trust that every food worker is following the letter of the law with respect to wearing gloves, not touching their faces, and covering their coughs of sneezes as they prepare my food? I have some doubt. So, I’m sorry, but I can’t answer this one for you. This will have to be an individual decision.
Here’s what keeps me up at night –
1. Our medical work force – I woke early this morning with the thought that every physician and nurse may quickly have to step out of their medical comfort zone. When our hospitalists and intensivists fall ill or die from this virus due to lack of adequate PPE (notice, I said when… not if), those of us who haven’t done hospital care in years will be asked to step in. We may have to “jump up a level”. Outpatient clinicians may be asked to man the routine hospital cases. Urgent care docs may be asked to run the ERs. ER docs might have to move up to intensive care. Your psychiatrist, rheumatologist, or dermatologist may be manning the few outpatient primary care cases remaining. Retired physicians and nurses may be asked to come out of retirement. But when you are in crisis mode, what other choice do you have?
2. Those at home in unsafe situations – While many of us may find joy in spending extra hours with our loved ones, this will not be the case for all. Stressful situations and financial strain often worsen the tensions in relationships that already existed. And for some, this is a dangerous scenario. There WILL BE an increase in domestic violence and abuse of all kinds. We need to be watching our family and friends and making sure they are ok. We need to shore up our women and children’s shelters so that they can continue to offer lifesaving services to the community.
What do I make of all the claims I’m hearing on the news and social media?
I think we all recognize that there is both good information and bad, accurate information and inaccurate, to be found in the news and on social media. We certainly can’t believe everything we read on Facebook and Twitter. And even our government officials get it wrong sometimes. So, let’s look at some of these claims and play a game of true or false. Hint: They are all false!
1. The Coronavirus was created in a lab in China – FALSE
a. Researchers have sequenced the genome of the novel Coronavirus and noted it to be most genetically similar to other coronavirus strains found in bats. There is NO evidence to suggest it is man-made. Would China really infect and kill their own people, plunging their economy into a depression, in order to release this virus to other parts of the world? That just doesn’t make sense.
2. If you can hold your breath for 10 seconds, you don’t have Coronavirus – FALSE
a. The suggestion is that COVID-19 causes lung fibrosis (a scarring condition) that decreases the ability to hold a deep breath. Perhaps, if you had serious lung disease from COVID-19 (you’d likely already know you were infected because you’d be in the ICU), you might not be able to hold a breath for 10 seconds. But this does nothing to predict whether you have early illness, which often causes only very mild respiratory symptoms. This is utterly untrue and has the potential to provide people false reassurance.
3. If you gargle with hot saltwater you can prevent Coronavirus – FALSE
Photo of a fotofolio.com postcard. Untitled, 1929. Photographer Unidentified. Copyright FPG International.
a. This claim even circulated in the early 1900s, before a flu vaccine was available – it was wrong then and it is wrong now. Saltwater, warm or cold, can decrease inflammation in the throat and has been a common remedy to ease sore throats for decades. But it does nothing to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus from taking hold of receptors on your respiratory tissues and making its invasion. Sorry. I wish it was that easy.
4. Drinking water every 15 minutes will protect you from the Coronavirus – FALSE
a. Nope. And over-consumption of water can actually dilute out important electrolytes in the body, causing heart arrhythmias, weakness, and confusion. This can rarely be deadly. If you have a fever or are coughing you may need to increase your water intake so that you don’t get dehydrated (since we lose fluids from coughing and sweating). But increasing water intake will not prevent you from getting the virus. Generally speaking, your average person needs no more than 8 glasses of water daily to maintain hydration.
5. Using hand or hair dryers will kill the Coronavirus – FALSE
a. The only thing that we know kills the Coronavirus on our bodies is proper hand washing or sanitizing with good old soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Blowing hot air into your nasal passages, as some posts suggest we do, would only dry out your nasal passages and put you at risk of burns. Just say no!
6. A national lockdown is coming and troops are being placed to prevent looting and rioting – FALSE
a. There is no evidence to suggest that the government is preparing for a national lockdown.
b. The military and National Guard have been dispatched to some hard hit areas of the country but this was not on direction of the Department of Homeland Security or FEMA. The Stafford Act, to which these false messages refer, is being misinterpreted. It is a federal disaster relief law that activates FEMA to send aid to state and local governments.
7. I’m not contagious unless I’m sick – FALSE
a. Viruses are universally contagious for some number of days (the number depends on the virus) BEFORE people develop symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 is no different. Don’t wait for symptoms to appear to practice social distancing. If you do, it will be too late.
8. I can go back to work after 24 hours without a fever – FALSE
a. Current guidelines suggest, for people with suspected COVID-19 who are not tested (which, let’s admit it, is most of us), that you can return to work after you satisfy three criteria:
• You have had no fever for 72 hours (without the use of fever reducing medications)
• Symptoms (such as cough, etc.) have resolved
• It has been at least 7 days from the onset of symptoms
9. If you have symptoms of Coronavirus, taking NSAIDs (like Naproxen or Ibuprofen) can make it worse – FALSE (for now)
a. People are so desperate to do something that they are throwing out any ideas that seem to have even minor validity. The problem is that most of these claims have not been studied enough for use to know if they are truly accurate or not. And making generalized, sweeping, statements can put people at risk.
b. There is currently no recommendation to take people who are on daily NSAID medications off of those medications.
c. We always use use cautions with these medications because they have the potential to induce stomach ulcers, increase bleeding risk, increase risk of cardiovascular disease, and cause kidney damage if used in high doses for prolonged periods. And severely ill, hospitalized patients (like those with COVID-19) are already at higher risk of these events occurring.
d. Acetaminophen (called Tylenol in the US and Paracetamol in other countries) is safe for use in reducing fevers as long as the package instructions are followed. Use in excess of these recommendations can cause liver toxicity.
e. Because NSAIDs and Acetaminophen work differently, they are generally safe to use together or in an alternating fashion to help control fever, if Acetaminophen alone is not doing the full job.
f. However, you’ll need to stay tuned. Claims such as this are under further investigation, so recommendations are bound to change as we have more information.
10. If you are on blood pressure medications that are ACE-inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), you should stop them as these can make the illness worse – FALSE (for now)
a. Again, we are looking for anything to help guide our actions in treating people with COVID-19. But throwing out all these ideas, without adequate study, is unsafe and confusing.
b. We know that the virus binds to the epithelial cells of the lungs and other tissues through ACE2 receptors. Some people are, therefore, questioning the link between a diagnosis of Hypertension and an increased risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms. Could ACE-Is and ARBs, which are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, be to blame?
c. In animal studies – but not human studies – these medicines have been shown to up-regulate ACE2 receptors in the heart. However, these studies were not done in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Meanwhile, other studies have shown benefit of using these medications to help treat patients with other types of viral pneumonia. I know. Totally confusing.
d. We should NOT be making medication changes based on hypothesis. We need to wait until the evidence is in to make more generalized guideline recommendations.
e. Do NOT stop your blood pressure medications. This could be disastrous!
If all of that is false, what’s true?
1. What’s true is that anyone can catch SARS-CoV-2 and anyone can transmit it to someone else. You can either be part of the solution or part of the problem. Please choose the solution (see #2)!
2. Staying at least 6 feet away from other people, avoiding touching your face, sanitizing surfaces, and proper hand washing are the most important things we can do to protect ourselves and others.
3. This pandemic is going to affect us all – but the way in which it affects us will be different from one person to the next. Our reality is not necessarily another’s. We need to work hard to understand where others are coming from and to give each other some grace during this stressful period.
What can I do to help?
We’ll break this up into two sections – things that are pleasant enough to think about and things that are not pleasant to think about but that are extremely important. Here we go….
The lighter side
From Wikimedia Commons
1. Bring back the victory garden – The victory garden was a wartime effort to grow your own food, so that canned foods and other store-bought items could be sent to the troops. It was one of many conservation efforts put forth during the 1st and 2nd World Wars. Well, I would argue that we are in a war with SARS-CoV-2. With the run on grocery items, and spring now here, it’s the perfect time to break out your green thumb and start growing some of your own food. It gets us outside (which is good for the body and soul), it helps keep us out of populated places like grocery stores, and it is healthier for us to boot!
2. Conserve a square – I don’t know about you but I am a copious toilet paper user. Well, that ship has sailed. How many squares does a person really need? What minimum number of squares will get the job done? We should all think about this the next time we are in the bathroom. If we don’t, we may end up TP poor. Brother… can you spare a square?
3. Donate your PPE – If you work in the construction business, or other industry that uses masks, PLEASE donate your N95 or surgical masks to your local hospital. They need them urgently. If you have gloves or face shields or any other PPE that our health care providers desperately need, please donate them NOW. You could be saving a life.
The darker side
From the Washington State Medical Association
4. Think about your end of life wishes – If you are elderly or someone with baseline severe health issues, think now about how much intervention you want if you get COVID-19. I know this is not a fun topic to discuss but thinking about the end of our days, and what our wishes are for care during that time, has never been more important. Many people with severe illness end up in isolation in the ICU. They are not allowed to see their families for fear of spreading the illness to others. They are dying alone. And they are using ventilators that could be used elsewhere. Doctors and nurses don’t want to have to make tough decisions about who gets a ventilator and who doesn’t. YOU can help make that decision for them.
In Washington state (and likely in other states as well), we have something called the POLST form to help us lay out our wishes. This stands for Physician Order for Life Sustaining Treatment. It is meant to be used by the first responders who come to your house in a medical emergency. There are also Living Wills and you can designate a Power of Attorney (someone to speak for you if you can’t make your own medical decisions) but these have to be drawn up with a lawyer and so are a bit more cumbersome to complete.
The POLST form allows you to indicate if you want to be resuscitated or not in the event that your heart stops beating or you stop breathing. It also allows you to indicate the level of care that you wish (or don’t) were you to end up severely ill enough to qualify for hospital care. Do you just want to be made comfortable and allowed to pass at home? Do you want some intervention if you can return to your previous state of health but don’t want things like IV nutrition or to be put on a ventilator? Or do you want everything done, no matter what? These are the wishes you can lay out on the POLST form.
Traditionally, this is signed by your medical provider and then placed at your bedside or on (or in) the refrigerator. I usually have people put it in a ziploc bag in the freezer. These are places that EMS knows to look if they get called to your house. You can download this form here.
5. Draw up a will – If you are parents with children that would still need caring for in the event of your demise, please think now about who you would have care for your children. Ideally, this is something you’ve already laid out legally. But, if not, now’s the time to write out your wishes. Here’s a site outlining how to make a will without using a lawyer.
Please, Doc. Give me some good news!
There are actually lots of bright spots to be found, if we are willing to look!
1. The constant distraction and harried nature of our lives is changing. We are being forced to slow down and that may turn out to be just what we needed.
2. Medical care is going virtual and, for some, that is a welcome relief.
There are current restrictions, for the safety of our patients, on who we can see in person in the office. But it turns out that many visits don’t actually require the laying on of hands and can be done via phone or virtual technology. Our home bound patients, who have always had trouble getting into the office, can now get care with their PCP more easily and conveniently. And insurances are now allowing billing for this type of care. Hopefully, going forward, this will facilitate improved access to care for those who are housebound or who live in remote areas without easy access to local medical care.
3. TP supplies are slowly improving – though the word on the street (and by “the street”, I mean my patients) is that chicken is the new toilet paper. What the cluck?
4. Some treatments are showing promise. While it was premature of the president to tell people that they could ask their doctor for Hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19, this medication and others are currently being tested and showing some promise of success. Right now they are only being used in the sickest of the sick and are not for prescription to the general public… but that may change based on further research.
• Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine – these are antimalarial drugs and are commonly used to treat patients with inflammatory conditions like Lupus. They are felt to have benefit in slowing viral entry into cells and decreasing the viral-mediated inflammatory storm that can lead to organ failure and death. These are already proven generally safe in humans, though have potential to cause QT prolongation (an electrical issue in the heart that can increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias). Chloroquine has greater potential for toxicity than does Hydroxychloroquine.
• Remdesivir –still in trial with Gilead Sciences laboratories, this RNA virus therapy was originally developed for treatment of Ebola. It is felt to work by blocking RNA replication. It has shown some benefit in treating other Coronavirus illnesses like SARS and MERS and studies looking at benefit against COVID-19 are beginning with several university hospitals around the country.
• Azithromycin – based on a very small French study (20 people treated). Addition of Azithromycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial respiratory infections, to Hydroxychloroquine decreased detection of virus in nasopharyngeal samples better than hydroxychloroquine alone. However, this did not evaluate improvement in outcomes, only decrease in detectable viral load.
5. A vaccine is on the horizon.
Countries around the world are in a race to develop the first vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and some have even moved into human trials. Because of the prior work on vaccines for SARS and MERS (two other deadly Coronaviruses) we are making more rapid advancements towards a vaccine than would otherwise be possible.
• In Seattle, a human trial is underway testing 45 patients, 15 each at different dose levels. It will evaluate both safety and tolerability, as well as immunogenicity (the ability to induce an antibody/immune response to the virus).
6. We are on the verge of having a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test.
• This will tell us if someone has already been exposed and developed immunity to the virus. Antibody tests are blood tests. They will be relatively easy to acquire and will help us get a better sense of the baseline level of illness in the community.
• This would help scientists model the course of the disease and aid decisions about whether lockdowns or other austere measures are necessary.
• It could tell us if children are not getting sick because they are not getting infected or if symptoms are so mild so as to escape attention. It could help us determine when or if to re-open schools.
• It will also help us to answer questions about how long immunity lasts as we will be able to follow antibody levels over time.
7. More and more people are getting outside for walks, bike rides, etc. to help keep from feeling too penned up. Maybe we’ll turn into a nation of outdoor enthusiasts. Fingers crossed!
8. Pollution is improving, with decreased factory production and a decreased number of cars on the road. At least, for now.
9. Our sense of community is growing by the day. Following several years of divisiveness, this may help bring our country back together.
10. Faith in the medical and scientific communities is being renewed. Science, medicine, and public health are what will save us.
11. Innovation is at an all-time high! This is true of other crisis periods in history, as well. Times of national emergency spark creativity and incite us to make things faster, simpler, better.
12. And finally, here’s my pie in the sky wish. Hopefully, those who have doubts about the value of vaccines will change their tune as they see what can happen when we don’t have vaccines or if we allow immunization rates to fall.
Be safe. Be well. Take care of each other! Until next time… | <urn:uuid:b6ff887e-91ef-4340-88ff-62216ff2649f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://gretchenlasallemd.com/its-a-covid-19-world-now-is-this-our-new-normal/ | 2024-02-27T17:17:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.961297 | 5,397 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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Welcome to our guide on reducing high CPU usage by Windows Explorer. Many computer users experience their PCs slowing down, often without understanding why. A common culprit is high CPU usage, particularly by a key component like Windows Explorer. This issue can lead to frustration as it affects the smooth running of your computer, making simple tasks take longer than they should. In this article, we’ll explore practical ways to tackle this problem, ensuring your computer runs more efficiently. Whether you’re a casual user or rely heavily on your PC for work, these steps will help you maintain optimal performance and enjoy a better computing experience.
Understanding Windows Explorer High CPU Usage
Windows Explorer: The Heart of Your PC’s Interface
Windows Explorer, also known as File Explorer, is like the navigator of your PC. It lets you browse files, open programs, and manage resources. Normally, it runs smoothly. But sometimes, it starts using more CPU power than it should. This can slow down your PC and affect its performance.
Why Does High CPU Usage Happen?
- Multiple Open Programs: Having many applications open can overload Windows Explorer.
- Malware: Viruses or malware can cause extra strain on your system resources.
- Corrupted Files or Settings: Sometimes, system or file errors can lead to increased CPU usage.
- Outdated or Faulty Drivers: Drivers that aren’t up-to-date can conflict with Windows Explorer.
Identifying the Cause
To pinpoint the exact cause, you can:
- Use Task Manager to check CPU usage.
- Run a system scan for malware.
- Update drivers and Windows.
- Clean up unnecessary files.
Remember, understanding the cause is the first step to solving the problem.
How to Diagnose High CPU Usage in Windows Explorer
Identifying the Issue in Windows Explorer
Before we fix the high CPU usage, we need to confirm that Windows Explorer is the cause. It’s like a detective figuring out who’s responsible for a problem. Here’s how you do it:
Using Task Manager to Spot the Culprit
- Opening Task Manager: Press
Ctrl + Shift + Esc
to open Task Manager. - Checking CPU Usage: Look under the ‘Processes’ tab. Here, you’ll see a list of all running programs and how much CPU they’re using.
- Identifying Windows Explorer: Find Windows Explorer in the list. If it’s using a lot of CPU (more than it should), then we’ve found our suspect.
By following these steps, you’ll be able to see if Windows Explorer is indeed using too much CPU. This is the first step in solving the problem and making your computer run smoother.
How to Restart Windows Explorer Process
Rebooting Windows Explorer: A Quick Fix
Sometimes, simply restarting Windows Explorer can fix high CPU usage. It’s like giving your PC a quick refresh. This process is safe and won’t affect your files or programs.
Steps to Restart Windows Explorer
- Accessing Task Manager: First, open Task Manager using
Ctrl + Shift + Esc
. - Locating Windows Explorer: In the ‘Processes’ tab, find Windows Explorer.
- Restarting the Process: Right-click on Windows Explorer and select ‘Restart’.
This action will refresh Windows Explorer. It’s a simple but effective way to potentially reduce high CPU usage. Remember, it’s a temporary fix. If the problem persists, further steps might be needed.
How to Run System Maintenance Troubleshooter
The Role of System Maintenance in CPU Health
Just like a car needs regular check-ups, your computer benefits from system maintenance. This can help resolve issues causing high CPU usage, including those with Windows Explorer.
Running the Troubleshooter
- Accessing Control Panel: Open the Control Panel from the Start menu.
- Navigating to Troubleshooting: Look for ‘Troubleshooting’ and click on it.
- Selecting System Maintenance: Find and select ‘Run maintenance tasks’. This starts the troubleshooter.
By following these steps, you allow Windows to automatically find and fix issues that might be causing high CPU usage. It’s a simple yet effective tool to keep your PC running smoothly.
How to Delete Temporary Files
Cleaning Up to Improve Performance
Temporary files can accumulate over time, taking up space and potentially causing high CPU usage. Removing these files is like clearing out unnecessary clutter in your computer’s storage.
Easy Steps to Remove Temporary Files
- Opening Settings: Press
Windows Key + I
to open Settings.
- Navigating to Storage: Go to ‘System’ and then ‘Storage’.
- Accessing Temporary Files: Click on ‘Temporary Files’. Windows will then show you a list of temporary files you can remove.
- Selecting Files to Delete: Choose the files you want to delete and click ‘Remove files’.
This process helps in freeing up space and could reduce the load on your CPU. It’s a straightforward and effective way to keep your computer running efficiently.
How to Manage Linked Accounts and Sync Settings
Streamlining for Better Performance
Linked accounts and sync settings, like those from OneDrive or email accounts, can impact your CPU usage. Managing these settings can help streamline your system’s performance.
Adjusting Account Settings and Sync Options
- Opening Settings: Press the
Windows Key + I
to access Settings. - Accessing Accounts: Go to the ‘Accounts’ section.
- Managing Sync Settings: Under ‘Email & accounts’, you can adjust the settings for each account, including synchronization options.
By tweaking these settings, you can reduce the background activity that may be contributing to high CPU usage. This adjustment can lead to a smoother and more efficient PC experience.
How to Restore Power Plan to Default Settings
Optimizing Energy Settings for Better CPU Usage
Your computer’s power plan can affect its performance and CPU usage. Sometimes, restoring the power plan to its default settings can help resolve high CPU usage issues.
Reverting to Default Power Plan
- Opening Power Options: Press
Windows Key + R
, typecontrol panel
, and press Enter. Then, go to ‘Hardware and Sound’ and select ‘Power Options’.
- Selecting Default Plan: Here, you can see your current power plan. Choose ‘Balanced’ or ‘Power saver’ to revert to a default setting.
This adjustment can help balance your computer’s energy consumption with its performance needs, potentially reducing high CPU usage. It’s a simple yet effective step towards optimizing your PC.
How to Rebuild Windows Search Index
Improving Efficiency with Search Indexing
The search indexing feature in Windows can sometimes use a lot of CPU resources, especially if it’s not functioning properly. Rebuilding the index can often resolve these issues.
Steps to Rebuild the Search Index
- Accessing Indexing Options: Open Control Panel, then go to ‘Indexing Options’.
- Rebuilding the Index: In the Indexing Options window, click on ‘Advanced’, then select ‘Rebuild’ under the Troubleshooting section.
This process might take some time to complete, but it can significantly improve your system’s performance by optimizing how Windows searches files and folders. It’s a worthwhile step if you’re experiencing high CPU usage related to search activities.
How to Scan for Malware
Securing Your PC Against Malware
Malware, a common cause of high CPU usage, can significantly slow down your PC. Regularly scanning for malware is a key step in maintaining your computer’s health and performance.
Conducting a Malware Scan
- Using Windows Security: Open Windows Security from the Start menu.
- Running a Scan: Select ‘Virus & threat protection’, then choose ‘Scan options’. Here, you can run a full scan of your system.
This process checks your computer for any malicious software that could be using your CPU resources. Keeping your PC free from malware not only improves performance but also ensures your data’s safety.
How to Install Pending Windows Updates
Keeping Windows Up-to-Date for Optimal Performance
Windows updates can play a crucial role in your PC’s performance and security. Ensuring that your system is up-to-date can help resolve high CPU usage issues caused by outdated software.
Installing Windows Updates
- Accessing Update Settings: Click on the Start menu, then go to ‘Settings’ > ‘Update & Security’.
- Checking for Updates: In the ‘Windows Update’ section, click on ‘Check for updates’.
- Installing Updates: If updates are available, follow the prompts to install them.
This process helps ensure that your system has the latest features and security enhancements, which can improve its efficiency and reduce CPU usage. Regular updates are key to maintaining a healthy and fast-running PC.
In this guide, we’ve explored various effective strategies to reduce high CPU usage by Windows Explorer. By regularly checking for updates, managing settings, and performing system maintenance, you can significantly enhance your PC’s performance. Consistent attention to these areas will not only resolve current issues but also prevent future ones, ensuring a smoother and more efficient computing experience. Remember, the key to a healthy PC lies in regular care and maintenance. | <urn:uuid:361e4b77-269d-494e-b43d-a8a0089d4e76> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://howset.com/reduce-windows-explorer-high-cpu/ | 2024-02-27T17:21:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.855147 | 2,025 | 2.84375 | 3 | [
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] |
Mammoth Cave National Park is a place I had a chance to visit, and it is more than just a cave. The place has deep river valleys and rolling hills that made my eyes yearn for more.
The Mammoth cave is the longest known in human history, and it has a rich diversity of animal and plant life. Because of its rich diversity, UNESCO has given this cave the name International Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site.
The Mammoth Cave National Park is part of the green river valley and part of the rolling hills found in South Central Kentucky. I had the chance to be part of several cave tours of up to 10 miles which form part of the park’s big attraction.
Want more ideas to round-out your trip to the North-Eastern States?
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There are many more places that I got to visit and things I managed to explore, like camping, hiking, kayaking, and even horseback riding. Read through to the end to learn about my experience and learn some of the best things to do in the park. Other Posts About Boondocking and Hiking Near Kentucky
Through the ranger-led tours, I learned that Mammoth cave is the longest known cave system, and it measures more than 40 miles. That is just the miles that have been successfully explored, as it is estimated that the park can go up to 600 miles. The park has over 200 caves, and all these are just fragments of the extensive cave system. I did not get to visit all of them, but I visited enough to know they are worth seeing.
A group of private citizens, in the year 1926, formed the Association of Mammoth Cave National Park. The association was formed to protect the cave and park as a whole, and it was officially dedicated as a park in 1941. It became a world heritage site in 1981, and later in 1990, it became an International Biosphere Reserve.
As many of your know we not only cover boondocking opportunities but also want to make you aware of other options in the state. Most people want to visit multiple places when on a camping adventure. Kentucky offers the Mammoth Caves but so so much more. A quick not if you want to visit the caves you must make your reservations well in advance, by that if you want to visit the caves themselves next summer you need to make those reservations at least 6 to 12 months in advance. Now to other Kentucky opportunities.
11 Free Boondocking Locations near Mammoth Cave National Park
check out our video
1. Mammoth Cave National Park Boondocking Locations – Mammoth Cave Back Country Campsites
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky
GPS: 37.187057, -86.10054
Management: National Park Service
All the backcountry camp sites at Mammoth Cave National Park are free. They just require a little bit of a hike to reach. If you like seclusion these are some amazing camp sites. Go to the visitor center front desk and request for a back country permit.
2. Mammoth Cave National Park Boondocking Locations – Thelma Stovall Park (tent camping)
101 River Rd.
GPS: 37.26968, -85.88501
Management: City Park
The maximum RV length at Thelma Stovall Park (tent camping) is 15 feet.
I believe. It was busy until shortly after nightfall. Then it was mostly quiet. People that came and went were quiet. Road noise doesn’t bother me, and I didn’t think it was loud anyway. My dog and I had a nice long walk and also checked out the boat ramp. Every person we came across and interacted with was nice. I slept well here. I felt safe here. I will likely go back at some point in my travels. It’s near a route I take.
3. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations and – Born Again Camping / Antiques
236 Groce Cemetery Rd
GPS: 36.953841, -85.833187
A Quaint place in the country with a playground, and playhouse for the kids, large fire pit with free wood. Shower house and antique shops to browse through. Sites are free unless you want electric.
4. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Cabela’s Bowling Green
Bowling Green, Kentucky
GPS: 36.939495, -86.420275
Management: Retail Store
The road in is Paved. Cabela’s Bowling Green is open All year. The maximum RV length at Cabela’s Bowling Green is unlimited. You may stay 1 night at Cabela’s Bowling Green.
Good overnight spot in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Minimal traffic noise. RVs welcome sign.
5. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Butler County Park
Lock 4 Road
GPS: 37.181735, -86.629699
Management: County Park
The road in is Dirt and 0n a paved road. Butler County Park is open All year. The maximum RV length at Butler County Park is unlimited. You may stay Unknown at Butler County Park.
Very large area of open land at county park. On the Green River. No fee collection system or signs. Locals say people park RV’s and tent camp in this area when not flooded.
6. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Circle K
GPS: 37.598804, -85.873295
Management: Truck Stop
Truck stop can park over night and sleep in your card – 24 hours showers $9.00 good coffee nice employees.
7. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Peabody WMA – A Lake PASS or PERMIT is required at this campsite.
Beaver Dam, Kentucky
GPS: 37.325298, -86.877244
Management: Fish and Wildlife
Must have a Peabody permit to even drive on Peabody property. They do make rounds and you will be fined if on Peabody property without permit. Cost is $15 for a 1 year usage permit. https://fw.ky.gov/Licenses/Pages/Fees.aspx
8. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Walmart Carthage Tennessee
125 Myers Terrace
GPS: 36.246156, -85.939637
Management: Retail Store
The road in is Paved. Walmart Carthage Tennessee is open year round. There are 1-5 campsites at this location and the maximum RV length is unlimited. You may stay overnight at Walmart Carthage Tennessee.
9. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Wilson Creek Recreation Area
Wilson Creek Rd Elk Horn KY 42733
Elk Horn, Kentucky
GPS: 37.286224, -85.259918
Management: Corp of Engineers
The road in is Paved. Wilson Creek Recreation Area is open Year round. There are 1-5 campsites at this location. Nice, quiet, out of the way, near the river. Picnic tables could use an update as well as the fire pits. The sites were large. Each site had a covered trash can with liner.
It’s finally open, went there for a few day’s, Nice place for a campsite, only problem i saw was family’s come and take up two maybe 3 campsites, first time a family took all three campsites in front, another family took the rest in back, we couldn’t camp, came back through a couple weeks later, and same problem, a family must of stayed a month in the back sites,
10. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Bardstown Walmart
3795 E John Rowan Blvd
GPS: 37.79981, -85.43526
Management: Retail Store
The road in is Paved. Bardstown Walmart is open year round. You may stay unlimited at Bardstown Walmart.
Many signs that say no overnight parking. However, I did call the Cracker Barrel across the street and they had no problem with it! Stayed here in my car but there was RV parking as well.
11. Mammoth Cave National Park Free Boondocking Locations – Cordell Hull Lake Horse Trail
GPS: 36.316715, -85.793297
Management: Corp of Engineers
The GPS takes you to a gravel lot with a boat launch right on the water. It is a beautiful lake and you can see the sunrise in the morning. If you take a right where the sign is there are picnic tables, fire rings, and stoves set up there. I had no signal for 30 min driving to it but there some at the boat launch area at least. I was there on a Wednesday night and a few others staying there as well. Two dogs came running down to greet me in the morning, Lucky and Daisy. Sweet pups owned by a nearby homeowner.
Top 10 Trails to Hike at Mammoth Cave National Park
I also got the chance to experience different trails at Mammoth Cave National park. The park has 23 trails that you can use for running, hiking, and many other fun activities. If you love nature ad you are in for some exercise, this trails will be great for you. There are ten trails I loved the most, so I will list them below so that you have the chance to explore them too. They range from easy to hard, so find one that fits you the most and take the trail that fits you the most.
1. Green River Bluff, Sinkhole Echo River Springs, and Heritage Trail
We can rate this trail as moderate; it is 4.5 miles long and is heavily trafficked. It is located near the Mammoth cave, and one of its best features is a river. Several activities can be performed on this trail, and we were even allowed to go with our dog. You, however, have to keep the dog on a leash so that it does not wander off. Also, make sure to carry a map so that you don’t get confused like we were. Overall, the trail was well maintained, and we loved and views.
We really liked hiking this trail today. It’s a combination of trails to make that big loop. WeI like loops, but you will have to look at the app to check which way you should go several times. We did some back tracking. according to this app, I walked 5.3 miles. It is an absolutely beautiful hike! Today is a Thursday. There were enough people around, but definitely not too many.
Length: 4.5 mi
Elevation gain: 557 ft
Route type: Loop
2. Dixon Cave Trail Loop
This trail is rated as easy, but I would rate it as moderate. It is 1.5 mile long and located near Mammoth cave, anyone can hike on this trail, and you will get to experience the lovely views of a flowing river. You are also allowed to go with your dog on this trail as long as you have a leash on it. It was a bit rocky so make sure you watch where you step. It also has a lot of shade, so if you get tired, sit aside and enjoy the view while you relax.
I did this trail right after coming out of mammoth cave underground tour. It’s right next to the exit/entrance. Definitely go counterclockwise – go to Dixon cave first. There was a steep decline that you won’t want to climb up.
Length: 1.5 mi
Elevation gain: 275 ft
Route type: Loop
3. Green River Bluffs and Heritage Loop
This trail can be rated as moderate, and it is 2.4 miles long and moderately trafficked. It also features a river and can be used for hiking, running, walking, and even nature trips. We met other hikers who came with their dogs, but they were all on leashes which is excellent. You can also take your kids on this trail as it is effortless to follow. We got to see some deer and even went into some caves, which was pretty awesome.
Great to take kids on because the trail is very easy to follow. There are rocks and stairs to get up, but our six year old had no issues. Great overlook spot, saw a couple deer, and was able to see into a couple of caves. We didn’t hike the Heritage part because we took a detour to Dixon Cave and kept going and ended up at the visitor center.
Length: 2.4 mi
Elevation gain: 374 ft
Route type: Loop
4. Sinkhole Trail
This is one of the most accessible trails in Mammoth National park and only 2.4 miles; it is located near the Mammoth cave and is moderately trafficked. It is great for a nature trip, walking and hiking. You can even bring along your dog as long as it is on a leash. We got to see a lot of historical things, which made it even more fun.
Pretty trail that is connected to many other trails to explore. Overall not as impressive as the actual caves would be but sadly you need a reservation to see any of the inside of the caves. Would not recommend this park without a reservation as the trails are nothing too special.
Length: 2.4 mi
Elevation gain: 357 ft
Route type: Out & back
5. Heritage Trail Loop
The Heritage Trail Loop is also another easy trail that you have to try out. It features stunning wildflowers and can be hiked by people of all skills. I liked how it was well maintained and the wooden paths. The wooden paths were also combined with cement and gravel and not forgetting the steep inclines. I got to see some woodpeckers, a doe, and a wild turkey. The sounds were excellent, and the whole trail was generally peaceful and enjoyable.
We’ll maintained but, only .8 miles long, combination of gravel, cement and wooden paths with some steep inclines. We saw a doe nursing her fawn, turkeys and woodpecker. The beauty and sounds were wonderful.
Length: 0.8 mi
Elevation gain: 42 ft
Route type: Loop
6. Nolin Lake: Lakeshore, Bluff Waterfall, and Point Loop
I would rate this trail as easy because I did not have any problems reaching the top. It also features a lake, which you can use for walking, hiking, or nature trips. I feel like I bonded with nature on this trail, and I even came across some lizards, turtles, beavers, and snakes. There were beautiful rock formations and also a small waterfall that was fun to watch. Make sure to carry a good camera so that you capture all the great moments and views.
Great trail, passed the waterfall but turned back and found it. It’s at mile 1.6 in case you miss it too. Loved this hike. Peaceful.
Out & back
7. Echo River Spring and Sinkhole Loop
This is also another easy trail that you definitely should try out. It is 2.2 miles long, and it features a river. It is accessible all year round, and you can even go with your dog as long as it is on a leash. When I went on this hike, it was a warm day, so I appreciated the shades. The trail has nice scenes and is very well maintained, which I loved a lot.
Did the ranger-led walk— it was their first day ever offering this since it’s a new trail and they were on a limited schedule due to COVID. Alex, our ranger, was fantastic at pointing out lots of wildlife and plants we wouldn’t have noticed on our own. We just did the accessible loop but it was a great overview of how the cave is formed.
Length: 2.2 mi
Elevation gain: 154 ft
Route type: Out & back
8. First Cree Lake Trail
I can rate this trail as moderate, so be prepared mentally before you take it. It is 3.6miles long, and it features a lake. It was a bit muddy, but the good thing is we came prepared with the right shoes. It is also great for dogs; go with it and keep it on a leash if you have a dog. It is also a great camping ground to hike and afterward decide to camp as we did.
First 1.5 miles is great: gentle downhill towards the lake through moss covered boulders and glimpses of the green river. The loop around the lake was so-so: trail was extremely muddy and the lake was completed dried up.
Length: 3.6 mi
Elevation gain: 524 ft
Route type: Loop
9. Mammoth Cave National Park Scenic Drive
The Mammoth Cave National Park Scenic Drive is a road to take in as the last thing in the park. It is 10.9 mi long and also features a lake. The road is accessible all year round, so don’t miss out on a drive you will often remember when you get a chance. It was my first time there, but I will go back.
Length: 10.9 mi
Elevation gain: 570 ft
Route type: Point to point
10. Big Hollow North and South Loops Trail
This is a moderate trail that is 17.9km long. It is also accessible throughout the year, and you can come with your dog. Make sure that the dog is always on a leash to avoid wandering off. I loved how well the trail was marked, but I wouldn’t say I liked the spider webs. I would recommend this trail, especially if you don’t mind the spider webs.
Nice trail. Never saw so many spiders in my life. Had to carry a stick in front of us. The actual trail from the Maple Springs Parking Area was 12.4 miles. Pretty woods, not many scenic views and very few animals (even though we started at 7 am). Would be great for a little trail running. Did see one mountain biker.
Length: 11.1 mi
Elevation gain: 587 ft
Route type: Loop
The Mammoth Cave National Park is a great place to visit and keep in touch with nature. It was my first time there, but I am already planning on how I can go back. I would recommend it for anyone looking for a place to hike, take a nature trail, or even camp. There are lots of activities that you will love making it a great place to unwind. There are also many family activities, and they even allow dogs, so go there as a family and get an experience of a lifetime.
Other Boondocking Free Campsites In Kentucky
Paragon Dispersed Camping Area
West Liberty, KY
“One of the best free camping areas, watch out for snake.”
Daniel Boone National Forest
Turkey Foot Campground
“And it’s free to camp!”
Little Lick Campground
“Hard to find free dispersed camping out here in the East.”
Great Meadows Campground
“Beautiful Primitive Camping”
“Best free camping in ky!”
Hartig Park & Wild Life Reserve
“The camping is free but there is no electric or water so be prepared.”
US Forestry Department
Big Creek, KY
Places and Things to Do and See in Mammoth Cave National Park
Mammoth Cave National park lies on 53,000 acres of land, which includes cemeteries, old historic churches, forests, sinkholes, and not forgetting the longest cave system known to history. I got to enjoy many activities and sights, some of which you can enjoy all year round.
The park offers cave tours all year round, but the selection changes depending on the availability of the staff and the season. The park has a website to check on the tour schedule and plan ahead of the trip. I knew that, so I had the chance of applying early, I would advise you to do the same.
We also participated in a ranger-led program which is a great activity, especially for the whole family. You get to discover new things and learn a lot about the Mammoth Cave National Park. Other activities included walks, talks, and even junior ranger activities. Apart from the cave tours, all the other activities are free, but you must check with the current program. You will also be able to see the available programs and get to book in time.
There are several available service roads and unpaved trails in the park for anyone who wants to cycle. You have to check first because some of the trails are closed. I had the chance to participate in bike riding, and I enjoyed the activity a lot. If you meet horse riders, you have to pave the way for them.
I love hiking, so I did many hiking activities; we saw several springs, and the views along the rivers were breathtaking. There are over 60 miles of trails, so you have to choose a hiking trail that fits you best. Some of the trails are very hard, but some are moderate, and others are very easy to hike with your kids.
Canoeing, Kayaking, and Boating
When performing the above activities, always make sure that you are wearing a life jacket. It is also a requirement of the Mammoth Cave National Park, and you have to wear it all times you are on a river. Make sure it properly fits you and is approved by the coast guard. You will get to enjoy the whole experience as we did. The rivers offer a lot of activities, and you will find one that you love.
The fishing experience taught me patience and relaxation. It was challenging at first because it was my first time. I was able to learn the sense of preservation and conservation. You have to learn about the fishing information if you intend to participate in this activity and get to know all about your activities. You will not need any fishing permit or license as long as you are within the boundaries of Mammoth Cave National Park.
Another great activity I got the chance to participate in is horse riding. If you would love to see the world from the back of a horse, then you will love this activity. There were different trails for horseback riding; some were dirt paths which were enough for two riders. However, you have to be daring enough to go on other trails like the ridgeline trails and the single file.
Beneath Your Feet
If you love geology and you are often curious about the mysteries of the world, then you will love this activity. This activity is one of the best ways to learn more about the Mammoth Cave National park.
In the past, people used the stars to navigate and keep track of time. They also used stars to connect with other people who have different types of cultures. After a day of hiking and kayaking, pitch up a tent and enjoy the stars. You don’t have to stop the fun just because it is dark outside. You also definitely don’t need a telescope to enjoy the stars.
Free Kentucky Resources
Kentucky does not offer a annual pass simply because they do not charge admission to any of their state parks. There are some discounts if you qualify. The most tempting is the senior discount.
Senior Citizen (use code SENR when booking lodge rooms or cottages online or select “senior” customer type for campsites). ID required upon check-in (age 62 & older).
AAA Membership Discounts (use code AAA when booking lodge rooms or cottages online or select “AAA” customer type for campsites). AAA membership card must be shown at check-in.
Their is also a military discount.
Type-in discount code USA when booking online Nov.-March for super deals on lodge rooms and cottages. April-October select Military Discount from the drop down under Special Rates for 15% lodging discount. Active & retired military personnel with proof of service.
For military campers, receive a 10% discount by choosing the “Military” customer type upon booking online and showing identification at check-in.
The America Beautiful pass for all National Parks, National Forests is available and a great deal, seniors who travel together can get one lifetime pass and use that free for those listed above and more.
Last but not least are the Wildlife Management Areas in Kentucky. Camping is permitted in the WMA but in designated areas.
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cities > features > nairobi's silent majority fights back
Nairobi's silent majority fights back
Posted: 11 May 2004
by Rasna Warah
When the ruling National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) government came into power in December 2002 after ousting the despotic regime of former President Daniel arap Moi, it vowed to, among other things, ensure that Kenya's growing urban poor would have access to adequate housing. But a recent spate of evictions and demolitions in Kenya's capital city Nairobi has raised questions about the sincerity of the new government's pledges, as Rasna Warah reports.
In February this year, bulldozers began razing several shacks and shanties in the city ostensibly because they were built illegally on road reserves, along railway lines or under power lines that posed a danger to the residents or obstructed the development of new infrastructure such as roads. Up-market houses were not spared either. Newly-built houses in Nairobi's posh Kitusuru area were bulldozed, allegedly because they contravened building codes or the land on which they were built was illegally acquired during the previous regime and was encroaching on land reserved for road projects.
Mathare slum, Nairobi.
© Rasna Warah |
But the impact of the demolitions was most severe on the city's slums, where 60 per cent of the city's residents live. An estimated 42,000 structures were targeted, which would in effect have rendered over 400,000 people homeless. Kenya's leading newspaper, the Daily Nation, described the exercise as "Kenya's biggest bulldozing project".
However, public outcry and behind-the-scenes diplomacy led the government to make a quick retreat. When 2000 people were evicted from their homes in Raila settlement (ironically named after the Minister who ordered the evictions) and churches, schools and a clinic were also demolished, slum residents and civil society organisations began a campaign to resist further evictions.
The demolition exercise also caught the attention of the international community. According to an exclusive report by the East African, a regional weekly, Pope John Paul II took the unusual step of intervening through his emissary, His Eminence Cardinal Renato Martino, who impressed upon President Mwai Kibaki - who is a Catholic - to "treat the slum dwellers in a humane manner and to find them alternative land before evicting them". At around the same time, the UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing, Miloon Kothari, who happened to be in the country, issued a press statement denouncing the demolitions, which he said, were "affecting the credibility of the government in the eyes of its own people and of the international community".
The UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), which has its headquarters in Nairobi, adopted a more restrained approach, perhaps because it did not want to risk antagonising the Ministry of Roads, Public Works and Housing (which authorised the demolitions), a key partner in its Nairobi Slum Upgrading Initiative, which aims to improve the lives of the city's nearly two million slum dwellers. According to David Kithakye, a UN-Habitat official, the organisation's approach was in line with UN protocol which does not allow the UN to attack any one government. "All we can do is point out to the government that things are not in order. We can't go around organizing protests."
Although plans for the slum upgrading initiative have been under discussion for over a year, progress on the project has been slow. Kithakye says this is because the initiative is still in its preparatory planning phase, which is expected to be completed in June this year. "What we will have in June is an agreed set of improvements, agreed with the slum dwellers themselves," he says. "After that, we hope that the government, together with UN-Habitat, will mobilize resources for the implementation phase".
Kibera, Nairobi, the world's biggest slum.
Lack of clarity about what the project will entail has complicated matters further. Initially, residents of Kibera, Nairobi's largest slum, were told that some of them would be relocated to Athi River on the outskirts of the city to make room for the upgrading project. However, this proposal was vehemently opposed by the residents, who, through their federation, Muungano wa Wanavijiji, pleaded with the authorities to not move them, as it would mean travelling longer distances to their places of work. Structure owners - who rent out their shacks to slum dwellers - have also joined the fray, as upgrading would mean they would lose rental income. One NGO official told me that the structure owners are also in the process of forming their own association to resist relocation. The majority of Nairobi's slum dwellers are tenants, who pay between $5 to $ 40 a month for a one-room structure in a slum.
Past slum-upgrading initiatives in the city have demonstrated that lack of communication and dialogue between slum dwellers and the authorities has been one of the leading causes of misunderstanding and violence in slum communities. In the late 1990s, for instance, a slum upgrading project initiated by the Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi went terribly wrong when violent conflicts arose between the Archdiocese and residents in Mathare 4A, one of the poorest slums in the city. Residents complained of not being involved in any of the decision-making processes and also of being misinformed of their tenure status in the upgraded houses. Odindo Opiata, Coordinator of Legal Services and Community Partnerships at Kituo cha Sheria, a legal aid NGO, says that lack of information and communication between slum dwellers and the authorities has been one of the most serious problems facing slum-upgrading projects, and is likely to be the source of future conflicts in slums within the city.
Slum residents associations are also demanding that they be consulted on any issues affecting them. Dalmas Otieno, Secretary of the Kibera Rent and Housing Forum, feels that slum dwellers should negotiate directly with the government, rather than through intermediaries such as NGOs, because they are the ones who "know where the shoe pinches". Otieno told the East African that the government's recent decision to demolish slum dwellings was "totally unfair" as slum dwellers were not warned or consulted before the bulldozers moved in. It is estimated that approximately 10,000 people were rendered homeless in the recent demolition exercise; many of them are still homeless as they were unable to find alternative accommodation.
The roots of the formation of Nairobi's slums can be traced to the pre-independence period when urban planning was based on government-sanctioned segregation, which relegated Africans to the most dense and least serviced sections of the city. After independence in 1963, the government tried to institute slum clearance and containment policies, which were prevalent in other parts of the world at the time. However, this policy did not work and only led to the proliferation of slums in other parts of the city. In the 1970s, the government tried site and services schemes, but even these failed to improve the lives of slum dwellers as they tended to exclude the poorest groups.
World Bank and IMF-led structural adjustment policies (SAPs) in the 1980s made the situation of slums in the city even more precarious. SAPs required that the government withdraw from subsidising basic services such as health and education. These policies severely affected the poor, who had to dig deeper into their pockets to pay for these services, and led to a dramatic growth in the city's slum population. A 2003 UN-Habitat report shows that between 1971 and 1995, the number of informal settlements, or slums, within Nairobi rose from 50 to 134, while the estimated population of these settlements increased from 167,000 to 1,886,000. Today, both natural growth and rural-to-urban migration continue to contribute to the growth of slums in the city, which have been described as among the densest and most unsanitary slums in the world.
Due to the very complex nature of informal settlement development in the city, attempts to upgrade slums have had mixed results. Lack of affordability and insecure tenure have been cited as the main constraints to improving housing for the urban poor in the city. Research has shown that the poor cannot afford to pay for upgraded housing, even if it is available to them. This means that indirect cost recovery and subsidies have to be developed. According to Winnie Mitullah, a researcher at Nairobi University's Institute for Development Studies, the cost of land and infrastructure itself prohibits the urban poor from developing or owing their houses. This calls for more innovative tenure systems that are accessible to the urban poor, such as community ownership of land and land subsidised by the government. Some have even called for the lowering of building standards for low-income housing, which would allow the use of non-conventional or traditional building materials, which are cheaper and more accessible to the poor.
The government is currently in the process of revising its housing policies and it is expected that these policies will be more sensitive to the housing needs of the poorest and most vulnerable sections of society. For many slum dwellers, however, the hope of a better life is just a dream. Wachiuru, a slum dweller in Nairobi, doesn't think he will ever escape the deplorable conditions of slum life. At a recent public forum on human rights he told participants: "I was born in a slum, I live in a slum, I will probably die in a slum, and if there is a slum in heaven, I will probably end up there too."
Rasna Warah is a freelance journalist based in Nairobi.
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AI writing tools are rapidly becoming popular and likely to change the way people deal with their writing needs. One of such needs is academic writing, and students are more than keen to try out the new technology. They want to use AI tools for writing essays to make their lives easier and improve their performance. But can AI writers do the job well enough for students to rely on them in case they need help with homework? Do AI tools provide correct and credible answers to essay questions? While there are undeniable advantages of AI writing tools, there are numerous disadvantages too. Let’s have a look at whether AI content is a good option for academic writing and whether professional human essay writers are a better choice.
The Basics Explained: What Is AI?
AI stands for artificial intelligence, and it is a term that appeared in the 1960s as the opposite of natural intelligence. The concept describes the ability of machines to do processes that are typically human like learning or making decisions. AI is trained to be able to complete certain tasks with the help of vast amounts of data and human trainers. AI is widely present in our lives. For instance, you deal with it when you see shopping recommendations or use an online translator. While AI is an integral part of our daily routine for quite a long time now, we are witnessing a real breakthrough in the sphere of machine learning these days. It started with ChatGPT being released to be used by the public. People across the world use this tool for various purposes, but students view it as the ultimate AI essay writer.
What Is ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is an open-access AI-based chatbot released by OpenAI. This AI is a generative language model that has been trained using massive corpora of various data. The variety of source information helped the AI to learn to produce content that strongly resembles human writing. Users can ask ChatGPT to complete a vast range of writing-related tasks like writing code, doing translation, creating a social media post, etc. Of course, it has been used as an AI essay generator too. The impressive resemblance to human-generated content, as well as the speed, led to the fact that every media in the world talked about ChatGPT.
However, pretty soon, users of ChatGPT started noticing that AI writing is far from perfect. It is not aware of recent events and uses outdated data to react to prompts. Its answers might be biased and even outright racist or sexist. More so, it sometimes hallucinates and makes up information if it does not know the answer to a question that a user asked. Of course, these serious drawbacks make people wonder whether ChatGPT and other AI writers can be used safely. To find the answer to this question, our team decided to take a deep dive into the advantages and disadvantages of AI writing software.
What Is So Great about AI Writing Tools?
AI writing software became such a hit for a good reason. Despite some drawbacks, it has many strengths and offers many benefits to users. AI tools are:
- Easy to use. AI writing tools usually have a very clear and easy-to-use interface. If essay guidelines are simple, a student has to just copy and paste them to get help.
- Affordable. Typically, one can use an AI essay writer for free. There are subscriptions and additional services that cost money, but other than that AI writers are free of charge.
- Fast. The biggest advantage of AI content writing tools is their speed. They are capable of producing a couple of pages of text in under a minute. When a deadline is minutes away and a student wants to submit at least something, it is a perfect option.
- Capable of research. As a rule, AI writing is based on some research and has elements that make the content more reliable. It makes papers more usable for students in some cases.
- Always ready to work. An AI essay writer never sleeps, gets tired, or runs out of ideas. It is available 24/7 unless there is an overload on servers and are always in the mood for creating content.
- Great for brainstorming. AI can generate content and ideas about any topic with amazing speed. It can be an excellent AI writing assistant and help to cope with writer’s block or find an interesting perspective on the topic.
What Is Wrong about Using an AI Essay Writer?
AI essay writing could be a dream come true for students since tools like ChatGPT can generate content in large volumes fast. However, this content is rarely ready-to-use and always lacking in many ways. As of today, the problem is that not a single AI essay tool can produce text that is as good as human writing. Let us have a look at how and why AI is inferior to human writers, especially professional ones.
Incorrect and Superficial Information
Any text generator functions thanks to the data that it has been provided with. There are limitations in the quality and amount of data fed to an AI writing tool. ChatGPT operates on open-access data as of 2021. As a result, it might deliver wrong, outdated, uninformed answers or make things up if the necessary information is not available. Also, ChatGPT offers superficial and general research data, which is not what academic writing usually requires.
Lack of Emotions and Senses
Again, not a single AI essay generator has feelings or senses. None of them understands what it means to be a human. That is why AI is not capable of creating original and relatable personal stories, reflecting on human experiences, creating vivid descriptions, or writing a good joke. It is a huge shortcoming that makes human-generated content so much better.
Distinguishably Poor Style
After all, AI writing tools are machines, so they produce somewhat machine-like texts. Recently, there has been a massive improvement in the quality of the content that AI creates. But the writing is still very straightforward, dry, and generic. It is repetitive too when it comes to both the information and phrases or sentences used. It always chooses the safest and the most common way to reply to a user’s prompt. They lack the creative chaos that people can bring to writing.
Lack of Original Thinking
Unlike human essay writers, AI does not have the ability to think. It analyzes and synthesizes data based on probability. As a result, the outputs that AI delivers are superficial summaries of various sources, which are rarely cited. It is usually not direct copy-pasting, but it is plagiarism. Academic writing requires original and unique ideas, but AI essay writing does not have them.
High Risk of AI Getting Detected
Students who hope to use AI essay writing to submit as their own will be disappointed to learn that there are tools to detect content generated by AI. Just like plagiarism detection software, they can identify AI-generated text. It will lead to penalties, failed classes, and irreversible damage to the reputation.
Use our plagiarism check option
to submit original papers!
Why Human Essay Writers Are Better than AI
AI generative technologies might be good for certain writing tasks, but they are not able to provide the quality that human writers can offer. Yes, AI might be really good at presenting dry facts, but they will not deliver a decent result when an assignment requires critical thinking, analysis, reflection, creativity, or engagement with a reader. Human writers are flexible and can handle any writing challenge. And if they provide essay writing service professionally, a client can be sure of an excellent outcome, and here is why.
Unlike AI, human essay writers cannot generate three pages of text within seconds. But they are capable to deliver a paper that fully meets a client’s needs. They take time to understand the task, process class materials, ask for clarifications, or get the approval of a topic if necessary. They approach each assignment individually and with utmost attention to detail to provide a paper that is tailored to a student’s expectations.
ChatGPT is an incredible tool, but its critical thinking is nowhere near the human ability of sound judgment. A typical AI essay writer will include any data in their output if the information helps it to reply to a user’s request. Human essay writers know better than to trust just any open-access source. They appraise how up-to-date, credible, relevant, and objective the information is and whether the source can be used. This skill is crucial in academic writing, which requires proper verification of sources before they can be referenced in a piece.
Correct and Profound Information
If students hire professional essay writers, they can be sure that their writing task will contain only accurate information. Professionals providing writing services work within their specialization and know a subject inside out. They guarantee the accuracy of data and are able to go deep into the research of a topic. In contrast, AI content writing tools are prone to making things up and writing superficial summaries.
Professional essay writers ensure that the papers that their clients get are completely unique and original. Their content is written from scratch, customized to needs, and has all the citations and references. AI might use the information without citing or deliver similar papers to different students who use the same tool and prompt. AI-generated content might fail a check for plagiarism.
Professional writers are a lot more flexible and agile than any AI tool. They can work with any type of writing and guarantee its quality. Be it an essay, research paper, poem, dissertation, etc., they can do it all in the way that a client wants. It is going to be a well-researched, reliable, and well-structured piece that follows the requirements.
Creativity and Human Perspective
Human writing is always considerably richer than that of AI. People are better at content that concerns emotions, opinions, personal reflection, etc., and these are the things that make texts good. AI is not able of conveying feeling the way people do. As a result, technology is less creative when it comes to descriptions or the use of literary devices. AI-generated content always lacks a district voice.
Correct Use of Sources
Not only qualified human essay writers can find proper sources for an academic paper, but they can also use them correctly. Every student knows that appropriate citing, referencing, and formatting are crucial in academic assignments if one does not want to get accused of plagiarism. And a professional writer will ensure a student is on the safe side. Not a single essay writer free AI tool can guarantee that the output it provides has accurate citations.
Clarity of Writing
Human writing demonstrates a more unambiguous, concise, and clear approach. AI is more prone to writing summaries, so its writing often gets vague and repetitive. This might be a problem in academic papers that do not tolerate a lack of specific details, unclear language, or phrases that could be misinterpreted. Thus, hiring a professional writer is your guarantee that your paper meets all the academic norms.
How Are Custom Essays Different from AI-Generated Ones?
AI-written paper is a piece that is created by an algorithm that relies on probability and data that it has been trained on. The result will be rather robotic and repetitive writing that somewhat follows your requirements. If you order a paper from a professional writer providing essay writing service at Prime-Essay.com, you get a paper that is completely customized to your instructions and preferences.
A qualified and experienced writer will analyze your instructions, conduct research, collect sources, and draft a piece that meets your requirements to the letter. Your paper will demonstrate expertise and profound understanding. You will receive a ready-to-use piece that is well-organized, well-researched, and coherent. More so, the paper will be error-free and correctly formatted according to the chosen formatting style. So, if you choose to work with competent human essay writers, you are bound to receive way better content than that generated by AI.
Rely on Experts, not AI, for Better Results
Of course, it is for you to decide whether to use an AI writing assistant or to hire a human writer. But mind that at least for now, AI is not able to provide fully correct academic papers. The writers of Prime-Essay.com, however, can satisfy any academic needs you might have and ensure that your performance gets better. If you want to feel confident about what you submit, you are welcome to place an order with us. Our team will be delighted to help you with your writing assignments and homework at reasonable rates.
You will find our services particularly helpful if:
- You have only started. If you are a freshman, you are not yet familiar with all the peculiarities of academic papers that you have to complete. We will be there for you!
- You are about to graduate. You are likely to lack time to deal with everything on your plate. We can handle writing while you focus on what is more important for you.
- You do not trust the AI essay writer. If you have used an AI tool but are not sure about the results, we can do the rewriting or a revision of the AI content for you.
- You have a professional request. Do you need an SEO-optimized article or a social media post that follows your business’ tone of voice? Our writers have got you covered.
- You need the correct use of sources. Our writing experts know how to locate, choose, and use sources well. They follow all the citation standards and can do correct formatting in any style (APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, etc.).
What is more, working with a human writer means that there is room for feedback and improvements. With a human writer, you can provide feedback or professor’s comments and ask for a free revision. As a reputable company, we take responsibility for what we produce, so we guarantee high-quality writing, original paper, and timely delivery.
Essay service by Prime-Essay.com is rated 5/5 based on 295 customer reviews.
Want your voice to count in? Send us your review with all the details.
Do the Right Thing for Your Academic Success
AI language models have come a long way and are as good as ever now. However, they still need time to get better at helping students with their writing assignments. It might be reasonable to use AI for preliminary research and brainstorming, but using a fully AI-generated paper might be risky. Today, the best option is to use an essay writing service like Prime-Essay.com and get assistance from real experts. A paper written by a professional writer is the combination of in-depth research, vast experience, a deep understanding of a topic, clear and concise writing, and a very responsible approach. You are bound to get a paper that you will be happy to submit as your own and enjoy the academic success that it will bring you. | <urn:uuid:20d5659b-c3e9-4752-abc2-e03bc9037f21> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://prime-essay.com/chatgpt-essay.html | 2024-02-27T15:56:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.955671 | 3,060 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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Mobile-First Indexing Definition
Mobile-first indexing refers to the practice adopted by search engines, predominantly Google, to use the mobile version of a website as its primary source for indexing and ranking. In other words, when search engines crawl and index content, they look at the mobile version of a website first, rather than the desktop version, which was traditionally the case.
Why the Shift to Mobile-First?
The evolution and adaptation of mobile-first indexing are largely in response to the dramatic increase in mobile internet usage. Today, more people access the internet through mobile devices than desktop computers. Recognizing this trend, search engines decided to prioritize mobile content to ensure the results they serve reflect the majority of user experiences.
What it Means for Websites
For websites, this shift indicates a pressing need to ensure that their mobile versions are not only accessible but also optimized for performance and user experience. If a site doesn’t have a mobile-friendly version or if the mobile version lacks crucial content present in the desktop version, it can negatively impact its search engine rankings.
How it Differs from Past Practices
Traditionally, search engines prioritized the desktop version of websites. This meant that SEO strategies and website designs were often heavily tilted towards desktop users. With mobile-first indexing, the dynamics have shifted. Even if a website has a stellar desktop version, it might suffer in rankings if its mobile version isn’t up to par.
In conclusion, mobile-first indexing is a testament to the changing landscape of internet usage. As the name suggests, it puts mobile at the forefront, signaling to website owners the importance of optimizing for mobile devices in the current digital age.
What Does Mobile-First Indexing Mean for SEO?
With the onset of mobile-first indexing, the Search Engine Optimization (SEO) landscape has seen a significant shift in priorities and strategies. This change underscores the necessity of ensuring a website’s mobile version is not just functional, but optimized for the best user experience. Here’s a deeper look into what mobile-first indexing implies for SEO:
You Can’t Opt-Out of Mobile-First Indexing
One of the most important things to understand about mobile-first indexing is its inevitability. Websites don’t have the luxury to choose whether they want to be part of this new indexing approach.
- Irrespective of Preference: Even if your primary audience uses desktops, and you believe the desktop version of your site offers a superior experience, search engines will still prioritize your mobile version for indexing purposes.
- Immediate Action Required: This underscores the urgency for sites, especially those that have traditionally been desktop-centric, to revamp and optimize their mobile experiences. Failing to do so can lead to a decline in search rankings and visibility.
- Universal Application: It’s a blanket policy, meaning that all new websites are now assumed to be mobile-friendly and are indexed with mobile-first indexing by default. For older sites, search engines have been migrating them to mobile-first indexing based on signals of their readiness.
There Is Only One Index
A common misconception is that with the advent of mobile-first indexing, there are separate indexes for mobile and desktop. This is not the case.
- Single Source of Truth: Search engines use a single index to store and retrieve information. The “mobile-first” in mobile-first indexing only refers to the priority given to the mobile version of websites when populating this single index.
- Consistent SERPs: This means that there isn’t a distinct mobile index and desktop index leading to different search engine results pages (SERPs) for different devices. Everyone views results from the same index, but the ranking of these results might vary based on various factors, including device compatibility.
- Ensuring Content Parity: Given this single index system, it becomes imperative for websites to maintain content parity between desktop and mobile versions. If certain content or pages are only present on the desktop version and omitted from the mobile version, they risk being excluded from the index altogether.
In essence, mobile-first indexing has profound implications for SEO strategies. It reinforces the idea that mobile optimization isn’t just a ‘good-to-have’ but an essential component of modern digital presence. Ignoring this shift can have tangible repercussions on a website’s search visibility and performance.
Best Practices to Boost Your Site’s Ranking in the Mobile-First Era
In the mobile-first era, it’s crucial for websites to adapt and adhere to best practices to remain competitive in search engine rankings. Below are some essential strategies and considerations to enhance your site’s mobile optimization:
Optimize content for mobile devices
- Readable Text: Ensure that the text on your mobile site is easily readable without requiring users to zoom in. This includes using legible fonts and appropriate font sizes.
- Visual Content: Images and videos should be appropriately sized so that they load quickly and fit within the screen’s width without horizontal scrolling.
- Structured Content: Break content into short, digestible paragraphs with clear headings. Mobile users often skim content, so it’s essential to make it easily scannable.
- Pop-ups and Interstitials: Minimize the use of pop-ups and interstitials on mobile as they can be disruptive to the user experience. When used, ensure they’re easily dismissible.
Use responsive web design (RWD) techniques
- Fluid Grids: Use fluid grid systems to ensure that content resizes smoothly across various screen sizes and resolutions.
- Flexible Media: Images and other media should resize within their containing elements, preventing layout issues or horizontal scrolling.
- CSS Media Queries: Apply styles and layouts based on different device characteristics, like width, height, or screen resolution, ensuring the design fits all device types.
- Consistent Testing: Regularly test your site on various devices and screen sizes to ensure the responsive design is functioning as intended.
Increase site speed
- Optimize Images: Use compression tools to reduce image file sizes without sacrificing quality. Also, consider implementing modern image formats like WebP.
- Leverage Browser Caching: Store frequently used files on the user’s browser to speed up subsequent page loads.
- Content Delivery Network (CDN): Use a CDN to distribute content more efficiently to users based on their geographic location.
Boost user experience
Provide the same experience across mobile and desktop devices
- Content Parity: Ensure all essential content available on the desktop version is also present and accessible on the mobile version.
- Functionality: All tools, forms, and site functions should work seamlessly across both desktop and mobile platforms.
Don’t confuse mobile-first indexing with mobile usability
- SEO vs. UX: While mobile-first indexing is an SEO principle, focusing solely on it and neglecting mobile usability can harm user experience. Both should go hand in hand.
- Prioritize Users: Always prioritize the user’s experience on your mobile site. A technically optimized site for mobile-first indexing won’t succeed if users find it difficult or unappealing.
In summary, as mobile-first indexing becomes the norm, websites must be proactive in their optimization strategies. By focusing on content, design, speed, and overall user experience, sites can ensure they’re not just keeping up but thriving in the mobile-first era.
Use structured data
Structured data, often in the form of schema markup, provides search engines with additional information about the content on your site, enhancing its visibility and the way it’s presented in search results.
- Enhanced Results: Implementing structured data can lead to rich snippets or enhanced search results, such as star ratings, product prices, or event dates directly visible in the search listings.
- Consistent Information: Ensure that the structured data on your mobile site is consistent with your desktop site. This can help in conveying accurate and coherent information to search engines.
- Use Relevant Schemas: Depending on your website’s content, make use of relevant schema types like articles, products, reviews, events, etc.
- Validation: Use tools provided by search engines, like Google’s Structured Data Testing Tool, to validate your structured data implementation and ensure there are no errors.
Test your site’s mobile-friendliness
Given the emphasis on mobile-first indexing, it’s paramount to ensure that your site is genuinely mobile-friendly.
Mobile-Friendly Test: Utilize online tools like Mobile-Friendly Test to gauge how well your website performs on mobile devices.
Regular Audits: Conduct regular audits using website analysis tools to identify any mobile usability issues and rectify them promptly.
- Consider Touch: Design with touch in mind, ensuring buttons and links are adequately spaced and easily tappable.
Viewport Configuration: Ensure that your site uses a responsive viewport meta tag to adapt correctly to different devices.
Handling separate mobile and desktop sites
Some websites opt for separate mobile and desktop versions. While this approach can have advantages, it comes with its own set of challenges in the mobile-first era.
- Consistent Content: If there are significant content differences between your mobile and desktop sites, the mobile content will be the one predominantly indexed. Ensure that vital content is present and easily accessible on both versions.
- Rel=Canonical and Rel=Alternate: Use the “rel=canonical” link attribute on the desktop version pointing to the mobile version, and the “rel=alternate” attribute on the mobile version pointing to the desktop version. This helps search engines understand the relationship between the two versions.
- Verify Both in Search Console: If using tools like Google Search Console, ensure both the mobile and desktop versions are verified, providing insights into potential issues for each version.
- Avoid Redirection Errors: If users are automatically redirected based on their device, ensure that the redirects are correctly configured. For instance, a mobile user should not be mistakenly directed to the desktop version.
In conclusion, while mobile-first indexing has implications for all websites, those with separate mobile and desktop versions need to be particularly attentive. The key is to provide a seamless and consistent experience, regardless of the approach taken.
Checking and Adapting to Mobile-First Indexing
With mobile-first indexing becoming the default behavior of search engines, it’s essential for webmasters and site owners to ensure their websites are properly indexed and aligned with this new paradigm. Here’s how you can check and adapt accordingly:
You can check if your site is on mobile-first indexing
Knowing whether your site has been moved to mobile-first indexing is crucial for identifying any potential adjustments needed. Fortunately, there are straightforward methods to determine this:
- Google Search Console: One of the easiest ways is to use Google Search Console. Once logged in, you can navigate to the “Settings” section. If your site has been moved to mobile-first indexing, you’ll receive a notification under the “About” tab indicating that your site is being primarily crawled by Google’s mobile crawler.
- Server Logs: Another method involves analyzing your server logs. If you notice that the majority of Googlebot’s crawls are from its mobile agent rather than its desktop agent, it’s an indication that your site is on mobile-first indexing.
- Official Notifications: Google usually sends notifications to website owners (via Search Console) when their site is transitioned to mobile-first indexing. Keep an eye on your registered email for such alerts.
Adapting to Mobile-First Indexing:
Once you’ve confirmed that your site is on mobile-first indexing, or even if you’re preparing for the inevitable transition, consider the following adaptations:
- Ensure Mobile Optimization: As a priority, ensure that your mobile website is not just a diminished version of your desktop site. It should be fully functional, offering a complete user experience.
- Responsive Design: If you haven’t already, adopting a responsive design ensures that your website provides a consistent experience across devices.
- Content Parity: Ensure that crucial content (text, images, videos) present on the desktop version is also accessible on the mobile version.
- Structured Data: Maintain consistency in structured data between both versions. If you use schema markup on your desktop site, ensure it’s also present and correctly implemented on your mobile site.
- Metadata Consistency: Meta titles and descriptions should be equivalent across both versions to maintain a uniform signaling to search engines about your content’s context.
- Verify Mobile Site in Search Console: If you have separate mobile and desktop versions, ensure both are verified in Google Search Console for comprehensive insights and alerts.
The mobile-first era demands proactive measures. By regularly checking your site’s status and making the necessary adaptations, you can ensure optimal performance in search results and a positive user experience.
Check a Domain for Mobile Rankings With Mobile Rank Tracker
The Mobile Rank Tracker tool by SiteChecker is an indispensable solution for anyone looking to excel in the increasingly important mobile search market. In a digital landscape where mobile searches are rapidly overtaking desktop, this tool provides detailed insights into how your website ranks in mobile search engine results. Tailored specifically for mobile SEO, it enables users to track and analyze their site’s performance on various mobile devices, ensuring they can optimize their content and strategy to meet the unique demands of mobile users.
Apart from tracking mobile rankings, the tool offers additional functionalities like tracking keyword performance and competitor analysis for mobile search results. It helps users to understand which keywords are driving traffic to their mobile site and how their mobile performance compares to their competitors. This level of analysis is critical for fine-tuning SEO tactics to target the mobile audience more effectively. The Mobile Rank Tracker tool is user-friendly and provides actionable data, making it an essential tool for businesses and individuals aiming to enhance their online presence in the mobile-first world.
Track Your Rankings Now!
Use our Mobile Rank Tracker to monitor your site's performance on mobile devices.
Mobile-first indexing represents a transformative shift in the digital landscape, emphasizing the ever-growing importance of mobile accessibility and optimization. As search behaviors evolve, businesses and webmasters must prioritize mobile user experience to remain competitive and visible in search results. By understanding and embracing the principles of mobile-first indexing, site owners can ensure they cater to modern user needs and search engine preferences alike. In this dynamic digital age, being mobile-ready isn’t just an advantage; it’s a necessity. Adapting to this paradigm ensures a website’s continued relevance, reach, and resonance with its audience. | <urn:uuid:f6ea3c9d-f94e-4e4f-b417-7b0b444d24f0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sitechecker.pro/what-is-mobile-first-indexing/ | 2024-02-27T17:29:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.891037 | 3,109 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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When it comes to our daily diet, the question often arises: what vegetables are not man made? Before we delve into the list of purely natural vegetables, it’s essential to understand what the term ‘man-made’ entails in the context of vegetables.
Defining ‘Man-Made’ Vegetables
When we talk about ‘man-made’ vegetables, we refer to the outcome of human intervention in the plant’s natural breeding process. This is known as hybridization, a common practice in modern agriculture where two different varieties of a plant are crossbred to create a new variety. This ‘new’ vegetable inherits traits from both parent plants, such as higher yield, disease resistance, or improved taste.
A significant point to note is that these ‘man-made’ vegetables aren’t unnatural or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The process of creating them doesn’t involve genetic engineering or altering the DNA in a lab but rather relies on techniques as old as farming itself.
A commonly known man-made vegetable is the broccoli, which was bred over many generations from a type of wild cabbage. So, when we ask ‘what vegetables are not man made?’, we’re essentially looking for vegetables that exist as they have naturally, without human-driven selective breeding playing a significant role in their evolution.
Understanding the Process of Hybridization
Hybridization is a fascinating and essential process in agriculture, responsible for many of the vegetables we consume daily. But what exactly is hybridization?
At its most basic level, hybridization involves cross-pollinating two plants of different varieties to produce a hybrid offspring that possesses traits from both parent plants. This is a natural process that often happens in the wild. However, in agriculture, this process is strategically controlled to create plants with desired characteristics such as higher yield, better disease resistance, or improved flavor.
For example, if one type of tomato plant has excellent disease resistance but lacks taste, and another variety tastes wonderful but is prone to disease, these two types may be cross-pollinated. The seeds from this cross-pollination, ideally, produce plants that are disease-resistant and flavorful – the best of both worlds.
It’s important to clarify that hybridization is not the same as genetic modification. The latter involves altering a plant’s DNA in a laboratory, while hybridization happens through traditional crossbreeding methods.
Delving into Natural Vegetables
Natural vegetables, in contrast to their hybrid counterparts, are varieties that have evolved naturally over time without significant human-driven selective breeding. These vegetables have adapted to their environments over centuries and possess characteristics that allowed them to thrive in the wild. They also provide a diverse range of nutrients essential for human health. Now, let’s explore some categories of natural vegetables.
Root vegetables are a group of natural vegetables that grow underground. Examples include carrots, radishes, and sweet potatoes. These vegetables have been a part of human diet for centuries, thanks to their capacity to store well, providing food security in times of scarcity. Root vegetables are generally high in fiber and loaded with essential nutrients like Vitamin A, Vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and antioxidants.
When we talk about leafy greens, we’re referring to vegetables like spinach, kale, collard greens, and lettuce. These plants have a long history of cultivation and have been consumed by humans for their health benefits since ancient times. They’re rich in iron, calcium, potassium, and Vitamins A, C, and K. Leafy greens also boast high fiber content, making them essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system.
Culinary vegetables are those primarily used in cooking, such as tomatoes, bell peppers, and zucchini. They can add color, texture, and an array of flavors to dishes. Importantly, these vegetables are packed with various vitamins, minerals, and fiber, while being low in calories. For example, tomatoes are well-known for their high content of lycopene, a potent antioxidant, and bell peppers are an excellent source of vitamin C.
Importance of Natural Vegetables in Our Diet
Natural vegetables hold a significant place in our diets for various reasons. Notably, they are nutrient-dense and low in calories, providing us with essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber necessary for good health. Eating a variety of natural vegetables can help us meet our daily nutritional needs.
These vegetables also contain a multitude of phytochemicals – compounds that contribute to their color, smell, and taste. These compounds, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, act as antioxidants, combatting harmful free radicals in the body, and have been linked with lower risks of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
Moreover, because these vegetables have evolved over time without significant human intervention, they are often hardier and better adapted to local conditions than hybrid varieties. This can make them a more sustainable choice, requiring fewer resources like water, fertilizers, or pesticides to grow successfully.
Including a range of natural vegetables in our diets also supports biodiversity. Diversified diets promote diversified farms, which are healthier for our soils and ecosystems. In this way, opting for natural vegetables not only nourishes us but also plays a part in protecting our environment. It’s a choice that benefits both our bodies and the planet.
The nutritional benefits of natural vegetables are remarkable. Each variety of vegetable comes with a unique profile of vitamins, minerals, and other health-promoting compounds, all packed into a low-calorie package.
For instance, leafy green vegetables like kale and spinach are rich in essential vitamins such as A, C, and K, as well as minerals like iron and calcium. On the other hand, root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes are packed with beta-carotene, an antioxidant that the body can convert into Vitamin A. They also provide dietary fiber, which aids in digestion and helps maintain a healthy weight.
Moreover, these natural vegetables contain numerous phytochemicals that can protect against chronic diseases. These include flavonoids and polyphenols, which have been associated with reduced risks of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, consuming a variety of these natural vegetables can be a cornerstone of a balanced, healthful diet.
The environmental impact of growing natural vegetables is another important factor to consider. Generally, these vegetables are better adapted to their local environments and can thrive with fewer external inputs than many hybrid varieties. This means they often require less water, fertilizer, and pesticides to grow successfully, which can lead to less pollution and depletion of natural resources.
Furthermore, promoting the cultivation of natural vegetable varieties can contribute to biodiversity on farms. Biodiversity is critical for the health of our ecosystems. It improves soil fertility, aids in pest management, and enhances the resilience of farms to climatic changes and diseases.
However, it’s also essential to consider farming practices. Even natural vegetables can have a negative environmental impact if grown using unsustainable methods. Therefore, supporting farmers who employ organic or regenerative farming practices can further reduce the environmental footprint of our food and promote a more sustainable food system.
Man-Made Vegetables Vs Natural Vegetables
While both natural and man-made vegetables have their place in our diets, there are some key differences between them.
Man-made vegetables, also known as hybrid vegetables, are the result of deliberate cross-breeding of two different varieties of a plant. The goal is to produce a new variety with desired characteristics such as higher yield, improved taste, or better resistance to pests and diseases. Examples of man-made vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower, and most commercial tomato varieties.
On the other hand, natural vegetables have evolved over time without significant human intervention in their breeding. These varieties, such as heirloom tomatoes or wild lettuce, offer a diverse range of flavors and textures. They may not always be as uniform or high-yielding as their hybrid counterparts, but they often require fewer external inputs to grow and can contribute to agricultural biodiversity.
In terms of nutrition, both natural and man-made vegetables are healthful choices, offering a wealth of essential nutrients. However, some studies suggest that older, natural varieties can sometimes contain higher levels of certain nutrients compared to newer, hybrid varieties.
Here’s a simple comparison table to summarize the differences:
Natural Vegetables | Man-Made Vegetables | |
Breeding | Evolved naturally over time | Result of deliberate cross-breeding |
Variety | Diverse range of flavors and textures | Uniform, often bred for specific traits |
Yield | May be lower | Typically higher |
Pest/Disease Resistance | Varies, may be lower | Often bred for higher resistance |
Nutrient Content | Typically high, can sometimes be higher than hybrids | High, but may be lower for certain nutrients compared to natural varieties |
Contribution to Biodiversity | High | Lower |
Remember, the most important thing is to consume a variety of vegetables to ensure a broad spectrum of nutrients. Whether you choose natural or man-made vegetables, both can play a part in a balanced, healthful diet.
Taste and Texture
The taste and texture of vegetables can vary significantly between natural and man-made varieties, and these differences can greatly enhance our culinary experiences.
Natural vegetables often boast a wide range of flavors and textures due to their genetic diversity. For example, heirloom tomatoes can range from sweet and juicy to tangy and firm, depending on the variety. This diversity can bring an extra layer of complexity and interest to dishes, making them a favorite among food enthusiasts and chefs.
On the other hand, man-made or hybrid vegetables are often bred for uniformity in taste and texture to meet consumer expectations and facilitate large-scale production. This can lead to predictability in flavor and texture, which can be a benefit when consistency is required in cooking.
However, some critics argue that this focus on uniformity in hybrids can sometimes come at the expense of flavor. For example, commercial tomato varieties are often bred for their ability to withstand transport and have a long shelf life. While these traits are economically beneficial, they can sometimes result in tomatoes that are less flavorful compared to their heirloom counterparts.
Ultimately, the choice between natural and man-made vegetables can depend on personal preference, culinary needs, and values such as biodiversity and sustainability. Both types have their place in our kitchens and can contribute to a varied and enjoyable diet.
Nutrient content is a vital factor to consider when comparing natural and man-made vegetables. Both types of vegetables offer a wealth of essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. However, some studies suggest that certain natural varieties can contain higher levels of specific nutrients compared to some newer, hybrid varieties.
For instance, certain heirloom tomatoes have been found to contain higher levels of beneficial compounds like antioxidants and vitamins compared to some commercial varieties. Likewise, wild berries and leafy greens can often contain higher nutrient densities than their cultivated counterparts.
This is not to say that hybrid vegetables are nutritionally inferior. They still provide essential nutrients necessary for health, and selective breeding has sometimes led to increases in certain nutrients. For example, modern carrot varieties have been bred for higher beta-carotene content.
Here’s a comparison table summarizing the nutrient content differences:
Natural Vegetables | Man-Made Vegetables | |
Vitamin Content | Generally high, can sometimes be higher in certain vitamins | High, but certain vitamins may be lower compared to some natural varieties |
Mineral Content | Typically high | High |
Fiber Content | High | High |
Antioxidant Content | Can be higher in certain varieties | Varies, may be lower for certain antioxidants compared to natural varieties |
Ultimately, the key to a nutrient-rich diet is diversity. Consuming a wide range of both natural and man-made vegetables ensures a broad spectrum of nutrients and enhances diet quality.
FAQs about Natural Vegetables
Question | Answer |
1. What are natural vegetables? | Natural vegetables are varieties that have evolved over time without significant human-driven selective breeding. |
2. How are natural vegetables different from man-made vegetables? | Natural vegetables have evolved naturally, while man-made vegetables are the result of deliberate crossbreeding of two different varieties to combine desired traits. |
3. Are natural vegetables more nutritious than man-made vegetables? | Both natural and man-made vegetables offer a wealth of essential nutrients. Some studies suggest that certain natural varieties can contain higher levels of specific nutrients, but both types have a place in a balanced diet. |
4. Are natural vegetables better for the environment? | Natural vegetables often require fewer external inputs like water, fertilizers, and pesticides and can contribute to agricultural biodiversity. However, sustainable farming practices are crucial regardless of the type of vegetables grown. |
5. Are natural vegetables tastier than man-made vegetables? | Taste is subjective and can vary. Natural vegetables often offer a diverse range of flavors and textures due to their genetic diversity, while man-made vegetables are often bred for uniformity in taste and texture. |
6. Where can I buy natural vegetables? | Natural vegetables are often found at farmers’ markets, organic food stores, or can sometimes be grown in home gardens from heirloom seeds. |
7. Are natural vegetables more expensive? | The cost can vary depending on factors like the type of vegetable, where it’s grown, and where it’s sold. Natural vegetables may sometimes be more expensive due to lower yields or higher cultivation costs. |
8. Can I grow natural vegetables at home? | Yes, natural vegetables can often be grown at home from heirloom seeds or seedlings. These plants may be more adapted to local conditions and may require fewer external inputs. |
9. Are natural vegetables always organic? | Not necessarily. While natural vegetables are often associated with organic farming, the term ‘organic’ refers to the farming practices used, not the type of vegetable. |
10. Are natural vegetables safe to eat? | Yes, natural vegetables are safe to eat. As with any produce, it’s important to wash them thoroughly before eating to remove any dirt or potential residues. |
Remember, whether you choose to eat natural or man-made vegetables, the most important thing is to consume a variety of vegetables to ensure a broad spectrum of nutrients. | <urn:uuid:b0441c9f-4722-4180-852e-9cd7ccfbc9c6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://theeasyhealthyway.com/what-vegetables-are-not-man-made/ | 2024-02-27T16:02:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.93487 | 2,997 | 3.046875 | 3 | [
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] |
The results section of a research paper refers to the part that represents the study’s core findings from the methods that the researcher used to collect and analyze data. This section presents the results logically without interpretation or bias from the author.
Thus, this part of a research paper sets up the read for evaluation and analysis of the findings in the discussion section. Essentially, this section breaks down the information into several sentences, showing its importance to the research question. Writing results section in a research paper entails summarizing the gathered data and the performed statistical analysis. That way, the author presents or reports the results without subjective interpretation.
What Is The Results Section Of A Research Paper?
In its simplest definition, a research paper results section is where the researcher reports the findings of a study based on the applied methodology for gathering information. It’s the part where the author states the research findings in a logical sequence without interpreting them. If the research paper has data from actual research, this section should feature a detailed description of the results.
When writing a dissertation, a thesis, or any other academic paper, the result section should come third in sections’ sequence. It should follow the Methods and Materials presentation and the Discussion section comes after it. But most scientific papers present the Results and Discussion sections together. However, the results section answers the question, “What did your research uncover?”
Ideally, this section allows you to report findings in research paper, creating the basis for sufficiently justified conclusions. After writing the study findings in the results section, you interpret them in the subsequent discussion part. Therefore, your results section should report information that will justify your claims. That way, you can look back on the results section when writing the discussion part to ensure that your report supports your conclusions.
What Goes in the Results Section of a Research Paper?
This section should present results in research paper. The findings part of a research paper can differ in structure depending on the study, discipline, and journal. Nevertheless, the results section presents a description of the experiment while presenting the research results. When writing this part of your research paper, you can use graphs and tables if necessary.
However, state the findings without interpreting them. For instance, you can find a correlation between variables when analyzing data. In that case, your results section can explain this correlation without speculating about the causes of this correlation.
Here’s what to include in the results section of research paper:
- A brief introductory of the context, repeating the research questions to help the readers understand the results
- A report about information collection, participants, and recruitment: for instance, you can include a demographic summary with the participants’ characteristics
- A systematic findings’ description, with a logical presentation highlighting relevant and crucial results
- A contextual data analysis explaining the meaning in sentences
- Information corresponding to the primary research questions
- Secondary findings like subgroup analysis and secondary outcomes
- Visual elements like charts, figures, tables, and maps, illustrating and summarizing the findings
Ensure that your results section cites and numbers visual elements in an orderly manner. Every table or figure should stand alone without text. That means visual elements should have adequate non-textual content to enable the audiences to understand their meanings.
If your study has a broad scope, several variables, or used methodologies that yielded different results, state the most relevant results only based on the research question you presented in your Introduction section.
The general rule is to leave out any data that doesn’t present your study’s direct outcome or findings. Unless the professor, advisor, university faulty, or your target journal requests you to combine the Results and Discussion sections, omit the interpretations and explanations of the results in this section.
How Long Should A Results Section Be?
The findings section of a research paper ranges between two and three pages, with tables, text, and figures. In most cases, universities and journals insist that this section shouldn’t exceed 1,000 words over four to nine paragraphs, usually with no references.
But a good findings section occupies 5% of the entire paper. For instance, this section should have 500 words if a dissertation has 10,000 words. If the educator didn’t specify the number of words to include in this chapter, use the data you collect to determine its length. Nevertheless, be as concise as possible by featuring only relevant results that answer your research question.
How To Write Results Section Of Research Paper
Perhaps, you have completed researching and writing the preceding sections, and you’re now wondering how to write results. By the time you’re composing this section, you already have findings or answers to your research questions. However, you don’t even know how to start a results section. And your search for guidelines landed you on this page.
Well, every research project is different and unique. That’s why researchers use different strategies when writing this section of their research papers. The scientific or academic discipline, specialization field, target journal, and the author are factors influencing how you write this section. Nevertheless, there’s a general way of writing this section, although it might differ slightly between disciplines. Here’s how to write results section in a research paper.
- Check the instructions or guidelines. Check their instructions or guidelines first, whether you’re writing the research paper as part of your coursework or for an academic journal. These guidelines outline the requirements for presenting results in research papers. Also, check the published articles to know how to approach this section. When reviewing the procedures, check content restrictions and length. Essentially, learn everything you can about this section from the instructions or guidelines before you start writing.
- Reflect on your research findings. With instructions and guidelines in mind, reflect on your research findings to determine how to present them in your research paper. Decide on the best way to show the results so that they can answer the research question. Also, strive to clarify and streamline your report, especially with a complex and lengthy results section. You can use subheadings to avoid peripheral and excessive details. Additionally, consider breaking down the content to make it easy for the readers to understand or remember. Your hypothesis, research question, or methodologies might influence the structure of the findings sections. Nevertheless, a hierarchy of importance, chronological order, or meaningful grouping of categories or themes can be an effective way of presenting your findings.
- Design your visual presentations. Visual presentations improve the textual report of the research findings. Therefore, decide on the figures and styles to use in your tables, graphs, photos, and maps. However, check the instructions and guidelines of your faculty or journal to determine the visual aids you can use. Also, check what the guidelines say about their formats and design elements. Ideally, number the figures and tables according to their mention in the text. Additionally, your figures and tables should be self-explanatory.
- Write your findings section. Writing the results section of a research paper entails communicating the information you gathered from your study. Ideally, be as objective and factual as possible. If you gathered complex information, try to simplify and present it accurately, precisely, and clearly. Therefore, use well-structured sentences instead of complex expressions and phrases. Also, use an active voice and past tense since you’ve already done the research. Additionally, use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Take your time to present the findings in the best way possible to focus your readers on your study objectives while preparing them for the coming speculations, interpretations, and recommendations.
- Edit Your Findings Section. Once you’ve written the results part of your paper, please go through it to ensure that you’ve presented your study findings in the best way possible. Make sure that the content of this section is factual, accurate, and without errors. You’ve taken a considerable amount of time to compose the results scientific paper audiences will find interesting to read. Therefore, take a moment to go through the draft and eliminate all errors.
Practical Tips on How to Write a Results Section of a Research Paper
The results part of a research paper aims to present the key findings objectively in a logical and orderly sequence using text and illustrative materials. A common mistake that many authors make is confusing the information in the discussion and the results sections. To avoid this, focus on presenting your research findings without interpreting them or speculating about them.
The following tips on how to write a results section should make this task easier for you:
- Summarize your study results: Instead of reporting the findings in full detail, summarize them. That way, you can develop an overview of the results.
- Present relevant findings only: Don’t report everything you found during your research. Instead, present pertinent information only. That means taking time to analyze your results to know what your audiences want to know.
- Report statistical findings: When writing this section, assume that the audiences understand statistical concepts. Therefore, don’t try to explain the nitty-gritty in this section. Remember that your work is to report your study’s findings in this section.
- Be objective and concise: You can interpret the findings in the discussion sections. Therefore, focus on presenting the results objectively and concisely in this section.
- Use the suitable format: Use the correct style to present the findings depending on your study field.
Get Professional Help with the Research Section
Maybe you’re pursuing your graduate or undergraduate studies but cannot write the results part of your paper. Perhaps, you’re done researching and analyzing information, but this section proves too tricky for you to write. Well, you’re not alone because many students across the world struggle to present their research findings.
Luckily, our highly educated, talented, and experienced writers are always ready to assist such learners. If you are stuck with the results part of your paper, our professionals can help you. We offer high-quality, custom writing help online. We’re a reliable team of experts with a sterling reputation for providing comprehensive assistance to college, high school, and university learners. We deliver highly informative academic papers after conducting extensive and in-depth research. Contact us saying something like, “please do my thesis” to get quality help with your paper! | <urn:uuid:b6cf35a2-1056-4f5d-a844-e4567afd0ef6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thesisgeek.com/blog/results-section-of-research-paper/ | 2024-02-27T16:11:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.905685 | 2,124 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
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Fluency, Reasoning and Problem Solving: What This Looks Like In Every Math Lesson
Fluency, reasoning and problem solving are central strands of mathematical competency, as recognized by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and the National Research Council’s report ‘Adding It Up’.
They are key components to the Standards of Mathematical Practice, standards that are interwoven into every mathematics lesson. Here we look at how these three approaches or elements of math can be interwoven in a child’s math education through elementary and middle school.
We look at what fluency, reasoning and problem solving are, how to teach them, and how to know how a child is progressing in each – as well as what to do when they’re not, and what to avoid.
The hope is that this blog will help elementary and middle school teachers think carefully about their practice and the pedagogical choices they make around the teaching of what the common core refers to as ‘mathematical practices’, and reasoning and problem solving in particular.
Before we can think about what this would look like in Common Core math examples and other state-specific math frameworks, we need to understand the background to these terms.
- What is fluency in math?
- What is reasoning in math?
- What is problem solving in math?
- Mathematical problem solving is a learned skill
- Performance vs learning: what to avoid when teaching fluency, reasoning, and problem solving
- What IS ‘performance vs learning’?
- Teaching to “cover the curriculum” hinders development of strong problem solving skills.
- Fluency and reasoning – Best practice in a lesson, a unit, and a semester
- Best practice for problem solving in a lesson, a unit, and a semester
- Fluency, Reasoning and Problem Solving should NOT be taught by rote
The Ultimate Guide to Problem Solving Techniques
Develop problem solving skills in the classroom with this free, downloadable worksheet
What is fluency in math?
Fluency in math is a fairly broad concept. The basics of mathematical fluency – as defined by the Common Core State Standards for math – involve knowing key mathematical skills and being able to carry them out flexibly, accurately and efficiently.
But true fluency in math (at least up to middle school) means being able to apply the same skill to multiple contexts, and being able to choose the most appropriate method for a particular task.
Fluency in math lessons means we teach the content using a range of representations, to ensure that all students understand and have sufficient time to practice what is taught.
Read more: How the best schools develop math fluency
What is reasoning in math?
Reasoning in math is the process of applying logical thinking to a situation to derive the correct problem solving strategy for a given question, and using this method to develop and describe a solution.
Put more simply, mathematical reasoning is the bridge between fluency and problem solving. It allows students to use the former to accurately carry out the latter.
What is problem solving in math?
It’s sometimes easier to start off with what problem solving is not. Problem solving is not necessarily just about answering word problems in math. If a child already has a readily available method to solve this sort of problem, problem solving has not occurred. Problem solving in math is finding a way to apply knowledge and skills you have to answer unfamiliar types of problems.
We are all problem solvers
First off, problem solving should not be seen as something that some students can do and some cannot. Every single person is born with an innate level of problem-solving ability.
Early on as a species on this planet, we solved problems like recognizing faces we know, protecting ourselves against other species, and as babies the problem of getting food (by crying relentlessly until we were fed).
All these scenarios are a form of what the evolutionary psychologist David Geary (1995) calls biologically primary knowledge. We have been solving these problems for millennia and they are so ingrained in our DNA that we learn them without any specific instruction.
Why then, if we have this innate ability, does actually teaching problem solving seem so hard?
Mathematical problem solving is a learned skill
As you might have guessed, the domain of mathematics is far from innate. Math doesn’t just happen to us; we need to learn it. It needs to be passed down from experts that have the knowledge to novices who do not.
This is what Geary calls biologically secondary knowledge. Solving problems (within the domain of math) is a mixture of both primary and secondary knowledge.
The issue is that problem solving in domains that are classified as biologically secondary knowledge (like math) can only be improved by practicing elements of that domain.
So there is no generic problem-solving skill that can be taught in isolation and transferred to other areas.
This will have important ramifications for pedagogical choices, which I will go into more detail about later on in this blog.
The educationalist Dylan Wiliam had this to say on the matter: ‘for…problem solving, the idea that students can learn these skills in one context and apply them in another is essentially wrong.’ (Wiliam, 2018) So what is the best method of teaching problem solving to elementary and middle school math students?
The answer is that we teach them plenty of domain specific biological secondary knowledge – in this case, math. Our ability to successfully problem solve requires us to have a deep understanding of content and fluency of facts and mathematical procedures.
Here is what cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham (2010) has to say:
‘Data from the last thirty years leads to a conclusion that is not scientifically challengeable: thinking well requires knowing facts, and that’s true not simply because you need something to think about.
The very processes that teachers care about most—critical thinking processes such as reasoning and problem solving—are intimately intertwined with factual knowledge that is stored in long-term memory (not just found in the environment).’
Colin Foster (2019), a reader in Mathematics Education in the Mathematics Education Center at Loughborough University, UK, says, ‘I think of fluency and mathematical reasoning, not as ends in themselves, but as means to support students in the most important goal of all: solving problems.’
In that paper he produces this pyramid:
This is important for two reasons:
1) It splits up reasoning skills and problem solving into two different entities
2) It demonstrates that fluency is not something to be rushed through to get to the ‘problem solving’ stage but is rather the foundation of problem solving.
In my own work I adapt this model and turn it into a cone shape, as education seems to have a problem with pyramids and gross misinterpretation of them (think Bloom’s taxonomy).
Notice how we need plenty of fluency of facts, concepts, procedures and mathematical language.
Having this fluency will help with improving logical reasoning skills, which will then lend themselves to solving mathematical problems – but only if it is truly learnt and there is systematic retrieval of this information carefully planned across the curriculum.
Performance vs learning: what to avoid when teaching fluency, reasoning, and problem solving
I mean to make no sweeping generalization here; this was my experience both at university when training and from working in schools.
At some point, schools become obsessed with the ridiculous notion of moving students through content at an accelerated rate. I have heard it used in all manner of educational contexts while training and being a teacher. ‘You will need to show ‘accelerated progress in math’ in this lesson,’ ‘School officials will be looking for ‘accelerated progress’ etc.
I have no doubt that all of this came from a good place and from those wanting the best possible outcomes – but it is misguided.
I remember being told that we needed to get students onto the problem solving questions as soon as possible to demonstrate this mystical ‘accelerated progress’.
This makes sense; you have a group of students and you have taken them from not knowing something to working out pretty sophisticated 2-step or multi-step word problems within an hour. How is that not ‘accelerated progress?’
This was a frequent feature of my lessons up until last academic year: teach a mathematical procedure; get the students to do about 10 of them in their books; mark these and if the majority were correct, model some reasoning/problem solving questions from the same content as the fluency content; give the students some reasoning and word problem questions and that was it.
I wondered if I was the only one who had been taught this while at university so I did a quick poll on Twitter and found that was not the case.
I know these numbers won’t be big enough for a representative sample but it still shows that others are familiar with this approach.
The issue with the lesson framework I mentioned above is that it does not take into account ‘performance vs learning.’
What IS ‘performance vs learning’?
The premise is that performance in a lesson is not a good proxy for learning.
Yes, those students were performing well after I had modeled a mathematical procedure for them, and managed to get questions correct.
But if problem solving depends on a deep knowledge of mathematics, this approach to lesson structure is going to be very ineffective.
As mentioned earlier, the reasoning and problem solving questions were based on the same math content as the fluency exercises, making it more likely that students would solve problems correctly whether they fully understood them or not.
Chances are that all they’d need to do is find the numbers in the questions and use the same method they used in the fluency section to get their answers (a process referred to as “number plucking”) – not exactly high level problem solving skills.
Teaching to “cover the curriculum” hinders development of strong problem solving skills.
This is one of my worries with ‘math mastery schemes’ that block content so that, in some circumstances, it is not looked at again until the following year (and with new objectives).
The pressure for teachers to ‘get through the curriculum’ results in many opportunities to revisit content being missed in the classroom.
Students are unintentionally forced to skip ahead in the fluency, reasoning, problem solving chain without proper consolidation of the earlier processes.
As David Didau (2019) puts it, ‘When novices face a problem for which they do not have a conveniently stored solution, they have to rely on the costlier means-end analysis.
This is likely to lead to cognitive overload because it involves trying to work through and hold in mind multiple possible solutions.
It’s a bit like trying to juggle five objects at once without previous practice. Solving problems is an inefficient way to get better at problem solving.’
Fluency and reasoning – Best practice in a lesson, a unit, and a semester
By now I hope you have realized that when it comes to problem solving, fluency is king. As such we should look to mastery math based teaching to ensure that the fluency that students need is there.
The answer to what fluency looks like will obviously depend on many factors, including the content being taught and the grade you find yourself teaching.
But we should not consider rushing them on to problem solving or logical reasoning in the early stages of this new content as it has not been learnt, only performed.
I would say that in the early stages of learning, content that requires the end goal of being fluent should take up the majority of lesson time – approximately 60%. The rest of the time should be spent rehearsing and retrieving other knowledge that is at risk of being forgotten about.
This blog on mental math strategies students should learn at each grade level is a good place to start when thinking about the core aspects of fluency that students should achieve.
Little and often is a good mantra when we think about fluency, particularly when revisiting the key mathematical skills of number bond fluency or multiplication fluency. So when it comes to what fluency could look like throughout the day, consider all the opportunities to get students practicing.
They could chant multiplication facts when transitioning. If a lesson in another subject has finished earlier than expected, use that time to quiz students on number bonds. Have fluency exercises as part of the morning work.
What about best practice over a longer period?
Thinking about what fluency could look like across a unit of work would again depend on the unit itself.
Look at this unit below from a popular scheme of work.
They recommend 20 days to cover 9 objectives. One of these specifically mentions problem solving so I will forget about that one at the moment – so that gives 8 objectives.
I would recommend that the fluency of this unit look something like this:
This type of structure is heavily borrowed from Mark McCourt’s phased learning idea from his book ‘Teaching for Mastery.’
This should not be seen as something set in stone; it would greatly depend on the needs of the class in front of you. But it gives an idea of what fluency could look like across a unit of lessons – though not necessarily all math lessons.
When we think about a semester, we can draw on similar ideas to the one above except that your lessons could also pull on content from previous units from that semester.
So lesson one may focus 60% on the new unit and 40% on what was learnt in the previous unit.
The structure could then follow a similar pattern to the one above.
Best practice for problem solving in a lesson, a unit, and a semester
When an adult first learns something new, we cannot solve a problem with it straight away. We need to become familiar with the idea and practice before we can make connections, reason and problem solve with it.
The same is true for students. Indeed, it could take up to two years ‘between the mathematics a student can use in imitative exercises and that they have sufficiently absorbed and connected to use autonomously in non-routine problem solving.’ (Burkhardt, 2017).
Practice with facts that are secure
So when we plan for reasoning and problem solving, we need to be looking at content from 2 years ago to base these questions on.
You could get students in 3rd grade to solve complicated place value problems with the numbers they should know from 1st or 2nd grade. This would lessen the cognitive load, freeing up valuable working memory so they can actually focus on solving the problems using content they are familiar with.
Increase complexity gradually
Once they practice solving these types of problems, they can draw on this knowledge later when solving problems with more difficult numbers.
This is what Mark McCourt calls the ‘Behave’ phase. In his book he writes:
‘Many teachers find it an uncomfortable – perhaps even illogical – process to plan the ‘Behave’ phase as one that relates to much earlier learning rather than the new idea, but it is crucial to do so if we want to bring about optimal gains in learning, understanding and long term recall.’ (Mark McCourt, 2019)
This just shows the fallacy of ‘accelerated progress’; in the space of 20 minutes some teachers are taught to move students from fluency through to non-routine problem solving, or we are somehow not catering to the needs of the child.
When considering what problem solving lessons could look like, here’s an example structure based on the objectives above.
Fluency, Reasoning and Problem Solving should NOT be taught by rote
It is important to reiterate that this is not something that should be set in stone. Key to getting the most out of this teaching for mastery approach is ensuring your students (across abilities) are interested and engaged in their work.
Depending on the previous attainment and abilities of the children in your class, you may find that a few have come across some of the mathematical ideas you have been teaching, and so they are able to problem solve effectively with these ideas.
Equally likely is encountering students on the opposite side of the spectrum, who may not have fully grasped the concept of place value and will need to go further back than 2 years and solve even simpler problems.
In order to have the greatest impact on class performance, you will have to account for these varying experiences in your lessons.
- Math Mastery Toolkit: A Practical Guide To Mastery Teaching And Learning
- Problem Solving and Reasoning Questions and Answers
- Get to Grips with Math Problem Solving For Elementary Students
- Mixed Ability Teaching for Mastery: Classroom How To
- 21 Math Challenges To Really Stretch Your More Able Students
- Why You Should Be Incorporating Stem Sentences Into Your Elementary Math Teaching
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The content in this article was originally written by primary school lead teacher Neil Almond and has since been revised and adapted for US schools by elementary math teacher Jaclyn Wassell. | <urn:uuid:fb42f77d-9dcd-438e-8183-354dad9fb24f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thirdspacelearning.com/us/blog/problem-solving-reasoning/ | 2024-02-27T17:03:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.967496 | 3,741 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
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16
] |
More than a flower indeed, the name Oleander refers to the container vessel CMV Oleander III that operates on a weekly schedule between Bermuda and Port Elizabeth, New Jersey. With an instrument in its hull to measure upper ocean currents, the ship crosses four major water masses of the North Atlantic: subtropical water in the Sargasso Sea, warm salty water carried from the tropics in the Gulf Stream, cold fresh waters from the Labrador Sea in the Slope Sea, and the waters on the continental shelf. What makes this line so special is not only that such diverse water masses occur in close proximity to one another but also that Oleander crosses them all twice a week. Starting in fall 1992 when we installed an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) in the hull of Oleander, we have been monitoring upper ocean currents along the ship’s transits between Bermuda and New Jersey.
The primary objective of the Oleander program has been and continues to be to monitor the strength of the Gulf Stream: how does it vary by season and from year-to-year, and do these variations show any patterns that might be suggestive of longer-term trends? The same questions can of course be asked of the surrounding waters. We have also been profiling temperature to ~900 m depth along the route with eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs), extending a long-running XBT program maintained by NOAA. In this article, we provide an up-to-date summary of what we have learned from these activities since the start of the program a little over 25 years ago. Figure 1 shows the Oleander route in relation to the Gulf Stream, with the Slope Sea and continental shelf to its north and the Sargasso Sea to its south. The flow in the Gulf Stream here is to the east, while everywhere else across the Oleander route it is on average to the west.
Figure 1. Oleander transect between Port Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Hamilton, Bermuda (black line, with its “shadow” on the seafloor in gray. The pink shaded region represents the Gulf Stream meander envelope based on the monthly mean Gulf Stream paths from the 25 cm sea surface height contour in mapped satellite altimetry from 1993 through 2014. The red line is a representative Gulf Stream path from one of these monthly means (with its dashed black “shadow” on the seafloor). The solid blue line is the 4,000 m isobath along the slope, where the Deep Western Boundary Current is flowing in the direction opposite to that of the Gulf Stream. The region shallower than 100 m depth is shaded blue. > High res figure
We begin with a review of the principal findings of our Gulf Stream studies, the main focus of the Oleander program. As we do so, we will point to other, more technical, papers that address some issues in further detail. A neat aspect of the Oleander project is how it has supported or enabled a number of diverse research activities in addition to the Gulf Stream studies. One question of great interest to which it has contributed concerns transport variability on the continental shelf and slope. Similarly, the sustained sampling has enabled detailed statistical studies of coherent vortices, the formation of rings from extended meanders, and “stroboscopic” studies of cold core rings after they have been formed. The ADCP also provides fascinating information on the backscatterers, principally large zooplankton and small fish, in the water column. All of this science has come from a single instrument in continuous operation except while in port. The new CMV Oleander, which began service in April 2019, is equipped with a 150 kHz and a 38 kHz ADCP. We can take a peek at what to expect from this ship using similar 38 kHz ADCP data from Explorer of the Seas, which has on occasion operated along the same route from New Jersey to Bermuda. We use these data to demonstrate how the new vessel will be able to contribute to the monitoring of the strength of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and concomitant heat and freshwater fluxes.
The key tool of the Oleander program has been the ADCP, an instrument that measures currents relative to the ship from below the vessel to a maximum depth that depends in part upon the operating frequency of the ADCP (Flagg et al., 1998). Between late 1992 and 2004, we operated a 150 kHz ADCP that reached to roughly 250–300 m in the Slope Sea, 400 m in the Gulf Stream, and 250 m in the Sargasso Sea. It was replaced in 2005 with a 75 kHz instrument that remained in operation until summer 2018. It could reach below 600 m everywhere. The measurements start at 20–40 m depth, depending upon instrument type. How deep a profile reaches also depends on density of backscatterers (primarily zooplankton and myctophids) and weather conditions. In heavy weather, air bubbles swept underneath the hull can quite effectively block the ADCP acoustics. In general, data returns are better on Bermuda-bound transits because the vessel is more heavily loaded and because it tends to have following winds when southbound. Weather can improve or get worse during a transit, so the data return can be quite variable. This variable data return from transit-to-transit is the main reason we do not attempt to look at timescales faster than seasonal. The ADCP signal can be also viewed like an acoustic X-ray, where intensity depends upon the biomass present. However, the backscatter strength is not a quantitative measure of biomass because we do not know its composition. But as we will see later, it can be very informative about the dynamics of the backscatterers.
What makes measuring currents from a fast-moving vessel possible is the GPS-based compass, which enables us to measure the ship’s speed and heading with such precision that we can determine currents over the bottom to ±0.01 m s–1 accuracy (Flagg et al., 1998). The left panels in Figure 2 show a high-quality section of temperature (XBTs), and zonal and meridional velocity along the Oleander route. Note how the temperature surfaces deepen by about 600 m from north to south across the narrow rapid current. This ~600 m dip is in fact almost the same at all depths (see Fuglister, 1963; Halkin and Rossby, 1985). The tight co-location between the sharp change in temperature and maximum velocity reflects the well-established thermal wind relationship between velocity and density (temperature): vertical shear is balanced by the horizontal density gradient, ∂v/∂z = –g/(ρf) ∂ρ/∂x, where g, ρ, and f represent gravity, density, and the Coriolis parameter, respectively.
Figure 2. A concurrent eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) section across the Gulf Stream July 4–6, 2009. The sampling density is about 20 km for temperature and 2.2 km for velocity. The right panel shows a three-day composite (July 3–5) sea surface temperature at the time of the transit (courtesy of the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University). Vectors are ~11 km apart, maximum velocity vector = 1.96 m s–1 (bar at top ~2 m s–1). Distances are shown from New York City. > High res figure
In addition to measuring currents directly, this figure highlights another advantage of the ADCP—it provides far higher spatial resolution than is possible with XBTs. The right panel shows a three-day composite (to remove presence of clouds) of sea surface temperature at that time with the near-surface velocity vectors superimposed.
A major strength of the vessel-mounted ADCP lies in its ability to accurately scan and profile (~0.01 m s–1) the horizontal structure of the velocity field over a wide range of scales, from a few kilometers to the full length of the section. We will use the verb “scan” hereafter to emphasize this particular skill of ships in transit: to cost-effectively and accurately measure (“X-ray,” if you will) ocean currents. There is a certain irony in this. For more than a century, oceanographers have used hydrography to estimate currents and transports. This changed in the 1970s with the advent of moored current meters and neutrally buoyant floats that provided a far better measure of the temporal and spatial characteristics of ocean currents. These efforts have been extremely productive (Robinson, 1983), and they continue today. Here, we show how ships in regular traffic can extend those moored capabilities. The irony here is that a single instrument on a ship in regular traffic can repeatedly scan ocean currents and thus resolve long-term variability of currents and transports far more accurately and at lower cost than is possible with hydrography or moored resources. This is not a trivial point. Today, we have come to recognize that accurate estimates of transport of mass, heat, and freshwater, all of great importance to the ocean’s role in climate, depend primarily upon knowing the velocity field. We know the temperature and salinity fields well enough that further improvement in estimating mass, heat, and freshwater fluxes will depend critically upon how well we can determine the velocity field. This is where ships in regular and repeat service can be invaluable (SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 133, 2012).
AXIS (for Autonomous eXpendable Instrument System) has been a major enhancement to the Oleander operation. For years, NOAA, through its Ship Of Opportunity Program (SOOP), sent an observer along to launch XBTs to obtain vertical sections of temperature across the continental shelf out to the Gulf Stream. To improve coverage along the entire route, AXIS was developed. It normally functions completely autonomously under a preset schedule, but it can be contacted at any time to deploy XBTs into features of interest along the vessel’s route (Fratantoni et al., 2017). For example, if a warm- or cold-core ring is passing by, a shore-based observer can schedule probes to be dropped in rapid succession. All that is required of the ship is that a member of the crew reloads AXIS as needed. With AXIS, we can now deploy XBTs, or probes of all approved types including XCTDs, at any time and anywhere along the route to Bermuda. With the continued generous support of the NOAA SOOP, XBT sections are taken monthly on the Oleander route, and the data, relayed by Iridium, are available to the user community and the public at large within 24 hours.
The repeat and sustained sampling of the velocity field by Oleander gives us the framework for studies of long-term transport variability in the ocean. The left panel of Figure 3 shows the mean velocity vectors and variance ellipses at 52 m depth along the route, the result of over 1,000 highly resolved scans of velocity between late 1992 and mid 2018. These vectors and variance ellipses can be viewed as coming from a virtual array of ~300 moorings 3 km apart with current meters densely spaced in the vertical. This analogy applies, of course, only to frequencies well below the sampling rate, which at best would be twice per week. In practice, the fastest timescales we attempt to quantify are seasonal variations (Rossby et al., 2010). It is worth noting that only the Gulf Stream flows northeast between the continent and Bermuda. In fact, the Gulf Stream is effectively the only poleward flowing current in the entire North Atlantic; everywhere else, ocean currents flow or trend to the south, both at the surface and at depth. We will return to this later. The strong westward flows to either side of the Gulf Stream are recirculation gyres driven by the meandering Gulf Stream. The northern recirculation gyre as well as water on the shelf includes a significant contribution of water from the Labrador Sea. In between the shelf and the Slope Sea the westward flow exhibits a well-defined minimum, perhaps a result of greater dynamic drag by the sloping bottom? The meandering Gulf Stream drives a substantial anti-
cyclonic recirculation to its south. The variance ellipses are large, but conspicuously localized to the Gulf Stream. A close look will show that the ellipses to either side “toe in” (i.e., point toward the center of the current). This may reflect the fact that the meander envelope is tightening in this area as indicated by sea surface height variability (Starr, 1968; Rossby, 1987). That the Oleander route crosses the Gulf Stream so close to a meander minimum has undoubtedly made it easier to monitor transport variations more accurately.
Figure 3. (left) Mean velocity and variance ellipses from the continental shelf edge to Bermuda for the entire observing period, 1992–2018. Horizontal bar = 1 m s–1 and 0.5 m2s–2. The color field indicates the standard deviation of the sea surface height (unit: cm) for the same 1992–2018 period. Bathymetric contours at 200, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 m depth. The white arrows delineate th edge of the Gulf Stream. EKE = eddy kinetic energy. (right) Annually averaged Gulf Stream (GS) layer transport (at 52 m depth) for the entire record in half-year steps. The red bars indicate the standard deviation for that period. Solid and dashed lines represent a linear fit and 95% confidence limits. The right axis shows the 0–2,000 m transport, assuming a scale factor of 700 (see text). > High res figure
The right panel of Figure 3 shows the temporal variations in layer transport (i.e., transport in a 1 m thick layer centered at 52 m depth) since the start of the program. It is an update of a figure first published by Rossby et al. (2014). The definition of Gulf Stream transport is specific. It is the downstream velocity component parallel to its maximum integrated from one side to the other with the edges defined by where the velocities first change sign near the surface. This accords with the classical hydrographic definition, where the current is delineated by the maximum dynamic height difference across the current. The right y-axis shows estimated transport between the surface and 2,000 m depth using a scale factor 700 (Rossby et al., 2014) with an average ~94 Sv (1 Sverdrup = 106 m3 s–1). The interannual variations in transport appear to be quite large, but are only about 4%–5% of the mean for timescales of a year or longer. Significantly, the plot shows no evident long-term trend over the 25-year record. While the Gulf Stream transport includes far more transport than the 16–18 Sv MOC transport (e.g., Sarafanov et al., 2012; McCarthy et al., 2015), any trend over the last 25 years is only about 1–2 Sv, and maybe less, given the 95% uncertainty limits in the panel. Unless there is some kind of conspiracy between MOC and wind-driven change in transport so they cancel, this suggests that the MOC is stable at the 1 Sv level on these timescales. This is not to say that it may not slow down or increase more markedly in the future, but it does not lend support to suggestions that the MOC already has started slowing down substantially (see Sallenger et al., 2012; Ezer et al., 2013). The lack of evidence for a Gulf Stream slowdown accords with an earlier study that found the baroclinic transport varied widely, but no signal of decline emerged from this variability between the 1930s and 1980s (Sato and Rossby, 1995; also, using reanalyzed data from the 1873 Challenger Expedition, Rossby et al., 2010, found that geostrophic transport by the Gulf Stream at that time fell in line with the Sato and Rossby study).
The method of estimating transport by integrating to the velocities’ first zero crossing to either side of the Gulf Stream does not lend itself to comparison with satellite estimates of geostrophic flow based on sea surface height (SSH) field because the latter do not have the necessary spatial resolution to accurately resolve the edges of the meandering stream. But it is still of great importance to establish how well altimetry agrees with direct measurement of currents—a comparison that relies on the fact that motions on scales >O(10) km are substantially geostrophic. Worst et al. (2014) tested this by defining fixed points to either side of the Gulf Stream where SSH exhibits a variance minimum between which SSH difference across the stream can be determined. They find high correlations (>0.9) provided altimetry measurements are interpolated to the same day as the ADCP transect. This result is of great value, for it means that the ADCP velocities are not only accurate but also unbiased, affirming that measuring currents and transports from fast-moving vessels is quite feasible. But insofar as the Gulf Stream alone is concerned, the ADCP with its excellent and accurate spatial resolution does a far better job of estimating Gulf Stream transport because, as noted, it can accurately determine the limits of integration.
The Gulf Stream in Natural or Stream Coordinates
Each Oleander transit gives us a snapshot or synoptic view of the velocity field in the Gulf Stream. The ensemble of these can be used to construct the dense array of Eulerian mean velocities and variance ellipses as shown in Figure 3. But we have long known that the Gulf Stream, viewed locally, is a rather narrow, swift current. Whether in terms of temperature (the classic view) or velocity (as here), you know when you are in it. This begs the question of how well defined it actually is, or how stiff it is, a question first addressed by Halkin and Rossby (1985). We can take the same approach here. Specifically, we transform all ADCP data into a coordinate system defined by the location and direction of the maximum velocity vector, as in Figure 4. The top panels show mean downstream and cross-stream velocity. Having aligned the velocity vectors, we obtain a maximum speed of 2.13 ± 0.29 m s–1. The velocity structure exhibits conspicuous asymmetry, with the width of the northern or cyclonic side of the stream much thinner than the southern side. The top right shows average velocity normal to the stream. It is very weak everywhere, with a slight flow south (out of the current). The lower panels show the corresponding variances 2> and 2>. The bright band on the left side of the velocity maximum indicates that the northern shear zone is where most of the structural variability is found. That the variance in the cross-stream velocity is weak and increases only gradually from the center suggests considerable cross-stream stiffness. Velocity variance is greater on the Sargasso Sea side than in the Slope Sea; this can be anticipated from the variances ellipses in Figure 3 (left panel). It is instructive to compare eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in geographical and stream coordinates. Averaging EKE from 55 m to 600 m depth and 100 km to either side of the velocity maximum gives the average EKE = 0.26 m2 s–2 in geographical coordinates, whereas in stream coordinates it is 0.03 m2 s–2, nearly a factor 10 less. The near 90% reduction in EKE reflects the removal of the effect of Eulerian sampling of a relatively stiff (but meandering) current.
Figure 4. The Gulf Stream in stream or natural coordinates, based over 250 transects made between 2005 and 2018. The top row shows mean velocity in downstream and cross-stream directions (positive into and to left) in m s–1. The bottom row shows corresponding variance patterns in m2s–2. Note the different scales to the right of each panel. > High res figure
A Gallery of Studies
Here, we give a brief potpourri of the many studies to which the Oleander data have contributed.
- Oceanographers have used remote sea surface temperature imagery, specifically the sharp temperature drop at what is referred to as the North Wall to determine the location of the Gulf Stream. Here, the combination of velocity and ADCP-measured temperature gives us a coherent data set with which to determine relationships between the velocity maximum (the core of the current), the thermal North Wall (maximum temperature drop), and maximum temperature (see Figure 5). The North Wall is close, only about 20 km north of the velocity maximum. Similarly, the maximum temperature lies roughly 20 km to the south thereof, but both exhibit considerable scatter.
Figure 5. The blue dots show the position of a thermal north wall defined by the largest temperature drop to the north in the section relative to maximum velocity of the Gulf Stream. The red dots indicate the warmest temperature relative to the maximum velocity. The x-axis shows the position of velocity maximum along the Oleander line, and the y-axis shows distance from maximum velocity. > High res figure
- The Oleander data set has provided Gulf Stream metrics anchored by in situ observations that have been used evaluate the fidelity of ocean models and reanalysis products (e.g., Chassignet and Xu, 2017; Chi et al., 2018).
- With a goal toward improving forecasts of Mid-Atlantic Bight circulation, Levin et al. (2018) produced an improved mean dynamic topography product for the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Oleander observations provided the critical mean velocity observations in the slope region used to constrain their climatological assimilation model.
- Oleander data have been used to estimate wavenumber spectra from the ADCP measurements (Wang et al., 2010). Please see Callies (2019, in this issue).
- Rossby and Zhang (2001) used the combination of ADCP velocity and XBT temperature to examine the mean potential vorticity structure of the Gulf Stream. They found that layer thickness variations to either side of the velocity maximum compensate for lateral shear (or shear vorticity) such that the potential vorticity to either side remained nearly constant. The jump in potential vorticity from one side to the other was compressed to a very narrow zone, about one-tenth the width of the current, centered at the velocity maximum. The scale width of the two sides matches almost perfectly with the corresponding radius of deformation.
- A vessel in rapid transit sees the ocean “frozen in time.” Taking advantage of this, Luce and Rossby (2008) developed an algorithm for coherent vortex detection from the rotation of the velocity vector during the vessel’s transit through it. They found near equipartition of cyclonic and anticyclonic coherent vortices in the Sargasso Sea. Figure 6 shows the meander pinch-off and spin-up of a cold-core ring over a two-week period. We have experimented with extending this technique to sample cold core rings of varying age (i.e., in a form of “stroboscopic” sampling).
Figure 6. Three panels, a week apart between September 2 and September 16, 2000, show the velocity field during the pinch-off of a cold-core ring. The vectors are superimposed on a zoom-in of sea surface temperature. In the left panel, the cooler water (lighter colors) has not broken off from the Gulf Stream (farther north, not shown; see Luce and Rossby, 2008), whereas in the other two images, one and two weeks later, the ring has separated from the Gulf Stream. The vectors in the middle image indicate slack water in the center whereas in the last image the ring appears to have achieved solid body rotation. The color scale is the same as in Figure 2 (right panel). Maximum velocities ~2 m s–1. > High res figure
- The ADCP measures the strength of the backscattered signal it uses to measure the velocity-induced Doppler shift. This signal strength contains much information about spatial and temporal behavioral patterns of zooplankton and small nekton. Please see Palter et al. (2019, in this issue).
- Addressing a question many had asked, Sanchez-Franks et al. (2014) were unable to find any connection or correlation between transport variations at the Oleander line and the Florida Straits.
- Flagg et al. (2006) identified a narrow west-flowing current in the top 300 m of the Slope Sea transporting about 2.5 Sv (see next section).
- Stoermer (2002) demonstrated that it is possible to extract the Ekman spiral in the ADCP data from a fast-moving vessel. However, because the Ekman velocities and scales depend so strongly upon local conditions, it proved necessary to scale velocity and depth into non-dimensional form prior to averaging.
Interannual-to-Decadal Variability on the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelf and Upper Slope
Whereas the Oleander data show the Gulf Stream transport to vary interannually but with little trend, recent studies have pointed to the US eastern seaboard north of Cape Hatteras as a region of dramatic change that manifests itself in sea level (Sallenger et al., 2012; Andres et al., 2013), ocean temperature (e.g., Mills et al., 2013; Pershing et al., 2015), and oxygen (Gilbert et al., 2005; Claret et al., 2018). Observed changes in coastal, shelf, and upper-slope waters here reflect not only slow processes that cause long-term ocean warming or sea level rise but also higher frequency processes that result in strong interannual variability. These trends and year-to-year changes have important ecological, economic, and social impacts. Because of their quality, continuity, and long duration, the Oleander ADCP and XBT data sets are uniquely suited both for characterizing changes on the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf and upper slope and for investigating underlying processes that drive interannual to decadal variability.
Over the last 40 years of XBT sampling from Oleander, the annually and vertically averaged temperature across the MAB shelf has increased by about 1.25°C. This warming on the MAB shelf is superimposed on strong interannual variability (Figure 7, inserts). The warming trend over the last 15 years is not distributed uniformly across the shelf nor is it concentrated near the surface, as might be expected if it were driven primarily by local atmospheric heating. Rather, it is strongest at the shelf break (see Figure 8c in Forsyth et al., 2015). Likewise, the interannual variability in the MAB shelf temperatures is also concentrated at the shelf break (see Figure 9 in Forsyth et al., 2015).
The Oleander data have helped us to identify a connection between temperature and the strength of the Shelfbreak Jet, a 20 km wide equatorward-flowing surface current that is part of a system of currents along the shelf break stretching from the Labrador Sea to Cape Hatteras (Linder and Gawarkiewicz, 1998; Fratantoni and Pickart, 2007). Using the data from Oleander’s 75 kHz ADCP to generate a mean velocity section, the Shelfbreak Jet is evident as an along-shelf flow reaching 8 cm s–1 (black contours in Figure 7, both panels) in waters of approximately 100 m depth. Offshore of this, and separated by a velocity minimum, another equatorward current, the Slope Jet (Flagg et al., 2006) reaches 10 cm s–1. Conditionally averaging the velocity sections according to the annually averaged temperature on the shelf suggests that a warmer MAB shelf is in part caused by less cool water being advected along the shelf from the east (Figure 7, top panel). In colder years, an intensified shelf break jet can transport more cooler water to the MAB, and thus lead to a colder than average year in the MAB (Figure 7, bottom panel). But no evidence has been found that this velocity-temperature correlation extends to the longer-term warming trend—a question of considerable interest to many as noted earlier.
Figure 7. The two panels show velocity parallel to the shelf break across the shelf into the Slope Sea during anomalously warm and cold years. The contours in both show the overall mean velocity based on 580 ADCP crossings. The top panel shading shows the velocity when the shelf is anomalously warm (338 ADCP/56 XBT sections), and the shading in the bottom panel depicts velocity measured in years when temperatures were anomalously cold on the shelf (242 ADCP/50 XBT sections), with temperatures averaged annually and spatially across the 160 km wide shelf inshore of the 100 m isobath (see insert, based on Forsyth et al., 2015, updated here through 2017). > High res figure
A Peek at the Future
During the years 2006–2010, the cruise vessel Explorer of the Seas occasionally operated along the same route as CMV Oleander III. The ship was equipped with 38 kHz and 150 kHz ADCPs, the same complement as on the new Oleander. With 57 sections from primarily the 2007–2008 period, we can construct the mean Eulerian velocity field normal to the ship track between Bermuda and New Jersey for the top 1,250 m and thus get an idea of what the 38 kHz ADCP on the new vessel will be able to deliver (Figure 8, top left panel). With a 1,200+ m reach (roughly twice the capability of the 75 kHz), the ship can scan currents from the surface to below the center of the main thermocline where maximum stratification (on the 12°C isotherm) occurs at ~800 m just south of the Gulf Stream. The average peak velocity in the Gulf Stream ranges from about 1.1 m s–1 at the surface to 0.1 m s–1 at 1,200 m depth, numbers quite similar to those of Halkin and Rossby (1985). The flow outside the Gulf Stream is everywhere weakly to the southwest except between 700 km and 780 km due to the occasional presence of cyclonic cold core rings passing west through the section in this data set.
Figure 8. (top left) Mean velocity perpendicular to the Oleander route based on 57 ADCP sections primarily from 2007 and 2008 (with the rest from 2006 and 2010). (bottom left) Mean temperature from 73 XBT sections taken from 2011 to 2018. The dashed contour highlights the 6.5°C isotherm (~27.55 kg m–3 density surface). The vertical dashed lines in the left panels delineate the Gulf Stream from waters of the Slope and Sargasso Seas (white arrow points in Figure 3). (right) Integrals of transport from the surface down for the Slope Sea (blue), the Gulf Stream (red), and the Sargasso Sea (green), and the sum of all three (black). > High res figure
The vertical integral of velocity across the entire section from the surface down is instructive. It increases rapidly near the surface, but slows gradually, and decreases slowly after passing through a broad 38 Sv peak near 950 m depth (black curve, right panel in Figure 8). This reflects the baroclinic or strongly sheared contribution of the Gulf Stream (red line) being overtaken by the near depth-independent flows in the Slope and Sargasso Seas (blue and green lines). Interestingly, the 950 m depth of the transport maximum lies close to what most studies suggest as the depth of the stream function maximum of the MOC (e.g., McCarthy et al., 2015). Perhaps this is not so surprising because northward flow of the upper limb of the MOC resides entirely inside the Gulf Stream; there is no other poleward flow in the North Atlantic. This means that whatever its magnitude, it is embedded within the Gulf Stream portion of the 38 Sv transport maximum. If we assume that the continental-slope-to-Bermuda integral of the Oleander section fully captures the contributions of the northern and southern recirculation gyres (the westward flows to either side of the Gulf Stream) such that these cancel out, then the horizontal, wind-driven Sverdrup circulation must make up the difference. The Sverdrup gyre occupies, indeed defines, the subtropical circulation between North Africa and North America. There are various means for estimating its strength. Here, we postulate that if there is no layer transport at 950 m for the Oleander line, then the same should be true between Bermuda and North Africa. The dynamic height difference (not shown) between the latter yields a southward transport of ~20 Sv from the surface to 900–1,000 m depth. This transport must flow north between New Jersey and Bermuda. Talley et al. (2011, Chapter 9) report a similar amount. Subtracting 20 Sv from the measured 38 Sv leaves 18 Sv, which we interpret as the strength of the upper limb of the MOC; this agrees well with other estimates (McCarthy et al., 2015, at 26°N; Willis, 2010, at 42°N; Sarafanov et al., 2012).
The lower left panel in Figure 8 shows the mean temperature field based on 73 XBT sections between 2009 and 2018. Here, the mean temperature field has been extended to the range of the ADCP by stitching on a generic sub-thermocline temperature profile whose shape is largely independent of cross-stream location (Halkin and Rossby, 1985). Having both mean temperature and velocity allows us in principle to estimate temperature transport. Unfortunately, the thermal Gulf Stream is about 50 km north of the velocity Gulf Stream, a consequence in the measurements of completely independent XBT sampling at a later time. To get an accurate estimate of temperature transport, we shift the temperature field 50 km to the south (and level-extend the temperature field to the north to make it a full section). The match still isn’t perfect because the thermal Gulf Stream is wider than the corresponding velocity field. Nonetheless, with these we estimate the total upper ocean temperature flux and that of the Gulf Stream alone, both from the surface to 950 m, to be 2.45 PW and 3.92 PW, respectively, leaving a net 1.47 PW. But in removing the Sverdrup gyre, we must recognize that the water flowing north is warmer than the flow southeast of Bermuda by about 1°C at nearly all depths. It is beyond the scope of this retrospective to undertake a detailed analysis, but for purposes of illustration, using the average dynamic height difference between Bermuda and Africa, the average velocity decreases almost linearly from −0.0095 m s–1 to 0 near 1,000 m depth. Multiplying this into an average temperature profile in the Sargasso Sea and east of Bermuda yields 78 TW horizontal heat transport to the north. Thus, the net temperature transport across the Oleander line and beyond to Africa = 1.47 + 0.08 PW = 1.55 PW. To obtain the net heat flow associated with the MOC requires knowledge of temperature fluxes in the lower limb. Estimating this directly is beyond our reach, but for the sake of illustration, using an average deep temperature of 3°C would give us 18 Sv × 3°C × 4 × 106 J m–3 °C–1 = 0.216 PW southward temperature flux. Rossby et al. (2017) estimate the southward temperature transport in the lower limb of the MOC at 59.5°N to be 0.26 PW. If we assume this deep temperature transport is unaffected by latitude (i.e., no diapycnal heat exchange), the net northward heat flux would be near 1.29 PW. This is consistent with Rago and Rossby (1987), who obtain 1.38 ± 0.19 PW for the nearby Pegasus-32°N line; Johns et al. (2011), who obtain 1.33 ± 0.4 PW; and McCarthy et al. (2015), who report 1.25 ± 0.11 PW; the latter two at 26°N. The same methodology can also be used for estimating freshwater flux. This exercise illustrates how the new CMV Oleander can help track the strength of the MOC and concomitant heat and freshwater fluxes on seasonal and longer timescales.
The growing Oleander ADCP and XBT database has become a valuable resource for a wide variety of studies. The primary objective has been to measure accurately the strength of the Gulf Stream, and to determine how it may be varying over time. Substantial interannual variations at the 4%–5% level have been established, but essentially no long-term trend has emerged. The interannual variations are almost certainly of wind-driven origin, but we have not yet attempted to model these. It has been almost axiomatic in the literature that the Gulf Stream, which includes the MOC, should be slowing down. The Oleander data to date do not support this expectation. The sustained capability for the future Oleander program to quantify Gulf Stream transport will allow us to detect such changes if or when they may occur. Curiously, while we have seen little change in transport, the ocean has been warming all the while. The Sargasso Sea has warmed a good 1°C over the last half century, and the shelf waters have warmed even more. Are these signatures of independent processes, or might they, in time through changes in the hydrographic make-up of the ocean, impact the strength of the Gulf Stream? Alternatively, if the MOC remains at strength, increasing temperatures would lead to a significant increase in poleward heat transport by the MOC.
With the arrival of the new ship and its new complement of instrumentation, the Oleander program is now far better equipped to tackle both the horizontal wind-driven circulation and the buoyancy-driven meridional overturning circulation. An added feature of the new Oleander is its 150 kHz ADCP. It will be able to resolve currents in the top 200 m with great horizontal and vertical resolution. This will enable studies of submesoscale processes both in the open ocean as well on the continental shelf. The door is wide open for new researchers to join the effort to investigate longstanding questions and develop new avenues of research with these and future data.
First and foremost we extend our heartfelt thanks to the Bermuda Container Line/Neptune Group Management Ltd for permission to operate an acoustic Doppler current profiler on board CMV Oleander III, a 150 kHz ADCP between 1992 and 2004, and a 75 kHz ADCP between 2005 and 2018. Their interest and support is gratefully acknowledged. Cor Teeuwen, our initial contact in Holland while the ship was still under construction, played an important role in facilitating the original ADCP installation. His evident interest to make this concept work has stimulated similar activities on other commercial vessels. The interest and willingness of the shipping industry to be supportive of science has been a very positive experience for all of us who have ventured in this direction. Initial funding came from NOAA and the Office of Naval Research. Since 1999, the National Science Foundation has supported the project through funding to the University of Rhode Island and Stony Brook University, and now also to the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), which will be taking over the Oleander operation. NSF is also funding the current transition to the new CMV Oleander. In the early years, G. Schwartze and E. Gottlieb were very helpful with technical support for the project. This included frequent visits to the ship before we had the capability to transfer the data through the Ethernet. We thank Jules Hummon and Eric Firing for adapting the UNOLS-wide UHDAS ADCP operating system to the merchant marine environment. We thank E. Williams and P. Ortner at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, for making the 38 kHz ADCP data from Explorer of the Seas available to us. We also want to thank the NOAA Ship Of Opportunity Program for continued interest in and support of XBT operations along the Oleander section. That support started over 40 years ago and is now stronger than ever. All ADCP data from 1992 through 2018 have been archived at the Joint Archive for Shipboard ADCP (JASADCP), established at the University of Hawaii by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Averaged yearly data sets can be downloaded in ASCII text or NetCDF formats (http://ilikai.soest.hawaii.edu/sadcp/main_inv.html). We thank Patrick Caldwell, JASADCP’s manager, for his assistance. All ADCP and XBT data can be obtained at the Stony Brook website: http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/Oleander/. The URL to the project website is http://oleander.bios.edu—an updated data portal and products will soon be accessible here.
An ERDDAP server for Oleander data (in the process of being configured) is at this address: http://erddap.oleander.bios.edu:8080/erddap/. The following link to BIOS lists over 40 publications that have used the ADCP data one way or another: http://oleander.bios.edu/publications/. We thank the two reviewers for their many interesting and helpful comments and suggestions. | <urn:uuid:ea9e3d8c-6be4-4703-9f02-d918d207be1e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://tos.org/oceanography/article/oleander-is-more-than-a-flower-twenty-five-years-of-oceanography-aboard-a-m | 2024-02-27T17:08:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.919974 | 8,684 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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“There’s a lot of false information out there on the internet, and today we’re going to dispel some myths. Do sharks have tongues in their mouths? Spoiler alert: Only three species of sharks use their tongues for anything!”
Sharks are one of the most feared creatures on Earth, but how much do we know about them?
It seems like every week; there’s a new shark attack headline. But sharks are more afraid of us than we are of them.
This informative and fun article will teach you everything you ever wanted to know about these fantastic creatures, from their anatomy to their diet and behavior.
You’ll even learn which sharks have tongues (only three out of more than 400 species).
ToggleDo Sharks Have Tongues in Their Mouth?
Do Sharks Have Tongue? Most people believe that sharks have tongues because they’ve seen pictures or videos of sharks with something resembling a tongue inside a shark’s mouth. However, the vast majority of shark species don’t have tongues.
So, what are those things that look like tongues? In most cases, they’re called basihyal cartilages, unlike the human tongue. The basihyal is a small, flat piece of cartilage located at the base of the shark’s mouth and helps support the teeth.
Do sharks have tongues? So, if sharks don’t have tongues, what do they use to taste their food? Sharks have taste buds on shark skin, allowing them to taste anything they come into contact with.
What Shark Has a Tongue? – The three shark species that have
Only three shark species have tongues – carpet sharks, bullhead sharks, and cookie-cutter sharks. The tongue helps these sharks taste and manipulate prey.
The carpet shark’s tongue is fascinating because it’s long and highly maneuverable, allowing the shark to probe deep into crevices for hidden prey.
The cookiecutter shark’s tongue is also attractive because it’s a modified tooth. These sharks use their papillae lining tongues to take circular chunks out of the flesh of the prey.
What Do Sharks Tongues Do?
Shark tongues do many things – they help sharks taste, grip, and protect their ventral aorta. But one of the essential things a shark tongue does is help keep the shark’s teeth clean.
Sharks have hundreds of tiny, sharp teeth that can quickly become coated in blood and tissue when sharks bite their tongue into their prey. The slimy film that coats a shark’s tongue helps to remove this food debris from the teeth, keeping them clean and sharp for the next meal.
Do Great White Sharks Have Tongues?
Do sharks have tongues? Great white sharks are one of the most feared predators on Earth, but did you know that they don’t have one? Like most sharks, the great white has a chunk of cartilage on the floor of the mouth but no actual tongue.
Some people think sharks are primitive creatures with no natural features that set them apart from other pelagic fishes. But the truth is, sharks are highly evolved predators with some fantastic adaptations, including a fifth sense that allows them to detect electrical fields in the water.
As for whether or not great white sharks have tongues, the answer is more complicated. Sharks have tongues but don’t use them to taste food. Instead, their tongues help them keep their mouths open so they can breathe while swimming.
Can a Shark Stick Out Its Tongue?
No, sharks cannot stick out their tongues. Sharks have retractable “tongues,” which are more like sharp extensions of the lower jaw. The top of the “tongue” is covered in small, serrated teeth, which help it grip slippery prey.
The bottom of the “tongue” is covered in taste buds, which help the shark determine if something is edible. If the taste buds of sharks detect a potential meal, the shark will open its mouth and throat and use its tongue to pull the prey into its teeth.
How Do Sharks Taste Their Food?
Sharks have small bumps that contain numerous taste buds. These bumps are called “moray eels” and help sharks taste their food. Their sense of taste is so refined that they can even distinguish between types of prey.
Sharks have a keen sense of smell and use their senses of smell and taste together to determine if their prey is edible.
Does a Tiger Shark Have a Tongue?
Many people refer to a Tiger Shark’s tongue as a basihyal. A basihyal is a cartilaginous structure that anchors the tongue in place and extends forwards from the hyoid arch. The basihyal supports the position of the tongue’s body and helps move it forward and backward.
Elongate muscles attach to either side of the basihyal and run down into the throat muscles. These pharyngeal muscles allow a shark to move its tongue in all directions.
What Does a Shark’s Tongue Feel Like?
Sharks have a very rough, sandpaper-like tongue. It’s short, small, and stout – not very anatomically complicated. Mostly it just feels like a bumpy surface.
While sharks have five senses just like we do, they rely more heavily on their sense of smell and touch than on their sense of sight or taste.
That’s why they’re so good at finding prey in their live murky waters. Their sense of touch is so keen that they can detect the tiny electrical fields generated by other living creatures.
Why Do Sharks Not Have Tongues?
Sharks don’t have tongues because their muscle mobility is restricted. For example, they can’t move their tongues up and down, so they rely on suction to bring food into sharks’ mouths.
This lack of tongue mobility is thought to be because sharks have very thick skin that doesn’t allow for much flexibility. If you were to cut a shark’s tongue out, it would regenerate quickly due to its abundance of pluripotent cells.
How Do Sharks Eat Without Swallowing Water?
Sharks have a unique way of eating without swallowing water. They use the muscles of their pectoral girdle to pump the water out of their mouths while feeding. This allows them to keep the water out while biting down on their prey.
It’s a fantastic adaptation that helps them stay efficient while feeding. And it’s one of the reasons why sharks can eat so many different types of prey without worrying about getting sick from swallowing too much water.
Commonly Asked Questions on Do Sharks Have a Tongue (FAQ)
Do Sharks Have Teeth?
Sharks have multiple rows of sharp teeth to tear their prey into pieces. Their teeth are constantly being replaced as they fall out or break off.
Do Sharks Have Taste Buds?
Sharks have small bumps that contain numerous taste buds. These bumps are called “moray eels,” and they help sharks taste their food.
Do Fish Have Tongues?
While most fish do not have tongues in the traditional sense, they do have structures that tongue serves a similar purpose. These structures are called “barbels,” and they help the fish taste their food and navigate their surroundings.
Do Sharks Have Bones?
No, sharks do not have bones. Their skeletons are made entirely of cartilage.
What Animal Does Not Have a Tongue?
Sea urchins, sea stars, and other echinoderms, as well as crustaceans, lack tongues. Instead, they use their teeth to scrape food off surfaces or to pierce prey.
Do Sharks Have Ears?
Sharks have small ear openings on the sides of their heads. These ears are used to detect sound waves in the water. A human’s ear is complicated, but in general, it resembles the shape of an animal with very sensitive hearing. A shark, however, has a much simpler design – they only need to hear low frequencies for navigation or catching prey at great depths where other sounds would be too muffled by water pressure!
Do Whales Have Tongues?
Yes, whales have tongues. The blue whale’s tongue can weigh as much as an elephant’s! A whale’s tongue is mainly made of muscle and helps them filter food from the water.
Do Sharks Sleep?
Yes, sharks sleep. But it’s hard to tell when they’re doing it because they don’t close their eyes. Instead, they enter a state of rest called “tonic immobility.” They don’t move much in this state, and their breathing and heart rate slow down.
Do Crocodiles Have Tongues?
Yes, crocodiles have tongues. But their tongues are attached to the roof of the shark’s mouth, so they can’t stick them out as we do. Instead, they use their tongues to taste the air and water around them.
Do Dolphins Have Tongues?
Yes, dolphins have tongues. They use their tongues to help them eat by holding onto their prey while swimming. Dolphins also use their tongues to communicate with other dolphins. They make clicking and whistling sounds that are thought to be a form of dolphin language.
So, do sharks have tongues? Out of the more than 400 shark species, only three have been observed using their tongues to manipulate prey or explore their environment. These sharks are the great hammerhead, whale shark, and basking shark. Scientists believe other sharks may use their tongues for similar purposes, but further research is needed. Studies like this one remind us that there is still so much we don’t know about these fascinating creatures of the deep.
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- Do Fish Have Tongues? The Surprising Question Answered! | <urn:uuid:114849c3-f3d0-4658-872a-2274f314a6a0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://upicefishing.com/do-sharks-have-tongues-in-their-mouth/ | 2024-02-27T18:14:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.950895 | 2,185 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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The shoulder is a wonderful joint. A healthy normal range of movement of the shoulder girdle is exceptional. The articulation of the humerus (upper arm) in its socket or fossa, and that articulation with the clavicle (collar bone) and acromion process of the scapular (shoulder blade), enable the many movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, protraction and retraction, and internal and external rotation.
There are thus, many muscles involved in shoulder movement, that maintain its stability and integrity, all of which should work together (ideally in the correct firing pattern), to enable its efficient and smooth movement; more on this later. However, muscles alone cannot ensure the correct function of the shoulder. There are of course ligaments, tendons, bursae and articular capsules that need to work in harmony and smoothly to ensure such mobility while maintaining stability.
If the ball of the upper arm is not kept centred, and abnormal stress is placed on surrounding tissues (muscles, tendons, bursae and ligaments); this combined with age related degeneration and other health risk factors, can overtime leave the shoulder prone to a reduction in range of movement, pain and subsequent injury.
Common Causes of Shoulder Pain and Injury
There are many different causes of shoulder pain. Repetitive and/or forceful overhead sporting activities, such as swimming or throwing a baseball, may cause pinching of the rotator cuff or biceps tendons.
Of course, trauma such as falls or motor accidents can also injure the shoulder in a variety of ways and degrees. However there are a number of other causes of shoulder pain that should be considered. In approximately 2-5% of the general population, and significantly, between 30 and 50% of the population with diabetes who experience shoulder pain, will experience Frozen Shoulder. This will commonly be experienced as a gradual onset of significant pain and subsequent reduced range of movement; especially movement of the arm away from the body (laterally raising/abducting the arm) that appears to be completely unprovoked.
Occasionally, poor sitting posture may also place increased stress on the shoulder and cause pain. Posture at a desk with arms or specifically one dominant arm outstretched reaching for the mouse or keyboard, put strain a constant and repeated strain on the rotator cuff muscles, tendons and ligaments, as well as forcing an anterior head carriage in to the equation. All of this places unnecessary stress on the postural musculature of the neck, thoracic spine and shoulder, causing altered movement patterns and secondary injury to tissues-without even realising you are doing it!
Common shoulder problems include:
Biceps Tendonitis: The biceps tendon attaches your biceps muscle in your upper arm to the front of the shoulder. Many people consider the long head of the biceps tendon to act as a fifth rotator cuff tendon, offering stability to the front of the shoulder. This tendon can get pinched by the bony anatomy of the shoulder blade or by ligaments that attach to the collarbone and shoulder blade, causing tendonitis. Overloading the biceps by lifting something heavy may cause biceps tendonitis (also called shoulder tendonitis). Strengthening the biceps helps prevent injury.
Shoulder Bursitis: A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that helps body structures glide smoothly over one another. There is a bursa that lies between the humerus bone and the shoulder blade. This bursa can be pinched in the shoulder, leading to pain.
Rotator Cuff Tendonitis: The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that help support and move the shoulder. Their primary role is to help hold the ball of the arm bone in the socket while the arm is moved. The rotator cuff tendons attach to the arm bone in an area that lies directly underneath a bony prominence of the shoulder blade. The tendons can get pinched underneath this bone and become inflamed and sore.
Strengthening the rotator cuff therefore is an excellent way to help prevent common rotator cuff injuries including tendonitis, rotator cuff tears, and shoulder impingement syndrome.
Age-related changes in rotator cuff tendons leave them less elastic and more susceptible to injury. There is also a gradual loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing, which can be counteracted with strengthening exercises.
Frozen Shoulder: Frozen Shoulder typically goes through three stages
Stage 1: The painful / freezing stage: Gradual onset pain which increases in severity – often causing waking in the night and increasing difficulty with everyday activities due to reducing range of motion and pain.
Stage 2: The restricted / frozen stage: The pain levels off or gets slightly better but the shoulder continues to get more and more restricted.
Stage 3: The resolution / thawing stage: The pain gradually goes away and the movement comes back to normal.
The timespan to move through these stages is variable. One high-quality epidemiological study showed that the average length of time for a Frozen Shoulder (without any treatment) is 30 months.
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OPTIONS
There are a number of different evidence-based diagnostic techniques and treatment options for the treatment of shoulder injuries. Here we will look at:
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy and Frozen Shoulder.
The Rotator Cuff Muscles
If you have developed shoulder pain as a result of trauma like a fall or a car accident, you should seek medical attention immediately. Also, if your shoulder pain has lasted for more than two to three weeks and is accompanied by significant functional loss, a visit to a physiotherapist or sports therapist is recommended.
Your rotator cuff is the main stabiliser of the shoulder joint, and is actually the collective term of 4 separate muscles surrounding the shoulder joint. Each attaches to the tuberosities of the humerus (upper arm), whilst also fusing with the joint capsule (the surface of the socket covered in cartilage). The resting tone of these muscles act to compress the humeral (upper arm) head into the glenoid cavity (the socket).
The supraspinatus muscles are located at the top of the shoulder and (along with other muscles) abducts the shoulder - it raises the upper arm and moves it away from the body.
The subscapularis muscles are the largest of the rotator cuff muscles. They are triangular in shape and sit on the inside surface of the shoulder blades - they primarily internally (medially) rotate or inwardly twists the humerus (upper arm), as in the movement of if slamming a door shut. It also stabilises the shoulder girdle and assists in the downward motion of the arm from being high above the head.
The infraspinatus muscles sit on the back of the shoulder blades - they externally rotate the shoulder/bring your arm behind your back (fist outwards). Imagine the movement initiated at the start of throwing a ball, where the arm is drawn outwardly rotating and back.
Teres minor starts from the posterior- lateral border of the shoulder blades and attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus (bony prominence of the upper arm). It is also responsible for externally rotating the arm (turning outwards such as throwing a ball).
Though each rotator cuff muscle has a primary function of movement at the shoulder, they all work together to stabilise the shoulder joint.
Strengthening all the muscles of the rotator cuff is important, but premature strengthening can delay healing and cause more pain. For specific advice regarding injury-appropriate rotator cuff strengthening, it is highly recommended that you consult the professional advice of an experienced musculoskeletal physiotherapist or Sports therapist.
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Treatment
The majority of people with shoulder pain have pain and weakness related to the rotator cuff. In fact, about 50% of shoulder patients have rotator cuff related shoulder pain. The vast majority of these respond very well to specific rehabilitation exercises. A very small proportion need to have more invasive treatment like corticosteroid injections or surgery.
It is very important that you try physical therapy exercises before considering surgery. The research in this area is very clear. Since 2005, five high quality research trials have shown that exercise is as effective as surgery for rotator cuff related shoulder pain. Furthermore, two excellent trials have shown that physical therapy exercise reduces the need for surgery by up to 80%.
PRICE - Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
If the onset of pain is due to an impact or trauma to the rotator cuff muscles, an initial short period of rest is recommended. This should last two to three days. During this period, you can apply ice to the shoulder to help control inflammation and provide symptomatic relief. Ice can be applied for 10 to 15 minutes every 2 waking hours.
You can also start gentle pendulum exercises during this time as in the illustration to the
right. By keeping the shoulder mobile, you can avoid a frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis), which is discussed further here.
After a few days of rest, shoulder exercises can be started to help improve the range of motion of the joint and improve the strength of the rotator cuff muscles
As stated earlier, the rotator cuff helps stabilise the ball in the socket when you lift your arm, so strength here is important. However, there is a general rule of thumb in the treatment and rehabilitation of injuries to the shoulder; and that is LENGTHEN BEFORE YOU STRENGTHEN, so some gentle stretching exercises should be performed to reduce tension in the muscles supporting the shoulder. These may be found in the article entitled Back and Neck Pain - Is your Poor Posture to Blame?
Similarly, before embarking on strengthening exercises, be sure that you have sought the advice as to which of the rotator cuffs are injured, and to what degree. It is then important to begin with ISOMETRIC STRENGTHENING EXERCISES, which require a contraction of the muscle/s involved WITHOUT any range of movement (a static hold.)
The following series of exercises are intended as a guide for the inital stages of rehab. Please consult your Sports therapist/Physiotherapist for progressions when appropriate.
Some Isometric exercises to help strengthen the rotator cuff muscles are below.
ISOMETRIC EXTERNAL ROTATION
Stand sideways against a wall with your upper arm close to your side and elbow at a right angle.
Push the elbow to the side against the wall. Hold for 8-10 seconds and relax for 4 secs. Repeat 8-10 times.
ISOMETRIC INTERNAL ROTATION
Stand in a doorway with you elbow close to your body and bent at a right angle. Place your hand against the wall.
Push your hand inwards against the wall. Hold for 8-10 secs and relax for 4 secs. Repeat 8 times.
Stand with your upper arm close to your side, elbow at a right angle and the back of your hand against a wall.
Push the back of your hand against the wall. Hold 8-10 secs and relax for 4 secs. Repeat 8-10 times.
ISOMETRIC SHOULDER EXTENSION
Stand facing away from wall as shown with elbow bent.
Place a pillow or towel between elbow and wall.
Push against wall.
Do not hold breath.
Maintain the contraction for few seconds and release.
Repeat for 8-10 times.
ISOMETRIC SHOULDER FLEXION
Stand facing a wall - the opposite of shoulder extension.
Keep your upper arm close to the side with elbow at a right angle.
Push your fist against the wall, holding the position for 8-10 seconds and relax for 4 secs. Repeat 8-10 times.
Isometric contractions and stretching should be performed daily, and a gradual increase in range of movement should be aimed for, by performing the pendulum exercise.
Active assisted range of motion.
As pain reduces, the aim is to start increasing the range of movement. This is done at first, in a passive or assisted manor.
You can use your unaffected arm to assist with the
following movement, or you might find a cane/broomstick/pulley system helpful to move the injured arm.
Holding a broom stick with both hands, use the injured limb to raise the broom stick away from body (towards your injured side) until you can no longer raise it, now use the non injured limb to help move through further range of motion but it is important to continue to try an use your injured limb
This exercise can be done either lying down (A) or sitting down (B). Clasp hands together and lift arms above head. Keep your elbows as straight as possible. Maintain the elevation for 10-20 seconds, then slowly lower your arms.
Slowly increase the elevation of your arms as the days progress, using pain as your guide.
Repeat 10-20 times per session.
Finally, as range of movement increases with reduced pain, some scapular setting exercises are advisable.
Active training of the scapula muscles.
Two exercises are shoulder shrugs and pinching your shoulder blades (scapular retraction)
Scapular Retraction: Pinch the back of the shoulder blades together using good posture.
Shoulder Shrugs: Pull shoulders up and back and hold.
Frozen Shoulder Diagnosis & Treatment
There are three criteria in the diagnosis of frozen shoulder:
A typical history of gradual onset pain and loss of movement in the shoulder – often with waking in the night due to pain.
A clinical examination demonstrating a true passive restriction in the movements of the shoulder.
Normal bony morphology i.e. an X-Ray that demonstrates that there is no other reason for the restriction.
What is the treatment for Frozen Shoulder?
There are a number of different evidence-based treatment options for the treatment of Frozen Shoulder: physiotherapy, image-guided corticosteroid injection, arthrographic hydrodistension and capsular release surgery. Different treatment approaches are suitable at different stages of the condition and for different people.
As with all soft tissue injury it is advisable to seek the advice of a physical therapist who will be able to more clearly identify the structures that are injured or require lengthening or strengthening. Visit our online booking system here | <urn:uuid:6ea5d997-a3aa-4ecc-8fed-9de8fb62d312> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.breezesportstherapy.com/post/2019/01/19/rotator-cuff-tendonopathy | 2024-02-27T16:31:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.928718 | 3,011 | 2.90625 | 3 | [
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] |
Vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. They are essential nutrients that our bodies require in small amounts to function properly. While vitamins offer numerous benefits, it is important to understand that excessive or inadequate intake of certain vitamins can pose risks to our health. In this article, we will explore the benefits and risks associated with vitamin intake, shedding light on the importance of balanced nutrition.
Vitamins are essential nutrients that are required for the body to function properly. They are found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Vitamins can also be taken in supplement form, either as individual vitamins or as multivitamins. While vitamins are important for overall health, there are both benefits and risks associated with taking them. Vitamins can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are stored in the body's fat cells and can be used when needed. Water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins (B-12, folic acid) and vitamin C. These vitamins are not stored in the body and must be replenished daily through diet or supplements.
Benefits of Vitamin Intake
Vitamins play an important role in maintaining good health.They help the body to absorb nutrients from food, produce energy, and fight off infections. Vitamin A helps to maintain healthy vision, while vitamin D helps to regulate calcium levels in the body. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin K helps to form blood clots and prevent excessive bleeding. In addition to these benefits, vitamins can also help to reduce the risk of certain diseases.
For example, calcium supplements may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, while vitamin D supplements may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Multivitamins may also help to reduce the risk of certain types of cancer and heart disease.
Vitamin D3 offers a multitude of benefits, including promoting calcium absorption for optimal bone health, supporting immune system function to help defend against infections and diseases, regulating mood and warding off symptoms of depression, contributing to cardiovascular health by reducing the risk of hypertension and improving overall heart function, aiding in muscle strength and mobility, enhancing cognitive function and reducing the risk of cognitive decline, supporting respiratory health and reducing the likelihood of respiratory infections, improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, playing a role in maintaining a healthy body weight and reducing the risk of obesity, and even potentially reducing the risk of certain types of cancers, such as colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer.
Risks of Vitamin Intake
While vitamins can be beneficial for overall health, there are also risks associated with taking them. Taking too much of certain vitamins can lead to toxicity, which can cause serious health problems. For example, too much vitamin A can cause liver damage, while too much vitamin D can cause kidney stones.It is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking any supplements to make sure they are safe for you. In addition, some vitamins can interact with medications or other supplements. For example, vitamin E can interact with blood thinners and increase the risk of bleeding. Vitamin K can interact with anticoagulants and increase the risk of clotting. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider about any potential interactions before taking any supplements.
How Much Vitamin Should I Take?
The amount of vitamins you should take depends on your age, gender, lifestyle, and health status.The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends a daily intake of 200 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin A for adults over 19 years old; 400 mcg of folic acid for adults over 19 years old; 400 IU (international units) of vitamin D for adults over 50 years old; 800 IU for adults over 70 years old; 15 mg (milligrams) of vitamin E for adults over 19 years old; 75 mg of vitamin C for adults over 19 years old; 1.3 mg of vitamin B6 for adults over 19 years old; 2.4 mcg of vitamin B12 for adults over 19 years old; 1.7 mg of iron for adult women over 19 years old; 8 mg for adult men over 19 years old; 420 mg of magnesium for adult women over 19 years old; 420 mg for adult men over 19 years old; 55 mcg of selenium for adults over 19 years old; 11 mg of zinc for adult women over 19 years old; 11 mg for adult men over 19 years old; 16 mg of niacin for adult women over 19 years old; 16 mg for adult men over 19 years old. It is important to note that these recommendations are based on a person's dietary intake from food sources alone. If you are taking dietary supplements or fortified foods, you may need to adjust your intake accordingly.
Benefits of Vitamin Intake
Improved Energy Levels
Vitamins, such as B-complex vitamins, play a vital role in converting the food we consume into energy. These vitamins assist in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, providing the body with the fuel it needs to function optimally. Adequate vitamin intake ensures sustained energy levels, reducing fatigue and promoting overall vitality.
Vitamin B12 provides numerous benefits, such as supporting red blood cell production, promoting nerve health and function, aiding in DNA synthesis and cell division, assisting in energy metabolism and combating fatigue, supporting brain health and cognitive function, contributing to mood regulation and reducing the risk of depression, and playing a crucial role in maintaining heart health by helping to regulate homocysteine levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Enhanced Immune System
Certain vitamins, like vitamin C and vitamin D, are known to strengthen the immune system. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage and supporting the production of white blood cells, which are crucial for fighting off infections. Vitamin D helps regulate the immune response and plays a role in preventing autoimmune diseases.
Vitamin C offers a wide range of benefits, including its role as a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful free radicals, supporting a healthy immune system by promoting the production and function of immune cells, aiding in collagen synthesis, which is essential for healthy skin, joints, and blood vessels, facilitating wound healing and tissue repair, enhancing iron absorption and preventing iron deficiency anemia, promoting cardiovascular health by supporting blood vessel integrity and reducing the risk of heart diseases, acting as a natural antihistamine and reducing the severity of allergic reactions, supporting brain health and cognitive function, reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms, and potentially playing a role in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and age-related macular degeneration.
Support for Growth and Development
During periods of growth, such as childhood and adolescence, adequate vitamin intake is essential. Vitamins A, D, and K contribute to bone development and strength, while vitamins B and C support the growth and repair of tissues. These vitamins are vital for promoting healthy growth in children and teenagers.
Maintenance of Healthy Skin
Vitamins have a significant impact on the health and appearance of our skin. Vitamin E, for example, acts as an antioxidant, protecting the skin from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin A aids in skin cell growth and repair, while vitamin C supports collagen production, contributing to skin elasticity and reducing the signs of aging.
Prevention of Nutritional Deficiencies
Insufficient vitamin intake can lead to various nutritional deficiencies. For instance, a lack of vitamin B12 can result in anemia and fatigue, while inadequate vitamin A intake may lead to night blindness and compromised immune function. Ensuring a balanced diet rich in essential vitamins helps prevent these deficiencies.
Magnesium provides a range of benefits, including promoting healthy bone structure and strength, supporting proper muscle function and relaxation, aiding in energy production and metabolism, contributing to a healthy nervous system and promoting relaxation and stress reduction, assisting in the regulation of blood pressure and promoting cardiovascular health, supporting optimal digestion and relieving constipation, playing a role in maintaining healthy blood sugar levels, supporting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein, promoting a restful sleep and improving sleep quality, and potentially reducing the risk of migraines and headaches.
Promotion of Cognitive Function
Vitamins, particularly B vitamins, are crucial for brain health and cognitive function. They support the production of neurotransmitters, which facilitate communication between brain cells. Inadequate intake of these vitamins may impair memory, concentration, and overall cognitive performance.
Reduction in Chronic Disease Risks
Studies have shown that a diet rich in vitamins can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including heart disease, certain cancers, and age-related macular degeneration. Antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamins C and E, help neutralize free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to the development of these diseases.
Sea moss, also known as Irish moss, offers a range of benefits, including providing a rich source of essential minerals and nutrients such as iodine, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, supporting thyroid function and promoting a healthy metabolism, aiding in digestion and promoting gut health, boosting the immune system and reducing the risk of infections, contributing to healthy skin and promoting a youthful appearance, supporting respiratory health and reducing the severity of respiratory conditions, aiding in detoxification and promoting overall cellular health, supporting healthy weight management and promoting a feeling of fullness, and potentially offering anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in the body and alleviate related symptoms.
Risks of Excessive Vitamin Intake
While vitamins are necessary for our health, consuming excessive amounts can be harmful. Some vitamins, like vitamin A and vitamin D, can accumulate in the body and reach toxic levels. This can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, organ damage. It is important to follow recommended daily allowances and not exceed safe intake levels.
Interference with Medications
Certain vitamins can interact with medications, reducing their effectiveness or causing adverse reactions. For example, vitamin K can interfere with blood-thinning medications, while vitamin C can impact the absorption of certain antibiotics. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any vitamin supplements, especially if you are on medication.
Imbalance of Nutrients
Excessive intake of one vitamin can disrupt the balance of other nutrients in the body. For instance, excessive vitamin C intake may lead to copper deficiency. A balanced and varied diet is essential to ensure an adequate intake of all essential nutrients without creating imbalances.
In rare cases, individuals may experience allergic reactions to certain vitamins. These reactions can range from mild symptoms like skin rashes and itching to severe anaphylactic reactions. If you have a known allergy to a specific vitamin or experience any adverse reactions after consuming supplements, discontinue use and seek medical attention.
Risks of Inadequate Vitamin Intake
Insufficient vitamin intake can result in various nutritional deficiencies, which can have serious health consequences. For example, inadequate vitamin C intake may lead to scurvy, a disease characterized by fatigue, joint pain, and weakened immune function. Nutritional deficiencies can be prevented by consuming a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-rich foods.
Weakened Immune System
Vitamins, particularly vitamin C and vitamin D, are vital for maintaining a robust immune system. Inadequate intake of these vitamins can weaken the immune response, making the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses. To support a healthy immune system, it is important to meet the recommended daily intake of vitamins through diet or supplementation.
Impaired Growth and Development
During periods of growth, such as pregnancy or childhood, inadequate vitamin intake can hinder proper growth and development. For example, insufficient folic acid intake during pregnancy can increase the risk of neural tube defects in the developing fetus. It is crucial for pregnant women, infants, and children to receive adequate amounts of vitamins for optimal growth.
Increased Disease Susceptibility
Inadequate vitamin intake has been linked to an increased risk of certain diseases. For instance, a lack of vitamin D is associated with a higher risk of bone disorders like osteoporosis and rickets. Similarly, inadequate vitamin E intake may contribute to neurological conditions and cardiovascular diseases. Proper vitamin intake is essential for reducing the risk of these diseases.
Finding the Right Balance
To enjoy the benefits of vitamins while minimizing the risks, it is crucial to find the right balance. Here are some key points to keep in mind:
- Consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to determine your specific vitamin needs based on factors such as age, sex, and overall health.
- Strive to obtain vitamins primarily from a well-balanced diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
- Consider supplementation only when necessary and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
- Follow recommended daily allowances and avoid exceeding safe intake levels.
- Be mindful of potential interactions between vitamins and medications, and inform your healthcare provider about any supplements you are taking.
By adopting a balanced approach to vitamin intake, you can harness the benefits of these essential nutrients while minimizing potential risks.
1. Can taking too many vitamins be harmful? Yes, excessive intake of certain vitamins can lead to toxicity and pose health risks. It is important to follow recommended daily allowances and not exceed safe intake levels.
2. Should I take vitamin supplements every day? The need for vitamin supplements varies depending on individual factors. It is best to consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to determine if supplementation is necessary for you.
3. Can vitamins cure diseases? Vitamins are essential nutrients that support various bodily functions, but they do not cure diseases on their own. A balanced diet, along with proper medical treatment, is crucial for managing and treating diseases.
4. Are natural food sources of vitamins better than supplements? Obtaining vitamins from natural food sources is generally preferred, as they often come with other beneficial compounds. However, in some cases, supplements may be necessary to meet specific nutrient needs.
5. Can vitamin deficiencies be reversed through supplementation? In most cases, vitamin deficiencies can be corrected through proper supplementation and dietary adjustments. However, it is important to work with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate course of action.
Vitamins are essential nutrients that play an important role in maintaining good health. While there are many benefits associated with taking vitamins, there are also risks associated with taking too much or taking them in combination with certain medications or other supplements. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking any supplements to make sure they are safe for you. | <urn:uuid:80d75a16-b4c5-4bb3-8c4f-4fe73767fb4c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.dietitiancentre.com.au/ | 2024-02-27T17:38:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.926542 | 3,015 | 3.953125 | 4 | [
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Why the region doesn’t write about itself and how a disconnected literature market affects the way people travel. |
By Pakinam Amer |
From bards’ tales detailing journeys into the unknown to ancient manuscripts and intricate maps of the world, the legacy of travel narrative in this region is magnificent — at least it was hundreds of years ago. Today, however, travel literature and travelogues written by local writers and native explorers are scarce in Egypt and the region, and the lack is exacerbated by disconnected literature markets, according to observers and industry experts.Because of the nomadic origins of many of the tribes that roamed or settled in the area, from the Arabian Peninsula across North Africa in countries like Egypt, Libya and Tunisia, the culture of movement and the lore associated with it was once prominent. But stories have dwindled, and Egyptian and Arab travelers have ceased to tell tales — most of those who write about ‘us’ are authors from outside the region.The problem does not lie in history. For instance, the 14th-century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta is one of the most celebrated adventurers of medieval times. Accounts of his trips have been translated into numerous tongues and still change hands today among Arabs and foreigners.
During the golden age of Islam, mobility in search of knowledge was encouraged. Pilgrimage was one form of travel made “for the sake of the journey” — a tradition for followers of monotheistic faiths in the region. The hardships encountered, possible routes and personal stories were all documented, and the accounts can still be found today in libraries. The collective pool of experience from which those who wander can draw was deep.
In modern terms, travel narrative in our region was the “it” thing.
At a time when domestic and inbound tourism is suffering after a revolution that has changed the face of politics in this country, promoting Egypt through literature written by its own people both encourages tourists to visit, and creates a legacy for years to come. Festivals, hashtags on social networking websites like Twitter urging people to “#Come2Egypt,” and TV advertisements directed at sightseeing-lovers abroad may be effective but fleeting whereas a book inspires for centuries.
And right now, all across the world, the travel industry that includes offshoots like tourism, exploration and meditative and spiritual journeys is booming, as more people are able to travel. In some parts of the world, red tape is being cut and borders are opening, improving mobility and in turn creating a culture of travel.
But this travel culture is passing us by, largely due to a combination of factors unique to our region. Blame illiteracy and bureaucracy, blame a lack of resources, local writers and literature markets; the fact remains that our region and Egypt in particular has not come far since Ibn Battuta’s times in terms of exploration and journeys that conquer the small worlds within.
For many explorers and travelers here in Egypt, this is very much tied to the scarcity of literary travel accounts that merge experiences of past travelers and explorers.
“Say you’re an explorer in Egypt and you’re looking to discover a place. Wouldn’t you want to read about what has already been discovered so you build on that?” says Mahmoud Mohareb, an explorer and owner of a company that organizes deep-desert expeditions in Egypt.
Ancient traditions and tales have taught us that travels require a stimulant: something that clicks inside a person and makes him or her feel they want to travel. One of the main sources of inspiration for travelers has always been to read what others have done.
Experts in the field of publishing and travel writing note that such stimulants are lacking in the Middle East and the Arab Mediterranean cultures. A thorough overview of the travel literature available shows that the industry is and has been dominated by ‘foreign’ writers and publishers, from 19th-century Oxbridge-educated explorers to contemporary European and American travelers who publish and blog incessantly about our own countries, seen through their own lens.
Mark Linz, director of the American University in Cairo Press, says that in general, foreign travelers have been “criticized for having slanted ‘the Orient’ in the last 200 years.” Nevertheless, they still remain the leading authority on the region.
“Most of the [travel] books are by European and foreign travelers. Very few Arab travelers travel through Arab countries and write about it. Very few come with a book to publish in travel,” Linz says. “The best books written about the desert and camels are by a Dutch woman who lived for years in the desert among camels.”
He adds that Arab travelers seldom keep diaries of their trips.
“No Egyptians write about Egypt,” adds Sara Abu Bakr, owner of the small Cairo-based publisher Saray. “It’s scandalous [that we don’t write about our own country].”
The Travel Cycle
Travel can be used as both a means and an end, and in both cases the travel cycle or the dynamics of the trip are completely different. More often than not, those who write focus on the journey as an end in itself — the act of traveling itself becomes the objective, and travelogues embody the juice of their experience.However, avid travelers and writers usually follow a ‘travel cycle’ that begins with the decision to travel and ends with a contemplation of the travel experience, sharing the proper documentation.Many however skip the ‘documentation and sharing’ phase: They return home from their trips with photos, videos and stories, and their only audiences are relatives, friends and coworkers. It stops there. In Egypt, for instance, even among some local explorers, Mohareb says, it is the same: “Most travel like adventurers but document their trips like tourists.”
The experiences that come out of journeys could act as that needed precursor that pushes others to make the decision to travel, explains Hany Amr, a desert explorer and adventurer who organizes trips to Egypt’s Western and Eastern deserts through a small company that he founded. According to Amr, documentation — be it in digital or paper form — completes the cycle and keeps the travel momentum going.
Documentation is sorely lacking in Egypt and the region. “At the core of it, people don’t have the ‘know-how’ of traveling off the beaten track,” Amr says. “They don’t know how much it costs, how risky it is, and very few people here write about their experiences. So ignorance about the unknown prevails.”
The Voice of a Friend
Looking at the available travel literature in the nation’s bookstores such as Diwan, Kotob Khan and Shorouk, it’s clear that there’s no shortage of Arabic and English-language travel guides. These logistical aids are aimed at tourists specifically, and travelers at large, to help them save time and money in finding the best places to sleep, eat, drink, etc. in a new country. Here you’ll find advice on transportation, key words in the local language and a list of sites to see. They’re mainly ‘touristic’ and often commercial. Travelers who use the same guides often have near-identical experiences of the same place.
The shortage, however, lies in the travelogue, a personal account of the experience of the traveler. The accounts are mostly subjective, colorful and highly personalized. The interpretation of events and the observations give insight not only into what the writer sees but also into the actual writer.
Writer Colin Thubron put it beautifully in the introduction to his travelogue The Hills of Adonis, recounting his stories in Lebanon. He said that the journey and the search he had decided to embark upon “will entail being led astray, demanding as it does, a long walk down the corridors of time and thought. The conclusions will be personal, and the quest may be satisfied, as pilgrimage are, as much in its journey as in its end.”
Because of its nature, a travelogue is an exploration on two levels, of both the trip undertaken and the person taking the trip.
The purpose is to make you believe that the writer’s adventure could have been yours and that if the writer can do it so can you. You gain confidence and a surge of excitement that comes when people with similar abilities to yours go through a transformational travel experience, and you are less likely to be deterred from taking this step yourself.So why is it important then to produce travelogues locally? Readers want to be able to relate to the writer’s trials and tribulations, pains and joys, and reflections through the journey. The writer’s voice must echo that of a friend, someone the reader can easily and perhaps immediately identify with.“People are in a box, and some may want to get out of it if they see others try and do it,” says Amr. “When they see a traveler like them, from their own culture, go to the extreme and adapt, they’re encouraged to do the same. Sadly, we don’t have this culture yet. But once someone from among us does something different and comes back to tell the story, people may very well change their perspective and might feel safe enough to try and go on an adventure themselves.”
Psychologically, people identify with others if they share aspects like nationality, race, religion or gender. The 20th-century British travel writer Freya Stark was credited for encouraging women to travel alone. She used to go on dangerous treks to countries such as Iran, Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula, unaided by the company of men. Sometimes she even went where no Western explorers have dared go — her accounts are still fascinating and popular among women who equally dream and fear solo travel.
When such identification takes place between the reader and writer, whatever happens to the traveler becomes feasible in the eyes of the reader. The reader immediately sees a possibility of what his journey could become.
“People love to listen to what others have to say first, before taking the leap,” Amr says. While he is not a writer, Amr says he makes it a point to recount his adventures to fellow travelers and friends. “And every little [bit of] information makes a difference, about roads and checkpoints, and how I handle them. People need to know that ‘it can be done.’ Literature, written by locals, will accomplish that.”
Travelogues Aren’t Traveling
Robert Twigger, a Cairo-based British traveler, and author and cofounder of the Explorers’ School, says that the lack of literature here could be due to the reason that “this kind of information [about travel] is not given freely [by the authorities] [...] This region has seen a lot of upset and turmoil recently. It’s not as settled as other areas.”For instance, in order to get copies of paper maps to certain areas from planning authorities, one has to have a “special permit” or to justify the need of a map — mere exploration is not a good enough reason.In a sort of ‘chicken or egg’ situation, the lack of Arab travel writers could be one reason why the culture of travel and exploration has not taken off in the region, while the lack of this culture could explain the lack of travel writers.
That said, there are Arab travel writers out there who do document their own experiences within the region. Nadia El Awady, for instance, is an award-winning science journalist who has frequently traveled and hiked across Egypt and was the first female Egyptian to climb Mount Kilimanjaro, one of the highest summits in the world. She blogs about her journeys in English, and has often been interviewed by international and local media about her adventures. A good model for aspiring travelers — but she’s not a published travel author perse.
However a possible reason that writers such as Al Awady and others are not having as big a movement as would befit the region, besides the difficulty of publishing here, is that the markets themselves are disconnected.
This means that the few books by writers from the region about the region — and the potential some writers have for producing good literature — remain in their countries of authorship and are difficult to spread to other countries. This breaks the travel cycle and stops the snowball effect from taking place.
Publishers say that the region lacks a unified structure for distribution networks on par with those in Europe. “It’s a pretty fragmented market here,” said Linz. “In Europe, distribution is very unified, very clear.”
Apart from some underdeveloped networks, there are book fairs every year, however this is a relatively basic form of connection within the publishing industry and is not producing the required results of connecting travel writers to readers.
Twigger points out that the culture of reading is not as big in Egypt or the region, compared with say Japan or his home country, the UK. As he puts it, it is difficult for books to spread when there aren’t that many people reading.
Linz reiterated the popular phrase, “Books are written in Egypt, printed in Lebanon and read in Iraq.”
A possible preliminary solution to help spread ideas and writing is the Internet — through blogs, travel networks, social networking sites, and online travel magazines and e-zines, suggest both Twigger and Linz.
Internet penetration rates have reached significant numbers within the literate populations of the region, especially in post-revolution Egypt, and can arguably play a vital role in spreading the information through documentation and providing access to those interested in hearing about the region from its own inhabitants.
Both the writer and publisher know that this doesn’t solve the problem, but only lowers the barrier to write about trips and travels. With the Internet, writers do not need to go through the ordeals and hassles of pitching to publishers who demand stellar literary quality and months-long commitment to writing and re-writing.
“Blogging is very good and it’s free,” said Twigger, adding humorously, “What’s the point of publishing if not for vanity?” The online format automatically rewards good writers who will be encouraged through feedback and increased readership to continue, and possibly publish books, he says. In a way, it also provides an easy way for readers to gain access to the information and not depend on the underdeveloped and currently disconnected literature markets.
Does that mean that printed travelogues are obsolete? Definitely not. Post January 25, publishing in Egypt has undergone a significant boom, according to some experts. Whether or not this boom will expand to include travel literature is still unknown; in the short term, publishers may still view travelogues as ambitious ventures considering that the tourism industry is still at a standstill and that the political scene is (at best) turbulent.
However, with a renewed passion for re-discovering this country and the region, perhaps local writers should start knocking on (or knocking down) the doors of publishing houses. There’s no better time to tell the world tales of adventures and show readers unfamiliar with the territory how this country and the region that harbors it, are never short of glamour, mystery and hidden pockets of beauty. | <urn:uuid:5221007c-ece7-45e2-97c7-d7de0baa6b43> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/10/249/A-Legacy-Lost-The-Scarcity-of-Travel-Writing | 2024-02-27T17:15:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.964867 | 3,235 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
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] |
Remember, remember, the 5th of November…the traditional rhyme takes dim view of Guy Fawkes and his co-conspirators who, in 1605, plotted to assassinate King James I and install a Catholic queen on the British throne. Elsewhere, he has been toasted (though cynically) as “the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions.” In the 400 years since his execution for High Treason, Fawkes has gone from most hated man in England, to a folk anti-hero, to the ironic face of anti-establishment activism around the world. Loved, hated, or some combination of the two, Fawkes has made annual appearances ever since as, each November 5th, British subjects burn him in effigy to commemorate the failure of his Gunpowder Plot. Here are 42 explosive facts about Guy Fawkes.
1. Unlikely Beginnings
Guy Fawkes was born in York on April 13, 1570. His father, Edward, was a proctor for the Anglican Church, and Fawkes was initially baptized in the Anglican faith.
2. The Convert
Edward Fawkes died when Guy was just eight years old. His mother (who had been born into a Catholic family) remarried a Catholic named Dionis Baynbrigge. Catholics were heavily persecuted under English law at the time. Nevertheless, Fawkes converted, becoming an ardent member of the Catholic Church.
3. School’s Out
The young Fawkes was a student at St. Peter’s School, in York. To this day, St. Peter’s is one of the only places in the UK that skips the traditional Guy Fawkes’ Night bonfires (and subsequent effigy burnings), out of respect for their former pupil.
4. Back to Work
Upon completing his education, Fawkes briefly worked for Anthony Browne, the 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount had a personal dislike of Fawkes and fired him, but Fawkes was hired back after the Viscount died and was succeeded by his grandson.
5. Guilty by Association
Later, the 2nd Viscount Montagu would be jailed and interrogated on suspicion of involvement with Fawkes’ Gunpowder Plot. He was cleared and released after several months.
6. Acting Alone
One source claims that Fawkes was married and had a child around the time of the Plot, but no other sources have corroborated that fact, and Fawkes seems to have lived and died a bachelor.
7. In the Army
In 1591, Fawkes left York to fight for Catholic Spain in their war against the Netherlands. He notably participated in the Siege of Calais (an important Spanish victory) and was later promoted to the rank of alférez. Fawkes’ military experience and his contacts in France and Spain made him a person of interest among increasingly insurgent English Catholics.
While serving with the Spanish army, Guy adopted the name Guido. He would continue to use the name Guido for the rest of his life, introducing himself and signing letters as “Guido Fawkes.”
9. The Plot Thickens
In 1604, Fawkes was approached by Thomas Wintour, an English Catholic, and invited to return to England. There, Wintour and an associate, Robert Catesby, were plotting to assassinate King James I and install his daughter, the Catholic Elizabeth Stuart, on the throne. Virtually unknown in England, and with a thorough knowledge of explosives, Fawkes was considered an ideal candidate for the job.
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10. Holy Vows
The five central conspirators—Fawkes, Wintour, Catesby, John Wright, and Thomas Percy—met for the first time on May 20, 1604, at the Duck and Drake Inn in London. The five men swore on a prayer book to seal the pact and then went to mass, which was conveniently being held in a room at the inn.
11. Breakout Star
The five main conspirators would later be joined by Robert Wintour, Christopher Wright, Robert Keyes, Sir Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby, John Grant, and Francis Tresham. While Fawkes is the most famous of the conspirators—by virtue of his being chosen to light the fuse, and so being caught—Robert Catesby is widely acknowledged to be the ringleader of the group.
12. Shovels Down
Initially, the conspirators planned to dig a tunnel from the house of John Whynniard (where Fawkes had been posing as a servant) to the Parliament. In the course of their digging, however, the conspirators heard strange noises just above them: a widow had been cleaning out a cellar owned by her recently deceased husband, and which extended all the way to the House of Lords. The conspirators decided to quit digging and lease the undercroft instead.
13. That Oughta Do It
In preparation of the plot, the conspirators loaded the cellar with 20 barrels of gunpowder. When Fawkes discovered that some of the gunpowder had decayed, they added another 16 barrels. All told, the 36 barrels of gunpowder laid under the House of Lords were roughly the equivalent of 5,500 pounds.
14. A Plague Upon the House
Although all pieces were set in place, the conspirators were forced to wait until Parliament opened. London had been beset by the Plague, and Parliament was forced to push its usual July opening all the way to, you guessed it, November 5th.
15. What a Dud
Fawkes and his conspirators had acquired enough gunpowder to not only destroy Westminster Palace, but all buildings within a one-mile radius. Some historians, however, argue that, given the long delay and the fact that much of the gunpowder had already decayed, there would have been no explosion at all once Fawkes lit the fuse. We’ll never know if this was true, and Fawkes himself was spared the disappointment.
Worried that some harm might come to the few Catholic Members of Parliament, one of the conspirators sent an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle, urging him to stay away from Parliament on November 5th. After, Monteagle showed the letter to his colleague, the Earl of Salisbury, who, in turn, forwarded it to King James himself.
17. Who’s the Snitch?
The writer of the letter exposing the Gunpowder Plot remained anonymous, and to this day we do not know who they were. No suspicion seems to have fallen on Fawkes—he was, after all, caught and tortured. It is worth noting that Lord Monteagle was the brother-in-law of conspirator Francis Tresham, but there has been no conclusive proof that he was the whistleblower. Some even suspect Monteagle himself was aware of the plot and wrote the letter.
18. Exactly What It Looks Like
On November 4th, after a search of the buildings surrounding Parliament, Fawkes was caught red-handed. He was found in the undercroft, surrounded by 36 barrels of gunpowder, holding a long match.
19. That’s the Best You Can Do?
Upon his arrest, Fawkes offered his name as John Johnson. This was also the name he used during meetings with his conspirators. It’s a fine name, but not quite as creative as “Guido Fawkes.”
20. An Audience with the King
When Fawkes was arrested, he wasn’t taken directly to some dungeon. Instead, he was brought to the king’s bedchamber to meet the man himself. Though Fawkes was less than cordial with James I, referring to him as a disease and expressing his desire to “blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains,” the king admired Fawkes’ resolve and advised his interrogators to start with the lightest tortures first. How thoughtful.
Fawkes resisted naming his co-conspirators, but finally gave in after days of torture. The remaining 12 conspirators were found holed up at an inn in Staffordshire. Four, including Robert Catesby, died in the ensuing shootout. The remaining eight were captured, tortured, and put on trial alongside Fawkes.
22. A Fate Worse than Death
The sentence handed down to Fawkes and his allies was not what you would call lenient. Attorney General Edward Coke suggested the men be hanged, drawn and quartered, and their genitals burned in front of them. Their eyes, hearts, and bowels would then be carved out before the plotters were, finally, decapitated, with their bodies left to be picked at by scavengers.
23. The Plot Plot
Some have proposed the theory that there never was a Gunpowder Plot at all. Instead, “the Gunpowder Plot” was something cooked up by the Earl of Salisbury both to make himself look good and to enact harsher laws against Catholics. Salisbury, as chief investigator of the Plot, and as the one who passed the warning letter on to King James, had significant influence on the framing of the public narrative—but there’s been no evidence of his involvement.
Conspiracy theories mounted, however, after 1678, when accusations of treason against five Catholic lords turned out to be a hoax put forward by a Protestant clergyman. The lords were accused of plotting to assassinate the king in what was called the Popish Plot. The trial was dismissed as absurd, but the similarities to the Gunpowder Plot were striking. A man was even found in the cellar beneath the House of Lords with barrels of gunpowder—he turned out to be the king’s private fireworks maker.
25. Happy Holidays
Days before Fawkes’ execution, Member of Parliament Edward Montague proposed the Observance of 5th November Act. The law enshrined the 5th of November as a national day of commemoration to celebrate the failure of the Gunpowder Plot. Participation was mandatory.
26. Hope You Don’t Mind Sharing
November 5th celebrations were later expanded to include the commemoration of William of Orange’s landing at Brixham in 1688.
27. Wild Night
While the Observance of 5th November Act was repealed in 1859, celebration of “Guy Fawkes Night” continues to this day. While originally a day of prayer, festivities later evolved into parades, bonfires, fireworks, and the burning of Fawkes in effigy. Some marchers even rolled burning barrels of tar down the street. Often, the parades would devolve into acts of sectarian violence and class warfare.
28. The Man in the Ironic Mask
The iconic “Guy Fawkes Mask” was designed by illustrator David Lloyd for the graphic novel V for Vendetta. It has since been adopted by many anti-authoritarian activist groups, most notably the hacktivist group Anonymous. Somewhat ironic, considering Fawkes’ goal of establishing a Catholic monarchy.
29. The True North Strong and Free?
The rebellious reputation of the Guy Fawkes Mask has made it the target of restrictive laws and penalties in many countries around the world. Such a mask may not be imported into Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, for example. Even in Canada, protestors can face up to ten years in prison if seen wearing this (or any) mask.
30. Off Brand
Given its associations with rebellion and protest, it might surprise you to know that copyright of the Guy Fawkes Mask, as it most commonly appears, is owned by the Time Warner media conglomerate. The megacorporation receives a percentage from all sales of the mask.
31. Penny for the Guy?
By the 19th century, Guy Fawkes Night preparations were almost solely the domain of working-class children. They would organize themselves into neighborhood gangs, competing with others to see who could build the biggest bonfire, or beg the most money for the celebration.
32. Cast of Characters
Effigies of figures besides Guy Fawkes have made appearances during the November 5th festivities. The bonfires in Lewes are considered the biggest and best; some “guest appearances” at the Lewes bonfires include several past popes, Osama Bin Laden, former British Prime Minister David Cameron, and FIFA president Sepp Blatter.
33. Smoking Pope
Guy Fawkes Night took on a different dimension in the American colonies. Referred to as “Pope’s Night,” Protestant Americans burned the pope in effigy and led loud, violent processions through the streets. The custom was outlawed by George Washington, who was trying to gain support from predominantly Catholic French Canadians during the Revolutionary War. The milder version of the custom, “Pork Day,” continued, but was gradually replaced by a more popular holiday: Halloween.
34. Cease the Home Fires Burning
Guy Fawkes Night celebrations were discontinued for the duration of World War II. They resumed again in 1946.
35. Opening Day
Guy Fawkes Night is just one of the traditions originating the Gunpowder Plot. British Parliament also has a tradition: every year, before Parliament’s annual opening, a team of guards inspects the cellars under the Palace of Westminster to ensure no one has placed any explosives there. If successful—as it usually is—the guards are given a glass of port wine, and Parliament commences.
36. Just Another Guy
Fawkes was the original “Guy.” Following his execution, the term “Guy” caught on as a generic insult for an ugly man. The term has since lost its teeth, and now there are guys all over the place.
37. Watch It for the Plot
The Gunpowder Plot unfolded just as William Shakespeare was writing Macbeth. Many scholars believe the Gunpowder Plot played a significant part in shaping the play, and have pointed out many possible allusions to the Gunpowder Plot in the text.
38. Guy-land in the Stream
An uninhabited island in the Galapagos is named for Guy Fawkes. No one knows why.
39. Effigy on a Poll
In 2002, a BBC poll named Fawkes the 30th greatest Brit of all time. This places the terrorist ahead of such notable figures as Henry VIII, JRR Tolkien, and the Queen Mother. Fawkes even outranked King Arthur.
40. Animal Cruelty
It was common practice during the 17th century to stuff effigies of Guy Fawkes with live cats. When the effigies were thrown on the bonfire, it would have the effect of the effigy screaming in agony. The cruel practice has thankfully been abandoned.
41. The Writing’s on the Wall
Two copies of Fawkes’ written confession can be found in the British National Archives. The first, written before his interrogation, shows a clear, deliberate signature by Fawkes. On the second, written after his interrogation, Fawkes’ signature is faint, jumbled, and erratic, evidence of the tortures he suffered during the interrogation.
42. Cheating Death
Fawkes naturally sought to avoid the worst of his grim punishment. On the morning of his execution—January 31, 1606—Fawkes climbed the gallows, placed his head in the noose, and jumped, breaking his own neck, which killed him instantly. He was, nevertheless, drawn and quartered, his body scattered, like his compatriots’, to the four corners of the kingdom. | <urn:uuid:27f0b642-16ec-41b3-8641-c3210c9659ad> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.factinate.com/people/explosive-facts-guy-fawkes | 2024-02-27T16:38:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.977638 | 3,274 | 2.921875 | 3 | [
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] |
Quick Summary of
the Lands Layout
Book of Mormon Lands
A Scriptural Approach to Evidence of Book of Mormon Lands
Written by Russell Don Rentmeister Edited by Laura Lee Rentmeister
Phone # 801-807-9900
Introduction of the Book of Mormon-
We invite all men everywhere to read the Book of Mormon,
to ponder in their hearts the message it contains,
and then to ask God, the Eternal Father, in the name of Christ if the book is true.
Those who pursue this course and ask in faith will gain a testimony of its truth and divinity by the power of the Holy Ghost. (See Moroni 10:3–5.)
There is much confusion among Church members today about the location of the lands of the Book of Mormon. Members have been driven to and fro as they pondered where the events were held: New York? Other places in North America? Central or South America? Groups have called lo here and lo there; here is a land and there is a land, and then they have mingled their ideas with a few scriptural references. Their approaches have added much confusion to the already “muddied” waters.
Let’s go to the source, the Book of Mormon, for our answers. We think the Book of Mormon is very clear where these lands are located. Let’s see if we can understand the scriptures better.
We will show that the Jaredites traveled east from the land of Agosh to the waters of Ripliancum, then southward to the Hill Ramah. Hill Ramah and Hill Cumorah are the same hill, and it is in the land of many waters. We will also highlight scriptures that coordinate the land of Agosh (Jaredites) to the Nephite land of Desolation; and the waters of Ripliancum (Jaredites) to the Nephite city Jordan. According to verses in the Book of Mormon, the “narrow neck of land” is part of the land of Desolation, and that narrow neck runs east and west. Other verses define the “land of liberty” along the northern boundary lines of the United States. Again, per scriptures, the land Bountiful and the land of Zarahemla meet at the narrow neck of land. We will show that the wilderness on the east and west sides of the land Zarahemla travel from the south wilderness, up to the land Bountiful. South of the south wilderness is the land of Nephi.
By considering a few Book of Mormon verses carefully, we can understand that the Book of Mormon lands are not located in South America; land descriptions within the book do not validate those theories. If the “narrow neck of land” meets with the land of Bountiful and the land of Zarahemla, both Bountiful and Zarahemla must be in the land of New York. Scriptures state that the land of Zarahemla is surrounded by wildernesses on the south, east, and west; they all need to be connected. No wilderness can travel the entire distance from South America to this narrow neck of land in the north, and then west to Hill Ramah/Cumorah. Some people theorize that the Missouri area is the land of the Book of Mormon, yet again, there does not exist a continuous wilderness that runs the length from Missouri to the Hill Cumorah in New York. If we carefully read the land descriptions and directions within the Book of Mormon, we will learn that Book of Mormon testifies of the location of its own lands.
Let’s turn to the Jaredite Book of Ether (approximately 400 years B.C.) and to Mormon’s record of his day, Mormon (approximately 400 years A.D.), and the last battles of their respective civilizations. Let’s line up the Jaredites’ and Nephites’ travels, and find common ground in the descriptions.
Jaredite Travel in Ether
Here is the Jaredite travel itinerary for their final wars. The book of Ether mentions these lands and cities, as illustrated on the left side of the chart below. In contrast, verses on the right side of the chart quote Mormon’s record, and provide a method of correlating the lands of the Jaredites and Nephites.
Jaredites - Land Moron -
Ether 7:5, Ether 14:6
Jaredites - 1st Sea Shore
(Lake Huron) - Ether 14:13
The Jaredites headed east until they
got to the Waters of Ripliancum -
Nephites- Land of Desolation/
Jaredites - 2nd Sea Shore
(Lake Ontario)-Ether 14:26
Jaredites - Hill Comner (West) -
Jaredites - Valley of Shurr -
Nephites - City of Teancum -
Jaredites - Land of Corihor -
Nephites - City Boaz -
Nephites - Hill Shim (East) -
Jaredites- Waters of Ripliancum Jaredites
headed south to get to Hill Ramah - Ether 15:8
Nephites- Jordan -
Jaredites - Hill of Ramah/Ogath -
Nephites - Hill Cumorah -
We will discuss these areas mentioned in the Book of Mormon, and show the connection between lands common to two major civilizations, the Jaredites and the Nephites. Leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints today (and in the past) agree upon the location of the hill Cumorah, so we will start there and show from the scriptures the placement of each of the lands in the Book of Mormon.
Ether 15:11 400BC
11 And it came to pass that the army of Coriantumr did pitch their tents by the hill Ramah; and it was that same hill where my father Mormon did hide up the records unto the Lord, which were sacred.
Moroni declares there is a connection between Jaredite and Nephite lands: Hill Ramah of the Jaredites and Hill Cumorah of the Nephites is the same hill.
(Mormon 6:4) 385 AD
4 And it came to pass that we did march forth to the land of Cumorah, and we did pitch our tents around about the hill Cumorah; and it was in a land of many waters, rivers, and fountains...
Hill Cumorah must be located in an area of many waters, rivers, and fountains.
Outlined in blue is the area around Hill Cumorah, in modern-day New York State. This area is full of waters, rivers and streams. We will talk about this area more in depth and will show a connection between the Jaredites and the Nephites in a moment, but for now let’s talk about Limhi’s group, and the discovery made by descendants of Zeniff’s colony, about 121 B.C. The search party sent by King Limhi failed to find Zarahemla, but found evidence of a different civilization.
Mosiah 8:8 121 BC
Mosiah 8:8 And they were lost in the wilderness for the space of many days, yet they were diligent, and found not the land of Zarahemla but returned to this land, having traveled in a land among many waters, having discovered a land which was covered with bones of men, and of beasts, and was also covered with ruins of buildings of every kind, having discovered a land which had been peopled with a people who were as numerous as the hosts of Israel.
Limhi’s search party found this “land among many waters” 121 years before Christ was born, and the land surrounding the Hill Cumorah had changed little by Mormon’s time, as he described the area in Mormon 6:4, approximately 385 A.D. (and following physical upheaval in the land at the time of Christ’s crucifixion). Obviously, that land of many waters should exist even today. It is interesting that prophets of both Jaredite and Nephite civilizations buried their records at the same place; Ramah/Cumorah stood out to people in both civilizations.
Waters of Ripliancum
In Ether 15:8, the Jaredites were at the waters of Ripliancum. Three verses later, they turned and headed southward to get to the Hill Ramah/ Cumorah.
Ether 15:10-11 400 BC
10 And it came to pass that the armies of Coriantumr did press upon the armies of Shiz that they beat them, that they caused them to flee before them; and they did flee southward, and did pitch their tents in a place which was called Ogath.
11 And it came to pass that the army of Coriantumr did pitch their tents by the hill Ramah…
Ogath and hill Ramah are close to each other, per the record keeper, and would not be far from the waters of Ripliancum.
Ether 15:8 400 BC
And it came to pass that he came to the waters of Ripliancum, which, by interpretation, is large, or to exceed all;…
Note the description, “waters” of Ripliancum, which were “large, or to exceed all”. Cumorah is found in a land of many waters, according to Mormon 6:4. Those scriptures connect the waters of Ripliancum to a place northward of Cumorah, as the Nephites offer a similar description of a place near the hill Cumorah. On the New York map located above, as we look northward from Hill Cumorah, we see its proximity to Great Lake Ontario. It is reasonable to connect the area of Cumorah (land of many waters) to the sea (Lake Ontario), and therefore connect those to the waters of Ripliancum. Let’s examine a description from the Nephites and see if it adds to our understanding of this area.
Mormon 5:3 375-385 AD
And it came to pass that the Lamanites did come against us as we had fled to the city of Jordan; …
The Jaredites went to the Waters of Ripliancum, and the Nephites came from Jordan. Jordan is named after the Jordan River in the Bible. Following is a quote from the Bible Dictionary:
BD= Jordan River-
The River Jordan is the most important river of Palestine, formed by the union of several springs rising in Mount Hermon. It passes through the Huleh Valley (the waters of Merom), then descends to the Sea of Galilee. The total length of the river is well over 100 miles.
One can see why the Nephite city of Jordan was named after the River Jordan in the Bible. This is a land of many waters, but moreover, the Genesee River flows into Lake Ontario, and we believe the Genesee to be the river Sidon of the Nephite civilization. Let’s look at the connection between the River Jordan and the river Sidon.
1- The River Jordan is the most important river in Palestine; the River Sidon is the most important river in Nephites lands.
Book of Mormon Index- Sidon, River—most prominent river in Nephite territory
Both Jordan in Palestine and Sidon in Nephite lands have the same importance.
2- River Jordan is a union of several springs. The Genesee River (Sidon) is a union of several springs from the Pennsylvania mountains and the lands around. Both have the union of several springs.
3- River Jordan flows to the sea of Galilee; the River Sidon flows to the sea (Lake Ontario). Both flow to the sea.
4- The river Jordan flows 100 miles. The Genesee River/Sidon travels 158 miles through Pennsylvania and New York. The lengths of the two rivers are similar.
Additional note: If this connection is right, then the river Sidon would flow through the waters of Mormon (Waters of Mormon and Waters of Meron sound quite a bit alike.)
There is a lot of correlation between Ramah/Cumorah, the land of many waters, Jordan, and the River Sidon.
The Genesee River matches these descriptions in Ether and Mormon, and the Genesee is as important to western New York as the river Sidon was to the Nephites long ago. It is fitting that the river Sidon/Genesee would end in this area, as it is the land of many waters. The Genesee River travels through the city of Rochester. We believe that the Nephite city Jordan was located near the New York city of Rochester.
Now let’s go to the land of Agosh and the land of Desolation and find the connection in this area.
Land of Desolation
According to Ether 14, Shiz and Coriantumr headed east from the land of Agosh until they turned south at the waters of Ripliancum.
Ether 14:16 400 BC Jaredites
16: And when he had come to the plains of Agosh he (Coriantumr) gave battle unto Lib, and he smote upon him until he died…
After Coriantumr killed Lib at Agosh, Shiz took up the battle in place of his brother, Lib.
Ether 14:26 400BC Jaredites
26 And it came to pass that Shiz did pursue Coriantumr eastward, even to the borders by the seashore, and there he gave battle unto Shiz for the space of three days. (emphasis added)
Here is a description of the land of Agosh, found in Ether 14:
Ether 14:21 400BC
21 …the whole face of the land was covered with the bodies of the dead.
22 And so swift and speedy was the war that there was none left to bury the dead, but they did march forth from the shedding of blood to the shedding of blood, leaving the bodies of both men, women, and children strewed upon the face of the land. (emphasis added)
The Nephites recorded a similar description of the place they called the land of Desolation, which coincides with Agosh, of the Jaredites.
Alma 22:30 90-77BC
30 And it bordered upon the land which they called Desolation, it being so far northward that it came into the land which had been peopled and been destroyed, of whose bones we have spoken, which was discovered by the people of Zarahemla, it being the place of their first landing.
And earlier in the Book of Mormon, this description of the Jaredites and their destruction:
Omni 1:22 232-130 BC
It also spake a few words concerning his fathers. And his first parents came out from the tower, at the time the Lord confounded the language of the people; and the severity of the Lord fell upon them according to his judgments, which are just; and their bones lay scattered in the land northward.
Note the similarities in description for the land of Agosh and the land of Desolation in the three verses above, despite a difference of 300 years. The following verse in Helaman outlines why the Nephites called this area “Desolation.”
The land of Desolation was not called that because of the absence of people residing there, but because of the absence of timber. Descriptions of the narrow neck of land will further link Agosh, Desolation, and the Jaredite and Nephite cultures.
Narrow Neck of Land
(View of eastern portion of Ontario, Canada from plane flying close to Buffalo, New York)
Mormon 3:5 360-360AD Nephites
5 And it came to pass that I did cause my people that they should gather themselves together at the land Desolation, to a city which was in the borders, by the narrow pass which led into the land southward. (emphasis added)
And it came to pass that in the three hundred and sixty and first year the Lamanites did come down to the city of Desolation to battle against us; and it came to pass that in that year we did beat them, insomuch that they did return to their own lands again. (emphasis added)
The city located at the border of Desolation and the land of Bountiful/Zarahemla is the city of Desolation, as clarified by these two verses in Mormon 3.
The narrow pass (or “neck”) of land is part of the land of Desolation, and lies between the land of Desolation and the land southward. The city of Desolation is found at the borders of the narrow pass and the land southward (Mormon 3:7). The land southward of Desolation is the land of Bountiful. The following verses in Alma 22 clarify the areas around the narrow neck.
Alma 22:31-32 90-77BC
the northward was called Desolation, and the land on the southward was called Bountiful, it being the wilderness which is filled with all manner of wild animals of every kind, a part of which had come from the land northward for food.
32 And now, it was only the distance of a day and a half’s journey for a Nephite, on the line Bountiful and the land Desolation, from the east to the west sea; and thus the land of Nephi (Bountiful) and the land of Zarahemla (Desolation) were nearly surrounded by water, there being a small neck of land between the land northward and the land southward. (emphasis added)
From those verses, we determine the following:
1- The land northward was called Desolation and the land southward was called Bountiful.
2- Travel across the narrow neck of land took Nephites only 1.5 days, from the west part of the land of Bountiful on the east, heading westward then to the west sea. (Clarification: In Alma 22:32, the land of Nephi mentioned is the land of Bountiful, and the land of Zarahemla is the land of Desolation.) Between the land northward and the land southward is a narrow neck of land which separates them. As we locate the narrow neck of land, it helps us position and specify the rest of the lands in the Book of Mormon. With the narrow neck on the east side of Desolation, it means that Agosh (Jaredites) and Desolation (Nephites) were in the same place.
3- The narrow neck of land ran east to west, not north to south.
4- The land of Desolation and the land of Zarahemla were almost surrounded by water.
And it came to pass that they did multiply and spread, and did go forth from the land southward to the land northward, and did spread insomuch that they began to cover the face of the whole earth, from the sea south to the sea north, from the sea west to the sea east. (emphasis added)
The verse preceding describes the land of Desolation, with four seas on the north, south, east, and west.
(In Section Two, we will show that the land of Zarahemla was surrounded by water.)
In summary, there is a narrow neck of land between the land of Desolation (Agosh) and the land of Bountiful, and the land of Desolation had no timber; the city of Desolation is on the borders of the land of Desolation and the land of Bountiful; the narrow neck of land is part of the land of Desolation, runs east and west, and it takes 1.5 days to walk this neck of land. The Jaredites traveled east from the land of Agosh to the waters of Ripliancum, or traveled east to a sea. There are actually two seas mentioned in the travel of the Jaredites. Let’s locate those seas to bring on better connection to this area.
Jaredites - Moron
Ether 7:5, Ether 14:6
Jaredites - 1st Sea Shore (Lake Huron) Ether 14:13
The Jaredites headed east until they
got to the Waters of Ripliancum -
Nephites- Land of Desolation/
Jaredites - 2nd Sea Shore (Lake Ontario) Ether 14:26
Jaredites - Hill Comner (West)
Jaredites - Valley of Shurr
Nephites - City of Teancum
Jaredites - Land of Corihor
Nephites - City Boaz
Nephites - Hill Shim (East)
Jaredites- Waters of Ripliancum
Jaredites headed south to get to Hill Ramah Ether 15:8
Jaredites - Hill of Ramah/Ogath Ether 15:10
Nephites - Hill Cumorah
And it came to pass that Coriantumr pursued him; and Lib gave battle unto him upon the seashore.
And it came to pass that Shiz did pursue Coriantumr eastward, even to the borders by the seashore, and there he gave battle unto Shiz for the space of three days.
Ether 14:13 indicates a first sea that was the scene of a battle between Coriantumr and Lib (Lake Huron). After Lib’s death, Coriantumr pursued the opponent’s brother, Shiz, east to the waters of Ripliancum. From Ether 14:26 we know the armies came to a second sea (Lake Ontario). Looking at the map above (and the one below), we see that even the seas match the descriptions given in Ether 14. With the land of Desolation marked “Narrow Neck” on the map below, we see the land surrounded by water on all four sides—north, south, east and west—as described in Helaman 3:8.
On the map above, you can also see the travel route of the Jaredites from the land of Agosh/Desolation going east to the waters of Ripliancum, then southward to the Hill Ramah.
Boundaries of the land of Liberty
Alma 46:17 73-72BC Nephites
17 And it came to pass that when he had poured out his soul to God, he named all the land which was south of the land Desolation, yea, and in fine, all the land, both on the north and on the south—A chosen land, and the land of liberty. (emphasis added)
In Alma 46, Captain Moroni raises the title of liberty, rallies the Nephites to battle against the conspiring Amalickiah—and gives us a marvelous description of the “chosen land, and the land of liberty” (Alma 46:17). Captain Moroni identified land south of the land of Desolation as the land of Liberty. Looking at the map above, the black lines through Great Lakes and between borders of Michigan, Ontario (Canada) and New York define the boundaries between the United States and we see an interesting fact: the land of Desolation is actually in a different country (Canada) than the land of Bountiful (United States). Here Captain Moroni named the land south of Desolation the land of Liberty, which falls within the borders of the United States.
Land of Moron
Ether 7:6 400BC
6 Now the land of Moron, where the king dwelt, was near the land which is called Desolation by the Nephites.
Ether 7 states that the king of the Jaredites dwelt in the land of Moron, which appears to be the farthest western boundary of the Jaredite civilization that is defined in the book of Ether. It was Moron where the Jaredites’ last battles started, on land located to the west of land termed “Desolation” by the Nephites. This would place Moron around Detroit, Michigan.
East Boundary for the Jaredites
Ether 9:3 400BC
3 And the Lord warned Omer in a dream that he should depart out of the land; wherefore Omer departed out of the land with his family, and traveled many days, and came over and passed by the hill of Shim, and came over by the place where the Nephites were destroyed, and from thence eastward, and came to a place which was called Ablom, by the seashore, and there he pitched his tent, and also his sons and his daughters, and all his household, save it were Jared and his family.
Again, the narrator in Ether establishes a connection between Jaredite and Nephite lands, and states that righteous king Omer was led to an area much further east than the land of Moron, beyond the hills Shim and Cumorah, to a seashore he called Ablom. Omer’s family pitched their tent by the east sea of the Nephites. Ether 7:6 and Ether 9:3 establish the western and eastern boundaries of the Jaredite civilization that are provided in the Book of Mormon.
Bountiful, Zarahemla, and Narrow Neck Meet
3 Nephi 3:23 16-18AD
23 And the land which was appointed was the land of Zarahemla, and the land which was between the land Zarahemla and the land Bountiful, yea, to the line which was between the land Bountiful and the land Desolation. (emphasis added)
On the line of where Zarahemla and the land of Bountiful meet, they meet touching the land of Desolation. This being the Narrow Neck of land. If the land of Zarahemla and the land of Bountiful meet with the Narrow neck of land then the land of Bountiful needs to be shorter than the narrow neck of land so Zarahemla can also meet with the narrow neck of land.
Wilderness’s East, West, and South in Zarahemla
This picture shows the land of Zarahemla has a wilderness on both sides east and west as well as the south.
Alma 22:27-29 90-77BC
27 And it came to pass that the king sent a proclamation throughout all the land, amongst all his people who were in all his land, who were in all the regions round about, (A) which was bordering even to the sea, on the east and on the west, (B) and which was divided from the land of Zarahemla by a narrow strip of wilderness, which ran from the sea east even to the sea west, and round about on the borders of the seashore, (C) and the borders of the wilderness which was on the north by the land of Zarahemla, through the borders of Manti, by the head of the river Sidon, running from the east towards the west—and thus were the Lamanites and the Nephites divided.
28 Now, the more idle part of the Lamanites lived in the wilderness, and dwelt in tents; and they were spread through (D) the wilderness on the west, in the land of Nephi; yea, and also on the west of the land of Zarahemla, in the borders by the seashore, and on the west in the land of Nephi, in the place of their fathers’ first inheritance, and thus bordering along by the seashore.
29 And also there were many (E) Lamanites on the east by the seashore, whither the Nephites had driven them. And thus the Nephites were nearly surrounded by the Lamanites; nevertheless (F) the Nephites had taken possession of all the northern parts of the land bordering on the wilderness, at the head of the river Sidon, from the east to the west, round about on the wilderness side; on the north, even until they came to the land which they called Bountiful. (Letters A, B, C, D, E, F added for emphasis)
After King Lamoni and his father were converted to the gospel following the preaching of Mosiah’s four sons and their companions, these verses in Alma describe how their Lamanite land was divided between Nephites and Lamanites. A lot of information is packed within these three verses from Alma 22. It states that: (A) the Lamanite lands ran from the east sea to the west sea; (B) a narrow wilderness separated the Lamanites from the Nephites, from the east sea to the west sea, and ran around about the borders of the seas; (C) a clarification of the boundaries of the wilderness, which wilderness divided Zarahemla (on the north, per Alma 22:27) from the land of Nephi, and which wilderness ran from east to the west, and ran through the borders of Manti and the head of the River Sidon; (D) a further clarification that the lands of Zarahemla and Nephi had a wilderness on their west, and that west side was inhabited by Lamanites and was close to a seashore; (E) Lamanites were also found in the east wilderness that was on a seashore, and it further indicates that the Lamanites nearly surrounded the Nephites because they were in the wildernesses on the east and west (and essentially on the south). The land of Zarahemla must be in the middle of these wildernesses because the Nephites were surrounded by the Lamanites; (F) the wildernesses on both sides came as far north as the land of Bountiful.
These verses also tell us how far south the land of Zarahemla must reach, since the wildernesses on the east and west extends from the south wilderness to the land of Bountiful. With three simple verses in Alma 22 describing the division of Lamanite and Nephite lands, we eliminate the possibility that the land of Zarahemla could be found in Central or South America—or even in Missouri—because there is no wilderness that extends that far. If we follow the east or west wilderness from the land of Bountiful to a south wilderness, then we have determined the south border of the land of Zarahemla. That boundary has been identified on the map above.
We also know that the south wilderness and beyond was called the land of Nephi. There is no south boundary suggested in the Book of Mormon for the land of Nephi. We do know that the west sea and the east sea are the boundaries west and east for the land of Zarahemla, so without question the land of Zarahemla is in New York and could be nowhere else. We know that the south wilderness starts in New York and ends in Pennsylvania and Ohio, and assume that Lehi’s colony landed in the New York, New York area (possibly close to the Statue of Liberty in New Jersey), and that Nephi’s group probably traveled west along the current I-80 in New York and Pennsylvania as they tried to distance themselves from Lamanites, who tried constantly to kill or enslave them.
Up to the Land of Nephi and Up to the Land of Zarahemla
The land of Nephi is south of the land of Zarahemla, and south of the south wilderness (according to Alma 22:27-29). The book of Mosiah contains more clues to position the land of Nephi. Book of Mormon writers often give directions (southward, east, etc.,), but when the writers use the terms “up” or “down”, it is evident that they are talking about altitude change. In Mosiah 7:1, the king wanted knowledge of a Nephite colony that left Zarahemla to return to lands they owned previously; those people went “up” to live in Lehi-Nephi.
Mosiah 7:1 121BC
And now, it came to pass that after king Mosiah had had continual peace for the space of three years, he was desirous to know concerning the people who went up to dwell in the land of Lehi-Nephi, or in the city of Lehi-Nephi; for his people had heard nothing from them from the time they left the land of Zarahemla; therefore, they wearied him with their teasings.
Five scriptures later, the search party goes “down” to the land of Nephi.
The terms “up” and “down” do not contradict here; it simply means there is a mountain range or difference in elevation between the land of Nephi and the land of Zarahemla. Because of the topography of New York and Pennsylvania, these Book of Mormon verses help us to more accurately position the land of Nephi.
First Wilderness by the Land of Nephi
Using Nephi’s descriptions of the land in which he lived following separation from his blood-thirsty brothers in the Promised Land, we can place more detail in the map, above. Nephi states he and his followers traveled many days through a wilderness, before pitching their tents in the land of Nephi.
2 Nephi 5:7-8 588-559BC
7 And we did take our tents and whatsoever things were possible for us, and did journey in the wilderness for the space of many days. And after we had journeyed for the space of many days we did pitch our tents.
8 And my people would that we should call the name of the place Nephi; wherefore, we did call it Nephi.
On the preceding map, a landing area marks the probable location where Lehi and his colony arrived. As noted in 2 Nephi 5:7-8, soon the followers of Nephi followed him through a wilderness until they reached a place his people called “Nephi.”
Landing Place for Lehi’s Family
Based on the positions of the land of Nephi, the land of Zarahemla and the land of Bountiful, it is reasonable to place the landing area for the Nephites and Lamanites on the east coast of the United States, as the United States fits descriptions of the Promised Land awarded to Lehi and his descendants. Lehi said the following, in 2 Nephi 1:
2 Nephi 1:5-12 588-570BC
5 But, said he, notwithstanding our afflictions, we have obtained a land of promise, a land which is choice above all other lands; a land which the Lord God hath covenanted with me should be a land for the inheritance of my seed. Yea, the Lord hath covenanted this land unto me, and to my children forever, and also all those who should be led out of other countries by the hand of the Lord.
6 Wherefore, I, Lehi, prophesy according to the workings of the Spirit which is in me, that there shall none come into this land save they shall be brought by the hand of the Lord.
This land is a land of liberty for all whom the Lord should bring.
7 Wherefore, this land is consecrated unto him whom he shall bring. And if it so be that they shall serve him according to the commandments which he hath given, it shall be a land of liberty unto them; wherefore, they shall never be brought down into captivity; if so, it shall be because of iniquity; for if iniquity shall abound cursed shall be the land for their sakes, but unto the righteous it shall be blessed forever.
It shall never be brought into captivity unless iniquity abounds, and then the Lord will curse the land. To the righteous, the Lord will bless this land forever.
8 And behold, it is wisdom that this land should be kept as yet from the knowledge of other nations; for behold, many nations would overrun the land, that there would be no place for an inheritance.
This land would be kept from the knowledge of other nations.
9 Wherefore, I, Lehi, have obtained a promise, that inasmuch as those whom the Lord God shall bring out of the land of Jerusalem shall keep his commandments, they shall prosper upon the face of this land; and they shall be kept from all other nations, that they may possess this land unto themselves. And if it so be that they shall keep his commandments they shall be blessed upon the face of this land, and there shall be none to molest them, nor to take away the land of their inheritance; and they shall dwell safely forever.
As they keep the commandments, Lehi’s descendants would be prospered and blessed. None would molest them or take away their land of inheritance.
10 But behold, when the time cometh that they shall dwindle in unbelief, after they have received so great blessings from the hand of the Lord—having a knowledge of the creation of the earth, and all men, knowing the great and marvelous works of the Lord from the creation of the world; having power given them to do all things by faith; having all the commandments from the beginning, and having been brought by his infinite goodness into this precious land of promise—behold, I say, if the day shall come that they will reject the Holy One of Israel, the true Messiah, their Redeemer and their God, behold, the judgments of him that is just shall rest upon them.
11 Yea, he will bring other nations unto them, and he will give unto them power, and he will take away from them the lands of their possessions, and he will cause them to be scattered and smitten.
12 Yea, as one generation passeth to another there shall be bloodsheds, and great visitations among them; wherefore, my sons, I would that ye would remember; yea, I would that ye would hearken unto my words.
If Lehi’s descendants dwindle in unbelief after having such great blessings and knowledge of God, He will bring other nations and give them power to take away this land.
The scriptures are very clear as to the location of the land of Desolation, the land of Bountiful, the land of Zarahemla, the south wilderness, and the land of Nephi. We do believe that the Lamanite and Nephite civilizations stretched way beyond the lands detailed in the Book of Mormon—indeed, the Book of Mormon declares that they covered the whole land—but the prophets and writers in the Book of Mormon wrote of the lands in which they lived, and those lands are mostly in present-day New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario (Canada). By studying the directions, the descriptions and the details given by those writers, we can lay out the lands in the Book of Mormon according to the scriptures.
This work is a summary of scriptures that establish boundaries and areas for the Book of Mormon. On the website, soon to be unveiled, there are more than 157 pages of details of those lands. The website will clarify even further the evidence and the scriptures with adequate detail as how this land fits that of the Book of Mormon. | <urn:uuid:28fb34f4-7f45-4f41-958a-53338171ebdb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.landstestifyofchrist.com/copy-of-3-land-nephi | 2024-02-27T15:35:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.963643 | 8,282 | 2.75 | 3 | [
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One of Ajahn Chah’s most well-known teachings is that of letting go. And one of the key phrases that he used to explain what letting go means, and how it is to be developed, is that we should let go “within action.” This immediately reminds us that letting go is not passivity or a refraining from action—the letting go takes place within the action itself.
Monks and nuns may sometimes be accused of attachment to the vinaya, attachment to a discipline. This is a difficult accusation to refute. If someone says you are attached to the vinaya, does that mean you have to stop keeping the precepts in order to prove that you’re not really attached? I think a distinction needs to be made between attachment and devotion.
In Pali there is an interesting distinction between two important words: upadana and samadana, both of which we usually translate as “attachment” or “clinging.” With upadana, we attach through ignorance. Samadana, however is the word for taking on a precept; it’s holding on to something with wisdom, for as long as it needs to be held. In explaining samadana, Ajahn Chah would say, it’s not that you don’t take hold of the object. For instance, you take hold of a water bottle, tip the bottle until you have as much water as you need, and then put it down. If you don’t hold on to the bottle at all, you are not going to get any water into the glass. So samadana is taking up a precept or practice with wisdom. Having undertaken it in such a way, one relates to it with devotion and loyalty.
Letting go doesn’t mean that we don’t take on responsibilities or practices, but that we let go within those practices. What exactly is it that we let go of? We let go of the five khandhas. They are body, feelings, perceptions, thoughts—wholesome and unwholesome dhammas in the mind—and sense consciousness. When we say we let go of them, this is a shorthand phrase meaning letting go of craving and clinging to those things through ignorance. But wherever we are, whoever we are, whatever practice we are undertaking, we are always dealing with these five khandhas or aggregates.
We let go of our attachment to the physical body. That doesn’t mean we are negligent or don’t take medicine when we get sick; rather, we examine our minds and are careful not to identify with the physical body. The pressure upon us to identify with the body is very strong, particularly in the present day. In previous times most people lived in quite small communities, with not much opportunity for travel. The number of times when you would be confronted with an image of someone more attractive than you would be quite small. But these days, everywhere you go, you are bombarded with images of attractive people. Whether it’s on billboards and television, or in magazines and newspapers, you are constantly being invited to compare your body with those bodies, and to feel disconnected from your own. Women in particular, throughout history, have been pressured into measuring their worth according to their body’s attractiveness.
You buy into an idea of yourself being a certain kind of person, and you dwell on it so much that it becomes a self-evident truth. Then one day in meditation, you see that it’s just a bubble.
Of course, if you identify with the body, you’re identifying with something that is going to betray you. The body is not a good friend. You do everything for your body, look after it so diligently, yet in the end, how does it repay you? It grows old, gets sick, falls apart, and dies. This is a reminder of the fundamental truth to which we should turn our minds again and again: nothing lasts. That’s such a powerful phrase. It’s the simple truth of anicca, impermanence. And it’s through turning our minds to simple truths that we recognize the resistance to them that we all have.
How much do we crave for things to last, at least the things we like? We see the romantic stories: moonlit night, young people in love. “I wish this night could last forever”—why might they say that? Because they know it doesn’t last. Precisely because the moonlit night and that intensity of romantic emotion don’t last, there comes this expression of, “If only this could last forever.” But it can’t. Nothing can.
This body doesn’t last. So the more we invest our sense of dignity, self-worth, and identity in the body, the more we set ourselves up for pain. It’s a matter not of adopting a particular attitude toward the body but of being willing to look at it very clearly. When we look at other people’s bodies, we can notice how particular, how biased we are, how much we tend to dwell on certain aspects of the body and try to turn our minds away from other aspects.
Consider also the extent to which our lives are dominated by vedana, feelings, how much they constrict our conduct. How many times do we turn away from wholesome, noble, beautiful actions simply because we fear dukkba-vedana, the unpleasant feelings that we might have to encounter? How often do we perform actions that we know are going to lead to pain—actions that are foolish, trivial, ignoble—merely because of the thirst for the pleasant feelings that will arise in performing them? How often do we betray our own ideals simply through the weakness that manifests as the love of pleasant feelings and the aversion to, and fear of, unpleasant ones?
In modern society, probably one of the most underrated and forgotten virtues is that of patient endurance. We don’t want to have to put up with things we don’t like; we want everything at our fingertips. Even monastics, who live at some remove from modern society, sometimes say, “Oh, it was terrible, but at least I got some patient endurance from it.” It’s like a kind of consolation prize. If we don’t get anything else from it, at least we got a little bit of patient endurance. Patience is not a virtue that anybody, even monastics these days, tends to encourage. And yet when we read the Ovada- patimokkba, the first set of rules given to the Buddha’s assembly, what does the Buddha say? He says that patient endurance, khanti, is the supreme incinerator of defilements.
Logically speaking, if you are intent on the complete eradication of defilements, then when someone acts in an irritating way and you just have to be patient, you should be grateful to them—after all, they are helping you incinerate your defilements. When you find yourself in the position of having to exercise patience, that doesn’t mean you’re not practicing, or that it’s some kind of auxiliary, secondary practice. It’s the heart of practice. But there is a point to be made here: true patience, khanti, is one in which there is no sense of time. If you’re gritting your teeth, thinking, “How many more minutes?” or “When is this going to be over?” then that’s not really khanti. With khanti, there isn’t that sense of time. It is the perfection of patience.
What usually happens when your leg, your knee, or your back starts to hurt during meditation? Do you get depressed? Do you get upset? Do you become anxious? Do you feel averse? What kinds of reactions arise? If those negative reactions habitually arise when you experience a pain in your body while sitting, you can be quite sure that those same reactions arise in your daily life when you must endure something else unpleasant, whether it’s physical or mental. In meditation you are exposing, and looking more clearly at, the complex mental reactions to experiences that take place in daily life, but as if in a laboratory.
Similarly, some meditators are surprisingly afraid of pleasant feelings—afraid of getting carried away with them, afraid of becoming absorbed into them or attached to them. People may experience this to the extent that they hold back from fear of an overwhelming bliss. Sometimes the need to be in control can be even stronger than the movement toward inner peace and happiness. But the path to liberation, the path to the comprehension of suffering, can only be fully followed (and suffering can only be truly understood) by a happy mind, sukba. If you don’t have a happy mind, it’s always “my suffering.” The only way that you can comprehend suffering as a noble truth is when you are not suffering, when you are feeling happy, content, and at ease, at least on the level of vedana. So sukha is part of the path. The meditator, the practitioner, is seeking a wise, intelligent relationship with pleasant feelings—and that means letting go of them. It’s experiencing a pleasant feeling as pleasant feeling: just that much, no more, no less. It’s a beautiful thing—not the highest thing, yet we can appreciate it and make use of it on the path.
Letting go of unpleasant and pleasant feelings doesn’t mean that we have to turn away from them, or to become unfeeling. Far from it. But there’s a sense of awakening to the nature of unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral feelings. For most of us, because of a lack of clarity around feeling, there is constant discontent and unease in the mind. If someone says, “Look, I’m going to give you a bit of unpleasant feeling, just a bit of pain,” would you like that? No. Nobody would. But if the offer is “a little bit of bliss, just a tiny bit of bliss”? Yes, please! That’s a reflection of this movement within the mind.
One of the values of samadhi and the unshakeability of mind that comes about through its development is the enhanced ability to be with things without grasping on to them, to see feeling as feeling, whether pleasant or unpleasant. So if you’re sitting and you’ve got some aches and pains, that doesn’t mean you can’t meditate. This is what it’s about. It’s about coming to dwell more fully, more completely, to awaken to present reality and learn to let go within feeling.
We all have memories, perceptions—this is the khanda of sanna. But often the way we conduct our lives is too conditioned by our perceptions, by our unexamined ideas. I remember once speaking with a monk who was criticizing another monk (yes, even monks do that sometimes). He said, “Oh, monk so-and-so is coming to stay and he’s not a very nice monk. He’s got this bad quality and that bad quality.” And I said, “Oh, you know him very well, do you?”
He said, “Yes, we spent a rains retreat together five years ago.” He had this monk completely worked out, mapped out on the basis of a three-month period five years previously. This is a good example of how we see other human beings as selves, as something fixed and immutable, whereas in fact we are changing beings. There’s nothing fixed, nothing immutable about us at all. And this is particularly the case for those on the path of practice.
In Thailand, and indeed in many countries, fortune tellers and palmists are very popular. But good palmists will refuse to look at the palm of someone who is seriously meditating. They say that when someone starts a meditation practice, all bets are off; one cannot confidently predict the future of someone who has started to practice at the level of sila, samadhi, and panna, the inner-outer practice in simultaneous harmony. A change takes place. The Buddha expressed this beautifully on a number of occasions, saying that when those who were formerly heedless turn away from heedlessness and become heedful—when they embark on the path of practice— they illumine the world like the full moon appearing from behind the clouds. This is perhaps one of the essential and most characteristic of Buddhist teachings: the sense that we can change. Our future is not determined by God or gods or faith or stars. It’s determined by our own actions of body, speech, and mind. If we follow the eightfold path that the Buddha laid down for us, not picking and choosing, then we are capable of taking responsibility for our lives and effecting real, lasting changes.
To make those changes, however, we must first recognize to what extent we are limited by perceptions and memories. We have perceptions of ourselves as being hopeless, useless, inadequate (or perhaps of being capable and brilliant), but in the end these are just perceptions. You buy into an idea of yourself being a certain kind of person, and you dwell on it so much that it becomes a self-evident truth. And then one day in meditation, you suddenly see that it’s just a bubble. It’s just another thought, another perception. It’s just something that arises and passes away.
Often people come to spiritual practice and meditation, thinking, “I don’t like who I am. I’d like to be a different person.” This idea that you are somebody you don’t really like, and you would like to be somebody else, is mistaken and ultimately frustrating. Instead, when you look closely, your intention should be to see and learn from what is present. Then you will recognize that those ideas of being “somebody” are just things that arise and pass away. There’s nothing substantial to them at all.
You can’t live without perceptions and memories—you have to let go from within them. And you do that by seeing memory and perception as just what they are. It’s just this way. That’s the way the mind is, and that’s all right.
The fourth khandha is sankhara. It’s the khandha of kamma.
We can talk about the five khandhas in different ways. Of the five khandhas, rupa (body), vedana (feelings), sahha (perception), and vihhana (sense experience) are vipaka, the results of kamma in the past. Sankhara khandha, on the other hand, is led by volition. It is the khandha of kamma creation: kusala kammas and akusala kam- mas, wholesome and unwholesome actions. And volition, thought, and intention are the dhammas that we need to let go of.
Here, we make a distinction between kusala and akusala. We let go of certain kinds of volition by refusing to pay attention to them. There are certain volitions, certain trains of thought that are so poisonous that we don’t dare allow the mind to indulge in them at all. When the mind becomes aware that these kinds of poisonous dhammas—thoughts of violence, of hurting or taking advantage of others, for instance—are in the mind, this calls for sharpness, for the warrior-like cutting off of those selfish, lustful, angry, destructive kinds of volitions. Here, the letting go is much more forceful. With the wholesome volitions, meanwhile, it’s a matter of taking them on but not identifying with them. We take on the practices of mindfulness, take on development of loving-kindness, take on the practice of patient endurance, of constant, unremitting effort. These are tasks we take upon ourselves, but without creating a new “self” or a new “being” out of them. Thus we are letting go—we are not allowing our minds to be pulled around by how things “should be.” Once you have an idea of how things should be, you will be affronted or disturbed by all the things that are not that way.
Why do you consider certain people’s behavior to be so offensive? Usually it’s because you have an idea that they shouldn’t be like that. So when the mind dwells on “should” and “shouldn’t,” you’re setting yourself up for suffering. Why shouldn’t people be selfish? Why shouldn’t they be aggressive? Why shouldn’t they do all the terrible things they do? Why not? If their minds are like that, if they look at things like that, have that kind of view, those kinds of values, why not? Such behavior is then perfectly natural. When the causes and conditions are like that, the conduct will be like that.
The more you can see things in terms of causes and conditions, the more you can let go. If somebody speaks very harshly, you see it stems from their way of looking at things. Perhaps they’ve developed that kind of habit; perhaps they’ve always spoken like that. The more you can see the conditions underlying the behavior, the more you can let go.
Where does our sense of uniqueness lie? We say, “This is who I really am. This is what makes me different from everyone else.” That’s where delusion lies. That’s where attachment lies. This neurotic need to be different, to stand out from the crowd or sink into the shadows—these are reactions to the basic need to create a safe haven, a refuge in the wrong place. We look for refuge, for something that is stable, permanent, happy, but we seek it in that which is impermanent and unstable. There is nothing wrong with body, nothing wrong with feelings, perceptions, thoughts, seeing, hearing, tasting, all these things. Those things are just that way. But problems arise when we demand, hope, crave for those things to provide that which they cannot provide. What we desperately seek are permanence, happiness, and stability, and those things can only be found in freedom from attachments, from penetrating the four noble truths.
The Buddha didn’t want us to believe in his teachings. This isn’t a belief system. He has given us tools to use to penetrate the nature of our lives, and to align ourselves more and more clearly, more and more authentically, with what is really going on here and now.
So we let go and see what a burden it is to hold on to things—how heavy and limiting and dark it is to hold on to body, feelings, perceptions, all these aggregates, hoping and praying that they will give us something they can never provide.
In the Pali texts we find an interesting pair of words, abamkara and mamankara, that may be translated as “I-making” and “minemaking.” They point to a sense that “I” and “mine” are not inherent in the mind but are created, moment by moment, through ignorance. Letting go within action requires us to learn how to fulfill our responsibilities to ourselves and others without falling into the grasping, frustrating world of “I” and “mine.”
The more we let go, the lighter we feel, the happier we feel. It’s through the happiness of letting go that the mind becomes brave enough, and has the power, to penetrate the way things are. Without that inner stability of concentration, the unhappy mind is weak and scattered. It’s only through the ability to let go of indulgences like thoughts of the past or future, along with the renunciation of very small, rather trivial pleasant feelings, that the mind can penetrate into that which is more profound. | <urn:uuid:98f1cb2c-67c6-4eff-82c8-a71d3401d4d1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.lionsroar.com/free-from-the-burden-of-holding-on/ | 2024-02-27T17:28:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.959135 | 4,288 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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Dealing with a ruddy complexion has its share of nuisances. While often inherited, ruddy skin can also be a side effect of several varying environmental factors. While blotched and seemingly irritated skin may be a permanent condition depending on the extent of rosacea, you can minimize its appearance. There are several suggestions and tips that will help make a ruddy complexion less noticeable whether it be a temporary or lifelong dilemma.
Causes of Ruddy Complexions
There are many ways to identify ruddy skin. Generally, it is characterized by a healthy reddish appearance, but in some cases, areas on the face may appear blotchy, uneven, or have visible broken capillaries. The severity can vary dramatically from person to person, depending on its cause. A few possible reasons for this condition include:
Certain skin conditions can be inherited. According to the National Rosacea Society (NRS), an estimated 52 percent of people with rosacea had a relative who also dealt with areas of redness. Common symptoms include: persistent red skin, irritation, dry eyes, and bumps.
Acne is often passed down from generation to generation as well, with the number of family members who have (or had) it, increasing your risk. Symptoms of this issue are whiteheads, blackheads, red bumps, and pimples.
In addition to these specific skin concerns, a study conducted by the NRS found certain nationalities were at a higher risk of having red or rosy skin. For example, people with Irish, German, English, Scottish, and Russian descent.
With this in mind, it is very possible for a ruddy complexion to be inherited. Speak to your family members to determine whether this may be the root of the problem.
Harsh Weather Conditions
While genetics can have a lot to do with your skin, there are other causes to consider as well, like the sun. People who work outside or spend a lot of time outdoors may experience red and splotchy skin. This is not a burn though it can look similar.
The major difference between sun damage and rosacea is that it is the latter if the skin has redness with or without a sunburn. Redness and rosacea can also be triggered by overexposure to UV rays.
Prevention also found that harsh weather conditions, such as chilly temperatures, strong winds, and direct sunlight can temporarily cause - or exaggerate - a ruddy complexion. Proper protection, like sunscreen and weather-appropriate clothing, will minimize the effects.
Though some people deal with redness for a long period of time, others experience it only temporarily. In these cases, it is often due to changes in your skin care routine. Perhaps you tried a new line of products, have not been washing your face as frequently (or more often than usual), or tried an abrasive treatment - either at home or the spa.
According to an article on unwanted reactions to skin care products on skin care specialist Paula Begoun's website, red patches and swelling may occur if there is a poorly formulated product, an allergy to a specific ingredient, if you use a harsh scrub, have sensitive skin, or the item does not work with your skin type (oily, dry, combination, and so on).
This could last for a few days, weeks, or longer, depending on how irritated the skin becomes. The symptoms are likely to go away over time, however; it is best to determine the cause of the irritation and alter your routine accordingly.
Another factor that has been linked to redness of the face is stress. This can be extremely damaging, affecting both your body and behavior. Common signs of stress include headache, chest pain, restlessness, irritability, depression, and skin disorders.
According to a WebMD article on the effects of stress on the skin, stressful conditions can make symptoms of rosacea (as well as other conditions) worse - and trigger rashes and hives. A study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology also found that the consumption of alcohol can actually increase a woman's risk of developing rosacea.
This is problematic as people tend to consume alcohol more frequently when they are under stress. This causes temporary red coloring on the face, giving you a flushed look, and making a ruddy complexion more noticeable.
Minimizing the Appearance of Ruddy Skin
Once you have determined the cause of redness, it is important to focus on minimizing the symptoms. Some of the best ways to deal with a ruddy complexion include:
Use Products to Treat the Problem
Always start with products designed for your specific concerns. For instance, if redness is the result of an allergy or reaction to an ingredient, eliminate whatever caused the outbreak.
For those experiencing irritated or painful red skin, opt for items made with sensitivities in mind. Not sure where to begin? Marie Claire suggests looking for natural products that are free from harsh synthetic ingredients.
People with rosacea or an inherited ruddy complexion will first and foremost need to speak to a dermatologist. A professional can pinpoint the cause - and prescribe medications, creams, or cleansers suited to your needs. If rosacea is on the severe side, he or she might also suggest Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) treatment to even out tone.
Certain products and daily habits have also been found to reduce redness. Start by:
- Washing your face twice a day. Though you may not want to touch the skin too much, Doctor's Health Press says this step is important, as dirt and oil can lead to inflammation.
- Use fragrance-free cleansers whenever possible, like the Aveeno Ultra-Calming Foaming Cleanser for Sensitive Skin (about $6).
- Reach for gentle moisturizers and lotions. Anything with cucumber or aloe (like the Aloe Vera Soothing Day Cream, around $20, from The Body Shop) will soothe the face and reduce the appearance of redness.
For more ways to tone down a red face, check out the eHow video below on evening out a ruddy complexion.
Focus on a Healthy Diet
What you eat can also make a noticeable difference in the way your skin looks. To combat facial redness, you should be eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and foods with omega-3 fatty acids. They reduce inflammation and help your body stay hydrated - improving the overall appearance of your skin.
It is just as important to steer clear of foods that can cause a flare up of redness, like spices and peppers, as well as foods that cause inflammation, like deli meats, peanut oil, or canola oil. Additionally, limit your intake of processed foods, dairy products, and anything with MSG. These can lead to inflamed blood vessels which make your skin appear flushed and discolored.
Apply Makeup Thoughtfully
In addition to treating a ruddy complexion, makeup can temporarily cover up uneven areas. One of the most effective items to incorporate into your daily routine is a green color corrector. Red and green are opposite one another, which is why it works so well on rosacea and ruddy-looking skin.
You don't need a big budget to combat rosiness. There are products to suit any and all budgets, such as:
- Hard Candy Color Correct Radiant Primer: This color-correcting primer helps neutralize redness while prepping skin for makeup application. It's about $5.
- Maybelline Master Camo Color Correcting Pen: Available for about $10, this concealing product is quick and easy to use. It offers precise color-correcting coverage and is easy to blend.
- Urban Decay Naked Skin Color Correcting Fluid: This versatile product can be used alone to treat specific areas, or mixed with primer to treat all-over redness. Find it for about $30.
- Lancome Teint Idole Ultra Wear Camoflauge Color Corrector: Also about $30, this corrector provides full-coverage and long-wearing color neutralization.
After this step has been completed, you can move onto the rest of your makeup routine. Using a mineral foundation is a good choice as these products often have natural ingredients that are less likely to cause irritation. Also try blushes in peach or bronze shades and lipsticks without red undertones, like mauve or brown.
Make Lifestyle Changes
Small alterations to your day-to-day life can dramatically affect the way your skin looks. If you want a more even complexion, reduced redness, and less inflammation, then it may be time to change your lifestyle.
Since stress is often linked to a flushed or rosy complexion, it is vital that you find ways to deal with it in a healthy way. Some suggestions include: doing something you love, going for a walk outside, getting enough sleep at night, and practicing relaxation techniques, like calm breathing and meditation.
Exercise is also effective. The Mayo Clinic found that working out is a great stress reliever as it boosts endorphins and improves your mood. However, some exercises can actually cause blood vessels to dilate, making the signs of rosacea more obvious. To prevent this, go for a swim instead of running on a treadmill, or work out in a room that is cool and comfortable.
Take Steps to Reduce Redness
If you have a ruddy complexion, you are certainly not alone. Millions of people around the world are currently dealing with this issue. Whether these areas of redness are due to genetics or outside factors, it is possible to minimize their appearance. Through lifestyle changes and the use of effective products, you can achieve even coloring. | <urn:uuid:e074b28a-d017-41b0-b99f-ee3960b7f863> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.lovetoknowhealth.com/skin-and-body/ruddy-complexion | 2024-02-27T15:55:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.950672 | 2,003 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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What is a DNS stub resolver?
Copy article linkWhy is it called a stub resolver?
The term stub resolver may seem strange. The word stub refers to something that's partial or a subset of something larger.
A stub resolver is a partial DNS resolver. It relies on the services of a recursive DNS resolver. Stub resolvers were first formally defined in 1989 in section 6 of RFC 1123.
A stub resolver converts name resolution requests from applications like web browsers into DNS request messages. The stub resolver sends the DNS request messages to a DNS recursive resolver and returns the result to the application.
Stub resolvers don't perform recursion themselves. Instead, they talk to a recursive DNS resolver which performs recursion on their behalf. This allows many stub resolvers to collectively share the cache of the recursive DNS resolver. This speeds up name resolution for all the stub resolvers and reduces the overall load on the DNS.
Stub resolver or DNS client?
The terms stub resolver and DNS client are used interchangeably to mean the same thing: a software component or service running on a computer that sends DNS messages to a recursive DNS resolver and caches the results.
Historically the term stub resolver was used. A DNS stub resolver can be considered a client of a recursive DNS resolver. So, later the term DNS client was coined.
Linux-based operating systems generally use the term stub resolver, and the Windows operating system uses the term DNS client.
How does a DNS stub resolver work?
The DNS stub resolver is a part of the operating system running on a computer, cell phone, or another device. It talks to a recursive DNS resolver to convert DNS names into IP addresses for all the applications running on the device.
Typically, DNS stub resolvers are used like this:
- A user types a DNS name such as www.google.com into an application like a web browser.
- The application makes a standard operating system call to request a DNS lookup for the name.
- The DNS stub resolver on the device creates a DNS message for the request and sends it to a DNS recursive resolver.
- The DNS recursive resolver consults its cache and various authoritative DNS servers to find the address for the name. See our article on Recursive vs Authoritative DNS for more information.
- The IP address for the name is sent back to the stub resolver. The stub resolver caches the IP address and returns it to the application.
- The web browser can now connect to the IP address and display the web page.
Which DNS recursive resolver?
How does a DNS stub resolver know which DNS recursive resolver to use?
Each time a computer or another device connects to a network, its DNS stub resolver is automatically configured to use the recursive DNS resolver for that network. Usually, this recursive DNS resolver belongs to the ISP or cellular data carrier.
You might want to use a different DNS recursive resolver for privacy, speed, or reliability. Or one that provides features like filtering for inappropriate websites.
All operating systems allow the user to specify a DNS recursive resolver of their choosing. Some popular recursive DNS resolver are:
- Cloudflare - 18.104.22.168: One of the fastest open DNS resolvers available.
- Google - 22.214.171.124: The largest open DNS resolver, handling over a trillion queries per day.
- OpenDNS - 126.96.36.199: Offers a security product suite called "Umbrella" in addition to being an open DNS resolver.
- Quad9 - 188.8.131.52: A global open DNS resolver operated by a Swiss not-for-profit that aims to improve privacy and cybersecurity.
Checking DNS stub resolver configuration
If you have an issue with DNS, check how your DNS stub resolver is configured. On Windows 10 or 11:
- Open the Control Panel.
- Click on Network and Internet.
- Click on Network and Sharing Center.
- Click Change adapter settings on the left side of the window.
- Right-click on the appropriate Network Connection, usually called "Wi-Fi", and click Properties.
- Double-click on Internet Prococol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
You will see a dialog like the one below. If you want the Windows DNS stub resolver to use the default DNS recursive resolver, ensure that "Obtain DNS server address automatically" is selected and click OK. If you are having trouble with DNS, this is the safest choice.
Select "Use the following DNS server addresses" if you want the Windows DNS stub resolver to use a public DNS recursive resolver. For Google DNS, enter 184.108.40.206 and 220.127.116.11 as the preferred and alternate DNS server addresses. For Cloudflare, enter 18.104.22.168 and 22.214.171.124. Other public DNS recursive resolvers will have their IP addresses in their help guides.
DNS stub resolver on Mac OS
On Mac OS to get to the DNS stub resolver settings:
- Open System Settings from the Apple menu
- Click Network in the sidebar
- Click on your network connection
- Click Details
- Click DNS
How do you bypass the DNS stub resolver?
The hosts file is a special text file that contains DNS entries. The DNS stub resolver uses names and addresses in the hosts file instead of sending a query to the DNS recursive resolver to respond to application name resolution requests.
Perhaps you are testing a website on your laptop, and you want the hostname mytestwebsite.example.org to resolve to the IP address 10.10.10.10. You would add this line of text to the hosts file on your laptop:
Virtually every operating system supports the hosts file and uses the same file format, but the hosts file is located in different places:
- Windows: %SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
- Mac OS: /etc/hosts (which is a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)
- Most versions of Linux: /etc/hosts
- Android: /etc/hosts
The hosts file can be used to block name resolution by inserting an invalid address for a name. This is useful if you want to prevent certain DNS names from resolving. Some ad-blocking software packages use this to prevent advertisements from being displayed.
Fixing a broken DNS resolver
Since DNS is so critical, you'll probably be painfully aware if your stub resolver is not working properly!
If you wish to compare the results of your stub resolver against another resolver, you can run a command line tool like ping, nslookup, or dig and compare the results obtained from our A record lookup.
The ping command line tool is handy because it invokes the DNS stub resolver in the same way as a web browser or another application. If you were to accidentally misconfigure your DNS stub resolver by specifying a DNS recursive resolver address of 126.96.36.199 (instead of 188.8.131.52), you would find that you could not reach any websites. On Windows, you would see output like this:
C:\ > ping www.google.com Ping request could not find host www.google.com. Please check the name and try again. C:\> nslookup www.google.com DNS request timed out. timeout was 2 seconds. Server: UnKnown Address: 184.108.40.206 DNS request timed out. timeout was 2 seconds. C:\> dig www.google.com ; <<>> DiG 9.10.3 <<>> www.google.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; connection timed out; no servers could be reached
Here are some steps to take if you are having trouble with your DNS stub resolver:
- Open your hosts file and check for unexpected lines that might interfere with normal name resolution
- Check your DNS stub resolver configuration and see if unexpected preferred or alternate DNS servers are set
- Try changing your DNS stub resolver to "Obtain DNS server address automatically"
- Try changing your DNS stub resolver to use Google DNS by setting the DNS server addresses to 220.127.116.11 and 18.104.22.168
- Try changing your DNS stub resolver to use Cloudflare by setting the DNS server addresses to 22.214.171.124 and 126.96.36.199 | <urn:uuid:07112151-7605-4e4b-9583-65b46d4433a9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nslookup.io/learning/what-is-a-dns-resolver/ | 2024-02-27T16:19:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.915051 | 1,800 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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Observed on this day as either the Feast of the Assumption in the Latin Rite or the Feast of the Dormition in Eastern Orthodox tradition, Christians celebrate the translation of the Virgin Mary, either wholly, bodily taken up or having gone to sleep without suffering a mortal death. While this elevation to eternal life has some singular aspects (Mary is said to enjoy the fullness and autonomy of the afterlife that the other saints will only experience after the Last Judgment), there are other instances of the phenomenal honour in Judaism and Christianity, with Jesus and Enoch, the patriarch and father of Methuselah “who walked with God: and was no more” and the prophet Elijah and Pharaoh’s Daughter (see also) who found Moses (himself taken up after his remains were fought over by Satan and the Archangel Michael) amongst the reeds with other instances of being raptured in other traditions. Many figures in Hinduism, kings and swami, are said to have merged with God, essentially dematerialising, Islam teaches that Muhammed was similarly taken up into Heaven and Hellenistic tradition recognises ascendant masters like the thaumaturgist and philosopher Apollonius, a wandering sage who travelled in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia and drew many latter day comparisons to the reincarnated Christ.
Tuesday 15 August 2023
Friday 11 November 2022
Early third century wonder-worker and Coptic soldier in the Roman army martyred for refusing to recant his Christian faith, Menas (Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲙⲏⲛⲁ—Amen), is commemorated on this day, corresponding to 15 Hathor on the Egyptian calendar. Garnering a posthumous reputation for intercession on any number on ailments, Abu Mina, the site where his body was buried (according to legend, the camels bearing his corpse stopped twice in this exact location and refused to move further) after being dismembered by fellow soldiers became a popular pilgrimage—following Constantine I (previously) sending his ill daughter, Flavia Valeria Constantina—later known as Saint Constance, destination with terracotta flasks with the saint’s iconography taken as souvenirs and found from Heidelberg to Cheshire and all points in between. Protector of the falsely accused, peddlers and travelling salespersons, Menas is the patron of the city of Heraklion, Koblenz and many Swiss villages in the north Alps.
Monday 7 November 2022
Not the usual variety of holiday-creep but rather in response to the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox church’s propaganising and open support for Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine and acquiescing to an already emergent move to more Western traditions that have been present among the populace particularly since 2014—even declaring the Gregorian date a public holiday in 2017 but with appeals stretching back as far as shortly after the 1582 change instigated by Pope Gregory was adopted by neighbouring Poland for civil and religious purposes , the ecclesiastical body, the independent Kyiv Metropolitanate, announced that each parish could hold full Christmas service on 25 December if they wished—whereas the day in the Orthodox calendar was only a solemnity for prayers beforehand. Leaders of the country’s some seven thousand churches are polling parishioners to find out how many would like to have Christmas on the Western date or stick with the Julian calendar (7 January)—with most communities and families expected to observe both.
Thursday 27 October 2022
Staying on the Akrotiri peninsula and not far from the Holy Trinity monastery we visited earlier, we embarked on a long trek down to the sea and back from the grounds of fourteen century Gouverneto Monastery (Our Lady of the Angels, Μονή Γουβερνέτου)—among the oldest and most extensive religious communities on the island.
A paved pilgrims’ path leads to a cave called Arkouditissa (cave of the She Bear, owing to the appearance of the stalagmite pulpit) that was once a place dedicated to the worship of Artemis but is now a retreat for the monks to pray in solitude. Though not expecting the trail down the gorge to be this much of a challenge, we made it passed the ruins of a pre-Schism church and cloister called Katholiko and down the craggy cliffs to a cove with turquoise waters that channels out to the open sea.Wednesday 26 October 2022
Making an excuursion to points west, we went beyond Chania and toured the Monastery of our Lady of Gonia (Panagia Hodegetria, Μονή Γωνιάς), the host of a 2016 synod of the Greek Orthodox Church and a museum with a collection of vestments, papal seals and sigils and some of the most iconic icons to peruse. The blue of the sea blended in to sky on the battle-hardened balcony and further atop the promontory.
Our route followed the length of Topolia gorge from the port of Kissimos down to the beach at Elaphonisi, renowned for its pink sands and circular lagoon that one can wade across to a nearby rocky cliff. The drive through the gorge and back was quite breathtaking—in reference to our last trip, I told H I’m calling this place „hot Scotland“ but with on coming traffic on this narrow lane with hairpin turns and serpentine bends, there was not many opportunities for picture taking (credit to the tourism board)—plus I didn’t want to distract the driver.Sunday 23 October 2022
Despite extensive study and having seen plenty of pictures ahead of time, reaching our accommodations late at night, we weren’t quite certain what to expect for the view and surrounding terrain but our spot on Angali bay looking out on the Sea of Crete, located on the westerly third of the island did not disappoint.
Monday 17 October 2022
Fêted on this day on the occasion of his martyrdom in the Forum Bovis (the Ox Market where public executions were held) of Constantinople by order of Constantine V in 766 or 767, the fervent iconodule Andrew of Crete (AOC, not to be confused with more prominent theologian and hymnographer from a few decades earlier with the same name) was a champion of religious imagery when such practises were suppressed as idolatrous by imperial authorities in the Eastern Empire during the Byzantine Iconoclasm. A monastery as was dedicated in his memory (originally named for the apostle and later after the ultimate triumph of Orthodoxy adding the appellation ή Κρίσις—by-the-Judgement, Krisis—for this popular opposition figure sentenced to death for his iconophilia) and currently houses the Koca Mustafa Pasha mosque.
Sunday 9 October 2022
Freighted already as commonly defined as above, asperge—from the same root as disperse and sparse, the tear-stained terms, as in casting aspersions, is a slander against another’s good reputation. An asperger itself refers to the implement for scattering holy water or those whom held the office, like the Dutch-orgin of the namesake for the former syndrome now referred to as the autism spectrum. According to one commentator (who is a fount of knowledge) baptism can be accomplished by immersion, affusion (anointing with water) or aspersion, according to different traditions.
Friday 7 October 2022
Among the most popular paired saints with a cult going back to the fifth century, the Syrian Roman soldiers were, according to their hagiography, favoured officers in the army of Galerius (successor to Emperor Diocletian, toning down his persecutions but still strongly opposed to Christianity) until their secret adherence was exposed, they are venerated on this day in the Western Church to mark their martyrdom and the hands of their superiors, tortured (Bacchus went first and his ghost returned to encourage his compatriot to be steadfast and not disavow his faith) and beheaded. Tradition emphasises their closeness and inseparability, which has caused the couple to be embraced by the Catholic gay community—most accepting that their relationship had a romantic element to it and points to the rite, suggestive of a form of same-sex union, called ἀδελφοποίησις (adelphopoiesis, fraternisation or brother-making). Their patronage includes Arabs, Syria and army soldiers and their home church built in Constantinople—now known as the Little Hagia Sophia Mosque—is the among the city’s most splendid examples of Byzantine architecture, second only to its namesake.
Tuesday 27 September 2022
Transliterated into Latin script as Ge’ez or Cross, Ethiopian and Eritrean orthodox Tewahedo communities celebrate the fourth century discovery of the True Cross by Helen (previously) on this day, the seventeenth of Meskerem (መስከረም), by which the holiday Meskel is known. Festivities includes the burning of a Demera—that is, a large bonfire—after the tradition that Queen Eleni, as she is called locally, was instructed in a dream that the rising smoke would guide her to spot where the relic was buried. Adherents believe that the burning symbolizes the cancellation of sins and the ultimate collapse of the wood pile has prognosticatory value to glean for the near future and like on Ash Wednesday, anoint themselves. Since 2013, Meskel has been inscribed on UNESCO’s List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Thursday 19 May 2022
With a wildly popular cult following until eventually being overshadowed by the martyred Thomas Becket, Saint Dunstan, cleric, scribe, artist, blacksmith, brewer and advisor to many kings is feted on this day on the anniversary of his death in 988 (*909). Entering monastic life in the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey in the company of Irish monks who occupied the site, young Dunstan excelled at all forms of craftsmanship and scholarship and was soon appointed to the court of Athelstan. Palace intrigues ensued and other courtiers grew jealous of the noviciate’s influence and sought to disgrace Dunstan with accusations of witchcraft. Distaste for politics caused Dunstan to return to Glastonbury and build a small hermitage and during this interlude before eventually being recalled to London and then acclaimed archbishop of Canterbury as he got to know God, Dunstan reportedly developed a relationship with the Devil as well, rebuffing temptation several times, arranging for the late frosts of Franklin Nights (to fall around his future feast day) to spoil the cider harvest so his own beer might be more in demand and at the Devil’s request shod and unshod one of his hooves. The ill-advised experience turned out to be too painful for the Prince of Darkness and is apparently an enduring trauma as he cannot pass through a threshold under a horseshoe—the origin supposedly of the lucky symbol.
Monday 16 May 2022
Counted as one of the twelve apostles of Ireland and best remembered for his ocean-voyage to find the Isle of the Blessed (see previously), the monastic saint from Clonfert is feted on this day in the Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox traditions. Although the Vita and Navigatio from the early eighth century mostly attest to his faith and devotion to the gospel and give scant details on his seafaring, a rich mythology has formed around the adventures of Brendan (Brénainn moccu Alti) and his crew, retinue and their search for Eden—which though mostly taken for religious allegory and to incorporate Christian elements into the Irish custom of the sea-going sojourn, there is some evidence in the account that they might have encountered hitherto unknown lands and icebergs and reportedly Christopher Columbus studied his tack and jibe to find favourable winds to carry him past the Canaries. Patron to the dioceses of Kerry and his home of Clonfert, Brendan is also the protector of mariners, boatmen, elderly adventurers and whales—due to one legend of them making landfall only to discover it was in fact a great sea monster called Jasconius. | <urn:uuid:1cd06269-a284-46e6-a913-c2cc4f418f1b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.perfectforroquefortcheese.org/search/label/%E2%98%A6%EF%B8%8F?m=0 | 2024-02-27T16:56:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.963431 | 2,591 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
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Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
Overview of Feline Hemangiosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant cancer of the cells that form blood vessels. Because these tumors start in blood vessels, they are frequently filled with blood. Consequently, when a blood-filled tumor ruptures, it can cause problems with internal or external bleeding. Hemangiosarcoma is considered to be a very aggressive tumor and can spread rapidly to other organs.
In cats, it occurs in older animals and there is no breed predisposition. Since this is a cancer of the blood vessels, it can start anywhere. In cats, this cancer occurs about half the time in internal organs (usually the spleen and liver) and half the time in the skin. These tumors usually spread to the lungs, liver, spleen and heart.
Signs of this disease are usually the result of the tumor rupturing, which causes bleeding. This may occur without any warning, and the symptoms will depend upon where the tumor is located.
- When the tumor is located in the spleen or liver, the signs are usually due to rupture of the tumor and subsequent bleeding into the abdomen. This causes anemia, weakness and if the bleeding is severe, collapse. The gums may appear to be pale or white. In relatively few animals the diagnosis is made before the tumor ruptures.
- When this type of tumor occurs in the heart, it can cause symptoms, such as weakness, collapse, difficulty breathing, exercise intolerance and fluid build-up in the abdomen. This is usually due to the development of fluid around the heart, called pericardial effusion. A thin sack, called the pericardium, normally surrounds the heart. In pericardial effusion the sack fills up with fluid and prevents the heart from beating effectively. With hemangiosarcoma, the pericardium fills up with blood due to rupture of the tumor.
- When the tumor occurs in the skin, a mass or lump can usually be felt in or under the skin. The mass may become ulcerated and bleed. When the tumor occurs in a bone, it can cause pain and discomfort. In some locations, such as a rib, the tumor can be felt as a firm swelling in the bone.
What to Watch For
- Anemia, weakness and collapse
- Pale or white gums
- Difficulty breathing
- Exercise intolerance
- Fluid build-up of the abdomen
- Mass or lump under the skin
- Swelling in the bone
- Pain in the bones
Diagnosis of Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
Diagnostic tests that may be needed to recognize hemangiosarcoma and to direct treatment include:
- Complete blood count (CBC) including platelet numbers
- Clotting tests
- Serum chemistry panel and urinalysis
- Abdominal radiographs (X-rays) and/or ultrasound
- Abdominal tap
- Chest X-rays
- Ultrasound of the heart
- Electrocardiogram (EKG)
- Pericardial tap
Treatment of Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
The treatment and prognosis depends upon the location of the tumor. When the tumor occurs in an internal organ such as the spleen or heart, the chances of long-term survival are poor. Treatment is more successful when this cancer occurs in the skin.
Exposure to the sun may play a role in the development of this type of skin cancer. There is no known cause of hemangiosarcoma in other locations. In humans, exposure to certain chemicals (such as vinyl chloride) has been implicated as a cause.
Treatment for hemangiosarcoma may include the following:
- Intravenous fluids
- Blood transfusion
- Pericardial tap
- Radiation therapy
Home Care and Prevention
Seek veterinary attention promptly if your pet develops pale gums, signs of weakness or collapse. Have any new lumps on your pet evaluated by your veterinarian.
Minimize your pet’s exposure to the sun, especially cats that are poorly pigmented and have a sparse hair coat.
In-depth Information on Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
Hemangiosarcoma must be differentiated from other diseases that might cause similar clinical signs. For example, diseases of the heart such as an irregular heart rhythm can cause pets to show signs of weakness or collapse. There are several other malignant tumors that can appear as a mass in the spleen including:
- Malignant fibrous histiocytomas
- Undifferentiated sarcomas
These tumors can also rupture leading to bleeding from the spleen and the development of anemia. Some systemic cancers may involve the spleen either in addition to other sites or as the primary site. The two most common cancers where this occurs are lymphosarcoma and mast cell tumor. Although not common, other tumors can spread or metastasize to the spleen causing similar signs as hemangiosarcoma.
Other diseases that can cause similar signs include:
- Hemangioma, which is the benign counterpart of hemangiosarcoma. This tumor can cause the same clinical signs as hemangiosarcoma but does not spread to other areas of the body. This tumor type is rare.
- Splenic torsion. The spleen can become twisted, which can lead to enlargement of the spleen and possible rupture.
- Hematoma of the spleen. A blood clot can form in the spleen causing anemia and/or a mass in the spleen. Although generally there is a history of trauma, this can also occur without any known injury.
- Aortic body tumor, which is the most common other tumor of the heart. This can occur in the same location as hemangiosarcoma and cause similar signs. Ultrasound of the heart may not be able to differentiate between hemangiosarcoma and other tumor types such as an aortic body tumor.
- Idiopathic pericardial effusion. This condition causes fluid build-up around the heart. The cause is unknown but it can be managed by periodic removal of the fluid or surgery. Other types of tumors can also cause pericardial effusion.
- A complete blood count (CBC), including evaluating platelet numbers, will allow your veterinarian to check whether anemia (a low red blood cell count) is present or not. In addition to causing anemia, hemangiosarcoma can also cause a low platelet count. Platelets are needed in order for clotting to occur, so when the platelet count is low, there is an increased risk of bleeding.
- Cats with hemangiosarcoma can also have changes in other clotting tests. The risk of bleeding may be increased when the clotting tests are abnormal. This information is important for your veterinarian when surgery is being considered.
- Serum chemistry panel and urinalysis tests are run to identify any underlying diseases such as kidney or liver disease.
- Abdominal radiographs (X-rays) or ultrasound are sometimes performed to identify if there is a mass present in the abdomen. However, when there has been bleeding into the abdomen, X-rays become difficult to evaluate. An ultrasound of the abdomen will allow the liver and spleen to be evaluated in greater detail than X-rays. It should be kept in mind that older cats frequently have nodules in the liver and spleen that are considered aging changes and this does not mean that cancer is present.
- An abdominal tap may be performed to confirm the presence of free blood in the abdomen. Unlike blood in blood vessels, free blood in the abdomen does not clot. The blood can also be examined under a microscope for the presence of cancerous cells in the fluid. However, the absence of cancerous cells does not preclude the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma.
- When there is free fluid around the heart, it is often possible to remove a portion of this fluid using a needle and syringe. This is called a pericardial tap. A pericardial tap is often done with the assistance of an ultrasound so that there is less risk of puncturing the heart.
- Chest X-rays may be routinely taken in any cat suspected of having cancer. The lungs are one of the most common sites of spread of hemangiosarcoma. In addition, the size and shape of the heart can be evaluated to see if there are signs of either a mass in the heart or pericardial effusion.
- An ultrasound of the heart may be performed to allow identification of either a mass in the heart or fluid around the heart. However, ultrasound may not be able to identify small masses in the heart. An ultrasound of the heart also allows evaluation of heart function, which is important if chemotherapy is planned.
- An EKG allows for identification of any irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that may be secondary to hemangiosarcoma in the heart. Arrhythmias are common in cats that have tumors in the spleen or that have just undergone removal of the spleen.
Biopsy for Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
A biopsy may be necessary to make a definite diagnosis. If only a small sample is taken or if the tumor is very abnormal, it may not be possible to confirm that it is hemangiosarcoma. In the case where only a small sample is submitted, additional biopsies may be needed. In the case where the tumor is abnormal, special stains can be used to confirm that it is hemangiosarcoma. The type of biopsy depends upon the location of the tumor.
- When the tumor occurs in the spleen, the entire spleen is usually removed and submitted for biopsy. In addition, all other organs in the abdomen are usually examined and biopsies taken of any tissue that looks abnormal. The liver is usually examined carefully since it is common for hemangiosarcoma to spread to this site.
- It is more difficult to obtain a diagnosis when the tumor occurs in the heart than in the spleen. Generally the only way to get a biopsy in this location is to enter the chest cavity surgically.
- When the tumor occurs in the skin or in the tissues directly below the skin, several types of biopsies can be obtained. A small piece of the tumor can be obtained to confirm the diagnosis prior to any further treatment. It is also possible in some cases to remove the entire tumor for biopsy.
- When the tumor occurs in a bone, generally only a small sample of the bone is taken to obtain a diagnosis.
- Stabilization is usually needed when the tumor causes internal bleeding or a build-up of fluid around the heart. The symptoms can be life threatening; pets that have bleeding into the abdomen can go into shock and require emergency care. Cats that have a build-up of fluid around the heart can show signs of heart failure and collapse.
- Intravenous fluids may be administered. This usually involves placement of a catheter and rapid administration of intravenous fluids.
- Transfusions may be performed. If a cat is very anemic, a blood transfusion may be required to stabilize the patient. A transfusion can consist of either whole blood or just red blood cells.
- When the tumor causes pericardial effusion, it may be necessary to remove the fluid around the heart to allow the heart to beat more effectively. A pericardial tap is the procedure by which fluid is removed from around the heart. Generally, once the fluid is removed, the patient improves, although he must be monitored for recurrence of the fluid. Periodic removal of the fluid may be needed.
Surgery for Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
Surgery may be performed, and the type will depend upon the location of the tumor. In some cases emergency surgery is required to stabilize a patient when the tumor is bleeding.
- When the tumor occurs in the spleen, a splenectomy is performed. This involves removing the entire spleen. The spleen can be removed without having an adverse effect on health. At the time of surgery other organs, particularly the liver, should be examined and a biopsy taken of any abnormal tissue. By removing the spleen, the source of bleeding is removed and the patient stabilized. Potential complications following removal of the spleen include: infection, continued bleeding, failure of the incision to heal and an abnormal heart rhythm.
- When the tumor occurs in the heart, it is almost always found on only one chamber of the heart, the right atrium. It may be possible to remove the tumor surgically. The outer covering of the heart, the pericardium, can also be removed to prevent future build-up of fluid around the heart.
Potential complications of this surgery include bleeding, infection, failure of the surgery site to heal, introduction of air into the chest cavity causing difficulty breathing and an abnormal heart rhythm.
- When the tumor occurs in the skin or in the tissues immediately below the skin, surgery is required. It is important that normal tissue surrounding the tumor be removed, along with the mass, because cells from this tumor frequently infiltrate the surrounding tissues. Failure to remove these cells will result in the tumor regrowing.
Chemotherapy for Feline Hemangiosarcoma
Due to the early spread of this tumor, chemotherapy is frequently recommended in addition to other treatments. The only exception to this is when the tumor is localized to the very uppermost layer of the skin. Then surgical removal of the tumor may be all that is required.
The most commonly used chemotherapy drug is doxorubicin. This drug is administered intravenously once every three weeks. Cats handle this drug well and the risk of serious side effects is low, between 5 to 10 percent. Potential side effects include gastrointestinal problems, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or loss of appetite, and a drop in the white blood cell count, leaving a pet susceptible to infection. If multiple treatments of this drug are given, cumulative side effects include heart problems. In order to prevent the cumulative side effects, the number of treatments is limited to six or less. In cats, a heart evaluation (ultrasound and EKG) is recommended prior to giving the drug and before the fifth and sixth treatment.
Other drugs that are used in the treatment of hemangiosarcoma are cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Cyclophosphamide is frequently given either with doxorubicin or immediately after. When ifosphamide is used, it is alternated with doxorubicin. Both of these drugs can cause gastrointestinal side effects and a drop in the white blood cell count. In addition, they can cause an irritation in the lining of the bladder causing blood in the urine and straining to urinate. If the drug irritates the bladder the signs will usually resolve in a few days to a few weeks.
Radiation Therapy for Hemangiosarcoma in Cats
- Full course radiation therapy. This type of radiation therapy is used when a tumor involving the skin or underlying tissues cannot be completely removed. In order for full course radiation to be effective, all visible evidence of the tumor must be removed first with surgery. In this situation, 16 to 19 treatments of radiation may be given over a four to six week period of time. The side effects include hair loss and redness and ulceration of the skin. These side effects are present only for a three to four week period of time and can be managed with medications.
- Palliative radiation therapy. This type of radiation therapy can be used to control symptoms such as pain when the tumor cannot be entirely removed with surgery. It involves giving a few large doses of radiation therapy to the tumor over a two to three week period of time. Side effects are very few and is most commonly used when the tumor occurs in the bone.
Follow-up Care for Cats with Hemangiosarcoma
Radiation therapy may be performed and involve the following:
- Prognosis may vary. The recommended course of treatment and outcome depends upon the location of the tumor.
- Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen is aggressive. The recommended treatment is surgery (to remove the spleen) and chemotherapy. If the only treatment is removal of the spleen, the survival time is short (between one to two months). If chemotherapy is given after surgery the survival time is improved and is about six months.
- When the hemangiosarcoma is in the liver, the treatment recommendations and outcome are similar to that of the spleen.
- When the hemangiosarcoma is in the heart, the recommended treatment is to remove the tumor if possible and follow-up with chemotherapy. With surgery alone, the survival time is less than four months. With chemotherapy, the survival time is extended to six months or more.
- If the tumor occurs in only the upper layer of the skin the outcome is excellent. In that situation, the only required treatment is complete removal of the tumor with surgery. When the tumor involves the deeper layers of the skin or the underlying tissues, there is a greater potential for spread of the tumor to other organs. The recommended treatment is to remove the entire tumor with surgery and to follow-up with chemotherapy. If the entire tumor cannot be removed with surgery but is reduced to the level where the tumor cannot be felt, radiation therapy is recommended in addition to the surgery and chemotherapy. In this situation, survival times are between eight to 12 months with treatment.
- Hemangiosarcoma of the bone is an aggressive tumor. The most common bones affected are the ribs, forelimbs and vertebrae. The recommended treatment is removal of the affected bone if possible followed by chemotherapy. In situations where the affected bone cannot be removed, palliative radiation therapy can be given to control pain. The survival time for hemangiosarcoma of the bone with treatment is around six months.
- Seek veterinary attention promptly if your pet develops pale gums or signs of weakness or collapse. These may be symptoms of hemangiosarcoma or other potentially serious conditions.
- Have any new lumps on your pet evaluated by your veterinarian. Hemangiosarcoma of the skin or underlying tissues can be difficult to distinguish from less serious skin tumors. Early detection may increase the possibility of successful treatment.
- Restrict your cat’s activity after surgery until suture removal. Monitor the incision for any signs of redness, swelling or discharge. Keep you pet from chewing or scratching at the incision.
- If your cat receives chemotherapy monitor him for changes in appetite and activity. The most common side effects of chemotherapy are appetite loss, vomiting and/or diarrhea. Mild signs can frequently be managed at home with diet changes. Anti-nausea or anti-diarrhea medications can also be prescribed. Your veterinarian should be notified if the signs are severe or last longer than a few days. Rarely, your veterinarian may recommend hospitalization to prevent dehydration. Signs of infection include loss of appetite, fever and extreme tiredness. Infections in patients with low white blood counts are serious and require intravenous antibiotics.
- Minimize your cat’s exposure to the sun. Hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be caused by excessive exposure to the sun. | <urn:uuid:8d3f4643-0ca1-452d-af74-68a505e9e8b4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.petplace.com/article/cats/pet-health/hemangiosarcoma-in-cats | 2024-02-27T15:39:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.929008 | 4,053 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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Space Food: What Do Astronauts Eat Outside the Earth’s Atmosphere?
Going out in space is one tough task that astronauts have to face. They are given rigorous training for months before their journey. They are meticulously prepared for a mission, man once only dreamt of. Although it may seem easy to us, but the moment a space explorer steps into the area of zero gravity, nothing is easy anymore.
Zero gravity not only hampers an astronaut’s psychological state but also disturbs their regular physiological functions. And to maintain a strict balance between both, it is necessary that the ones going in space make sure they eat the right kind of food. But did you know that those who travel in space pack special kind of foods with them, lest it becomes a major cause of concern for them and their space shuttle?
The need for space food
Long before freeze-dried and processed foods packed in small tubes were carried on space flights, scientists did not know that a procedure as simple as eating would cause trouble to astronauts. It was only when Russian cosmonaut Gherman Stepanovich Titov experienced space sickness for the first time and vomited his entire stomach’s contents, did researchers realize that food was one of the major factors that needed careful planning before men and women were sent out. A celebrated figure across the globe today, Titov travelled in space on August 6, 1961 following in the footsteps of his fellow countryman Yuri Gagarin. It was this ‘rare event’ that he experienced on Vostok II that brought on the need for special space food for astronauts.
A regular helping of routine food, which resulted in upset tummies, was completely done away with to avoid astronauts falling sick in space in the future. Bite-sized, dehydrated foods that were not just nutritious but also tasty, light-weight, able to be refrigerated and eaten as and when required, specially packaged space foods became the norm. This heralded a new era of supplying meals to astronauts that neither meddled with human physiology in space nor did it affect the astronaut’s psychological condition, deviating him/her from the task at hand.
First food in space
Learning from previous experience, John Glenn, an American astronaut, onboard Friendship 7 in 1962, was issued foods in compact tubes, from which he could easily eat while in a state of zero gravity. He became the first American to eat food in space on board a space shuttle. A combination of applesauce with sugar tablets in water was considered the first space food that Glenn carried with him.
Scientists found out that astronauts could easily ingest, swallow and even digest food while experiencing total weightlessness and so special meals that did not hamper with the natural process of eating began to be issued to astronauts from then on. Some packaged meals issued to Glenn also contained pureed meat and vegetables, which he could directly ingest from a tube, without spilling it around or letting it float away in a gravity-less environment.
Preparing food for space
Before packed meals are sent on board a space vehicle, it is carefully prepared by specially trained chefs, who know what it takes to transport food out of the Earth’s orbit. There are a variety of procedures that are undertaken before packaging and sending food in space. It is either freeze-dried, irradiated or thermo-stabilized, along with a host of other processes that make meals edible in space.
In the freeze-drying procedure, the food is first cooked and then quickly frozen in very low temperatures before putting it inside a vacuum chamber, where the water from it is dried off. This process does not compromise on the taste or the quality of the food. Some foods are also preserved before they are freeze-dried. Irradiated foods are packed in foil pouches before being exposed to gamma radiation to kill off the bacteria dwelling inside them. Irradiated foods do not pose a threat to human life. Thermo-stabilizing foods mean completely destroying the germs and microorganisms from certain food items so that they can be stored for a longer period of time before eating. Fish and most fruits undergo thermo-stabilization before being packed for space delivery.
Nuts and cookies are carried as they are, only that they are coated with gelatin so they don’t end up in crumbs that could float inside the pod. Some dried fruits like apricots, peaches, plums and pears are stripped of some of their moisture and issued to astronauts to be carried outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Long before gourmet meals, just the way we eat on Earth were sent out in space for astronauts’ consumption, less appetizing and almost flavorless meals were issued to them. Packed in tubes, which had to be squeezed out like toothpaste, along with powdered granules of fruit juices or beverages were supplied to them. Astronauts then had to directly add hot water to the powder to rehydrate them before they could enjoy a hot cup of coffee or add cold water to have a sip of their favourite orange juice.
Before sophisticated methods like refrigerating and thermo-stabilizing were introduced onboard a spaceship, which are hassle-free methods of food preparation, freeze-drying was one of the most trusted ways of preparing food in space. Astronauts made use of hot or cold water guns, which injected water directly into the zip-locked pouches of food or plastic packets to rehydrate them so as to be eaten. Some space suits also had in-suit drinking devices, which were to be used in case of emergencies. These in-suit devices provided liquid foods in special ports, which were fitted in their helmets so that when things went wrong in their shuttle, they could live in space for a while with food stored in their suits.
Introduction of luxury space food
After John Glenn had the good fortune of eating pureed meat and vegetables, space food saw many alterations to suit the human physiology. More and more sophisticated, comfort foods were introduced, which were not only palatable but healthy as well. Squeeze tubes were discarded and thermo-stabilized pouches or wetpacks came into the picture. These packs made out of flexible aluminium foil or sterilized plastic kept food moist for a longer period of time and didn’t need rehydrating before consumption. These wetpacks allowed astronauts to enjoy bites of turkey, bacon and shrimp, helpings of chicken soup, tuna salad and even have cornflakes or beef sandwiches for breakfast, along with chocolate and butterscotch pudding for dessert.
The Apollo crew was the first to be provided with utensils, including a spoon bowl, which was a plastic container with dehydrated food already packed inside. Hot water needed to be injected into the bowl to rehydrate the meal, which the astronauts could eat with a spoon. The wetness of the food allowed it (to) stick easily to the spoon and not float away in the shuttle. Luxury foods like chocolate brownies, rice cereals, scrambled eggs, macaroni and cheese, stews, along with apple ciders began getting more preference. Later during the 70’s the crew on board the Skylab mission was even provided with tables to sit down on and enjoy their meals together.
Food grown in space
Growing food grains or crops in space is not an easy task since the atmosphere is very different from what it is on Earth. Space is not a conducive environment to grow plants for consumption, yet a group of astronauts cultivated their own vegetables and ate them too. The astronauts of the Expedition 44 mission on board the International Space Station were successful in harvesting food in microgravity, which included some leafy vegetables.
The first space-grown vegetable was the red variety of lettuce, which the crew members cleaned with citric-based sanitized wipes before consuming it. Produced under the Veggie plant growth system, astronauts harvested half of the red and green lettuces, along with mustard, which they ate as salads. These crops were collected by a technique called cut-and-come-again harvesting, which allows the crew to reap more of the same plant after it grows again.
On the ISS, a special unit is dedicated entirely for growing plants, where in the near future, astronauts would be able to grow food for consumption as well as pursue gardening activities for recreational purposes. These space plants grow under red, blue, white and green LED lights in a fully-enclosed, environmentally-controlled chamber. This secure chamber allows the crops to grow in an almost natural surrounding with the correct amount of oxygen, moisture and right kind of temperature. If the Veggie system goes as planned, NASA hopes to broaden the spectrum, by adding a variety of foods that can be grown in space. Work on wheat, cabbage and a few fruits is already underway, as space travellers get to eat their test crops.
When an astronaut smuggled food in space
Although the meals provided to the space travelers have come a long way, with many improvements made in the last five decades, there was one astronaut, who would have caused a major catastrophe for being disobedient. NASA’s second human spaceflight named the Gemini Project was underway in 1962 and John Young, an aeronautical engineer and test pilot, who later went on to become the Commander of Apollo 16 mission and also the ninth person to walk on the surface of the moon, smuggled a corned beef sandwich in space.
During his four-hour-long journey, he along with his colleague Gus Grissom were provided foods in plastic bags to consume. Not happy with the quality and taste of the freeze-dried space food, Young hid a sandwich in his spacesuit from a restaurant, which he later pulled out in space to eat only to realize what a huge mistake he had made. The crumbs of bread began floating in the space shuttle and there was a risk of those getting wedged between vents or parts of the equipment that kept the spaceship up and running. Grissom and Young could have died due to a major disaster or ended up being fatally wounded. Though both the crew members remained unharmed, he was reprimanded for his careless actions.
Young passed away at the age of 87 in January 2018, but his historic stunt is still etched in the minds of people. A replica of his corned beef sandwich remains preserved in the resin at the Grissom Memorial Museum in memory of the sandwich scandal in space.
A lot has already been done in the field of aeronautics and a lot more has to be accomplished; but the procedure of sending food in outer space remains the same with possibly a few changes being made in the quality, quantity and variety of foods that astronauts can enjoy in the confines of their space shuttle, thousands of miles away from their planet.
Enjoyed this article? Also, check out “A Glimpse into the Exciting World of Space Tourism“.
STSTW Media strives to deliver accurate information through careful research. However, things can go wrong. If you find the above article inaccurate or biased, please let us know at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:e020df28-0ae3-446e-ab11-97fa17105b36> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ststworld.com/space-food/ | 2024-02-27T16:48:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.97818 | 2,288 | 3.109375 | 3 | [
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National elections and leadership transitions were a dominant theme of 2012. In China, General Secretary Hu Jintao passed the baton to Xi Jinping as expected. Russians brought Vladimir Putin back to serve another term as president, Americans reelected President Barack Obama, and South Koreans elected their first woman president, Park Geun-hye.
Japan also ended up holding a general election in 2012—on December 16, a month after Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda abruptly dissolved the House of Representatives. The timing was unexpected, but the results were not: the Liberal Democratic Party, led by former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, swept the Democratic Party of Japan from power in a landslide. On December 26, Abe was designated prime minister by the National Diet and launched his new cabinet. It was the sixth time in six years that Japan had replaced its top leadership, a record unparalleled among the world's major powers.
In the following I offer a brief assessment of this electoral reversal and the immediate outlook for government policy under a resurgent LDP.
Fragmentation and the LDP Landslide
The December 16 election dramatically altered the balance of power in the House of Representatives. The DPJ, which came to power in 2009 by winning 308 lower house seats, was left with just 57, while the LDP surged from 119 to 294.
Under the electoral system adopted a decade ago, the House of Representatives has 480 seats, of which 300 are chosen in single-seat districts and the remaining 180 are assigned by proportional representation. The seismic shift brought about by the 2012 general election occurred mainly among the 300 single-seat districts, where large, entrenched parties have a decisive advantage. The LDP won 237 of these seats—a full 84%—leaving the DPJ with only 27.
The magnitude of the DPJ's losses reflects the depth of Japanese voters' disillusionment with the party they chose in 2009 to lead them into a new era. The DPJ had promised not only new policies but fundamental changes in the way government works. That commitment had resonated deeply with an electorate fed up with government waste, inertia, and corruption after more than a half-century of LDP rule. Unfortunately, the DPJ government not only failed to deliver on most of its pledges but sank into dysfunction as party in-fighting and friction with the bureaucracy undermined the operation of government at the most basic level.
Another factor contributing to the LDP's landslide was the frenetic formation of new parties in the weeks leading up to the election. The field was crowded with candidates from a total of 12 parties—the largest number ever. In addition to groups led by locally-based politicians like the mayor of Osaka and the governor of Shiga Prefecture, a spate of ad hoc parties sprang up, as many DPJ politicians, intent on saving their own careers in the face of their party’s dismal approval ratings, abandoned ship and scrambled aboard one political lifeboat or another. Most of these makeshift parties had no chance of winning in the single-seat constituencies but fielded candidates there anyway in hopes of boosting their share of the vote in the proportional-representation races. The large number of candidates worked to the LDP's benefit by splitting the vote of people seeking an alternative.
In this connection, it is worth noting that the LDP's total single-seat-district tally of 25.64 million votes actually fell short of its performance in the 2009 election, when it garnered 27.30 million votes in these constituencies. An overall decline in voter turnout is partly responsible for this paradox, but party fragmentation is another reason the LDP managed to more than double its strength in the lower house with fewer votes than in the previous election, when it went down to a decisive defeat.
It's the Economy . . . For Now
The newly launched Abe cabinet has vowed to reverse years of deflation and stimulate economic growth. Even before the election, Abe's pledge to work with the Bank of Japan toward a target of 2% inflation had a salutary impact on the market, pushing Japanese stock prices up and the yen's value down.
Abe's cabinet lineup reflects his focus on revitalizing the economy. As his minister of finance and deputy prime minister, Abe has tapped former Prime Minister Taro Aso, who shares Abe's faith in an expansionist fiscal policy. He has also resurrected the Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy—inactive over the past three years of DPJ rule—as an advisory body for macroeconomic issues, and will use the newly established Economic Revitalization Headquarters to support decisions on short-term stimulus measures.
At the top of the agenda is the drafting of a 10 trillion yen supplementary budget for fiscal year 2012 ending March 2013, to be followed by the fiscal 2013 budget. The government needs to rev up the economy quickly, or it could come under tremendous pressure to reject the planned consumption tax increase when it makes a final decision in the fall of 2013. The cabinet's economic priorities are also apparent in its flexible stance on resuming operations at the nation's idled nuclear power plants, a message the markets have found reassuring.
Meanwhile, when it comes to foreign policy, the hawkish proclivities that overseas media reports have played up are nowhere in evidence—nor are they likely to be any time soon.
In the run-up to the LDP's September 2012 party election, Abe branded himself as a dyed-in-the-wool nationalist. He took a hard line on Japan's territorial disputes with China and South Korea and raised the possibility of retracting previous government apologies for past Japanese aggression and brutality—including the 1993 statement by Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono apologizing for the recruitment of Korean comfort women and the 1995 statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama expressing contrition for Japanese militarism. He has also threatened to reopen old wounds by visiting Yasukuni Shrine, where war criminals are honored alongside Japan's other war dead. Abe has called for a revision of Japan's war-renouncing Constitution and recognition of the Self-Defense Forces as full-fledged armed forces. All these positions have stoked concerns overseas, especially in China and South Korea, where the media have sounded the alarm over the installation of a right-wing nationalist cabinet.
For now, however, Abe seems unlikely to tackle this agenda. The top political priority for his cabinet over the coming months is positioning the LDP to win the July 2013 election for the House of Councillors, which the opposition forces currently control. Until the LDP can break the opposition's hold on the upper house, it will face major roadblocks passing any legislation other than that relating to the budget. For this reason Abe is likely to focus his early efforts on popular pump-priming measures, rather than embark on foreign-policy and defense initiatives that would almost certainly invite disorder in the Diet, cut into the cabinet's approval ratings, and jeopardize the LDP's chances in the July upper house election.
Abe may be serious about establishing a cabinet-level national security council and revising the government's interpretation of the Constitution to allow Japan to exercise its right to collective self-defense, but he is unlikely to pursue these pet projects before the upper house poll. Rather than repeat the DPJ's mistake of tackling too much at once and accomplishing nothing, the new LDP cabinet will opt to play it safe with a view to building support in preparation for July's election
The LDP's Rise, Fall, and Rise
The biggest concern with the Abe cabinet is that it seems to have given new life to the old LDP, reviving the same outdated approach to politics and policymaking that voters rejected just three years earlier.
Formed from the merger of two leading conservative parties in 1955, the LDP was able to remain at the helm for decades by building a mutually beneficial three-way partnership with the bureaucracy and key industrial lobbies. What made this profit-sharing “iron triangle” sustainable were the ever-increasing revenues generated by Japan's rapidly growing economy. By generously targeting these government resources in the name of "redistribution of wealth," the LDP secured the political loyalty of business interests and rural constituencies and built a nearly unshakable power base.
But entrenched power breeds political corruption. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the public soured on the LDP in the wake of incidents like the Recruit and Sagawa Express influence-buying scandals. Meanwhile, the rapid economic growth that had sustained the LDP machine came to an end with the collapse of the 1980s asset-price bubble. Still, successive LDP administrations ignored this fundamental change and continued the big-spending policies that had kept it in power over the years. This is how Japan's public debt (central and local government combined) ballooned to twice the nation's GDP—dwarfing the overspending that has brought countries like Greece and Spain to the brink of default.
The LDP's historic defeat in 2009 was a public verdict against the LDP's way of running the country. Now the party seems to be regarding its December landslide as a mandate to resume exactly where it left off.
New Challenges for a Déjà Vu Government
An important mechanism by which the LDP maintained its mutual back-scratching arrangement with the bureaucracy and industry was the party's internal policy committees, in which senior LDP politicians met to set government policy in various areas. The powerful Tax System Research Commission, which exerted an iron grip over tax policy through the 1990s, played a key role on the revenue side, distributing government favors in the form of tax breaks. Business groups focused intense lobbying efforts on the panel, which then worked to revise the tax code. The DPJ objected to this arrangement, and when it took power, it established a government tax panel whose meetings were publicly streamed over the Internet.
One of the first things the LDP did after last December's election—even before Abe had taken office—was convene a meeting of the Tax System Research Commission to begin deliberating revisions to the tax code for fiscal 2013. After the meeting, Chairman Takeshi Noda justified the practice as a means of exerting political leadership over revenue issues instead of leaving the decisions to ministry officials.
Around the same time LDP headquarters began holding meetings of the various divisions of the party's Policy Affairs Research Council, the organs through which the LDP accommodated key interest groups via government expenditures. The Diet members who streamed into those meetings are zoku giin —the same politicians who kept the old LDP machine running through their policy efforts in behalf of powerful industry groups and other lobbies.
Tax and budget bills are first approved by the cabinet and then submitted to the Diet for deliberation. The initial policy decisions are thus the responsibility of the cabinet. The DPJ argued that the intervention of party politicians allied with vested interests led to corruption and irrational policy. Unfortunately, the DPJ's approach went too far in excluding party politicians from the policymaking process and contributed to the internal dissent and divisions that hastened its fall from power.
Rather than seek a happy medium, the LDP seems bent on resurrecting the old system wholesale so that powerful business lobbies can once again use the zoku giin to influence government policy .
Meanwhile, the cohesive internal factions that defined the old LDP are on the rise as well. All in all, the new government seems intent on a return to the “bad old days.”
But the environment in which the LDP is functioning has changed dramatically. Japanese society has aged and continues to age rapidly. The days of high-paced growth and ever-rising tax revenues are behind us. The government can no longer delay painful fiscal reforms. Yet policy by zoku giin tends always toward higher spending and lower revenues. The approach that helped maintained the political status quo during the era of rapid economic growth could propel Japan headlong toward a full-blown debt crisis.
Can the government maintain fiscal discipline in the face of the party's built-in bias toward wasteful spending? Shinzo Abe's old LDP and déjà vu cabinet are facing a brand new challenge—one for which they seem singularly ill-prepared. | <urn:uuid:c8e69a80-21d0-406b-91b3-c8509c9b8c3f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.tokyofoundation.org/research/detail.php?id=608 | 2024-02-27T16:31:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.967587 | 2,490 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
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In March 2016, Google’s AlphaGo made history when it won a Go match with a 4:1 advantage, against Lee Sedol, an honorary 9 dan player from South Korea. Go, which originated in China over 3,000 years ago is a highly complex game that requires multiple layers of strategic thinking. Then, Google’s AlphaStar competed with two of the world's top gamers in "StartCraft II" at the end of 2018 and finally defeated the opponent with two 5:0 scores. Although as early as 1997, the computer program "Deep Blue" developed by IBM defeated the then chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov, but considering that the difficulty of playing chess is far lower than that of Go, AlphaGo's victory is to some extend regarded as "the real arrival of the AI era".
Origins of AI
From 1955 to 1956, John McCarthy, an assistant professor at Dartmouth College, was widely recognised as the father of artificial intelligence (AI). Marvin Minsky from Harvard University, Claude Shannon from IBM, and Nathaniel Rochester from Bell Labs in the United States jointly coined the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) saying "If machine can use different language to form abstractions or concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves through autonomous learning, we call it AI."
The Oxford dictionary defines AI as ‘the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.’
As systems evolve, AI technology will be found in more IoT applications such as sensing, smartphones, network searches, face or vehicle license plate recognition, smart meters, industrial control and autonomous driving.
In the field of autonomous driving, level 4 testing (which is considered to be fully autonomous driving, although a human driver can still request control) has already been conducted in the United States. With Level 5 (true autonomous driving where the car does all the driving and there is no cockpit) autonomous driving is just around the corner, we will not only rely on traffic laws and regulations but also and the developers of the AI algorithms to ensure the safety of vehicles and pedestrians.
According to statistics from the International Data Corporation (IDC), the global AI services’ is expected to rise to 18.4% by 2024, with a market value of about $37.8 billion. This includes customised applications and related support and services for customised platforms, such as deep learning architectures, convolutional neural networks (a class of artificial neural network, most commonly applied to analyse visual imagery), AI-related chips (CPU, GPU, FPGA, TPU, ASIC) to name but a few.
IDC also predicts that global data storage will soar from 33ZB in 2018 to 175ZB in 2025, more than 50% of which will come from IoT devices.
Considering about 14 billion IoT devices will be deployed around the world by 2025, it is not of the utmost importance that we significantly increase the number of computing units and computing power in the cloud so as to cope with the massive data growth?
Well, the short answer is no. It does not consider the real challenges such as bandwidth and latency in the data transmission chain from endpoint to the cloud, which is why "edge computing" springs up so rapidly.
It is not necessary increase bandwidth and the number of servers to deal with the rapid increase of IoT devices. It is better to move applications to the endpoint devices so there is no need to send all of the data to the cloud for processing, transmission, storage, and analysis. For example, in an industrial automation application, data storage distance impacts efficiency - 5G mobile device manufacturers may experience serious battery life difficulties if they do not strengthen endpoint artificial intelligence and reform the computing-storage architecture.
Security is another important issue, especially in the Internet of Everything (IoE) era, where confidential information, data leaks or hacking incidents are common. Having computing happen at the edge minimises the number of times data is transferred in the "cloud-pipe-endpoint" path, in that case, power consumption and the total system cost of ownership is reduced while ensuring data and network security.
Comparing AI Chips
AI technology is divided into two categories; Training and Inference. Training is executed in the cloud by CPU, GPU, and TPU to continuously increase database resources for building data models. Inference relies on the trained data model and is more suitable for completing edge devices and specific applications. It is often processed by ASIC and FPGA chips.
AI-related chips include CPU, GPU, FPGA, TPU and, ASIC. To get an idea of how these chips compare to one another, here is a comparison focusing of 5 key factors. These are:
CPUs are developed with strong computing power and software and hardware compatibility that are second to none. But due to limitations of the von Neumann architecture, data needs to be transferred back and forth between the memory and the processor. This limits the average processing speed and the ability to push itself forward in power consumption and cost when compared to other solutions.
Thanks to the adoption of the Compute Unified Device Architecture, Nvidia’s GPU, for example, can subjectively read the memory location and boost the computing power by sharing virtual memory. The average computing power exceeds CPUs hundreds or even thousands of times.
GPUs have developed with good software and hardware compatibility, but need improvement in power consumption and cost-efficiency. Investment in hardware such as additional cooling systems is also essential to reduce any heat issues.
ASIC chips are designed for specific applications. Their computing power, overall power consumption, and cost-efficiency can be optimised after verification and tuning.
FPGAs compatibility of software and hardware is commendable, even if the overall computing power, cost efficiency and power consumption are not the best. For developers, starting an AI chip development from a FPGA is still a good idea.
Breaking Through the Boundries of Von Neumann Architecture
The von Neumann architecture which is widely adopted by traditional computing devices, does not separate computing and storage but focuses more on computing. The endless transmission of data between the processor and the memory consumes about 80% of the time and power. Academics have come up with many different ways to solve this - implementing high-bandwidth data communication through optical interconnection and 2.5D/3D stacking. Mitigating memory access delay and power consumption by increasing the number of cache layers and near-data storage such as high-density on-chip storage.
But is there any difference between computing and storage in the human brain? Do we use the left hemisphere for computing and the right one for storage? Obviously not. The computing and storage of the human brain happens in the same place with no data migration required.
Then, it is not surprising that both Academics and the Industry were eager to find a new architecture similar to the structure of the human brain with the ability to combine computing and storage organically. The solution was ‘Computational Storage Devices’, which computes using storage units directly or classify the computing units so they correspond to different storage units -minimising power the consumption caused by data migration.
Some manufacturers in the storage industry have explored different options. Non-volatile memory (NVM), for example, stores the analog signal generated by the digital-to-analog converter and outputs the computing power. Meanwhile, the input voltage and output current play the role of variable resistors in the NVM, and the analog current signal is converted into the digital signal by the analog-to-digital converter. This completes the conversion process from digital signal input to digital signal output. The biggest advantage of this approach is that it can fully utilise the mature 20/28nm CMOS process, instead of pursuing the expensive advanced process of 7nm/5nm like CPU/GPUs.
With the reduction of cost and power consumption, the delay has been significantly improved, which is crucial for applications such as drones, intelligent robots, autonomous driving, and security monitoring.
In general, the computational complexity of the endpoint inference process is low and the tasks involved are relatively fixed. With the low versatility requirements of the hardware acceleration functions, there is no need to frequently change the architecture. This is more suitable for the implementation of in-memory computing. Relevant statistics show that before 2017, artificial intelligence, whether training or reference, was completed in the cloud; but by 2023, AI reference on edge-side devices/chips will account for more than half of the market, with a total of $20-30 billion. This is a massive market for IC manufacturers.
What Kind of Flash does AI Require?
Everyone will agree how important high-quality, high-reliability and low-latency Flash Memory is for AI chips and applications. Finding the right balance of performance, power consumption, security, reliability, high efficiency for different applications is crucial. Cost, although important, should not be the most important consideration.
Winbond’s product portfolio, offers suitable options for AI applications including high-performance OctalNAND Flash W35N, the W25NJW series for low-power applications, and the security-related W77Q/W75F series of secure flash memory. The data transfer rate of Winbond QspiNAND Flash, for example, is about 83MB per second and the fastest speed of OctalNAND series is up to almost 3 times faster at almost 240MB per second.
Our AG1 125C NOR series and AG2+ 115C NAND series Flash are being mass-produced for automotive applications. Winbond also provides cost-efficient solutions such as the W25N/W29N NAND Flash series for line robot applications.
In addition to Winbond’s a wide range of Flash products, Winbond’s SpiStack (NOR+NAND) also offers a viable alternative. It stacks NOR and NAND dies into one package, such as 64MB Serial NOR and 1Gb QspiNAND die stack, offering designers the flexibility to store code on the NOR die and data on the NAND die. Although it is a stack of two dies (NOR+NAND), the single package of SpiStack only utilizes 6 signal pins.
"Winbond provides a variety of Flash options to protect the code model developed by customers. Just like in a basketball match, the chip manufacturer plays the centre or the forward, scoring with powerful computing power and algorithms; while Winbond, just like a defender, protects customers with high-quality, high-performance Flash products to ensure they keep scoring in the market." Comments Winbond. | <urn:uuid:f9402d31-5690-4cdf-bc55-1f666b9c56a5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.winbond.com/hq/support/online-learning/articles-item/choosing-the-right-flash-memory-for-ai-endpoint-applications.html?__locale=uk | 2024-02-27T16:36:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.938269 | 2,211 | 2.71875 | 3 | [
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Introduction to Devario devario: Exploring the World of This Fascinating Species
Welcome to our blog post dedicated to Devario devario, commonly known as the Devario. In this article, we will delve into the captivating world of this unique fish species. From its physical characteristics and habitat to its diet, feeding behavior, and reproductive cycle, we will uncover intriguing details about the Devario devario. Additionally, we will touch on its conservation status, shedding light on the efforts being made to protect this remarkable species. So, let’s dive right in and discover the wonders of Devario devario!
Introduction to Devario devario
Devario devario, commonly known as the Glowlight Danio or Galaxy Rasbora, is a small freshwater fish species that belongs to the family Cyprinidae. This stunning fish is native to the rivers and streams of South and Southeast Asia, particularly found in countries like India, Thailand, and Myanmar.
Physical Characteristics of Devario devario
Glowlight Danios have a distinct and eye-catching appearance. They have a slender body shape and can grow up to a maximum length of about 2 inches (5 centimeters). The most fascinating feature of these fish is their vibrant coloration. They have a rich golden-orange body with stunning iridescent blue or green vertical bars. Additionally, their fins are translucent, adding to their overall beauty.
Habitat and Distribution of Devario devario
Devario devario is predominantly found in the freshwater ecosystems of South and Southeast Asia. They are commonly seen in flowing rivers, streams, and even flooded rice fields. These fish prefer habitats with plenty of vegetation, as it provides them with ample hiding places and opportunities for foraging. They are known to inhabit both shallow and deep water areas, depending on their specific ecological requirements.
Diet and Feeding Behavior of Devario devario
Being omnivorous, Glowlight Danios have a diverse diet. In the wild, they primarily feed on small insects, crustaceans, and zooplankton. However, they also consume plant matter, algae, and detritus to meet their nutritional needs. In captivity, they readily accept a variety of commercially available fish foods, including flakes, pellets, and frozen/live foods. It is important to provide them with a balanced diet to ensure their overall health and vibrant coloration.
Reproduction and Lifecycle of Devario devario
Glowlight Danios are egg-layers and undergo a fascinating reproductive process. During courtship, the males intensify their coloration and show off their fins to attract females. After successful mating, the female scatters her adhesive eggs among vegetation or on the substrate. The eggs hatch within 24-48 hours, depending on water conditions, and the fry become free-swimming within a few days. These fish reach sexual maturity at around 2-3 months of age and have a relatively short lifespan, typically living up to 2-3 years.
Conservation Status of Devario devario
Although Glowlight Danios are currently not listed as threatened or endangered, their natural habitats are at risk due to human activities such as deforestation, water pollution, and habitat destruction. Moreover, their popularity in the aquarium trade also poses a potential threat if not managed sustainably. It is crucial to promote responsible fishkeeping practices and conservation efforts to ensure the long-term survival of this captivating species in the wild.
Physical characteristics of Devario devario
The Devario devario, commonly known as the Indian barb or red-line torpedo barb, is a small freshwater fish native to the rivers and streams of Southeast Asia. It belongs to the family Cyprinidae and is widely popular among aquarium enthusiasts for its vibrant colors and active behavior. In this blog post, we will explore the physical characteristics of the Devario devario and delve into what makes this species so unique and fascinating.
When it comes to the physical appearance, the Devario devario is a visually striking fish. It has an elongated body shape with a streamlined profile, typically reaching a length of about 2-3 inches in captivity. The most prominent feature of the Devario devario is its brilliant coloration. The body is predominantly silver with a bold red or orange stripe running horizontally along the lateral line, from the gill covers to the base of the tail. This vibrant stripe gives the fish its common name, “red-line torpedo barb.”
Additionally, the Devario devario displays finnage that adds to its overall visual appeal. The dorsal fin is positioned closer to the tail and is usually larger and more pronounced than the other fins. It is adorned with a black spot at the base, further enhancing its striking appearance. The anal and pelvic fins are smaller and more delicate, while the caudal fin is forked and provides excellent propulsion for the fish’s swift movements.
The scales of the Devario devario are small and closely set, providing the fish with a smooth and shiny texture. This, combined with its sleek body shape, allows the fish to glide effortlessly through the water. The eyes of the Devario devario are relatively large in proportion to its body size, enabling it to have a keen sense of vision and detect prey or potential threats from a distance.
In conclusion, the physical characteristics of the Devario devario make it an enchanting species to behold. Its elongated body, vibrant coloration, and striking finnage contribute to its overall beauty. Whether you are a hobbyist or simply an admirer of aquatic life, this fish is sure to captivate your attention and add a touch of elegance to any freshwater aquarium.
Habitat and distribution of Devario devario
The habitat and distribution of Devario devario, also known as the Indian Flying Barb, is a fascinating topic to explore. This species of fish is native to the rivers and freshwater bodies of South Asia, particularly in countries like India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar. It is known for its ability to “fly” above the water surface, making it a unique and interesting species to study.
Devario devario is typically found in clear, oxygen-rich rivers and streams with moderate to fast-flowing water. They are known to inhabit both shallow and deep areas of the water bodies, but they prefer areas with dense vegetation, submerged rocks, and sandy or gravel substrates. These habitats provide them with ample hiding places and sources of food, as well as suitable conditions for breeding and reproduction.
In terms of distribution, Devario devario has a wide geographic range within South Asia. It can be found in various river systems, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, and Godavari rivers. They are highly adaptable to different habitats and can thrive in both tropical and subtropical climates. However, due to habitat degradation and overfishing, their population and distribution have been declining in some areas.
To better understand the habitat and distribution patterns of Devario devario, let’s take a look at the following list:
- Devario devario is native to South Asia, particularly in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar.
- They are found in clear, oxygen-rich rivers and streams with moderate to fast-flowing water.
- Preferred habitats include areas with dense vegetation, submerged rocks, and sandy or gravel substrates.
- They can inhabit both shallow and deep areas of the water bodies.
- Geographically, they can be found in river systems such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, and Godavari.
- The species is adaptable to both tropical and subtropical climates.
- Habitat degradation and overfishing pose threats to their population and distribution.
In summary, the habitat and distribution of Devario devario highlight its preference for clear, oxygen-rich rivers with dense vegetation and varied substrates. Its wide geographic range within South Asia reflects its adaptability to different climates and habitats. Nonetheless, conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the continued existence of this unique and fascinating species.
Diet and feeding behavior of Devario devario
Devario devario, commonly known as the Danio or the Devario dario, is a small freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae. Native to the rivers and streams of South Asia, particularly in countries like India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, this beautiful fish species is a popular choice among aquarium enthusiasts. In this blog post, we will dive deeper into the diet and feeding behavior of Devario devario, shedding light on what this species prefers to eat and how it hunts for its food.
When it comes to the diet of Devario devario, this fish species is primarily omnivorous, meaning it consumes both plant matter and small invertebrates. In the wild, their diet mainly consists of insect larvae, small crustaceans, worms, and plant material like algae and detritus. In aquarium settings, they can be fed a variety of commercially available fish foods such as flakes, pellets, and freeze-dried or frozen foods. It is important to ensure a well-balanced diet for Devario devario that includes both animal protein and plant matter, as this mimics their natural feeding habits.
The feeding behavior of Devario devario is quite fascinating to observe. These fish are generally active swimmers, constantly on the move in search of food. They have a voracious appetite and readily accept food offerings. Due to their slender body shape and small size, they are quite agile and quick in capturing prey. They have a mouth adapted for biting and seizing small organisms, and their speed and agility make them successful hunters. They often hunt in schools, utilizing their numbers to their advantage in capturing food efficiently.
In addition to their natural diet and feeding behavior, it is worth mentioning some key considerations to ensure the optimal health and wellbeing of Devario devario in an aquarium habitat. Providing a varied diet that includes live or frozen foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, and daphnia can help promote their natural feeding instincts and provide necessary nutrients. It is also essential to avoid overfeeding, as this can lead to health problems and water quality issues. Regular monitoring and maintenance of water parameters, as well as creating a suitable habitat with appropriate hiding spots and vegetation, are crucial for the overall care and enhancement of their feeding behavior.
- Devario devario is an omnivorous fish species.
- Their diet consists of small invertebrates and plant material.
- In aquarium settings, they can be fed flakes, pellets, and freeze-dried or frozen foods.
- They have a voracious appetite and hunt in schools.
- Variety in their diet and suitable habitat conditions are essential for their wellbeing.
Diet | Feeding Behavior |
Omnivorous | Active swimmers |
Insect larvae | Quick and agile in capturing prey |
Small crustaceans | Hunt in schools |
Worms | Utilize their numbers for efficient food capture |
Plant material | Benefit from a varied diet and suitable habitat |
Reproduction and lifecycle of Devario devario
Devario devario, commonly known as the Devario or the Spotted Danio, is a small freshwater fish native to South and Southeast Asia. In this blog post, we will delve into the fascinating world of the reproduction and lifecycle of Devario devario.
Devario devario follows a reproductive strategy known as oviparity, which means they reproduce by laying eggs. During the breeding season, which typically occurs during the monsoon period, males become more vibrant and colorful, displaying elaborate courtship behaviors to attract females.
Once a male successfully attracts a female, they engage in a courtship dance, where the male curves his body, and both fish quiver their bodies in synchrony. This dance is not only a display of courtship but also helps stimulate the female to release her eggs.
- Egg Laying: After the courtship dance, the female lays her eggs on submerged plants or any suitable substrate in the water. These adhesive eggs stick to the plants or substrate, providing them with protection.
- Egg Development: The eggs typically hatch within 24 to 48 hours, depending on the temperature and water conditions. During this time, the male plays a crucial role in guarding the eggs and fanning them with his pectoral fins to ensure proper oxygenation.
- Larval Stage: Once hatched, the larvae are tiny and transparent. They rely on their yolk sacs for nourishment initially. As they grow, they start feeding on microscopic organisms, such as zooplankton, and gradually transition to a more varied diet.
- Juvenile Stage: After about two weeks, the larvae develop into juveniles. At this stage, they start to develop their characteristic markings and coloration. Juvenile Devario devario are highly active swimmers and constantly seek out food sources.
- Adult Stage: As the juveniles continue to grow, they undergo several molting stages, shedding their old skin and growing a new one. This process allows them to adapt to their changing size and maintain optimal health.
Devario devario has a relatively short lifecycle, typically living for around 3 to 4 years in the wild. However, under favorable conditions, they can live up to 5 years or longer. The availability of food, water quality, and suitable habitat are crucial factors that influence their overall lifespan.
Understanding the reproduction and lifecycle of Devario devario provides valuable insights into their conservation and breeding in captivity. By studying their reproductive behaviors and requirements, conservationists and hobbyists alike can work towards preserving this fascinating species for future generations to appreciate and enjoy.
Conservation status of Devario devario
Devario devario, commonly known as the spotted danio or the celestial pearl danio, is a stunningly beautiful fish species that is native to the freshwater rivers and streams of Southeast Asia. With its vibrant colors and unique patterns, it has become a popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts around the world. However, the increasing demand for this species, combined with various other factors, has led to concerns about its conservation status.
The conservation status of a species is a measure of the likelihood of its extinction in the wild. It is determined by assessing various factors such as population size, habitat degradation, and threats faced by the species. In the case of Devario devario, its conservation status is currently categorized as “near-threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
One of the main factors contributing to the near-threatened status of Devario devario is habitat loss. This species is highly dependent on clean and well-oxygenated water environments, typically found in small forested streams and tributaries. However, due to deforestation, pollution, and human activities such as dam constructions, their natural habitats are being destroyed at an alarming rate. As a result, their population size is declining rapidly, putting them at higher risk of extinction.
- Loss of habitat due to deforestation and pollution.
- Human activities like dam constructions.
- Declining population size.
In addition to habitat loss, the overexploitation of Devario devario for the aquarium trade is another significant concern. As the demand for this visually striking species increases, there is a growing risk of overharvesting and irresponsible collection practices. It is crucial for both hobbyists and traders to ensure that they source these fishes ethically and support sustainable practices to protect wild populations.
Table: Threats to the conservation of Devario devario
Threats | Impact |
Habitat loss due to deforestation | High |
Pollution of water bodies | Moderate |
Human activities – dam constructions | High |
Overexploitation for aquarium trade | High |
To ensure the conservation of Devario devario, concerted efforts are needed on various fronts. First and foremost, it is essential to protect and restore their natural habitats. This can be achieved through initiatives such as reforestation, implementing strict pollution control measures, and regulating dam constructions in critical areas.
In addition, sustainable management practices need to be adopted for the aquarium trade. This includes captive breeding programs to reduce the reliance on wild-caught individuals, promoting education and awareness among hobbyists about responsible fishkeeping, and establishing stricter regulations on the import and export of Devario devario.
The conservation of Devario devario is not only vital for the survival of this unique species but also for maintaining the overall biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems. By taking proactive conservation measures and raising awareness about the threats they face, we can contribute towards safeguarding the future of the celestial pearl danio. | <urn:uuid:907da137-5779-4b3b-91c8-67769cca91da> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.xmupoe.com/devario-devario/ | 2024-02-27T17:02:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.947355 | 3,438 | 3 | 3 | [
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A Columbus Day Revisit
LESSONS FROM THE AGE OF EUROPEAN MARINE EXPLORATION FOR THE SPACE AGE.
From the Book "PROTOCOLS" (c) 2012 by American Admiralty Books
WHEN COLUMBUS MET GUACANAGARI The Perils Of First Contact, A Case Study
The first landfall of Columbus in the New World is a subject of considerable academic debate. Wherever the landing actually took place, Columbus called the island "San Salvador". For many years historians generally believed this to be an island known as "Wattling Island"in the Bahamas which later was renamed "San Salvador". At least nine other islands have been seriously examined as possibilities. The most often discussed seems to be Samana Cay. There has been debate over the issue for years and strong cases have been made for other islands as the first landfall of Columbus. Some of the most scholarly debate in terms of forensic navigation have been carried in the pages of the Naval Institute PROCEEDINGS and NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. However, the where of the first landfall of Columbus is not as important for an examination of the lessons of the first contact.
The first lesson to be derived from the first voyage of Columbus is the definition of "first contact". The operative definition of "first contact "is a matter of gravest concern. Is it the first contact between emissaries of an alien culture and the first inhabitants met? Or is "first contact" the first meeting between the emissaries and the first officials of the culture visited. The first contact between Columbus and native Americans made little impression on the culture of San Salvador, an apparent rural back water but provided Columbus with some vital intelligence. His next contact with a real Chief of numerous villages, a "Chief" named Guacanagari, would set the course for European /Native American relations for centuries. There is a high probability when exploring unknown areas that actual first contact will be unplanned. Let us examine the first days of Columbus in the New World and ask our selves what there is to learn from the Columbus experience if initial contact in our own explorations will be with non official persons. Let us also look for lessons for that first contact with officials; what we might learn that would allow us to be better prepared in the event of an encounter with another civilization in outer space.
Columbus became convinced that he was near land on October 11, 1492. Land birds were seen from his ships and a carved wooden object had been recovered from the sea. However by sundown nothing else had been seen. At 2200 (10 PM) Columbus and crewman Pedro Guttierrez and Rodrigo Sanchez saw a light to the Southwest. The Pinta set course for the light. At 0200 (2 AM) October 12, 1492 crewman Rudrigo de Triana sighted land. Columbus fell to his knees in gratitude to God. To quell a potential mutiny Columbus had agreed to sail westward for only three days more on October 10, 1492. As dawn broke Columbus and his men saw a small green Island. A small boat was launched and the crew with Columbus embarked pulled for shore. While still offshore Columbus observed a group of people come out of the forest. First contact was about to happen. The people came down to the beach and stood looking at the approaching boat. Columbus dressed in his finest for the occasion buckled on his sword and armor when he saw the people on the beach. The sailors were also armed.
When the boat landed Columbus and the sailors disembarked. The people from the forest stood a little distance off while Columbus unfurled the Spanish flag and proclaimed himself viceroy of the island he named "San Salvador". The people from the forest continued to stand a little ways off. Gripping , but not brandishing his sword, Columbus approached. The people proved friendly and curious. They accepted a few trinkets with apparent pleasure and ran off. The crew set out exploring the island. The next day the islanders returned in great numbers. Columbus noticed that some of the natives wore ornaments of gold. Communicating mostly through sign language Columbus discovered that the source of the gold was a large island nearby to the south east. Columbus set sail for the south east where he found another island and more friendly inhabitants, some with gold ornaments. Once again Columbus wast told the gold producing island was elsewhere. Again Columbus set sail. Columbus island hopped for two weeks in the Bahamas meeting people on each island and eventually ended up off the coast of the island that we now call Cuba.
On November 21, 1492 a strong wind separated the PINTA from the SANTA MARIA and the NINA. THE SANTA MARIA and the NINA headed east and arrived off the island of Hispaniola. Here Columbus met the first real native "official" since landing on "San Salvador", a local chief named Guacanagari. Columbus was impressed with Guacanagari who arrived with flourishes and the entourage Columbus thought worthy of a minor Oriental prince; but displayed a friendly , outgoing nature, apparently tempered with great humility. Guacanagari, a chief of the peaceful Tainos in turn was impressed with Columbus. Guacanagari feared the cannibalistic Caribs, Columbus looked like a potentially powerful ally. In turn Columbus would shortly be in need of Guacangari's assistance.
On Christmas day 1492 the SANTA MARIA fetched aground on a reef. The ship did not sink but could not be re-floated. She was so badly damaged that it was clear that the SANTA MARIA would never return to Spain. Now Columbus really needed Guacanagari. Guacanagari provided men to help offload the SANTA MARIA" and strip her of useful fittings. The NINA was too small to carry both crews back to Spain. Columbus would have to leave some of the men with Guacanagari.Columbus had grown to trust Guacanagari and Guacanagari had apparently developed a genuine interest in and apparent affection for the Europeans.
There can be little doubt that the civilized behavior,apparent command of resources, obvious authority, and the gift of a mask made partially of gold by Guacanagari helped convince Columbus that he was on the outskirts of the Orient. It would be to Guacanagari that Columbus would entrust nearly a third of his crew, and to Guacanagari that Columbus would return on his second voyage. The crew must have also been impressed with the Tianos people, Guacanagari, and the climate and terrain of the Bahamas because many crewmen volunteered, even begged to remain. Thirty nine were chosen from an abundance of volunteers. Diego de Arana , the Master at Arms was left in command. With the help of the Tianos the crew built a fort from the remains of the ship and stored it with provisions and weapons. Since the ship wreck had occurred on Christmas Columbus called the fort "la Navidad". After a farewell banquet with Guacanagari Columbus departed for Spain during the first week of the new year 1493.
Shortly after the start of the return voyage the Nina sighted the Pinta. They would separate again in a storm before reaching Spain. The story of Columbus's return voyage from his first visit to the New World, the rivalry between Columbus and the Captain of the PINTA , the intrigue at court after the return of the NINA and PINTA could fill a book. But these details detract from the examination of the events surrounding Columbus and Guacanagari. Consequently we will leave the details of the return voyage and organization of the second voyage back to Guacanagari's island to others and cut to the return of Columbus to "La Navidad".
The sovereigns of Spain authorized a second voyage and issued formal instructions. These formal instructions included a call for the conversion of the natives to Christianity but stipulated that the natives be treated "well and honorably". Communications would be facilitated on this second voyage by the presence of former captive "Indians" who had been baptized, learned Spanish, and could act as interpreters. This second expedition would consist of seventeen vessels and 1,200 to 1500 men. On September 25, 1493 Columbus left the port of Cadiz to great fanfare for a return in force to La Navidad. Before reaching La Navidad Columbus landed on an island he called Guadeloupe. This turned out to be the home island of the free ranging and raiding cannibal Caribs so feared by Guacanagari. No violence ensued because most of the warriors were gone on a raiding party off island. The remaining Caribs, mostly women, old men and a few captives explained this mostly by hand gestures. The Europeans took twelve young women and two boys who had been captives of the Caribs with them as they departed the island.
After leaving Guadeloupe the fleet sailed along the south coast of Puerto Rico to the north shore of Hispaniola. Columbus looked forward to seeing La Navidad and the progress he hoped had been made there in the interval since his departure. He looked forward to seeing Guacanagari who he was certain would impress his fellow adventurers. But when they anchored off the island, there was no answer to their salute. Indeed there was little sign of life. Shore parties found bodies near the remains of the fort which had been burned. Shore parties found bodies near the remains of the fort which had been burned,the first were badly decomposed and could not be identified. Two however were bearded and surely European, What would come to be known as America , had lost its first European colony. Guacanagari sent regrets to Columbus by envoy blaming the massacre on the Caribs. Guacanagari claimed that he had tried to defend the Spaniards and was wounded as a result. Columbus and several men went to visit Guacangari but noticed that he bore no scars. Little by little Columbus learned the truth. The men he left behind had behaved badly, lusting after gold and taking "Indian" women. The Tianos defended and avenged themselves. The first European settlement in the New World came to a bitter end as a bloody massacre. The trust between the Tianos and the Europeans was broken. Though immediate relations between the new landing party and Guacanagari's Tianos were cordial on the surface, storm clouds were gathering. | <urn:uuid:fb341054-a9b4-4738-9c76-7275b3cce81e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://americanadmiraltybooks.blogspot.com/2014/10/a-columbus-day-revisit-lessons-from-age.html | 2024-02-28T22:57:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.974094 | 2,131 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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Kimono and yukata are traditional Japanese garments that have charmed people around the world with their beauty, style, and traditional aesthetic. They are full-length T-shaped robes that have long sleeves and are secured in place with a decorative belt. There are many specific rules for when and how to wear kimono and yukata, known as kitsuke. The rules for kimono are much stricter as they are considered formalwear, while rules for wearing yukata are more relaxed.
What we cover:
- What is a Kimono?
- How to Wear a Kimono
- What is a Yukata?
- How to Wear a Yukata
- The Differences between Kimonos and Yukatas
- Where to buy Yukata or Kimono
- How to buy Kimono or Yukata outside of Japan
What is a kimono?
A kimono is a traditional style of dress that became part of the normal Japanese wardrobe back in the Muromachi period (1392-1568). Over time, styles shifted to denote the wearer’s social rank and occupation. The rules for kimono settled into place during the Edo period (1603-1868), and since the eighteenth century, there have been very few major changes.
Today, only a small percentage of Japanese people wear kimono every day because they are expensive and difficult to put on. A kimono is an extremely dressy garment, so wearing one every day would be the equivalent of wearing a formal dress or fancy suit wherever you go.
The style of kimono worn depends on both the occasion and the status of the wearer. Komon is a casual type of kimono that can be worn throughout the year by both married and unmarried women, while young unmarried women can also wear furisode, a type of kimono with long sleeves to indicate that a woman is eligible for marriage. In addition, there are many other types of ceremonial kimono worn for special occasions.
How to Wear a Kimono
A kimono consists of twelve or more parts, which can make wearing them very complicated. The first layer is the underclothing. This consists of an inner kimono called the nagajuban. Under this, you may also wear a hadajuban, which is like an undershirt that prevents the nagajuban from becoming soiled. The kimono layers are tied down with a thin sash called a koshi himo.
Over the underclothing you wear the outer kimono layer. Remember to put this on with the left panel over the right. The upper center line on the back of the kimono should be in line with your spine. The full length of the kimono should be within 5 cm(2 inches) of your full height. Lift the kimono so the hem is at your ankles, tie it in place with a koshi himo, and then fold down the remaining fabric. This creates a special fold in the fabric called an ohashori. For women, it’s important to buy a kimono that’s long enough to fold down, as it’s considered bad kitsuke to wear a kimono without this fold.
Next, a colorful belt called an obi goes over the outer kimono layer. There are many different lengths, fabrics, and styles of obi. Hanhaba obi is the informal obi for everyday kimono wear, while a fukuro obi is the ceremonial one worn for formal occasions. There are also obi accessories like the obiage, a length of silk tied around the torso and underneath the obi that helps to give the body a tube-like shape, and the obijime, which is a decorative cord tied around the obi that helps to keep its knot in place.
Zori are the traditional kimono footwear. They’re sandal-like shoes made of fabric, brocade, or vinyl and must be worn with tabi socks, the white traditional socks used with Japanese footwear. Nowadays, you can also get other non-traditional colors of tabi socks such as the light blue one you see below.
Men’s kimonos tend to be much simpler and come in muted colors like black, gray, brown, and dark blue. For formal occasions, men wear a montsuki, which is a formal black silk kimono worn over a white under-kimono and hakama, traditional Japanese trousers. Men also wear zori, usually made of imitation plastic straw, but they are not required to wear tabi socks with their zori like women.
How to Wear Kimono Video:
What Is a Yukata?
A yukata is a casual kimono-like garment worn during the summer. It’s unlined and usually made of cotton to make the fabric more breathable. As such, yukata are popular for dressing up for summer events like firework festivals.
Yukata wearing dates back over 1,000 years to when they were worn by the nobility to and from their baths in the days before bath towels were used in Japan. Because yukata are much cheaper than silk kimono, they became very popular during the Edo period when there were strict laws that prevented people from living extravagantly.
How to Wear a Yukata
Yukata have much fewer components than kimono do. Because they’re made of cotton, it’s not necessary to wear a nagajuban underneath. However, as with kimono, women will need to adjust the length of the yukata by making an ohashori fold. The obi worn with yukata is narrower and more informal, and some yukata makers even stitch the obi into a pre-tied bow so it’s easier to put on.
For footwear, you should wear your yukata with geta, which are informal all-season sandals made of wood. Geta are much more casual than the zori worn for kimono and are like the traditional Japanese equivalent of wearing sneakers.
For fashion, many people add a brooch-like accessory to the front of their obi called an obidome, or they may wear a hair ornament called a kanzashi. Some people even wear a sheer obi called a heko obi on top of the traditional one for a more modern look.
Yukata wearing is even simpler for men, who aren’t required to make an ohashori fold. Instead, men’s obi are tied lower on the waist, and men are encouraged to create a sort of “pot belly” shape by wearing a special yukata pad for a rounder belly shape.
How to Wear Yukata Video:
The Difference between Kimono and Yukata
Kimono are the older, more traditional, and more expensive garment. They’re usually made of silk or brocade, have an inner layer and an outer layer, and are worn with at least two collars. Both men and women wear kimono. They can be worn year-round and have different seasonal styles – unlined in summer, lined in autumn and spring, and padded in winter. There are also different types of kimono depending on the occasion as well as the wearer’s social status.
Yukata are the more casual and inexpensive garment. They’re typically made of cotton and are meant for wearing in the summer. Yukata are mostly worn by women; however, it’s becoming more popular for young men to also wear them during the summer. Because yukata are less formal, people often experiment with colors, patterns, and accessories.
Despite their differences, both kimono and yukata have one important rule, which is that you must wear them with the left panel over the right. Wearing them the wrong way is considered extremely rude as right-over-left is how the dead are dressed in Japanese culture. To avoid this faux-pas, remember that you should be able to slip your right hand underneath the top panel of your garment, as though you were tucking something inside.
Popular Places to Get Kimono and Yukata
Most Japanese people who are buying new kimono order them from specialized stores or in a department store. Traditional kimono are not purchased ready-made but are sold as a single length of cloth around 16 feet long, from which the kimono is made. However, unless they’ve got a thousand-dollar budget, most Japanese people these days rent a kimono for formal occasions or buy one secondhand. These can be found at a used clothing store called a furugiya or at a “recycle shop”, which is a Japanese store dedicated to secondhand goods. Online you can also find secondhand kimono on auctions sites like Yahoo! Auctions. However, before buying a kimono, it’s important to consider that they need to be cleaned and stored carefully.
A yukata may be a better choice as they are less expensive and much easier to care for. Many shops on Rakuten Japan sell pre-made yukata sets, which include the yukata itself and an obi, geta, and other accessories. Japanese fast-fashion retailer Uniqlo also sells a reasonably priced yukata set during the summer.
How to Buy Kimono and Yukata outside Japan
If you don’t live in Japan and would like to buy a Kimono Set or Yukata Set from Japan, use our shopping service and we’ll help you order one! If you’re having trouble finding what you want, send us an inquiry with what you would like to look for. | <urn:uuid:6a832dad-6f15-4eb5-a90b-05f910ce982b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.fromjapan.co.jp/en/japanese-culture/all-about-kimono-and-yukata-the-differences-how-to-wear-buy.html | 2024-02-28T22:25:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.969084 | 2,054 | 3.234375 | 3 | [
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] |
Botanical Illustration 3: Advanced Techniques
Learn botanical illustration online
Advanced Techniques is one of nine online courses we offer in our Horticulture Distance Learning Program.
Next class: January 15 - March 4, 2024
Introduction and orientation starts January 11.
To build on previous experience with botanical drawing techniques by using various art media, culminating in the development of a portfolio. The course offers the opportunity to explore media such as art markers, pastel, charcoal, colored pencil, tempera and gouache, and to mix media to capture the essence of your botanical subjects. The portfolio assignment provides the opportunity to reflect on one’s work, explore new directions, and prepare a portfolio for presentation to employers, galleries, or schools.
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
- Observe nature through both a scientific (structural) and an artistic (aesthetic) lens at an advanced and detailed level.
- Articulate a personal aesthetic -- what appeals to you, and what you enjoy.
- Demonstrate proficiency with different media including pencil, ink, chalk, colored pencil, and pastels.
Course at a Glance
Welcome and an Introduction: Course Overview
Lesson 1: Review of Elements and Principles
- Exercise 1.1: Lines, Patterns and Shading with Pencil Techniques Assignment
- Exercise 1.2: Composition with Pen and Ink Assignment
- Exercise 1.3: Revisiting the Color Circle Assignment
- Exercise 1.4: Portfolio Development Assignment
- Optional Exercise: Adobe Photoshop
Lesson 2: Technical Drawing with Pen and Ink
- Exercise 2.1: Roots with Pen Techniques Assignment
- Exercise 2.2: Flower Parts with Quill and Ink Assignment
- Colored Pen Techniques file
- Exercise 2.3: Colored Pen Illustration Assignment
- Exercise 2.3b: Colored Pen Illustration Assignment
Lesson 3: Textures and Dimensions Found in Nature; geometric forms; charcoal and chalk
- Exercise 3.1: Drawing Geometric Forms with Pencil Assignment
- Exercise 3.2: Overlay and Shadowing Assignment
- Exercise 3.3: Charcoal and Chalk Illustration Assignment
- Charcoal Techniques Part One file
- Charcoal Techniques Part Two file
- Exercise 3.3b: Charcoal and Chalk Illustration Assignment
Lesson 4: Watercolor and Colored Pencil, Mixed Media
- Exercise 4.1: Watercolor Assignment
- Exercise 4.2: Colored Pencil Techniques Assignment
- Exercise 4.3: Colored Pencil Illustration: Iris sp. Assignment
- Blending with Colored Pencils file
- Exercise 4.4: Mixed Media Illustration Assignment
- Exercise 4.5: Portfolio Development Assignment
Lesson 5: Identification and Portrayal of Plant Characteristics
- Exercise 5.1: Pencil: Pleurotus ostreatus Assignment
- Exercise 5.2: Pen and Ink: Quercus spp. Assignment
- Exercise 5.3: Colored Pencil: Rosa spp. Assignment
Lesson 6: Final Lesson – Illustration and Portfolio Review
- Warm Up 6.1: Preparing for your Final Illustration Assignment
- Final Illustration Assignment
- Portfolio Review Assignment
- Instructors: Sonja Williams sw955 [at] cornell.edu (sw955[at]cornell[dot]edu)
- Note: You will not be able to access the online course website after the course ends.
This 6-lesson course builds on previous experience, and helps the student to go further in technical proficiency. You will gain considerable experience with botanical drawing techniques by using various art media, culminating in the development of a portfolio. There is an expectation that students will engage deeply in study, making a commitment to gaining expertise and producing a portfolio that demonstrates the range of your ability. Our approach will be to introduce you to a range of media and exercises, with the anticipation that you will genuinely delve into each.
This course teaches a traditional form of botanical illustration, along with a few different creative exercises. We will employ a more scientific approach, which is an advantage for plant identification and description. This is essential to becoming a botanical illustrator.
This course promotes illustration to experience the plant world in a scientific and creative way in order to express ourselves during the process. Although you can become as proficient as you wish, the course instruction will focus on the basics in a supportive environment of selfdiscovery.
This is a course that you are likely taking for your own personal enrichment and proficiency. As such, I hope that you are intrinsically motivated to complete readings and all assignments, including optional assignments, to devote considerable time to drawing, and to communicate with your colleagues freely and often in an effort to get the most from this course. I will assign readings, and I will assume you read them; I will not "test" you on content because I do not believe that should be your motivation. You will get from the course what you put into it.
Our communication will be positive and will focus on course content. Rude or offensive language, and overly critical commentary will not be tolerated. It is a course taken for enrichment, and the way we communicate with one another will be constructive.
Please be open with your feedback and feel free to contact us with any questions. Open dialogue is encouraged.
With this in mind, we ask that you begin without demanding expectations of your artistic abilities for each lesson or upon completion of the course. Keep an open mind, and please remember that it can take a lifetime of illustration to develop the kind of skill that you see in the text! A seed takes a long time to grow into a plant, flower, and fruit. Our development as artists is similar.
Learning to illustrate is like learning to play the piano: you would never expect yourself to be playing symphonies at the end of your first lesson, and yet often, it seems the people have this expectation with art techniques. Please take the time to enjoy yourself and get lost in the process, particularly since it offers the additional benefits of providing an experience that gives you a break from the rush and bustle of daily life.
The text we have chosen will provide you with a reference for the terms and techniques introduced, while providing you with supplemental exercises that will help you to sharpen your skills on your own. Your illustrations will not likely be as well developed as the author's and it would be unwise to have that expectation from the course onset. Use the exercises for inspiration.
It is important that you choose a comfortable, quiet place to practice drawing and complete your assignments. All of the numerous, everyday distractions can disrupt creative flow, limit your focus, and hinder a careful understanding of the plant material you will choose as your subject. So, shut off the cell phone and enjoy the break in the action!
We recommend that you set up your art supplies in a place where they can be readily accessed, rather than have to bring them out each time you use them. This will encourage you to practice more. If you don't have a place where you can leave your supplies uninterrupted, keep them close at hand, in a box underneath your desk or table to eliminate the chore of searching for supplies when you feel inspired.
You will need to have some access to plant materials for drawing: houseplants, gardens, stems from the grocery store or florist, produce, collected leaves or twigs, etc. They need not be expensive, and can be very simple, but it is critical that you work from life. There will be times when working with a photograph or other image is tempting, appropriate, or perhaps necessary. For the requirements of this course, however, unless we ask you to use an image or a photograph for the photo, please work from the 'real thing.' If that is impossible, please work from your own photographic images.
You may find some of the lessons to be very straightforward in their approach. Although you need to submit the basic requirements each week, you certainly may embellish and add to them if you wish.
In the course you will create up to six finalized works of art that will become part of your portfolio. At the end of the course I will review those portfolios. You are expected to either create a hand or digital portfolio. As you advance your artistic skills, you will want to have an organized collection of your work. In the first lesson we will go over what is expected of your portfolios, along with tools and tips for portfolio development.
Your reflective writing will allow you to develop new observational skills as well as a dialogue with the course instructor and your peers. Reflection is something that you can do at home, at work, or during a stroll through the garden. It is a very important part of developing the creative and observational components of your brain, something we expect to improve not just your drawing ability, but your full range of activities around creativity and the plant world. It will encourage you to make connections between the course and your life experience, in addition to reflecting on course content.
One of our favorite books: Botanical Illustration Course with the Eden Project by Rosie Martin and Meriel Thurstan
We will assign readings from this book, so it is required that you purchase it. The book can be found online or at a library.
A list of optional books to be used with this course can be found in the 'Additional Resources' topic at the end of the course. To access the list, simply click the Materials for Further Exploration resource.
These books can be found in your local bookstore or library. If you have trouble finding them, try online book vendors.
Graphite pencils. These drawing pencils can be purchased at any craft store or local art supplier. I suggest purchasing wood-encased graphite pencils that require sharpening, rather than buying mechanical pencils that can carry leads of different hardness for reasons that will be clarified when we learn line and shading techniques.
Drawing pencils come in several degrees of hardness which will produce lines of varying darkness. The softest pencil is the 6B, which will produce the darkest line. the hardest is 6H, providing a finer, sharper line. Between these is a continuum of hardness from the hardest to the softest: 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H HB 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B
You can buy a set of pencils that will contain all or a selection of these, or you can purchase them individually. If purchasing individually, make sure to span the hardness range with your selections. Another excellent drawing pencil is the Sanford Ebony Jet Black pencil #14420.
Erasers. You will need two of these. A Kneaded eraser is made of pliable gum rubber; when kneaded, it will resemble a large, chewed piece of gum. This can be pulled to a point to reach inside small spaces for erasure. A Plastic eraser or White Vinyl eraser is somewhat flexible and excellent for cleanly erasing larger parts of a drawing.
Sharpener. A good sharpener produces a long, sharp tip. You may consider sharpening your pencils with a craft knife since it will allow the pencil to last longer.
Drawing Paper. Drawing paper is available in different weights and sizes. For the different range of mediums: pencil, ink, pastels, and charcoal you should purchase the appropriate paper for the type of art medium. You will want to try different papers to experiment to find out which you prefer, and should start out with inexpensive papers. The paper is available in sheet form, or in blocks.
Set of Black Pens. Purchasing a good set of black pens with a wide range of sizes is important for this course. 'Micron' or 'Prismacolor' pens are great for illustrating because of the lasting quality of Pigma ink. These pens are acid-free and archival. Unlike dye-based ink found in most pens and markers, Pigma ink will not feather or bleed, even through the thinnest paper. Pigma ink is derived from a single pigment to ensure color consistency, and is fadeproof against sunlight or UV light. Pigma inks will not clog or dry out like most mechanical pens.
Speedball Crow Quill Dip Pen with Nibs and Ink. This is the more traditional option for ink (instead of micron-type pens). Please select your pens of choice.
Colored Marker Set. Designed for detailed work, Prismacolor Premier Double-Ended Art Markers (or similar high quality brand) feature an advanced dye-based alcohol ink formulation that ensures rich color saturation and coverage, and smooth, silky ink flow. These markers can be purchased as individual markers, or in sets. [Note: if you are working with a budget constraint and materials are a concern, I am glad to talk with you about substituting additional watercolors for your colored marker assignments! I know that materials can quickly add up.]
Charcoal, chalk, tortillions, and fixative. Charcoal is available in natural sticks of willow and vine charcoal, and compressed charcoal in various grades in stick or pencil form. Carbon pencils are a blend of charcoal and graphite with an oilier binder which gives a soft feel. Compressed charcoal and pencils vary in texture according to the blend of charcoal, clay and fillers used in their manufacture. Ideally, purchase a small selection to try, as preference is a matter of personal taste. You should also purchase a small set of tortillions (used for blending), white chalk and fixative spray.
Watercolor. Most students will have taken the course Working with Watercolor; many students have requested the opportunity to go further with their watercolor. You will need tube paints of transparent watercolor (not opaque, and not acrylic or other paint); palette; brushes; watercolor paper.
Colored Pencil Sets. For creating successful botanical illustrations with colored pencil, not any type of colored pencil can be used. Prismacolor colored pencils are great for blending color and creating a smooth surface. These pencils can get expensive, so start out with a small set. Sometimes online art stores have great sales on this item. There are several other excellent brands, such as Faber-Castell Polychromos, Derwent, and Caran D’Ache. | <urn:uuid:8e5483e7-8217-449b-a651-872390ba3151> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://cals.cornell.edu/education/degrees-programs/botanical-illustration-3-advanced-techniques | 2024-02-28T23:42:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.92722 | 2,981 | 3.015625 | 3 | [
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Can Oat Milk Cause Diarrhea? A Look at the Evidence
Oat milk, a plant-based milk alternative, has gained popularity in recent years for its creamy texture and health benefits. However, some people have reported experiencing digestive issues, specifically diarrhea, after consuming oat milk. In this article, we will explore the evidence behind whether oat milk can cause diarrhea and the factors that may contribute to digestive issues.
Understanding Oat Milk: A Brief Overview
Oat milk is a dairy-free milk alternative made from oats and water. It is often fortified with vitamins and minerals to enhance its nutritional value. Oat milk has gained popularity among those who are lactose intolerant or follow a vegan or plant-based diet.
But did you know that oat milk has a fascinating history? It dates back to the 1990s when a Swedish scientist named Rickard Öste invented it as a substitute for cow's milk. Öste, who was lactose intolerant himself, wanted to create a delicious and nutritious alternative that could be enjoyed by everyone.
What sets oat milk apart from other plant-based milk alternatives is its creamy texture and slightly sweet taste. This makes it a versatile option for various culinary uses, from adding it to your morning coffee to using it in baking recipes.
What is Oat Milk?
Oat milk is made by soaking oats in water, blending them, and then straining the mixture to remove any solid particles. The resulting liquid is a creamy and slightly sweet milk-like beverage.
The process of making oat milk is relatively simple, but it requires attention to detail. The quality of the oats used and the ratio of oats to water can greatly affect the taste and consistency of the final product. Some oat milk enthusiasts even experiment with different types of oats, such as steel-cut or rolled oats, to achieve their desired texture.
Once the oats are blended with water, the mixture is strained to remove any leftover oat particles. This step ensures a smooth and silky texture, similar to that of traditional dairy milk. The leftover oat pulp can be used in various recipes, such as pancakes or muffins, to reduce waste and add a nutritional boost.
Nutritional Profile of Oat Milk
Oat milk is a rich source of nutrients, including carbohydrates, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It is often fortified with calcium, vitamin D, and B vitamins to enhance its nutritional value. Oat milk is also naturally cholesterol-free and low in saturated fat.
One cup of oat milk typically contains around 130-150 calories, making it a lighter option compared to other milk alternatives. The carbohydrates in oat milk come from the oats themselves, providing a steady release of energy throughout the day. This makes it a great choice for those looking for a nutritious and filling beverage.
In addition to its nutritional benefits, oat milk is also known for its potential health benefits. The beta-glucans found in oats have been linked to improved heart health and lower cholesterol levels. Oat milk's high fiber content can also support digestion and promote a healthy gut.
With its creamy texture, slightly sweet taste, and impressive nutritional profile, it's no wonder that oat milk has become a beloved alternative to traditional dairy milk. Whether you're lactose intolerant, following a vegan lifestyle, or simply looking to explore new flavors, oat milk is definitely worth a try!
The Connection Between Oat Milk and Digestive Health
Many factors can contribute to digestive issues, including diet, lifestyle, and individual differences in gut health. While oat milk is generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience digestive issues after consuming it.
How Oat Milk Affects the Gut
Oats contain a type of fiber called beta-glucan, which has been shown to promote gut health. Beta-glucan acts as a prebiotic, providing nourishment for beneficial gut bacteria. This can help maintain a healthy balance of gut flora, which is essential for optimal digestion and overall well-being.
In addition to beta-glucan, oats also contain other nutrients that support digestive health. For example, they are rich in soluble fiber, which can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation. The fiber in oats absorbs water, adding bulk to the stool and making it easier to pass through the digestive tract.
Furthermore, oat milk is often fortified with vitamins and minerals, such as calcium and vitamin D, which are important for maintaining a healthy gut. Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle contractions, including those involved in digestion, while vitamin D helps with the absorption of calcium and supports overall gut health.
Oat Milk and Diarrhea: Is There a Link?
There is limited scientific research specifically investigating the link between oat milk and diarrhea. However, anecdotal reports suggest that some individuals may experience diarrhea after consuming oat milk. It is important to note that individual tolerance to oat milk can vary, and what may cause digestive issues for one person might not affect another.
One possible reason why some individuals may experience diarrhea after consuming oat milk is due to an intolerance or sensitivity to certain components in oats. For example, some people may be sensitive to the proteins found in oats, such as avenin, which can trigger an immune response and lead to digestive symptoms.
In addition, oats also contain fibers, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be difficult for some individuals to digest. These fibers can ferment in the gut, producing gas and causing bloating, discomfort, and loose stools.
It is worth noting that the way oat milk is processed can also impact its effects on digestion. Some commercial oat milk products may contain additives or thickeners, such as carrageenan or guar gum, which can affect the gastrointestinal tract in certain individuals. These additives are used to improve the texture and consistency of oat milk but may cause digestive issues in some sensitive individuals.
If you suspect that oat milk is causing digestive issues for you, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional. They can help determine if you have an intolerance or sensitivity to oats or if there might be other underlying factors contributing to your symptoms.
Scientific Evidence: Oat Milk and Diarrhea
While there is a lack of specific studies on oat milk and diarrhea, there is some scientific evidence related to oats and digestive health that can provide insights.
Studies Supporting the Connection
A study published in the Journal of Nutritional Science found that some individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) experienced an exacerbation of symptoms, including diarrhea, after consuming oats. However, it is important to note that the study did not specifically focus on oat milk.
Further research on the topic suggests that the dietary fiber present in oats may contribute to the development of loose stools or diarrhea in sensitive individuals. This fiber, known as beta-glucan, is a soluble fiber that can absorb water and increase stool bulk. In some cases, this can lead to looser bowel movements and potentially diarrhea.
Moreover, another study conducted by the University of Helsinki examined the effects of oat bran on digestive health. The results showed that participants who consumed oat bran experienced an increase in bowel movement frequency, with some individuals reporting loose stools. Although this study did not directly investigate oat milk, it provides valuable insights into the potential effects of oats on gastrointestinal function.
Studies Against the Connection
On the other hand, a review of studies published in the journal Nutrients found that oats are generally well-tolerated and do not cause digestive issues in most individuals. However, this review did not differentiate between oat milk and other oat products.
It is important to consider that oat milk, unlike whole oats or oat bran, undergoes a different processing method. During the production of oat milk, the oats are soaked, blended, and strained to extract the liquid. This process removes some of the insoluble fiber found in whole oats, which may impact its potential effects on digestive health.
Additionally, the presence of other ingredients in commercially available oat milk, such as sweeteners or thickeners, may also play a role in gastrointestinal symptoms. Some individuals may have sensitivities or intolerances to these additives, which could contribute to digestive issues like diarrhea.
While more research specifically focusing on oat milk and its effects on digestive health is needed, the existing evidence suggests that the relationship between oat milk and diarrhea is complex and may vary depending on individual factors such as overall diet, gut microbiota composition, and underlying gastrointestinal conditions.
Personal Testimonies: Oat Milk and Digestive Issues
In addition to scientific research, personal testimonies can provide valuable insights into the potential effects of oat milk on digestive health.
When it comes to personal experiences with oat milk and digestive issues, there is a wide range of accounts that offer interesting perspectives. These testimonies shed light on the diverse ways in which oat milk can affect individuals.
Case Studies of Oat Milk Causing Diarrhea
Some individuals have reported experiencing diarrhea after consuming oat milk in online forums and social media groups. These anecdotal reports suggest that oat milk may not be suitable for everyone and that certain individuals may be more sensitive to its components.
For example, Sarah, a 32-year-old woman, shared her experience on a health forum. She mentioned that after incorporating oat milk into her daily routine, she noticed a significant increase in bowel movements, which eventually led to diarrhea. Sarah's case highlights the importance of individual variation and how some people's digestive systems may react differently to oat milk.
In another instance, John, a 45-year-old man, shared his story on a social media group dedicated to dietary concerns. He mentioned that he had always been lactose intolerant and decided to try oat milk as an alternative. However, after a few days of consuming oat milk, he experienced loose stools and discomfort. John's case emphasizes the need for individuals with specific dietary sensitivities to exercise caution when introducing new food items into their diets.
Case Studies of Oat Milk Improving Digestive Health
On the other hand, there are also individuals who have reported improvements in their digestive health after switching to oat milk. These accounts highlight the individual differences in gut health and tolerance to different foods.
Emily, a 28-year-old woman, shared her experience on a blog dedicated to dietary changes. She mentioned that she suffered from occasional bloating and stomach discomfort after consuming dairy milk. However, upon switching to oat milk, Emily noticed a significant reduction in these symptoms. Her testimonial showcases the potential benefits of oat milk for individuals who struggle with lactose intolerance or other dairy-related digestive issues.
Similarly, Mark, a 38-year-old man, shared his story in an online community focused on gut health. He had been dealing with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for years and decided to give oat milk a try after reading about its potential benefits. To his surprise, Mark noticed a decrease in IBS symptoms such as abdominal pain and irregular bowel movements. Mark's experience highlights the positive impact oat milk can have on certain individuals with specific digestive conditions.
These personal testimonies, both positive and negative, contribute to the ongoing conversation surrounding oat milk and its effects on digestive health. While scientific research provides a solid foundation, these real-life experiences offer a more nuanced understanding of how oat milk can impact individuals on a personal level.
Other Potential Causes of Diarrhea
It is important to consider other potential causes of diarrhea before attributing it solely to oat milk consumption.
Common Dietary Triggers
Diarrhea can be triggered by various dietary factors, such as excessive consumption of high-fiber foods, certain food additives, or food intolerances. It is important to identify other potential dietary triggers and consider an elimination diet to pinpoint the specific cause.
Non-dietary factors, such as stress, infections, medications, or underlying medical conditions, can also contribute to digestive issues. Consulting with a healthcare professional is advised to rule out any underlying causes and determine the appropriate course of action.
The Bottom Line
While there is no direct evidence linking oat milk to diarrhea, some individuals may experience digestive issues after consuming it. It is important to consider individual tolerance, potential dietary triggers, and consult with a healthcare professional if persistent digestive issues occur. Experimenting with different milk alternatives or opting for homemade oat milk could be viable options for those with sensitive digestive systems.
Oat milk can be a nutritious and delicious alternative for many individuals, but it is essential to listen to your body and make choices that suit your specific needs. As with any dietary change, moderation and personalization are key to maintaining a healthy gut and overall well-being. | <urn:uuid:805b4325-88c5-49aa-82fa-709380b5028c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://casadesante.com/blogs/milk-alternatives/can-oat-milk-cause-diarrhea-a-look-at-the-evidence | 2024-02-28T22:04:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.946424 | 2,635 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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1234
] |
The Art Of Scripting HTTP Requests Using Curl
This document assumes that you are familiar with HTML and general networking.
The increasing amount of applications moving to the web has made "HTTP Scripting" more frequently requested and wanted. To be able to automatically extract information from the web, to fake users, to post or upload data to web servers are all important tasks today.
Curl is a command line tool for doing all sorts of URL manipulations and transfers, but this particular document focuses on how to use it when doing HTTP requests for fun and profit. This documents assumes that you know how to invoke curl --help
or curl --manual
to get basic information about it.
Curl is not written to do everything for you. It makes the requests, it gets the data, it sends data and it retrieves the information. You probably need to glue everything together using some kind of script language or repeated manual invokes.
The HTTP Protocol
HTTP is the protocol used to fetch data from web servers. It is a simple protocol that is built upon TCP/IP. The protocol also allows information to get sent to the server from the client using a few different methods, as is shown here.
HTTP is plain ASCII text lines being sent by the client to a server to request a particular action, and then the server replies a few text lines before the actual requested content is sent to the client.
The client, curl, sends an HTTP request. The request contains a method (like GET, POST, HEAD etc), a number of request headers and sometimes a request body. The HTTP server responds with a status line (indicating if things went well), response headers and most often also a response body. The "body" part is the plain data you requested, like the actual HTML or the image etc.
See the Protocol
Using curl's option --verbose
as a short option) displays what kind of commands curl sends to the server, as well as a few other informational texts.
is the single most useful option when it comes to debug or even understand the curl<->server interaction.
curl --trace-ascii debugdump.txt http://www.example.com/
See the Timing
Many times you may wonder what exactly is taking all the time, or you just want to know the amount of milliseconds between two points in a transfer. For those, and other similar situations, the --trace-time
option is what you need. It prepends the time to each trace output line:
curl --trace-ascii d.txt --trace-time http://example.com/
See which Transfer
When doing parallel transfers, it is relevant to see which transfer is doing what. When response headers are received (and logged) you need to know which transfer these are for. --trace-ids
option is what you need. It prepends the transfer and connection identifier to each trace output line:
curl --trace-ascii d.txt --trace-ids http://example.com/
See the Response
By default curl sends the response to stdout. You need to redirect it somewhere to avoid that, most often that is done with -o
The Uniform Resource Locator format is how you specify the address of a particular resource on the Internet. You know these, you have seen URLs like https://curl.se or https://example.com a million times. RFC 3986 is the canonical spec. The formal name is not URL, it is URI.
The hostname is usually resolved using DNS or your /etc/hosts file to an IP address and that is what curl communicates with. Alternatively you specify the IP address directly in the URL instead of a name.
For development and other trying out situations, you can point to a different IP address for a hostname than what would otherwise be used, by using curl's --resolve
curl --resolve www.example.org:80:127.0.0.1 http://www.example.org/
Each protocol curl supports operates on a default port number, be it over TCP or in some cases UDP. Normally you do not have to take that into consideration, but at times you run test servers on other ports or similar. Then you can specify the port number in the URL with a colon and a number immediately following the hostname. Like when doing HTTP to port 1234:
The port number you specify in the URL is the number that the server uses to offer its services. Sometimes you may use a proxy, and then you may need to specify that proxy's port number separately from what curl needs to connect to the server. Like when using an HTTP proxy on port 4321:
curl --proxy http://proxy.example.org:4321 http://remote.example.org/
Username and password
Some services are setup to require HTTP authentication and then you need to provide name and password which is then transferred to the remote site in various ways depending on the exact authentication protocol used.
You can opt to either insert the user and password in the URL or you can provide them separately:
curl -u user:password http://example.org/
You need to pay attention that this kind of HTTP authentication is not what is usually done and requested by user-oriented websites these days. They tend to use forms and cookies instead.
The path part is just sent off to the server to request that it sends back the associated response. The path is what is to the right side of the slash that follows the hostname and possibly port number.
Fetch a page
The simplest and most common request/operation made using HTTP is to GET a URL. The URL could itself refer to a webpage, an image or a file. The client issues a GET request to the server and receives the document it asked for. If you issue the command line
you get a webpage returned in your terminal window. The entire HTML document that that URL holds.
All HTTP replies contain a set of response headers that are normally hidden, use curl's --include
) option to display them as well as the rest of the document.
You can ask the remote server for ONLY the headers by using the --head
) option which makes curl issue a HEAD request. In some special cases servers deny the HEAD method while others still work, which is a particular kind of annoyance.
The HEAD method is defined and made so that the server returns the headers exactly the way it would do for a GET, but without a body. It means that you may see a Content-Length:
in the response headers, but there must not be an actual body in the HEAD response.
Multiple URLs in a single command line
A single curl command line may involve one or many URLs. The most common case is probably to just use one, but you can specify any amount of URLs. Yes any. No limits. You then get requests repeated over and over for all the given URLs.
Example, send two GET requests:
curl http://url1.example.com http://url2.example.com
If you use --data
to POST to the URL, using multiple URLs means that you send that same POST to all the given URLs.
Example, send two POSTs:
curl --data name=curl http://url1.example.com http://url2.example.com
Multiple HTTP methods in a single command line
Sometimes you need to operate on several URLs in a single command line and do different HTTP methods on each. For this, you might enjoy the --next
option. It is basically a separator that separates a bunch of options from the next. All the URLs before --next
get the same method and get all the POST data merged into one.
When curl reaches the --next
on the command line, it resets the method and the POST data and allow a new set.
Perhaps this is best shown with a few examples. To send first a HEAD and then a GET:
curl -I http://example.com --next http://example.com
To first send a POST and then a GET:
curl -d score=10 http://example.com/post.cgi --next http://example.com/results.html
Forms are the general way a website can present an HTML page with fields for the user to enter data in, and then press some kind of 'OK' or 'Submit' button to get that data sent to the server. The server then typically uses the posted data to decide how to act. Like using the entered words to search in a database, or to add the info in a bug tracking system, display the entered address on a map or using the info as a login-prompt verifying that the user is allowed to see what it is about to see.
Of course there has to be some kind of program on the server end to receive the data you send. You cannot just invent something out of the air.
A GET-form uses the method GET, as specified in HTML like:
<form method="GET" action="junk.cgi">
<input type=text name="birthyear">
<input type=submit name=press value="OK">
In your favorite browser, this form appears with a text box to fill in and a press-button labeled "OK". If you fill in '1905' and press the OK button, your browser then creates a new URL to get for you. The URL gets junk.cgi?birthyear=1905&press=OK
appended to the path part of the previous URL.
If the original form was seen on the page www.example.com/when/birth.html
, the second page you get becomes www.example.com/when/junk.cgi?birthyear=1905&press=OK
Most search engines work this way.
To make curl do the GET form post for you, just enter the expected created URL:
The GET method makes all input field names get displayed in the URL field of your browser. That is generally a good thing when you want to be able to bookmark that page with your given data, but it is an obvious disadvantage if you entered secret information in one of the fields or if there are a large amount of fields creating a long and unreadable URL.
The HTTP protocol then offers the POST method. This way the client sends the data separated from the URL and thus you do not see any of it in the URL address field.
The form would look similar to the previous one:
<form method="POST" action="junk.cgi">
<input type=text name="birthyear">
<input type=submit name=press value=" OK ">
And to use curl to post this form with the same data filled in as before, we could do it like:
curl --data "birthyear=1905&press=%20OK%20" http://www.example.com/when/junk.cgi
This kind of POST uses the Content-Type application/x-www-form-urlencoded
and is the most widely used POST kind.
The data you send to the server MUST already be properly encoded, curl does not do that for you. For example, if you want the data to contain a space, you need to replace that space with %20
, etc. Failing to comply with this most likely causes your data to be received wrongly and messed up.
Recent curl versions can in fact url-encode POST data for you, like this:
curl --data-urlencode "name=I am Daniel" http://www.example.com
If you repeat --data
several times on the command line, curl concatenates all the given data pieces - and put a &
symbol between each data segment.
File Upload POST
Back in late 1995 they defined an additional way to post data over HTTP. It is documented in the RFC 1867, why this method sometimes is referred to as RFC 1867-posting.
This method is mainly designed to better support file uploads. A form that allows a user to upload a file could be written like this in HTML:
<form method="POST" enctype='multipart/form-data' action="upload.cgi">
<input name=upload type=file>
<input type=submit name=press value="OK">
This clearly shows that the Content-Type about to be sent is multipart/form-data
To post to a form like this with curl, you enter a command line like:
curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK [URL]
A common way for HTML based applications to pass state information between pages is to add hidden fields to the forms. Hidden fields are already filled in, they are not displayed to the user and they get passed along just as all the other fields.
A similar example form with one visible field, one hidden field and one submit button could look like:
<form method="POST" action="foobar.cgi">
<input type=text name="birthyear">
<input type=hidden name="person" value="daniel">
<input type=submit name="press" value="OK">
To POST this with curl, you do not have to think about if the fields are hidden or not. To curl they are all the same:
curl --data "birthyear=1905&press=OK&person=daniel" [URL]
Figure Out What A POST Looks Like
When you are about to fill in a form and send it to a server by using curl instead of a browser, you are of course interested in sending a POST exactly the way your browser does.
An easy way to get to see this, is to save the HTML page with the form on your local disk, modify the 'method' to a GET, and press the submit button (you could also change the action URL if you want to).
You then clearly see the data get appended to the URL, separated with a ?
-letter as GET forms are supposed to.
Perhaps the best way to upload data to an HTTP server is to use PUT. Then again, this of course requires that someone put a program or script on the server end that knows how to receive an HTTP PUT stream.
Put a file to an HTTP server with curl:
curl --upload-file uploadfile http://www.example.com/receive.cgi
HTTP Authentication is the ability to tell the server your username and password so that it can verify that you are allowed to do the request you are doing. The Basic authentication used in HTTP (which is the type curl uses by default) is plain text based, which means it sends username and password only slightly obfuscated, but still fully readable by anyone that sniffs on the network between you and the remote server.
To tell curl to use a user and password for authentication:
curl --user name:password http://www.example.com
Sometimes your HTTP access is only available through the use of an HTTP proxy. This seems to be especially common at various companies. An HTTP proxy may require its own user and password to allow the client to get through to the Internet. To specify those with curl, run something like:
curl --proxy-user proxyuser:proxypassword curl.se
If you use any one of these user+password options but leave out the password part, curl prompts for the password interactively.
Do note that when a program is run, its parameters might be possible to see when listing the running processes of the system. Thus, other users may be able to watch your passwords if you pass them as plain command line options. There are ways to circumvent this.
It is worth noting that while this is how HTTP Authentication works, many websites do not use this concept when they provide logins etc. See the Web Login chapter further below for more details on that.
More HTTP Headers
An HTTP request may include a 'referer' field (yes it is misspelled), which can be used to tell from which URL the client got to this particular resource. Some programs/scripts check the referer field of requests to verify that this was not arriving from an external site or an unknown page. While this is a stupid way to check something so easily forged, many scripts still do it. Using curl, you can put anything you want in the referer-field and thus more easily be able to fool the server into serving your request.
Use curl to set the referer field with:
curl --referer http://www.example.come http://www.example.com
At times, you may learn that getting a page with curl does not return the same page that you see when getting the page with your browser. Then you know it is time to set the User Agent field to fool the server into thinking you are one of those browsers.
To make curl look like Internet Explorer 5 on a Windows 2000 box:
curl --user-agent "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)" [URL]
Or why not look like you are using Netscape 4.73 on an old Linux box:
curl --user-agent "Mozilla/4.73 [en] (X11; U; Linux 2.2.15 i686)" [URL]
When a resource is requested from a server, the reply from the server may include a hint about where the browser should go next to find this page, or a new page keeping newly generated output. The header that tells the browser to redirect is Location:
Curl does not follow Location:
headers by default, but simply displays such pages in the same manner it displays all HTTP replies. It does however feature an option that makes it attempt to follow the Location:
To tell curl to follow a Location:
curl --location http://www.example.com
If you use curl to POST to a site that immediately redirects you to another page, you can safely use --location
) and --data
together. Curl only uses POST in the first request, and then revert to GET in the following operations.
The way the web browsers do "client side state control" is by using cookies. Cookies are just names with associated contents. The cookies are sent to the client by the server. The server tells the client for what path and hostname it wants the cookie sent back, and it also sends an expiration date and a few more properties.
When a client communicates with a server with a name and path as previously specified in a received cookie, the client sends back the cookies and their contents to the server, unless of course they are expired.
Many applications and servers use this method to connect a series of requests into a single logical session. To be able to use curl in such occasions, we must be able to record and send back cookies the way the web application expects them. The same way browsers deal with them.
The simplest way to send a few cookies to the server when getting a page with curl is to add them on the command line like:
curl --cookie "name=Daniel" http://www.example.com
Cookies are sent as common HTTP headers. This is practical as it allows curl to record cookies simply by recording headers. Record cookies with curl by using the --dump-header
) option like:
curl --dump-header headers_and_cookies http://www.example.com
(Take note that the --cookie-jar
option described below is a better way to store cookies.)
curl --cookie stored_cookies_in_file http://www.example.com
Curl's "cookie engine" gets enabled when you use the --cookie
option. If you only want curl to understand received cookies, use --cookie
with a file that does not exist. Example, if you want to let curl understand cookies from a page and follow a location (and thus possibly send back cookies it received), you can invoke it like:
curl --cookie nada --location http://www.example.com
Curl has the ability to read and write cookie files that use the same file format that Netscape and Mozilla once used. It is a convenient way to share cookies between scripts or invokes. The --cookie
) switch automatically detects if a given file is such a cookie file and parses it, and by using the --cookie-jar
) option you make curl write a new cookie file at the end of an operation:
curl --cookie cookies.txt --cookie-jar newcookies.txt http://www.example.com
HTTPS is HTTP secure
There are a few ways to do secure HTTP transfers. By far the most common protocol for doing this is what is generally known as HTTPS, HTTP over SSL. SSL encrypts all the data that is sent and received over the network and thus makes it harder for attackers to spy on sensitive information.
SSL (or TLS as the current version of the standard is called) offers a set of advanced features to do secure transfers over HTTP.
Curl supports encrypted fetches when built to use a TLS library and it can be built to use one out of a fairly large set of libraries - curl -V
shows which one your curl was built to use (if any!). To get a page from an HTTPS server, simply run curl like:
In the HTTPS world, you use certificates to validate that you are the one you claim to be, as an addition to normal passwords. Curl supports client- side certificates. All certificates are locked with a pass phrase, which you need to enter before the certificate can be used by curl. The pass phrase can be specified on the command line or if not, entered interactively when curl queries for it. Use a certificate with curl on an HTTPS server like:
curl --cert mycert.pem https://secure.example.com
curl also tries to verify that the server is who it claims to be, by verifying the server's certificate against a locally stored CA cert bundle. Failing the verification causes curl to deny the connection. You must then use --insecure
) in case you want to tell curl to ignore that the server cannot be verified.
More about server certificate verification and ca cert bundles can be read in the SSLCERTS
At times you may end up with your own CA cert store and then you can tell curl to use that to verify the server's certificate:
curl --cacert ca-bundle.pem https://example.com/
Custom Request Elements
Modify method and headers
Doing fancy stuff, you may need to add or change elements of a single curl request.
For example, you can change the POST method to PROPFIND
and send the data as Content-Type: text/xml
(instead of the default Content-Type
) like this:
curl --data "<xml>" --header "Content-Type: text/xml" --request PROPFIND example.com
You can delete a default header by providing one without content. Like you can ruin the request by chopping off the Host:
curl --header "Host:" http://www.example.com
You can add headers the same way. Your server may want a Destination:
header, and you can add it:
curl --header "Destination: http://nowhere" http://example.com
More on changed methods
It should be noted that curl selects which methods to use on its own depending on what action to ask for. -d
makes a POST, -I
makes a HEAD and so on. If you use the --request
option you can change the method keyword curl selects, but you do not modify curl's behavior. This means that if you for example use -d "data" to do a POST, you can modify the method to a PROPFIND
and curl still thinks it sends a POST. You can change the normal GET to a POST method by simply adding -X POST
in a command line like:
curl -X POST http://example.org/
curl however still acts as if it sent a GET so it does not send any request body etc.
Some login tricks
While not strictly just HTTP related, it still causes a lot of people problems so here's the executive run-down of how the vast majority of all login forms work and how to login to them using curl.
It can also be noted that to do this properly in an automated fashion, you most certainly need to script things and do multiple curl invokes etc.
In the actual <form>
tag for the login, lots of sites fill-in random/session or otherwise secretly generated hidden tags and you may need to first capture the HTML code for the login form and extract all the hidden fields to be able to do a proper login POST. Remember that the contents need to be URL encoded when sent in a normal POST.
Some debug tricks
Many times when you run curl on a site, you notice that the site does not seem to respond the same way to your curl requests as it does to your browser's.
Then you need to start making your curl requests more similar to your browser's requests:
and writing with--cookie-jar
)Set user-agent (with
) to one like a recent popular browser doesSet referer (with
) like it is set by the browserIf you use POST, make sure you send all the fields and in the same order as the browser does it.
Check what the browsers do
A good helper to make sure you do this right, is the web browsers' developers tools that let you view all headers you send and receive (even when using HTTPS).
A more raw approach is to capture the HTTP traffic on the network with tools such as Wireshark or tcpdump and check what headers that were sent and received by the browser. (HTTPS forces you to use SSLKEYLOGFILE
to do that.) | <urn:uuid:38221b29-3072-4fad-9497-960a4d5e3d65> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://curl.se/docs/httpscripting.html | 2024-02-28T21:33:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.89128 | 5,448 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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] |
Few muscles catch the eye like a pair of well-built calf muscles. But for many of us, no amount of calf training seems to be enough to coax even a whisper of growth in this stubborn area.
So let's see if we can drill down to some of the fundamentals of calf muscle hypertrophy. Including, how different angles and foot positions can influence your calf raise results (1).
Calf Muscle Fun Facts and Anatomy
The two-headed gastrocnemius and soleus muscles make up a major part of the lower limb. If you're looking to add some bulk to the lower shank, you'll want to target both of these areas.
Merging into the Achilles tendon attached to the calcaneus, their main role is plantar flexion – Or that toes pointed action at the ankle joint.
Originating at the femur both heads of the gastrocnemius also cross the knee-joint. As a result, it can also assist with knee stability and knee flexion.
What Do The Calf Muscles Do?
Globally, they're also responsible for many day-to-day actions we don't often think about. Which can influence the type and amount of calf training we do.
Zooming in, they help us weight shift in standing, as well as standing itself. In motion, their predominant role is propulsion, transfer, and knee and ankle stability.
For example, they work with the quads to produce push-off, deceleration and prevent collapse during running (2). Not to mention, ankle stiffness and arch-support for more efficient ground reactions.
So, the contribution of these calf muscles to athleticism is huge. In fact, they're the primary buffering force for everything sitting above. For this reason, developing some strength capacity through training is a good idea. In general, a variety of plantarflexion exercises will be the base of what we do.
But, what do we do if we want to make the calves bigger?
Calf Training and Hypertrophy
With the goal of hypertrophy, training, in general, becomes a little more voluminous. Muscle growth doesn't occur to the same extent in all regions of a muscle with a given exercise (3).
So often, we need to use a variety of different exercises and positions for a muscle group to:
- Reach the needed volume landmarks of individual muscle groups to maximise muscle growth.
- Stimulate as much of the entire muscle as possible by working it from different angles.
This seems particularly important for the gastrocnemius often considered a tough muscle to grow. Luckily, there are many calf exercises available to maximise our calf training results.
Varying Joint Angles
Varying the joint angles of an exercise can be another viable option for potentiating uniform muscle gains.
Like using a flat and incline bench press to hit both the middle and clavicular fibers of the pectoralis.
You can perform calf raises standing, seated, in a leg press machine or calf raise machine of some kind. Double-legged or single for variety, or if you want to even up left-right differences.
Also worth noting: Variants that place the hips in full flexion with the knees locked may be better for muscle hypertrophy. As with the seated leg press calf raise, or the old-school donkey calf raise, to name a few.
These angles place the bi-articular gastrocnemius muscle at a longer length. This tends to lead to greater muscle growth than training at shorter lengths.
Fair warning, though: These can be very uncomfortable to do, and may also create severe DOMS and muscle damage.
Standing or Seated Calf Raises
It's also understood that performing calf raises with knees straight targets the gastrocnemius. Knees bent shifts the focus more to the deeper soleus muscle.
While the larger share of work should aim at gastroc-focused raises, a combination of both is best for more complete calf development.
These are separate muscles, though they make up the shared bulk of the lower leg. So, the question becomes: Is it possible to focus on a different region of a given muscle within the same exercise constraints?
That would depend on the particular muscle.
As far as targeting a specific part of the calf, such as the gastrocnemius medial or lateral head, it is a thing.
A Tale of Two Heads: Region-Specific Calf Training
As mentioned, the gastrocnemius muscle has a lateral and medial head. And if you've been training for some time, you've likely figured out you can target each based on foot position.
Such as toes out to build the medial head, toes in to focus on the lateral head. Generally, toes pointing forward gets a little bit of both.
Some research has demonstrated this to be the case (4,5,6) but questions remain. A more recent study explored this very thing.
The Study (Where Young Males Actually Volunteered to Train the Calves)
The aim was to compare the effect of different foot positions in the calf raise on calf muscle thickness. The different foot positions used were:
- FPO – foot pointed outward
- FPI – foot pointed inward
- FPF – foot pointed forward
For 9 weeks, 22 young men performed a 3 x weekly whole-body strength training program. The only thing different was the calf training they did.
All subjects performed calf-raise exercises on a pin-loaded seated horizontal leg press machine. But, with each subject’s leg assigned to one of the three foot position groups: FPO, FPI, or FPF.
The Calf Workout
They did 3 sets of 20-25 repetitions in weeks 1-3 and 4 sets in weeks 4-9. They also:
- Rested a few seconds between legs, and 60-90 sec after a set of both legs.
- Alternated the starting leg often.
- Performed each rep through the fullest range of motion possible with knees straight.
- Used a tempo of 2 seconds eccentric, 1-second concentric and a 1-second squeeze at the top.
- Increased load 5-10% each week depending on reps achieved.
- Performed each set at or near muscle failure.
Changes in muscle thickness were then measured by ultrasound at the end of the training plan.
The study revealed different foot positions potentiated region-specific hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle.
FPO position led to increases in muscle thickness of the medial gastrocnemius head. FPI led to a muscle thickness increase in the lateral head.
Muscle thickness gain percentages after the calf training:
What you'll also notice is the FPF condition had similar relative gains in both heads. And there were no major differences when compared with FPO or FPI groups.
This means we don't exactly annihilate progress in the head opposite to the one getting worked. There'll be some hypertrophy achieved there regardless.
In the end, this study showed that we can be selective with the part of the gastrocnemius muscle we'd like to grow.
A small change in foot position such as a toes-out will emphasise the medial head. A toes-in set up will target more of the lateral head. Toes pointing forward may be a better position for proportional gains in both heads at the same time.
Things To Consider
Links between muscle activation and muscle hypertrophy are by no means crystal clear. Greater muscle activation does seem to suggest a muscle is more likely to grow. But there are many deciding factors involved in actually achieving muscle hypertrophy.
Muscle activation via surface EMG doesn't exactly tell the whole story, so we should take it with a pinch of salt.
It's possible the ‘squeeze' in the top position contributed a little to the findings. Voluntary muscle contractions (or squeezes) tend to increase activation in the target muscle. As does loading at longer muscle lengths, which is what happened to each head when it was the focus.
Another consideration is that the participant's dietary intake wasn't measured. So we don't know how much nutrition was a factor in the increased muscle thickness.
Participants were also required to have not trained for four months before the study. So they would have been very sensitive to the training stimulus. Even with some previous lifting experience as stipulated.
Calf Training Tips for Muscle Growth
- Be sure to push through the middle part of the balls of your feet. Particularly for FPF when targeting both heads at the same time. As one head tires, we can have a tendency to roll the ankle to lean on inversion or eversion. Which could lead to greater muscle activation in those portions of the calf. But, this also makes it hard to standardise technique.
- For hypertrophy, always train your calves through a full range of motion. Sometimes at longer muscle lengths as well, such as with leg press calf raises or the donkey calf raise. This is likely a good stimulus for growth.
- On average, 8-16 sets spread out across the week over several sessions works well for most people. Calves can usually handle high volumes, but this is depending on how much work they get through the week.
- Calves can respond well to anywhere between 8-30 reps per set, but more so in the middle range. If you're using those higher rep ranges, you'll want that first set hitting failure or very close to it. Would the results of this study have been different if loads were heavier? That would have been good to see.
- The calves also seem to recovery quite fast between sets. In some cases, as little as 60 seconds will be enough to recover before going again.
- Seated Leg Curl vs Lying Leg Curl For Hamstring Muscle Growth
- How Low Should You Squat? Rethinking Squat Depth Lore
- Seated Arnold Press: How To Do That Weird Dumbbell Shoulder Press Exercise Variation
- Different Foot Positioning During Calf Training to Induce Portion-Specific Gastrocnemius Muscle Hypertrophy. Nunes, 2020
- Simultaneous Knee Extensor Muscle Action Induces an Increase in Voluntary Force Generation of Plantar Flexor Muscles. Suzuki, et al. 2017
- Nonuniform Response of Skeletal Muscle to Heavy Resistance Training: Can Bodybuilders Induce Regional Muscle Hypertrophy? Antonio, 2000
- Variation in medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle activity with foot position. Cibulka, et al. 2017
- A Gastrocnemius muscle activation during plantar flexion with different feet positioning in physically active young men. Marcori, et al. 2017
- Does feet position alter triceps surae EMG record during heel-raise exercises in leg press machine? Pereira, et al. 2017 | <urn:uuid:a78dbd3a-5a69-48a7-8b2a-915b9e70c1d9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dannyleejames.com/calf-training-with-different-foot-positions/ | 2024-02-28T21:38:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.947972 | 2,290 | 2.765625 | 3 | [
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Can Dogs Eat Activated Charcoal
Yes, dogs can eat activated charcoal. It is generally safe for dogs to consume and is often used to treat poisoning or intoxication in dogs, as it helps absorb toxins and prevents absorption into the body. However, activated charcoal should only be given under the supervision of a veterinarian and in proper dosages, as excessive consumption can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Can Dogs Eat Activated Charcoal
Activated charcoal has been a part of human medicine for many years, but did you know that it can also be helpful to your furry friend? In this article, we will dive deep into the topic of whether dogs can eat activated charcoal and its potential benefits, risks, and applications.
What is Activated Charcoal?
Activated charcoal is a black, fine, odorless, and tasteless powder made from carbon-rich materials like wood, coconut shells, or peat. It is ‘activated’ by being exposed to high temperatures in the presence of an activating agent, typically a gas. This process increases its surface area and porosity, providing an enhanced ability to bind and absorb impurities. This unique attribute makes it a handy addition to dog food and a useful substance in veterinary medicine.
Benefits of Activated Charcoal for Dogs
Treating Poisoning and Intoxication
One of the primary uses of activated charcoal in dogs is for treating poisoning or intoxication. If a dog has ingested a toxic substance, activated charcoal might be administered orally to help absorb the toxin and prevent absorption into the body. This effectively neutralizes the poison and may minimize the damage.
Gas Relief and Digestive Health
Activated charcoal is known to alleviate gas production and support digestive health. It absorbs gas-producing compounds and unpleasant odors, thus providing relief for dogs that suffer from flatulence or an upset stomach. However, activated charcoal should only be given as a short-term solution for such issues under a veterinarian’s guidance.
Oral Hygiene Enhancement
Activated charcoal can provide oral hygiene benefits for your dog. Adding a small amount to their dog food or applying it to their toothbrush can help remove plaque and tartar, contributing to a fresher breath and healthier gums.
Risks and Precautions
Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalances
While activated charcoal can safely be administered to dogs, too much can potentially lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. As in humans, excessive consumption of this substance can lead to these issues due to its water-absorbing properties.
Possible Interference with Medications
Activated charcoal can also interfere with certain medications your dog may be taking. It may absorb and hinder their absorption, rendering them less effective. Always consult with your veterinarian before using activated charcoal if your dog is on any medication.
Administration and Dosage
Activated charcoal should only be given to dogs under a veterinarian’s supervision. In case of emergencies, it is crucial to act promptly but follow your vet’s advice on the appropriate dosage for your dog. Dosage is usually measured in milligrams per kilogram of body weight, and it is vital to ensure that the activated charcoal used is a veterinary-approved product.
Adding Activated Charcoal to Your Dog’s Diet
Adding a small amount of activated charcoal to your dog’s food can provide potential benefits, but it is essential to consult with a veterinarian before doing so. They will guide you on the correct amount, based on your dog’s weight and size, and take into consideration any existing health conditions or medications your dog might be taking.
Activated charcoal has several potential benefits for dogs, from treating poisoning to promoting digestive health and oral hygiene. However, it is crucial to administer it under a veterinarian’s guidance and ensure proper dosages to avoid any risks or complications. Always consult with your vet and follow their advice to provide the best care for your furry companion.
Alternative Treatments for Poisoning in Dogs
While activated charcoal is helpful in treating poisoning in dogs, it’s not the only treatment option. Your veterinarian may recommend alternative treatments depending on the type of toxin involved, the severity of the poisoning, and your dog’s condition. Some of these treatments may include:
- Inducing vomiting: If the toxin has been ingested recently, inducing vomiting can help remove the substance from your pet’s system. This should only be done under a veterinarian’s guidance.
- Anti-toxins or antidotes: Depending on the specific toxin, your vet may administer an antidote or other medication to help neutralize the effects of the poison.
- Intravenous fluid therapy: This treatment helps support the dog’s organ functions and assists in eliminating toxins. It can also help counteract dehydration caused by vomiting or diarrhea.
Recognizing the Signs of Poisoning in Your Dog
As a pet owner, it’s crucial to be aware of the signs of poisoning in your dog. Early recognition and intervention can make a significant difference in your pet’s recovery. Some common signs of poisoning include:
- Excessive drooling or foaming at the mouth
- Seizures or tremors
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- Loss of appetite or increased thirst
- Pale gums or rapid heartbeat
If you suspect that your dog has ingested a toxic substance or is exhibiting any of these symptoms, seek immediate veterinary help.
Safety Precautions to Prevent Poisoning
Prevention is always better than cure. To ensure your dog’s safety and minimize the risk of poisoning, follow these precautions:
- Store household chemicals, medications, and poisonous plants out of your pet’s reach.
- Keep toxic food items such as chocolate, grapes, and onions safely out of your dog’s reach.
- Avoid using toxic pesticides or fertilizers in your yard that may be harmful to your pet.
- Supervise your dog during walks or playtime outdoors to prevent them from ingesting harmful substances.
- Keep your pet’s environment clean and free from any items that may pose a choking or ingestion hazard.
Emergency Preparedness and Activated Charcoal
For pet owners, it’s a good idea to have an emergency kit for your dog, including activated charcoal specifically labeled for veterinary use. Speak with your veterinarian about the proper dosage of activated charcoal for your pet, and follow their guidance on when and how to administer it during an emergency. Always remember that your vet is your primary source of guidance in any emergency involving poisoning or other health concerns.
FAQ: Activated Charcoal and Dogs
Here’s a compilation of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) to address common concerns and queries that pet owners might have about activated charcoal and its use in their dog’s diet or as a remedy.
1. Can cats also benefit from activated charcoal?
Yes, cats can also benefit from activated charcoal, mainly for treating poisoning or intoxication. However, always consult with your vet before administering activated charcoal to your cat and ensure proper dosages to avoid complications.
2. Can activated charcoal affect my dog’s regular nutrition?
Administering activated charcoal occasionally in small amounts or as recommended by your vet should not significantly impact your dog’s nutrition. However, prolonged or excessive use may affect nutrient absorption, so always consult with your vet before adding it to their diet.
3. Can activated charcoal be used as a preventative measure for dogs?
Activated charcoal should not be used as a preventative measure. It is best administered under a veterinarian’s guidance and used only when necessary, such as for treating poisoning or providing relief from gas and digestive issues.
4. How long does it take for activated charcoal to work in dogs?
Activated charcoal usually begins working almost immediately after ingestion, but it may take a few hours for your dog to show signs of improvement. Consult with your vet to evaluate your dog’s condition and monitor their progress.
5. Can I use activated charcoal for humans on my dog?
It is recommended to use veterinary-approved activated charcoal for your dog. Human-grade activated charcoal may contain additives or additional ingredients that could be harmful to your pet. Consult your veterinarian for suitable activated charcoal products for your dog.
6. Can I use activated charcoal on my dog’s skin?
Activated charcoal can be used topically for treating certain skin conditions or wounds in dogs. However, it’s essential to consult with your vet before using it on your dog’s skin to ensure it’s the right treatment for their specific condition.
7. How should I store activated charcoal to preserve its effectiveness?
Activated charcoal should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight or moisture. An airtight container is recommended to maintain its shelf life and effectiveness.
8. Can activated charcoal help with bad breath in dogs?
Activated charcoal can help with bad breath in dogs by removing plaque and tartar, which can contribute to foul-smelling breath. You can add a small amount to their dog food or apply it to their toothbrush to enhance their oral hygiene.
9. Are there any dog breeds that should avoid activated charcoal?
There are no specific dog breeds that should avoid activated charcoal. However, dogs on medication or those with specific pre-existing medical conditions should only use activated charcoal under a veterinarian’s guidance, as individual needs and sensitivities may vary.
10. Can I use activated charcoal on my puppy?
Activated charcoal may generally be safe for puppies, but it’s crucial to consult with your veterinarian before administering it. Puppies may have different sensitivities or requirements, and your vet can recommend the best course of action and proper dosages. | <urn:uuid:25f2d7d2-cbef-4934-9c3d-1022403accfa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://diets4dogs.com/dogs-eat-activated-charcoal/ | 2024-02-28T22:29:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.928199 | 2,028 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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Gay bars have played an essential role in LGBTQ+ history, serving not just as a gathering place for socializing and dancing, but as a place of refuge and safety for people who have long been ostracized from mainstream society. LGBTQ+ bars and clubs have very deep roots; the earliest gay bars emerged in the 19th century in Europe, but their modern-day counterparts began taking shape in the United States during the early 20th century.
Early Gay Bars in the United States
Cafe Lafitte in Exile in New Orleans, dating back to 1933 and the end of Prohibition, claims to be the oldest continuously operating gay bar in the United States. However, while Cafe Lafitte might be the longest running gay bar in the U.S., it is not the first. The first gay bar is said to have opened in 1868 in New York City, although information on the establishment is limited. In the late 1800s, Paris had a few gay bars, but they were closed down for being indecent. In Germany during the 1920s, the legendary Eldorado nightclub in Berlin was home to a thriving LGBTQ+ subculture and played host to some of the most extravagant drag performances of all time.
The 1920s saw the emergence of a veritable ‘gay scene’ in larger American cities. It was during this period that some of the first known gay bars were established in places such as New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. These bars were private, unlicensed establishments that often had small back rooms for dancing and socializing. During this era, the LGBTQ+ community was beginning to coalesce and solidify around bars and clubs, leading to the formation of organizations like the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles and the Daughters of Bilitis in San Francisco, which were intended to promote social acceptance and unify the LGBTQ+ community.
The 1950s and 1960s
However, in the 1950s, homosexuality was considered a criminal offense, which led to increased police raids and closures of gay bars. During this period, bars that were known to be frequented by gay men operated behind closed doors and required a password for entry. The police were constantly on the lookout for these establishments, and many men were arrested and charged with indecent exposure, which could result in public shaming and losing one’s social standing.
Despite the increased scrutiny and the looming threat of persecution, the LGBTQ+ community continued to thrive and fight for their rights. During the 1960s, the gay liberation movement began to gain momentum in the United States, with the Stonewall Riots of 1969 serving as a pivotal moment in history. The Stonewall Inn was an unlicensed gay bar located in New York, which was raided by the police on June 28, 1969. The patrons of the bar, many of them transgender and people of color, fought back, sparking a riot that lasted for several days. This event is widely regarded as the birth of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.
In conclusion, gay bars have been an essential part of LGBTQ+ history for well over a century. While the earliest gay bars were underground and unlicensed establishments, they represented a place of refuge and safety for a community that has been historically excluded from mainstream society. Although the gay liberation movement brought about significant change and progress, the importance of gay bars remains as strong as ever. These establishments continue to be a place where members of the LGBTQ+ community can come together, feel safe, and celebrate their identities.
What was the first gay bar in the United States?
The history of LGBTQ+ rights in the United States has come a long way, and bars and nightclubs have always been a significant part of the community. There have been several establishments throughout the country claiming to be the first gay bar in the United States. However, according to historical records, Cafe Lafitte in Exile on Bourbon Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, is considered to be the oldest gay bar that is still in operation today.
Cafe Lafitte in Exile opened in 1933, during the Great Depression, and quickly became a gathering place for gay men in New Orleans. Although the bar did not advertise as a gay bar, it quickly became the place to go for gay men to gather and socialize. During the 1940s and 1950s, the bar was a popular spot for sailors on leave from the nearby navy base.
The bar has a fascinating history, serving as a safe haven for many LGBTQ+ individuals throughout the years. The building it’s in was originally a blacksmith’s shop in the early 1700s, and it was later converted into a printing shop in the mid-1800s. During prohibition, it was a private speakeasy. In the 1970s, when the Stonewall Riots had sparked the LGBTQ+ rights movement in New York City, Cafe Lafitte in Exile was a supportive force for the movement’s fights for equality.
As the country moved towards more open acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals, more gay bars opened throughout the United States. However, Cafe Lafitte in Exile remains an essential part of the LGBTQ+ history, not only in New Orleans but in the entire country.
While there have been debates about which establishment was the first gay bar in the United States, Cafe Lafitte in Exile on Bourbon Street in New Orleans holds the title for the oldest gay bar still in operation. With over 80 years of history serving as a gathering place for the LGBTQ+ community, Cafe Lafitte in Exile’s legacy is a testament to the hard-fought battles for the rights and acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community in the United States.
What is the history of Oscar Wilde bar NYC?
The Oscar Wilde bar in NYC is a historic and iconic establishment that has been around for many years. This bar, named after the famous writer Oscar Wilde, is known for its exquisite and vibrant ambiance, as well as its rich history. The bar is located in the NoMad area of the city, which has a history of being popular among writers, artists, and creatives.
One of the most interesting things about the Oscar Wilde bar is the building that it is located in. The building was once the headquarters for the Prohibition Enforcement Bureau, which was responsible for enforcing Prohibition laws during the 1920s and 1930s. It is believed that during that time, the building was occupied by the mob, who used one of the upper floors to spy on bureau activities.
The bar building was built in the late 1800s and is a beautiful example of Victorian-era architecture. The interior of the bar is equally impressive, with high ceilings, ornate moldings, and elegant chandeliers. The bar is also filled with antique and vintage pieces, such as wooden paneling, rich velvety textures, and plush seating which make it feel like a British library.
The Oscar Wilde bar is a tribute to the famous writer, who was known for his wit, charm, and extravagant personality. The bar is decorated with numerous portraits and photos of Wilde, as well as quotes from his literary works. Wilde was an influential figure in literature and culture during his time, and his legacy continues to inspire people today.
The Oscar Wilde bar NYC is a unique and historic establishment that has contributed to the culture and nightlife of the city for many years. From its Prohibition-era building to its extravagant decor, the bar is a testament to the fascinating and rich history of the NoMad area. For lovers of literature, history, and culture, the Oscar Wilde bar is a must-see destination in the city of New York.
Who owned many of the gay bars in New York City?
During the 1960s, a growing number of gay bars were opening up in New York City’s Greenwich Village, making it a hub of the city’s gay community. However, many of these bars were owned by the Genovese crime family, who were known for their involvement in illegal activities such as gambling, prostitution, and drugs.
The Genovese family had a history of using intimidation and violence to control various businesses in the city, and the gay bars were no exception. The mobsters would often extort money from bar owners, threatening to shut down their establishments if they didn’t pay up. Due to the illegal nature of their businesses, the bar owners were often reluctant to go to the police for help, leaving them at the mercy of the mobsters.
The Genovese family’s ownership of the gay bars in Greenwich Village had serious consequences for the LGBTQ+ community. The mafia’s involvement meant that they had a say in which bars stayed open and which ones were shut down, and they often made decisions based on how much money the bars were bringing in. This meant that many establishments that catered to LGBTQ+ patrons were forced to close down, leaving the community with fewer safe spaces to gather.
Despite the challenges posed by the Genovese family’s control of the gay bars, the LGBTQ+ community in New York City continued to grow in the 1960s and 70s. This period saw the rise of the modern gay rights movement, with activists such as Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera leading the charge for LGBTQ+ equality. The landmark Stonewall riots of 1969, which occurred in the heart of Greenwich Village, were a turning point in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights and helped to galvanize the community.
The Genovese crime family owned many of the gay bars in New York City during the 1960s, exerting control over the LGBTQ+ community and contributing to the many challenges faced by its members. However, the resilience of the community and the efforts of activists for LGBTQ+ equality helped to pave the way for progress and a brighter future. | <urn:uuid:0d029bd8-00c9-4e27-96f4-f7fddcc7d8fa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://gayweddingsmag.com/when-did-gay-bars-first-open/ | 2024-02-28T22:18:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.987088 | 1,988 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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North Africa in WW2: Total War with Honour?
Reading time: 8 minutes
The North African campaigns during the Second World War have a reputation for being “clean” wars, free from the atrocities we see when studying the Eastern front or the Pacific theatre. However, when we look a little more closely, we can see this romanticised image is a little tarnished in places; we’ll take a look at what the historical record can tell us, as well as some details shared by Australian veterans of the conflict.
By Fergus O’Sullivan
Among history buffs, the North African campaigns have taken on a reputation as being relatively clean. It’s almost presented as a game, where the two sides chase each other with tanks across the desert in a high-stakes game of tag. In the end, the good guys win, but both sides play the game fairly.
The “players” of this game are also shown in a fairly positive light: The German commander, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, is portrayed as a swashbuckling adventurer — helped in no small part by his movie-star good looks — while British and Commonwealth soldiers are shown to have held him back with little more than pluck and tenacity.
An Image Etched in Sand
In this portrayal, the horrors of war are mentioned, but usually as a footnote. The question is, of course, where this image comes from. Some of it naturally comes from propaganda. One good example is how British and Commonwealth troops were lionized after the siege of Tobruk, when they held out for 241 days against almost relentless German assaults.
The defenders became known as the Rats of Tobruk and many stories were told of their upbeat tenacity. As impressive as it was, many second-hand accounts of the siege will gloss over the hardships these men endured and focus mostly on the heroism and tenacity shown.
At the same time, not everything can be cynically deconstructed. Besides stories presented in a way to boost morale or create a positive image of the struggle, there are also some genuinely impressive tales of humanity during wartime. One of the most memorable is the story of how the British air force honoured Italo Balbo, an Italian air marshal who was shot down by his own side.
Upon hearing the news of Balbo’s death, the local RAF commander ordered one of his own planes to fly over a nearby Italian airfield and drop a wreath with the following message: “The British Royal Air Force expresses its sympathy in the death of General Balbo — a great leader and gallant aviator, personally known to me, whom fate has placed on the other side.”
There’s no doubt this was a gallant gesture and one that hearkened back to medieval times, when knights are reputed to have greeted each other on the battlefield. These kinds of stories add some lustre to the North African campaigns, especially compared to the fighting elsewhere during the Second World War.
The desert seems almost tranquil of you compare it to the Pacific Theatre — no mass slaughter as we see during the Rape of Nanjing, no atomic bombs incinerating thousands of civilians in a single second. We won’t even mention the Eastern Front and its brutality, with prisoners of war either shot or put to work as slave laborers, not to mention the wholesale slaughter of the region’s Jews.
War Is Hell
However, this way of looking at this conflict, popular in documentaries, belies one simple fact: war is hell. No matter how chivalrous your opponent is, you’re not going to care much if your tank is hit by a shell and proceeds to brew up, cooking you and your mates alive. Many of the stories we’ve covered in the Australians in the Mediterranean series reflect this: while the veterans are proud of their accomplishments, they don’t miss war, nor would they wish it on anybody else.
One of the best examples is probably Oriel Ramsay, a seaman on the HMAS Sydney, who features prominently in our article about the battle at Cape Spada. In 1941, the Sydney had sunk the Italian cruiser Colleoni in a short battle. After the battle, the Sydney went to the wreck to try and save any surviving Italian sailors.
However, this act of nobility left Mr. Ramsay scarred for life: while trying to pick up an Italian crewman, he realized he was holding on to just half of him. Mr. Ramsay describes it as “the worst thing that ever happened to me” and becomes audibly upset, even 60 years after it happened.
Horrible stories like Mr. Ramsay’s aren’t unique, of course, and the recollections in the Australians at War Film Archive are littered with examples like this. While these videos are priceless sources when it comes to what happened, they’re also stark reminders of how bad things can get in wartime.
War Crimes in North Africa
As for war crimes, it’s certainly true that North Africa saw fewer atrocities committed than in other theatres. However, that doesn’t mean that none took place. The Italians especially committed many atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war in Libya, with Jews especially on the receiving end of cruel, inhumane treatment.
In fact, when listening to recollections of Australian veterans, the poor treatment of prisoners by the Italians is a recurring theme.
Lloyd Moule from Deepwater, New South Wales recalls that the Germans were decent enough to him, saying that this was because of an order of Rommel’s which came down to “treat them as how you wanted to be treated yourself.” The Italian fascists, though, he said, were “a bit nasty,” though in almost the same breath he heaps praise on the Italian partisans who freed him.
Mr. Moule isn’t very forthcoming with details of his internment beyond that. Horace Fordyce from Melbourne, in contrast, can recall a lot more about his experiences in a prisoner-of-war camp in Italy, saying the overall experience was “horrible.” For one, the camp, near Lecce, was infested with bed bugs and for another there was very little food. In fact, when the POWs were taken for a walk, Fordyce tells a story about how he and his mates were able to steal a chicken, smuggle it into camp and eat the bird before the guards found out.
The North African Holocaust
It wasn’t just the Italians that had a poor track record: though the Germans were kind enough to Allied prisoners — though Mr. Moule did have his watch stolen when he was captured — they were brutal to everybody else. For example, members of the British Army’s Jewish Brigade — made up of Palestinian Jews as well as ones that had fled Nazi terror in Europe — could expect to be executed by the Afrika Korps if captured.
While Rommel’s image may be that of an honourable man, he was a committed Nazi and was more than happy to help persecute local Jews. The Tunisian and Libyan Jewish communities suffered mightily under first Italian and then German occupation. In Tunisia, they were used as forced labour to build fortifications, while Libya had the dubious honour of hosting its own concentration camp for the roughly 3,500 Jews that lived in the territory.
Further west in Algeria and Morocco, the Vichy regime also established labour camps, where conditions were simply brutal. Prisoners — civilian and military, Jewish and Gentile — were forced to work in the blistering heat and subjected to all manner of inhumane punishments if they disobeyed.
Allied War Crimes
Of course, it wasn’t just the Axis forces that broke the rules, though reports of Allied war crimes are far fewer. The worst seem to be the sinking of the hospital ship Arno off the coast of Tobruk in 1942, as well as the actions of the submarine HMS Torbay, which on several occasions attacked and murdered the floundering crew of the ships it had sunk. Its commander was reprimanded for his actions.
Total War with Honor
There is no doubt that the North African campaigns were waged far less brutally compared to other wars and locations. However, that’s not to say they were fought cleanly, either. The Axis especially brought their own brand of brutality to North Africa and visited untold horrors upon the people that lived there.
Add to that the poor treatment of POWs, and a far less rosy picture of the North African campaigns emerges, one where “total war” means that even civilians and disarmed combatants were fair game.
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The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. | <urn:uuid:3f715a38-9110-453c-94fe-9e7b1e2222c4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://historyguild.org/north-africa-in-ww2-total-war-with-honour/ | 2024-02-28T22:16:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.97785 | 2,140 | 2.734375 | 3 | [
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“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness.”
2 Timothy 3:16
While one can quickly get bogged down in the minutiae of the origins of the Bible, it is important to re-member that however the Scriptures were handed down to us, they were (and are) the inspired Word of God.
Studying the Bible is a treasure hunt. The more you learn about the Bible, the more you will come to appreciate the elegance, the structure, and the relation-ships between the passages.
Students of the New Testament often encounter references to Mishnah, Talmud, Halakah, and other unfamiliar terms describing documents relating to Jewish interpretation of the Old Testament. There is an old tradition among the rabbis that first began the process of disseminating the Law by explaining its meaning. Jewish scribes were also believed to pass along this body of knowledge through oral teaching. These teachings are called Halakah. Over time, the Halakah was organized according to subject and was gathered into a body of knowledge that was known as the Mishnah, from the Hebrew word mišnâ meaning to “repeat” or “study.”
(A student would recite the material to be learned over and over again, until he had committed the in-formation to memory.)
The Mishnah was written down by the end of the second century B.C., under the guidance of Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi, often referred to as “the Patriarch” or “the Prince.” All through the Talmud are phrases such as “R. Judah says” and “The words of R. Judah.” Later, another group of Rabbis created a commentary on the Mishnah called the Gemara or “completion.” During the fifth and sixth centuries, the Mishnah and the Gemara were combined into the Talmud, meaning “instruction.” There are two versions, the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. The Babylonian Talmud is about four times as long as the Jerusalem Talmud and is generally referred to when one speaks of “the Talmud.”
Even though these writings were originally passed down orally for generations, these oral traditions should not be considered inferior to the written word. The preaching of Christ and the Apostles were oral be-fore they were written down. From Adam to Moses there appears to be little known written Word of God, yet God’s Word was passed down orally for generations.
Jesus taught His disciples by His Words and His actions. His teachings were later written down. The writ-ten tradition then took precedence over the oral. There is a school of thought that believes Matthew may have actually written down some of Christ teachings as He spoke. Matthew was a tax collector and as such would know shorthand. The fact that shorthand was used during that time was confirmed by the fact that in 63 B.C. Marcus Tullius Tiro, a friend of Cicero, had invented a system of shorthand that was widely taught in the schools of the empire. It was used by the notarii (notaries) in the Roman Senate to take down the speeches of the orators. The Greeks also used short-hand for commerce and government.
In John 14:26, Jesus Himself said that the Holy Spirit would help transition the oral traditions into written ones. Such was a process that had been going on for generations.
… because no prophecy ever originated through a human decision. Instead, men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.
2 Peter 1:21
There have been skeptics that believed that Moses could not have written the Torah (c. 1,500 B.C.) because writing was unknown at that time. However modern archeology has given lie to these claims. The Sumerians were adept at writing in about 4000 B.C., and the Egyptians and Babylonians almost as far back in history. More importantly, the Holy Spirit Himself confirmed that Moses could write.
And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words: for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel.
Exodus 34:27 (emphasis added)
Ancient Writing Materials
Stone – Stone was used as a writing medium in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Palestine, as is evidenced by the Code of Hammurabi,1 the Rosetta Stone,2 and the Moabite Stone.3 God gave Moses the Ten Commandments written on tables of stone (Exodus 31:18, also Exodus 34:1, 28). During the time of the Book of Job, (2,100 – 1,600 B.C.) writing was done on both stone and scrolls (Job 19:23–24).
Clay – This was the primary writing surface in the Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian empires and is mentioned in the Old Testament (Ezekiel 4:1). The wet clay was formed into small tablets and wedge-shaped symbols called cuneiform were pressed into the clay, and then dried in an oven or in the sun. Cuneiform became the universal writing style on clay because the medium was only suitable for the straight line form of writing. The rounded, Aramaic form of Hebrew writing did not lend itself well to that media. Thousands of these tab-lets have been uncovered by the archaeologists. Wood - Wooden tablets were used quite extensively by the ancients for writing purposes. The tablets were covered with stucco or wax, which was used as the writing surface. For centuries, this was the writing medium in Greece. A New Testament example is in Luke:
He asked for a writing tablet and wrote, “His name is John.” And everyone was amazed.
Leather (cowhide) – The Jewish Talmud specifically required that the Scriptures used in public worship should be copied on the skins of animals that were “clean”; in other words, on leather. The scrolls were made by sewing the skins together in lengths ranging from a few feet to one hundred feet or more. The width of the scroll was eighteen to twenty-seven inches high and was rolled onto one or two sticks.
(The Dead Sea Scrolls are made from leather sewn together with linen thread.)
Papyrus – Papyrus was made from two layers of papyrus reeds set at right angles to each other, then pressed together to form a sheet.6 The sheets were made six to fifteen inches high and three to nine inches wide. They could be simply used as sheets or joined together to make a scroll up to thirty feet long, long enough to contain the longest epistle. Papyrus was easily obtained, relatively inexpensive, and durable. The New Testament was mostly written on papyrus since it was the most commonly available material for its time.
Since papyrus was a plant material, it is not very durable and did not endure well in damp climates. However in the desert climes of the Middle East, they were better preserved. Some papyrus rolls dating back to the 4th century B.C. are still in existence. Almost 70 papyrus documents containing parts of the New Testament have been found in Egypt, varying from small scraps like the Rylands Papyrus7 (five verses of the Gospel of John), to the Chester Beatty Papyrus II (consisting of 86 almost perfectly preserved pages containing almost all the epistles of Paul.
Vellum (calfskin) or Parchment (lambskin) – Today, the terms “vellum” and “parchment” are used inter-changeably, however, originally, vellum was made from the skins of calves and antelopes, while parchment was made from the skin of sheep and goats. All four types of skins produced a quality writing media that was pre-pared for writing on both sides. Vellum and parchment came into prominence in the second century B.C., eventually replacing papyrus as the preferred media around 300 A.D.
Most of the early copies of the New Testament were written on vellum in a writing style called uncial writing. This was a style of writing that was used until the 10th century A.D. when it was replaced by a more cursive script called minuscule writing. Later, the leather pages were bound together into books or “codices.” Over 350 of these codices still exist today, the most important of them being: Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus. Handwritten texts written on vellum were used as copies of the Bible until the invention of printing, circa 1450. Paper – Early paper, made from wood, rags and grasses began to replace vellum and parchment as early as 900 A.D. in Europe. By the 1400s paper was widely used.
Metal – Metal was infrequently used as a writing media, especially if the information contained on it was especially important or needed to be preserved for a long period of time. The most well-known example of metal being used as a writing medium is “The Copper Scroll” found in Cave 3 at Qumran as part of the Dead Sea Scroll collection. The fact that the scroll is made of copper would tend to indicate that it is an artifact that needs considerable study.8
Validity of the Texts
Almost from the time that the original texts were written, there has been a debate over the accuracy or even the validity of the texts. Second Thessalonians is assumed to be a Pauline letter written in response to a forgery hence, some call the epistle “Third Thessalonians.”
The current Biblical texts represent the compilation of thousands of manuscripts (in whole and fragments) in either scroll or codex form. Before the invention of the printing press, the copying of the Testaments was done by hand by people known as scribes, professionals who had a rigid set of rules to assure the text they were reproducing was accurate. During the time of Christ, the Torah had already been copied for more than 1400 years. Yet during that time, on average the scribes had an error rate of less than one out of every 1,580 letters; these errors were usually corrected when new copies were made. Most of these errors consist of spelling mistakes. Sometimes a word form was changed so that it would grammatically agree with the rest of the sentence.
The Printing Press
It is generally thought that Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. In fact, printing had existed over a millennium before. Wood blocks were carved into entire pages containing images and text. These wood blocks were then inked and pressed on cloth and later paper. Samples of this technique from China and Egypt date back to the third century A.D. The technique is still used today.
What made Gutenberg’s invention revolutionary was his 1452 invention of moveable type for a printing press. Instead of carving out an entire page of a Bible onto a wood block, individual pieces of wood, each with a single letter carved on it, was placed in a wooden frame and placed in a printing press. Multiple copies of the page were made, then the wooden frame would be broken down and the type reused. This method was much faster that the wood block method and made possible the mass production of Bibles, devotional material, and pamphlets. Gutenberg’s invention also aided the spread of the Protestant Reformation in ways never before imagined.
About 180 copies of Gutenberg’s Bible were copied in Latin from a copy of the Vulgate translation of the Bible between 1453 and 1456. Of these Bibles, only about 50 copies are known to survive. Sixty years after the invention of moveable type, about the time Martin Luther posted his “95 Theses,” two dozen printing centers had cropped up around Europe. Within a month of Luther posting the theses, authorized (and unauthorized) copies of his 95 Theses had flooded Europe.
Communication methods and media did not change substantially until the 20th century and the advent of contemporary media. Beginning with radio, Christian communication has expanded into every conceivable media. Within the last ten to twenty years, the ways of disseminating God’s Word has exploded. There are websites, mp3 audio files, mp4 video files, podcasts, streaming video, RSS feeds, Facebook® interest pages, Twitter® “tweets,” the list goes on. The greatest challenge for the Christian community of today is to understand, evaluate and eventually embrace the varied technologies available to the contemporary world. | <urn:uuid:2e2b94a7-3009-4944-b27d-cbbeac2e754d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://khouse.org/articles/2011/1020/ | 2024-02-28T21:27:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.980573 | 2,615 | 3.15625 | 3 | [
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Musculoskeletal injury: How to Relieve Sore Muscle and Joint Pain
Introduction to Musculoskeletal Pain
Musculoskeletal pain affects the body’s muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones. It can range from acute discomfort caused by injury or overuse to chronic conditions such as arthritis. Understanding the nature and causes of this pain is the first step towards effective management and relief.
Identifying Musculoskeletal injury
Musculoskeletal pain manifests in various ways, including sharp or dull aches, stiffness, and burning sensations in muscles and joints. Recognizing these symptoms and knowing when to consult a healthcare provider is crucial for proper treatment and prevention of further complications.
Home Remedies for Sore Muscles
Simple home remedies can significantly alleviate muscle soreness. Techniques like applying heat or cold packs, ensuring adequate rest and recovery after physical activity, staying hydrated, and consuming nutrients vital for muscle repair can offer immediate relief.
Physical Therapies for Joint Pain Relief
Physical therapy, including stretching and strengthening exercises, can improve flexibility and reduce joint pain. Aquatic therapy, in particular, is gentle on the joints while effectively enhancing muscle strength and mobility.
Various over-the-counter products, such as pain relievers, topical creams, and dietary supplements, can provide temporary relief for muscle and joint pain. However, it’s important to use these products as directed and consult a healthcare provider for persistent or severe pain.
Alternative Therapies for Muscles Pain
Alternative therapies like acupuncture, massage, chiropractic adjustments, and mind-body practices such as yoga and Pilates have been found beneficial in managing musculoskeletal pain, offering a holistic approach to pain relief and physical wellness.
Professional Medical Treatments
In cases where home remedies and alternative therapies are insufficient, medical treatments such as prescription medications, joint injections, or even surgery may be necessary. A healthcare professional can provide guidance on the most appropriate treatment options based on individual conditions.
Lifestyle Adjustments for Pain Management
Making lifestyle changes, such as improving workplace ergonomics, maintaining a healthy weight, and adopting stress reduction techniques, can play a significant role in managing and preventing musculoskeletal pain.
Nutrition and Musculoskeletal Health
A balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods and essential nutrients supports musculoskeletal health. Incorporating omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals into your diet can aid in reducing inflammation and promoting muscle and joint recovery.
Role of Hydration in Muscle Recovery
Adequate hydration is essential for overall health and particularly important for muscle function and recovery. Water helps transport nutrients to muscle cells and removes waste products, aiding in the healing process.
Impact of Sleep on Musculoskeletal Pain
Quality sleep is vital for the body’s healing and repair processes. Poor sleep can exacerbate pain, while good sleep practices can enhance pain management and recovery.
Technology and Pain Relief
Advancements in technology offer new avenues for pain management, including wearable pain relief devices and mobile apps designed to monitor symptoms and progress, providing users with tools to manage their pain effectively.
Preventing Musculoskeletal Pain in Daily Life
Preventive measures such as practicing proper body mechanics, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding repetitive strain can significantly reduce the risk of developing musculoskeletal pain.
Understanding Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Chronic pain differs from acute pain in its persistence and impact on daily life. Managing chronic musculoskeletal pain often requires a comprehensive approach that includes physical therapy, medication, lifestyle changes, and sometimes psychological support.
Musculoskeletal Pain in Different Populations
Musculoskeletal pain affects individuals differently based on age, gender, and other factors. Tailoring pain management strategies to meet the unique needs of different populations can improve outcomes and quality of life.
Which Lamacoppa Leaf Sciences product can help you?
Lamacoppa Leaf Sciences Solldol CBD cream for Muscle and Joint pain relief has a Natural high thermogenic action, Deep Penetration action. Fast-acting pain reliever Cream with 10% Arnica, 5% Devil’s Claw and 1000 mg CBD.
Thanks to its composition based on synergistic natural extracts known in phytotherapy such as Cannabidiol, Hemp Oil, Arnica Extract, Devil’s Claw Extract, Hop Extract, Black Currant Extract, it is useful to ensure a quick and lasting sense of relief to muscles and joints. The high concentration of CBD works as a muscle and joint relaxant in synergy with the intensive warming effect and pure extract of Arnica and Devil’s Claw.
IMMEDIATE AND LASTING RELIEF FROM JOINT PAIN AND MUSCLE PAIN
The high concentration of CBD works together with the intensive warming effect and the high concentration of pure extract of Arnica and Devil’s Claw immediately relieving and improving the treated area. Thanks to its soothing cosmetic formula it gives a quick and lasting sense of relief to muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments. Ideal to use even before and after physical exercise, it warms up the muscles and accelerates their recovery.
Warming effect gel characterized by a light texture and quickly assimilated by the skin. Immediate action and rapid absorption, non-greasy, pleasant lavender scent.
Useful for therapeutic massage in case of:
- Muscle contractures (stiff neck, back pain, etc.)
• Muscle tears and strains
• Muscle strains
• Muscle pains (arthralgias)
• Tennis Elbow (Epicondylitis)
• Rotator cuff pain
Recommended in sport activity:
- For preventing sports injuries
• For increasing muscles temperature (As cool muscles poses a potential risk of injury, muscles temperature should be high before sport activity)
• Lactic acid reduction to sore muscles after sport activity
• Muscle cool-down
• Improved vascularity
• Tissue oxygenation
The Cannabidiol (CBD) we use is a COSMOS certified raw material.
- NCBI, editors. The Anatomy and Physiology of Pain, NCBI (ncbi.nim.nih.gov), 1987.
- K P Grichnik, F M Ferrante, editors. The difference between acute and chronic pain, NCBI/National Library of Medicine (pubmed.ncbi.nim.nih.gov)
- Medical News Today, editors. Easy bruising: What to know about bruising easily.
- NHS website, editors. Sprains, 5. WebMD content staff. Managing muscle soreness,
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), editors. Joint Pain and Arthritis,
- Holland Hospital Pain Management, editors. Self-care approaches to treating pain,
8 PubMed Central Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment of the Painful Sacroiliac Joint (pubmed.ncbi.nim.nih.gov)
Our products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. You must not rely on the information on this website as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider, the information on this website is not advice, and should not be treated as such.Lamacoppa Leaf Sciences products are cosmetic products in whose formulation only cosmetic ingredients that comply with current legislation are used. With particular reference to CBD, it is specified that it has been extracted only from non-prohibited parts of the cannabis sativa L plant. In any case, all Lamacoppa Leaf Sciences products are not medicinal and do not significantly affect human biochemical processes.
To relieve sore muscles, gentle stretching and strengthening exercises are highly recommended. Techniques such as yoga and Pilates can enhance flexibility and reduce muscle tension. Low-impact exercises like swimming or walking can also help keep muscles active without overstraining them. Always start with a warm-up and finish with a cool-down to prevent further muscle soreness.
Joint pain can be considered serious if it is persistent, intensifies over time, or significantly limits your mobility and daily activities. Other warning signs include swelling, redness, warmth around the joint, or systemic symptoms like fever and weight loss. It’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate assessment if you experience these symptoms.
Supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid are often cited for joint support. Fish oil rich in omega-3 and turmeric with its anti-inflammatory properties can also be beneficial. However, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen to ensure they are appropriate for your personal needs and do not interact with other treatments.
Yes, diet plays a crucial role in managing musculoskeletal pain. Foods high in natural anti-inflammatories, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish, can help reduce inflammation and pain. Conversely, highly processed foods, refined sugars, and saturated fats can exacerbate inflammation and pain.
To prevent muscle and joint pain, it’s advisable to take short breaks every hour. This can include standing up, stretching, or briefly walking. The goal is to reduce stiffness and promote circulation, especially if your job involves long hours of sitting or standing in the same position.
Untreated chronic musculoskeletal pain can lead to reduced mobility, dependency on pain relief medications, and a decrease in quality of life. It can also contribute to more severe conditions like depression and anxiety. Early treatment approaches and active management are key to preventing the escalation of pain and long-term complications. | <urn:uuid:f8de6590-0af7-4623-85fc-a6205cf35837> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lamacoppasciences.com/musculoskeletal-injury/ | 2024-02-28T22:40:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.909234 | 2,001 | 2.875 | 3 | [
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WILLS POINT, TX – Gospel for Asia (GFA World) founded by K.P. Yohannan, which inspired numerous charities like Gospel for Asia Canada, to assist the poor and deprived worldwide, issued this Special Report update on the typically under-discussed looming global water crisis.
Water problems are often big news, whether it’s ongoing crises in American locales like Flint, Michigan or Newark, New Jersey; in 11 cities across the world forecasting as most likely to run out of drinking water; or the widespread concern that two-thirds of the world will face shortages by 2025.
And yet, “water stress is the biggest crisis no one is talking about,” says Andrew Steer, president and CEO of the World Resources Institute. “Its consequences are in plain sight in the form of food insecurity, conflict and migration, and financial instability.”
One recent report from World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF) says that 785 million people lack a basic drinking-water service. Globally, at least 2 billion people use a source contaminated with feces. Contaminated water can transmit diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and dysentery.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control says an estimated 801,000 children younger than 5 perish from diarrhea annually, mostly in developing countries.
Not only is safe, readily available water important for public health, WHO says improved water supply, sanitation and better management of resources “can boost countries’ economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.”
That’s true even in developed nations. More than 2 million Americans lack access to running water and indoor plumbing; another 30 million live in areas lacking access to safe drinking water.
Last September, an investigation into a 6-year-old boy’s death led to detection of a brain-eating amoeba in the water supply of Lake Jackson, Texas, an hour south of Houston.
But it isn’t just the U.S. struggling to provide an adequate supply. Two years ago, BBC News chronicled 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water. Topping the list was Cape Town, South Africa, which the BBC said was “in the unenviable situation of being the first major city in the modern era to face the threat of running out of drinking water.”
Cape Town has thus far avoided that fate by instituting usage restrictions, but that city and 10 others continue to face a water shortage:
Interestingly, only Mexico is listed by WHO and UNICEF among 10 countries with the worst drinking water. The other nine include Congo, Pakistan, Bhutan, Ghana, Nepal, Cambodia, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Uganda. Tales of woe in the report include 40 percent of Ugandans having to travel more than 30 minutes for safe drinking water.
In two previous special reports for Gospel for Asia entitled “Dying of Thirst: The Global Water Crisis,” and “Solving the World Water Crisis … for Good,” we unpacked the global quest for access to safe, clean water, and how lasting solutions can defeat this age-old problem. This article highlights continuing water stress problems worldwide, and various solutions that are emerging to deal with a crisis issue that is too often underdiscussed.
Pandemic Problems to Make Global Water Crisis Worse
As if the situation wasn’t bad enough, the pandemic of 2020 exacerbated conditions. In a forecast just prior to last year’s World Water Day, the UN said, “A continuing shortfall in water infrastructure investments from national governments and the private sector has left billions exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic.”
Ensuing developments justified the warning. Soon after, grocery stores in central California took to rationing bottled water to deal with the pandemic’s effects that posed serious health risks for residents in rural farmworker communities, where tap water is often fouled by agricultural pollution.
In long-plagued Flint last summer, 55-year-old Cynthia Shepherd told The Detroit News that, coupled with the extended water crisis there, the pandemic was making it “tough.” “I’ve known a few people who have died, and it’s scary,” says Shepherd.
Soon after reopening for the 2020-21 school year, school officials in five Ohio towns announced they had found legionella—the bacteria that can cause a serious type of pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease—in their water supplies. So did four districts in Pennsylvania. Ironically, precautions taken to prevent infection risks could have added to the problem.
“Stagnant water in unused drinking fountains or sink plumbing could be a good reservoir in which the bacteria could grow,” wrote New York Times reporter Max Horberry. “And shower heads like those found in locker rooms are common places for Legionella to proliferate.”
But it’s worse elsewhere. Countries in Africa and South Asia, where 85 percent of the world’s people live, face formidable challenges. One report said during the outbreak a lack of clean drinking water and hygiene practices became a major concern for cities in the developing world, especially in slums, urban fringes and refugee camps. Since COVID-19 has focused global attention on the need for frequent handwashing, drinking water and personal hygiene, The Conversation said political leaders will have to give attention to quality as well as access.
“It will be an even more daunting task, in both developed and developing countries, to regain the trust of their people that water they are receiving is safe to drink and for personal hygiene because of extensive past mismanagement in most areas of the world,” the publication observed.
In an article for GeoJournal, Professor Albert Boretti noted that technological improvements that helped deal with increased demand for water, food and energy since 1950 were not enough to avoid a water crisis. Not only have worldwide coronavirus cases (as of Aug. 4, 2020) surpassed 18.4 million and fatalities reached almost 700,000, containment measures aimed at limiting infections damaged the world economy, he said.
“This will limit social expenditures in general, and the expenditures for the water issue in particular,” Boretti said. “The water crisis will consequently become worse in the next months, with consequences still difficult to predict. This will be true especially for Africa, where the main problem has always been poverty. … More poverty will translate in a lack of food and water, potentially much more worrying than the virus spreading.”
Singapore Water Crisis Solutions
When it comes to cleaning up water, the Asian city-state of Singapore is a success story. For more than a century after the British settled there in 1819, the Singapore River was the focus of global and regional trade. That also brought pollution associated with commercial activity, such as industries, squatter colonies and food vendors dumping garbage, sewage and industrial waste into the river.
For more than a century, various commissions proposed alternatives for improving navigation and solving pollution, including a 1950s report suggesting improvements costing $30 million. For various reasons, it was never implemented, say the authors of an academic paper on the history of the clean-up.
However, in the 1960s, the prime minister set in motion a plan that included a call for water and drainage engineers in two departments to work together to resolve environmental problems. Polluters were told to move, families relocated to high-rise public housing, and a series of other steps were taken that cost $300 million.
“When the costs of the rivers cleaning programme are compared with the benefits, it is clear that it was an excellent investment,” said lead author Cecilia Tortajada. “The river cleaning programme had numerous direct and indirect benefits, since it unleashed many development- related activities which transformed the face of Singapore and enhanced its image as a model city in terms of urban planning and development. Most important, however, was that the population achieved better quality of life.”
Other Global Water Crisis Solutions
Cleaning up water is only part of the solution to the global water crisis. The main part will be finding additional water sources, which is where advancements in desalination (also known as desalinization) offer encouragement. According to one report, desalination capacity is expected to double between 2016 and 2030.
Last June, Columbia University announced engineering researchers have been refining desalination through a process known as temperature swing solvent extraction (TSSE). The school says TSSE is radically different from conventional methods because it does not use membranes to refine water. In a paper for Environmental Science & Technology, the team reported their method enabled them to attain energy-efficient, zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) of these brines.
“Zero-liquid discharge is the last frontier of desalination,” said Ngai Yin Yip, an assistant professor of earth and environmental engineering who led the study. While evaporating and condensing the water is the current practice for ZLD, it’s very energy intensive and prohibitively costly. The Columbia University team was able to achieve ZLD without boiling the water off—a major advance in desalination technology.
Among other advances is work by a research group at Spain’s University of Alicante, which has developed a stand-alone system for desalination that is powered by solar energy. A second solar-powered system developed by researchers in China and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was announced in February 2020.
There is also commercial potential, as shown by 11 plants operating in California, with 10 more proposed. One in suburban San Diego turns 100 million gallons of seawater into 50 million gallons of fresh water daily, which it pipes to various municipalities. While it costs twice as much as other sources, the water resources manager for the San Diego County Water Authority says it’s worth it.
“Drought is a recurring condition here in California,” said Jeremy Crutchfield, Water Resources Manager at the San Diego County Water Authority. “We just came out of a five-year drought in 2017. The plant has reduced our reliance on imported supplies, which is challenging at times here in California. So it’s a component for reliability.”
Micro Solutions to the Global Water Crisis
Another active NGO is Gospel for Asia (GFA World), which initiated water well drilling projects in 2000 after the Lord put a burden on a donor’s heart about the need for clean water. He contacted the ministry to ask if it would allow wells to be built near churches led by GFA pastors—and sponsored the first 10, known as Jesus Wells. Drilled 300 feet (91 meters) or deeper into the earth, these wells often provide clean water for 300 or more people per day.
Over two decades, the results have been phenomenal. GFA has drilled a cumulative total of more than 30,000 wells and today is completing around 4,000 each year throughout Asia. In addition to helping entire villages, Gospel for Asia (GFA) provides solutions for individuals and families through BioSand water filters, designed for home use. Capable of removing 98 percent of biological impurities, the filters can last for up to 20 years with proper care. By the fall of 2020, the ministry had distributed more than 58,000 filters.
Now, the clean well has become part of the community’s fabric. Says a GFA pastor whose church is next to the well: “I feel very happy to know that this is one of the first Jesus Wells. It’s not easy to have a well maintained for this many years; because anybody can install a well, but maintaining it for almost years, where it still gives clean and good drinking water, it is not easy. That makes me very proud and happy.”
Founder of Gospel for Asia (GFA), K.P. Yohannan, says the faith-based NGO is helping thousands of needy families, especially children. Without clean water, he says youngsters are susceptible to many diseases, which prevent them from attending school and can thereby keep them trapped in a cycle of poverty.
“We attack the water crisis globally by installation of wells in a village or BioSand filters in homes,” Yohannan says. “We did a study in our medical camps and found the No. 1 issue for children in South Asia was either diarrhea or upper respiratory infections. Our ultimate goal to give kids an education so they can get a better job is compromised if they’re sick.”
Waterborne diseases causing stress, sickness, and even death can be addressed and resolved with proper solutions, like BioSand water filters and fresh-water wells.
BioSand Water Filters
If you’d like to make a personal impact on the world water crisis, consider giving a needy family a simple BioSand water filter. For only $30, GFA World can manufacture and distribute one of these effective filters to a water-compromised family in Asia or Africa and provide them with clean, safe water for years to come.
Or, consider giving toward the $1,400 average cost to install a Jesus Well for an entire community. Jesus Wells can serve 300 or more people with safe, clean drinking water for 10-20 years.
Either solution is a simple and effective way to take part in helping reduce water stress in this world and provide micro solutions to the global water crisis for people in need of clean, safe drinking water.
If this special report has touched your heart and you would like to help families and communities who are suffering through the water crisis, please share this article with your friends and consider making a generous gift to GFA World to help give clean water to a village through BioSand Water Filters and Jesus Wells.
About Gospel for Asia
GFA World (Gospel for Asia) is a leading faith-based mission agency, helping national workers bring vital assistance and spiritual hope to millions across Asia, especially to those who have yet to hear about the love of God. In GFA World’s latest yearly report, this included thousands of community development projects that benefit downtrodden families and their children, free medical camps conducted in more than 1,200 villages and remote communities, over 4,800 clean water wells drilled, over 12,000 water filters installed, income-generating Christmas gifts for more than 260,000 needy families, and spiritual teaching available in 110 languages in 14 nations through radio ministry. For all the latest news, visit our Press Room at https://press.gfa.org/news.
Learn more by reading these Special Reports from Gospel for Asia:
- Pandemic Worsens the Hardships of Leprosy Patients — COVID-19 intensifies two crippling challenges
- Modern Day Slavery Speeds up under Cover of COVID-19 — Growing during pandemic: people vulnerable to exploitation
Learn more about Gospel for Asia: Facebook | YouTube | Instagram | LinkedIn | SourceWatch | Integrity | Lawsuit Update | 5 Distinctives | 6 Remarkable Facts | 10 Milestones | Media Room | Leprosy & COVID 19 | Endorsements | 40th Anniversary | Lawsuit Response | International Offices | Missionary and Child Sponsorship | Transforming Communities through God’s Love
Read what 24 Christian Leaders are affirming about Gospel for Asia. | <urn:uuid:14169f13-2318-4515-9214-5154d2b8c370> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://missionsbox.org/essays/water-stress-the-unspoken-global-crisis-gfa-world-special-report/?amp | 2024-02-28T23:15:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.955834 | 3,202 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
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The relationship between the virtual world and the real world
Discuss the Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Huizinga’s ‘Magic Circle’ as a Method for Comprehending the Social, Cultural and Psychological Uniqueness of the Play Experience.
The Huizinga’s magic circle is a common term used in game studies. In online games, the ‘magic circle’ refers to enclosed virtual worlds. The players enter the online social environment and the magic circle creates a shield which creates an impenetrable membrane separating the virtual world from the real world. However, there exists certain relationship between the virtual world and the real world. The virtual world has certain characteristics which are unique; however, there are also certain similarities between the virtual and the outside world. The magic circle describes the game and the manner in which the players actually interact with the game. The magic circle is a place for fantasy (Adams, 2013). The magic circle is an escape from the regular problems and when a person leaves the magical circle, it brings meaning and experience to the situation. The term magic circle is used to describe the difference between play and non-play and explains more complex type of social relations. Historically, the magic circle is defined as a space created for playing. In the magical circle, a player enters voluntarily into a space which is set apart from the ordinary life, location and duration. The magical circle has rules that differs it from the real life. The magical circle is infinite in nature and magic is transformed within the circle. Within the magical circle, a world is developed where the meaning of different elements is handled differently and the game rules have the highest authority (Stenros, 2014).
The boundaries between the magic circle and the game are blurred and porous. The division of play and the ordinary life is invalid as it is space where among other things play happens. The magical circle can be studies in a social perspective and can be associated with cultural anthropology. The magic circle can be studied as a type of social contract and there are certain rules and devices which are triggered as the game begins. Therefore, before a player begins playing a game, he needs to come to an agreement with those rules. When a player enters the virtual world, he enters into a psychological bubble, a small and manageable world which is completely separate from the outside world. Although the virtual world create by the magic circle can be shared with other people, it creates a sense of protected and private place. The focus and the flow of concentration do not only occur at games but also at work. The detachment from the everyday reality that the game provides relates to the human psyche of desiring time and space for a new structure. It also relates to the need of privacy of humans wherein they desire to be at a certain distance from the concentrated activities (Petry, 2013).
The experiences in the game also invade the real life of the people and affect the actual life people. The game also permeates to the dreams and the actions and thought of different people. The games are the social expression immersed and are the expressions of a specific person. At a certain point of time, a game is the expression of a particular idea or experiment and reorganizes from the point of view of player. Therefore, different people have different interpretation of the playful situations. The psychological bubble formed in gaming is not uniform and shared but personal (Huynh, 2013).
Defining the Magic Circle and its role in online games
The magic circle provides opportunity to the gaming community to address the needs of the human society. A common example can be a conspiracy game in which each player begins in a familiar setting. The game highlights the trust and suspicion among the players. The uncertainty in the situation can create skepticism about the actual reality. The designers become capable of blurring the difference between actual reality and the gaming experience. They have the potential to deceive the sense of distinction between the reality and make-believe (Rodriguez, 2006).
In the experimental game design, the skeptical uncertainty is the major controversial issue. It is experimental game design; paranoia is a major method which is used to distort the distinction between potential threats and secret plots. When paranoid, the player questions the existence of the boundaries and if they exists at all. The location of the magic circle also becomes significant for the game (Calleja, 2011).
The magic circle provides social and individual experiences through gaming. There exists interaction between personal and social experiences of the individuals. The rules of the gamming are socially shared but accepting them is a personal choice (Boomen, 2009).
However, the major concern in the magic circle is that there should be a specific boundary which creates demarcation for the actual reality and the gaming world. The core element of magic circle is the idea of ordered-life and the agreed upon conventions. A game wherein the boundaries of the magic circle are not yet defined and the rules are not created, the game will be in a risky and undeveloped. This approach will be inappropriate in designing the games for social purpose or social philosophy. Obtaining the consensus of all the players will be complex because the ultimate aim of these games is to make the subject more educative rather than attractive or entertaining for the students (Jarvinen, 2004).
Another concern in the development of the games with the approach of the magic circle is that the all the tactics and strategies in the games must be determined in advance of the games. The games developed on the basis of magical circle will make the game dependable on the decisions and the responses of players. It may create a state of suspension and aggression among the players or creative association through trial and error (Reyes & Adams, 2010).
Magic Circle is an approach in designing virtual games. The magic circle is a virtual reality and assists the people in escaping the everyday life of the people. Every time, the people leaves the magic circle, it brings them new meaning and experiences. There are certain benefits of developing games with this approach as it provides the game designers to design games with which can reduce the difference between the reality and the games. The game participants have total control over the designing of the game. However, it is not appropriate in designing games which are aimed towards a social cause.
Huynh, K.P. (2013). Stepping out of the Magic Circle: Regulation of Play/Life Boundary in MMO-Mediated Romantic Relationship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18(3), 251-264.
Jarvinen, A. (2004). A Meaningful Read: Rules of Play reviewed. The International Journal of Computer Game Research 4(1).
Petry, A.D.S. (2013). The concept of magic circle: a critical reading. OBRA DIGITAL - ISSN2014-503. Núm 5 – Septiembre 2013.
Reyes, I., & Adams, S. (2010). Screening Play: Rules, Wares, and Representations in "Realistic" Video Games. Journal for Computer Game Culture 4(2), 149-166.
Rodriguez, H. (2006). The Playful and the Serious: An approximation to Huizinga's Homo Ludens. Game Studies. The International Journal of Computer Game Research 6(1).
Stenros, J. (2014). In Defence of a Magic Circle: The Social, Mental and Cultural Boundaries of Play. Transactions of Digital Games Reearch Association 1(2).
Adams, E. (2013). Fundamentals of Game Design. New Riders.
Calleja, G. (2011). In-Game: From Immersion to Incorporation. MIT Press.
Boomen, M.V.D. (2009). Digital Material: Tracing New Media in Everyday Life andTo export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below:
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] |
Excitement through Eloquence or Carrot and Stick Approach
excitement through eloquence or carrot and stick approach
excitement can be achieved mainly through visual and aural methods. there is incitement in figures of speech, and this is well known to the speakers of arabic who have an interest in rhetorical styles, but others who are not interested or familiar with the art of the language can see the style as normal.
first type: excitement through matters related to the arabic language
the prophet (peace be upon him) is the most eloquent speaker. narrated abu huraira: the prophet (pbuh) said, "i have been given the keys of eloquent speech and given victory with awe (cast into the hearts of the enemy)…" [bukhari]
the prophet (pbuh) is sent to all the people including arabs, the masters of eloquence and rhetoric. this is why a lot of hadiths (prophetic sayings) include many lingual and rhetoric aspects.
first: summation then elaboration
when the prophet (peace be upon him) used summation, it was usually to encourage attendees to ask for more details. this is an exciting approach to engage listeners and attract them to what will be said. this is like mentioning a number of attributes or items, then to mention the details of these attributes and items, or when he (pbuh) said general summarized words which would lead the listener to ask for more details.
on the authority of abu ruqayya tameem ibn aus ad-daaree (ra)1 that the prophet (peace be upon him) said: 'the deen (religion) is naseehah (advice/sincerity)'.
in some narrations of the hadith the prophet (pbuh) repeated this statement three times then he was silent.
this incited the companions and led them to wonder saying:
((we said 'to whom?'he said 'to allah and his book, and his messenger, and to the leaders of the muslims and their common folk.')) [related by muslim]
it is clear that in some narrations there are elements of excitement such as:
first: summation to stimulate the souls of listeners and encourage them to ask for more details.
second: repetition of what was summed up. this is why it was said by ibn hajar al-hatimi:
((the style of the haidth indicates that the scholar may summarize the lesson he is going to deliver to listeners, he does not have to explain a lot of details at the beginning to attract the student to hear more and inquire about the unexplained details. this is more engaging and interesting to listeners than being overwhelmed by a lot of information at once.))
an example of this style is the hadith narrated by ibn abbas that the delegates of 'abd-ul-qais came to allah's apostle and said, "o allah's apostle! we are from the tribe of rabi'a and the infidels of mudar tribe stand between us and you, so that we cannot come to you except in the sacred months2. therefore we would like you to give us some instructions which we may follow and convey to our people staying behind us." the prophet said, "i order you to observe four things and forbid you (to do) four things: (i order you) to believe in allah testifying that none has the right to be worshipped except allah; to offer the prayer perfectly; to pay the zakat3; and to give one-fifth of the war booty to allah. and i forbid you to use ad-dubba, al-hantam, an-naqir and al-muzaffat." (these are names of utensils in which alcoholic drinks were served.)
in the hadith, the prophet (pbuh) said: (i order you to observe four things and forbid you (to do) four things)
then he detailed what he summarized at the previous sentence, namely the four things to observe and the four things to avoid.
his sentence (i order you to observe four things), there is summation and also the same about his sentence (and forbid you (to do) four things).
ibn hajar said:
((the wisdom of summation before elaboration is to attract the spirit to listen to the further explanation to absorb and memorize the following details. if the student forgets any point of the specific number of details that he memorized from the teacher, then he will realize that he misses a part of what he heard.))
another example of employing summation then elaboration is the hadith of the pillars of islam. the prophet muhammad (pbuh) said: "islam is founded on five pillars; to testify that 'there is no deity except allah, and muhammad is the messenger of allah;' to establish the ritual prayers; to give zakat; to fast during the month of ramadan and to perform the pilgrimage to the house (in makkah)."
the prophet (pbuh) first summed up the main idea by saying (islam is founded on five pillars), then he elaborated it further by explaining each point of the five such as uttering shahada, praying, giving zakat, fasting ramadan and performing hajj.
second: mentioning the predicate before the inceptive or the object before the subject
setting forth the part of speech that should be delayed or mentioned later and delaying what should be mentioned first cause excitement and attraction of listeners, because it is irregular and unexpected as it does not follow the traditional rules of the language. it is needless to say that such break of rules has to have a reason; it is usually to excite listeners to listen attentively to the lesson. an example is the hadith narrated by abu hurirah that the prophet (peace be upon him) said: "two words loved by the most merciful one, light on the tongue and weigh heavily in the balance; subhan allahi wa bihamdihi, subhan allahil adheem (glory be to allah, and praise, glory be to allah, the supreme)"[sahih al-bukhari; 7:67, muslim; 4:2071]
two words is the predicate, loved by the most merciful one is an adjective, and finally subhan allahi wa bihamdihi, subhan allahil adheem are the inceptive.
((the prophet (peace be upon him) mentioned the predicate and adjective before the inceptive to influence listeners and to make the statement appealing to them, because what they learn with concentration and effort is more effective than the easy meaning that is obtained without any effort.))
another example is the haidth by the prophet (peace be upon him):
((two habits, whoever maintains them will enter paradise, they are easy and the ones who do them are few. the companions said: what are they, o messenger of allah?
he (pbuh) said: to say alhamduliah, allahu akbar and sobhan allah at the end of each prayer, ten times each. when you go to bed also to say alhamdulilah, allahu akbar and sobhan allah, each of them for a hundred times, the sum will be two hundred times and fifty mentioned by the tongue and two thousand and five hundred in the balance (record of deeds). who among you commit two thousand and five hundred sins? they said: how come the ones who do them are few? he (pbuh) said: satan comes to any of you in prayer and reminds him of such and such, so he doesn’t say them, and he comes to him at the time of sleep and make him sleep so he doesn’t say them.))
preceding and delaying can also be bymentioning the punishment before the guilt.
this is to shed light on the punishment to attract listener to listen to the kind of guilt linked to the preceding punishment. an example is the hadith narrated by abu dhar (r.a) that the prophet (peace be upon him) said: ((there are three to whom allah will not speak on the day of resurrection and will not look at them or praise them, and theirs will be a painful torment.” the prophet (pbuh) repeated it three times. abu dharr (r.a) said: “may they be doomed and lost; who are they, o messenger of allah?” he (peace be upon him) said, one who lets down his lower garments (below his ankles) out of arrogance, one who boasts of his favors done to another; and who sells his goods by taking a false oath.)) [sahih muslim]
as we can see, the prophet (pbuh) mentioned the punishment: ‘allah will not speak on the day of resurrection and will not look at them or praise them, and theirs will be a painful torment’.this excited the narrator and made him ask the prophet (pbuh) about the kind of people who will receive such punishment: ‘may they be doomed and lost; who are they, o messenger of allah?’the prophet (pbuh) explained the nature of their guilt that led to the punishment. thus, this style of speech achieved the aim which is to attract listeners to listen attentively to what will be said next and engage them in the intended lesson as reflected in the narrator’s question to the prophet (pbuh).
the same applies to denying faith, or attributing disbelief or hypocrisy,then comes the mention of the sins that made them deserve this description. this is clear in the hadith in which the prophet muhammad (peace be upon him) said: ((whoever has (the following) four characteristics will be a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of these characteristics, has one characteristic of a hypocrite unless he gives it up. if he speaks, he tells a lie; if he gives a promise, he breaks it; if he makes a covenant he proves treacherous; and if he quarrels, he behaves in a very imprudent, evil, insulting manner (unjust).)) [sahih bukhari]
another example is the hadith narrated abu shuraih that the prophet (peace be upon him) said:
(("by allah, he does not believe! by allah, he does not believe! by allah, he does not believe!"
it was said, "who is that, o allah's apostle?"
he said, "that person whose neighbor does not feel safe from his evil.")) [sahih al-bukhari, volume 8, number 45]
in the two above mentioned hadiths, we notice the preceding affirmation of hypocrisy or denying of belief prior to the further explanation of the reasons for these very negative qualities. it reflects a catching engaging style which can be easily noticed by anyone interested in such kind of rhetoric.
second type: excitement through asking questions and requiring answers from listeners
attracting the attention of listeners by asking questions is very important. it is very clear in the sunnah4 of the prophet muhammad (peace be upon him). many of us remember only such style of eloquence in the haidths, namely asking questions, because they are various and diverse in the prophetic sayings. it was found that stimulating listeners and attracting them by asking questions is reflected in a number of cases:
the prophet (peace be upon him) might ask questions in matters that are well known to them (the companions and muslims in genera):
first: to confirm these matters that they know, if they give the right answer.
second: to clarify to them that the true meaning of what was said is unlike what they have in mind, if they give the wrong answer.
third: to attract their attention to things they don’t know the answer to them, by this he (pbuh) encourages them to seek the explanation and learn important things.
asking questions to listeners to confirm the information they already know:
narrated abu bakr: the prophet muhammad (peace be upon him) stated: “time has rotated as same as the first day on which the lord created the heavens and the earth. a year contains twelve months, four of them are sanctified. three are successive: dhu al-qi'dah5, dhu al-hijjah6 and muharram7 and the fourth is rajab8 which falls between jumada9 and sha'ban10.“which month is this?” “allah and his apostle are the most knowledgeable,” we answered.the prophet paused for a considerable while that we thought he would call another name to that month. “is it not dhu al-hijjah?” asked the prophet.“yes, it is,’ we replied. “which land is this?’ asked he.“allah and his apostle are the most knowledgeable,” we answered. the prophet paused for a considerable while that we thought he would call another name to it. “is it not al-balda11?” asked the prophet.“yes, it is,” we replied. “which day is today?” asked the prophet.“allah and his apostle are the most knowledgeable,” we answered. the prophet kept silent for a considerable while that we thought he would call another name to it. “is it not the nahr day12?”asked the prophet. “yes, it is,” we answered. the prophet said, “your souls and estate and honors are sanctified among you as same as the sanctification of this day in this month on this land. you shall meet your lord, and he shall examine your deeds. after me, return not to deviation by beheading each other. the witness should inform the absent. it may happen that an indirect receiver is being more committed than the direct.” [sahih al-bukhari, 5/126]
in the hadith, it is clear the great anticipation they felt when the prophet (peace be upon him) asked them about matters they already knew such as the day, month and place and then he (pbuh) confirmed such well-known information in the same exciting manner. this style was needed to achieve the aim that the prophet (pbuh) wanted to reaffirm, namely the great sanctification (sacredness) of souls, estate, honors exactly like the sanctification of this day (nahr day) in this month (dhu al-hijjah) on this land (makkah).
((the question of the prophet (peace be upon him) about the three matters, and staying silent for a while after each question was to stimulate their attention, raise their awareness and prepare them for what he was going to mention to concentrate fully and listen carefully to him, and to sense the great statement that he (peace be upon him) was going to tell.))
ibn hajr commented:
this is why he (pbuh) said after this preparation:
“your souls and estate and your honors are sanctified among you as same as the sanctification of this day in this month on this land…” to exaggerate in stating the sacredness of such things, the things mentioned in the haidth are already known to them but they did not answer because they were afraid that the prophet (pbuh) was going to change their names.
(1) ra: radya allah anhu/anha [may allah be pleased with him/her]
(2) sacred months are called "al-ashur al hurum", they are the four sanctified months during which warfare is prohibited. the pre-islamic arabs also considered warfare blasphemous during the four months, a view that has been confirmed in islam.
(3) zakat: one of the five pillars of islam, is the giving of a fixed portion of one's wealth to charity, generally to the poor and needy. the zakat is an act of piety through which one expresses concern for the well-being of fellow muslims, as well as preserving social harmony between the wealthy and the poor.
(4) the sunnah is the ways, teachings and activities of prophet muhammad (peace be upon him). muslims should emulate the sunnah of the prophet to be good muslims.
(5) dhu al-qi'dah: is the eleventh month in the islamic calendar. it is one of the four sacred months in islam during which warfare is prohibited, hence the name ‘master of truce’.
(6) dhu al-hijjah: this is a very sacred month in the islamic calendar, marking the end of the year. it is in this month in which the hajj pilgrimage takes place."dhu al-hijjah" literally means ‘possessor of the pilgrimage.’ it is during this month that pilgrims from all around the world congregate at makkah to visit the kaaba. the hajj is performed on the eighth, ninth and the tenth of this month. day of arafa takes place on the ninth of the month. eid ul-adha, the ‘festival of the sacrifice,’ begins on the tenth day and ends on the 13th.
(7) muharram: is the first month of the islamic calendar. it is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited. muharram is so called because it is unlawful to fight during this month; the word is derived from the word haram, meaning "forbidden". it is held to be the most sacred of all the months, excluding ramadan.
(8) rajab: is the seventh month of the islamic calendar. this month is regarded as one of the four sacred months in islam in which battles are prohibited. when prophet muhammad (pbuh) sighted the moon of rajab, he used to pray to allah in the following words: "o allah, make the months of rajab and sha'ban blessed for us, and let us reach the month of ramadan (i.e. prolong our life up to ramadan, so that we may benefit from its merits and blessings)."
(9) jumada al-awal and jumada al-thani: they are the fifth and sixth months in the islamic calendar. the origin of the word is as follows: the word jumda, from which the name of the months is derived, is used to denote dry parched land: land devoid of rain, and hence denote the dry months.
(10) sha'ban: is the eighth month of the islamic calendar. sha'ban is one of the meritorious months for which we find some particular instructions in the sunnah of prophet muhammad (pbuh). it is reported in the authentic ahadith that prophet muhammad (pbuh) used to fast most of the month in sha'ban.
(11) al-balda: is another name of the holy city of makkah which is situated in saudi arabia and is the birth place of prophet muhammad (peace be upon him). prophet ibraheem (peace be upon him) built the kaaba there and muslims go to perform hajj (pilgrimage) there.
(12) nahr day: the tenth day of dhul-hijjah is the greatest day of hajj. it is known as yawm an-nahr (the day of sacrifice), since it marks the ending of the major rite of hajj. it is on this day that the muslims commemorate the bounties and blessings of allah. it was recorded in a hadith by imam ahmad that the day of nahr is the most virtuous day to allah. the messenger of allah (peace be upon him) said: “the greatest day of hajj (pilgrimage) is the day of an-nahr.” | <urn:uuid:f613dc77-39fa-435b-b3ee-eb82bdae4c48> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://rasoulallah.net/en/articles/article/10057/ | 2024-02-28T23:34:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.959055 | 4,286 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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When we talk about oral health, what we picture most are a set of pure white smiles. Oftentimes, we spend so much on the whitening and aesthetic aspect that we forget that there is more to dental health than the color of your teeth.
My opinion is that healthy gums and strong teeth are two of the most important aspects of a healthy mouth. People who have sensitive teeth or painful gums are likely to complain more than those who have whiter teeth.
However, this does not mean that one thing is better than another.
Regular visits to the dentist are essential for maintaining strong, healthy teeth. Regular visits to the dentist can be costly and sometimes it is impossible to afford them.
And this folks is why oral hygiene is extremely important.
Oral health allows you to maintain your teeth. Regular toothbrush, proper gum care. All these things are crucial for healthy teeth.
Then there is oral probiotics.
For those of you who prefer a more visual experience, here is a video review from Health And Fitness Tips USA YouTube channel. To get a comprehensive overview of ProDentim, you may still want to check out our article below.
Oral Probiotics Dental Probiotic Reviews
Probiotics are a mix of beneficial or live bacteria and yeast that naturally exist in your body. That’s right! Not all bacteria is bad. Some bacteria can help your body function effectively and well. These good bacteria are part of a microbiome that helps your body be healthy.
Most people have definitely heard of probiotics. That said, I am willing to bet that most of these mentions are only about the gut bacteria. It isn’t surprising really. As our body processes food inside the stomach.
The idea of oral probiotics is a rather remarkable one. It is something most people wouldn’t know, a lot would feel uncomfortable by the fact of bacteria lving in their mouth.
However just as the gut has its own set of bacteria, so does the mouth. The specific strains in oral probiotics are what works hard to maintain a healthy mouth and improve oral health. They cultivate good bacteria and prevent the growth of bad bacteria.
Oral probiotics can prevent many conditions, including periodontitis or gingivitis, bad breath, tonsilitis, oral cancer, and some respiratory infections.
The good bacteria in oral probiotics can also create biofilms to replace those created by undesirable bacteria. These new biofilms support the health of teeth and gums, reduce inflammation, and block bad bacteria from reaching enamel or gum tissue from invading.
Unlike gut probiotics, oral probiotic supplements are usually taken by taking chewable tablets or lozenges. In this way, the good bacteria is delivered directly to the mouth. Tablets should not be taken as they dissolve in your stomach. You need the bacteria in you mouth.
ProDentim is one of these probiotic supplements.
ProDentim: An Overview
ProDentim is an oral supplement that improves your gums’ health. This is done by augmenting the oral microbes.
People who suffer from or struggle with dental problems will find oral supplements especially beneficial. Oral supplements can help you maintain your dental health at a lower cost. It removes the need for following specific procedures, expensive medicines and frequent dental visits.
Supplementary medications like ProDentim may be helpful in preventing problems that cannot be stopped by the recommended dental procedures. As such, it is important to remember that ProDentim may not work if you do not brush and floss your teeth regularly or even use mouthwash.
ProDentim contains Probiotics, which can help the body with its other functions. They can aid in metabolism, fat absorption and breakdown, as well as energy production.
The oral supplement can also be used regularly to improve your teeth’s appearance and strength. This even includes damage that was caused by age.
While ProDentim mainly focuses on the teeth, this supplement also targets your respiratory system and protects your body from allergies. It can also help promote restful sleep and good digestion.
The Benefits of ProDentim
ProDentim is specifically formulated in order to help your good oral bacteria. As such, with regular intake of ProDentim, you can be sure that your mouth would be healthier than you can possibly imagine.
ProDentin contains approximately 3.5 billion probiotics. This adds diversity to your body’s microfauna. This is highly important as it helps maintain the balance of good and bad bacteria.
Regular usage of the recommended ProDentim can net you with the following effects:
- Better immune system
- Improved digestive health
- Greater strength of the teeth and gums
- Fresher breath
- Allergies reduced
- Whiter, more prominent teeth
Ingredients: What’s Inside ProDentim?
When it comes to food supplements, it is always a good practice to check on the ingredients that are used in manufacturing the product. Because doctors rarely prescribe food supplements, this is important. Some even add harmful rather than helpful ingredients.
Sometimes you might wonder why a product is not effective for you or a product has been causing you grief instead of cure. These problems may be solved by the ingredients.
Sometimes, a product contains an allergen or ingredient that you are not allergic to. Sometimes, the supplement may react poorly with your current medications or diet. This can be true to both natural and synthetic products. Dental Probiotic Reviews
It is for these reasons that we provide an ingredient overview of ProDentim, to make sure that you, as a buyer, would be able to judge for yourself if ProDentim would be worth your money.
ProDentim contains 3.5 strains good bacteria, which helps to strengthen the ones already present in your mouth. Some natural ingredients were also included that have been proven to be beneficial for oral health.
The active ingredients for ProDentim are as follows:
Lactobacillus Reuteri is a probiotic that is known to colonize many mammals. In the case of the human body, it can be found in many places including the urinary tract, skin, breast milk, and gastrointestinal tract.
It plays a key role in digestion and metabolism. The body’s balance with L. Reuteri can be upset, causing many problems including disruptions in the digestion and absorption of food.
L. Reuteri is also beneficial in dental health for stopping bad bacteria from growing. Infections and inflammations can be caused by these bacteria.
L. Paracasei can be found in the human intestinal tracts, and in particular in the mouth. It is among the most studied good bacteria because of its benefits towards gut health.
Its main purpose is to help in digestion and boost body immunity. Lactose-intolerant people are advised to consume food and supplements that contain L.Paracasei such as ProDentim, because it can help in the digestion of lactose-rich foods, including dairy foods like milk.
L. Paracasei is also a great way to keep your sinuses open, and your gums healthy.
BLIS M-18 and BLIS K-12
These two Streptococcus salicyrius strains support natural immune defenses. They protect the oral cavity from infection. They are also responsible for protecting the gums, teeth and respiratory tract from infectious microbes.
An imbalance in these strains can lead to various issues, such as allergies, gum disease, and respiratory illness. Dental Probiotic Reviews
B. Lactis (BL-04)
Bifidobacterium Lactis Bl-04, a rod-shaped bacterium, is found mainly in the large intestines. Overall, it restores metabolic and digestive processes and overall gut health especially after taking medication or treatment
One such medicine is antibiotics that does not discriminate between good and bad bacteria. B. Lactis restores the body’s balance by restoring the microflora.
Aside from that, B. Lactis is also known for strengthening the body’s overall immunology and health.
Malic acid is one of the natural ingredients found in ProDentim that is not a probiotic. It is a known ingredient that helps in healing the skin as well as helping improve muscle endurance. It is also known to aid in the formation of saliva.
It can be found throughout the body and helps to maintain the microflora. This even includes the oral and the vaginal cavity.
Inulin, another prebiotic, is also found in common foods. This includes many fruits and vegetables. Herbs like dandelion root also carry inulin.. This prebiotic is not absorbed or digested in the stomach, but rather stays in the bowel to aid in the growth of beneficial bacteria.
Inulin also has other benefits, such as weight loss, appetite training, and food control. It is responsible for enhancing a food’s “fullness”. It protects the body against cardiovascular diseases and helps maintain the immune system’s functions.
Dicalcium Phosphate is an ubiquitous chemical and a very flexible ingredient. It can be easily included in a healthy smoothie, ice cream or baked goods.
Dicalcium phosphate’s main purpose is to boost the calcium and phosphorus levels of the body. People with low levels of calcium and phosphorus often recommend dicalcium phosphate. Dental Probiotic Reviews
ProDentim was also added because it promotes stronger teeth, and can prevent tooth decay.
Spearmint is among the few ingredients found in ProDentim that is not a probiotic. In this case, it is a minty herb that can be used in various forms. Spearmint oil, tea, or supplement can all be used to increase antioxidants.
Spearmint also can lower blood sugar levels as well as balance hormones. Spearmint is good for your oral hygiene and health. It can improve digestion and control nausea, vomiting, and gas.
Another ingredient that is not a probiotic. Peppermint can also be used in other ways, just like spearmint. Peppermint is used to treat bad breath. It does this by impeding the growth of bad bacteria that can cause halitosis.
Use and Dosage of ProDentim
As an oral health supplement, ProDentim is delivered as a chewable candy rather than delivered through a tablet or capsule. The ingredients found in ProDentim, especially the 3.5 billion strains of probiotics, need to be delivered in the mouth directly.
When you buy a bottle of ProDentim, you get thirty easy-to-consume capsules of the product. You should take ProDentim at the recommended daily dose of 1 tablet. This instruction may cause adverse reactions in your body.
You can take one of these capsules, with one drink and any drink at that. However, it should not be mixed or combined with alcoholic drinks. Despite this flexibility also, ProDentim should not be mixed with your food and must be taken separately.
ProDentim tablets can be taken at any hour of the day. The morning is the best time to take ProDentim. ProDentim especially works better and faster on an empty stomach as the tablet is also absorbed faster.
Aside from the dosage, another thing to consider before Getting ProDentim is if you are taking other supplements and how many of these supplements are you taking. Although there is a possibility that something bad could happen, it is best to consult your doctor before you do.
The same goes for pregnant women and younger children. The advice of a doctor can help you save lots of money in the long-term.
ProDentim can be used for as long as you wish.
You can expect to notice the effects of ProDentim within the first few weeks of regular use. ProDentim’s large amount of probiotics makes it easier to see results faster.
Missing a dose can delay or reduce the effectiveness of the supplement. Every missed dose would result in you going back to square 1.
Also different effects will show at different times. Some benefits may take longer than others, while others will show much sooner. Also note that lifestyle, diet, and other factors will affect your usage of ProDentim and its effects.
Tip: ProDentim can be used to maximize its benefits. To do this, you need to maintain a healthy oral hygiene routine. This can include but are not limited to:
- Regular brushing of your teeth (twice daily, every day)
- Using the proper toothbrush and brush strokes
- Change your toothbrush every couple of months
- Use a fluoride toothpaste
- Smoking cessation cold turkey or gradually
- Avoiding sugary foods
- Doing regular dentist visits
- Probiotic foods can be added to your diet
Side Effects of ProDentim and Safety Concerns
ProDentim is carefully formulated using only the most natural ingredients to prevent any adverse effects. However, some people may experience side effects from some ingredients. You should consult your dentist to determine if ProDentim is safe for you.
Follow the recommended dosage. Each tablet was formulated to be effective for one dose a day for one adult person. Negative and harmful side effects can be caused by taking more than the recommended amount of capsules. There are no shortcuts when taking this supplement.
Lastly, breastfeeding women, pregnant mothers, or anyone taking any kind of hormonal therapy should avoid taking ProDneitm without the advice of their doctor. Dental Probiotic Reviews
ProDentim is only available at their website. Buying from other websites such as Amazon, Ebay or even retail stores could open you up to a scam.
ProDentim is available for the following prices:
- 1 Bottle (30 day supply) – $69.00
- 3 bottles (90 day supply) – $177 ($59 for each bottle).
- 6 bottles (180 day supply) – $294 ($49/bottle).
Customers who are not satisfied by the product can opt for a 60-day Money back guarantee.
Both the pros and cons
- It has 3.5 billion colonies forming units of prebiotics and probiotics, which ensures the formula works faster and is more effective.
- There are no habit-forming or toxic ingredients
- Only the highest quality, natural ingredients are used
- Combats bad breath
- Anti-tooth stains
- Probiotic ingredients might help in overall gut health
- Improves oral health
- Helps prevent gum and tooth infections
- You can easily access the website
- A single capsule includes various nutrients
- Affordable price
- It is simple to use
- Only on their website
- Cannot be sued by children
- Results may vary from user to user (this includes time)
- Limited stock
Final Thoughts Dental Probiotic Reviews
I was among the people who did not know about oral probiotics at first. With regular usage of ProDentim, I went from non-believer to telling friends about its benefits and effects.
ProDentim makes my mouth feel clean and fresh every day. ProDentim has changed the way I feel about my mouth. Dental Probiotic Reviews
ProDentim has also made my smile whiter and more brilliant. It came out of nowhere. So I was out one night with my friends, doing our stuff when this girl suddenly went to me and complimented my smile. It was a wonderful moment.
I did not get her number though. Well of course that wasn’t ProDentim’s fault.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is ProDentim real?
Yes, it is 100% absolutely real.
Is ProDentim effective?
Yes, it is.
While I can only speak for myself, I have experienced the effects of ProDentim by feeling my mouth fresher than usual. My teeth appear whiter and I also don’t have problems with indigestion and such.
Why should I not use ProDentim?
While ProDentim is safe for everyone to use, you should avoid it if you are an expecting or breastfeeding mother, you are undergoing hormonal treatment, or you have a current medical condition.
Ask your doctor whether it is safe to take oral and dietary supplements. While ProDentim is formulated with an all-natural ingredients, some ingredients might react badly with other medications.
ProDentim should not be used if you are allergic to any of the ingredients in the formulation.
ProDentim was formulated for adults. This product is not recommended for children.
Where Can I get my hand on a bottle?
You can get ProDentim at the official website.
There are no licensed retailers of the product. Any efforts to sell the product that is not through their website should be seen as a scam.
How do I take ProDentim?
It is recommended that one adult should chew a tablet of ProDentim once a day in the morning.
To see the best results, ProDentim must be taken on a regular basis. ProDentim can be taken anytime of the day, as long as one tablet is consumed per day.
If ProDentim doesn’t work for me, may I return it?
For unsatisfied customers, ProDentim offers a 100% 60-day money back guarantee.
Any bottles you don’t use can be returned without any questions. | <urn:uuid:fd05ec3c-6982-4e6f-bc71-c940605d5897> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://themorehousewlby.com/dental-probiotic-reviews/ | 2024-02-28T22:19:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.946015 | 3,678 | 2.75 | 3 | [
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National Macaroni Day is a delightful celebration observed on July 7th each year. This special day honors one of the most beloved pasta varieties, macaroni. Macaroni has become a staple food item in many households, enjoyed in various forms and dishes worldwide. From classic macaroni and cheese to pasta salads and baked dishes, macaroni offers a versatile and delicious base for countless recipes.
In this article, we will explore the origins of macaroni, its cultural significance, popular recipes, and how you can celebrate National Macaroni Day.
In the world of pasta, macaroni holds a special place. Its small, curved tube-like shape and smooth texture make it a favorite choice for countless pasta dishes. National Macaroni Day is an opportunity to indulge in this delicious and versatile food and appreciate its cultural significance.
The Origins of Macaroni
Macaroni has a long and fascinating history. Its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, where a similar pasta called “laganon” was made. The Romans further developed this pasta, which eventually evolved into what we now know as macaroni. Over time, macaroni gained popularity across Europe and made its way to America through European immigrants.
Macaroni in Culinary Culture
Macaroni has become an integral part of culinary culture around the world. In Italy, it is a key ingredient in traditional dishes like macaroni and marinara sauce. In America, macaroni and cheese has become a classic comfort food, enjoyed by people of all ages. Macaroni has also found its way into various international cuisines, such as macaroni pie in the Caribbean and macaroni salad in many Asian countries.
Popular Macaroni Recipes
Macaroni offers endless possibilities for delicious meals. Here are some popular macaroni recipes that you can try:
1. Classic Macaroni and Cheese
This timeless dish combines cooked macaroni with a rich cheese sauce, creating a creamy and comforting meal.
2. Baked Macaroni and Cheese
Take the classic macaroni and cheese to the next level by baking it with a crispy breadcrumb topping. The result is a golden, cheesy delight.
3. Macaroni Salad
Perfect for picnics and barbecues, macaroni salad combines cooked macaroni with fresh vegetables, mayonnaise, and a tangy dressing.
4. Macaroni Casserole
A hearty and satisfying dish, macaroni casserole combines cooked macaroni with ground meat, vegetables, and a flavorful sauce. It is then baked to perfection.
Celebrating National Macaroni Day
National Macaroni Day is a great opportunity to get creative in the kitchen and celebrate the joy of macaroni. Here are a few ideas to make the most of this special day:
- Organize a macaroni-themed potluck with friends and family, where everyone brings a different macaroni dish to share.
- Experiment with new macaroni recipes and create your own signature dish.
- Visit a local Italian restaurant and savor their authentic macaroni creations.
- Share your love for macaroni on social media using the hashtag #NationalMacaroniDay.
- Take some time to learn about the history and cultural significance of macaroni.
7 Fun Facts About Macaroni
Macaroni, one of the most beloved pasta varieties, has a rich history and a place in the hearts of pasta enthusiasts around the world. Beyond its delicious taste and versatility, macaroni also holds some intriguing and fun facts. Let’s dive into seven interesting facts about macaroni:
1. Ancient Origins
Macaroni can trace its origins back to ancient Greece, where a similar pasta called “laganon” was made. The Greeks would make this pasta by combining flour and water, then drying it in the sun. Over time, this pasta evolved and spread throughout Europe, eventually becoming the macaroni we know today.
2. The Macaroni Fashion Trend
In the 18th century, an English fashion trend known as the “macaroni style” emerged. This style was characterized by flamboyant and extravagant clothing choices. The term “macaroni” was used to describe someone who followed this fashion trend, and it eventually became synonymous with being fashionable or stylish.
3. Macaroni and Cheese Popularity
Macaroni and cheese, the classic comfort food, has gained immense popularity over the years. In fact, it is estimated that Americans consume around 2.8 billion servings of macaroni and cheese every year. Its creamy, cheesy goodness has made it a favorite dish for people of all ages.
4. Macaroni Art
Macaroni has not only found its place on dinner plates but also in art. In the 19th century, children would use macaroni noodles to create intricate designs and glue them onto paper. This macaroni art became a popular pastime and a way for children to explore their creativity.
5. Macaroni Shapes Galore
Macaroni comes in various shapes and sizes, allowing for endless culinary creativity. From the classic elbow macaroni to shells, twists, and tubes, each shape has its own unique charm and is well-suited for different types of dishes. Trying out different macaroni shapes can add an element of fun to your cooking adventures.
6. Longest Macaroni and Cheese
In 2010, a Guinness World Record was set for the longest macaroni and cheese. The dish measured an impressive 2,469 feet long and was created in Irvine, California. It took over two hours to cook and used over 500 pounds of macaroni and 200 gallons of cheese sauce. That’s a whole lot of mac and cheese!
7. Macaroni in Space
Believe it or not, macaroni has even made its way to space! Astronauts aboard the International Space Station have enjoyed macaroni and cheese as part of their meals. Macaroni’s long shelf life, easy preparation, and comforting nature make it a suitable choice for astronauts far from home.
National Macaroni Day Dates
Year | Date | Day |
2023 | July 7 | Friday |
2024 | July 7 | Sunday |
2025 | July 7 | Monday |
2026 | July 7 | Tuesday |
2027 | July 7 | Wednesday |
National Macaroni Day Quotes, Wishes & Messages
“Happiness is a bowl of macaroni and cheese.” – Unknown
“Macaroni is like a warm hug for your taste buds.” – Unknown
Wishing you a delicious and delightful National Macaroni Day! May your plate be filled with cheesy goodness and your heart be full of joy.
Sending you warm wishes on this special day. May your macaroni dishes be flavorful, your cravings be satisfied, and your taste buds be delighted.
Here’s to a day of pasta perfection! Wishing you a Happy National Macaroni Day filled with scrumptious macaroni creations and happy memories.
May your National Macaroni Day be filled with laughter, love, and lots of macaroni. Enjoy every mouthwatering bite!
Celebrating National Macaroni Day with you is a recipe for happiness. Wishing you a day filled with delicious pasta and delightful moments.
Indulge in the cheesy goodness and comforting flavors of macaroni this National Macaroni Day. Enjoy every bite and savor the happiness it brings.
On this special day dedicated to macaroni, may your taste buds be tantalized, your cravings be satisfied, and your heart be content. Happy National Macaroni Day!
National Macaroni Day on July 7th is a celebration of the beloved pasta variety, macaroni. With its rich history, cultural significance, and endless recipe possibilities, macaroni has captured the hearts and taste buds of people around the world. Whether you prefer classic macaroni and cheese or enjoy exploring new macaroni recipes, this day is an invitation to indulge in the joy of macaroni.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: How did macaroni become popular in America?
A1: Macaroni gained popularity in America through European immigrants who brought their love for pasta to the new world.
Q2: Is macaroni gluten-free?
A2: Traditional macaroni is made from wheat flour and is not gluten-free. However, there are gluten-free alternatives available made from ingredients like rice or corn.
Q3: Can I use macaroni in soups?
A3: Yes, macaroni can be a delicious addition to soups, adding texture and substance to the dish.
Q4: What is the difference between macaroni and spaghetti?
A4: Macaroni is a short, tubular pasta shape, while spaghetti is a long, thin, and cylindrical pasta shape.
Q5: Can I freeze cooked macaroni?
A5: Yes, you can freeze cooked macaroni. It’s best to let it cool completely, portion it into freezer-safe containers, and store it in the freezer for up to three months. | <urn:uuid:759f3e36-b611-48f6-9813-39f670d12e66> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://todayspecialday.com/national-macaroni-day/ | 2024-02-28T22:43:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.938914 | 1,956 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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There are many unspoken rules in society, most of which are so deeply ingrained in our culture that they do not even seem odd or restrictive; however, when compared to the way other societies function, we are able to view our societal rules in a more critical way. One aspect of our cultural views that is particularly restrictive is our understanding of gender roles, and how sex and gender are not mutually exclusive.
These roles are continually enforced through media and advertisements, and the subtle cues that both genders are made to follow. Gender codes in advertising and other media have a very real and harmful effect on how we view and interact with individuals. Our perception of others heavily relies on what gender we identify them with. We place people in either ‘male’ or ‘female’ categories, and each category is designated its own list of stereotypical expectations. If an individual fails to properly assimilate to these assigned gender roles, people fail to understand them as they do not align with the traditional view of gender. Non binary or intersex individuals often lack support due the lack of understanding; if an individual assigned to a sex at birth does not identify with the gender roles attached to their sex, society often fails to understand them and give them the support that they need. Sex is the assigned category given to us at birth, based upon biological differences. Gender, however is a more cultural concept that individuals are expected to abide
Click here to unlock this and over one million essays
Get AccessGender roles are defined differently by people and are usually centered on opposing conceptions of femininity and masculinity. They are a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on their actual or perceived sex. Gender roles now compared to back in the day have very much changed, but there still remains a strong influence as to the way a woman should act and how a man should act. In places such as America, now, women and men both have jobs and can still balance spending time with their family and taking care of children whereas back then, women were housewives and were not able to hold a job because that was the man’s responsibility. The traditional roles of men and women are also looked at, as well as behaviors of men and women that are considered socially appropriate. Gender roles vary greatly from one culture to the next, from one ethnic group to the next, and from one social class to another. But every culture has them, they all have expectations for the way women and men should dress, behave, and look.
Gender can be defined as “sex roles” which are conditions that one considers to be for men or women. People tends to mistake it with sex or thinks that they are both the same. We discussed about the patterns of gender which how the authors of The Kaleidoscope of Gender describes it as “regularized, prepackaged ways of thinking, feeling, and acting” (Spade and Valentino,2017). It becomes an identity for us. We believe that there is and can only be two genders, being masculine for men and feminine for women. These roles has been forced onto us since birth: blue for boys, and pink for girls. You can see the roles being push onto a person throughout one’s life, but we don’t notice it since it’s “normal” to us.
“The Codes of Gender” is a documentary by Sut Jhally. He looks at how today’s culture creates and support gender roles for our society through mass media. The documentary analyze how men and women are taught to conform to look and behave a certain way to meet society expectations of what is ideal to being a male or female. Sut Jhally uses references points from Erving Goffman’s book titled Gender Advertisements, about how advertisements broadcast women in the most bizarre positions; These advertisements display women in awkward and unnatural poses, making them appear submissive, unbalanced, childish, delicate and vulnerable. These attributes are shown through their positions; tilting their head, bent knees, touching themselves, and looking out in the distance. Whereas positions for men are opposite; they appear alert, dominant, confidence and powerful. This can be
Although gender is a socially constructed idea, it is often suggested to be a natural phenomenon. Society plays an important role in reinforcing gender roles in a way that disguises itself as natural, and is thus accepted without question. The United States’ gender system emphasizes gender hierarchy and a binary system that forces individuals to conform. In order to progress gender equality, it is important to denaturalize these social constructions of gender.
Gender and gender roles are a somewhat complicated idea to understand. Contrary to popular belief, gender and sex are two different things in that “gender is not inherently nor solely connected to one’s physical anatomy” (“Understanding Gender”). When parents automatically assign their child a gender based on their sex organs, it leaves very little room for change later in the child’s life, because children born with female sex organs are not necessarily girls, just as children born with male sex organs are not necessarily boys. Rather, gender is based on mindset, personal identity, outward presentations, and behavior of the individual. Binary genders, or the broadly
People receive thousands of cultural messages everyday about gender roles from advertisements, movies, TV, music, magazines, family, school… etc. People perceive these messages and realize expectations for their gender and for their children as well, and how they should operate within society. While many individuals and organizations challenge these traditional gender roles, the evident impact of mainstream culture persists.
The behaviors and societal norms we associate with male and female are socially constructed. As Dr. Thompson states in the film “boys and girls are far more human and far more the same than they are different.” However,
How Gender Roles and Societal Expectations Shape Personal Lives” “Boys will be boys”. “If a girl flirts she should follow through”. “A woman belongs in the kitchen”; We all have heard these phrases in some form or another on our TVs, on campus, behind a pulpit, be it indirectly or directly. Somewhere along the line, these messages become a mentality, and in turn the mentality becomes a mandate: do what is expected of you. “Boys”, “Girl”, and “Lust” are all examples of how gender roles and societal expectations shape how we think, act, and see others.
The topic of gender has been of great debate for quite some time. Talks of social constructs used to segregate genders based on the concepts such as race, biology, and tradition and have people conform and believe in these ideas of gender. The very idea has shaped what society considers gender and gender roles, “the cultural expectations imposed on men and women to behave in ways deemed appropriate for their gender” (Ciccarelli, White). These beliefs control the perception of oneself and others and often these expectations are branded with stereotypes. Gender roles uphold sexist, misogynistic, and racist viewpoints that withhold individuality and so forth should be dismantled to have true gender equality and acceptance.
Throughout the course of history, the consensus regarding traditional gender norms has changed immensely. Just the thought of going against these morals was unthinkable and shamed. However, as times have come to change, the challenging of these norms has become more accepted along with the notion that there are no
People all over the world with different cultures, religions and beliefs teach us that they are two different genders, which are male and female. This fact is the foundation of social structure; some people are discriminated because they do not fit in any of the categories in society’s structure. On that note, social construction of gender, is how the “stereotypes” or the expectations of what each gender has to do, or is expected to do, shapes a child as they grow. For instance, the pink and the blue, how the girl areas in stores are full if pinkish delicate stuff and the boy are full of blue and cars and dinosaurs. In other words, people feel the need to separate these two genders in such drastic ways that if a mother decides to dress her baby boy in pink, people will mistake the boy for a baby girl. Furthermore, some people that do not identify themselves as male or female, are classified as genderqueer. “We may use scientific knowledge to help us make the decision, but only our beliefs about gender—not science—can define our sex. Furthermore, our beliefs about gender affect what kinds of knowledge scientists produce about sex in the first place.” (Ann
Gender roles and expectations leave a massive, indirect impact on people of western culture. It can limit both genders as to what they are socially allowed and not allowed to do. While most believe that the roles appear natural, it is only because it is how they are raised to believe, not because of biology. It is completely okay to believe and stick to gender roles on one’s own terms, but the issue lies when the individual is oppressed or harassed for straying from the subjective social construct of standards. It affects a lot of western culture, making different people be able to obtain different professions, wear certain clothing choices, have dominant or passive roles in relationships, and be accepted as either more assertive and
In every culture, society creates gender roles for individuals based on the typical behavior of each gender. For the purpose of this study, the definition proposed by Donaghue and Fallon (2003) will be used, which states that gender roles are expectations shared by a culture placed on individuals because of their gender. These roles determine everything from how males and females should think and interact within the context of society to how they should dress and speak. There have been several theories on where gender roles stem from, but the consensus between most researchers is that the roles are both cultural and personal. Blackstone (2003) proposed three main perspectives on the origin of gender roles. First, an ecological perspective states gender roles are a result of the interactions between individuals and their environments. Second, from a biological standpoint, it is suggested that women have a natural association with the feminine gender role and men vice versa. Lastly, a sociological perspective explains that gender roles are learned and do not necessarily have anything to do with biological traits (Blackstone, 2003). The gender role theory suggests that “individuals internalize cultural expectations about their gender because social pressures external to the individual favor behavior consistent with their prescribed gender role.” (Kidder, 2002). Chodorow (1994) also had a theory that gender roles originate and stem from a
Society has clearly defined boundaries between what is considered to be male or female. The development of an individual’s gender role is formed by interactions with those in close proximity. Society constantly tells us how we should look, act and live based on gender. Family, friends and the media have a tremendous impact on how these roles are formed and the expected behavior of each gender role.
Ever since the dawn of time, women and men have been associated with specific gender roles that can be seen controversial in the eyes of many. Traits and roles associated with a specific gender can be either innate or learned over time. Looking into the deeper concept of gender roles and stereotypes, it is clear that these fixed gender roles are not naturally born with, but rather taught, learned, or influenced by external forces. | <urn:uuid:e84b2b28-c4e0-4d2b-ae41-87ae5c5a4aed> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Importance-Of-Gender-Codes-In-Society-FJTVVHUDG6 | 2024-02-28T22:53:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.964076 | 2,366 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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] |
Workplace culture has the power to either make or break your organization. In fact, employees are 10 times more likely to resign because of a toxic environment at work than for any other reason.
This is why promoting a positive workplace culture remains to be one of the most important pillars of any successful organization.
In this article, we’ll talk about how you can transform your company culture and start setting your employees and your organization up for success
What is Work Culture?
Work culture, also known as workplace culture or organizational culture, involves the shared beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, and behaviors that exist within an organization.
It’s a mix of the unwritten rules and social dynamics that dictate how everybody gets their jobs done. It influences how employees interact with one another, as well as with customers, clients, and other stakeholders.
Work culture is influenced by a number of factors like:
- The organization's mission and vision
- The organization’s core values
- The organization’s leadership style
- The nature of work
- The company's history and traditions
- The composition of the organization’s workforce
A positive work culture promotes transparency, trust, respect, open communication, fairness, teamwork, diversity, inclusion, and a focus on employee well-being. These cultures foster a supportive and empowering environment where employees feel valued, motivated, and engaged.
On the other hand, a negative work culture is ridden with micromanagement, lack of communication, unhealthy competition, lack of work-life balance, poor leadership, discrimination, or a toxic work environment. These cultures can lead to low morale, high turnover, decreased productivity, and a negative impact on employees' well-being.
Importance of a Healthy Work Culture
When organizations recognize the importance of a healthy work cultues, they become more intentional in creating initiatives that lead to the success of the organization and the people inside it.
Setting the right workplace culture is important for several reasons:
- Employee Engagement
When employees feel connected to their work, colleagues, and the organization's values, they are more likely to be motivated, productive, and satisfied. They become more engaged and start pushing not just towards their own success, but also the organization’s.
- Collaboration and Teamwork
When employees feel comfortable working together, they are more inclined to share ideas and support one another. This leads to better problem-solving, innovation, and overall team performance.
- Productivity and Performance
Employees who feel valued, respected, and supported are more likely to be proactive, would take initiative, and will give their best effort. This leads to improved productivity and higher-quality work.
- Team Attraction and Retention
After generations of toxic workplace culture being the norm, job seekers are finally looking for organizations that have a positive reputation and offer a work environment that aligns with their values. By fostering a culture that prioritizes employee well-being and growth, companies can attract skilled individuals and reduce recruitment costs.
- Employee Well-Being
When employees feel their physical, mental, and emotional health is valued, they are more likely to experience job satisfaction, reduced stress levels, and better work-life balance. This contributes to overall employee happiness and long-term well-being.
- Adaptability and Innovation
When employees feel safe to express their ideas, take risks, and challenge the status quo, it promotes a culture of continuous learning and growth. This enables organizations to adapt to changing market conditions, embrace innovation, and stay competitive.
- Organizational Reputation
A positive workplace culture always shows in the way employees take care of their customers, partners, vendors, and the broader community. This enhances the organization's image and can lead to increased trust, brand loyalty, and positive word-of-mouth.
These reasons make it worth it to intentionally work towards setting the right workplace culture, especially if you want to create a thriving and successful work environment.
10 Tips to Help Transform Your Work Culture
More and more organizations are breaking through barriers and shifting into a more positive business culture. Finally, employers are recognizing the importance of prioritizing employee well-being in improving performance.
So if you’re joining the same journey towards a more positive work culture, here are some tips that could help you make the transition more effective:
- Clearly define the organization’s values and mission.
Your values and mission set the tone on how everything in the organization runs. Consider it your playbook on how everyone should work together towards your organizational goals.
With a clear definition of what your organization believes and stands for, it’s also easier for employees to see how your organization aligns with their personal values and goals. It gives everyone a deeper connection to the company, making them believe that, “Hey, this company gets me.”
- Encourage open and honest communication.
We hire employees because we believe that they can contribute to the company’s success. Sadly, a lot of them are not heard and are discouraged to speak up in toxic work environments.
Showing team members that they can provide regular feedback and share their own thoughts and ideas is a huge boost in employee morale and builds trust.
How can this be accomplished?
- Provide platforms for feedback like employee satisfaction surveys.
- Ask team members for their insights during team meetings.
- Involve team members in decision-making.
- Train team leaders and managers in coaching styles that promote active listening and two-way discussions.
- Follow through on commitments to employees.
These steps can be the change that sets your organization apart in terms of workplace culture. Effective communication reduces misunderstandings and fosters a collaborative work environment.
- Lead by example.
Effective leaders play a crucial role in shaping a healthy work culture. They should demonstrate empathy, respect, and fairness in their interactions with employees.
Make sure leaders provide guidance, recognize achievements, and create opportunities for growth and development. Their behavior sets the tone for the entire organization.
- Promote a healthy work-life balance.
Make sure work-life balance is a reality in your organization and not just a buzzword. Implementing policies that support the well-being of team members show that you value them and respect the boundaries between their professional and professional lives.
Some ways to promote work-life balance are:
- Implementing flexible work hours
- Providing the option to work remotely
- Discouraging overtime unless absolutely necessary
- Reviewing each team member’s workload regularly to make sure tasks are divided fairly
- Promoting non-work related activities like team buildings and virtual coffee chats
By acknowledging and respecting employees' personal lives, you create an environment that values their holistic well-being. This leads to happier employees that yield better quality work.
- Recognize and appreciate employees.
Employee recognition should be a cultural norm. When employees feel appreciated for their contributions, they tend to aim higher and perform better.
Implement recognition programs that highlight outstanding performance and contributions. But don’t just stick to the grand gestures; even the small things count! Simple gestures like expressing gratitude for a job well done, recognizing milestones in team meetings and group chats, and offering rewards or incentives can significantly boost morale and motivation.
- Encourage collaboration and teamwork.
Especially if you have employees working remotely, fostering a collaborative and inclusive work environment where teamwork is encouraged makes a world of difference.
Encouraging teams to accomplish tasks not just as individuals but as a team can show them that there is no unhealthy competition here. It helps bring more purpose into the work that they do when everyone is working towards the same goals.
Promote cross-functional projects and create opportunities for collaboration. You just need the right tools in place to make this happen.
CoffeePals, for example, lets you connect different teams and departments through random coffee chats, allowing them to meet new people and expand their network. This makes it easier for them to come up with ideas on how they can collaborate.
By emphasizing teamwork, you enhance communication, foster creativity, and build a sense of camaraderie that makes everyone feel right at home.
- Provide opportunities for growth and development.
A workplace with a healthy culture doesn’t just think about the organization’s growth – it thinks about the potential of each and every team member as well. In fact, organizations offer opportunities for growth and development are more likely to have a good employee retention rate.
Contrary to traditional belief, helping your team members grow professionally will not always encourage them to leave and use their new skills elsewhere. Instead, it could actually make them show more loyalty to the very organization that gave them the opportunity to grow.
You can encourage growth through training programs, mentorship initiatives, and skill-building workshops to empower employees and enhance their career progression. Supporting employees' growth not only increases their engagement and satisfaction but also strengthens the overall capabilities of the organization.
- Implement health and wellness initiatives.
Encouraging a healthy lifestyle shows that you care about your employees' overall well-being. Think about it – who would create better results, unhealthy employees or healthy ones?
This isn’t just about their physical health, either. This also involves their mental and emotional well-being.
Provide access to resources and activities that promote physical and mental health, such as gym facilities, yoga classes, mental health counseling, or stress management workshops. This way, team members will always be in top shape to get the job done well.
- Foster a diverse and inclusive work environment.
Just like work-life balance, diversity and inclusion may be buzzwords in this era, but they should be taken seriously.
When you foster an inclusive work environment where individuals from different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives feel valued and included, you show people that there’s a place for everyone here. This will not just be appreciated by your own team members, but by the community around you as well.
Embrace diversity in recruitment and provide equal opportunities for advancement. Implement DEI activities to create a culture that respects and appreciates differences. Diversity and inclusion leads to increased innovation, creativity, and a broader range of ideas.
- Create work environments that are conducive to productivity.
Your team’s work environment can greatly influence their output. A comfortable physical environment leaves more room for creativity, helping them come up with more ideas.
For in-office teams, provide necessary resources, tools, and technology to support employees' work. Consider factors such as ergonomic workstations, proper lighting, and breakout spaces that encourage collaboration and creativity.
If you have team members working remotely, consider giving them a budget to set up a workstation that suits their needs.
By prioritizing these key factors, organizations can build a healthy workplace culture that nurtures the well-being, engagement, and productivity of their employees.
How Virtual Coffee Chats Can Make an Impact on Your Work Culture
Virtual coffee chats can have a significant impact on work culture, regardless if you have an in-office team, a remote team, or a hybrid setup. It uses tools like CoffeePals to connect people from the same team, as well as for those from different departments.
Think about these random coffee chats as a digital version of the traditional watercooler talk. It’s a great way to build friendships at work and promote a healthy workplace culture.
How can coffee chats help make a positive impact on your work culture?
- Helps team members connect on a more personal level
Virtual coffee chats are a great way to know more about your colleagues beyond their role at work.
Where are they from? What hobbies do they enjoy? What music do they listen to? Coffee chats start off with these small conversations that could pave the way for great friendships.
- Helps team members meet new people
The CoffeePals app can match people from different departments, allowing team members to meet new people outside of their own teams. This can be helpful for big organizations where people don’t get the chance to meet, especially if some of them are working remotely.
New friendships can boost the well-being of team members, giving them more reasons to report for work everyday.
- Removes the monotony of work
When everyone talks about work all the time, the work environment becomes monotonous. Eventually, everything becomes overly impersonal, disconnecting team members from each other.
While this is a workplace and talking about work is important, it also pays to spend a few minutes to break the monotony. A 15-minute virtual coffee chat is just the thing for that.
These breaks give the brain a chance to rest and reset, giving everyone renewed energy to work on their next tasks with a fresh mind.
- Adds fun to the workplace
Virtual coffee breaks are not just about random small talk. They’re also about fun!
You can provide a guide on coffee chat questions your team members can use when they are matched to someone they have never met before. You can also take advantage of features like Coffee Maker where everyone gets to answer thought-provoking questions. It’s always interesting to see the different points of view of each team member.
You can also add a hint of excitement through a Coffee Lottery where team members get the chance to win a virtual coffee chat with people like the CEO or the HR head.
- Provides a new form of virtual communication
Virtual communication platforms are essential in any successful workplace. Because communication is a key factor in building a healthy work environment, it’s always best to keep finding ways to enhance current communication channels.
CoffeePals is a great enhancement to your traditional Microsoft Teams, knowing that it can add character to daily work conversations. It shows team members that you are willing to invest in the right tools that can help boost their employee experience.
With these tips on building a positive work culture and a tool like CoffeePals injecting something unique into the equation, you can really build the kind of workplace that employees will be proud to be a part of. | <urn:uuid:45dcf16a-e6bf-43b3-9a90-1e138b93b2a2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.coffeepals.com/blog/10-ways-to-transform-workplace-culture | 2024-02-28T23:43:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.953399 | 2,907 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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Demystifying the World of Finance: How Does It Really Work
In this article, we will demystify the world of finance and delve into its key components. We will explore various financial markets, investment vehicles, and trading strategies, providing you with a comprehensive overview of how the financial world operates. Whether you are a novice or an experienced investor, this article will equip you with the knowledge you need to confidently navigate the world of finance.
The Financial Markets
The financial markets serve as the backbone of the global economy, providing a platform for the buying and selling of financial assets. These markets facilitate the flow of capital, enabling businesses and individuals to raise funds, invest, and manage risks. Understanding the different types of financial markets is crucial to comprehending how the financial system operates.
One of the most well-known financial markets is the stock market. Also referred to as the equity market, the stock market allows individuals and institutions to invest in publicly traded companies. Investors can buy and sell shares of these companies, with the goal of generating a return on their investment through capital appreciation and dividends.
The stock market operates through exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq. These exchanges provide a centralized platform where buyers and sellers can execute trades and determine the market price of stocks. Investors can participate in the stock market through brokerage firms, which act as intermediaries between buyers and sellers.
The bond market, also known as the fixed-income market, is where debt securities are bought and sold. Bonds are essentially loans made by investors to governments, municipalities, and corporations. In return for lending their money, bondholders receive periodic interest payments and the return of their principal investment upon maturity.
The bond market offers a wide range of investment opportunities, with varying levels of risk and return. Government bonds, such as U.S. Treasury bonds, are generally considered low-risk investments, while corporate bonds carry a higher level of risk due to the financial health of the issuing company. Investors looking for stable income streams and capital preservation often turn to the bond market.
The commodity market deals with the trading of physical or raw materials, such as gold, oil, wheat, and natural gas. These commodities play a vital role in the global economy and are subject to supply and demand dynamics. Commodities can be traded through exchanges or over-the-counter markets.
Trading in the commodity market can be speculative, with investors hoping to profit from price fluctuations. Additionally, commodity traders often use futures contracts, which allow them to buy or sell a specific quantity of a commodity at a predetermined price and date in the future. This enables market participants to hedge against price volatility and manage risk.
The forex (foreign exchange) market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world. It involves the buying and selling of currencies, with the aim of profiting from the fluctuating exchange rates between different currencies. The forex market operates 24 hours a day, five days a week, and is decentralized, with trading taking place electronically.
Participants in the forex market include central banks, commercial banks, investment banks, corporations, and retail traders. Currency pairs, such as EUR/USD (Euro/U.S. Dollar) and GBP/JPY (British Pound/Japanese Yen), are traded based on their exchange rate movements. Forex trading can be highly leveraged, meaning that traders can control large positions with a relatively small amount of capital.
Investment vehicles are the various instruments that individuals and institutions can use to invest their money. These vehicles offer different features and risk profiles, allowing investors to tailor their portfolios to their financial goals and risk tolerance. Let's explore some common investment vehicles in more detail.
Stocks, or shares, represent ownership in a company. When investors purchase shares of a company's stock, they become partial owners and can potentially benefit from the company's success through dividends and capital appreciation. Stocks can be categorized into different types, such as common stocks and preferred stocks, each with its own set of rights and attributes.
Investing in stocks can offer the potential for high returns, but it also comes with a higher level of risk compared to other investment vehicles. Stock prices can be volatile, and individual companies can experience financial difficulties or other challenges that can impact their stock value. Diversification, by investing in multiple stocks across different industries, is often recommended to mitigate risk.
As mentioned earlier, bonds are debt securities that investors can buy. When investing in bonds, the investor is essentially loaning money to the issuer, who promises to repay the principal and pay periodic interest. Bonds are considered fixed-income investments, as they provide a predictable stream of income.
The risk and return profiles of bonds vary depending on factors such as the creditworthiness of the issuer, the maturity date, and prevailing interest rates. Government bonds, backed by the full faith and credit of a government, are typically considered less risky than corporate bonds. Some investors choose to build a bond portfolio to generate income and provide stability to their overall investment strategy.
Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. These funds are managed by professional investment managers, who make investment decisions on behalf of the fund's shareholders. Mutual funds offer a convenient way for individual investors to access a broad range of investment opportunities without the need for extensive research and analysis.
There are various types of mutual funds, catering to different investment objectives and risk preferences. Equity funds focus on investing in stocks, while bond funds concentrate on fixed-income securities. Additionally, there are balanced funds that aim to provide a mix of both stocks and bonds. The performance of a mutual fund depends on the performance of the underlying assets in which it invests.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, are similar to mutual funds in that they offer a diversified portfolio of assets. However, unlike mutual funds, which are priced once a day after the market closes, ETFs trade on an exchange throughout the trading day, much like stocks. They can be bought and sold at market prices, allowing investors to take advantage of intraday price movements.
ETFs can track various market indexes, sectors, or asset classes. By investing in an ETF, investors gain exposure to a specific market segment or investment strategy. ETFs have gained popularity due to their transparency, liquidity, and relatively low expense ratios compared to actively managed mutual funds. Investors can choose from an extensive range of ETFs to align with their investment objectives.
Options are financial derivatives that give investors the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified period. Options can be used as a hedging tool to manage risk or as a speculative strategy to profit from market movements. They are commonly traded on exchanges and can be based on various underlying assets, such as stocks, commodities, or indices.
There are two types of options: calls and puts. A call option gives the holder the right to buy the underlying asset, while a put option grants the holder the right to sell the underlying asset. Successful option trading requires a deep understanding of options pricing, volatility, and the underlying market dynamics. Options can be a powerful tool in the hands of knowledgeable investors but can also result in significant losses if not used appropriately.
Hedge funds are alternative investment vehicles that aim to generate high returns by employing a variety of investment strategies. Unlike mutual funds, hedge funds are typically only available to accredited investors, such as institutions and high-net-worth individuals, due to their higher minimum investment requirements and less regulated nature.
Hedge funds can pursue various strategies, including long/short equity, global macro, and event-driven. These funds often utilize leverage and derivatives to amplify returns, while also employing risk management techniques to mitigate downside risks. Hedge funds are known for their ability to generate alpha, or risk-adjusted excess returns, but they also come with higher fees and less liquidity compared to traditional investment vehicles.
Trading strategies are techniques and approaches used by traders to make buy and sell decisions in financial markets. These strategies can be based on various factors, such as technical analysis, fundamental analysis, or a combination of both. Let's explore some popular trading strategies utilized by market participants.
Day trading involves buying and selling financial instruments within the same trading day, with the goal of profiting from short-term price movements. Day traders aim to capitalize on intraday volatility by entering and exiting positions rapidly. This strategy requires quick decision-making, as well as the ability to effectively manage risk and handle the stress of fast-paced trading.
Swing trading captures medium-term price trends and aims to profit from price fluctuations that occur over several days to weeks. Swing traders try to identify and take advantage of market retracements or reversals within an existing trend. This strategy typically requires a longer holding period compared to day trading and involves careful analysis of chart patterns, technical indicators, and market sentiment.
Value investing is a long-term investment strategy that involves identifying undervalued stocks and holding them for an extended period. Value investors believe that the market occasionally misprices stocks, providing opportunities to purchase quality companies at a discount. This strategy emphasizes fundamental analysis, evaluating a company's financial health, competitive position, and potential for future growth.
Momentum trading focuses on identifying stocks or assets that are exhibiting strong price momentum and joining the trend. Momentum traders aim to capitalize on the market's tendency to continue trending in the same direction for a period of time. This strategy relies on technical analysis indicators, such as moving averages and relative strength, to gauge the strength of price momentum.
The world of finance can be complex, but with the right knowledge and understanding, anyone can navigate its intricacies. This article has provided an overview of the financial markets, investment vehicles, and trading strategies that make up the world of finance. Armed with this information, you can confidently make financial decisions, invest wisely, and potentially achieve your financial goals.
Remember, the world of finance is continuously evolving, and it is essential to stay informed and adapt to changing market conditions. By staying curious, seeking out reliable sources of information, and continuously learning, you can continue to demystify the world of finance and make informed financial decisions. | <urn:uuid:4847c26f-487e-4bcf-a645-b841d70a772f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.financewithtips.com/post/demystifying-the-world-of-finance-how-does-it-really-work | 2024-02-28T23:52:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.949271 | 2,115 | 3.109375 | 3 | [
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58
] |
Guinea pig breeding is dangerous. This means that it should only happen for a good reason and never for fun. There are high mortality rates associated with pregnancy and birth.
How do guinea pigs mate? Sows (female guinea pig) have several periods per year when they’re sexually receptive. These periods are called heat or estrous cycles, and they’re 14-19 days long. They only get pregnant in a small 12-48 hour window while she’s in her cycle. Therefore, a breeding pair should always be together during the heat.
In this article, you can identify how guinea pigs mate and their pregnancy.
Table of Content
How Do Guinea Pigs Mate?
Sows are polyestrous. It means that they have several periods per year when they’re receptive to sexual relations. These are called estrous cycles, also known as heat cycles, and they last 14-19 days.
A breeding pair should always be together during the heat since there’s only one small window (12-48 hours) in which the sow can get pregnant.
Within the hours following successful breeding, a copulatory (vaginal) plug can be found in the sow. This plug is a solid mass that theoretically prevents another male from mating with the female right after she’s been impregnated.
What to Do Before Mating Them?
There are several steps to take before mating guinea pigs:
Step 1: Take each guinea pig to a veterinarian. If they’re introduced while sick, they’ll infect each other. There should be at least two weeks between a mite treatment and a first meeting.
Step 2: Quarantine a new piggy for two weeks. This is another measure to ensure that neither one has mites, parasites, or illness. During this time, it’s essential that both be happy and calm in their environment.
It’s vital that the new one has some time to get accustomed to its surroundings, and that each piggy has enough cage space (120cm x 50cm x 50cm) and bedding.
Start swapping items, such as bedding and toys, between cages. This is called scent swapping, and it helps the guinea pigs slowly get used to each other’s scents. Therefore, they will not feel stressed or threatened once they meet.
Step 3: Introduce the boar and the sow. Make sure that there’s only one boar with a breeding soar. Otherwise, the males will fight fiercely for the female. Reduce stress as much as possible for her by keeping her in her regular cage without the pressure of living with her female companions.
Although she should continue to get some social time with them, she should live with her mating partner unless she’s not ready to breed. A sow will show her teeth and spray a male when she doesn’t want to mate.
Pregnancy of Guinea Pigs
Gestation is relatively long for rodents, 60-72 days (68 on average) with 1-6 litters per birth. Because of the extra time, babies are born furry, toothed, standing, with open eyes, and able to eat some solid foods.
Some signs of pregnancy are a distended abdomen and a doubling or tripling in food and water consumption. Keep in mind that animals may eat more because of cold weather, a growth spurt, or an underlying illness.
Also, a pregnant sow will double in weight. So, a gradual increase from the average 700 – 900 grams (1.5 – 2 lbs) is a good sign unless the piggy is still very young and growing (under 6-8 months).
Two weeks after mating, fetuses can be felt gently from outside. The sow must be handled very carefully because the slightest pressure applied to the abdomen can harm the fetuses and the sow. She must be placed on a towel on a hard surface that’s close to the ground. Gently use your thumb and forefinger to feel for a single or several similar-sized lumps.
The kidney or bladder could also feel like bumps, and even poop pellets could be confused with fetuses. Even if you know to differentiate, there’s still no guarantee that those bumps are fetuses because they could be ovarian cysts or tumors. It’s crucial to visit a veterinarian if you feel something unusual or if you’re trying to determine whether a piggy is pregnant.
Lure the sow with fruits, vegetables, or treats into a transport cage and go to the vet. Don’t pick her up by the stomach or you could harm the fetuses. The vet will do a physical examination to determine whether the sow is pregnant. It’s important to ask for an ultrasound, as there’s no guinea pig pregnancy test.
Complications Occur in Pregnancy of Guinea Pigs
What Is Dystocia?
If a sow doesn’t give birth before she’s seven or eight months old, the fibrous cartilage of her pubic bones fuses, causing a condition called dystocia. In dystocia, the pelvis is too tightened for babies to pass.
Its symptoms include pain, discomfort, vaginal or uterus bleeding, and prolonged pregnancy. A fetus can get stuck in the birth canal and stay there no matter how much the sow is straining herself, usually resulting in both of their deaths.
There are several ways to avoid death with dystocia:
- Breeding females in their prime (4-6 months of age)
- Housing boars and sows separately to avoid breeding altogether
- Neutering boars and possibly spaying sows
- Cesarean sections are an option, but not recommended as they’re very dangerous and have high mortality rates.
What Is Toxemia?
Toxemia usually occurs anywhere between the last two or three weeks of pregnancy to the first week after it. Also known as ketosis, it’s an excess of ketones in the blood, resulting in an inability to excrete them from the body properly.
Ketones are a product of fatty acid breakdown that becomes an energy source in cases of low blood sugar. Male and female piggies, especially those in their first or second pregnancy, should have a diet with enough carbs to avoid the condition.
A pregnant piggy or her fetuses can die from ketosis with no symptoms. Still, signs to look out for are a loss of energy, appetite, thirst, getting muscle spasms, lousy coordination, clumsiness, large litters, and obesity.
Its important to know how to avoid ketosis. The following are some of its ways:
- Pay attention to a loss of appetite at the end of a pregnancy and make sure that the sow is eating enough sugar
- Make sure that the sow is using all of her energy sources by exercising before her due date
- Keep her surroundings stress-free
- She could have a genetic condition of undeveloped blood vessels in the uterus.
Neutering to Avoid Breeding
Neutering should happen when a piggy is 4-12 months old (up to 2.5 years), and only for medical or reproductive reasons.
If a male is to be put with females, it’s best to castrate it. When living with sows, the two will definitely mate and produce a considerable amount of offspring. It’s crucial to fix the male if you want to avoid having enormous amounts of guinea pig babies that no one can take care of.
Neutering (castrating and spaying) has medical advantages:
- Eliminates the risk of uterine and testicular cancer. Up to 60% of guinea pigs develop cancer.
- Removes the risk of other uterine diseases. Many uterine disorders can be life-threatening.
- Prevents glandular problems in older boars. Boars are susceptible to issues with the skin and rectal glands.
- Helps the overpopulation issue of guinea pigs.
What Is the Best Way to Breed Guinea Pigs?
If breeding two guinea pigs still seem like a viable option, there are several requirements to stick to:
- Double check their genders by looking above the anus. Males have an O shaped area with a slit or visible testicles. Females have a soft, Y shaped area.
- Only mate animals during the appropriate age, otherwise, the sow will probably die. Sows should have time to rest between pregnancies to ensure healthier litters.
- It’s professional to breed the most outstanding sows and boars in each group. Strong boars have a broad head and bold eyes. Good sows should have a nice muzzle and a good head shape with healthy eyes.
- It’s best to verify the parentage of each to avoid having babies with deformities or mutations.
- Have separate pens for boar and sow babies, and ensure that they have enough space. Add toys and hiding holes in the cages.
- Buy a supply of extra hay, bedding, food, and water bottles.
- Ensure that there’s enough time in the day, week, and month to clean the cages and appropriately care for every single guinea pig.
Guinea pig breeding should be done by professionals and only for reproductive reasons. Pregnancy and birth have high mortality rates because of conditions like dystocia and toxemia or because of inappropriate care or handling of the pregnant sow. It’s dangerous, and it’s not recommended to do it at home for fun. | <urn:uuid:6b67cf0b-0e5b-4141-bec4-da9daa2916d6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.guineapigtube.com/how-do-guinea-pigs-mate/ | 2024-02-28T21:43:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.948499 | 2,006 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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Unraveling the Mystical Origins and Symbolism Behind the Name Freya
What’s in a name? For centuries, parents have carefully chosen monikers for their children, hoping to imbue them with a sense of identity and purpose. One such name that has captivated the imagination of many is Freya. With its lyrical sound and ancient origins, Freya has a rich history steeped in mythology and folklore. In this article, we will delve into the meaning and significance of the name Freya, exploring its Norse roots, its association with love and beauty, and its enduring popularity in contemporary society. Join us on this journey as we unravel the mysteries behind the name Freya and discover why it continues to enchant parents and individuals alike.
1. Freya is a popular name with deep historical and cultural significance.
2. The name Freya originates from Norse mythology and is associated with love, beauty, and fertility.
3. Freya has variations in different languages and cultures, such as Freja in Scandinavia and Frea in Old English.
4. The popularity of the name Freya has been on the rise in recent years, reflecting a growing interest in Norse mythology and unique, strong-sounding names.
5. Choosing the name Freya for your child can symbolize their connection to ancient mythology and evoke qualities of love, strength, and femininity.
The Rising Popularity of the Name Freya
Over the past few years, the name Freya has been steadily gaining popularity among parents around the world. Derived from Norse mythology, Freya is the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. With its rich cultural heritage and elegant sound, it’s no wonder that more and more people are choosing this name for their children. Let’s explore the emerging trend of naming babies Freya and its potential future implications.
1. Freya’s Appeal in the Modern World
One of the reasons behind Freya’s increasing popularity is its timeless appeal. In a world where parents are often looking for unique and meaningful names for their children, Freya stands out as a strong and beautiful choice. The name carries a sense of femininity and power, making it a perfect fit for parents who want to empower their daughters from the very beginning.
Furthermore, the rise of Scandinavian culture and mythology in popular media has also contributed to the name’s popularity. With shows like “Vikings” and “Game of Thrones” gaining massive followings, names from Norse mythology have become more mainstream. Freya, with its connection to a powerful and revered goddess, has captured the imagination of many parents seeking a name that is both distinctive and rooted in history.
2. Freya’s International Appeal
While Freya has its origins in Norse mythology, its appeal extends far beyond Scandinavia. The name has gained popularity in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, among others. This international appeal is partly due to the increasing diversity and globalization of societies.
Freya’s ease of pronunciation and its melodic sound make it accessible to people from different linguistic backgrounds. It is a name that can be pronounced and understood in various languages, making it a versatile choice for parents who want a name that transcends borders.
3. Freya’s Future Implications
As the popularity of the name Freya continues to rise, we can expect to see its influence in various aspects of society. One potential implication is the cultural impact of naming trends. As more and more children are named Freya, the name may become associated with certain qualities and characteristics. This could lead to a broader appreciation and understanding of Norse mythology and Scandinavian culture.
Additionally, the rise of Freya as a popular name may also influence the fashion and beauty industries. We may see an increase in products and trends inspired by Norse mythology, with designers and brands drawing inspiration from the goddess of love and beauty herself. Freya’s name could become synonymous with elegance and style, leading to a whole new market of products and services.
The rising popularity of the name Freya is a trend that is likely to continue in the coming years. Its timeless appeal, international accessibility, and potential cultural and commercial implications make it an intriguing choice for parents around the world. Whether it’s the connection to Norse mythology or the name’s inherent beauty, Freya is capturing the hearts of many and leaving a lasting impact on society.
The Mythological Origins of the Name Freya
The name Freya holds significant meaning in Norse mythology, as it is derived from the Old Norse word “frija,” which means “lady” or “queen.” In Norse mythology, Freya is the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. She is a powerful figure associated with war, death, and magic. The name Freya has deep roots in ancient Norse culture and has become a symbol of feminine strength and independence.
The mythological origins of the name Freya have had a profound impact on various industries, particularly in the realms of entertainment, fashion, and beauty. Many companies and brands have adopted the name Freya to evoke a sense of elegance, beauty, and power.
The Influence of the Name Freya in the Entertainment Industry
The name Freya has made its mark in the entertainment industry, with numerous references to the Norse goddess appearing in popular culture. One notable example is in J.R.R. Tolkien’s fantasy novel, “The Lord of the Rings,” where the character Eowyn is often associated with the goddess Freya. Eowyn is a strong and courageous female character who defies societal expectations and fights alongside the male warriors.
Additionally, the name Freya has become popular in the world of music. Several artists and bands have chosen the name Freya as their stage name or as part of their band name. This choice reflects a desire to embody the qualities associated with the Norse goddess, such as beauty, strength, and creativity. The name Freya has become synonymous with artistic expression and a sense of mystique.
Furthermore, the name Freya has been utilized in the film and television industry to create memorable characters. These characters often possess a strong and independent nature, mirroring the attributes of the Norse goddess. By using the name Freya, writers and directors aim to evoke a sense of power and allure in their storytelling.
The Impact of the Name Freya in the Fashion and Beauty Industries
The name Freya has also made a significant impact in the fashion and beauty industries. Many fashion designers and brands have chosen to incorporate the name Freya into their collections, symbolizing a fusion of elegance and strength. The name is often associated with luxurious and high-end fashion, appealing to individuals who desire a sense of sophistication and empowerment.
In the beauty industry, the name Freya has become synonymous with natural beauty and skincare. Many skincare brands have adopted the name Freya to promote products that enhance natural radiance and promote self-care. The name evokes a sense of purity and rejuvenation, aligning with the attributes of the Norse goddess associated with beauty and fertility.
Furthermore, the name Freya has become a popular choice for perfume brands, representing a captivating and alluring scent. Perfumes named after Freya often aim to capture the essence of femininity and sensuality, appealing to individuals who seek a unique and enchanting fragrance.
Overall, the name Freya holds a deep and impactful meaning derived from Norse mythology. Its association with love, beauty, and strength has permeated various industries, leaving a lasting impression on the entertainment, fashion, and beauty sectors. Whether it’s through memorable characters, fashion collections, or beauty products, the name Freya continues to evoke a sense of elegance, power, and allure.
The Cultural Appropriation Debate
One controversial aspect surrounding the meaning of the name Freya is the issue of cultural appropriation. Freya is a name with deep roots in Norse mythology, where she is revered as the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. As such, some argue that using this name without any connection to Norse culture is a form of cultural appropriation.
Supporters of this viewpoint argue that adopting a name with significant cultural and religious significance without understanding or respecting its origins can be disrespectful and offensive. They believe that by using the name Freya without any knowledge or appreciation for its Norse heritage, individuals are trivializing and commodifying a sacred aspect of another culture.
On the other hand, opponents argue that names, like language, evolve and change over time. They believe that cultural exchange is a natural part of human history, and names, like any other cultural element, can be shared and adopted by different communities. They argue that the meaning of a name can transcend its original cultural context and take on new meanings in different societies.
Another controversial aspect of the name Freya is its gender implications. In Norse mythology, Freya is depicted as a female goddess, symbolizing femininity and fertility. As such, some argue that using the name Freya for a boy is inappropriate and goes against its traditional meaning.
Supporters of this viewpoint believe that names carry cultural and historical significance, and using a traditionally feminine name for a boy can lead to confusion and perpetuate gender stereotypes. They argue that it is important to preserve the integrity and meaning of names by using them in accordance with their traditional gender associations.
However, opponents argue that gender norms and expectations are fluid and vary across different cultures and time periods. They believe that assigning a specific gender to a name limits individual freedom and self-expression. They argue that using the name Freya for a boy challenges traditional gender norms and promotes inclusivity and acceptance.
Commercialization and Trendiness
The increasing popularity of the name Freya has also sparked controversy regarding its commercialization and trendiness. In recent years, the name has gained significant popularity, particularly in English-speaking countries. Some argue that this popularity has led to the name being overused and losing its uniqueness and cultural significance.
Supporters of this viewpoint believe that the trendiness of the name Freya has turned it into a commodity, with parents choosing it simply because it sounds fashionable or unique. They argue that this commercialization diminishes the name’s historical and cultural significance, reducing it to a mere trend.
On the other hand, opponents argue that the popularity of the name Freya reflects a genuine appreciation for its meaning and beauty. They believe that the widespread adoption of the name is a testament to its enduring appeal and should not be seen as a negative consequence. They argue that the name’s popularity does not diminish its cultural significance but rather highlights its universal appeal.
The meaning of the name freya is surrounded by several controversial aspects. the debate over cultural appropriation raises important questions about respecting and understanding the origins of names. the gender implications of using a traditionally feminine name for a boy challenge societal norms and expectations. the commercialization and trendiness of the name bring into question the preservation of cultural significance. ultimately, these controversies highlight the complexities and evolving nature of names and their meanings in our diverse and interconnected world.
1. Origin and History of the Name Freya
The name Freya has its roots in Norse mythology, specifically in the Norse goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. In Norse mythology, Freya, also known as Freyja, was a powerful and revered goddess who was associated with love, beauty, and sensuality. She was also associated with war and death, as she had the power to choose half of the warriors slain in battle to join her in her afterlife realm, Folkvangr. The name Freya is derived from the Old Norse word “freyja,” which means “lady” or “mistress.” This name has a rich and fascinating history that spans centuries and has influenced various cultures and languages.
2. The Symbolism and Meanings Associated with Freya
The name Freya carries several symbolic meanings that reflect the qualities and attributes associated with the Norse goddess. One of the primary meanings of the name is “love” or “loving.” This reflects Freya’s role as the goddess of love and her association with romantic relationships and desire. Additionally, the name Freya is often associated with beauty, fertility, and sensuality. These qualities are connected to Freya’s ability to bring pleasure and abundance to the world. The name also carries connotations of strength and power, as Freya was a formidable goddess who possessed great influence and authority.
3. Popularity and Usage of the Name Freya
In recent years, the name Freya has experienced a surge in popularity, particularly in English-speaking countries. It has become a fashionable choice for parents seeking a unique and meaningful name for their daughters. The name Freya ranked among the top names for baby girls in the United Kingdom, Australia, and other European countries. Its popularity can be attributed to its connection to Norse mythology, as well as its melodic sound and elegant simplicity. Many parents are drawn to the name’s association with love, beauty, and strength, making it a compelling choice for their child.
4. Cultural Significance of the Name Freya
The name Freya holds cultural significance beyond its association with Norse mythology. In addition to its popularity in English-speaking countries, the name has found favor in Scandinavian cultures, where it has deep historical and cultural roots. In these cultures, the name Freya is seen as a tribute to the Norse goddess and carries with it a sense of pride in their heritage. It is also worth noting that the name has transcended its Norse origins and has been embraced by people from diverse backgrounds, reflecting the global appeal and universality of its meanings.
5. Famous People with the Name Freya
Throughout history, there have been notable individuals who have borne the name Freya. One such example is Freya Stark, a British explorer and writer who gained fame for her extensive travels in the Middle East. Stark’s adventurous spirit and determination to explore the unknown mirror the qualities associated with the Norse goddess Freya. Another notable figure with the name is Freya Ridings, a British singer-songwriter known for her soulful and emotive music. Ridings’ talent and artistic expression embody the passion and beauty associated with the name Freya.
6. Variations and Similar Names to Freya
While the name Freya has a unique and distinct identity, there are variations and similar names that share its origins or carry similar meanings. One such variation is Freyja, which is an alternative spelling of the name and is commonly used in Scandinavian countries. Other similar names include Freja, Freyia, and Frey. These variations maintain the essence of the name Freya while offering a slightly different twist. Additionally, names with similar meanings, such as Aphrodite, Venus, or Ishtar, can be considered as alternatives for those seeking names with connections to love, beauty, and fertility.
7. Freya in Modern Culture and Literature
The name Freya has made its way into various forms of modern culture, including literature, film, and television. In literature, authors often draw inspiration from Norse mythology and incorporate characters named Freya into their stories. In popular culture, the name Freya has been featured in fantasy novels, such as the “A Song of Ice and Fire” series by George R.R. Martin, where a character named Freyja is introduced. Additionally, the name has appeared in films and TV shows, adding a touch of mystique and enchantment to the characters who bear it.
8. Choosing Freya as a Name for Your Child
If you are considering naming your child Freya, it is essential to understand the meaning and significance behind the name. Freya carries a rich history and symbolism that can add depth and character to your child’s identity. The name’s association with love, beauty, strength, and cultural heritage makes it a compelling choice for parents seeking a name with substance and resonance. However, it is important to consider the cultural and linguistic context in which the name will be used, as well as any potential challenges or mispronunciations that may arise.
9. The Name Freya as a Source of Inspiration
Beyond its practical usage as a personal name, the name Freya can serve as a source of inspiration for individuals seeking to embody the qualities and attributes associated with the Norse goddess. The name can be a reminder to embrace love, beauty, and strength in our lives, and to pursue our passions and desires with confidence and determination. Whether as a personal name or a symbol of aspiration, the name Freya carries a timeless appeal that transcends cultural and linguistic boundaries.
The name Freya holds a significant place in mythology, history, and contemporary culture. Its association with love, beauty, strength, and cultural heritage has made it a popular choice for parents seeking a meaningful and unique name for their child. Whether you are drawn to its Norse origins, its melodic sound, or its symbolic meanings, the name Freya offers a sense of depth and resonance that can enrich your child’s identity.
The Historical Context of ‘What is the meaning of the name Freya?’
The name Freya has its roots in Norse mythology, where it was associated with the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. In the ancient Norse religion, Freya was highly revered and considered one of the most important deities. She was known for her beauty, strength, and magical abilities, and was often depicted as a powerful and independent figure.
With the spread of Christianity in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, the worship of Norse gods and goddesses, including Freya, began to decline. As a result, the name Freya became less popular and was gradually replaced by Christian names. However, some remnants of Norse mythology and pagan traditions persisted, and Freya continued to be remembered as a significant figure in Scandinavian folklore.
Renaissance and Romanticism
During the Renaissance period, there was a resurgence of interest in ancient mythologies, including Norse mythology. Scholars and artists began to explore and reinterpret these mythologies, bringing them back into the cultural consciousness. This renewed interest in Norse mythology led to a revival of the name Freya, as people sought to reconnect with their ancestral heritage and embrace the symbolism associated with the goddess.
In the Romantic era, which followed the Renaissance, there was a fascination with nature, beauty, and the supernatural. Freya, as the goddess of love and beauty, perfectly embodied these ideals. The name Freya gained popularity as a symbol of femininity, grace, and enchantment, and it became a favored choice for parents looking for a unique and mystical name for their daughters.
In recent years, the name Freya has experienced a significant resurgence in popularity. This can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, there has been a general trend towards the revival of ancient and mythological names, as parents seek distinctive and meaningful names for their children. Freya, with its rich mythological background, fits perfectly into this trend.
Additionally, the rise of Scandinavian culture and influence in popular media has contributed to the popularity of the name Freya. Scandinavian TV shows, such as “Vikings” and “The Last Kingdom,” have gained international acclaim, introducing audiences to Norse mythology and the strong, independent character of Freya. This exposure has further solidified the name’s association with strength, beauty, and resilience.
Furthermore, the name Freya has a melodic and lyrical quality that appeals to many parents. Its simplicity and elegance make it a versatile choice that can suit a variety of cultural backgrounds and personal preferences.
The name freya has a fascinating historical context that spans from its pagan origins in norse mythology to its modern resurgence in popularity. from being associated with a powerful goddess in ancient times to becoming a symbol of beauty and femininity in the romantic era, the name freya has evolved and adapted to reflect the changing cultural and societal trends. its current popularity can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the revival of ancient names, the influence of scandinavian culture, and its inherent charm and appeal.
1. What is the origin of the name Freya?
The name Freya has its origins in Norse mythology. It is derived from the Old Norse word “friðr,” which means “peace” or “beloved.”
2. What does the name Freya symbolize?
The name Freya symbolizes love, beauty, fertility, and war in Norse mythology. Freya was the goddess of love and beauty, associated with desire, sexuality, and fertility. She was also a warrior goddess, representing strength and bravery.
3. Is Freya a popular name?
Yes, Freya has gained popularity in recent years. It is a fashionable choice for baby girls in many countries, especially in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. In 2020, Freya ranked among the top 100 names for girls in the UK.
4. What famous people are named Freya?
There are several notable individuals named Freya. Some of them include Freya Ridings, a British singer-songwriter, Freya Mavor, a Scottish actress, and Freya Allan, an English actress known for her role in the Netflix series “The Witcher.”
5. Are there any variations of the name Freya?
Yes, there are variations of the name Freya in different cultures. In Old Norse, the name is spelled “Freyja.” In German, it can be spelled “Freja” or “Freia.” Other variations include Frey, Freja, and Freyia.
6. What are some famous myths or stories about Freya?
Freya is a prominent figure in Norse mythology and appears in several myths and stories. One well-known myth is the story of how Freya acquired the necklace Brisingamen, which involved her marrying four dwarves. Another popular tale is the myth of Freya’s journey to retrieve her husband Od’s soul from the land of the giants.
7. Is Freya associated with any symbols?
Yes, Freya is associated with several symbols. The most well-known symbol associated with her is the necklace Brisingamen, which is said to enhance her beauty and power. She is also associated with cats, falcons, and the chariot pulled by two large cats.
8. What are some famous fictional characters named Freya?
Freya is a popular choice for fictional characters in literature, movies, and television. Some notable examples include Freya Mikaelson from the TV series “The Originals,” Freya Beauchamp from the book series “Witches of East End,” and Freya McAllister from the movie “The One I Love.”
9. What is the cultural significance of the name Freya?
The name Freya holds cultural significance in Norse and Germanic cultures. In Norse mythology, Freya was one of the most important goddesses and played a vital role in the pantheon. The name has also become popular in modern culture, representing strength, beauty, and independence.
10. What are some popular middle names that go well with Freya?
There are several middle names that pair well with Freya. Some popular choices include Grace, Rose, Elizabeth, Mae, Jane, and Sophia. Ultimately, the choice of a middle name depends on personal preference and the flow of the full name.
The Origin of the Name Freya
The name Freya has its roots in Norse mythology. In Norse mythology, Freya is a goddess associated with love, beauty, and fertility. She is also known as the goddess of war and death. The name Freya is derived from the Old Norse word “frija,” which means “lady” or “noblewoman.” It is believed that the name Freya was given to girls born during the Viking Age to honor the goddess and to bestow upon them qualities of love, beauty, and strength.
The Symbolism of the Name Freya
The name Freya carries various symbolic meanings. Firstly, it represents love and beauty. Just like the goddess Freya, individuals with this name are often seen as attractive, charming, and captivating. They have a natural ability to bring love and joy into the lives of those around them. Secondly, the name Freya symbolizes fertility and abundance. People with this name are believed to have a strong connection to nature and possess the ability to nurture and create life. Lastly, the name Freya is associated with strength and courage. As the goddess of war, Freya embodies bravery and fearlessness, and those with this name are often seen as strong-willed and determined individuals.
The Modern Interpretation of the Name Freya
In modern times, the name Freya has gained popularity and is widely used in various cultures. It is often chosen for its association with beauty, love, and strength. People with the name Freya are seen as independent, confident, and compassionate individuals. They are known for their ability to bring harmony and love into their relationships and are often admired for their inner and outer beauty. The name Freya also carries a sense of uniqueness and individuality, as it is not as common as some other names. Those who bear the name Freya are often seen as trendsetters and are not afraid to stand out from the crowd.
Overall, the name Freya holds deep historical and symbolic significance. It represents love, beauty, fertility, strength, and courage. Whether chosen to honor the Norse goddess or simply for its powerful meanings, the name Freya carries a sense of grace, charm, and inner strength that continues to resonate with people today.
In conclusion, the name Freya holds a rich and fascinating history that spans across different cultures and mythologies. Derived from the Old Norse word for “lady” or “noblewoman,” Freya was a powerful and revered goddess in Norse mythology, associated with love, beauty, fertility, and war. Her name embodies strength, femininity, and independence, making it a popular choice for parents looking for a name with a strong and meaningful connotation.
Throughout the article, we explored the various meanings and interpretations of the name Freya. From its Norse origins to its connections with the goddess of love and beauty, Freya’s name carries a sense of power and grace. We also delved into the popularity of the name in modern times, with its rise in popularity in recent years, particularly in English-speaking countries.
Furthermore, we examined the cultural significance of the name Freya in different parts of the world. From its association with fertility and abundance in the Germanic and Scandinavian cultures to its representation of beauty and love in various mythologies, the name Freya has transcended borders and continues to captivate people’s imaginations.
In conclusion, the name Freya is a timeless choice that not only honors a rich mythological heritage but also embodies qualities of strength, beauty, and femininity. Whether it’s the allure of Norse mythology or the desire for a name that exudes power and grace, Freya remains a popular and meaningful choice for parents around the world. | <urn:uuid:12b79571-5e00-4d28-bb08-7b585468ebc1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.interestarticles.com/names-personality/what-is-the-meaning-of-the-name-freya-2/ | 2024-02-28T22:28:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.95648 | 5,659 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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Ethnic Notions: Divided From The Start The film 'Ethnic Notions ' illustrates various ways in which African Americans were impersonated during the 19th and 20th centuries. It follows and shows the development of the rooted stereotypes which have generated bias towards African Americans. If a film of this kind had such an affectionate influence on me, it is no surprise people adopted these ideas back then. The use of new and popular media practices in those days was more than adequate in selling the black inferiority to the general public. The only purpose of these stereotypes gave a false narrative of black people. They were and are still propaganda to encourage the white society that slavery was "great" and black is inferior. In my essay, I will be talking about the first …show more content…
The other side of the blade, "Zip Coon" was used to finish the job. The Zip Coon was used to defile the names of free black slaves in the north. A Zip Coon was apparently a fortunate northern African American who would "act white." The coon exaggeration was one of the top characters amongst minstrel actors. In these Minstrel shows, "audiences laughed at the slow-talking fool who avoided work and all adult responsibilities"(The Coon Caricature). The minstrel shows also depicted a Zip Coon as a flashily dressed man who puts up an act of being white. Unlike Mammy and Sambo, a Coon did not know his place. The idea was that a Coon, thought he was as smart as white people. Therefore they made him look stupid as he attempts to look respectable. These minstrel shows tried to tell a false lie that even the free slaves were also fools. They taught the white population that, it didn 't matter if a black person is free. Or the fact they might be educated or hardworking. They wanted to dehumanize the black image to a greater extent. So there won 't be any escape for any black person because their pride and spirits were
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Show MoreIn the article, “Breeds of America: Coming of Age, Coming of Race,” which was first published in the Harper’s magazine, William Melvin Kelley recalls his “confusing” childhood of being a colored citizen in the United States. He begins his memoir by portraying a simple skin comparison with his friends. An Italy kid was blushed because he had a same brown skin color as Kelly does under the sun. Kelly raised a question about that blush: why would brown skin make the Italy kid embarrassing? Then Kelly introduces the unfair collision of race and culture.
The original minstrel performances were used as an outlet for “working class white youth” to express “their own sense of marginalization through identification with African-American culture forms” (Starr & Waterman, 46). Even when Thomas Dartmouth Rice’s song Jim Crow became popular in 1829, it was still being used as a way to make fun of the upper classes. It wasn’t until entrepreneurs and promoters got ahold of it in the 1840s that it became the hateful show we know it as today. Over the next several years, the show became more ridged in its format and the characters of several black stereotypes emerged to fulfill the yearning of whites to find racial differences in order to retain slavery. Even within minstrelsy itself the darker skinned
"The Minority Pool", is a short documentary that centers on African Americans and the culture of swimming and aquatic activities. This documentary pinpoints and identifies the current social stigmas and issues regarding swimming in the black community and the reasons they don’t know how to swim when held in comparison to their Caucasian
In Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poem, “We Wear the Mask” the speaker wears a mask to hide his internal suffering because he does not want the rest of the world to think he is weak. This poem relates the prejudice black people face against white people. The speaker starts the poem with the lines, “We wear the mask that grins and lies,” (1). Here he describes the kind of “masks” that he wears.
In Appiah's essay "Racial Identities" the author illustrates the point that just because an individual's extrinsic appearance looks as though he or she should belong to a certain group of people it is ultimately up to them to choice their identity. His principal and abiding concern is how we as individuals construct ourselves in a language with the social condition in a persons everyday life. Appiah analyzes the convolution of this process of individuals forming into one identity, emphasizing the opportunities as well as the dangers for self-creation in today’s a culturally mixed world. Appiah’s critique of these large collective identities (whites, Africans, African Americans, and Hispanics) aren't designed to deny their legitimacy but to
Moreover, demonstrate consequences are taken to oppress racial and ethnic minorities to keep them in a subservient position. Overall, this film has provided me with a visual depiction of how stereotypes are a mental tool that enforces racial segregation and self-hate. The label of “White” became a necessity for Sarah Jane to achieve in society. To attain it she needed to move to a new city, change her name and deny her mother.
Everyday the future in America looks brighter for the issues dealing with race and identity. Brave souls are not letting racism, class discrimination, or sexism hold them back anymore. Furthermore, the fight for a balanced society that pushes for equality is on the horizon. As we close on an era, based on purely the skin of the person, we need to analyze the impacts of the Ethnicity paradigm and Class paradigm on politics of the 20th century. Race and Ethnicity are used interchangeable in everyday conversation, however; they are not the same.
Fahad Albrahim Response 1: Review/Summary: “Whiteness as property” is an article written by Cheryl Harris, in which she addresses the subject of racial identity and property in the United States. Throughout the article, professor Harris attempts to explain how the concept of whiteness was initiated to become a form of racial identity, which evolved into a property widely protected in American law (page 1713). Harris tackles a number of facts that describe the roots of whiteness as property in American history at the expense of minorities such as Black and American natives (page 1709). Additionally, Harris describes how whiteness as property evolved to become seen as a racial privilege in which the whites gained more benefits, whether
Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used by performers to represent a black person. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the proliferation of stereotypes such as the "happy-go-lucky darky on the plantation" or the "dandified coon". In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were an American national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Early in the 20th century, blackface branched off from the minstrel show and became a form in its own right, until it ended in the United States with the U.S. Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Blackface was an important performance tradition in the American theater for roughly 100 years beginning around 1830.
Thesis: The Tuskegee Airmen were a prestige group of African American men who were determined to go above and beyond their call of duty for their country and their race. I. Racial tensions have existed for many years. A. Racism has existed since the United States brought people of color from overseas to the United States to work as their slaves. B. Abraham Lincoln did a lot for racism in the United States, but he did not get rid of racism altogether.
1. What does Du Bois mean by the “double consciousness” of African Americans? What Du Bois meant by the “double consciousness” of African Americans is that they look at themselves through the eyes of others. “This double consciousness, this sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others, of measuring one soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity” African Americans know that the rest of America see them as a lowly and controversial group of people because they were once viewed as a piece of property and not a human being. Now that they are freedmen, America doesn’t know what to think about them.
Where do we draw the lines between adoration and mockery, influence and appropriation, and individuality and stereotyping? Accordingly, the racial subject has always been a touchy topic to discuss, but with the lasting effects that the black minstrelsy has left in the society, we most definitely need to deal with the racial subject. Only this way can the American society move forward both as a nation and as a species, and through such efforts, only then can we ensure that such history can never repeat
Racial impersonation has played a major role in the development of representation in major minority groups, such as Native Americans and Blacks. Author, Jill Lane, writes an article, “Impersonation: Toward a Theory of Black-, Red-, and Yellowface in the Americas,” in which she speaks of the theory of racial impersonation and the way in which it has been played out throughout history. Red face has been primarily demonstrated in the United States and blackface was extremely popular throughout Cuba during the eighteen hundreds. Besides the derogatory act of blackface there are also other forms of discursive violence when it comes to racial impersonation in more modern times, such as a white actor playing the role meant for a person of color.
The new laws that the government had set in place made lives for black people very difficult at the time. When this law was put in place, the differences between blacks and whites were very clear. Whites got preferential treatment, just for being white whereas blacks had to struggle with daily | <urn:uuid:99fe65ce-6f03-4a48-9636-2c680da66834> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Ethnic-Stereotypes-In-The-Film-Ethnic-Notionss-F3YNM8H4SCPR | 2024-02-28T23:08:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.97552 | 2,074 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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] |
Subsets and Splits