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[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Elton John" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" is a song written by English singer Elton John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin. It was originally recorded in 1974 by Elton John for his studio album \"Caribou\" and was released as a single that peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. The song found further success in 1991 in a live cover version recorded as a duet between John and George Michael, which reached number one in the UK and US.", "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Cooper and a mellotron played by Dave Hentschel. In the song, Elton John sings to someone he has helped and from whom he is now experiencing rejection: I took a chance and changed your way of life but you misread my meaning when I met you closed the door and left me blinded by the light don't let the sun go down on me although I search myself, it's always someone else I see. I'd just allow a fragment of your life to wander free but losing everything is like the sun going down on me. \"Don't Let the Sun", "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "issued as the lead track on a free promotional cassette given away at Michael's Wembley Arena gigs in March 1991. Therefore, it is likely to have been recorded at a venue earlier in the tour. \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" has been a popular song for other artists to perform or record including: Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" is a song written by English singer Elton John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin. It was originally recorded in 1974 by Elton John for his studio album \"Caribou\"", "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" is a song written by English singer Elton John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin. It was originally recorded in 1974 by Elton John for his studio album \"Caribou\" and was released as a single that peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. The song found further success in 1991 in a live cover version recorded as a duet between John and George Michael, which reached number one in the UK and US.", "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" was co-written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin during a ten-day period in January 1974 along with the other songs for John's \"Caribou\" album. The song was released as the first single from the album in May 1974 in the United Kingdom, and on 10 June 1974 in the United States. The chorus of the song is supported with a horn arrangement by Del Newman, and features backing vocals by Carl Wilson and Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys and Toni Tennille. Also on the song are percussion accents provided by Ray", "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "John recorded a live version on 14 December 1986 that appears on the \"Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra\" album. An edited version of this recording was released as a single in 1987 and also appears in the \"To Be Continued...\" box set. In 1991, \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" was covered in a live version as a duet by George Michael and Elton John. This version of the song had its greatest success. The pair first performed the song at the Live Aid concert in 1985 (with Michael singing and John playing). Six years", "title": "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "his 1991 hit with Elton John, \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\". This version was later included as a bonus track on the 2011 remastered edition of \"Faith\". Josh Groban covered the song for his album \"All That Echoes\", released in 2013 and released it as a single that peaked at #20 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Other artists who have covered the song include: Darren Percival sang the song on Episode 13 of Australian TV competition show \"The Voice\", which aired June 4, 2012. I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever) \"I Believe", "title": "I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the round of 32 before being cut from the show, but he was invited to return for the \"Wild Card\" round; his performance of Elton John's \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" sent him on to the final 12 as the viewer's choice. While noted for his performance of ballads, such as Neil Sedaka's \"Solitaire\", his upbeat performances, including The Foundations' \"Build Me Up Buttercup\", were also appreciated. Aiken received enough votes every week to keep him out of the bottom three. Part of his appeal was his \"geek to chic\" transformation in appearance. \"I looked like Opie\",", "title": "Clay Aiken" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "compilation tracks and duets that have not previously appeared on a George Michael album, including his US and UK number-one duet with Aretha Franklin, \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\", previously available on Aretha Franklin's 1986 album \"Aretha\"; \"Desafinado\", the duet in Portuguese with Brazilian singer Astrud Gilberto; and the Elton John duet \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\", from John's 1993 album \"Duets\". \"Ladies & Gentlemen\" was released by Michael through Sony Music Entertainment as a condition of severing contractual ties with the label (Michael departed Sony with a great deal of acrimony and publicity prior", "title": "Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "at number two on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 behind \"Don't Let The Sun Go Down on Me\" by George Michael and Elton John and \"I'm Too Sexy\" by Right Said Fred, and it topped the US \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks for 4 weeks in December 1991 and January 1992. In Europe, \"I Love Your Smile\" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and reached the top of the Dutch Top 40 in the Netherlands. The single also peaked within the top ten on the charts in Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Australia and", "title": "I Love Your Smile" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "charm, went on to become a favourite with both the audience and his fellow contestants. He won the final of the show winning the voters attention for his memorable versions of \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" by Elton John, \"I Don't Want to Talk About It\" by Danny Whitten, and his own composition \"Stop Living the Lie\" and won the public vote with 3.5m votes. Sneddon signed a record contract with Mercury Records and was given a luxury penthouse, Audi car and more as part of his prize. He shot his music video for his first single", "title": "David Sneddon" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of which later temporarily joined the Beach Boys' line-up. He lent backing vocals to many works, including Chicago's hits \"Baby, What a Big Surprise\" and \"Wishing You Were Here\" (with Al Jardine and brother Dennis), Elton John's \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" (with Bruce Johnston), David Lee Roth's hit cover of \"California Girls\", Warren Zevon's \"Desperados Under the Eaves\", and the Carnie/Wendy Wilson holiday track \"Hey Santa!\" Carl also recorded a duet with Olivia Newton-John, titled \"You Were Great, How Was I?\", for her studio album, \"Soul Kiss\" (1985). It was not released as a single. By", "title": "Carl Wilson" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "popular artists participated in the concert, each performing an Elton John classic. The concert rundown featured Nikka Costa (\"Levon\"), Rufus Wainwright (\"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\"), Eric McCormack (\"Captain Fantastic\"), Bruce Hornsby (\"Burn Down The Mission\"), Jewel (\"Your Song\"), Brian McKnight (\"Rocket Man\"), Norah Jones (\"Tiny Dancer\"), Brian Wilson (\"Someone Saved My Life Tonight\"), Randy Newman (\"Benny And The Jets\"), Diana Krall (\"Border Song\"), Take 6 (\"Philadelphia Freedom\"), Vanessa Carlton (\"Don’t Let the Sun Go Down on Me\"), Ray Charles (\"Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word\"), Michael McDonald (\"Take Me To the Pilot\"), Carmen Twillie and the Circle of Life", "title": "Chris Gero" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "members (including most notably Sisak bishop Vlado Košić and auxiliary bishop of Zagreb Valentin Pozaić) signed a petition and an open letter to the President of Croatia Grabar-Kitarović and to the chairman of Croatian Democratic Union Tomislav Karamarko, calling for the introduction of the salute as the official salute of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia. In June 2016 Elvis Duspara, a Catholic blogger and columnist, published a book titled \"Za dom spremni\" in Zagreb, focusing on whitewashing the salute and claiming that \"this salute is in the DNA of every Croat.\" Croatian mathematician and academic, controversial far-right", "title": "Za dom spremni" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "crops and nowadays citrus. The area of the non-cultivated term is very wooded, with abundant wildlife and a great diversity of autochthonous Mediterranean vegetation, such as the Holm Oak (Quercus Rotundifolia). It has more than Náquera has municipal limits with Albalat de Taronchers (W), Bétera (S), Moncada (SW), Museros(E), El Puig(ENE), Rafelbuñol(NE), Sagunto(NNE), Segart y Serra (N) todas ellas en la provincia de Valencia This location can be accessed, from Valencia, through several options: 1) From the V-21 (Avenida de Cataluña), to Massalfassar (exit 9) CV-35 and then CV-305/315 2) From the Mediterranean Highway A-7 (exit 313 or 315 of", "title": "Náquera" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "before he died at age 44. One of his disciples was Sosei Kurose (1886-1944), and his disciple was Sokyu Yamashita (d.~1975) who in turn had no disciples of his own. The art of how Yamada was able to complete his works was lost. His works are highly priced and are collected by museums and private owners. An oviform iron vase with short everted neck, finely hammered in low relief with a heron in water by reeds, about 38.7 cm high achieved a sale at an auction by Christie's in April 2016 for a price of USD 30,000. Yamada Sōbi Yamada", "title": "Yamada Sōbi" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "not always express the general will. Furthermore, Rousseau distinguished between the general will and the will of all, stressing that while the latter is simply the sum total of each individual's desires, the former is the \"one will which is directed towards their common preservation and general well-being.\" Political authority, to Rousseau, should be understood as legitimate only if it exists according to the general will and toward the common good. The pursuit of the common good, then, enables the state to act as a moral community. \"Individual ambition serves the common good.\" —Adam Smith The 18th-century Scottish moral philosopher", "title": "Common good" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the construction of the now-demolished Gilbertstone House, which was built between 1866 and 1867 for Samuel Thornley, on the site of a small farmhouse. It was bought by Richard Tangye in 1883, a major benefactor to the Birmingham Art Gallery. The house had extensive grounds which crossed into the area of Lyndon End and Bickenhill. It had a pool with a boathouse. On the side of the house was a tall tower. It was recorded in 1905 that the mansion and grounds straddled the boundaries of the counties of Warwickshire and Worcestershire. Thomas Rowbotham lived in the house whilst", "title": "Gilbertstone" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "I was the only one, perhaps because I was white, who he could be sure was not after his job and his life. If Idi Amin ever had a sincere friend, it was Bob Astles. I was the only person who could cope with him. The other members of his Government would phone me and say: ‘Can you come quickly, he is out of control.’ I would go and let him shout and rail at me and then I would try to calm him down. I was one of the few people he trusted.\" Astles came to be known as", "title": "Bob Astles" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Abu Talib's clan, the Banu Hashim and the rest of the Banu Quraish distressed Abu Talib who was aware of the cost that his nephew Muhammad had to pay if deserted . Abu Talib sent for Muhammad and told him the news, \"\"Spare me and yourself and put not burden on me that I can’t bear\"\". Muhammad thought that his uncle would let him down and would no longer support him, so he replied: \"\"O my uncle! by God if they put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left on condition that I abandon this", "title": "Second and third deputation with Abu Talib" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Still, 2Pac's raw talent burns through when his voice goes hoarse with rage on \"Hellrazor.\" And on \"I'm Losin' It,\" his blend of charismatic confidence and Travis Bickle paranoia is a bittersweet reminder of a gifted yet contradictory artist lost in the rap wars. Definition of a Thug Nigga Ready 4 Whatever R U Still Down (Remember Me) Hellrazor Do for Love F*** All Y'all I Wonder if Heaven Got a Ghetto Let Them Thangs Go Nothin' but Love Nothing to Lose When I Get Free II Where Do We Go From Here Black Starry Night (Interlude) I Wonder if", "title": "R U Still Down? (Remember Me)" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "but the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science compared the songs and asserted that the former song indeed had been sampled. The amount of Ekfeldt's compensation was not made public, but was said to be of a significant amount and a lot more than if the channel had asked for permission first. I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me \"I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" is a song written and performed by the English singer-songwriter Nik Kershaw. It was his first single, released in 1983 to little success, but was re-released in 1984 and became", "title": "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the chorus, Norwood sings \"You know how I get when you let me go\", and later in the song she makes reference to Twitter and her mother. The song interpolates \"Tonight\" by Swedish pop singer Lykke Li. Deluxe edition bonus track \"Can You Hear Me Now?”, producer Danja's sole contribution on \"Two Eleven\", works up an extended musical foreplay around a single mind-numbing groove. Built around an instrumental that was originally produced for Diddy – Dirty Money's 2010 album \"Last Train to Paris\", it was re-constructed by Love for Norwood. Danja used heavy vocoding during production of the song. Initially,", "title": "Two Eleven" } ]

[ "Elton John" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Isaac Newton" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "calling to his brother through the desolate intervals of time,\" an idea he got from Schopenhauer's work in \"Der handschriftliche Nachlass\". Standing on the shoulders of giants The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants () expresses the meaning of \"discovering truth by building on previous discoveries\". This concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675: \"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.\" The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of", "title": "Standing on the shoulders of giants" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Standing on the shoulders of giants The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants () expresses the meaning of \"discovering truth by building on previous discoveries\". This concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675: \"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.\" The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of Salisbury. In 1159, John wrote in his \"Metalogicon\": \"Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders", "title": "Standing on the shoulders of giants" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "calling to his brother through the desolate intervals of time,\" an idea he got from Schopenhauer's work in \"Der handschriftliche Nachlass\". Standing on the shoulders of giants The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants () expresses the meaning of \"discovering truth by building on previous discoveries\". This concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675: \"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.\" The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of", "title": "Standing on the shoulders of giants" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "giant's shoulders sees farther of the two.\" Isaac Newton remarked in a letter to his rival Robert Hooke dated February 5, 1676 [O.S.] (February 15, 1676 [N.S.]) that: What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much several ways, & especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the sholders of Giants. This has recently been interpreted by a few writers as a sarcastic remark directed at Hooke's appearance. Although Hooke was not of particularly short stature, he was of slight build and had been", "title": "Standing on the shoulders of giants" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Arthurs and Paul \"Guigsy\" McGuigan) and hired new producer Mark \"Spike\" Stent to replace Owen Morris. The album is a modern psychedelic record complete with drum loops, samples, electric sitar, mellotron, synthesizers and backward guitars, resulting in an album more experimental with electronica and heavy psychedelic rock influences. Songs such as \"Go Let It Out\", the Indian-influenced \"Who Feels Love?\", and the progressive \"Gas Panic!\" were a departure from the band's earlier style. The album's title was taken from the words made famous by Sir Isaac Newton: If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of", "title": "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "On Giants' Shoulders On Giants' Shoulders was written in 1998 by Melvyn Bragg. The book was assembled after a series of interviews Bragg had with current scientists about the world's greatest scientists such as Archimedes, Isaac Newton and Einstein. Bragg, who brands himself as a \"non-scientist\", conducted these interviews on BBC Radio 4 for other non-scientists. The book looks at the notion of being a \"genius\" and through discussions with 20th-century scientists explores the extent to which the great scientists of history were geniuses. The book's title is taken from Newton's 1675 quote: \"If I have seen further it is", "title": "On Giants' Shoulders" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "worth were necessary to receive recognition for progress in scientific methodology, but were not made to denigrate the humanities. Statements such as Isaac Newton's less than original \"If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.\" was recognition not only of other previous leaders in the Scientific Revolution, but of the Ancients who provided foundations in the sciences and humanities. Gould cites George Hakewill, Archdeacon of Surrey's 1628 essay in defense of Modernist convictions. There Hakewill argues against both the common belief that the Universe was in constant decay and the Renaissance portrayal of Ancients", "title": "The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in the democratic period of Colombia's history. Santos won 32 of the country's 33 electoral districts. His allies have an overwhelming majority in the Colombian Congress. Santos vowed to continue his predecessor's hardline stance against the country's Marxist rebels. He paraphrased Isaac Newton – \"If we have come far it's because we are standing on the shoulders of giants\" – and said he would rid Colombia of what he described as the \"nightmare of violence\". The United States State Department said it was \"pleased\" with the election of Santos and praised the \"spirited debate\" before the runoff and Colombia's \"longstanding", "title": "2010 Colombian presidential election" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "shoulders of giants. He also says that standing on the shoulders of giants is the opposite of reinventing the wheel. An excerpt from the book: \"In the western scientific tradition we stand on the shoulders of giants,\" says Young, echoing both Torvalds and Sir Isaac Newton before him. \"In business, this translates to not having to reinvent wheels as we go along. The beauty of [the GPL] model is you put your code into the public domain. If you're an independent software vendor and you're trying to build some application and you need a modem-dialer, well, why reinvent modem dialers?", "title": "Free as in Freedom" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "saying first attributed to Bernard of Chartres. It was most famously used by the 17th-century scientist Isaac Newton and is also inscribed on the edge of the British £2 coin. The album was re-titled \"Tribe of Gypsies III\" for the European market and released by Bruce Dickinson's Air Raid label. The album contains a cover of \"Parisienne Walkways\" (dedicated to Philomena Lynott in the liner notes), originally written by Phil Lynott for Gary Moore's 1979 \"Back On The Streets\" album. The track also appears on \"The Spirit of the Black Rose - A Tribute to Philip Parris Lynott\", released by", "title": "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants (Tribe of Gypsies album)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in August 2010 and is registered in Massachusetts as an NGO; additionally it partners with an NGO of the same name located in India, and thus is run through global offices. Currently MINDS runs programs in 19 villages in Gujarat and will expand to other villages in the near future. In India, there is no official mental health policy and resources are extremely limited, with only 0.3 psychiatrists/100,000 people and just 0.06% of the national health budget going towards mental illness education and treatment. Furthermore, rural areas in India tend to be some of the most neglected: out of 626", "title": "The MINDS Foundation" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "it was obvious that Cavite and Manila Bay were not safe for surface ships. Hastily assembled convoys began heading southward, but \"George G. Henry\" remained behind where her vital cargo was needed. On 12 December – the day on which Japanese troops splashed ashore at Aparri and Vigan in northern Luzon and at Legaspi on the southeast coast of that island – \"George G. Henry\" was moored at Pier 7, the largest commercial pier in Manila's port area and an easily distinguishable landmark, to discharge her remaining cargo. By that evening, the tanker had pumped ashore of oil to storage", "title": "USS Victoria (AO-46)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "during the day, instead of rice or noodle soups. Making \"bánh hỏi\" is a multistep process. First, good rice is soaked in water overnight, then washed with water again three or four times until the water comes out clear. Then the rice is either ground with water into a mixture, or ground without water, but mixed into water three or four times afterward to leaven it without using any additional agent. The flour mixture is then either steamed and kneaded, or cooked in a pan, stirred continuously until it starts to coagulate, but no flour gets stuck on the stirring", "title": "Bánh hỏi" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cavaco\" is played with a pick, with sophisticated percussive strumming beats that connect the rhythm and harmony by playing the rhythm “comping”. Some of the most important players and composers of the Brazilian instrument are Waldir Azevedo, Paulinho da Viola, and Mauro Diniz. In Cape Verde the cavaquinho was introduced in the 1930s from Brazil. The present-day Cape-Verdean cavaquinho is very similar to the Brazilian one in dimensions and tuning. It is generally used as a rhythmic instrument in Cape-Verdean music genres (such as \"morna\", \"coladeira\", mazurka) but it is occasionally used as a melodic instrument. The Hawaiian ukulele also", "title": "Cavaquinho" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was declared of legal majority, the reign of Catherine Elisabeth ended and she is no longer mentioned much in the documents. In 1417, she was present in Rendsborg at her son's side when King Erik took Schleswig and Henry was forced to seek help from Hamburg. In 1423, her sons submitted a complaint that their mother had been assaulted by the royal soldiers despite the promise that she was to be left out of the conflict: her carriage had been attacked and her male staff had been mugged and captured. This is the last time she is mentioned. Catherine Elisabeth", "title": "Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "percussionist Mario Aguilar would also exit the fold. \"Standing on the Shoulders of Giants\" was issued on January 1, 2000 in Japan, making it the first album to be released in the new millennium. Bruce Dickinson's Air Raid label would pick up the album in Europe where it was re-titled \"Tribe of Gypsies III\" in order to avoid confusion with Oasis’ \"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\". In the fall of 2000, Tribe was invited to join Santana for a partial leg of their \"Supernatural\" U.S. tour, playing shows in Houston, Gregg Analla's hometown of Albuquerque, Phoenix, Los Angeles, Sacramento", "title": "Tribe of Gypsies" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sum at that time), it has grand sets. I have seen it 12 times.\" In December 2008, Muthiah said: \"Given how spectacular it wasand the appreciation lavished on it from 1948 till well into the 1950s, which is when I caught up with itI'm sure that if re-released, it would do better at the box office than most Tamil films today.\" In a 2011 interview with Indo-Asian News Service (IANS), South Indian Bollywood actor Vyjayanthimala said that although people consider that she \"paved the way\" for other South Indian female actors in Hindi cinema, \"the person who really opened the", "title": "Chandralekha (1948 film)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "if there was a button on a synth or a drum machine that said 'hit single', I would have pressed it as often as anybody else would have – \"but there isn't\". It was all written by real human beings, and it was all played by hand\". According to Simon Reynolds, in some quarters synthesizers were seen as instruments for \"effete poseurs\", in contrast to the phallic guitar. The association of synth-pop with an alternative sexuality was reinforced by the images projected by synth-pop stars, who were seen as gender bending, including Phil Oakey's asymmetric hair and use of eyeliner,", "title": "Synth-pop" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "face, and said, 'Wordsworth, I have seen the volume that Coleridge and you are about to publish. There is one poem in it which I earnestly entrate you will cancel, for, if published, it will make you ever lastingly ridiculous.' I answered that I felt much obliged by the interest he took in my good name as a writer, and begged to know what was the unfortunate piece he alluded to. He said, 'It is called \"We are seven.\"' Nay! said I, that shall take its chance, however, and he left me in despair. The collection, including \"We are Seven\",", "title": "We Are Seven" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"It would not be my choice.\" Further, when asked if he felt ideologically closer to his father's engagement with politics or to other evangelicals who have tried to avoid civic involvement, he answered, \"The gospel is for individuals. The main message we have is to individuals. We’re not here to save the culture.\" In a 2005 \"Washington Post\" interview, Jones dodged political questions and even admitted that he was embarrassed by \"some of the more vitriolic comments\" made by his predecessors. \"I don't want to get specific,\" he said, \"But there were things said back then that I wouldn't say", "title": "Bob Jones University" } ]

[ "Isaac Newton" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Troy Edward Baker" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Troy Baker Troy Edward Baker (born April 1, 1976) is an American actor and musician known for portraying the lead characters in various video game titles. His most noteable voice performances are as Joel in \"The Last of Us\", Kanji Tatsumi in \"Persona 4\", Booker DeWitt in \"BioShock Infinite\", the Joker in \"\", Batman in other titles, Delsin Rowe in \"Infamous Second Son\", Sam Drake in \"\" and \"\", Revolver Ocelot in \"\", Pagan Min in \"Far Cry 4\", Rhys in \"Tales from the Borderlands\", Logan Thackeray in \"Guild Wars 2\" and Yuri Lowell in \"Tales of Vesperia\". He has", "title": "Troy Baker" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Laura Secord, who is credited with having made her way through American lines at night to carry a warning to British troops of impending American plans and contributing to the victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams, where the American advance into Upper Canada was turned back. The War of 1812 also saw the capture and burning of Washington, D.C. by the British in August 1814, an event still remembered in English Canada. The War of 1812 itself, to which Canadian and aboriginal militia forces made important contributions, is viewed as the event that ensured the survival of the colonies", "title": "English Canadians" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with flowers. Most of the city’s economy is based on commerce, services and tourism. Tourism is based on the city’s history, culture and indigenous population, although the tourism itself has affected the city, giving it foreign elements. Major landmarks of the city include the Cathedral, the Santo Domingo church with its large open air crafts market and the Casa Na Bolom museum. The municipality has suffered severe deforestation, but it has natural attractions such as caves and rivers. San Cristóbal de las Casas is a city and municipality located in the Central Highlands region of Chiapas. As a municipality, the", "title": "San Cristóbal de las Casas" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and respect in Iranian culture and history, in Saadi’s story, he shows that a young boy has great wisdom in understanding his educational needs. Sa'di's Gulistan is said to be one of the most widely read books ever produced. From the time of its composition to the present day it has been admired for its \"inimitable simplicity\", seen as the essence of simple elegant Persian prose. Persian for a long time was the language of literature from Bengal to Constantinople, and the Gulistan was known and studied in much of Asia. In Persian-speaking countries today, proverbs and aphorisms from the", "title": "Gulistan (book)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "These buses are well designed and equipped with all needed security measures, though security measures are rarely followed by commuters. These buses can be used by the physically disabled. Modern automatic door opening/closing function is there in this buses. Jaipur city transport services limited operates buses for suburban towns around Jaipur. These buses are green in color and have limited stops as compared to City buses. They have fixed fares and are very good source of transportation for neighboring towns around Jaipur. The Jaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL) operates a fleet of low-floor buses in the Walled city area", "title": "Jaipur City Transport Services Limited" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sent to India in 1894. In the ensuing years', a total of eight hospitals were founded by the Canadian Baptist Mission. Medical missions formed part of the development ministries. In the later half of the nineteenth century, the Missionaries entrusted leadership to their co-partners, the Indians, resulting in the formation of the Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars (CBCNC) which had also Educational, Theological, and Medical Committees. However, it was felt that the Medical Committee be made autonomous. Hence on April 13, 1973, the COCH was formed as an autonomous body take forward the medical ministry of the Canadian", "title": "Council of Christian Hospitals" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Face to Face 1994 Beginning in 1994, Elton John toured extensively with Billy Joel on a series of Face to Face tours, making them the longest running and most successful concert tandem in pop music history. During these shows, the two have played their own songs, each other's songs and performed duets. They grossed over US $46 million in just 24 dates in their sold out 2003 tour. John and Joel resumed the Face to Face tour in March 2009 and it ended again, at least for the time being, in March 2010. Joel denied rumors in the trade press", "title": "Face to Face 1994" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Joel Luani Joel Luani (born 16 February 1992) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the Intrust Super Premiership. He plays as a . He previously played for the Wests Tigers in the National Rugby League. Luani was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He is of American Samoan and Tongan descent. He was educated at his father's alma mater Newington College (2008–2010) and he played in the rugby union 1st XV for three years. In his final year of school he was a member of Newington's GPS Championship-winning rugby side and played", "title": "Joel Luani" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "played in the AFL. In May 2017 Joel attended the New York Giants Mini Camp as a DB, defensive back. Joel Wilkinson Joel Wilkinson (born 29 November 1991) is an Australian American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. Wilkinson formerly played as a defender for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), where he was one of the club's underage recruits, and played in Gold Coast's first season in 2011. Known as one of the best pound for pound athletes, he holds numerous records at the AFL combine, including the 20 meter sprint and", "title": "Joel Wilkinson" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Joel Silbersher Joel Silbersher is a musician from Melbourne, Australia, who was the singer and guitar player for rock and roll band, GOD (1986–1989). GOD had a minor but enduring hit with \"My Pal,\" a song written by Silbersher. Since its release in 1988, \"My Pal\" has been covered by bands such as Dinosaur Jr, Magic Dirt, Violent Soho, Bonnie Prince Billy, and Peabody. At the closing of Melbourne's Tote Hotel, Silbersher and The Drones played \"My Pal\" as the very last song. Silbersher went on to form Hoss and Tendrils, with Charlie Owen, also working with Tex Perkins' Dark", "title": "Joel Silbersher" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ted McCaskill Edward Joel McCaskill (October 29, 1936 – March 3, 2016) was a professional ice hockey player who played four games in the National Hockey League and 91 games in the World Hockey Association. He played with the Minnesota North Stars, and he then served as player-coach with the Los Angeles Sharks. McCaskill played junior hockey with the Kitchener Canucks and later the Kapuskasing Huskies, then made the move to the UK, playing two years in the British Ice Hockey Elite League. Upon returning to the US, he became a dominant force with the Nashville Dixie Flyers, and his", "title": "Ted McCaskill" } ]

[ "Troy Edward Baker" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "10" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "teenager from Jersey City—with his car. Jablonski calls his friends on the force to the scene. They assume Brenton is dead and a cover up ensues. Racial tensions explode in the face of injustice and the absence of quick resolution of the case. On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a one season series order consisting of 10 episodes. The series was created by Veena Sud with Gavin O'Connor attached to direct. Sud and O’Connor were expected to executive produce alongside Lawrence Bender, Kevin Brown, and Alex Reznik. Production companies involved with the show", "title": "Seven Seconds (TV series)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and the tolerable time is assumed to be 4 times the target time. So it is easy to see how this ratio is always directly related to users' perceptions of satisfactory application responsiveness. Example: if there are 100 samples with a target time of 3 seconds, where 60 are below 3 seconds, 30 are between 3 and 12 seconds, and the remaining 10 are above 12 seconds, the Apdex score is: The Apdex Alliance, headquartered in Charlottesville, Virginia, was founded in 2004 by Peter Sevcik, President of NetForecast, Inc. The Alliance is a group of companies that are collaborating to", "title": "Apdex" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "event which takes place is not part of a routine, however the temporary behaviour adopted by the crew when the event is taking place is nevertheless recognised. Moreover, there are well set procedures which determine how the event should be conducted and these are comprehended and practised to required standards in training sessions. The average time taken by the crew to complete the task is 25 seconds; there is no documentation as to why this is the case. The average completion times for the respective subtasks are therefore set as 10 seconds for detection of the failure and 15 seconds", "title": "Human cognitive reliability correlation" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "episodes, finding the Time Bomb also \"added\" 10 seconds to the second player's time for a total of 40 seconds, this rule was dropped after only two or three tapings. Each match on this version was worth increasingly valuable prizes; making six matches won the team a trip. The lockers that were still able to open had the lights off (located on top of the lockers). This time, the team took turns for each match, and the team had 60 seconds to find all seven matches. The first four matches were worth $100 apiece; the other three matches awarded prizes,", "title": "Think Fast (1989 game show)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as contestants. Only one member of the couple knows they are being filmed, and must convince their partner to complete a variety of \"outrageous and comedic challenges.\" The couple wins a monetary prize dependent on how many challenges they complete. \"Hidden Agenda\" was first announced on December 10, 2009. Television comedian Debi Gutierrez was chosen to host the show, other actors were also employed to add \"fun and excitement\" to the challenges. Michael Davies' production company Embassy Row served as the series' producers. The show premiered on January 14, 2010. After seven episodes, the series was dropped from GSN's schedule", "title": "Hidden Agenda (game show)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "how many extra periods they have left. (For example, the time may be called at 10-second intervals, and when 55 and 58 seconds have been used; during a player's final minute, the last 10 seconds are counted one by one.) Similarly, in the televised NHK Cup tournament, the player has 30 seconds per move plus 10 extra one-minute periods which may be used as needed. When analog game clocks are used to enforce byo-yomi, it is more convenient to assign additional time for a block of moves, rather than for each move. In \"Canadian byo-yomi\", a player typically gets 5", "title": "Time control" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "this episode as his favorite in the series. IGN's Robert Canning gave the episode a perfect score of 10 out of 10 and named it the best Sideshow Bob episode of \"The Simpsons\". He added that there are \"many, many reasons for its perfection, but what stands out most for me was how savage and single-minded Bob is in the episode. He wants to kill Bart and he makes no secret of it, save for lying to the parole board. Episodes since have made Bob far too wishy-washy. This was Bob in his prime—his vengeful, glorious, hilarious prime.\" Canning also", "title": "Cape Feare" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Greenville (CDP), New Hampshire Greenville is a census-designated place (CDP) and the main village in the town of Greenville in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,108 at the 2010 census, out of 2,105 people in the entire town of Greenville. The CDP occupies the northern half of the town of Greenville. The village of Greenville is in the western part of the CDP, on both sides of the Souhegan River. The CDP boundary follows the Greenville town line to the north, east, and west. To the south, the CDP border follows New Hampshire", "title": "Greenville (CDP), New Hampshire" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The veins towards the costa are posteriorly marked with black lines and there is a cloudy semicircular dark grey blotch on the dorsum before the middle, and a transverse blotch at three-fourths, the dorsal space between these and the whole terminal area, except towards the costa in females, grey. The apical margin is black, and there are some small blackish dots on the termen. The hindwings are ochreous whitish with a small blackish mark on the apical margin. Odites fructuosa Odites fructuosa is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1915. It is found", "title": "Odites fructuosa" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "building. The Egyptian is one of a few theaters to incorporate an \"atmospheric\" ceiling, where a daytime or dusk ambiance can be smoothly changed into one of a star-filled nighttime sky. This effect remains in operation at the present. The terra cotta facade, with its intricate colors and details intact, remains in excellent condition after over 80 years. The seating area comprises one level, steeply raked for a nearly ideal viewing angle without resorting to steps. The seats are split into three parts, with a wide center and two smaller side seating areas to either side. Foot and knee room", "title": "Peery's Egyptian Theater" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a song by Vernon Green called \"The Letter,\" which was recorded by the Los Angeles Doo-Wop group The Medallions in 1954. Green's \"The Letter\" as performed by the Medallions had the lines: Green describes the lyrics as a description of his dream woman. \"\"Pizmotality\" described words of such secrecy that they could only be spoken to the one you loved\", Green explained. He coined the term \"puppetutes\" \"to mean a secret paper-doll fantasy figure who would be my everything and bear my children\". Because of its peculiarity, the word \"pompatus\" has secured a niche in 20th century pop culture. Wolfman", "title": "Pompatus" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "herd immunity results, with a decrease in the amount of contamination in the environment. An effective and relatively cheap method to prevent the transmission of cholera is the use of a folded \"sari\" (a long cloth garment) to filter drinking water. In Bangladesh this practice was found to decrease rates of cholera by nearly half. It involves folding a \"sari\" four to eight times. Between uses the cloth should be rinsed in clean water and dried in the sun to kill any bacteria on it. A nylon cloth appears to work as well but is not as affordable. Continued eating", "title": "Cholera" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "wave) activity replaces the waking 8–13 Hz (alpha wave) background rhythm. MSs often occur as a result of sleep deprivation, though normal non-sleep deprived individuals can also experience MSs during monotonous tasks. Some experts define microsleep according to behavioral criteria (head nods, drooping eyelids, etc.), while others rely on EEG markers. Since there are many ways to detect MSs in a variety of contexts there is little agreement on how best to identify and classify microsleep episodes. Microsleeps become extremely dangerous when they occur in situations that demand constant alertness, such as driving a motor vehicle or working with heavy", "title": "Microsleep" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to form an hour-long special. Due to the sensitive subject of rape, episodes seven and eight, the \"Shout\" two-part special, were held over until 11 July 2003 and opened the second half of the season creating an hour-and-a-half long special with episode twenty, \"How Soon Is Now?\". Because of plot continuity, episode nine, \"Mirror in the Bathroom\", was also held back and had its first US airing in the second week of the second block of the season, before episodes fifteen through nineteenteen continued to air in the correct order, followed by episodes nineteen and twenty, \"Tears Are Not Enough,", "title": "Degrassi: The Next Generation (season 2)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "This statement describes a relation between three variables (country, ingredient, and amount of sugar), which is the maximum most individuals can understand. The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit (all relevant information can be seen continuously) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously. There are several hypotheses about the nature of the capacity limit. One is that a limited pool of cognitive resources needed to keep representations active and thereby available for processing, and for carrying out processes. Another hypothesis is that memory traces in working memory decay within a few seconds, unless", "title": "Working memory" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "between October 5, 2006 and March 27, 2008 called the . It aired every Thursday hosted by Miyu Matsuki and Yuko Goto who played Sion Jujo and Ichiko Takashima in the anime, respectively; it was produced by Animate TV. There are thirteen corners, or parts, to the program which correspond to the general life of the characters in the story, and 74 episodes were produced. There were several guests to the show such as Chiaki Takahashi in episodes six and seven as Takako Itsukushima, Akemi Kanda in episodes eleven and twelve as Kana Suoin, Ayano Matsumoto in episodes fifteen and", "title": "Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an interview during the 2012 Summer Olympics, Josh Morgan, her then-AASC coach, said there was no indication in those years just how fast she would one day become. He said she started to show real potential, later, in the spring of her junior year in high school when she went to a 2007 Junior National Team competition. Calling it \"her first real breakout swim,\" he said she went \"from pretty fast to really fast,\" dropping four to five seconds off her 200-meter freestyle short course time of normally around a minute fifty-two seconds, down to around a minute forty-seven, thereby", "title": "Allison Schmitt" } ]

[ "10" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Marie - Charms Mishael Morgan" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Mishael Morgan Marie-Charms Mishael Morgan (born July 15, 1986) known professionally as Mishael Morgan, is a Trinidadian-Canadian actress known for the role of Hilary Curtis on CBS Daytime soap opera, \"The Young and the Restless\". Marie-Charms Mishael Morgan was born in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago on July 15, 1986. Morgan is the daughter of Michael and Sharon (Lee) Morgan; she has an older sister, Maggris and a younger sister, Monique. When Morgan was 5 years old, her parents relocated the family to New York where Michael found work. However, thinking it would be safer, the family relocated to Toronto,", "title": "Mishael Morgan" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Caesarea and had them proclaim him emperor in early summer. As Phokas' army advanced across Asia Minor on Constantinople, Marianos then tried to stage a coup in Constantinople with men of the Macedonian regiments and armed prisoners of war. This move was opposed by the populace, however, resulting in clashes in the streets. The populace became especially enraged when Marianos tried to forcibly remove the Phokades' elderly father, Bardas, from the Hagia Sophia where he had sought sanctuary, on 15 August. Marianos was reportedly hit on the head by a platter, thrown by a woman from a nearby house roof.", "title": "Marianos Argyros" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "province of the crown, along with a number of other areas. When Cortes returned, he retook Otumba and installed his son Martín Cortés as tribute collector. For the rest of the colonial period, Otumba was an important stopping point on the royal roads that connected Mexico City with Puebla, Hidalgo and especially the port of Veracruz. It was also the place where incoming viceroys would meet their predecessors and receive the scepter of rule before entering Mexico City itself. Because of the road traffic, the town grew into an important commercial center for the rest of the colonial period. During", "title": "Otumba de Gómez Farías" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "other shooting competitions. His best result was a bronze medal in a European Championship. Intellectually Albert de la Chapelle's main interest is in art and history. As a manifestation of the latter he has edited and co-authored three books that describe the history and sociology of three locations in which he has lived. \"Den lilla boken om Kalby\" describes his summer house in Tenala, Finland, located about 1 km from his childhood home. In \"Patricierhuset vid skvären\" the property at Bulevarden 10 in downtown Helsinki is described in great detail. Dr. de la Chapelle lived there between approximately 1941 and", "title": "Albert de la Chapelle" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the unrounded equivalent of can be transcribed as mid-centered , and the rounded equivalent of as raised or lowered . True mid vowels are lowered or raised , while centered and (or, less commonly, ) are near-close and open central vowels, respectively. The only known vowels that cannot be represented in this scheme are vowels with unexpected roundedness, which would require a dedicated diacritic, such as and (or and ). An IPA symbol is often distinguished from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between letter and sound in broad transcription, making", "title": "International Phonetic Alphabet" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Free Paint Mode that allows players to draw whatever they wish, with the option to load templates as reference, as well as Quick Sketch Mode, which requires making a simple drawing with limited tools. Additional templates can be obtained by progressing through lessons, or as downloadable content through special promotions over Nintendo Network. \"Pokémon Art Academy\" features Miiverse functionality that allows for drawings to be uploaded to Nintendo's Miiverse Community, as well as take part in art contests. Unlike the main \"Art Academy\" series, this title feature non-traditional tools such as layers and an undo function. These digital art tools", "title": "Pokémon Art Academy" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cindy Fisher (actress) Cindy Fisher (born in 1960) is an American stage, film and television actress. She is probably best known for the role of Rebecca in the soap opera \"The Young and the Restless\", in which she starred in early 1980s. During the show she met actor Doug Davidson, who became her husband in 1984. They have two children, Calyssa and Caden. After \"The Young and the Restless\" she starred in several films and television-films, including leading roles in the drama film \"Liar's Moon\" (1982), alongside Matt Dillon, and in the TV-movie \"Intimate Agony\" (1983), one of the first", "title": "Cindy Fisher (actress)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "September 25, 2008. In May 2012, Davidson informed followers on her Twitter page that she had been let go from \"The Young and the Restless\". Davidson further confirmed she did not know why she was let go, but was seeing the positive light from it. It was then announced by Nelson Branco that Sony Pictures Entertainment wanted Davidson on both \"The Young and the Restless\" and \"Days of Our Lives\", but that \"Y&R\" would not share the actress, leading to Sony terminating her contract with the soap. Thus it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Kristen Blake", "title": "Ashley Abbott" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tracey E. Bregman Tracey Elizabeth Bregman is an American soap opera actress. She is best known for the role of Lauren Fenmore on \"The Young and the Restless\" and \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". Bregman was born in Munich, Germany to American musical arranger, record producer and composer Buddy Bregman and Canadian-born actress Suzanne Lloyd. She lived in Great Britain until the age of 10 when her family relocated to California. She has been acting since she was 11 years old, and currently resides in Malibu, California. Prior to \"The Young and the Restless\", Bregman appeared on \"Days of Our", "title": "Tracey E. Bregman" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Games\", \"Melrose Place\", \"The War Next Door\", \"The Young and the Restless\", \"Teen Wolf\"). They have two daughters, Frances Grace, born 1991, and Savannah Elizabeth, born 1992. Susan Walters Susan Walters (born September 28, 1963) is an American actress and former model, best known for her roles as Lorna Forbes on the ABC daytime soap opera \"Loving\" from 1983 to late 1986 and as Diane Jenkins on the CBS soap opera \"The Young and the Restless\" from 2001 to 2004, and again briefly in 2010. Walters had recurring roles as Principal Rimkus on The CW's \"One Tree Hill\", as Carol", "title": "Susan Walters" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Becky Wu Becky Wu is an American actress of film, television and the stage. She plays the recurring character Amy Yamada on multiple episodes of \"Desperate Housewives\", and Jan Carnes on \"Greek\". She has also appeared on TV shows such as \"The Young and the Restless\", \"Eleventh Hour\", \"Dollhouse\", \"Ghost Whisperer\", \"Hawthorne\" (as Nurse Becky), \"All My Children\", \"General Hospital\", \"Love That Girl!\" (as Zoe Chung) and more. She has also appeared in various independent film projects, such as Julia on the web series \"KTown Cowboys\", Directed by Daniel DPD Park, as Florence Ung in Timothy Tau's short film bio-pic", "title": "Becky Wu" } ]

[ "Marie - Charms Mishael Morgan" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "atoms" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "face-centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close-packed (hcp). In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others. In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature. The unit cell for each crystal structure is the smallest group of atoms which has the overall symmetry of the crystal, and from which the entire crystalline lattice can be built up by repetition in three dimensions. In the case of the body-centered cubic crystal structure shown above, the unit cell", "title": "Metal" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "This definition often breaks down since many substances in ordinary experience, such as rocks, salts, and metals, are composed of large crystalline networks of chemically bonded atoms or ions, but are not made of discrete molecules. Molecules are held together by either covalent bonding or ionic bonding. Several types of non-metal elements exist only as molecules in the environment. For example, hydrogen only exists as hydrogen molecule. A molecule of a compound is made out of two or more elements. A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are", "title": "Molecule" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which occurs regularly during the ion implantation doping of silicon chips. The defects production can be harmful, such as in nuclear fission and fusion reactors where the neutrons slowly degrade the mechanical properties of the materials, or a useful and desired materials modification effect, e.g., when ions are introduced into semiconductor quantum well structures to speed up the operation of a laser. or to strengthen carbon nanotubes. A curious feature of collision cascades is that the final amount of damage produced may be much less than the number of atoms initially affected by the heat spikes. Especially in pure metals,", "title": "Collision cascade" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "target ion in this case is divalent, Cu. This ion is classified as borderline in the scheme of Ahrland, Chatt and Davies. This means that it forms roughly equally strong complexes with ligands whose donor atoms are N, O or F as with ligands whose donor atoms are P, S or Cl. Penicillamine, which contains nitrogen and sulphur donor atoms, is used as this type of ligand binds more strongly to copper ions than to calcium and magnesium ions. Treatment of poisoning by heavy metals such as lead and mercury is more problematical, because the ligands used do not have", "title": "Binding selectivity" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Alkalide An alkalide is a chemical compound in which alkali metal atoms are anions (negative ions) with a charge or oxidation state of –1. Until the first discovery of alkalides in the 1970s, alkali metals were only known to appear in salts only as cations (positive ions) with a charge or oxidation state of +1. These types of compounds are of theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionization potentials. Alkalide compounds are chemically related to the electrides, salts in which trapped electrons are effectively the anions. Alkali metals form many well-known stable salts. Sodium chloride (common table", "title": "Alkalide" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "atom or using several atoms. Examples of such polyatomic ligands are the oxoanions CO and the related carboxylates, PO, and the polyoxometalates. Several organophosphorus ligands have been developed that bridge pairs of metals, a well-known example being PhPCHPPh. Bridging ligand In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually restricted to small ligands such as pseudohalides or to ligands that are specifically designed to link two metals. In naming", "title": "Bridging ligand" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "d-orbital bonding, have higher cohesive energies (i.e. they are more weakly bonded) than all transition metals, including Cu, and are therefore useful as high-energy anode metals. The difference between the metals' ionization energies in water is the other energetic contribution that can drive the reaction in a galvanic cell; it is not important in the Daniell cell because the energies of hydrated Cu and Zn ions happen to be similar. Both atom transfer, e.g. of zinc from the metal electrode into the solution, and electron transfer, from metal atoms or to metal ions, play important roles in a galvanic cell.", "title": "Galvanic cell" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "stronger complexes with ligands whose donor atoms are [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]] or [[fluorine]] than with ligands whose donor atoms are [[phosphorus]], [[sulfur]] or [[chlorine]] and class B if the reverse is true. For example, Ni forms stronger complexes with [[amine]]s than with [[phosphines]], but Pd forms stronger complexes with phosphines than with amines. Later, Pearson proposed the theory of [[HSAB theory|hard and soft acids and bases]] (HSAB theory). In this classification, class A metals are hard acids and class B metals are soft acids. Some ions, such as copper(I), are classed as borderline. Hard acids form stronger complexes with hard bases", "title": "Stability constants of complexes" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "used as nodes. Partially filled d orbitals, either in the atom or ion, can hybridize differently depending on environment. This electronic structure causes some of them to exhibit multiple coordination geometries, particularly copper and gold ions which as neutral atoms have full d-orbitals in their outer shells. Lanthanides are large atoms with coordination numbers varying from 7 to 14. Their coordination environment can be difficult to predict, making them challenging to use as nodes. They offer the possibility of incorporating luminescent components. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals exist as stable cations. Alkali metals readily form cations with stable valence", "title": "Coordination polymer" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "occur when the metal oxidation state is high. An example is provided by the molybdenum(IV) complex [MoO(HO)] in which there is a triangle of molybdenum atoms joined by σ- bonds with an oxide bridge on each edge of the triangle and a fourth oxide which bridges to all three Mo atoms. There are very few oxo-aqua ions of metals in the oxidation state +5 or higher. Rather, the species found in aqueous solution are monomeric and polymeric oxyanions. Oxyanions can be viewed as the end products of hydrolysis, in which there are no water molecules attached to the metal, only", "title": "Metal ions in aqueous solution" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "metals decreases down the group. This is because metal atoms are held together by the electromagnetic attraction from the positive ions to the delocalised electrons. As the atoms increase in size going down the group (because their atomic radius increases), the nuclei of the ions move further away from the delocalised electrons and hence the metallic bond becomes weaker so that the metal can more easily melt and boil, thus lowering the melting and boiling points. (The increased nuclear charge is not a relevant factor due to the shielding effect.) The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure (body-centred", "title": "Alkali metal" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to often bind to two or three metals simultaneously. Atoms that bridge metals are sometimes indicated with the prefix \"\"μ\"\". Most inorganic solids are polymers by virtue of the presence of multiple bridging ligands. Bridging ligands, capable of coordinating multiple metal ions, have been attracting considerable interest because of their potential use as building blocks for the fabrication of functional multimetallic assemblies. Binucleating ligands bind two metals. Usually binucleating ligands feature bridging ligands, such as phenoxide, pyrazolate, or pyrazine, as well as other donor groups that bind to only one of the two metals. Some ligands can bond to a", "title": "Ligand" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and below the plane of the Y. If more argon atoms are added they line up with the hydrogen atoms. Δ\"H\" for ArCH is 11 kcal/mol, and for ArCH it is 13.5 kcal/mol (for 2Ar + CH). Dications with argon are known for the coinage metals. Known dications include CuAr and AgAr for n=1-8, with a peak occurrence of CuAr, or AgAr, and AuAr n=3-7. In addition to the four argon atoms, the six argon atoms clusters have enhanced concentration. The stability of the ions with two positive charges is unexpected as the ionization energy of argon is lower than", "title": "Argon compounds" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "units, which contain nitrogen donor atoms. Each metal atom is six-coordinate, bonded to two other metals along the axis of the molecule (except terminal metals, which are bonded to one metal and one capping anion) and to four nitrogen atoms perpendicular to the axis. The organic ligands template the formation of the chains by bringing the metal ions together and aligning them into a linear string. The number of nitrogen atoms in the ligand determines the number of metal atoms that will be incorporated into the chain. Thus, the synthesis yields molecular wires of predetermined length. This feature, in combination", "title": "Extended metal atom chains" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bridging ligand In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually restricted to small ligands such as pseudohalides or to ligands that are specifically designed to link two metals. In naming a complex wherein a single atom bridges two metals, the bridging ligand is preceded by the Greek character 'mu', μ, with a subscript number denoting the number of metals bound to the bridging ligand. μ is often denoted", "title": "Bridging ligand" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"half-filled or completely filled subshells are particularly stable arrangements of electrons\". The apparent paradox arises when electrons are \"removed\" from the transition metal atoms to form ions. The first electrons to be ionized come not from the 3d-orbital, as one would expect if it were \"higher in energy\", but from the 4s-orbital. This interchange of electrons between 4s and 3d is found for all atoms of the first series of transition metals. The configurations of the neutral atoms (K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, ...) usually follow the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, ...; however the successive", "title": "Electron configuration" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that make it up. This charge is often small, because matter is made of atoms, and atoms typically have equal numbers of protons and electrons, in which case their charges cancel out, yielding a net charge of zero, thus making the atom neutral. An \"ion\" is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). \"Monatomic ions\" are formed from single atoms, while \"polyatomic ions\" are formed from two or more atoms that have", "title": "Electric charge" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "ions in neighbouring reactants can diffuse together during the time the reactant mixture remains in the oven. Other synthetic routes use a solid precursor with the correct stoichiometric ratio of non-volatile ions, which is heated to drive off other species. In some reactions between highly reactive metals (usually from Group 1 or Group 2) and highly electronegative halogen gases, or water, the atoms can be ionized by electron transfer, a process thermodynamically understood using the Born–Haber cycle. Ions in ionic compounds are primarily held together by the electrostatic forces between the charge distribution of these bodies, and in particular the", "title": "Ionic compound" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are constrained relative to each other, thereby resulting in the bond being characteristically brittle. Metallic bonding can be classified as a type of covalent bonding for which the constituent atoms of the same type and do not combine with one another to form a chemical bond. Atoms will lose an electron(s) forming an array of positive ions. These electrons are shared by the lattice which makes the electron cluster mobile, as the electrons are free to move as well as the ions. For this, it gives metals their relatively high thermal and electrical conductivity as well as being characteristically ductile.", "title": "Welding" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "theoretically able to break most covalent bonds including the C–O bonds in a typical cryptand. The introduction of a special cryptand ligand containing amines instead of ether linkages has allowed the isolation of kalides and natrides that are stable at room temperature. Several alkalides have been synthesized: Alkalide An alkalide is a chemical compound in which alkali metal atoms are anions (negative ions) with a charge or oxidation state of –1. Until the first discovery of alkalides in the 1970s, alkali metals were only known to appear in salts only as cations (positive ions) with a charge or oxidation state", "title": "Alkalide" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for fluorine's easy dissociation, high reactivity, and strong bonds to non-fluorine atoms. Conversely, bonds to other atoms are very strong because of fluorine's high electronegativity. Unreactive substances like powdered steel, glass fragments, and asbestos fibers react quickly with cold fluorine gas; wood and water spontaneously combust under a fluorine jet. Reactions of elemental fluorine with metals require varying conditions. Alkali metals cause explosions and alkaline earth metals display vigorous activity in bulk; to prevent passivation from the formation of metal fluoride layers, most other metals such as aluminium and iron must be powdered, and noble metals require pure fluorine gas", "title": "Fluorine" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "SIMS that allowed for the primary beam to no longer cause damaging effects to the sample. The major difference between the two techniques is the difference in the nature of the primary beam used; ions vs atoms. For LSIMS, Cesium, Cs ions make up the primary beam and for FAB the primary beam is made up of Xe or Ar atoms. Xe atoms are used because they tend to be more sensitive than Argon atoms due to their larger masses and more momentum. For the molecules to be ionized by FAB, first the slow moving atoms (Xe or Ar) are", "title": "Fast atom bombardment" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a significant portion of the fields of solid-state chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering. Metallic solids are held together by a high density of shared, delocalized electrons, known as \"metallic bonding\". In a metal, atoms readily lose their outermost (\"valence\") electrons, forming positive ions. The free electrons are spread over the entire solid, which is held together firmly by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud. The large number of free electrons gives metals their high values of electrical and thermal conductivity. The free electrons also prevent transmission of visible light, making metals opaque, shiny and lustrous. More", "title": "Solid" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) helps describe the delocalized molecular orbital structures and energies based on the atomic orbitals of the atoms they came from. Unlike pure ionic bonds, covalent bonds may have directed anisotropic properties. These may have their own names, such as sigma bond and pi bond. In the general case, atoms form bonds that are intermediate between ionic and covalent, depending on the relative electronegativity of the atoms involved. This type of bond is sometimes called polar covalent. Chemical bond A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the", "title": "Chemical bond" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which is similar to trivalent lanthanide metals but smaller than more familiar metals, such as aluminium (70 GPa). Californium exhibits oxidation states of 4, 3, or 2. It typically forms eight or nine bonds to surrounding atoms or ions. Its chemical properties are predicted to be similar to other primarily 3+ valence actinide elements and the element dysprosium, which is the lanthanide above californium in the periodic table. The element slowly tarnishes in air at room temperature, with the rate increasing when moisture is added. Californium reacts when heated with hydrogen, nitrogen, or a chalcogen (oxygen family element); reactions with", "title": "Californium" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "called clean-up. The gas atoms or molecules are adsorbed on the surfaces of the electrodes. In high voltage tubes, the accelerated ions can penetrate into the electrode materials. New surfaces, formed by sputtering of the electrodes and deposited on e.g. the inner surfaces of the tube, also readily adsorb gases. Non-inert gases can also chemically react with the tube components. Hydrogen may diffuse through some metals. For removal of gas in vacuum tubes, getters are used. For resupplying gas for gas-filled tubes, replenishers are employed. Most commonly, replenishers are used with hydrogen; a filament made from a hydrogen-absorbing metal (e.g.", "title": "Gas-filled tube" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "matter is primarily ionized, and the density may be as low as 10 ions per cm. Compare this with a number density of roughly 10 molecules per cm for air at sea level, and 10 molecules per cm (10 billion molecules per cm) for a laboratory high-vacuum chamber. By mass, 99% of the ISM is gas in any form, and 1% is dust. Of the gas in the ISM, by number 91% of atoms are hydrogen and 8.9% are helium, with 0.1% being atoms of elements heavier than hydrogen or helium, known as \"metals\" in astronomical parlance. By mass this", "title": "Interstellar medium" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "rust. Only iron or alloys that contain iron can rust, but other metals can corrode in similar ways. The main catalyst for the rusting process is water. Iron or steel structures might appear to be solid, but water molecules can penetrate the microscopic pits and cracks in any exposed metal. The hydrogen atoms present in water molecules can combine with other elements to form acids, which will eventually cause more metal to be exposed. If chloride ions are present, as is the case with saltwater, the corrosion is likely to occur more quickly. Meanwhile, the oxygen atoms combine with metallic", "title": "Rust" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "either dilute or concentrated nitric, hydrochloric or sulfuric acids, but easily dissolves in hydrofluoric acid. The dioxide can be converted back to pentoxide by heating in oxygen-containing atmosphere to 1100 °C. The monoxide PaO has only been observed as a thin coating on protactinium metal, but not in an isolated bulk form. Protactinium forms mixed binary oxides with various metals. With alkali metals \"A\", the crystals have a chemical formula APaO and perovskite structure, or APaO and distorted rock-salt structure, or APaO where oxygen atoms form a hexagonal close-packed lattice. In all these materials, protactinium ions are octahedrally coordinated. The", "title": "Protactinium" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the newly developed technique, flame spectroscopy. Rubidium's compounds have various chemical and electronic applications. Rubidium metal is easily vaporized and has a convenient spectral absorption range, making it a frequent target for laser manipulation of atoms. Rubidium is not a known nutrient for any living organisms. However, rubidium ions have the same charge as potassium ions, and are actively taken up and treated by animal cells in similar ways. Rubidium is a very soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. It is the second most electropositive of the stable alkali metals and melts at a temperature of . Like other alkali metals, rubidium", "title": "Rubidium" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a halogen, never existing in pure form in nature. Bromine is barely liquid at room temperature, boiling at about 330 kelvins. Bromine is also quite toxic and corrosive, but bromide ions, which are relatively inert, can be found in halite, or table salt. Bromine is often used as a fire retardant because many compounds can be made to release free bromine atoms. Krypton (Kr) is a noble gas, placed under argon and over xenon. Being a noble gas, krypton rarely interacts with itself or other elements; although compounds have been detected, they are all unstable and decay rapidly, and as", "title": "Period 4 element" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "will now have a valence of 1.1. Most lattice sites however are still occupied by silver atoms and consequently the changes in electronic structure are minimal. In a pure metal of valence Z, all atoms become positive ions with the valence +Z by releasing the outermost Z electrons per atom to form the valence band. As a result, conduction electrons carrying negative charges are uniformly distributed over any atomic site with equal probability densities and maintain charge neutrality with the array of ions with positive charges. When an impurity atom of valence Z is introduced, the periodic potential is disturbed,", "title": "Rigid-band model" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "into electrical energy. A simple cell does this by using a combination of two metals (electrodes) and an electrolyte solution (which could be acid/alkali/salt solution). Metals can conduct electricity due to metallic bonding. Metallic bonds are the electrostatic force of attraction between negatively charged delocalised electrons and the positively charged metal ions. Metal atoms are surrounded by a “sea” of delocalised electrons. This means they are free to move within the structure- this gives metals its conducting abilities as an electric current can flow through it. A reaction between metals where electrons are gained is called a reduction reaction A", "title": "Electrochemical cell" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "freely-moving or delocalization of bonding electrons leads to classical metallic properties such as luster (surface light reflectivity), electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility, and high tensile strength. There are four basic types of bonds that can be formed between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules, ions or atoms. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to be attracted or repulsed by each other. Often, these define some of the physical characteristics (such as the melting point) of a substance. In the (unrealistic) limit of \"pure\" ionic bonding, electrons are perfectly localized on one of the two atoms in the bond. Such bonds can be", "title": "Chemical bond" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "towards the electron-providing (negative) cathode. Negatively charged ions (anions) move towards the electron-extracting (positive) anode. In this process electrons are either absorbed or released. Neutral atoms gain or lose electrons and become charged ions that then pass into the electrolyte. The formation of uncharged atoms from ions is called discharging. When an ion gains or loses enough electrons to become uncharged (neutral) atoms, the newly formed atoms separate from the electrolyte. Positive metal ions like Cudeposit onto the cathode in a layer. The terms for this are electroplating, electrowinning, and electrorefining. When an ion gains or loses electrons without becoming", "title": "Electrolysis" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "use of quantum statistics. Materials that are called \"paramagnets\" are most often those that exhibit, at least over an appreciable temperature range, magnetic susceptibilities that adhere to the Curie or Curie–Weiss laws. In principle any system that contains atoms, ions, or molecules with unpaired spins can be called a paramagnet, but the interactions between them need to be carefully considered. The narrowest definition would be: a system with unpaired spins that \"do not interact\" with each other. In this narrowest sense, the only pure paramagnet is a dilute gas of monatomic hydrogen atoms. Each atom has one non-interacting unpaired electron.", "title": "Paramagnetism" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry In chemistry, the trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where six atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a triangular prism. Hexamethyltungsten (W(CH)) was the first example of a molecular trigonal prismatic complex. The figure shows the six carbons arranged at the vertices of a triangular prism with the tungsten at the centre. The hydrogens are not shown. Some other transition metals have trigonal prismatic hexamethyl complexes, including both neutral molecules such as Mo(CH) and Re(CH) and ions such as and . The complex", "title": "Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "earlier. Since 1952, elements 101 (mendelevium) to 117 (tennessine) have been synthesized. The most recently synthesized element is 118 (oganneson). Its status as a metal or a nonmetal—or something else—is not yet clear. A metallic glass (also known as an amorphous or glassy metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with disordered atomic-scale structure. Most pure and alloyed metals, in their solid state, have atoms arranged in a highly ordered crystalline structure. Amorphous metals have a non-crystalline glass-like structure. But unlike common glasses, such as window glass, which are typically electrical insulators, amorphous metals have good electrical conductivity.", "title": "Metal" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "exemplified by the Embedded atom model. This typically results in metals assuming relatively simple, close-packed crystal structures, such as FCC, BCC, and HCP. Given high enough cooling rates and appropriate alloy composition, metallic bonding can occur even in glasses with an amorphous structure. Much biochemistry is mediated by the weak interaction of metal ions and biomolecules. Such interactions and their associated conformational change has been measured using dual polarisation interferometry. Metals are insoluble in water or organic solvents unless they undergo a reaction with them. Typically this is an oxidation reaction that robs the metal atoms of their itinerant electrons,", "title": "Metallic bonding" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "covalently-bound pairs of atoms in both liquid and solid state—these pairs form a crystal structure with metallic bonding between them. Another example of a metal–metal covalent bond is mercurous ion (). As chemistry developed into a science it became clear that metals formed the large majority of the periodic table of the elements and great progress was made in the description of the salts that can be formed in reactions with acids. With the advent of electrochemistry, it became clear that metals generally go into solution as positively charged ions and the oxidation reactions of the metals became well understood", "title": "Metallic bonding" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "molecule, which decomposes to produce the corresponding hydrocarbon (hydrogen atoms substitute the original chlorine atoms) and free chloride ions. For instance, the reductive dechlorination of CFCs is complete and produces several HFCs plus chloride. Hydrodechlorination (HDC) is a type of reductive dechlorination that is useful due to its high reaction rate. It uses H as the reducing agent over a range of potential electrode reactors and catalysts. Amongst the types of catalysts studied such as precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh), transition metals (Ni and Mo), and metal oxides, a preference for precious metals overrides the others.As an example, palladium (Pd)", "title": "Reductive dechlorination" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "discharge is composed of ions, ground state atoms, and fraction of excited atoms. When the excited atoms relax back into their ground state, a low-intensity glow is emitted, giving the technique its name. The requirement for samples of glow discharge atomizers is that they are electrical conductors. Consequently, atomizers are most commonly used in the analysis of metals and other conducting samples. However, with proper modifications, it can be utilized to analyze liquid samples as well as nonconducting materials by mixing them with a conductor (e.g. graphite). Hydride generation techniques are specialized in solutions of specific elements. The technique provides", "title": "Atomic absorption spectroscopy" }, { "idx": 42, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "crystals of ammonium iron formate (NHFe(HCOO)) and ammonium nickel formate (NHNi(HCOO)) at 1.5 GPa to yield Ne•NHFe(HCOO) and Ne•NHNi(HCOO). The neon atoms become trapped in a cage of five metal triformate units. The windows in the cages are blocked by ammonium ions. Argon does not undergo this, probably as its atoms are too big. Ionic molecules can include neon, such as the clusters where \"m\" goes from 1 to 7 and \"n\" from 1 to over 20. HeNe (helium neide) has a relatively strong covalent bond. The charge is distributed across both atoms. When metals are evaporated into a thin", "title": "Neon compounds" }, { "idx": 43, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "only been observed for certain target species and requires a minimum potential energy. Removing atoms by sputtering with an inert gas is called \"ion milling\" or \"ion etching\". Sputtering can also play a role in reactive-ion etching (RIE), a plasma process carried out with chemically active ions and radicals, for which the sputtering yield may be enhanced significantly compared to pure physical sputtering. Reactive ions are frequently used in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) equipment to enhance the sputter rates. The mechanisms causing the sputtering enhancement are not always well understood, although the case of fluorine etching of Si has", "title": "Sputtering" }, { "idx": 44, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of hexagonally close packed atoms. In both of these very similar lattices there are two sorts of interstice, or hole: It was suggested by early workers that: These were not viewed as compounds, but rather as solutions, of say carbon, in the metal lattice, with a limiting upper “concentration” of the smaller atom that was determined by the number of interstices available. A more detailed knowledge of the structures of metals, and binary and ternary phases of metals and non metals shows that: One example is the solubility of carbon in iron. The form of pure iron stable between 910", "title": "Interstitial compound" }, { "idx": 45, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Acid salt Acid salts are a class of salts that produce an acidic solution after being dissolved in a solvent. Its formation as a substance has a greater electrical conductivity than that of the pure solvent. An acidic solution formed by acid salt is made during partial neutralization of diprotic or polyprotic acids. A \"half-neutralization\" occurs due to the remaining of replaceable hydrogen atoms from the partial dissociation of weak acids that have not been reacted with hydroxide ions (OH) to create water molecules. Acid salt is an ionic compound consisted of an anion, contributed from a weak parent acid,", "title": "Acid salt" }, { "idx": 46, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Stannide A stannide can refer to an intermetallic compound containing tin combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing an organotin anion (e.g.see an alternative name for such a compound is stannanide.) When tin is combined with an alkali or alkaline earth metal some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing monatomic or polyatomic tin anions (Zintl ions), such as Sn in MgSn or in KSn. Even with these metals not all of the compounds", "title": "Stannide" }, { "idx": 47, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "crystallography has proven possible even for viruses and proteins with hundreds of thousands of atoms, through improved crystallographic imaging and technology. Though normally X-ray crystallography can only be performed if the sample is in crystal form, new research has been done into sampling non-crystalline forms of samples. Although crystallography can be used to characterize the disorder in an impure or irregular crystal, crystallography generally requires a pure crystal of high regularity to solve the structure of a complicated arrangement of atoms. Pure, regular crystals can sometimes be obtained from natural or synthetic materials, such as samples of metals, minerals or", "title": "X-ray crystallography" }, { "idx": 48, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "wire, usually platinum. The heat from the flame evaporates the solvent and breaks chemical bonds to create free atoms. The thermal energy also excites the atoms into excited electronic states that subsequently emit light when they return to the ground electronic state. Each element emits light at a characteristic wavelength, which is dispersed by a grating or prism and detected in the spectrometer. A frequent application of the emission measurement with the flame is the regulation of alkali metals for pharmaceutical analytics. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) uses an inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions", "title": "Atomic emission spectroscopy" }, { "idx": 49, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the use of a different method for defining and counting the hydrogen bonds. Where the bond strengths are more equivalent, one might instead find the atoms of two interacting water molecules partitioned into two polyatomic ions of opposite charge, specifically hydroxide (OH) and hydronium (HO). (Hydronium ions are also known as \"hydroxonium\" ions.) Indeed, in pure water under conditions of standard temperature and pressure, this latter formulation is applicable only rarely; on average about one in every 5.5 × 10 molecules gives up a proton to another water molecule, in accordance with the value of the dissociation constant for", "title": "Hydrogen bond" }, { "idx": 50, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sparks and arcs are usually undesirable, they can be useful in applications such as spark plugs for gasoline engines, electrical welding of metals, or for metal melting in an electric arc furnace. Prior to gas discharge the gas glows with distinct colors that depend on the energy levels of the atoms. Not all mechanisms are fully understood. The vacuum itself is expected to undergo electrical breakdown at or near the Schwinger limit. Before gas breakdown, there is a non-linear relation between voltage and current as shown in the figure. In region 1, there are free ions that can be accelerated", "title": "Electrical breakdown" }, { "idx": 51, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Spectroscopy of multiply ionized atoms This branch of spectroscopy deals with radiation related to atoms that are stripped of several electrons (multiply ionized atoms (MIA), multiply charged ions, highly charged ions). These are observed in very hot plasmas (laboratory or astrophysical) or in accelerator experiments (beam-foil, electron beam ion trap (EBIT)). The lowest exited electron shells of such ions decay into stable ground states producing photons in VUV, EUV and soft X-ray spectral regions (so-called resonance transitions). After Newton's. discovery of spectral structure of white light (17th century) and subsequent studies of the nature of light (Hooke, Huygens, Young) J.", "title": "Spectroscopy of multiply ionized atoms" }, { "idx": 52, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "octupole decay, lifetimes of forbidden transitions, charge-exchange recombination, etc. Spectroscopy of multiply ionized atoms This branch of spectroscopy deals with radiation related to atoms that are stripped of several electrons (multiply ionized atoms (MIA), multiply charged ions, highly charged ions). These are observed in very hot plasmas (laboratory or astrophysical) or in accelerator experiments (beam-foil, electron beam ion trap (EBIT)). The lowest exited electron shells of such ions decay into stable ground states producing photons in VUV, EUV and soft X-ray spectral regions (so-called resonance transitions). After Newton's. discovery of spectral structure of white light (17th century) and subsequent studies", "title": "Spectroscopy of multiply ionized atoms" }, { "idx": 53, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that the collisions occur very close to each other. Then the binary collision approximation is no longer valid, but rather the collisional process should be understood as a many-body process. The dense collisions induce a heat spike (also called thermal spike), which essentially melts the crystal locally. If the molten zone is close enough to a surface, large numbers of atoms may sputter due to flow of liquid to the surface and/or microexplosions. Heat spike sputtering is most important for heavy ions (e.g. Xe or Au or cluster ions) with energies in the keV–MeV range bombarding dense but soft metals", "title": "Sputtering" }, { "idx": 54, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "more clearly. For instance, zinc and cadmium are similar to beryllium and magnesium in their atomic radii, ionic radii, electronegativities, and also in the structure of their binary compounds and their ability to form complex ions with many nitrogen and oxygen ligands, such as complex hydrides and amines. However, beryllium and magnesium are small atoms, unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals and like the group 12 elements (which have a greater nuclear charge but the same number of valence electrons), and the periodic trends down group 2 from beryllium to radium (similar to that of the alkali metals) are not", "title": "Group 12 element" }, { "idx": 55, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by electron ionization, for instance noble gases (Ar, Xe), oxygen (O, O, O), or even ionized molecules such as SF (generated from SF) or C (fullerene). This type of ion gun is easy to operate and generates roughly focused but high current ion beams. A second source type, the surface ionization source, generates Cs primary ions. Cesium atoms vaporize through a porous tungsten plug and are ionized during evaporation. Depending on the gun design, fine focus or high current can be obtained. A third source type, the liquid metal ion gun (LMIG), operates with metals or metallic alloys, which are", "title": "Secondary ion mass spectrometry" }, { "idx": 56, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "has much covalent character. The hydroxide ion displays cylindrical symmetry in hydroxides of divalent metals Ca, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Co. For example, magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) (brucite) crystallizes with the cadmium iodide layer structure, with a kind of close-packing of magnesium and hydroxide ions. The amphoteric hydroxide Al(OH) has four major crystalline forms: gibbsite (most stable), bayerite, nordstrandite, and doyleite. All these polymorphs are built up of double layers of hydroxide ions – the aluminium atoms on two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers – and differ only in the stacking sequence of the layers. The structures are", "title": "Hydroxide" }, { "idx": 57, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "structure each sodium atom has six near neighbour chloride ions in an octahedral geometry and each chloride has similarly six near neighbour sodium ions in an octahedral geometry. In metals with the body centred cubic (bcc) structure each atom has eight nearest neighbours in a cubic geometry. In metals with the face centred cubic (fcc) structure each atom has twelve nearest neighbours in a cuboctahedral geometry. A table of the coordination geometries encountered is shown below with examples of their occurrence in complexes found as discrete units in compounds and coordination spheres around atoms in crystals (where there is no", "title": "Coordination geometry" }, { "idx": 58, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "compounds \"MX\" of transition metals \"M\" and chalcogens \"X\" = O, S, Se and Te. Also certain dipnictides with \"X\" standing for P, As and Sb etc. are known to adopt the pyrite structure. In the first bonding sphere, the Fe atoms are surrounded by six S nearest neighbours, in a distorted octahedral arrangement. The material is a diamagnetic semiconductor and the Fe ions should be considered to be in a \"low spin\" divalent state (as shown by Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as XPS), rather than a tetravalent state as the stoichiometry would suggest. The positions of \"X\" ions in", "title": "Pyrite" }, { "idx": 59, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "been bonded together, in each case yielding an ion with a positive or negative net charge. During formation of macroscopic objects, constituent atoms and ions usually combine to form structures composed of neutral \"ionic compounds\" electrically bound to neutral atoms. Thus macroscopic objects tend toward being neutral overall, but macroscopic objects are rarely perfectly net neutral. Sometimes macroscopic objects contain ions distributed throughout the material, rigidly bound in place, giving an overall net positive or negative charge to the object. Also, macroscopic objects made of conductive elements, can more or less easily (depending on the element) take on or give", "title": "Electric charge" }, { "idx": 60, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "bonding sometimes can be described using polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (Wade's rules) where the number of valence electrons contributed by each tin atom is considered to be 2 (the s electrons do not contribute). There are some examples of silicide and plumbide ions with similar structures, for example tetrahedral , the chain anion (Si), and . Stannide A stannide can refer to an intermetallic compound containing tin combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing", "title": "Stannide" }, { "idx": 61, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sodium may substitute for pure sodium in fast breeder nuclear reactors. Rubidium and caesium are often used in atomic clocks. Caesium atomic clocks are extraordinarily accurate; if a clock had been made at the time of the dinosaurs, it would be off by less than four seconds (after 80 million years). For that reason, caesium atoms are used as the definition of the second. Rubidium ions are often used in purple fireworks, and caesium is often used in drilling fluids in the petroleum industry. Francium has no commercial applications, but because of francium's relatively simple atomic structure, among other things,", "title": "Alkali metal" }, { "idx": 62, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "argon and then form a cluster ion when the rest of the droplet evaporates. NeHe can be made by ultraviolet photoionisation. Clusters only contain one neon atom. The number of helium atoms n can vary from 1 to 23, but NeHe and NeHe are more likely to be observed. Doubly charged ions of helium with noble gas atoms also exist including ArHe, KrHe, and XeHe. Various metal-helium ions are known. Alkali metal helide ions are known for all the alkalis. The molecule ground state for the diatomic ions is in the XΣ state. The bond length gets bigger as the", "title": "Helium compounds" }, { "idx": 63, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "standard activity is measured, to provide a baseline for comparison. AMS counts the atoms of and in a given sample, determining the / ratio directly. The sample, often in the form of graphite, is made to emit C ions (carbon atoms with a single negative charge), which are injected into an accelerator. The ions are accelerated and passed through a stripper, which removes several electrons so that the ions emerge with a positive charge. The ions, which may have from 1 to 4 positive charges (C to C), depending on the accelerator design, are then passed through a magnet that", "title": "Radiocarbon dating" }, { "idx": 64, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(i.e. no pressurised tanks nor valves are required). Moreover, alkali metals have the lowest attitude to form ionized droplets or multiply-charged ions, thus leading to the best attainable mass efficiency. The actual thrust is produced by exhausting a beam of mainly singly-ionized cesium or rubidium atoms, produced by field evaporation at the tip of the emitter. An accelerating electrode (accelerator) is placed directly in front of the emitter. This electrode consists of a metal (usually stainless steel) plate where two sharp blades are machined. When thrust is required, a strong electric field is generated by the application of a high", "title": "Field-emission electric propulsion" }, { "idx": 65, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Sympathetic cooling Sympathetic cooling is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another type. Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms, by way of their mutual Coulomb interaction. This technique allows cooling of ions and atoms that can't be cooled directly by laser cooling. This includes most molecular ion species, especially large organic molecules. However, sympathetic cooling is most efficient when the mass/charge ratios of the sympathetic- and laser-cooled ions are similar. The cooling of neutral atoms in this manner was first demonstrated by Christopher Myatt", "title": "Sympathetic cooling" }, { "idx": 66, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by gamma rays. The positive ions are driven towards the cathode by the electric potential, and the electrons are driven towards the anode by the same potential. The initial population of ions and electrons collides with other atoms, exciting or ionizing them. As long as the potential is maintained, a population of ions and electrons remains. Some of the ions' kinetic energy is transferred to the cathode. This happens partially through the ions striking the cathode directly. The primary mechanism, however, is less direct. Ions strike the more numerous neutral gas atoms, transferring a portion of their energy to them.", "title": "Glow discharge" }, { "idx": 67, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds. A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds. Compounds in which components share electrons are known as covalent compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions are known as ionic compounds, or salts.", "title": "Chemical substance" }, { "idx": 68, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for high-temperature solid-state synthesis. Many metals are geologically most abundant as ionic compounds within ores. To obtain the elemental materials, these ores are processed by smelting or electrolysis, in which redox reactions occur (often with a reducing agent such as carbon) such that the metal ions gain electrons to become neutral atoms. According to the nomenclature recommended by IUPAC, ionic compounds are named according to their composition, not their structure. In the most simple case of a binary ionic compound with no possible ambiguity about the charges and thus the stoichiometry, the common name is written using two words. The", "title": "Ionic compound" }, { "idx": 69, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "discrete with the period of the potential. The ions in a perfect crystal are arranged in a regular periodic array. So we are led to the problem of an electron in a potential formula_131 with the periodicity of the underlying Bravais lattice for all Bravais lattice vectors formula_133 However, perfect periodicity is an idealisation. Real solids are never absolutely pure, and in the neighbourhood of the impurity atoms the solid is not the same as elsewhere in the crystal. Moreover, the ions are not in fact stationary, but continually undergo thermal vibrations about their equilibrium positions. These destroy the perfect", "title": "Translation operator (quantum mechanics)" }, { "idx": 70, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the sodium cation is indicated as Na and \"not\" Na. An alternative (and acceptable) way of showing a molecule/atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times, this is often seen with transition metals. Chemists sometimes circle the sign; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning. All three representations of shown in the figure, are thus equivalent. Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with Roman numerals; for example, the example seen above is occasionally referred to as Fe(II) or Fe. The Roman", "title": "Ion" }, { "idx": 71, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "identical CX1159 has 33 kV. Also, at the same voltage the pressure of deuterium can be higher than of hydrogen, allowing higher rise rates of rise of current before it causes excessive anode dissipation. Significantly higher peak powers are achievable. Its recovery time is however about 40% slower than for hydrogen. Noble gases are frequently used in tubes for many purposes, from lighting to switching. Pure noble gases are employed in switching tubes. Noble-gas-filled thyratrons have better electrical parameters than mercury-based ones. The electrodes undergo damage by high-velocity ions. The neutral atoms of the gas slow the ions down by", "title": "Gas-filled tube" }, { "idx": 72, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "fact, transition metal chalcogenides are highly covalent, not ionic, as indicated by their semiconducting properties. In most of their chalcogenides, transition metals adopt oxidation states of II or greater. Nonetheless, several examples exist where the metal/chalcogenide ratio is far less than one. Such compounds typically have extensive metal-metal bonding. Metal monochalcogenides have the formula ME, where M = a transition metal and E = S, Se, Te. They typically crystallize in one of two motifs, named after the corresponding forms of zinc sulfide. In the zinc blende structure, the sulfide atoms pack in a cubic symmetry and the Zn ions", "title": "Chalcogenide" }, { "idx": 73, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "atoms to form the destructive oxide compound. As the atoms combine, they weaken the metal, making the structure brittle and crumbly. When impure (cast) iron is in contact with water, oxygen, other strong oxidants, or acids, it rusts. If salt is present, for example in seawater or salt spray, the iron tends to rust more quickly, as a result of electrochemical reactions. Iron metal is relatively unaffected by pure water or by dry oxygen. As with other metals, like aluminium, a tightly adhering oxide coating, a passivation layer, protects the bulk iron from further oxidation. The conversion of the passivating", "title": "Rust" }, { "idx": 74, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "part of the total production. Consequently, scientific research has intensified on causes of brown color in diamond and ways to alter it. Irradiation of diamond by high-energy particles (electrons, ions, neutrons or gamma rays) produces vacancies in the diamond lattice by ejecting carbon atoms. Those vacancies produce green color centers in pure transparent diamond and yellow-green color in yellow diamonds. The color of yellow diamonds results from small numbers of nitrogen atoms replacing carbon in the lattice. Heating the irradiated diamonds to temperatures above 600 °C results in brown color associated with aggregation of the vacancies, with or without nitrogen", "title": "Brown diamonds" }, { "idx": 75, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "portion of a pure chemical substance that has its unique set of chemical properties, that is, its potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with other substances. However, this definition only works well for substances that are composed of molecules, which is not true of many substances (see below). Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs. Thus, molecules exist as electrically neutral units, unlike ions. When this rule is broken,", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "idx": 76, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Magic number (chemistry) The concept of magic numbers in the field of chemistry refers to a specific property (such as stability) for only certain representatives among a distribution of species. It was first recognized by inspecting the intensity of mass-spectrometric signals of rare gas cluster ions. In case a gas condenses into clusters of atoms, the number of atoms in these clusters that are most likely to form varies between a few and hundreds. However, there are peaks at specific cluster sizes, deviating from a pure statistical distribution. Therefore, it was concluded that clusters of these specific numbers of rare", "title": "Magic number (chemistry)" }, { "idx": 77, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sustained fusion reaction, it is usually necessary to use many methods to heat the plasma. Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) involves injecting a high energy beam of neutral atoms, typically hydrogen or deuterium, into the core of the plasma. These energetic atoms transfer their energy to the plasma, raising the overall temperature. The neutral atoms injected don't remain neutral. As the beam passes through the plasma, the atoms are ionized as they bounce off the ions in the plasma. Because the magnetic field inside the torus is bent into a circle, the fast ions are hoped to be confined in the", "title": "Madison Symmetric Torus" }, { "idx": 78, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as either molybdenite, a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite. Molybdenite ore is processed by flotation to give relatively pure . The main contaminant is carbon. also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from molybdenum pentachloride. All forms of have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions. These three strata form a monolayer of MoS. Bulk MoS consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der", "title": "Molybdenum disulfide" }, { "idx": 79, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "years later with the founding of a company to commercialize the technique. A model resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) set-up consists of a laser system (consisting of multiple lasers), sample from which the atoms are derived, and a suitable mass spectrometer which mass-selectively detects the photo ions created from resonance. In resonant ionization, atoms or molecules from ground state are excited to higher energy states by the resonant absorption of photons to produce ions. These ions are then monitored by appropriate detectors. In order to ensure a highly-efficient sensitivity and process saturation, the atomic or molecular beam must be formed", "title": "Resonance ionization" }, { "idx": 80, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(NH ions in a sea of electrons) at very high pressures, such as inside gas giant planets such as Uranus and Neptune. Under normal conditions, ammonium does not exist as a pure metal, but does as an amalgam (alloy with mercury). Ammonium The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula . It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged or protonated substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups (indicated by R). The ammonium ion", "title": "Ammonium" }, { "idx": 81, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Metallodendrimer A Metallodendrimer is a type of dendrimer with incorporated metal atoms. The development of this type of material is actively pursued in academia. The metal can be situated in the repeat unit, the core or at the extremities as end-group. Elements often encountered are palladium and platinum. These metals can form octahedral six-coordinate M(IV) linking units from organic dihalides and the corresponding 4-coordinate M(II) monomers. Ferrocene-containing dendrimers and dendrimers with cobaltocene and arylchromiumtricarbonyl units have been reported in end-functional dendrimers. Metallodendrimers can form as metal complexes with dendritic counter ions for example by hydrolysis of ester terminated PAMAM dendrimers", "title": "Metallodendrimer" }, { "idx": 82, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "0.6%. The growth was done using powdered lutetium(III) oxide and crushed sapphire feedstock with 2M potassium bicarbonate mineralizer with a thermal gradient of 610 - 640 ˚C. The lasing process involving aluminum garnet crystals is carried out by the dopant atoms, usually rare-earth metals, which take the place of a few atoms of the original metal in the crystal structure (in this case lutetium). The role of the unsubstituted atoms of lutetium, aluminum, and oxygen function as support for the dopant ions. Lutetium aluminium garnet Lutetium aluminum garnet (commonly abbreviated LuAG, molecular formula AlLuO) is an inorganic compound with a", "title": "Lutetium aluminium garnet" }, { "idx": 83, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "perchloric acid (HClO), sulfuric acid (HSO), and phosphoric acid (HPO) are common oxyacids that have been prepared as pure substances. Imidic acids are created by replacing =O with =NR in an oxyacid. An oxyacid molecule contains the structure X−O−H, where other atoms or atom groups can be connected to the central atom X. In a solution, such a molecule can be dissociated into ions in two distinct ways: If the central atom X is strongly electronegative, then it strongly attracts the electrons of the oxygen atom. In that case, the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atom is weak, and", "title": "Oxyacid" }, { "idx": 84, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Northwestern University reported the use of artificial intelligence to predict and evaluate samples of 20,000 different likely metallic glass alloys in a year. Their methods promise to speed up research and time to market for new amorphous metals alloys. Amorphous metal is usually an alloy rather than a pure metal. The alloys contain atoms of significantly different sizes, leading to low free volume (and therefore up to orders of magnitude higher viscosity than other metals and alloys) in molten state. The viscosity prevents the atoms moving enough to form an ordered lattice. The material structure also results in low shrinkage", "title": "Amorphous metal" }, { "idx": 85, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of chlorine, and the reaction to monochlorides, may actually impair their color purity or intensity. At high temperatures, the atoms will ionize. The emission spectra of ions are different than of neutral atoms; the ions may emit in undesired spectral ranges. For example, Ba emits in blue wavelengths. Ionization can be suppressed by addition of an easier-to-ionize metal with weak visible emission of its own, e.g. potassium; the potassium atoms then act as electron donors, neutralizing the barium ions. The color blue is notoriously difficult to produce in fireworks, as the copper compounds need to be heated at a specific", "title": "Pyrotechnic colorant" }, { "idx": 86, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "massive as an electron. They were protons. The process by which anode rays are formed in a gas-discharge anode ray tube is as follows. When the high voltage is applied to the tube, its electric field accelerates the small number of ions (electrically charged atoms) always present in the gas, created by natural processes such as radioactivity. These collide with atoms of the gas, knocking electrons off of them and creating more positive ions. These ions and electrons in turn strike more atoms, creating more positive ions in a chain reaction. The positive ions are all attracted to the negative", "title": "Anode ray" }, { "idx": 87, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is sometimes a result of the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura. Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy", "title": "Alloy" }, { "idx": 88, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "purity. This typically is the \"nine-9\" or 99.9999999% purity, nearly defect-free single crystalline material. Monocrystalline silicon of such purity is usually produced by the Czochralski process, is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics, and in some high-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic applications. Pure silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor, which means that unlike metals, it conducts electron holes and electrons released from atoms by heat; silicon's electrical conductivity increases with higher temperatures. Pure silicon has too low a conductivity (i.e., too high a resistivity) to be used as a circuit element in electronics. In practice, pure", "title": "Silicon" }, { "idx": 89, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "termed \"shared pairs\" or \"bonding pairs\", and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is termed \"covalent bonding\". Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. The ions are atoms that have lost one or more electrons (termed cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (termed anions). This transfer of electrons is termed \"electrovalence\" in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is", "title": "Molecule" }, { "idx": 90, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1972 Atlantic hurricane season The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season was a significantly below average season, having only four fully tropical named storms – the fewest since 1930. It officially began on June 1, 1972, and lasted until November 30, 1972. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm, Subtropical Storm Alpha, developed on May 23 off the Southeast United States and struck Florida, causing minor damage and two fatalities. Although several other tropical depressions developed, only Tropical Depression Five is known to have affected land. The most", "title": "1972 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "idx": 91, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"who offered his place, his person, and his sword\" to the Muslim leader in exchange for help in the civil war. Though Julian's \"estates were ample, his followers bold and numerous\", he \"had little to hope and much to fear from the new reign.\" And he was too feeble to challenge Roderic directly. So he sought Musa's aid. For Musa, Julian, \"by his Andalusian and Mauritanian commands, ... held in his hands the keys of the Spanish monarchy.\" And so Musa ordered some initial raids on the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula in 710. In the spring of that", "title": "Muslim conquest of the Maghreb" }, { "idx": 92, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Michael Oscislawski Michael Oscislawski (; born January 16, 1987 in Bytom) is a Polish-German footballer who plays for VfB Hüls. Oscislawski played in the youth first for TuS Kruckel and red and white Barop before he moved to Borussia Dortmund. Here he played until the end of the 2005/06 season, mainly in the junior teams, but was already in the 2004/05 season as a substitute for first jobs to the seniors, whom he played for the reserve of Borussia in the Regionalliga Nord. In the summer of 2006 he was finally firmly integrated into the squad of the second men's", "title": "Michael Oscislawski" }, { "idx": 93, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Garcia Live Volume Ten Garcia Live Volume Ten is a two-CD live album by the Jerry Garcia Band. It contains the complete concert recorded on May 20, 1990 at the Hilo Civic Auditorium in Hilo, Hawaii. It was released on February 23, 2018. From February 1986 to November 1993, the lineup of the Jerry Garcia Band was Jerry Garcia (guitar, lead vocals), Melvin Seals (keyboards), John Kahn (bass), David Kemper (drums), Jaclyn LaBranch (backing vocals), and Gloria Jones (backing vocals). On AllMusic, Timothy Monger said, \"... this May 20, 1990 show held at the Hilo Civic Auditorium was a benefit", "title": "Garcia Live Volume Ten" }, { "idx": 94, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "green and blue components and a separate sensor is then used for each colour. This complex camera technology is used in 3-chip cameras and allows for excellent colour reproduction at very high resolutions. Modern camera systems used in a document camera are able to provide high-resolution colour images at 30 frames per second. In a 3-chip camera, the measured resolution may be up to 1500 lines. In addition the image can be adapted to fit common display aspect ratios of 4:3, 16:9 and 16:10. Lighting is an essential part of a document camera. To ensure good colour rendition, the lighting", "title": "Document camera" }, { "idx": 95, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "presence of anthocyanins in the complexes with metals ions. Metalloanthocyanins are composed from anthocyanins, flavones and metal ions in the stochiometric amounts of 6:6:2, respectively. Typical metals in anthocyanin complexes are iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), potassium (K) and tin (Sn). Anthocyanins that can form complexes with metal ions are only cyanidin or delphinidin type, because at least two free hydroxyl groups in the B-ring are necessary to be present Examples of metalloanthocyanins: Commelinin isolated from \"Commelina communis\" contains malonylawobanin (delphinidin type), flavocommelin (as a co-pigment) and magnesium ions in stochiometric ratio 6:6:2. Protocyanin is a blue", "title": "Basics of blue flower colouration" }, { "idx": 96, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "different. The cations most resistant to hydrolysis for their size and charge are hard pre-transition metal ions or lanthanide ions. The slightly less resistant group includes the transition metal ions. The third group contains mostly soft ions ion of post-transition metals. The ions which show the strongest tendency to hydrolyze for their charge and size are Pd, Sn and Hg. The standard enthalpy change for the first hydrolysis step is generally not very different from that of the dissociation of pure water. Consequently, the standard enthalpy change for the substitution reaction is close to zero. This is typical of reactions", "title": "Metal ions in aqueous solution" }, { "idx": 97, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "completely settled. In biochemistry, heavy metals are sometimes defined—on the basis of the Lewis acid (electronic pair acceptor) behaviour of their ions in aqueous solution—as class B and borderline metals. In this scheme, class A metal ions prefer oxygen donors; class B ions prefer nitrogen or sulfur donors; and borderline or ambivalent ions show either class A or B characteristics, depending on the circumstances. Class A metals, which tend to have low electronegativity and form bonds with large ionic character, are the alkali and alkaline earths, aluminium, the group 3 metals, and the lanthanides and actinides. Class B metals, which", "title": "Heavy metals" }, { "idx": 98, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "advanced models of metal properties consider the effect of the positive ions cores on the delocalised electrons. As most metals have crystalline structure, those ions are usually arranged into a periodic lattice. Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. Minerals are naturally occurring solids formed through various geological processes under high pressures. To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical properties throughout. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with", "title": "Solid" }, { "idx": 99, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "availability of free ions of essential divalent cations like Fe and Zn showed that experiments with EGTA were better explained as having caused deficiencies in these essential ions. Classical demonstration of the requirements for trace metals requires careful cleaning of all glassware or plastic dishes and the use of very pure distilled water, and AR grade chemicals. By this method A.macrogynus and Achlya species were shown to require Fe, and Zn but not Ca. The traditional supply of calcium salts to fungal cultures may have met the need for trace elements as even A.R. calcium salts always contain other divalent", "title": "Allomyces macrogynus" } ]

[ "atoms" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "29 August 1949" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "weapon project and the American Manhattan Project. The Soviet efforts also rounded up captured German scientists to join their program, and relied heavily on knowledge passed by spies to Soviet intelligence agencies. On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union secretly conducted its first successful weapon test (\"First Lightning\", based on the American \"Fat Man\" design) at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan. As early as 1910 in Russia, independent research was being conducted on radioactive elements by several Russian scientists. Despite the hardship faced by the Russian academy of sciences during the national revolution in 1917, followed by the violent", "title": "Soviet atomic bomb project" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the entire campaign quickly devolved into a quagmire not unlike that which the U.S. faced a decade earlier in the Vietnam War. After ten years of fighting at the cost of approximately 20 billion dollars a year (in 1986 United States dollars) and 15,000 Soviet casualties, Gorbachev surrendered to public opinion and ordered troops to withdraw in early 1989. The Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb codenamed \"\"First Lightning\"\" on 29 August 1949, four years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, surprising many Western commentators who had expected the U.S. monopoly to last for some time longer.", "title": "Military history of the Soviet Union" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "became of central importance. In 1944, as the Germans were driven from Soviet soil, Beria was in charge of dealing with the various ethnic minorities accused of anti-sovietism and/or collaboration with the invaders, including the Balkars, the Karachays, the Chechens, the Ingush, the Crimean Tatars, the Pontic Greeks and the Volga Germans. All these groups were deported to Soviet Central Asia (see \"Population transfer in the Soviet Union.\") In December 1944, Beria's NKVD was assigned to supervise the Soviet atomic bomb project (\"Task No. 1\"), which built and tested a bomb by 29 August 1949. The project was extremely labour-intensive.", "title": "Lavrentiy Beria" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to be in possession of the atomic bomb, pressure mounted to develop the first hydrogen bomb. RDS-1 The RDS-1 (), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning (), was the nuclear bomb used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test. The United States assigned it the code-name Joe-1, in reference to Joseph Stalin. It was detonated on 29 August 1949 at 7:00 a.m., at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR, after top-secret research and development as part of the Soviet atomic bomb project. The weapon was designed at the Kurchatov Institute — at the time officially known as \"Laboratory", "title": "RDS-1" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "memory/discography book, alongside highly coveted access plushies, to commemorate their 15th anniversary. As of 2012, access is currently celebrating their 20th anniversary. In 2008, Asakura embarked on a new solo project entitled \"DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days,\" in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes. The project was launched on June 25, 2008. In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios. Also in 2009, Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie in which Hiroyuki Takami", "title": "Daisuke Asakura" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "region blocked his further explorations. When Hermann von Wissmann reached the river in 1882 he found that the river had become a fast and wide effluent. He also noted that the lake level was below the highest watermark. As of 2008, the Lukuga was highly polluted at the point where it entered the Lualaba. In December 2010 the well-known South African kayaker and explorer Hendrik Coetzee was dragged out of his kayak on the Lukuga and killed by a crocodile. Lukuga River The Lukuga River is a tributary of the Lualaba River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)", "title": "Lukuga River" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hassan Tikkodi Hassan Tikkodi is an Indian author (mostly in vernacular language Malayalam) from the state of Kerala. He is a poet, novelist (mostly non-fiction), travelogues writer, short story writer, and screenplay writer. Hassan Tikkodi was born on 15 August 1951 in a village \"Kadiroor\" Kannor District and was the second child of his parents. His original family roots are connected with Arabs. A merchant group from Halarmouth (Yemen) came down to Calicut as merchants and they had marital relations ship with one of the Barami Families in Calicut. He is also known as Batha, which derived from the Bhagaviatha", "title": "Hassan Tikkodi" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "had, despite these Allied successes, turned into a stalemate. Both the French and Dutch were exhausted and yearning for peace. Louis now embarked on an attempt to divide the Allies by dangling the prospect of a favorable separate peace before the noses of the Dutch. During the not-so-secret Geertruidenberg negotiations of the Spring of 1710 Louis offered to accept the removal of his grandson Philip from the Spanish throne in favor of Charles III, in exchange for the Habsburg territories in Italy as compensation for Philip. He tempted the Dutch with their craved-for Barrier in the Austrian Netherlands and a", "title": "Second Stadtholderless Period" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bill 30, one of Floyd's most important pieces of legislation in the Senate, proved to be an innovative concept in junior college funding and administration; it was authored during Floyd's last Senate session and carefully shepherded to final passage. The bill was a critical step in the development of a state policy for junior college education in Texas. He was an original founder of Paris Junior College in Paris, Texas, and actively fought for funding and continued support of the institution throughout his tenure in the legislature. With his work in support of the junior college system, his foresight and", "title": "Charles R. Floyd" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "theory, alongside Isaak Pomeranchuk. Despite early and accelerated efforts, it was reported by historians that efforts on building a bomb using weapon-grade uranium seemed hopeless to Russian scientists. Igor Kurchatov had harboured doubts working towards the uranium bomb, made progress on a bomb using weapon-grade plutonium after British data was provided by the NKVD. The situation dramatically changed when the Soviet Union learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, which eventually led to the unilateral surrender of Japan to the United States, ending the war in Asia. Immediately after the atomic bombing, the Soviet Politburo took", "title": "Soviet atomic bomb project" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Physics), the Frederick William University (today, the University of Berlin), and the \"Technische Hochschule Berlin\" (today, the \"Technische Universität Berlin\" (Technical University of Berlin\"). German physicists who worked on the \"Uranverein\" and were sent to the Soviet Union to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project included: Werner Czulius, Robert Döpel, Walter Herrmann, Heinz Pose, Ernst Rexer, Nikolaus Riehl, and Karl Zimmer. Günter Wirths, while not a member of the \"Uranverein\", worked for Riehl at the \"Auergesellschaft\" on reactor-grade uranium production and was also sent to the Soviet Union. Zimmer's path to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project was", "title": "German nuclear weapons program" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "produce PRC nuclear weapons. A Chinese atomic project was initiated using facilities built by the Soviet Union in Chuguchak and Altai in Northern Xinjiang. These facilities were used by the Soviet Union for nuclear weapon design and the creation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, successfully tested in USSR on August 29, 1949. Following Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, the Soviet Union became a far less attractive patron for Sheng than the Kuomintang. By 1943 Sheng Shicai switched his", "title": "Second East Turkestan Republic" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "first of which was tested at the Trinity site in July 1945. However, Germany had surrendered in May 1945, and it had been discovered that the German atomic bomb program had not been very close to success. The Allied team produced two nuclear weapons for use in the war, one powered by uranium-235 and the other by plutonium as fissionable material, named \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man\". These were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945 each. This, in combination with the Soviet invasion of Japanese-controlled territory, convinced the Japanese government to", "title": "20th-century events" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "nuclear war look less like fiction and more like prophecy. When William Faulkner received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949, he spoke about Cold War themes in art. He worried that younger writers were too preoccupied with the question of \"When will I be blown up?\" The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ushered in the \"atomic age\", and the bleak pictures of the bombed-out cities released shortly after the end of World War II became symbols of the power of the new weapons. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb, code named \"Joe", "title": "World War III in popular culture" } ]

[ "29 August 1949" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "bicycle race" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tour de France The Tour de France () is an annual men's multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand Tours (the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España), it consists of 21 day-long stages over the course of 23 days. The race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper \"L'Auto\" and is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation. The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars. As the Tour", "title": "Tour de France" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of 2:05, and there are slight changes in timbre and modulation during both \"Tour de France Étape 3\" and \"Chrono\". Tour de France Soundtracks Tour de France Soundtracks is the tenth studio album by German electronic music band Kraftwerk, released in August 2003. It was re-released in October 2009 under the title \"Tour de France\". The album was recorded for the 100th anniversary of the first \"Tour de France\" bicycle race, although it missed its intended release date for the actual tour. It includes a new recording of their 1983 single of the same name, the cover artwork of both", "title": "Tour de France Soundtracks" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tour de France Soundtracks Tour de France Soundtracks is the tenth studio album by German electronic music band Kraftwerk, released in August 2003. It was re-released in October 2009 under the title \"Tour de France\". The album was recorded for the 100th anniversary of the first \"Tour de France\" bicycle race, although it missed its intended release date for the actual tour. It includes a new recording of their 1983 single of the same name, the cover artwork of both releases being nearly identical. The announcement of the release caused much anticipation, as it had been 17 years since the", "title": "Tour de France Soundtracks" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "La Course by Le Tour de France La Course by Le Tour de France is an elite women's professional road bicycle race held in France, and has been part of the UCI Women's WorldTour since 2016 as a one or two one-day races. Until 2015 it was rated by the UCI as a 1.1 race. The race is organised by the ASO. The inaugural edition of the race was run before the 21st stage of the 2014 Tour de France on 27 July. The race consisted of 13 laps on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, making a distance of 89 kilometres.", "title": "La Course by Le Tour de France" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to Le Grand-Bornand on 17 July. La Course by Le Tour de France La Course by Le Tour de France is an elite women's professional road bicycle race held in France, and has been part of the UCI Women's WorldTour since 2016 as a one or two one-day races. Until 2015 it was rated by the UCI as a 1.1 race. The race is organised by the ASO. The inaugural edition of the race was run before the 21st stage of the 2014 Tour de France on 27 July. The race consisted of 13 laps on the Champs-Élysées in Paris,", "title": "La Course by Le Tour de France" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tigecycline Tigecycline is an antibiotic for a number of bacterial infections. It is a glycylcycline administered intravenously. It was developed in response to the growing rate of antibiotic resistant bacteria such as \"Staphylococcus aureus\", \"Acinetobacter baumannii\", and \"E. coli\". As a tetracycline derivative antibiotic, its structural modifications has expanded its therapeutic activity to include Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including those of multi-drug resistance. Tigecycline is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Tygacil. It was given a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fast-track approval and was approved on June 17, 2005. Tigecycline is used to treat different kinds of", "title": "Tigecycline" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the hands is not permitted. Any strikes are also considered fouls. Anyone who touches the ground with any part of their body besides the feet is declared the loser. Wrestlers are paired according to weight-class. The traditional attire not only protects the players' vital points but also helps to identify the \"pana\" or the \"yek\" to which the wrestler belongs. Mukna Mukna is a form of folk wrestling from the north-east Indian state of Manipur. It is popular in Imphal, Thoubal and Bishnupur. The game is generally played on the last day of the Lai Haraoba festival and is an", "title": "Mukna" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is in the lead at the end of the round wins the show. As Seen on TV (TV series) As Seen on TV is a BBC television panel game show based around TV trivia. It is produced by Shine TV by arrangement with Unique Broadcasting; the latter is the company owned by Noel Edmonds, who presented the similarly themed show \"Telly Addicts\". It is presented by Steve Jones, with team captains Fern Britton and Jason Manford. The first episode was broadcast on Friday 17 July 2009. It was moved to a Thursday evening slot from its second episode. The teams", "title": "As Seen on TV (TV series)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Syrjä. Eppu Normaali's 1979 album \"Maximum Jee&Jee\" had originally influenced Ismo Alanko to form Hassisen Kone. The album was a huge success in Finland, and it was certified platinum in 1997. Music by Hassisen Kone, except where noted. All Lyrics by Alanko. Täältä tullaan Venäjä Täältä tullaan Venäjä (Finnish for \"Russia Here We Come\") is the debut album of Hassisen Kone. It was released in 1980, shortly after the newly formed band had won the Finnish Rock championship. The outspoken lyrics of the opening track \"Rappiolla\" shocked, among others, Yleisradio reporters Anneli Tempakka and Maija Dahlgren, who started protesting against", "title": "Täältä tullaan Venäjä" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "attended Fulneck Moravian School for two years but was not permitted to study further. Her brother Joseph Wolstenholme (1829–1891) became a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University. She opened a private girls' boarding school in Boothstown near Worsley and stayed there until May 1867 when she moved her establishment to Congleton in Cheshire. Wolstenholme, dismayed with the woeful standard of elementary education for girls, joined the College of Preceptors in 1862 and through this organisation met Emily Davies. They campaigned together for girls to be given the same access to higher education as boys. Wolstenholme founded the Manchester Schoolmistresses Association", "title": "Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Six Days Races in 1912 and 1913. At the time six-day racing was very popular in many parts of the world and usually featured international riders In 1914 Piercey, together with Iddo “Snowy” Munro, Don Kirkham, Charlie Snell and George Bell, became part of the first team of Australian Cyclists to head off for racing in Europe, with the objective to be competing in the Tour de France. Initially the team rode as professionals for the Paris-based Gladiator Cycles & Clement Tyre team, competing in classic races like Milan-San Remo., Paris-Roubaix, Paris-Bruxelles, Paris-Nancy and the Tour of Belgium. Eventually only", "title": "Charles Piercey" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1920 Tour de France The 1920 Tour de France was the 14th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 27 June to 27 July. It consisted of 15 stages over , ridden at an average speed of . It was won by Belgian Philippe Thys, making him the first cyclist to win the Tour de France three times. The Belgians dominated this Tour: 12 of the 15 stages were won by Belgians, and the first eight cyclists in the final classification were Belgian. The 1919 Tour de France had been more difficult than before because of the influence", "title": "1920 Tour de France" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "France (winner Lance Armstrong) 2002 Tour de France - started in Luxembourg, Luxembourg (winner Lance Armstrong) 2003 Tour de France - started in Paris, France (winner Lance Armstrong) 2004 Tour de France - started in Liège, Belgium (winner Lance Armstrong) 2005 Tour de France - started in Vendée, France (winner Lance Armstrong) 2006 Tour de France - started in Strasbourg, France (winner Óscar Pereiro) 2007 Tour de France - started in London, United Kingdom (winner Alberto Contador) 2008 Tour de France - started in Brest, France (winner Carlos Sastre) 2009 Tour de France - started in Monaco (winner Alberto Contador)", "title": "2000s in sports" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "winner. In 1914, a record of seven former Tour de France winners started that year's Tour: In addition to these seven cyclists, four cyclists in that year's Tour would go on to win a Tour later: Eleven cyclists won the general classification the first time they entered the competition. Five cyclists won the Tour de France the last time they entered the competition: Fausto Coppi is the only cyclist who won the Tour de France in both the first and the last Tour he entered. Yellow jersey statistics Since the first Tour de France in 1903, there have been 2,142", "title": "Yellow jersey statistics" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in which Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France seven times (1999–2005), Fernando Escartín is the sole rider not to be implicated in a doping scandal. With \"20 of the 21 podium finishers in the Tour de France from 1999 through 2005 directly tied to likely doping through admissions, sanctions, public investigations or exceeding the UCI hematocrit (a blood test to discover EPO use) threshold\", Escartin's third-place finish in the 1999 Tour de France stands as the lone of the 21 podium finishes that was untainted, during the years (1999–2005) in which Lance Armstrong finished the Tour de France in", "title": "Doping at the Tour de France" } ]

[ "bicycle race" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Boston area" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "theme song in 2012. In 2002, Time Inc. created \"Ask This Old House\". The show was inspired by a similar feature in \"This Old House Magazine\". It takes place in \"the loft\" of a rural barn somewhere in the Boston area. The regulars on the show are O'Connor, Tom Silva, Richard Trethewey, Roger Cook and Scott Caron. Norm Abram does not appear on \"Ask This Old House\". Magazine readers or show viewers submit home repair or improvement questions to the four regulars. Guest experts answer more specialized questions. Most of the questions are answered in the loft, but one or", "title": "This Old House" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "theme song in 2012. In 2002, Time Inc. created \"Ask This Old House\". The show was inspired by a similar feature in \"This Old House Magazine\". It takes place in \"the loft\" of a rural barn somewhere in the Boston area. The regulars on the show are O'Connor, Tom Silva, Richard Trethewey, Roger Cook and Scott Caron. Norm Abram does not appear on \"Ask This Old House\". Magazine readers or show viewers submit home repair or improvement questions to the four regulars. Guest experts answer more specialized questions. Most of the questions are answered in the loft, but one or", "title": "This Old House" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Airport in early 2017 and to other airports in 2018. The Tocumen International Airport in Panama operates an airport-wide surveillance system using hundreds of live face recognition cameras to identify wanted individuals passing through the airport. Police forces in the United Kingdom have been trialling live facial recognition technology at public events since 2015. However, a recent report and investigation by Big Brother Watch found that these systems were up to 98% inaccurate. The U.S. Department of State operates one of the largest face recognition systems in the world with a database of 117 million American adults, with photos typically", "title": "Facial recognition system" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is necessary to build theories that relate functions to anatomical connectivity. However, the bond between structural and functional connectivity is not straightforward. Computational models of whole-brain network dynamics are valuable tools to investigate the role of the anatomical network in shaping functional connectivity. In particular, computational models can be used to predict the dynamic effect of lesions in the connectome. The connectome can be studied as a network by means of network science and graph theory. In case of a micro-scale connectome, the nodes of this network (or graph) are the neurons, and the edges correspond to the synapses between", "title": "Connectome" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 97 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 17 businesses in this sector. There were 266 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.6% of the workforce. , there were 313 workers who commuted into the municipality and 168 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 6.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.9%", "title": "Billens-Hennens" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to Santa Barbara and for the next 36 years he worked in the Tri-County area. Notable projects, other than the three seaside residences in Isla Vista, include: Pershing Park, Shoreline Park, landscape design of Santa Barbara City College, St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Parma Elementary School, and the Mission Plaza in San Luis Obispo. At Hodgkin's death in 1987, Skubic established the Jean Hodgkins Memorial Scholarship, now the Jean Hodgkins/Vera Skubic Award, which awards female athletes at University of California, Santa Barbara with \"outstanding\" achievements. Hodgkins and Skubic House Jean Louise Hodgkins (October 29, 1914 – August 7, 1987) and Vera", "title": "Hodgkins and Skubic House" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Luminița Vasile, along with its producers Sebastian Barac, Marcel Botezan and David Ciente. Music portal YaBB Music described \"Gimme Gimme\" as Bollywood-inspired, while Jonathan Currinn from Celebmix implied that it is \"upbeat and catchy\" and \"suggests a summer sound for her fifth album\". He further wrote that the track \"has simple but meaningful lyrics that are romantic while still having her infectious club sound.\" Raluca Tanasă from InfoMusic saw \"Gimme Gimme\" as featuring both Indian and Gyspy music influences, and described it as summery. The singer herself confessed that the recording is \"energetic, and has a fresh sound perfect for", "title": "Gimme Gimme (Inna song)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "barn in the fall of 1983. It eventually opened in May 1984 to the general public as Music House Museum, a non-profit organization. The original white barn is the main collection of the restored antique musical instruments. The granary is the museum’s main entrance and has old radios. A covered walkway was built in 1981 between the farm’s granary entrance to the barn that holds the collections. The granary originally was where the farm’s workers lived and slept. They called the granary the old farmhouse, from which the music museum received its \"house\" name. The museum has guided tours and", "title": "Music House Museum" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "eleven contributing outbuildings and the agricultural setting. They include a tenant house (ca. 1840), large upper barn (1870), hog barn and chicken coop (1813), barn (1825), wagon house (1868), cow barn (1883), wood shop (ca. 1870), corn crib (ca. 1870), fruit barn (1911), paint house (ca. 1880), garage (1890), and brooder house (ca. 1932). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Cornelius and Agnietje Van Derzee House Cornelius and Agnietje Van Derzee House is a historic home and farm complex located at Coeymans in Albany County, New York. It was built about 1765 and is", "title": "Cornelius and Agnietje Van Derzee House" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Other historic buildings have been moved to this location over the years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Daniel Nelson House and Barn Daniel Nelson House and Barn, also known as the Nelson Pioneer Farm and Museum, are historic buildings located north of Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. Daniel and Margaret Nelson settled here in 1844, a year after this part of Iowa was opened to settlement by the U.S. Government. Their first home was a log structure, non-extant, located northeast of the present house. The present house is a two-story, brick structure with a", "title": "Daniel Nelson House and Barn" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and barn were built about 1871 for Binks Hess, brother of Marcella's founder Thomas. The barn is believed to be the oldest in Stone County, and the first to use sawn lumber in its construction. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Binks Hess House and Barn The Binks Hess House and Barn are a historic farm property in Marcella, Arkansas. Located just east of Arkansas Highway 14 on Partee Drive, it is a 1-1/2 story dogtrot house, with a side gable roof, weatherboard siding, and a stone pier foundation. A single-story porch, supported", "title": "Binks Hess House and Barn" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lewis Anderson House, Barn and Granary The Lewis Anderson House, Barn and Granary is a historic ensemble of buildings, currently located in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. This well-preserved set of 1890s Swedish American vernacular architecture was originally located on a farm on Pleasant Ridge, south of The Dalles. Lewis Anderson was a Swedish immigrant who, after establishing himself on Pleasant Ridge, worked semi-successfully to encourage further Swedish settlement in the area of The Dalles. The sidehill barn, with grade entrances on two levels, was the first erected of the ensemble, in 1890. The house was built by Anderson and", "title": "Lewis Anderson House, Barn and Granary" } ]

[ "the Boston area" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "31" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "research include: National Institutes of Technology The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are autonomous public institutes of higher education, located in India. They are governed by the \"National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007\", which declared them as institutions of national importance alongside Indian Institutes of Technology. These institutes of national importance receive special recognition from the Government of India. The NIT Council is the supreme governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system and all 31 NITs are funded by the Government of India. These institutes are among the top ranked engineering colleges in India and have one", "title": "National Institutes of Technology" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ranking Framework\" in 2018 and 31 overall. It was ranked 13 among engineering colleges in India in 2017 by \"The Week\". The Department of Management Studies, NIT Trichy was ranked 30 by \"Business Today\" and 22 by \"Outlook India\"s \"Top 100 Management Schools\" in India of 2016. Engineering Sciences Other major departments Allied departments The NIT Trichy campus is situated near Thuvakudi, on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli. The campus spans and is one of the largest academic campuses in India. The main entrance is located on the southern end of the campus, facing National Highway 67. There is one other", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology Nagaland National Institute of Technology Nagaland is a higher education technology institute located at Dimapur in Nagaland, India. It is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India. NIT Nagaland was set up by the Government of India in 2009, as part of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) for imparting technical education in the state of Nagaland. NIT Silchar has provided initial mentorship to NIT Nagaland for the initial two years of its establishment. The first batch of NIT Nagaland (2010-2014) studied at NIT Silchar for two years and then the NIT Nagaland has", "title": "National Institute of Technology Nagaland" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "research include: National Institutes of Technology The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are autonomous public institutes of higher education, located in India. They are governed by the \"National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007\", which declared them as institutions of national importance alongside Indian Institutes of Technology. These institutes of national importance receive special recognition from the Government of India. The NIT Council is the supreme governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system and all 31 NITs are funded by the Government of India. These institutes are among the top ranked engineering colleges in India and have one", "title": "National Institutes of Technology" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institutes of Technology The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are autonomous public institutes of higher education, located in India. They are governed by the \"National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007\", which declared them as institutions of national importance alongside Indian Institutes of Technology. These institutes of national importance receive special recognition from the Government of India. The NIT Council is the supreme governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system and all 31 NITs are funded by the Government of India. These institutes are among the top ranked engineering colleges in India and have one of the", "title": "National Institutes of Technology" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Development, Government of India, decided to upgrade, in phases, all the original 17 RECs as NITs. There are currently 31 NITs, with the inception of 10 new NITs in the year 2010 and another in 2015. The 31 NITs are located in Allahabad, Agartala, Bhopal, Durgapur, Hamirpur, Kozhikode, Kurukshetra, Jalandhar, Jamshedpur, Jaipur, Nagpur, Patna, Raipur, Rourkela, Silchar, Srinagar, Surathkal, Surat, Tiruchirappalli, Warangal, Yupia, New Delhi, Farmagudi, Imphal, Shillong, Aizawl, Dimapur, Karaikal, Ravangla, Srinagar and Tadepalligudem. The Government of India has introduced the National Institutes of Technology (NIT) Act 2010 to bring 31 such institutions within the ambit of the act", "title": "Engineering education in India" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology, Manipur National Institute of Technology, Manipur (NIT Manipur) is an institute of National Importance situated in Imphal, Manipur, India. It is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India. NIT Manipur started its first academic session in 2010. NIT Manipur is located in Langol, Imphal-795004, which is about 10 km from the Imphal International Airport. The institute is one among the thirty-one NITs in India established as Institutions of National Importance with funding support from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. It is one of the ten newly set up NIT's", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Manipur" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya National Institute of Technology Meghalaya (NIT Meghalaya, NITM) is one of the National Institutes of Technology. It is in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. Classes were started in 2010 at the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat. The institute is one among the 31 NITs in India established as Institutions of National Importance with funding support from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, government of India. The institute was set up by the Ministry of Human Resource Development by the NIT Act in 2010. The foundation stone of NIT Meghalaya at Cherrapunjee (Sohra) was laid by", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology Mizoram National Institute of Technology Mizoram, also known as NIT Mizoram or NITMZ, is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India. It is situated in Aizawl, Mizoram. NIT Mizoram was one of the ten new NITS established by the Ministry Of Human Resources Development, Govt. of India vide its order no. F. 23-13-2009-TS-III Dated 30 October 2009 and 3 March 2010. In view of the above NIT Mizoram was started in the year 2010 in the state of Mizoram with an objective to impart education, research & training leading to B.Tech, M.Tech, M.Sc.", "title": "National Institute of Technology Mizoram" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology Sikkim The National Institute of Technology Sikkim, commonly referred to as NIT Sikkim or NIT SKM, is a public engineering institution near the city of Ravangla in Sikkim, India. It is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India and has been declared as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. It is an autonomous institute and functioning under the aegis of Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. National Institute of Technology, Sikkim is one among the ten newly sanctioned National Institutes of Technology by the Government of India", "title": "National Institute of Technology Sikkim" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology, Durgapur The National Institute of Technology Durgapur (abbreviated NIT Durgapur or NIT DGP) is a public engineering institution located in Durgapur, West Bengal, India. Formerly known as the Regional Engineering College, Durgapur (REC Durgapur), it is among the first 8 Regional Engineering Colleges established in India and was founded in 1960 by the then Chief Minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Roy. Today it is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India and has been recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India under the National Institutes of Technology", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Durgapur" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "socio-cultural fest called UGDAM. National Institute of Technology Sikkim The National Institute of Technology Sikkim, commonly referred to as NIT Sikkim or NIT SKM, is a public engineering institution near the city of Ravangla in Sikkim, India. It is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India and has been declared as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. It is an autonomous institute and functioning under the aegis of Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. National Institute of Technology, Sikkim is one among the ten newly sanctioned National Institutes of Technology by", "title": "National Institute of Technology Sikkim" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by the Visitor. The Director, who is appointed by the Visitor, looks after the day-to-day running of the institute. The Board of Governors has nominees of the Central Government, the State Government, the NIT Council and the Institute Senate. NIT Silchar is the Mentor Institute of NIT Nagaland. National Institute of Technology, Silchar National Institute Of Technology Silchar (NIT Silchar) is one of the 31 NITs of India and was established in 1967 as a Regional Engineering College in Silchar. In 2002, it was upgraded to the status of National Institute of Technology and was declared as Institute of National", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Silchar" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Institute of Technology, Puducherry National Institute of Technology, Puducherry (NITPY) is an autonomous public engineering Institute located in union territory of Puducherry. It is one among the 31 National institutes of Technology of India and is declared as an Institute of National Importance by Government of India under NIT Act, 2007. The institute was established in 2010, starting its intake in the academic year 2010-11. NIT Puducherry is one of the ten NITs, sanctioned by the Government of India in 2009, as part of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012). The institute was mentored by National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Puducherry" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "International School for Advanced Studies The International School for Advanced Studies (, SISSA) is an international, state supported, post-graduate teaching and research institute, located in Trieste, Italy. SISSA is active in the fields of mathematics, physics and neuroscience, offering both undergraduate and post-graduate courses. Each year about 70 PhD students are admitted to SISSA based on their scientific qualifications. SISSA also runs master programs in the same areas, in collaboration with both Italian and other European universities. SISSA was founded in 1978, as a part of the reconstruction following the Friuli earthquake of 1976. Although the city of Trieste itself", "title": "International School for Advanced Studies" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "auditor for Avon Products, Inc. In 1996, he accepted an adjunct faculty appointment at Brandeis' Rabb School to teach in a brand new program - Masters of Software Engineering. He taught and still teaches Organizational Leadership. His consulting firm, the Holberton Group, publishes a periodic online bulletin, Speaking of Leadership. Holberton is a past president of the Financial Executives Institute's Boston Chapter of 1,000 financial officers, and vice chairman of the MIT Enterprise Forum of Cambridge. Holberton is the son of Robert Maynard Holberton and Charlotte Stone Holberton and nephew of Betty Holberton. Frances Elizabeth \"Betty\" Holberton (March 7, 1917", "title": "Philip V. Holberton" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sawdust, sugarcane trash, grass hay or lucerne hay had 78%, 61%, 96% and 92%, respectively, fewer lesion nematodes in roots than sugarcane growing in non-amended soil. Amendments with high C/N ratios are most effective. \"P. zeae\" populations can be controlled through by weed-free fallow. A few nematicides are labeled for use on sugarcane. Mocap (ethoprop) and telone products are common nematicides used in Florida to control wireworms and also labeled to control plant parasitic nematodes. Pratylenchus zeae Pratylenchus zeae is a plant-pathogenic nematode found on potatoes, corn, cereal, tobacco, coffee, blackberry, and found most often on sugarcane. Female is slender,", "title": "Pratylenchus zeae" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "formula_14, over values of formula_15 with a certain probability distribution, typically Gaussian, and the function formula_16. Notice that if it were formula_17 (or more generally, any power of formula_15) and not its logarithm which we wanted to average, the resulting integral (assuming a Gaussian distribution) would be of the form formula_19, which can be performed by completing squares and carrying out the standard Gaussian integration. Instead, here we employ the following identity for the logarithm function:formula_20which reduces the complicated task of averaging the logarithm to solving a relatively simple Gaussian integral, provided formula_5 is an integer. The replica trick postulates", "title": "Replica trick" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the games. Including the 100m Freestyle, 200 Individual Medley, 4 X 100m Freestyle Relay, 4 X 200m Freestyle Relay, and the 4 X 100m Medley Relay. The 4 X 100m Freestyle Relay and 4 X 100m Medley Relay finished 8th and 7th respectively at the games. After returning from the 2008 Olympics, Morningstar joined the University of Calgary Varsity Swim Club, and started pursuing a degree in Communications. The 2009 CIS Championships, hosted by the University of British Columbia proved to be extremely successful for Morningstar as she won 7 golds, including 4 individual in the 50 Freestyle, 100 Freestyle,", "title": "Erica Morningstar" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the twelve Devas, as guardian deities, who are found in or around Buddhist shrines (, 十二天). In Japan, he has been called \"Nit-ten\". He joins these other eleven Devas of Buddhism, found in Japan and other parts of southeast Asia: Indra (Taishaku-ten), Agni (Ka-ten), Yama (Emma-ten), Nirrti (Rasetsu-ten), Vayu (Fu-ten), Ishana (Ishana-ten), Kubera (Tamon-ten), Varuna (Sui-ten), Brahma (Bon-ten), Prithvi (Chi-ten), Chandra (Gat-ten). On the Mount Meru buddhist cosmological system, Surya is considered a female deity, contrasting a male lunar god. Surya temples are found in many parts of India. More common than Surya temples are artwork related to Surya,", "title": "Surya" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at IIM Lucknow, Culfest 18 by NIT, Sarthak Foundation Lucknow. \"Official Website\" Sameer Khan Sameer Khan (born as Sameer Ahmed on 7 January 1995) is an Indian author, poet and certified life coach. His book, ‘Eerie Edges- the end you were scared of’ was published in March, 2017. He was also a part of TEDx Kharghar, and talked on the topic of ‘How domestic ignorance leads to psychological disturbances into mental health issues’. He traveled across India from 2017–18, covering up to 3000 cities, spreading awareness about depression and mental health using the tool of storytelling. He has been involved", "title": "Sameer Khan" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "quality e-resources (online journals) like IEL Online (IEEE/IEE Electronic Library), Springer Verlag's Link, Proquest, ACM journals, ASCE, ASME, Nature Magazine, Indian Standards (Intranet version) and ASTM journals & Standards etc. It has a good collection of learning resources. It has also a collection of several thousand E-Books on computer science (published by Springer). NIT Durgapur was ranked 47 among engineering colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2018. National Institute of Technology, Durgapur The National Institute of Technology Durgapur (abbreviated NIT Durgapur or NIT DGP) is a public engineering institution located in Durgapur, West Bengal, India.", "title": "National Institute of Technology, Durgapur" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "top schools in Chennai in culturals. Aditi Balan P. S. Senior Secondary School P.S. Senior Secondary School is situated in the Mylapore area of Chennai, India. Most students graduating enter higher education institutions especially engineering institutions like NIT Tiruchi and Anna University. It is rated among the top five schools in Chennai city. Dr. Revathy Parameswaran (Principal), head of math department. Distinguished Fulbright awarde. Published articles in international journals in mathematics education. Conducts workshops for Teachers in technology in math education. Mr. R. Sivakumar (Senior Vice Principal) head of Physics department. Mrs. N.Padmasri Nirmalkumar(Vice principal) HOD of Commerce and second", "title": "P. S. Senior Secondary School" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "including her dancers, who \"went into training. I'm so proud of them. \"They learned how to stilt-walk, how to trapeze, fire-throw. There are so many different circus elements that are involved in the show, and it's just super fun\". Aguilera also recruited Roberto Cavalli, who designed ten costumes. All the costumes have a vintage flare, referencing everything from 1940's-era Marlene Dietrich to 1960's bathing suits. He explained: \"I am fascinated by the evolution of Christina's musical style, as well as her personal style, which has become increasingly glamorous and sophisticated with amazing attention to detail — all values I share", "title": "Back to Basics Tour" } ]

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